In the

Court of Appeals

Second Appellate District of Texas

at Fort Worth

___________________________

No. 02-21-00185-CV

___________________________

On Appeal from the 367th District Court

Denton County, Texas

Trial Court No. 17-7206-367

Before Bassel, Womack, and Walker, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Walker

IN THE INTEREST OF M.M. AND E.L., CHILDREN
2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

After a bench trial, the trial court terminated Mother’s

1 parental rights to M.M. 

(Ann) and E.L. (Beth). Mother asserts three issues: (1) the trial court erred by 

considering Mother’s testimony about violating certain court orders because there 

were no such orders; (2) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the 

five grounds of termination; and (3) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to 

support the trial court’s best-interest finding. We hold that (1) the trial court did not 

err by considering Mother’s testimony, (2) the evidence is legally and factually 

sufficient to support grounds under Subsection 161.001(b)(1)(E) of the Texas Family 

Code and thus that addressing the remaining grounds is not necessary, and (3) the 

evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court’s best-interest 

finding under Subsection 161.001(b)(2). See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(E), 

(b)(2). We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In August 2017, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services filed 

a petition to terminate Mother’s and Father’s parental rights to Ann. In August 2018, 

Maternal Aunt, the person with whom the Department had placed Ann, filed an 

intervention petition seeking her appointment as Ann’s sole managing conservator. 

1We use aliases to identify the children, and we identify family members by 

their relation to the children. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 109.002(d); Tex. R. App. P. 

9.8(b)(2).
3

This suit ended on January 9, 2019, with an agreed order involving Mother, Father, 

Paternal Grandparents, and Maternal Aunt. Maternal Aunt became Ann’s nonparent 

permanent managing conservator, while Mother and Father became her possessory

conservators. 

While Ann’s suit was pending, in May 2018, the Department filed a separate 

petition to terminate Mother’s and the alleged father’s parental rights to Beth.

2

 This 

suit ended in May 2019 with the parental rights of Beth’s alleged father being 

terminated and, in an agreed order, with Maternal Aunt being appointed as Beth’s 

nonparent permanent managing conservator and Mother being appointed as Beth’s

possessory conservator. 

Thereafter, in March 2020, the trial court consolidated Ann’s and Beth’s suits 

under Ann’s cause number. 

A few months later, in November 2020, Maternal Aunt filed a petition to

terminate Mother’s parental rights to both Ann and Beth. After a bench trial in

March 2021, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights to both Ann and Beth. 

Specifically, the trial court found grounds under Subsections 161.001(b)(1)(C), (D), 

(E), (F), and (P) and best interest under Subsection 161.002(b)(2). See Tex. Fam. Code 

Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(C), (D), (E), (F), (P), (b)(2).

2The petition initially alleged two men as potentially being Beth’s father, one of 

which was Ann’s father, but the Department later nonsuited him, leaving only one 

alleged father for Beth. Beth’s alleged father is not pertinent to the remainder of the 

opinion. All references to Father are to Ann’s father.
4

II. DISPUTED EVIDENCE

In Mother’s first issue, she argues that “the Court improperly considered that

[Mother] violated court orders, and yet no such injunctions against [Mother] were ever 

ordered by the Court; accordingly, the evidence is legally insufficient to justify the

Court’s order terminating [Mother’s] parental rights and [the trial court’s reliance on 

such evidence] amounts to a violation of Due Process under the Texas Constitution.” 

At trial, Mother admitted violating the trial court’s orders by allowing Father and 

Paternal Grandparents to have contact with the children. On appeal, Mother argues 

that there was no order prohibiting her from engaging in such conduct and that the 

trial court’s reliance on Mother’s mistaken trial testimony erroneously skewed the 

factual analysis against her. Mother’s first appellate issue thus seems to contradict her 

own testimony. To put Mother’s trial testimony and her appellate issue in context

requires some explanation.

A. THE JANUARY 2019 AGREED ORDER

According to the January 2019 agreed order involving Ann, 

• Father was not to have any access or possession until at least 90 days after 

he was released from prison and, even then, only if he produced two drugfree tests 90 days apart; and

• Paternal Grandparents were to have access “on days and times as agreed by 

[Maternal Aunt] and [Paternal Grandparents].” Additionally, Paternal 

Grandparents were required to “provide notice to [Maternal Aunt] of intent 

to exercise access at least seven (7) days in advance.” 
5

Thus, although the trial court did not enjoin Mother from giving Father or Paternal 

Grandparents access to Ann, the agreed order forbade Father from having access to 

Ann while he was in prison, and it contemplated Paternal Grandparents having access

to Ann only with Maternal Aunt’s agreement and after having given Maternal Aunt

advance notice.

With that understanding of the court order, Mother’s testimony showed that 

she allowed (1) Father to speak with Ann over the telephone while he was in prison 

and (2) Paternal Grandparents to see Ann without Maternal Aunt’s knowledge. 

Mother appeared to acknowledge knowing that Father was not supposed to have 

access to Ann but denied knowing that Paternal Grandparents were not supposed to 

have access to Ann without Maternal Aunt’s agreement until after Mother had already 

facilitated visits between Paternal Grandparents and Ann—or as Mother stated it, 

“until after the fact.” Technically, Mother was not violating the January 2019 agreed 

order, but she was facilitating Father and Paternal Grandparents to violate it.

On recross examination, Mother’s attorney prompted Mother to provide 

testimony minimizing the extent to which she allowed Father to have contact with 

Ann. Specifically, Mother testified that she limited Father’s telephone contact with 

Ann to two instances—once in December 2020 and once in June or August 2020. 

Maternal Aunt, when testifying, also addressed Mother’s part in helping Father 

and Paternal Grandparents violate the agreed order. Mother’s inability to follow court 
6

orders concerned Maternal Aunt and caused Maternal Aunt to question whether 

Mother had acted in the children’s best interest.

B. DISCUSSION

Mother’s argument that the trial court erred by considering admitted evidence

does not comport with any objection at trial. Neither Mother nor her counsel argued 

at trial that her conduct did not violate the agreed order; just the opposite, the 

substance of Mother’s testimony was that she participated in helping Father’s and 

Paternal Grandparents’ violations of the agreed order, and our review of the agreed 

order shows that Mother had correctly concluded that she had done just that. There 

was no trial objection on this basis because there was no basis to raise this objection. 

The complaint on appeal must comport with the objection at trial. See Banda v. Garcia, 

955 S.W.2d 270, 272 (Tex. 1997); In re C.P.V.Y., 315 S.W.3d 260, 269 (Tex. App.—

Beaumont 2010, no pet.); In re W.J.H., 111 S.W.3d 707, 713–14 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth 2003, pet. denied), superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized by In re D.A.R., 

201 S.W.3d 229, 230–31 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.). 

The trial court did not err by considering the disputed testimony. We overrule 

Mother’s first issue.3

3We do not understand Mother’s complaint to attack the admission of her 

testimony about helping Father’s and Paternal Grandparents’ violations of the court 

orders, but to the extent that is her argument, the error, if any, was harmless because 

the same testimony came in on other occasions without any objection. Erroneously 

admitted evidence is generally harmless when the same or similar evidence was 
7

III. LEGAL AND FACTUAL SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

A. GENERALLY

In a termination case, the State seeks not just to limit parental rights but to 

erase them permanently—to divest the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, 

duties, and powers normally existing between them, except the child’s right to inherit.

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.206(b); Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985).

Consequently, “[w]hen the State seeks to sever permanently the relationship between 

a parent and a child, it must first observe fundamentally fair procedures.” In re E.R., 

385 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. 2012) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 747–48, 102 

S. Ct. 1388, 1391–92 (1982)).

Termination decisions must be supported by clear and convincing evidence.

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 161.001(b), 161.206(a); In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 802 

(Tex. 2012). Due process demands this heightened standard because “[a] parental 

rights termination proceeding encumbers a value ‘far more precious than any property 

right.’” E.R., 385 S.W.3d at 555 (quoting Santosky, 455 U.S. at 758–59, 102 S. Ct. at 

1397). Evidence is clear and convincing if it “will produce in the mind of the trier of 

fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be 

established.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007; E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 802.

admitted elsewhere. See Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. v. Sevcik, 267 S.W.3d 867, 873 

(Tex. 2008); In re C.C., 476 S.W.3d 632, 637 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2015, no pet.).
8

For a trial court to terminate a parent–child relationship, the party seeking 

termination must establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that (1) the parent’s 

actions satisfy just one of the many predicate grounds that are listed in Subsection 

161.001(b)(1) of the Texas Family Code and (2) termination is in the child’s best 

interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1), (2); E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 803; In re 

J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005).

Regarding the Subsection 161.001(b)(1) grounds, the supreme court articulated 

an important qualification: if the trial court finds grounds under Subsection (b)(1)(D) 

or (E)—both of which involve endangering a child’s physical or emotional wellbeing—an appellate court must review either the (D) or (E) grounds on appeal (or 

both if neither withstands appellate review) because they have potential collateral 

consequences for other children the parent may have. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§ 161.001(b)(1)(M) (providing that a prior termination under (D) or (E) is a ground

for terminating parental rights to a different child); In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 237

(Tex. 2019) (“[I]f a court of appeals affirms the termination on either [(D) or (E)] 

grounds, it must provide the details of its analysis.”); In re D.D.E., No. 11-21-00069-

CV, 2021 WL 4598596, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Eastland Oct. 7, 2021, no pet. h.) (mem. 

op.); In re A.B.-G., No. 02-19-00066-CV, 2019 WL 3755770, at *7 n.5 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth Aug. 8, 2019, pet. denied) (mem. op.); A.C. v. Tex. Dep’t of Fam. & 

Protective Servs., 577 S.W.3d 689, 698–99 & n.2 (Tex. App.—Austin 2019, pet. denied).

Termination may not be based solely on the child’s best interest as determined by the
9

factfinder under Section 161.001(b)(2). Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 

531, 533 (Tex. 1987); In re C.D.E., 391 S.W.3d 287, 295 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 

2012, no pet.).

B. LEGAL SUFFICIENCY

In evaluating the evidence for legal sufficiency in parental-rights-termination 

cases, we determine whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably 

form a firm belief or conviction that the Department proved both the particular 

ground for termination and that termination was in the child’s best interest. In re 

J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002); see In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 

2005). We review all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding and 

judgment, and we resolve any disputed facts in favor of the finding if a reasonable 

factfinder could have done so. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We also must disregard all 

evidence contrary to the finding that a reasonable factfinder could have disbelieved, in 

addition to considering undisputed evidence even if it is contrary to the finding. Id.

That is, we consider evidence favorable to termination if a reasonable factfinder 

could, and we disregard contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not.

See id. In doing our job, we cannot weigh witness-credibility issues that depend on the 

witness’s appearance and demeanor; that is the factfinder’s province. J.P.B., 

180 S.W.3d at 573. And even when credibility issues appear in the appellate record, 

we defer to the factfinder’s determinations as long as they are not unreasonable. Id.
10

C. FACTUAL SUFFICIENCY

We must perform “an exacting review of the entire record” in determining 

whether the evidence is factually sufficient to support terminating a parent–child 

relationship. In re A.B., 437 S.W.3d 498, 500 (Tex. 2014). In a factual-sufficiency 

review, we give due deference to the factfinder’s findings and do not supplant the 

judgment with our own. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006). We 

determine whether, on the entire record, a factfinder could reasonably form a firm 

belief or conviction that the parent violated an alleged ground and that termination 

was in the child’s best interest. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b); see In re C.H., 

89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 2002). If, in light of the entire record, the disputed evidence 

that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so 

significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or 

conviction in the truth of its finding, then the evidence is factually insufficient. 

H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d at 108.

D. GROUNDS UNDER SUBSECTION (E)

The trial court found grounds under Subsections 161.001(b)(1)(C), (D), (E), 

(F), and (P). See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(C), (D), (E), (F), (P). We

address grounds under Subsection (E) first.

1. Law

“Endanger” means to expose to loss or injury, or to jeopardize a child’s 

emotional or physical health. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 
11

125 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). The parent’s conduct does not need to 

be directed at the child nor must the child suffer actual injury in order to be 

endangered within the statute’s meaning. J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125. Moreover, a 

child can be endangered simply by violence that is directed toward another child in 

the home. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2009).

Under Subsection (E), we ask whether evidence exists that the parent’s 

conduct—including acts, omissions, or failures to act—endangered the child’s 

physical or emotional well-being. J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d at 125. Additionally, Subsection 

(E) requires not just a single act or omission but rather a voluntary, deliberate, and 

conscious course of conduct. Id.

2. Discussion

a. Evidence

Mother admitted being placed on probation in April 2016 for driving while 

intoxicated and being ordered to submit to drug testing. She pleaded true to failing a 

drug test in March 2017. 

Two months later, in May 2017, Ann tested positive for cocaine, and Mother 

acknowledged telling a Department investigator that she had used methamphetamine 

and cocaine with Father. In July 2017, Mother tested positive for methamphetamine

and was ordered to participate in and went through an outpatient substance-abuse 

drug treatment program. But in August 2017, Mother again tested positive for 

methamphetamine and was again ordered to participate in a drug treatment program. 
12

Although Mother completed the course, she continued to abuse drugs. That same 

month, the Department filed its first petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights to 

Ann. 

Ann’s case went on for 18 months, during which time neither Ann nor Beth 

was returned to Mother. Mother stated that Ann was 14 months old when she was 

placed with Maternal Aunt and that, even before Ann was 14 months old, Maternal 

Aunt had cared for Ann off and on as part of Mother’s family-based services plan. In 

contrast, Maternal Aunt stated that Ann had been in her care since before May 2017

4

and that Beth had been in her care since birth because Maternal Aunt had picked up 

Beth at the hospital. After Beth’s birth in 2018, Mother continued to abuse drugs. As 

noted earlier, Ann’s case ended with the January 2019 agreed order in which Mother

was given possessory conservatorship and Beth’s case ended in May 2019 with the 

same result. 

Thereafter, in September 2020, Mother tested positive for methamphetamine. 

And in November 2020, Maternal Aunt filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental 

rights to both Ann and Beth. 

4The Department filed its original termination petition in August 2017, when 

Ann was approximately 14 months old. The affidavit supporting the Department’s 

original August 2017 termination petition provided that Ann tested positive for 

cocaine in May 2017 and thereafter resided with Maternal Aunt. Thus, Maternal Aunt 

had cared for Ann since Ann was about 10 months old.
13

At trial, Mother admitted being a drug addict. On the other hand, Mother had

evidence showing that she had tested clean on seven of the eight tests administered 

between January 2019 and March 2021, when trial began.

5

And financially, Mother estimated that since November 2017, she had paid 

close to $3,000 in child support. And since January 2019, she estimated that she had 

paid over $8,000 on visit supervisors and close to $1,500 on drug tests. 

b. Application

The Department filed its original petition to terminate in August 2017 after 

Mother had tested positive for methamphetamine. In September 2020, nearly three 

years later, Mother again tested positive for methamphetamine. Since 2017, Mother 

showed a pattern of relapsing and acknowledged being a drug addict.

Narcotics and their effect on a person’s ability to parent may qualify as an 

endangering course of conduct. J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345. Further, evidence that a

parent continued to use illegal drugs even though the parent knew that his or her

parental rights were in jeopardy is conduct showing a voluntary, deliberate, and 

conscious course of conduct that, by its nature, endangers a child’s well-being. See In 

re M.E.-M.N., 342 S.W.3d 254, 263 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, pet. denied); 

Cervantes-Peterson v. Tex. Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., 221 S.W.3d 244, 253-54 (Tex. 

5Mother tested clean on May 6 and August 10, 2019; January 6, May 7, June 19, 

and November 23, 2020; and February 23, 2021. The only test that she tested positive 

on was September 14, 2020. 
14

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (en banc). Because using narcotics exposes 

the child to the possibility that the parent may be impaired or imprisoned, their use 

may support termination under Subsection (E). Walker v. Tex. Dep’t of Fam. & 

Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 617-18 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. 

denied).

Although a parent’s imprisonment is insufficient, standing alone, to constitute 

“engaging in conduct which endangers the emotional or physical well-being of the 

child,” imprisonment is nevertheless a factor to consider on the endangerment issue. 

See Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533–34; In re M.D.S., 1 S.W.3d 190, 199 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 

1999, no pet.). This is so because evidence showing a course of conduct that 

routinely subjects a child to the probability of an absent parent endangers both the 

physical and emotional well-being of a child. In re S.D., 980 S.W.2d 758, 763 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied). Once a parent’s drug usage becomes 

entangled in criminal proceedings, the parent risks being absent if (1) the parent

continues to violate probationary conditions, (2) the parent has committed a new 

offense growing out of a continued use of illegal drugs, or (3) the parent is once again 

committed to a rehabilitation program. Id.; see In re R.S., No. 12-21-00029-CV, 

2021 WL 2816403, at *4 (Tex. App.—Tyler June 30, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.).

Our focus is not on whether Mother had made progress, because the evidence 

suggests that after the January and May 2019 agreed orders, Mother had made 

progress. Rather, our focus is on whether she continued to use illegal drugs, and the 
15

evidence was that she had. During the initial suits, Mother used illegal drugs even 

though she knew that her parental rights were in jeopardy, and after the January and

May 2019 agreed orders, she used again. Throughout her children’s lives, she showed

a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct that, by its nature, 

endangered her children’s well-being. See M.E.-M.N., 342 S.W.3d at 263. Narcotics

can impair or incapacitate the user’s ability to parent. See J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345. 

Methamphetamine addiction can work havoc not only on the addict but on the 

addict’s family, and small children, such as Ann and Beth, are particularly vulnerable.

The danger here is more than “metaphysical,” and more is at stake than a less-thanideal family environment. See In re D.R., No. 06-21-00019-CV, 2021 WL 3411562, at 

*3 (Tex. App.—Texarkana Aug. 5, 2021, no pet.) (“Although ‘endanger’ means more 

than a threat of metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal 

family environment, it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that 

the child actually suffers injury.”) (quoting In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 269 (Tex. 

1996)). Since Ann’s removal in 2017 and Beth’s removal in 2018, Mother’s ability to 

directly threaten her children has been limited because her visits were supervised, but 

her ability to indirectly harm her children has not been limited. See J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 

at 345 (“[E]ndangering conduct is not limited to actions directed towards the child.”). 

But see In re L.C.L., 599 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020) (en 

banc) (“Somewhere along the way, our court conflated drug use with child 
16

endangerment such that mere drug use alone became conclusive evidence that a child 

was endangered.”), pet. denied, 626 S.W.3d 909 (Tex. 2021). 

In addition to Mother’s drug issue, the testimony also showed issues of family 

violence. Maternal Aunt’s counsel described Father as a seven-time convicted felon 

who committed assaults against Mother, and Mother neither denied this assertion nor 

sought to clarify this description. Mother admitted that Father was incarcerated for 

assault family violence. Although Father was ordered not to have contact with Ann, 

Mother allowed Father to have telephone contact with her. Mother also admitted 

having sporadic contact with Father and putting money on Father’s books. Mother 

herself had been arrested for assault family violence, was out on bond, and was 

awaiting trial. Exposing a child to family violence endangers a child’s physical or 

emotional well-being and is sufficient to support an endangerment finding. See In re 

D.M., 452 S.W.3d 462, 470 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2014, no pet.); In re C.J.O., 

325 S.W.3d 261, 265 (Tex. App.–Eastland 2010, pet. denied); J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 

at 125–26. 

We hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to show that Mother 

engaged in a course of conduct that endangered her children’s physical or emotional 

well-being. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 265–66 (stating that to be legally sufficient, the 

evidence must be such that a factfinder could reasonably form a firm belief or 

conviction about the truth of the Department’s allegations); C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25 

(stating that to be factually sufficient, on the entire record, a factfinder must be able to 
17

reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that the parent violated an alleged 

ground). 

Because only one ground is necessary, and because we have held that the

evidence is legally and factually sufficient under Subsection (E) grounds—one of the

grounds that must be addressed when there are multiple grounds—we do not need to 

address the other four grounds. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1; N.G., 577 S.W.3d at 237;

D.D.E., 2021 WL 4598596, at *2–3; A.B.-G., 2019 WL 3755770, at *7 n.5; A.C., 577 

S.W.3d at 698–99 & n.2.

E. Best Interest

1. Law

There is a strong presumption that keeping a child with a parent is in the child’s 

best interest. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006).

We review the entire record to determine the child’s best interest. In re E.C.R.,

402 S.W.3d 239, 250 (Tex. 2013). The same evidence may be probative both of 

grounds under Section 161.001(b)(1) and of best interest under Section 161.001(b)(2). 

Id. at 249; C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28. Nonexclusive factors that the factfinder in a 

termination case may also use in determining the child’s best interest include:

• the child’s desires;

• the child’s emotional and physical needs now and in the future;

• the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future;
18

• the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody;

• the programs available to assist these individuals to promote the child’s best 

interest;

• the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody;

• the stability of the home or proposed placement;

• the parent’s acts or omissions that may indicate that the existing parent–

child relationship is not a proper one; and

• the parent’s excuse, if any, for the acts or omissions.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976); see E.C.R., 402 S.W.3d at 249

(stating that in reviewing a best-interest finding, “we consider, among other evidence, 

the Holley factors”); E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 807. These factors do not form an 

exhaustive list, and some factors may not apply to some cases. C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. 

Furthermore, undisputed evidence of just one factor may suffice in a particular case to 

support a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest. Id. On the other 

hand, the presence of paltry evidence relevant to each factor will not support such a 

finding. Id.; In re J.B., No. 02-18-00034-CV, 2018 WL 3289612, at *4 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth July 5, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).

2. Discussion

a. Children’s desires

At the time of trial in March 2021, Ann was four years old but would soon be 

five, and Beth was two years old but would soon be three. Both lacked sufficient 
19

maturity to express an opinion regarding a parental preference, and neither testified at 

trial. See M.S., No. 02-21-00007-CV, 2021 WL 2654143, at *18 (Tex. App. —Fort 

Worth June 28, 2021, pet. denied); In re M.H., 319 S.W.3d 137, 150 (Tex. App.—

Waco 2010, no pet.); see also Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. § 153.134(a)(6) (providing that a 

child must be at least 12 years old before the child’s preference, if any, regarding the 

person to have the exclusive right to designate the child’s primary residence becomes 

a factor), § 156.101(a)(2) (same). This factor is neutral.

b. Children’s emotional and physical needs now and in the future

Ann’s and Beth’s emotional and physical needs now and in the future will be 

the same regardless of who raises them, but Maternal Aunt is in a better position to 

meet those needs now and in the future. Unlike Mother, Maternal Aunt does not face 

the possibility of relapsing, getting caught possessing illegal drugs, being incarcerated 

for assault, or reuniting with a physically abusive boyfriend. This factor weighs in 

favor of termination.

c. Emotional and physical danger to the children now and in the future

A home with Mother would likely include drugs and family violence. This 

factor favors termination.

d. Parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody

Maternal Aunt was already parenting Ann and Beth. Photographs of Mother 

with Ann and Beth show happy children, but a world of difference separates caring 

for children for a few hours and parenting children day in and day out. Because 
20

Mother did not have a monitored return, how well she could parent Ann and Beth on 

a daily basis was unknown. This factor favors termination.

e. Programs available to assist these individuals 

to promote the children’s best interest

The parties did not develop evidence addressing any programs that might be 

available to help Mother or Maternal Aunt to raise Ann and Beth. Mother was 

actively participating in programs to help her deal with her addiction. Overall, 

though, this factor is neutral.

f. Plans for the children by these individuals or 

by the agency seeking custody

Maternal Aunt had already been raising Beth since Beth’s birth and had been 

raising Ann since Ann was about 10 months old. In contrast, Mother was living with 

her father and mother, and the Department had not approved a home study of 

Mother’s father. Regardless, if Mother took possession of Ann and Beth, the record

suggests that Mother would have to make different living arrangements, which would 

add another element of potential uncertainty.6 This factor weighs in favor of

termination.

6Although Maternal Aunt and the children had moved while the cases were 

pending, Maternal Aunt showed the ability to do so without jeopardizing the 

children’s stability. 
21

g. Stability of the home or proposed placement

“[C]hildren need permanency and stability.” In re G.V., III, 543 S.W.3d 342, 

350 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2017, pet. denied). A child’s need for permanence

through the establishment of a stable, permanent home is a paramount consideration 

in the best-interest determination. In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d 251, 267 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no pet.). Mother has had more than three years to get 

clean and stay clean, and yet she relapsed in September 2020. This factor supports the 

trial court’s finding that termination was in Ann’s and Beth’s best interest.

h. Parent’s acts or omissions that may indicate that the existing 

parent–child relationship is not a proper one

and

i. Parent’s excuse, if any, for the acts or omissions

We address these last two factors together. Focusing on Mother at trial, her 

testimony was relatively straightforward. Despite a court order, she let the children 

talk to Father on the phone. And despite a court order, she went out of her way to let 

Paternal Grandparents see the children without Maternal Aunt’s knowledge. Creating 

safety boundaries for the children is pointless if Mother affirmatively ignores them. 

Regarding Mother’s drug addiction, Mother’s testimony was relatively 

straightforward there too. She was a drug addict, she was making efforts to address it, 

and she had made some progress. Because Mother relapsed in September 2020, 

though, her addiction remained an ongoing concern.
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This factor weighs in favor of termination.

j. Analysis and holding

Although Mother had made progress, she still had not arrived at the point that

placing Ann and Beth with her would result in a reasonable expectation of 

permanence, stability, or safety. Drug use remained a problem. Mother maintained

contact with Father, who used drugs with Mother and who was incarcerated for 

assault family violence. And Mother had her own legal difficulties with a pending 

criminal charge of assault family violence. Ann had been in legal limbo for the 

majority of her short life, and Beth had been in legal limbo all of her life. Termination 

was Ann’s and Beth’s path to permanence, stability, and safety. We hold that the 

evidence is legally and factually sufficient to show that terminating Mother’s parental 

rights was in the best interest of Ann and Beth. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 265–66 

(stating that to be legally sufficient, the evidence must be such that a factfinder could 

reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the Department’s 

allegations); C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25 (stating that to be factually sufficient, on the entire 

record, a factfinder must be able to reasonably form a firm belief or conviction that 

supports the finding). 

We overrule Mother’s second and third issues.
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IV. CONCLUSION

Having overruled Mother’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

/s/ Brian Walker

Brian Walker

Justice

Delivered: November 10, 2021