. REF ID :A58132 

8SeRl1f (unclasslfled untll filled) 

CLASSIFIED/NON-CLASSIFIED TRANSMITTAL and RECEIPT 

TO 

Mr. Vil11aa ., • 1r1et1man 

310 2114 S. E. 

Waah1JlatoD, D.C. 

NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY 

Washington 25, D.C. 

e· 

SERIAL OR CONTROL NUMBgR 

cm '301/1/56 DATE 

t. IT IS REQUESTED THAT RECEIPT FOR THIS MATERIAL BE ACKNOWLEDGED BY EXECUTING AND RETURNING THE 

BELOW RECEIPT. 

2. THIS LETTER MAY BE DOWNGRADED TO ---------------WHEN ENCLOSURES ARE REMOVED. 

INCLOSURESI 

---------.....i 

SIG NAT URI! ~ ~ 

Wll\JlX>ft -~•1'.1'2'!."-""-"-"n'-'-"""--=-q-~_ ---- ------~--- U - - - ---------- H - -nmmrz . , 

TO 

FR0"4 

National Security Agency 

Washington 25, D.C. 

Attention: ml' 301 

RECEIPT IS HEREBY ACKNOWLEDGED FOR THE 

MATERIAL COVERED BY SERIAL OR CONTROL NO. 

SIGNATURE 

DATE 

Declassified and aRproved for release by NSA on 08-09-2013 pursuant to E .0. 1352fJ 

NSA FOR"4 1291 REV 22 JAN 113 (SuperaedeeNSA Fonna 1049, 

221, S and l29! 2 Jul 52) this receipt is unclassified when detached 
·. ~ 

• . ... • 

A Version of 

THE JAPANESE PROBLm-1 

IN TliE SIGNAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE 

(La te:r SIGNAL SECURITY AGE'!iCY) 

1930 - 1945 

John Bo Iiu:rt 

4-l ~·i-.: 

ARMY SECURI'l'I AGENCY .. WASBINGTON11 Do C; 

§JECCiffiJE1F 

Copy -
• 

Some Rotes on our work from 1930 tc 19450 

l\'lro William F. Friedman 111~ the help ot Major Do Mo 

Oravtord organized the Cl'JPtological Section of the Office 

ot' tllle Chief Signal Officer e&rlJ in 19,0o Miro Friedman., 

now recognised as one ot the ~orld•s gIDe&test Cl'J"Ptologists, 

had been empl07ed from time to ti~e on a contractual basis 

~ior to 1921 vlllen he took up !d:s replar duties in that 

. ' 

departmento When t11'st organiz~. the Will' Plans and 

' 

'l'i'aini:ng Division came to includ~ during the first 17 

months or its existence the tolloving persormel in orde11: 

Frank Rowlett, Abraham. Sinko1'. Solomon Kullback., ~self', 

Lawrence Clark_, Louise Nevkirk0 Dorothy Pearson and Nettie 

Janssen.. Over the preceding years Mro Friedman had through 

benefit or lb.is ability and experience_, laid a splendid 

foundation for the opening of what was to become the most 

effective cryptanalytic bureau we have any record Of o The 

first thing that most of the new employees did was to "take 

his tirst·course in crypt8J:l.alys1s: which through the yea.l's 

he rev~sed regularl7 to keep abreast of devslopmentso MJ' 

own interests, by pi-eVious disposition, la1 in the French 

and Japanese languages., but. I took Mro Friedmmllls 

elementar~ coursag and I could never have gotten along 

without ito 

Rowlett9 Sinkov. Kullbaek and Clark took further 

courses 11 stud7ing the methods of bl'eaktng dcvn codes and 

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c1phexas mid~ 2:ll'o 'FJ:tiadman•e di:rsctionso I found these 

advanced co\llrsee too hard tor me; so I fulfilled aa beat 

I could my duties as crypta.nal7st aide and started to 

stud7 Latin and teehnioal French in vhich so m.uch ha.a been 

vritten on the 11u'bject ct CrJptographJ'o But I l:Y&S adVised 

that I bad batter brush up cm the Japanese. vntten 

languaga. which I begen to study intemelJ'o 

Nov, sometime in that ver-y early periodlP Congressman 

Hamilton Fish ~equi~itioned in the telegraph officea of 

Nev York a truckload or tvo of SoViet code messages betv~en 

the Amtorg and Mose~.fo lfe all worked a full 7es.r cm that 

material. studJ"ing 1 t meticulously from eYf!J'l!"J angle, 

making ever:r possible kind of mathematical calculation 

and thousands upon thousands ct card indices, venturing 

' 

eve'!7 conceivable kind of g-.aess·, ruld f1mll!.J' vindi.ng up 

exactly vhee ve started, with nothing,., Nevertheless that 

experience did much to tea.ah us pa.tisnce and persevax:isn.ce9 

and also to be ph.ilosoJ;>&'lical in tailureo ~e also made 

extensive f.Fequeney calculations vhich proved valuable 

l&tttr ono 

Also during the period from 1930 to 1934 qu.tte a 

large numbe:r of systems and inven·tions sent to us fo?t 

examination vere·ca.refull~ studied and usuallr bl'oken downo 

Considerable translation work vas done; for example. I 

'I'emember- translating GeneFal G1Visrge"s 11Course in 

CeyptographJ'" from the Fren.ch and I also recall Miss Janssen 

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§IECCiffiIElP 
• • 

typing out e Englielll translation of the Svede Oylden9e 

excellent bo?k, 91Tha OontFib'~tion cf the Crypto~a.phic 

DUI'e&WI during the Uorld W&r" n Much of our tim.e then vas 

taken up vi th t.b.e a tud'J in diff'erent languages of old and 

~~ vorks on eirJ'ptographJ' such ae those ot Alberti, fOl'ta. 

Vigenwesi Beaufort along wit:b. tho~e ot Figl 11 Bazeries. 

Valerio9 .Kasisk111 Langie~ Lange a.nd Soudart.9 Sacco" 

Girtarge~, eteo I do not :recall just "e"hat code compilatiolCl 

work took pla!le in that pe:riod but fiiom then on. for a n.umberi 

Sometime in 1933 Kullback and l vere given some 

Japanese messages composed of a combinat.icn ot code and 

ciphert.. that is 11 • tvo.,., and foUl'~·letter substitution groups 0 

:riepresenting an alphabetical Japr..nese eyllabaey and 

vocabularyo It took us several hours to begin reading the 

tratfie; for by then we were rathel"' vell trained in that 

sort ot thing., In any caae that t1~af'f1c va.e not neu and 

we neve~ intended to submit an;r me3sages for use at that 

timeo Several )'ears vent 'bJ' and I kept indexing, filling 

in values, and translating various "types of Japanese mes~ 

sagas in order to get a good idea 1)f vocabulary and 

g:"amm.a:r of this neo~claes!aal diplomAtie la..'lgUS.ge vt~eh was 

J.ike a new lau.gua.ge to !!le, because I knew only the very 

dif'f'er•ent spoken versiono Sometime in 1933 !fro Friedman 

t.1e:nt to r,!adrio as an adVisor to a. ~C'adio oommunicatic·ns . c;o:nt"erence and during his absence ile kept up our studies 

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in solution and 

• 

li!!gU.ll.istic work, Captain Mark • Rhoads 

helping me to start a aeries of Japanese~la.nguage courees 

which continued nearl1 up to Pearl Harboro Courses in 

Cl'Jptanal7si& were being g1 ven to :g tu.dents a.va.7 tl"om. 

Wa!IJ!hington and this too consumed rm1c:v:;i ct the ceyptanal7e ts G 

time though 1 ts results proved mos ·t gra "tif"Jing in th.e years 

to follow., 

The coUl'se in Japanese tha:t Ma?tk ~oads and I lfOrked 

out vas given at consecutive intervals to groups ot six or 

seven people. student officers and civilian vorkers mixed, 

among them vere: Rhoads. CoriderntaJ1. Brovn, Bieber,, Miller, 

Jones (vho came to stud7 vitb us fj~om the Coast OUaFd)~ 

P.ofllett 11 Si.nkov ci1 Kull back. Clark I! }'fewk1.ztk0 St17der 0 .F1arner g 

and others whom I no longer recall, By 19'4 we vere· beginr..i.ng to find new Japanese messages highly interest1»8 for 

their suspta1ous toneo I supposa ·that the t1rst messages 

vs submitted to Q,.,,2 vere early in 19350 The ven first ·. 

one dealt with s. suspj_cious fishiDJJ treat7 vhich Japan 

\7&3 proposing to the Z.iexican autho:~itieso It appeared that 

the Ja.p.-a !lese .. f1shezamen vere to be ~!'eally spies o This 

~tnteres ted the Navy§ vhich had made I would sa7 considerably 

1uo:Pe progress by that time than ve had in the solution and 

UES ot Japanese msssages 9 particularl7 vith mezsagea deal 0 

ing wi~h naval aftaiFso 

Naw let m.e return :for a mim&t•9 to Major Cravtordo Be 

t.o'Ok great interettt in our vork and was indeed a co.n.stant 

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§IECCilttIElf 
• • ~ou.rce. of encouragement., He studied the subject hard 

him.self 8 and years later told me tll&.t be fO"..m.d his 

axperien.ce~ with us invaluable to him in bis capacit7 as 

d~legate to a number or subsequent intei-national telem 

c:~o•l!U11lmdca. ti.ems eonf eioences o 

In that f'irst sra vhen oUl' .f1.ganey vu !!C small ~ 

peitsonal contacts both vithin and '1ithout the of'fice vere 

ve17 clotieo 'l'he relative a.mount o:? work th.at a small 

c:ryptog:tDaphic un1 t performs if!! eo rmch more complete IP 

satisfying, am correct than thai~ ubich· a vastly rs~e<d 

c~rgamzation can poesibl7 perform!; Thia should be 

:r•emem.be?Ded" because an agency like mnos can VfJJ!7 ea.a1l:r 

f'all :t.n·t,o the en--oz;i cf emplop.ng tar too mAlQ' vorkers c In 

f'a~t.P ve have al~ea.dy had thie e>=Pt!~ienceo Indeed, it vas 

1.m~ossi'iole to teach properly and supervise 10,000 workers., 

Th19 tul"novel" vas too great, .a.n0. 9 ol~ oourse 9 in proportion 

s.s we expanded. security bec~me ,jeupaz:dized.a In shortt> a 

amall cz=yptographic and aryptanaly1:;ic bureau is happier and 

a;.ol"e productive per ca.pi t&o I do uot mean that eXJ)an.sion 

e.bove t110 or three thous.!.:nd u.p .to nay five thousand would 

not be neceasaeyfl but I am. carts.in that it vould be wrong 

to exeaed five thousa~.d~ 

The military personnel in oUF Agency have risen from 

11eutenanta to generals and ~em.ory does not serve me when 

p 

1 t17 to rem.em.be?-' vhat. rank they h~~ld at a particular t1m<aJ 

so I she.ll simply have to le9.ve t.huir titles off o 

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------

Nov to li'eturn to the beginRd.ng of OW'fl occpe~at1on 

vi th the Ila.vy vhich eould ne longer ignore ·ua er oomideri 

us pa~venuso Several naval rmen ca.me over trcm one end. cf 

the MW1it1one BuildiDS where th~ were qum-tel'led to the 

other mid vhere ve had our cftices. amt. afte a certain. 

amcnmt cf t&lk0 it was daoid'!Kl that :Naval Intellige~e 

would ocoperats v1th M1litai7 Inte111genoee I would dlo 

wrcillg at this point not to mention t.hat tbia arrangement 

was bl'cught about at that t1i:9.e al.moat t1holly by the personal 

friendship between Mro 1'".tt1edmm\ ~ L'ta Wenger ct tbe N&1eyo 

Lt" Wengerioe ever'fda,7 lingui~t en.v~J was Lto Itramer0 ¥ho 

had had 4 yearsn language atud7 in Japan and vho bad , 

acquired an especial fluenc1 in Japaneseo or course. there 

were many other liaisons and this collaboration has 11lvays 

been sxtremel7 valuable to both or these Services and. to 

the good or all concernedo 

Up to 1935 or 1936 I vas alons in YJIS translation ~orko 

a .... 2 began,at this period to uhow a rising in~el'est in the 

Japanese messages ve were se1'1ding them and here is ~ point 

to remember: r<Ira Stimson had beau railing agaimt the 

Japanese invasion ot Ma.nohur1a since itm beg1rm1ng,!) am he 

bad a~eady me.de up bis mind that J'apan had to be def'eated; 

~ne men at G-2 and the officials at oUl' State Departi.ment 

began at that time,, instinct!1..vel7 so to speak. to i'eel tb.e 

J:a.panese menace more aoutelya Therefore. more and more 

messages vere called toro 

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~ound 1937 Robert Fenetr9 Samuel Sn7der and Fr&ak 

Bearce came into our Agenc;vo The7 studied Cl'Jpta.nalyeis 

f'ull time and Japanese on the a1"118o AU ot them achieved 

remi.a:rkable suoe1.PSs in Japanooe solution vork though Beace 

came to hsaii the Ff>ench Sectiono Before long all of us 

ve~e devoting praeticall7 all of our time to the various 

PQ&ses cf Japanese solutiOD ar..d tl'anslaticn work. and I,, 

b~1ng the cme and onl.7 Japa.nnse tr81UJlator 9 began to teel 

t.1'..a preeslJllle of vork and to l.>lead for expert usist&J10eo I 

had to keep up with the Manchurian Incidents the t!ioclble 

in Ch1na9 the eccm.omto and 1cleolagi.cal penetration of' 

Sautb. America, the pcli tical aoti vi ties cf ime Japan1ese in 

our own coun'tey, Canada and ·i;he l"iethel'lande Indies o I 

round it all VSJ!7 hard to keep up withe raaJor Reed.er jcined 

OUl' ranks to help Mro Friedman who, by the way,. nevez- had 

sufficient or oompetent aesiBtanca= and 1t was vhile Major 

Reoder vas v1 th us tba t the :Pana:7 incident happenedo Th.at 

t1as e. most fatiguing time to~ us al.l,, because ve worked 

day and night,. but the major stayect v1th us and transcribed 

~essage after massage to~ me to trii.nslate. 

Apparently ve eould not find. lllCre translators at that 

timej so tO'l!' our benefit. and theirs too, ve began to get 

WeBt Point graduates vho had be~n language students in 

Tokyo for a period of 4 'fe&rSo F.11•st came .Frederick Munson 

'k"ho had spent bis ea.rl7 yea~s as vell as.Ms language..,.~tudJ' 

-rears ii1 Japan vhere his ta ther, a:lso a m111 taey man, had 

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• 

been 1Stationed. !-le spoke Japanese excellentl7 and 

imparted a rJPir:tt amcmg us that hat! long remained,, a 

spJ.ri t of ch.eel' am go6f.\ spcrtamanlihiPo l'Jext came Booth, 

one cf the finest ct Japanese 11nguists, a student ct 

3apaneae vho Y.f.>ote tcr us a spla!:lld1d condensed gl"amatar 

11hich Miss Jams en t7ped t~ us o) l.'inall.J' Dusenberry came 

and helped us greatlyo If I recal:i. rigb.tlJ" these men came 

f'or six0 uaonths periods respectively c I tb:iDk 1 t vaa in 

l.931 or possibl7 1938, about the time vhe.n Oaptain l4wlllon 

ea.me ~ t ve aueoeeded in f1·1lding the finest ld.nd cf' 

civ~lian translator, wllo having spont nearly all his life 

in Japan,, lmn Japanese as vsll as h® knew English~ if net 

beilitei-o This was Paul Cate, vhoa:e brother Philip sho:rtl.J' 

later ea.me tc work tor the N.3.1/J"o \Ter'J shcrtl7 ~f'ter 

Pearl lial'bor. Paui.9 vho had performed tremendous labor, I 

died at his post., That va.~ indeed a. loseio HUgh Erskine., 

vho had come to us sometime 'fGefOl"e Paul lltiJ death,, took his 

place aptl70 . In 1939, tbro~1b Sinkovna effcrta ve found I 

a epleladid enlisted Ol'J'Ptana.lyst9 Stanl.97 XFetlovo 

Also sometime before Paul's deatJn,, tvo ether laugu.age 

stt1dents 8 Doud e.nd Svensscm8 came to us from the mili'taryo 

' . Bo1ih had taken the 4-year course irA Japan with its 

attendant milita17 tom-e ct :uaspectiono Doud had "be"11 

doi.ng c17ptana.lyt1cal and translation -eOl'lt on Japaneses 

~hich vssi a labor of love tm'!' him, tor sometime before 

coming to us o BJ' then the l'Ea.oif'ic Ocean had become 11omber 

..... 

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SE CC1IBdE7 
• • 

end forebodirtngo Some extioa lDODe'J vae approJ?ll°:l&ted fer usn 

E&.zalr' illl 1940 came Aurell, aDd Ov&rtorm follov~ him '&Yitb. . s.n !Dttrl!ta.sing numb8l' cf ti-amla tors of' ~ ab111 ty g 

f01'9smost among vhom I would pu.i!P :Paul 0-hal'do Mluq of 

these t~latora cams fleei:ag from &r•• of da.nge?o The 

a.tt&ck on Pearl Barbor happened near the end of' l~l and 

the ranks or the translators, goad and bad9 avelled tra .... 

mendouel70 Edvin Reischa.uer and Percy Buoh.ana:P1 instructed 

lt!8J.'lJ' picked reol'Uits from colleges and universities in the 

modern <Jlassice.l Japanese languagea I doubt if there was 

ever a ~st~ language sahool the.n ve had• tald.ng into 

c onside1•a t1on several rather poor aet~hods ct teachiDg a 

language outside the Indo-European groupo Then tco there 

ve~e some Japanese-langttage sehools set up at certain 

points :t:n the nation whieh aiso did tine v~k, but thej 

confined their instl'Uetione to the spoken language ~ a 

vei--y di£ferent thing. 

• 'Irle :nus t never tor get our s tenog.raphers lP those who 

h.w.l.dled our raptd .... fire dictation vf. th its terr~bly various 

ii'OOabula.ry and so i!IAn1' Japansiee and other foreign vordso 

In addition to tb.is 9 theJ" had to be pretty uell 

up on geogl'aphr, histol'J. politics,, steo OUr firstD Louise 

_.~etild'l"k , ve lost bef'o:r:•e Pearl Ha.x~bur through ~iageo Our 

second, Dorotll.J' Pearson. ve lost after Pea~l BarbQr "through 

mw.•nagv30 ~lies Jausee~ is still v5.th us~ Louise Prather 

is &lso still with us as are Susa.n Cronise and Doris Stiversono 

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I ~ust also mention nas Cave and :an.~el Dronenbu~g~ 

~xeellent stenogra~~erso 

1=rt conclusion I think that the unique genius or .i>lr .. 

Pt>iedm.a.n and the immense eff'ort he has put fOJDth in hir8 

classie work here must 'be moat h1g;ily p.!t"aised and OD1J>ha ... 

sii:tada 81\vo other men vhom I vill. al'it&J'iill remember td. th 

great fondness are the late humane and learned Dro 

.L>ile>!lldelaolm and Colonel McG:railo 

There a.re maD.J' others vhoill 1 ~amember with var,ing 

degrees of ela.ri ty vho will be bx~oug..ltt· up in f'urtheie dis ... 

~ussione" 

Among that f'ine group of milit.aey offieers irho spent 

considerable time in our midst tfas language off'icei- Josep!'l 

She'l°l"o !Iis e.ahieve::me..'l'ltS and his personality• m.ost 

timnble and expansive,, ha.d lec:l us ·to entertain great. hopes 

fol' his f\ntureo :Curing the vs:e he m.et an untimely death 

in an. airplane orash in India., and our sorrov vaa griea.t" 

I~~ediately after 'the close· of World War II I collapsed pliys1call7 and mentall7 and to etfeot m;y recovery 1 

uas given a nu!'!lbel" of' ele~tric sho·'ks o Exactly tt10 yea.rs 

have passed since that experience, but rq malll01'5f of many 

people and events is still tild.sty a~d in many cases totall7 

blanko In raet vhen I left the ho;pital in 1946 foF a long 

time I could bl" no means rid mysel~ or the feeling that I 

nas living back in 194lo Theref'cra I nov wish to s.dd the 

11ames of several of f1f1 co~workers vhom I recall with warm 

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' 

SE£IFR1E1F 
;!'eelings as hav~ been fine: contributors ·to t..he se:r•viee: 

Albert Small. vho ea~e sho~tly after Snyder and Ferner~ . , 

Delores Ekberg; Lo~raine Stephens; &ins Ram.sa1er, foraer 

employee and present wife or Herbert Yardl97; Genevieve 

tirotjan., (a pretty. blonde g.i.:rl who worked vi th Edna 'le"Jf.7' 

f'requentl7 as I race.llh Glenn Llaudig9 a staid and Rober 

young m.an vith a. sense of htlll'!or. read7 to do anything he 

• eouldo I vould also mention v1th especial varmth L"lrich ~ 

iiropf'l, ~18.17' Jo Dw.m.1.ng:.i iUl.drad Jeroma., Louise _Bea.:119 

Ruth Fe.mer., now Ml"'sQ Ruth J'ohnson; Delia Am.l Taylor, nov 

Z.lrso Abraha:m Sinkov; Mirsl! Dc>rotby' Froelkea now Mrso Dorotb.J' 

Bl"1.ake:r": Maey Barber.. nov .Ml'!lS .:.· Lal!lrence Clark; Louise Lawis 8 

:aw Mrso Paul De:rth1ekJ Katherine Meimner:i" Isabel Murdock,, 

1.fllliam Beyan • .Milton Bel"ks. Fe:rdtnAnd Engel. Pearl Corenss 

iYlrso Amelie. Steele., nov illll'1s.-. Ray Cc. Blaine; l>lal'f Oampbell111 . . . 

nov ~b:teo ~IarJ' Thompson~ Jean Reisch.Auer.., l~lrso Doro'th1' 

:Grashee.rs • 8nd ~>liss Anne t;.unkelc 

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SECCiffiJESF 
I am not a c~yptfli!.1Ul.l7ei;" but I have had a long p~~= 

sows.l S.!'l:iociaticm with oryp1:.analyEtrai mo I •JP e1&7 'th.at . . 

oa.n existc Soma vx)itexas Ol!.iMt ~t ~rT.Ptanal71ia is n art,, 

otb@ra s&y tJ'Jat 1·t is a co1.11ib:1.nat:i.o.n of a.rt. aw.d me~.enC®o· Bow= 

t~ver D.Oli' m.ora ~ ®Ver tb® .name of' i!Cience is C®r°t41inl7 imoxas 

t1t·~ingo It requil'les ni::nv mtilre tl:Aa:n ewer the kseD®st; p~ers 

()f obs@~vation9 1-..g1nation9 and ml91Ml'"J"o It furt.he11 r@-~ 

quir@as a etaggering s.moWlt fj·f aoncHtntration &lild dFuCJ.ge~J'o 

0~11>tanal7s1!!1 plioduces !Ull al.:'$O~bing i.D.ter®st t.lwt dt•eins t..b.e 

rssources .!.nd x-~11h1rweB cf tb.e bodf not enc@» not tl.\13.ce,I) but 

oval" a.nid cwisx- again for ·ten·sa Cr:fptograpbm long i~t 1u1& u 

som9 fc»~m or otlil1n' a..ud t.b.@ •chiue :methods ot soluti.cn intro= 

au~~d h~~e a doz~n 7eare age havo iiot lessened th® crJPt= 

~lJsts i! labcx-21 so tar> as I can s~eG · It tfou.ld S®~tt that t'roe 

'-'~mtu.za;r ~;.o ceirntury t.b.sre 111 some d•!lSJ:"'Se cf F®l®.ti·wt tJ' 1D this 

aitf'ioulty; but9 ®W®n at tba.t9 tJ;aq; acie.rmc® is nmv eoe13hat 

deW8l.OplW?A t: 

Cxi-:p~~lyli1§ l».\a come to bu a b.ipl.7 z.~11~iete:o. p~ot'@·u1iona It m.7 be a&!d to M.w~ thrse stages & f'irEtp st1;ut7 

E~n1i app:reDt1ce~Mp; s@cOCtd.9 a.cti11e 1 c:cmcGDt~ated px-a.ct1c.eJ qd 

third.11 ~dliduie tra tion. or f!l'JltP~~t ~d·vi~orehip,, 

Th:!!l first ata~e lli!.lliOO~t prsmuppo11(!1a an :1.xm&t~ pred.iepcl&1t.1on 

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SE£JffiJE1P 
• ·~G ~i:5lJ!ii1E, pers~et®nc®, &JC~ci m'lde't'lstalldiDg cf th@ 'tlrcrkiD~ cf 

tlle rw.inde of llielllo D'W"ing ·ttda p~riod of' ~ppr11mti.ti@rih1p Md 

l!l'f!:ud~ g lmat1ng f'Fona. fom> to ei@jbt fel!.l91!g the good ll~~den.t 

aoq'1S.res · tn addition to what tla.:L1• ha mat 11ecses.m-i.11 •v~# 

·the b&'tii!ts of orderlin®BS ui.d patieneeo Es mu.at learn .all h~ 

'3an &ibctut claszill metb.ods er cry:ptogi-apb7 and molut~Lcm.I> and 

i!1.lso tt.eir ii&Odt!fm xa~mfitl&t:tons..; 

The ~econd stage is the> most dread. period; for> C11"1J?t= 

<i~Alf&ill is not a ':t:tapPJ proj~eee:ll.on for all it!!i ~te~'i!iilto It is 

tbe:r.i. tbia t ~s Gci.onti1 t.11 au much a.a one aoncsnti•a. ting or. the 

"1WSt6rie:r:1 ·cf t.he tm.iVIDr'llilS 0:1.~ of atoms,, ougbt to bs prot~Ct@C\o 

:!~ ,:>u.~.t. to be p~otected from ths 1@illpment~ of' e.~imni~tlla= 

tia.n.;1 j.n.terl'Duptions" and th.at dev1u1tating thin.gp Enoiseo Un= 

'iri ttint: though 1. t be» 'i.t ie nonetl'i.elese cruel to IQa:l~eus1 a 9 

' thus tl!:l.,:f'ibly conctli)nt1:~a-tc;.ing o.n. vi t.a.l •tteriii, vi i:J.'l.\ aoti.c@s 

a.bout !~dilid.F.:\istrat:irt@ pol.icy,, seCYr!E·C:J9 10711.lt.7,l> er t!1ia 01· th«i.to 

a 

It i~ c::ruel also to plae~/rr:i:i.n who ie -M·o:.ekwg at the cor@ of 

· tiies@ 1,robleuw ·i&'! ill=c002c~:oi.w~dD kili!bJ.y ezpcu•~d &'?"@~so '1'h!il . . 

hum. :and bi~~ of' iJCOrlfie of vE.;rksrs punctuated b;r tl.t\e. ~lie~ ct 

typs~ri.teriii do Mr.t in®sf~i.•~:>l® be:11mo It ia up to t:b.® s~~ 15~&l 

chiefs.ct ~r'fPtclo~cal ~g:Jnoies i~ ee@ to $UCh ~ttG~ID ·be~ 

iis .at:1 S~n·~e:f.Jee t.i~g prof'e21si9J1.. Cr~'Pt8Jill\l7sie is not. & b!.J>W 

pJi•of·~ssicn-, t'lih& t. ba:ppemie i£ 1~ th~ lll'ild of this P®l"icd of 

.. 13 ·-
e· 

oonc3nt:ratioo wh@n ~ •n ia · .f'crty ... tiwe or f:itt)'"I 1oz• only 1lll 

l"&.JbetJt casiae c8!ll th@ devotse practt"-ce M11 beloved plf'ofaatd.on, 

CP.yp~lfais, tor 1B>r@ t..ban ten 01' tifteen yemrso What 

hs~P8D& tllJ.®n dep®Ddlo 

.ftatoillile Rose1g::n.ol a~rYeo Prw1ce ror half' a ce.."ht~-?'70 

. . . l!t.1.~p, Q'1~1!D!5 9 &nd r11g®nte all appr1~ote.tea. protec'tt;ed·3 &nd 

:t't)ill!imera t@d h1m wa.pif'icen tl') 11 ek111g it ®&Siel' to'!!' lTJ.m to -.ke 

tl'.!e pei•iodic &djustants" In tbEJ final phase of his vOJztk9 ha 

dEOV·~~ope :1 1309 gr.veat cmtso.alyste lmd laid d.O'tflA all th~ 

. . ti~ma~. tioii18l in tellipn<h9=aeou:ra:t ty p~cei.ncipleii movn tcd&J" o Of 

aou:r11s f. it all came to uupt soon a.ftGr, as all. ~J.ia.p ao in 

thi~ wo~ld wh~re Oil~ order auaeeeds auct:bero 

B&Z~X"ies did not f'&r<B 110 vell. ~tn lh"ance at the t;:urn o:r 

tbe ca:ut·ill'J' o We b.ev® oXAly to read b.is '91...a Routi.ue clfi!! 

Serw:tces du Gou.vern@ant9 

119 to s@e ht:t\'7 vo:on out ht.9 "tl&s with !>Sd 

tap1~» he®dl~asneas,, Ud a baEJs kind of COll!{P~t1t1mi" Poer and 

broki!l~.11 l1s b&pn to prQ:i.&® ~~ vi1•tu.ui ot a crJll)tc~aph he 

inl'W<ii!lL't®d . ., which,, goilld though 1 t 'Wl'.s 1, ~d alre&d'f be~ inven~d 

on.cc~ it not a»io11e tiiiR>~fll ~f'oxee hiliillo !I~ was not l~t in ar.Q"IWX'ta 

on ·1;.t.s i~H9Crets cf bm~eau.a vhe·i"@ ht! hatl once sex-ve,,d. han.e~ 

T:JJith iate1:ona.l hcmo~,, Jo wood.a·~ hie: ~~ate:r vrittngu ~r~ ironic 

De c~ryptanalys te of pmi11as tar~t w®ll? hr toe rdJlJ' ol?' . . 

th.em do "faoto I h&W@ moon ot ~Cali\!> "tVhci after th® t1rat World 

War·, f'or ~nmple9 T:lleimt aroWld witb~ iiSpifying glasa~ao !a;r 

- 14 -

SECC1ffi:JE1P 
~~r@ locking fer c;irntogl"&mi11 in e-u·~I"Jthins tro~ ~l~lk P~P®l'l . . ma billboards to 8hak~:FJP&al!9®o Tt1a1 Wiers not silly·, ~J' 

t:ef.)r© not tu.mAy o Storm. and a§t.resa b&d silii.PlJ' dcn11 t.h0i:ri v.·ork . s.nd tiwy bs.d gone off at a ~~sent." 

liJr the end of the second 8llld !ll09.t cr1 tical p·~rtod,, t.h® 

cI'JPWt&l;rst has ·broken th@ ~et d.ittieult matb.l!r.Pti~•lr. and 

lll':t-iat iii VOX-S@» l;»SGUdOcogSth$ti!l@.tiC&l E'IJ"St6111al OODC@i7a°bl~') A.ilC"l 

·:t:t~·t ii ~qv.a.11'1 lii.fJ pnave9 hQ~ hi.a ~es.n more th&». ~VG :LBJ gocid "tCi 

s©e of the evil side ot mien 6!Wid m.t1on11 9 though,, ot aou..":"Ui~~ 

. . :Di.~> ha.a s~e.n r&?.r® i\lt~eak~ of' goodil5:H3 tooo 

- 15 ·~ 

SE€1ffi1E1f 
0 

His t;crice.1 \!ryJ~togra:plil.c J.~o tes snd Bibliog.rt:lp!'ly a 

We wo:.1lj desire, even in c. boo1det i::i~ th.is nn ture to 

.roseph s. GellFnd's excellent "An. Eistorical a.n.C Jl.i11:1.l7t1ctJ.1 

Bibltography of the Lite~n1:;ure of Oryptoe;raphy" and to 

However, with our tongue in our oheek, we voulc like 

to present the French view of' cryptogioa;ihy t'ror.1 1519 u;i 

to 1894 11h1ch.., biAsed ~.a i~~ is, is the most f"s.mili.rn .. to 

us 11 Bnd which ve oAn give a~os tly from ;nern.ory o 

V'i~te, Rossignol. ~art.a, -r{it::ria, Vigen'er·s nnd Vesl.n I 

ve~e gr·ent o~yptolog:tste, 'but auriously most of ·lih.e~?J. 

boast of solvin.g sim.pla substitution s.nd transpcsit.ion 

cipher.s though assul'edly tl.:.ey did better tlla.n that. I'iot~ble 

too were the raors recer..t .Eazer:tas, Givierge!, and Ct.;i•tier., 

Fried:~n, on 'the other hend, coimea ~.t the :f"lood~titie· o'!" 

t.b.e eleotrifica. t.ion and mech~niza:tion of conmrunic:.s i.lonf: 6 

i 

has n ttended the lntet'n~-tic•rotl co.:n1.1.unlcP..tions co11f·erencss $ 

nn unexcelled ciph&r bureau~ 

:.Ye a:r>e not engaging in reses:reho Vie a.r~ merely 

tra.nscrib!ng mem.o:ries or vhat.. ve ::tave r>e~d and her.n·o~ 

·11ete lived dur·ing the: lntt~;;~ half of the si~t.eenth 
.. - - . .....----------------.......- ,• 

• • 

Olova.nni l~ocenigo, a.mi bega.11 to bNtst of how he could 

solve etphers o The An1ba.sss.rlo~ sa.id,. "Yes, but. I 11 11 vs.ger 

you ca.n°t solve ~ineo" "Th..'lt 11 s vl".i.at. you thinY-sr" saiO. 

V:J.ete,. swelling with th~ aubmerge-d pride i"1 .. om which he 

hELd auf"f'ered since giving up f'a:ue as a nia.thema.tioian 

for the than more reimune:t-at:Lve job of' cryptologis.t., "but 

I 11 11 go and get the translaf~ions and show youo" He did, 

Rnd the remorse or the moment after did no good; ?or 

systems we:re changed 12 ds:ys le.ter-a Henry saved hin1 .from 

disgraceo Vi~te introdueed two~psrt oodes in Franceo 

:BE-.zeries soured on the world because his government 

r$fuseet to 'buy his eryptographia instrument previously 

invented by Thom~-s Jeffel">so11.. Really, a.s the F.renoh ~f1rr 

:;:.-apartment informed him.:> it did not co:n:por't the secrecy 

he thought it. d1d9 Also, it see:ns to me, Be.zeries underrates trnnsposition cipherso One of his st~ong ~oints 9 

though, is his- full and OP&"l reeogn.1tion of the 

i~port.a.nee of guessing in the solu~ion or secret ~essagaso 

:£!1.s bitterness is shown in his book ea.lled, perhaps vi~l.1 

some justification, ":Ls. Routine des Services du Gouvernement ... 11 

·r translated Oeneral Marcel G·ivierge 11 s "Cottt"s deCeyptogra.phie0 in 1934" In the prera.ce to his very fine 

bookD he says that it is all ~ight now in our era o~ o'en 

and above-board diploma.cy to talk f:rankly a.bout o:tphero 

W'.aa."t uae.de him eay that I dor1 11 t knovo Many have said it. in 

- 17 -

!· 

§ IE(CJRiIE1r 

' ' ' : ~ •' • I I • • 

' '&'• ~ ' 1, •I J ' ' I~ I j ' : I 

' I ~ ' ! I I 1 ,i:, L I ~ .... : ·I . .. 
• 

1519, April 13: A letter, f'ror.1 :?h.il:i:o of" i:\iaseau to ' -

x-la.~gueri te of Aus t1•1a. o A mo;'.loalpb~.betic subs_t.i ... 

tution with va:ria.nts, using aonvention.S.1 signs jo 

G~eek letters, 2odiaoal signs, eteo 

(lfes1n: (!ryptogre.phie devo:!..te.a.. Brussels, 1840),, 

. ,. 

15550 The ciphe~ of Mo de :aaseefonta.ine in his n~go~iations vi th several officials; r;ionoalpha.betic subst.i .. 

tution with variants. using conv@nt1ons.l signs and 

including nine frequently uaed wordso (Baze~ies, 

Chiffres se~retes devoiles) .. 

1586 o The grec"l t Vigenereo "Tl"nio te des chif'fres "c 

1399. The cipher of ~o de Bethuneo Monoalph~betic sub0 

s ti tution with v:ar1a11ts,, using nu:!lbers, J.etter·a rind 

conventionnl signs, including 108 frequentiy used 

words.. (Ba.2e!'ies "Ohiff:res ~ecr-ets devoiles ".., 

P.ftris, 1901)11 

1586.. (Traictl. des chiff'res ou sec!'etes maq1eres 

dtecrire)o A 2t-cipher al-ph$bet substitutiong es.ch 

alpha.bet slid one letter to th.•9 Z'ight, above t.he 

ta.ble in a.g.pitals is the norm.al A.lph.ebet and beside 

it :!.s the indicative clpha.bet,a 'I1his tt:."ibles said to 

ha.ve crc.·wn out of Pol'ta 0 s t;t~,ble given in 110e f'urtiv:is 

11 te?"A.l'"um notis"" (Maples 1• 1563) o .Porta. 11 e double 

substitution t.~.ble, using el.a.van different 22 ... 1etter 

alphabets i) each having to t.h.1~ left an indica.tor 

- 18 -

§IECC1Fl1E1P 
cons is tine or tvo cons e~uti ve letters Q ':'he alpha= 

bets n:t>e t1.r1~~1nged on t.wc li11e3 of 11 lette:'.'·s ~ach 11 

the letters of the fir-su line serving to encip~e~ 

those of ~~e second, and rec1p~oeallYa 

16C2Q The eipher- ta.ble of Henry IV ase.d in corres:r,onding 

with the 1..'lndgre.v~ of Eessia (-iTs.lerio, 

oryptographie, Paris 1896)~ I 

7hls system used the alphAbe·t m..inus ~. k, .CJ, And v, 

undernent.~ eAch letter ocaur from tvo to four nu3berso 

The te.ble is colllpleted by n nu:nbers or syll~bles, ~o:rds.., 

oi-din.~ey numbers,. tin.Q. numbers ~1th dots or bn.~s 'JVeA'.' 

thei.11. 

1691u Eig nnd Little Ci:phers of Louis .X:I"J"o Several 

nu!llb.el"s ugec fo~ frequent le•:;te!"::i a.no worda; non ... 

alphnbetical ~series used; r!O clear 'WOl"ds -:.19~.. The 

"Big" and "Little" we::'."e the sa..ne save for nu::ibers of 

g;:-oups used., {Le :-lasq:ie de Fe:r·, PEiris 1893.., E,. 

Burgnnd end 21ajor =a.zef'ies} o 

18th ct~ntury e.ppa.:rent.ly void of c:lphe:>o !lot much 'to be 

1733., 

f'oundo 

; Cipher cf the Em1gres Julius Ceesar substitution, 

s~i..id 3 letterg,. four n·1crerioa.l sequences for· s:1ch of 

the vo"Wels, · co::nplic~ted with digraphs for p~op~r M.:nea .. 

{BAzer:I.es g chifft>es sec1•ets aevoilas, Chapter II o) 

19th eentury shovs great, dec,line in cipher aot1,ritieso 
Clenr: 

Cipher 

strip: 

' 

18130 Ciphers of" :lapoleon Io :?·ig· And Li tt1e c:tpher,; 

someti~es nceents used; ciphe~ mixed with elearo 

Dad com-pa.red with tllos ·9 of Louis XriT 'l (Text or c.es -

Sltges f'cuno ln &u:erie~ rr noh:f.ffres sec1~~ts dev~iles, ri 

3rd pA~t, Chapte~ Ia) 

1815. Free ~a.asons 0 Alphabe·t: _) ~ ~ ..!:.! :::_ L:.. -;J ?:J C:J ~ ;: G 

1880u The SA!nt-Cy~ Syste~o 

EI§:C(@I~~--cf"lfil!ru1I1Jfil !!I !II[fil] @T1I§filu] 

[l]l§l~EI! l[r§"JIU[k [!G~f§'fili1tI¥J Irul~YEL~I![£~JJ!!! ~U\.• 0 

- 2C -
there ~:re letters in :l.t. Obtain ci;ihel" text by 

vriting, unoer each le-tter of the key W'Ol"d, the 

letter .oeoming under the cl~."!'" letter, slidir:g the 

s t:rips a.long t..l-J.e fixed a.lphs:l'Jet eo a.a to make the. 

!csy letter-- in the movable ~.lp'.h.:zi.bet aoineide lYi th t...1le 

latter A in the £ixed alphe.bi!t. 

1883.. 1\erckhoffa il clA.ss!c "La ·e~rpto~a.phie railitnire 11 o 

18840 Gener~l Eoulanger~ ~inistar of War ln the Freyc!net 

(1826) Rnd Goble (128f) O~binets chose t~1e cipher 

s qmtre. A cry:ptogrs m ~~rom him. to the M1n1s te:r in 

1887 I?Ublishee in 1901 by Bazeries, eiuployerl the 

ciphe!' square vi th a. f'~.ve-letter key SIROO (?J'Ois 

spelled bs.c1~e.1"ds) o The tllessage wtts rea.?- in re ... 

v~rse (1892) ~ In a. brt1Chure entitled nmfthode pour 

chif'frer et deeh:tf'frer• le.s de.phebhes secr~t~~·" 

~{er::r!coq,n descr:'.1.be?.s ths use of' a l"Unning key :i say a. pege 

or a book, a key with the f.•tiil1t~Oyr systE::m slightly 

t!lOdif'ied., 

18?2c :~he l?rench .i'..nar"lhists u.sed Jq, ciphel" cii:illed that o!' 

th1~ Count eve1 .. used ito It wns n varlety of the 

G:r;:,;;:isfeld systei'.Jl usi.ng n.ulls, unforturJately the snm.e 

le:1gth r.i s the ~-:e:r wo::--0. t~. t the beginning and e.t1d of' e. 

- 21 -

§JECCIF&JE1F 
• ~9 ... I,) ;; 0 

' 1(;'- T>ft '!" ,_ .P .., ) \ &"°'"- l,,.J.~ D 

1S99o The ;:;uke of Orleans ·~nd ·tJip, Eoyallat P11.rty ;:lOL··~ 

respond~d in groups of .!,,!. n.umbs:r·s using a subs ti i::ution 

system using days of t.he TJee:k s.nd ?J"eree!! from. 

fLlfred d8 ;•iUS!:! et l"s n~~U~t t de <3acembl'e" 6.S k~El n 

18940 Li<lvorelle: A fine C(>noentr-1.:; c:ry-;>tograph us.tng a. 

pr·ooedu:re involving va~ia.ble keys and V'R::'."ie.ble cipherBA.z er-i es : ... / / Chiffr-ea seo~ets rlevoiles, P~~i~ 

1901)0 

18~8.~ t·e Vis.ris ... Rspertoir)e .A,.,3o 0" 

19230 ·:Jnrtier = Le ser-tricc rl ''ecouta pnrdE'.n.t J'.a guerre,, 

- 22 -
• e. 

Some flu®ais~s about v}Q th@ o1~panee® ;urpriae>d th® 

United St.at@21 &t Peti~l B&lrboro 

Por soma 7 years before learl :a&.rbor we bad ~~ inuze@aaing amoWlt ct ~xoellellit 1n:for1• tion Qbout ths i>~poseil 

&id aations ot J&pano Att~r l:ulrb~ick tmcl l wok~ t:tat 

~im~l® ll!Onoalphabeti~ or rather m:m.cs7lle.bia cod@ of ~ 

ca11'ap1il"t.esa i~il 19'' vs b~~ slo'Wly ti) break J&J)Mesei my&tCiliE!S , c~f slowly inc:r>15&siD.g difticul tr., ~fh~ae weIDe diploma tia cod@21" 

Pire t t.'de Jgpwi~se randomizad th@s<-t l"epertories" th{~n th.SJ' 

&dopt~d th~ proC®durs of tl'!l.!leposil~g the l~tt®rs cf the cod0 

gin.d Gipillel' gt-oups ~ r®&Ching th@ Gx·~rem in vha t we ~all@d 

Ja~esa19 ood~ 19" Pinall;y &lld pgra:i.ll~l vi th t.hee~· band 

I 

OOdes 9 th~y began to use a machine mod@l®d attar ~ old~r 

w.achin~ used bJ: · ~ 11av1 Depa;rtmen:t., We oall®d. tb.ie -.chine 

th!! "Red"' " In i tis solution HI®' 19erE~ ®npged in. vary difticul t 

ma·th@rmaticu&l aalculations &lolhg with elJl(Uess guese.i.ngo Aft~r 

thie lli!MJb.ilrt!.~ was solw@d c~e iay i:ie fol.W.d. the text so jumbled 

that ve aoold P.'il.Ot read it; hacre;\"eir,. Oat@ and I aeon ~~tio@d 

that;' .,,.h~:ll tlf.)xt vaa urel7 abbt"~V1.& ted by th~ omission of "WWIJltt 

&r.s.d thB su'bst1 tutic:m thexuefc:P bJ' ilofrequent l~tters ot trut 

crd.1E-Ja.I":T Roi5Ul alplla.b®·t., It took iue a.bout tvo &a;Ji! to -~~t~ri 

l?t. 1940 ~ SO=Called. 'IDPUl'pl®" 0 

n!IQ!2t to~ the 19PUX'ple" m&Cbilll•! '&'&.~ 11hill'.Ok1 o 11 ':his is tl'l~ 

J'apanes tt -vord tor ayp?-es e » sr.1gpia ttog tc them ~ 'i'Orrd a iph.al" . 

- 23 ... 
•

,- !!"~cJl!?ji:JM~2 - u~\u:L.L\.l~ .LL • 

~obine.·. th® •chine o~ the SWl9 i

3 or iilthe s~cioet ~c:hiil~o ou 

Th®. t 15 hcnv the J'a.p&n.@se 11'.k:@ '·to na• thinp,, 

Such a voluu ot t?Daffi.c begi&u to go and couw 'tJQ9t'(5@en 

~~okye and Berlin bJ the firat of' i·~4l t.lmt & wpe~ial kaytng 

fiy&t®m ot ter~1fio d1tfioulty oall®d KDtAL ~ae d~~i~®d tor 

this ma.obi~@ cow~ring that ci~cuit~ This npecial k~ying 

' D!athcd -was solvtiltd on the nia~t or ;.\pril 16. 1941., Th~ fi:t-st 

~1MU!fi&S8 to ba d~aiphered 1:1as a lon1g cme or a miumb~r of pa.Pt& 

fr-:>m Oshima to atzuoka,,and I !'~S:ln@d on the job till lloOO 

CD ~aloak that night tr•anslati!ll(g 1 to !llo~r1.Dg vas cn.:rtlini~g to 

Oshima ·Gel'man:r 11 m .Plan to atte.ok Ru13sia ori the following:22.t'Mi 

c~f. .JJWle, g1 ving th~ ruai.mb®:f of pla:n.1~s aK!d nwmbers ~n.d t;vp~s 

ct d.1.~iaions to be us®d for this dl~ive and th,;i.t,, I \va:s too 

-

®X':S1 t°'d tor sl~0P ttrat ni~t~ It lULe ·th~ 1:J.WQ1i::>st tlfliS f.cr~ 

mf!:!l'J" a d~J'o !tfro h°'1®t'l$1:.D w~a~y unto dl1l8.th a.tte~. mo1mtha of 

s o:Lu.tion work, bad gen.$ b.on two hours earlier 11 as:L."i.ng an to 

call him up if' ~t ~~ned out to 'bs e.n.7tbing int.ersstingo Be ... 

f'ore- leaving fol' ho• I aall·Bd him av.d told Me that. 1 t '18.Z s. 

fanc1na~~1ng eto17 but that 1.-t coulci vai t till mo&9.nS.Ing., We 

and. the Br:I. tish infoi-ad the Rusai.~5 &bout. tb11i.t11 ~'t tl'Mt~r 

veP11 too a.u.mbfolmded to bQillir.9Ve it at f'1.rsto Pinall7 t.1le7 

accepted t.b~ raata,wh.1oh Mad(~ fer ~ smoother P.illilita.l'9J coopetra tinn in tbG coming battle on ~e ·part ct the Alli ea with 

lhu.11d.a,. 

So on June 22, 1941 m.t:·~e:r se.t 180 d1Vi&11ol!'A~ api:nmt 

BiltHd.11. .. ap11111t tbs r;Dcm .mld starn.ticn tmt :bad ~;i 1'~Q 

.... 2Ji. ... 

§lECCiffiIE1F 
$®G<b)' d:~t•ted • eo ~y arrdssl'I eV®D that of li!~pol~o WJq 

di.d lti tler do tb.11 'l Well 9 !~ $ 'lifQ7D:f Aaric.mle ~aid cm ~ t 

d~7 't.bslt Bitl~r would dsfe&l; the CO~i;tll W lili:!° ws~k!lllo 

Jtitle:r,, ltlcmever,. entertained no such delusions,, fol'I' h@ zd.m= .·. 

·!!·Etlf ae~1a., "'God. ol!lly knCAJa jLf I will 91Do 19 Tbs only e:plana= 

tion fnr this gamble can b<Sl found in the last 9D.alyw1$ 1n 

"iUein bmpf c n 

a.1t nov l@t 1lls ret~rn tc the question ot le&~l Ba~boro A~ 

X said1 ve bad a lar_p a®Ouni; of ill;fcr=anat~o10. abolllt 11.T.ii.panos. pm:>= .. . . 

. ~01u.lsa j) but the. peop1ea at -lal?ge knev not.bing _of th:tie., Triad~ 

wi.tb. Jap&n co~tinued ~s uwaual·o Il7. epite of ·or..u& dem\OCr&tic 

tc1r~ of geverDWlent,, ··this eb..ou.ld. f:la.ve. been et.cpped., For. 

~ervs?.-al. naonths befortS Pearl Barbor the competent !QVeF.C.im@Dt 

aarv:icfts could ta:irl7 accurutsly :g:·redict tsohe &ppro:ri•t® ti~ 

of the attack, and 1n all hooeaty if \lfG "&era to keep om- ,.. 

ix:rt.egri t7 11 our own polio~ cguld oa-t :swerveo Short~,- after 

m.dday on Saturday-11 neo~mbti:1• 611 19•4111 :it "W&li rmmun ~J' 11 om 

1.t~ our Agency that Japan t:ron.ld eui.'iel7 a.t'Qek u" in ··the •rl~ 

.iJ.ft®1-nocm ot ta tollov:timg «!&Yo Anteaed~t a!u11a;ge~, par:it1.cu ... 

l!;).Ql7. tihs one directing' Aimbaasadors Bormr& mid l&'.WN!IU to 

~~ke J!Lp&n°s fine.l reply to the atats Depa.rtment a.t the) ~~ ... 

~~.Ills hc1m-i of lcOO 'i!cKo. of that Deoemb@r Sunday.., COD.i!idtar:i.D~ 

.im.11 ·tb,l.t Md gcn.111) bef'ore 11 1,~f't not. ~ 1otm: ct do~:Ot in our 

m.nds ~I to the f&ct ~.t t.b.e Uni t.ed Sta tea a,.nd 3ap:PJ2 \!ere 

·!.l~eady at var o ~ now c1:i7" wh~· did th~J' not mon1 ju* t 

'!'h~r~- the attack vou1d occui~? '!hE fact iz we did xaot· mc.u., 

.. 25 = 

§E((JiffilE1F 
·. 

• •• 

aoul:d lle··mv@· Jm0ten? It. •~r:~o~D~ .. iitrep·j bfi.it\l di~ubt it,,'··. 

u~~11(1Va\bl® &ii :1 t aay ~@Wld to. tlt.ose wita!Xd.11U ui tb Cm.'° 

·' i!fpai· iDtslligSllC© 'WOr'k at th.at i:.~g.11 alrmost to Q ~ and . . 

... 

tOO·Bmt!.ll and too e~ueted. to be· that ~l7tical,- WG ~®r~ • I ' I 

. ' 

ail too. :i'crn t>ut· "to isclmte &lld Z0'1.:ta1n single d®t31ls» wr.ii~tu.rly - - . .. . 

t~crt.$.0 t ·a.iii eom of th~mi; tur.n~d OU. t to be" Thi~ "W"~ie °tr.Wil1 ~l..l 

~ti 11.lld ·d~n the 'lilile o Thia ai toiam 11nct s tr®i s of tht)tJ ta 0xmt.hsi 

tUJ.d yee.i>s brought Uli all to· th-e .POiDt \VUX'~ v.ff!il vf.~f.b® 'ilra t.hG r 

:~rad~~ical _pom1 timi ~t kbmi1.ilg an-Ci 7~t lilo.t lmov1ng .f'sctsc: H® - . . . . . . . ¥.fli.lk~d ·61 in dreari:s 0 and not ·a flln' .tn the w~, ·1a"fJ"· IM.la S0te 

Dsparitmentfii bro~e ·down rs. thu:r badly under the · r·elisxil'.l;ie1u.1 

3)l"QC9S'i1l irng,, C}."lfP~].yg,1Jlg,., tliaD:ala timi.g,p ®V&.lt.ll& t:ii:Ai.gP: mld . a:f,pl)'"' . . 

:1~.s: the ~~nf'orsti»cm obt~i.tu~c! troEL tb.osie dJD.S.~C Japu.n!ui~ i~t~r= . , ' 

t.:~pt&a o • t\.~C~Sl-9 thtDgp it \)f~SI D S.~l ·~i_D~ eOlli!i~~l:'eJ~ic {!~1 te 

lm°lP'1'.>ln!lible to ha.V8 aX].oogh° fi.@ld ~perator~ -to get· al;l.- ot. ~ 

irup·-ozitS.nt masapm irnto o~· hands o.rn ti.mo lf.nel:'. ''tt~ CIOOi.tid®:f' .. 

. . 

· th® lAu·ge &m,.c.n.mtt rJf in1tellig~me~ .t)ut~ids· of th~ ·pu!:>®:Ly J~paneiic® ,. .. • '*' 

. . . . fi~..!1.d~ the f'a~t that· WI® t.¥®I"*t c~nfuraed and ®:irt~ew°J',f ~@l~J'. 

shou1ii· not b9 bard to u...1:daa-atlmd,. 

· ·· Ou t~ic!e the ·e.p.uei~s mtJEn tio:~~1!"d above:, th~re '{1!91"® ·f'~-i:Y · 

p~o:9le who. c~ld b®lp us_, l~i.~dly ·any ·who -~ds:&=~to:>d ~a~ a1 ~~~>=· 

tioao · Som "say tha"t; ~ur." faj,lUX"~ ~~s partly due· ti::i ·.~h@ f~.c:·r. · 

. tbst' m.rit:J to:p ~in~~»et~. ~--~lye ta wel'e r.ot ·1si "iJ.'!,, ~~ · 

f~a ~[;, is· t.ne. t' iaz.uy -who YIJ(:)'!f'~· c~onmidel"@~ top. ~u.ti.!~oz-.t 11;10s' bl~· Ja.pu 

akMi ~ Js.pan~ns~ l~pp 'ti/IO_~e ~-~t 1i!1! 9 lmt. by tbiW tb~ ~sl':t h!i.Cl. 
h~!lomi» so complics.ted11 that .~ft®rl .n m~iAb o~ 10 thl!!Ja~ 

gm1iu~era lt'ere glad to take side jol)Bo ~n short0 ouit'l e-:es " 

. . 

vsi~e red and glaz~d; l!t:m&ua't"ion and dr®&m=cone-eiouslrl.es11 had 

ov@roome us months b~fore th~ ·evento 

As I have indicatad;. w:Ws.t sip there •"1 h&vs been 6 or 

. ' 

8 tV~sks betorelwllld that Pear:L J!lal'bcir vould be ,fsp&n u1 obj@o= 

t11re in her &d~ing ·at tack otl us 11~r@ on.17 specks in an. oa~m 

of iiimlilar sp~cks., It. illigbt eeemt .t10'S' th& t 'flta wQv.l,d ~'IJ'G boi"n@ · 

. . 

conc®xiinl.ng the Honolulu m-®a., But the;r w@ll'e asking to'ir!' the 

s~ae kind of inforrr.na:t1;ic:n abotit m&Jmy oth@r portfi thr'oi;J.gnout the 

vorld,, I do net think tlb.at an,-cme au poir!t ~ ac13u:si.D.g 

twgex- ~t .an7 A:mirj.O&rJ!. be"auna ct tile Paarl Ba~bo:r a'ttack.., 

So• bavG!ll SllY~'11 argir.ned tba t f·reuli.dent Roc;sev~l ·t and 

Se~.rsta.z7 ot State Bull appo~.nted el&pan,, O®rf/llll!Uq JI Wld Ital7 

o'lll" .anelllias 11 and forced tbell!I to attack u11, but •@e13s &rlld 

!W.g119r- rit~l®d 1£L Oerar.sn7 9 pov@1ut7 ill Ita.17,, ltlld ext?DGIM. 

tw:,atic1.sia ilr, J'apan9 &Ud· cm.cu ·atart.ed tbeJ,' would -not etopo 

P11ia·aide~t Boosaw®lt0 nm.sing liith sea f'rit1D.ds a.a ~e hc\ll1' ap= 

p:~o~one~., · said ·"we bave a· good '?la·:>ordo uv ·Ee sillli!PlY wnnted the 

~1gmtf -to stI-ike f1~8to 

Let. us go back to the g~1eetion of wltq ve. d1cl 1nofG m~ 

. . in ad-wanoia where the attack 11ould. oocm-o Si:r v~ek11 or so 

b()for~band t~®r~ w®re ·e:cbanges ooncl1)rn1n.g ship 1110ve11~nte at 

P~~rl :&irbe>Fo The·reascm.m wli.y V® did Dot psy ®nou@b attgntion 

ta tb.is vas thgt aimlsr inf~XDm&t.ion wa.a ocld.n1 froa ~7 otb.eio 
• plac~s Md tba t b7 then oiuio sn&lJU.csl pcmars wexn'~ d.i~@b.er:! 

·roy &nx1et7 and tat1peo lmr1®diate.l7 attsr thc11e JmtiBSIS'.g1as J 

diplomatic emsagee of the tiliOst d:r·aetic urpnc:r tlood®d in 

iz:1.- such imeuse numbers t.mi.t 119 target ths parUculo.r 

:~~tarencee to Bawa11c lis enmehcff .bepn tc feel tb!l..~tii ~ls 

·1ould be an apteF &triking 1>01.ilt for the Japi;.ne11110·., A numib®:i 

of people have von~ered ~b.7 oert!l.in :meeeagesp noto.bl7 tbree 

13oncer!l.ing the co.\111Dg 1&ttac~~ on Pearl Barbor directly. uere 

1.1Ci1t translated until .i.fteri J~earl Barbaro Bad tb~Ge p®ople 

'.beien. among us &id seen. hov buried 11e were in s·tai.cka of •&= 

:u;.ges through the "P..neple" .uachi.ue l.VMch bad and as; tar a.fl! vc 

1:seiuld hwa.n.17. see ahould h!.ve pl"iori t7, the7 voulci net 'ffOnd®J· 

·that 'S'e failed to process &lid tx-.rmslate a tw mesnaagee i.112 

J'=l9 vh1oh though of a prio:iz-iey 1!.lmolSlt equal to the -.chin®, 

~arel7 carriisd. the ~ vi t.eil :1.mrfornmat~onc Sever~l of th®ii~ I 

, 1iieaater &rlld some ot th®m. micit waii:.11 n-.r~y a month J.attJr~ 

c.f·~e:r tlls di~aste~.. There 'i'll~e at that tole in ths l:Ya:r Dep:r.r•t= 

r-asn~l', t{fO people vho could. t1•analate Japa.nee@ accm:i&~~el:y Wld 

!"B.Pid.ly" Think of it. ju.st tvoo Ture 'tfl@ILte ethe1=>11 'VN!!lo WTcrked 

01111. ~quall;r iawortant •ter11.1 11 bl1t their prOduatimlL was 11lO'e'®lf 

In the foregoing I have• apoT~s.o 1;>riilcipall~ oi~ 'E10• of th® 

~eaoc.me for OU!' :fa.illll"e to b1lt reBdf Wlld on the spat to. ~at 

~b.~ aurpx>1eia attack ct t.he .J'a.pan~sao I have apokoo sl1mst 

c;,nt1l'el7 ot our particular t~OUP.1 . otfic@re 0 CJ7P~i.l7s ta &Dd 

- 28 -
. . of mnd Bild b0d7 s.1110 plap~d the o1:ihe1" 00111Petent dep.11.r~tm. 

ll.n<l nmr l tinall7 ask ~self the quost1cn: "JIOI' vae it that 

it.cs@ of us '&ho bad worked on the JiLpmnese problam for 9 

ye·&"s and were. so near ph7s1t'l·al rui.Vi bJ' Deoembexa, 19411ever . . 

livsd thF~ugb the J&. J'e&rs that f'cllc)\Wed?IRI In taot not all dido 

D.ny. died a l:i ttle bit and ecHie co21>letel7 o 

iW.V work tfa.1 alva71 1:n tha Japa:n.eee proble111 in!<o the 

vc•rt8x of vhich 'ffWe dl-awn the e;io:ri~!tJ' of the personnel, ot 

othc'r sections vhich bad already been well eta1tablishedo Con~ 

c~n·trat1on on the Japanese prioble112 vas the rule up to the end 

of' ·tft.e vu.,, ev~n tJlough sectiona ha!ld11ng the codes ct som 

of 1Jiur tzoienda and all ot ov. ma.in fmemie11 tame tion,.,d h1·~'1 

ef'ticisntly all altmSo 

Tl'laDil1~nng Da7 is ap:pro~chini~ and mw wife &D.d I :ibtava 

d~cidttd ~o sp~ pal"t ot Tmmkagimig afternoon vith eoa 

s:i e;!c &1.1!tnds st Glenn Dale Sautoi:.i~.lla&o I nmt1on ·this to Jt.lr<' 

Flti®dl'liim lb'hc st:tfitl t"J.la t he too wou!~d like to go to Glginn Dale · 

or~ 'lhiwkagirtng Day to see our· muftoW&l old arch=m®~W. Chief 

Ol~·~k ~®tt; f:Wlci tbat h® will take us in hi& C&l"o A.t~ 

'IJ~fV@ral pleasant hours» 11.t-o Jr1edr1W1 Yd I et.art ll?&ck to his 

egr t7Mle D1f1" wit~ lingers bel'1J.Ald to:~ a 11 ttle 'Et'hilso The da7 

!11 f'air and a little ohillyo The mrrt11 ct late Indian 11~F 

m'"g OV<!l~ t.h® vcoded l&nds.C&JP&o «>u:ri tallt drifts to t&e 

- 29· -
• • 

iapa.neee situation .. W1d .11-o P.~1e~ asks ~t do ~cm tbili'lllf 

ia ping to ~ppe.n nw?GI I riapl7,., '

9'Ble negot;1aticma a®em 

a'tiout ud6do T~J' have said that U~ ve de not give i.D.9 

there vill be a ti-apdJ 0». the la1 t d/11.7 o 'fhe nw cabinet is 

ad.al'llJUlto Wlmt do 7ou think vlll !li&!>]pent• 

~o PriedaDus taoe talcs.a cm a tfnO&T!Jf&'I look Ud he 11ees 

to· gaze into not.hin.gnese aoro~a·the stubbl7 fielda 9 &Qd he 

answe~s,. sit m&Ys W&ro °' I l•:>ok st hi.a f&C9 muticusly and a.;k 

"'Do you 1;;h1Dk we are re&dJ'? 18 and he l"epliea" 1111 hope soo • 

- :;o -

§IEECiffiIE1F 
A ltct,e cm the Solution of JapaD.eae 1111111 ~ey 

lllG&s&ges &na. overlapso 

ll1evhere I bave spoken ot th8 bad r@sulta ot follow= 

ing a t0o d.11-t'ini te ana m1swider11 tooc! · •tb.od of obta1uiDg 

aonect values in eodeo 'fhe follow!i.Dg 1s one ot th~ acst 

etriki.Dg eX&Qle11 I had in ad.Ddo 

Jtoor liaison beween 1nstructol?8:i arnt&nel)'sts, &Dd 

liDS'liatm vae the cause of th1so l!oreovsr 11 l&rge vingai ~here 

the~e iei-e oonatant ~mur1ng. 'the cliok cf typevr~ters &nd - -

tcio much interf'_erence on th~ part ot sup.rv:lleore -.cl® the 

problem miuch miore difticulto 

At A.rlingtOD Ball dUr'iD.g 191t- Md pll't·ot 1945e the d&f 

tc da7 recove17 ct and assig.rumant 01~ pl&1n=text va.luee to the 

numrical g&;-ou;ps cordlls from the va1?iou11 tables used psriodi ... 

c&m.llJ' in the ma.in Jap!mes e 111111 tar;r code a7e Wims I v&s perf'or.uaeci rather 1Deffiaientl70 ~Ms w&a done cm the basis ot 

overlaps vhere tbe nu-..rical code text •as •O vritten that tbG 

elements in ~ same ke7 fell in tho ae119 columno 

llov9 ~ de'Cl"'JPt11rs 9 bet.YAg e~1voral mmdl°ed 1'0Wl$. ccllegJ.&nm9 .awstl7 girls Jalov1ng notshing about the J~pa.nese 

language at all 9 vei-e prirmari.1.7 :iJmtttrested in aeptb and froquenc1 

in t~e eolunmso The tn linpists "&rho tried to help them 

"itf@re priSi"ily .int@r'eSted iD t.l°&e z.'ec~@stablishment Cf the pl~iD 

text after the fre~_uencies 1-·1 Ji.~l<led a Id.Di~ of values . ' 

giving eues t~~ gueesing the textc 

arhe1~& 1-Jere !rhot emiougb li!i>.piats ·to wo!ik bacn~rd to the 

§JECCJffiIET 
--------------------~~~~~~""'=""'=--~~-=-=-~-==~~~~~-- - -

• • 

ccyae CD. the basis cf tb@ir '-"8lue aseul!l!Pticm110 file ~-~ ma 

four ot u1 vhoa~ job it 'le.a 1~c ·pesa bad. 1A pnere.lii ~itb.®r 

~e ti• FJLC~ the 1111.the!t-.tiaal. skill to do lillOo In that sec= 

t1on. az I aaid6 th®re ~@reff!.lt trcm eDou,lb l1ngu1s~g·~o~king 

ozr. ~. reocmstFuction pxeoble:ni.; all ve could do vaa to pass 

.f':rom .. Cadet to C&d@t telling C!t&Ch Vh&t her •itH!&pe a&.L1d.o , 

- wr1 ting in the values Wlde!'D.ttath the w:arecon1tll-uct@d avoupo - -

:Wot imore tbaD terA out of a hurildred of ·them put SD'J 11eli~c-e 

· in. the values ve wrote in; fn~ ii!O rigorousl7 had -th.e~r been . -

tl'ained .to YBor~ _a·trictl7 cm iHOM trequanoy baei• tba1t raotb.ing 

a~.all could alter this pre~cm.aaptiono Diereg&~ding th@ in= 

foraaticn 'fie_ gawe them. utte1•J.y obl.1v1ous. to 1t8 th~r t¥orkf!d. 

b.o~_s. ~Js 11 • &?nd ve®ks . on th~'- frequenc,- . prinaipls -111wtv1 t&bl7 "' . •' 

r@8.ohi.ng tinall;r the seltsarr.u plain tsxt we ·P,ve- thsua to ,. -

'b~gil'n '111 tho . 

This •thod of -~ing the '.Pl"Oblem pn=:led &nd.- ~mi.fused. 

th~·e• ;rowo.g J>80pleo .Soa d1c1 prot1t flaom the lllnguiots a ' -

e.tforte 0 but nnoa t _of .. ~un . began to 'a!q e.w&J from us~ dC!PdlJ' 

d®C la.ring» 

· 'fhia. is hew ve v~r-s. tau~t. 'to ·vo:rko -You donnt under== 

stand cwr •thod J'OW&®lf'o You G&i'h 9 t psrfore the a1rq>l® 

: •tbet&@Lt1cal pr-ocemse11 we pel9f'o:ra:. · 

In !IQ' C&llHI tba t OZ'"i t1c1~m was lflal"J'. -~ g I C_QUlij. ·I:lOto 

!f.J.t ~ll ~~l" l!lr!l®ded t.o do Vli!t.11!1 t@ li.CC@pt the tf/Ol"dl s pl».r&S~lll; . 

s:ent®nce10 Md somti.Ms tghole •~&ag~a we vro~e 111 :tor tb.em$ . -

- . ~~rto_rm_ ~e11' -~~t1oal c11erat1on9 Wld finish th®1r jcbo 

~d.17 any ot them 'e'ould aOOltilpt t.l:ls 11.sthod involving-~ atep 

- 32 -

§1ECCiffiIE1F 
• 

linguiet1 bad to take seats 9 mit there ~ vait tor ~ ocrs 

11en111bl® onem to ccm fer cv help, vMch tn did"' Udl mch 

idle 'ti• was on our U.ndso 

I have been told t.bat in Austre.1111., it vas quil3Jd.7 ob= 

se~ved that lin.gutetic ~ainilig tor theBe work®rs on 1id.lit.ar7 

s7ateu "Cli'l!.s most ese~nt1alo JtJJ intormant said that ~J' ver@ 

given a course in the langwip and t:.bat IoBollo ms.cMnl.Sle "E:Yttre 

usra<l to sort out the linguiat!lo tor1rDl&e neoesaar7 to oolve 

this probl@mo 

I . 

!Jov frequencies are thG cml7 w-pon., or almost ~e cmly 

weapon,, vith which to ata~t b1~eak1ng a hitherto Wlid4ttit1f'iad 

and ummovn code or ciph®r.P but a.t~ir tOO code or ciplie:&& baa 

be~n reduc@d to 1 ts basic s7s 1'~em9 v&.s tel" ra.ad.t'ioa t1or11111 ot 

trequencr- and oonsideratione j .. nvolvi.Dg guessvo~k not mt all 

in'ifol Yins this concept are th~ rule and not the e:cep·1;1ono AJa:J 

ot t.he old cr7pts.nalys~a h@~e aould have co?T~cted t.IM~ 

te:ac:bers ot these wo~kers 10 "·:.he7 would not ha.Ve gen~ ott M.lt .... 

~oill»:ed 8Dd fi'ozen the voFkers ilill tbrs mre ot this much flda= 

~deFet~od and ad.accnm~u®d fF®quency methodo I suppose, 

though, that these more expsrj~@.nced cryptanal;rsta \\1~!96! too 

bua3· == toe 9nthralled 11.l the hea.vy duties that wei(!ib.~d upo~ 

t.Jlam., 
1840 vs.a a momcmtoua J'®~., The rise in culture tmiousbeut 

:mao;pe tollowiDg tb.e'f Prwah lhsvolution bad ~pread algso to 

A~i'iCIL\o It was during that year that t.b.~ Feat Alme1:uioan 

S®l·l1~s Edgar AllarA :Poe isau®<l hie famous ch&llenp8 deoll.U'iEig 

~.t he Gould daciph@1• ey CI.'JPtogr-ami se11t· to him viithin 

C®l?~in limtationu1» ~d stated tb&i.t tlu:re vas 1110 aut~h thi.Dg 

ae ~ 'W.'ilbl'~&k&ble c1pht.tro H~ suce"d~d 11'1 eV<iXllJ' cae~ 9 thcugb 

1-~ 8.pp@a.r:m that in at least cm~ ioetanc~ axmoth@r mRJrn solved 

o~® of t.he ciph18l9S b9for® ha dido· .ID. the 11ame J'®&r Vesin 

de Rom&Jm1rd. \VU vr1 ting his norntnpaapl'q 'UDVeil<Sd Ill jlni which 

h9 gave exta!sive f'requm.07 1~bles for tbs ma.1.n Buropew11 

l<U\p&.pa... 'rh1a bock is ve~r am.using aa it 11a11 int'euded to be, '1 

b'a.t pract1oall:y apeaJd.ng it bas only a reti-ospectiv~ wter@at ... 

It did however etimiulate orn>tologiCU9.l stud1@111. ;part~I.aularl1 

in. li'rance and 88lgiumo 

In Oermran7 during 1840 •m. witorptta.ble man rw.n~d Pre~ 

.. Bopp vae vri ting Sanekri t gritmmar, teaob.ing0 and lscturinr;G 

bafor~ learn®d gcupa en coq:>ara ti ve phj.lolcg o In 'i papC11r, 

still t&awus» vhich he r~ad t.h.at 7®&~ b@toFe·th~ ~r~ 

Aaadsm;r ot Soi~D0@8 he d®mo~ut.l"ated. ~he tact that a proto= 

IZldl.c=Buropeam. language V®r7 liNOh like S&rHikr:i t. if ne>t SJ:Aoi~IJLt. 

Sanskrit i tselt, had sp~~aa. 1~0111gb tine not onl7 ovc_,1' t;htj! 

vhol~ W'®st~n World but tbroudl India. a likel7 plac@ of its 

oll'i~, to the Pacific 1elea" trcem Dv&11 to the Ph:l:L:lppi~.eao 

LinigW.ets ofte s~y tbat~ it 11 not so much ~ ~vocabular1 

SE€RE'f-
ot ~ lupap a.a it is its sa~ta: tl•t determines vmt . . . 

speech giaoup 1 t belongs to; bow~ver • 1 t is .d&nprousi to 

tollae that theOXDJ' _too eloae;a.7. becaus~ ~~gee lik:e .~ 

-.111 lh111pp1ns di~lect "'fap.logn ~ve :sloughed· Off thej.r 

gF&®Dar,, It is only bJ' worod comipar1icm tbat it oar:. be s0en 

' ' 

to be lr.i t anothel' wel"eion ot "the 1&1guap epok$n long ago 

tbrougbou.t Indiao We oureelvea are speaking and v~iti:lg to= 

d~J" yet liDOth<IX' vexas:lon ot that eGlfsaa lmipp,, 

It m.!Jat soW'ld paradoxical" wt in· one e~.nse lanpge 

ch&J1ges rapidly while in anoth9-r s®ase it i-e•ins rsmarkabl7 

atl!t1co 'J!hls can b® ee~n b7 the 11i~le tact that Gre9k9 Latu. 

tb.e RolllUlce lanpagess Ga.el1o, Teutonic. 5lavtcp :Persian. and 

Bindu. all have aeoentially ~ae &&1119 bssio YOG&bu~o ~o 

amount of eooiological or sei·a.utitics d.evelopmept baa altered 

tb.ite tact.., tor the older OOllll.P·e>nen.ts o~ word.a &.rG n.cm. simply 

put together in Dell va1e to f':lt the special vocabularies cf th® 

time o '-'he •in d1tfer~naes :LD voo~bull!lPJ' a.re du.® to the 

iDf~;.l tra ti.on of' words t~om. ot.bs~ language pioups CF 11ar@ . . . 

sl&ng9 ":Dd the&!! vorda are no·table JCtot toti .their rmAltitude but 

~~tiler for their rel~t1ve·scw~a1t70 It 1& ver7 di~f1~ult to 

f'ind.11 for eample 9 •n7.words a French vMch are not in acm.® 

· form. or other towmd in ~z>om > thou~:b in eao.b tcm.gue thair 

a!£.n1ng •1 have ooae over t:.bit ~entu.ries to bave 1essitxa er 

g?D~{frtsr differelrilc@sq Por, exa1@l~.o ih~ »l911nch word ~CollllDi!UlRl" 

· is found 1Jm C!erau ®if~ "~mea.) r. • Dot cml.y do they ~1 

pnt1rally th® eam.e tJU~g but. 1~y S1i?e actually id®EiltiiJi\lo 

- 35 -

SEC:RE'f 
words? '?be w~ throat, th~ ~®@l!p)~ ·~a palat@, thq;1 tat.b . . _ ... . ' . 

&:Mi ~ lips,. oontFolled by th®. ch&it"'&Ot®ristics of .~ie b..l:\aD · · 

am.rad,, a·a.use auoh .ph~noMaD&o •.mo lett~rs R0 L,., and W,p fer . . . . 

el~mple 9 are reall'1 hard to '1'lronct.W:lec. llov tak® a. ooWltr;v 11 

l&rp EVOUP ot p~opl® from ths.t ~oUi""tl-1' b«rJcome ~ep&r~.t®d f':foai · · 

1 t,, S&J' by ed119ati0Il.!1 m'.!d. 111 g · ~19ration or WO t.'.b@, DfJt/ .. 

~·oup l1.i~l pl'oDotma!!l W like lfo Th«f R d;J' bia pronounica11d l:Uto. 

L ea :t~ som aaiu1es ~opP®d altoge.tl:aer,, whereas .L may ha.we· toe 

5<.)uaid:·~~ Y~ ·Oen~r.&lly speaking, t.be Japu.es@ ·ommci._~~onC?~oe ·: .. - . " . ' 

ti't® 1~.t~r L an~· the 0~~D3S6 C&mot pronounce Ro ot· ~·~~~se; . . . . . ' 

th®,r ~im leaii-n the correct ·pronWl(jiat1on,, ·but it 1!9 d1f'f!culto'. . . -... 

~hs .uPe®ch of' ·ch:lidllen 1u9ema ·to b~ a p~i.r7 factor foi~ . . • 

. . . . . ,, ... :"'' 

lin.sui:s t1~._ ~hanp ~ and whether or not a language .~~-1.Ki~ 

ClO~ely i~t&~t S®81181 to depend upon the axte11t to V1".Ch the I ... • • 

. . ~as ot a sooiet7 ~e111lartges the p~onuno1at1on· ot tbe . .. . . . . . . . .. ~ . . . . . . . . 

acol®soento DUr1ng peFiOd~ of 11lligl'1ttion&19. tb.111. : · · 

·1Df':l.ue~ae ·1s not strong and tne dialects ar15a&~ somet~na •: 

It this is so. . . .. . 

:low 0-~mld we expeo t . to . pr~wfJ · jl ~?. · .. 

Btie·n ~ve ~lwad cm this planet for wrra than a million f®&~s.· . . . . . . ~lltd ve .. cwmot tl-ac® th® hieto~~Y ot any pscple as. ta~. be.ck as .. _ . .. . . . . 

1 D·ooo yfta1•eo If i~d~s~~ ~ e~cilv~d· · 1.n one pa:r~:l.c:u,~~ ;P~acG in 

.,. '6 -

.. 
• 

"Gl'liai wol"ld and spo:J:ct •).fl~ la=1gi~a~'9 0:1:•:i.sina.ll1. tilef'e is not 

the sl.S.~test ~3aaoo. fol .. t:a:i.nk1D.tt that one single •ox·n or 

ti~t o~.aisi-11&1 DpeGeb wo<!].d :iu&-v:l.Vtl i~o this da7 a111ong all the 

.~an2 Bopp uade Oi.'-0 Vl"f)L\I 8.iiUl!SPti.Oil and All.Othl!l" 

:~ru1t.l~t.iuna.b:.'.s ODC-'c ?tr·& t Al.a thougt~t tnst he oov.J.ci t,:tra!le Itt.do= 

it;l.irope-sm. w~rde 'ba.c!i: to tnei.l"' roGti.. :Se no~;eQ. t.h.e 'W0!9de 101~,,. 

e;r.t, if:.!' sind., et\~as .. SCll°i'JIJOOlt~$ -was" ~w .... ; he no_.,ad t.lls w~rd:e 

-~:ld 'uhciu~t kt~ i"ouud t",h.<.d.r t\..1 ttu1nt,., .f"oot. in ~ Ba..n:tla:t t, !!.,. 

t;~ be,, Be BJ.~o nnt.sc. t!lS.t 1~x·aot;i~a.lly the sairo ending .t.hat 

;>10 ;,;&io:.ioua f'1.;rr:.wo!' t'k.L~ 't10l1<i 0to ten btMr~ ia t:1~· '"'w.~op~ 

l-Dagua.ses ar-e i'ottr.;d .1r... t..t:ae c.oD.;jup t:J.40 ot +-.i.1€\'I :/fJI"b ''tc os n in 

h~ ''0061! &bl~ t~>" go 00.0k ':'NO Gl' ~:1.:r-90 t.JA01!S~..nd. ye&.l•:i!: fuz.t.?le'f',.I 

~-~ v1:1x•b I-cot i!Y~'>Uld J!Sv0 heeu souaatl&i.ng dit.t'e~oa·t:. ir~ all 

).11-:o~l>il:lty,. 3~Co!i.dl}"':- Bop-;(:• ~ou,s~t. t,hay; t.~ra ise:!'l.l'..:~,l'J'..d:tnp 

cioula. ba J.aun.tJ.:i:"':l.ed ':Yi th &na1iant })P-O..'lOUUi, ~tee '}.ttlj.s has 

£~, or ~!&t tm:·. ·. .J~ll£UJ~sr~8 a 1aro.Sil3£~ei knc~tn. to l~ave h~dz-etd• 

t't Po.i~'filffS!l.!11.i. ~o-i.:os in t ts . tl'=:>nabu:;.~,1~~1. hail i.li'U a.e. 1-&~e "?».:aic 

~e·l"d fo~~ ,.'i.=o b~. ·~ ll.'1:ie ~I.apo.mHl9 YJC:i."d. J:o ~.a~ :'ii';)~u \; \<h@ e1am@ 

SECRE'f 
i 

- ~'J1a132 

. . . 

thE~1r··native langtial" vltbout -&i"1J' reao~eatioo of tile . . . . . l-Uguap ot tibetr t~etatlier•o · COllCluerors Ila•• 1.s»osec.t. th.,il' . . . . . . . . 

lup~a Or& dlttereot ra~eii, ;&aid, tn ~~ii tilal'o.out ~ 

p~i=i~d or· iiaD '• •bi ta-ti.on ca .tbta p'.anet.-! his wawse~1ogs 

. · have hen ""'tar· too extenaivct to attribute ht• 18Dpap t.o &l11 

:ra01&1 ·or18tao 

918 oar11eiJ1; ............. bow &81'th'ing about VA8 Vl'titten . ·.. . . . . the . 

. _~J'. tile ·~ldu. ~~n1n1, aoll9 300 _'feara 'bet~e/Ctna1et1a~ "Ira,.~ .. . . . . ...... 

1°' "flAJ'·be aaid-•t: f:be fil'._1iloal oategortes 1d...,,'8d b~ 

· ~t~~- .. :~plJ' ·on tb8 bf.isl• ~r· b:I.• • tu..Uea and · ot ~··. ·~:t.ore •I 

111.i·on . thu sanaldlt . or the . Veda•, . ba\f'e . 'b11u.ueed . ~to.the .· 

preaent .. dti.J'. b,- pra0tl~l7 all ..-.rl&U 1n· ·the Weat.arn . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 

Voi'ltlo Y•t howsoever ~1w .. •t·· 1.tabi11ae a JArapap,. . . . . . . . . . . . . 

·Pa:1'£!..oulm~iJ:.1D 1u· ~r1~ten· to=~-. pa~r ·le· none~l•••~ an 

~~e2'J)rieta.1i1on tbat oolaelil .iao't '1etore.~·. but ratbe:P a1'tar . . . . . 

lil\p111ti<1 forms bave oo• llitl> ex1atenoeo Some p8-.v1&11• . . ·. . . . . . . . 

ma7 · toll. · ua·,, ·tOI' ea-11Q>le,. tba t ve -•bcal.4 •&7 ••1 tb vltaOia 414 . . 

7ou ta~'! ·bU.t ve ·teal~. ~.d _oori.•eat17·· eo~ 'lib&~ 1t ·1a better. at . . . . . . 

loa&i;: to sa7,_ 1·t· AOt 8Yel'l ·to 11".i."ite• ·.,,ho did J'OV. talk···tot~ . . . ·. . . . . 

·· ~bere are aoa..r.e~ks t 01ah to make-on how tbea~ 

aeia~pa ·°'~re tHn.ala teci·o file:r ·w~ ·o•••tlllly atU41ed 8114 . . . . . . . . 

i 11"d. 1D .r&pan.8. a ·the mind of.,:tti9 tn.rialator &110.· tbel1 ooa- . . . . · .. ·:· . .. . 

... ·- . 

·- ,a·..: ....... 

, 

SEGRE't . : · .. · 

: 

-

. -
s E~-!f5a132 

t .. his knack. 1n a :·SUl'pris:tngl:r shol't, t1naeo . In .. ~ op1!11ont 

· able t?;ans1e.tore ;Sh()Uld .not. bave t;o. plead an~ pl{!tad tor 

!1~eriogr;~aphers ·:just beoaua·e other,. 1D their sections P:r•fer· 

.th8 generally 1Df'er1or procetdure ot vzai ting trtm..CJ:J,a:t:tons out 

oy hand" .A good translator ought to knov thoroughl;,. th@ two . . . . . . 

l.,.,nguages 1nvol v~d., . 

. Ottr Germanic epe•ch is a Y81'7 rich One, dl:'BlYin~ heavily 

on LB.t:l.n and Greek~ · The ~apane_s_e language .ts Et Yttl"if' .ric~ one 

aJ.so9 drawing even ·mo».e .. heavilf :on two .. ancient C_l;inos~ 

dJ.alectso . The sb.ade9 ot.·memd.ns .111 Japan~ae t~xt CR.l'l.Qot b® 

:ttend<H1ed With their e&a t tune into Jngl1aho libgl1sh ia J:liut 

·on.e=~.r.d as. h1ghl7 ·i!lJ.1Pegra1;1ng a to!i~e as J~prme.ott; so,,. il!l 

transl•.t1ng9 we .had· to break the sentences up into :JhC?rter 

m1t.U\!$ mreover V'lt bad to .·U.SEl· llli&D7~ oirou.;Locu~ons and resort 

to 8 JW.@ber ot otb.e!' deV1C8ii· to O~Ve7 the real 111'°fflld8d 

ae12se ·and ve1e,ht of the origina_lo 

. ! 

. . 

~- · d.iploms·ts a:t-e prone to vie _ 1i1i tb. · one a.not.her iri the uae of . 

'th:eir elQ.ss1cal languageio , 'l'he7 are -not h&aper@d to th• saa ' . . 

~xtent an moet government oftioials are in mos·~ o~r oountr1ea . . . . . . 

··by a &Gt ~r ot \Tl'tti.ngo : IJ:>.. pe~iloua t1•a~ . tor exaimple,, 

fqi•":i.F anwo7s Md p&rtiaule.rl7 J'•:p&naee 'DYOyl'JI• d1_c:tate 

f'orcetul and.. dra•tic . . statements . . . :~ to . ·the!J.'t . aeo:reta1•it•110 . . Bov9 1t 

nol§~t.bing r:actar :. the true weieJ>. t,, Qae&ning ~d. illt,;enticm of their 

~orde are to be tranaterred. into &.uotber tongu8 for the us• 

- 39 -. 

• 

SE€RET 
REF ID:A58132 

·... t ~ -. .- . ' ··~ .-· .. · 

·.si.EQfET .. :. 

' 

•.. ,_ 

of_ intell.1pnoe operaV.Onal. · ~tt1c1a1a 1 -~u&ll7 draaiatto vorda 

mus·t bit uaedo We·A•r~o&lia f,o not- see~ e~gll •ware· that 

OQl' ott~otal st71e. ll9rbapa '8v1ng ao.ettU.As to-.do vi~ our 

teuJ)er-ll&llt. cramp~. uao· 'fhe~e uv.- been ·1natances where - '--~ -- . -

t . 

f&iJ.u:re S .. p.- . t.his '18r7 respect f tdgb.t bave •ta.tled &eX'iOUS .OOD= - . - - . .f - - - - . i ·: -- -

se~uenceEO; however, I oamaot;sa7tb.at t.bere.ba•e been oocae1on1 . . . . . . . . . . l ·. . 

vhsr.e tb.18 aotUallf haPJ>en8dJ · - ·I -

There wae however tmmecu:n tel7 before Pearl Barbo1~ a - . • • j 

. . .. 

" bo:r-~er-11.ne 'caae which 1houl4 "be . mentionedo ~· sentence 

~~!-.4~)':;i c• )et lcanke1_ W& ki tai· 111.~}i1D8';! vhtO)J. 11 teral.17 me&DS . - ~ • . >:. • ·, •. 

n3apanese;,.A111erican ·relati0na·.b&ve· paaae4 ·_ tb& 0bl-1Dk of·dts••tero" . . . . . - -.. . ·. . : '·. . . . 

Ou:.:-- 11& v7 and the ai-1 tlah , trarlt:la '9d J. t -d&Dgei-ousl7 ·. Tmaakl7 o The 

nu·toh iii the Jetherlaiida xa.'at lnd1ea &l2d I alone got the· toroe ·. . . . 

or ·tne .. •a.rd.ngo I translated 1t :v:erbat1m "Japaneae.,,.&meri·can 

. relations reach (the paat.-ten.ite 11'1 & short ••teiice) t;he.'.·'·' · ·. · . . . 

br1nk ot c·atasti-opbe~- and tlle DUtcb translated ·1t- "a state of . . .. . . .· . 

·va.1." exiata ·!Jetween J~pan-and ·the 'J.lni te_d .Stateso" · ·oμi- ·11av7 · 

t..l'anslatlid it "-!•P&nese-;o.t.mertoan l'elat1oua are not up to· 

ezpeotat1ons~ ·" and the British. tr$nsl&"t•4 ·it.· "Japmese1- -

- American -relations, are 1ra a c~1tioal oond1t1ono" I was 1n ·the. . . . '. . . . . 

hoep1t.al '<fhen tb-. :Pearl •rbol' -1ntreat1aa'tion t~k place, -mid 

wh~n thi_a mesliap waa .. iaeterited to -some of· OU' .other trqs1~1;011s here,· the7· 1'Ponglt ·vent. along v.1.th- •• ~onvent1onal 

iang-2age of _the. 81'1 t1·sh Yersiou. ~cause tha_t is ho¥ -the - . . . : ·. 

d:tctionar:r ~analates 1t 1n· an -eX$.Qle un4el' ·t.be_ 11ord ld.taio• 

~ _ ·(lnou7;ails Da1j1ten.9 page 1'10) ll'Mch reall7 ~&o:s · "oatan:tropheo ~ 

."· 

-SE~RE'f 
i!~OW~nt of tb.19 sntS.41_1J.G sty1 ® VD'l;:i.l. ~t sg;y it QOl.Wgl oitr~ Ofll 1;.to.® 

.l.\':~t-k sh~~rte t• Md th@l.'>® Wt!l.E j'!J·.s t i!ill.'.kO iA~l. e1i1lilsr~. 'ty "h®tow1.~119n 1 t 

l~ner~·~g®S i~ th.ta 'W&Y is e;V®:t.:· BO !i;iliJ.~I'l G):S,Sj~~,r, b@~a~~l~ tb~y ft?''@; 

X'E~~l~J.i· .!:l!otbSJmg tr~t L~·~.111- dtisl®cta.~ s·ttll:, it' t.:'.l.iliW ie. or th© 

~irnit.~n..::·~ tb.~ ditf'i~ul.~ f!ll'~l.£!l®i~,i!t~.l :POi"eJ:-tfJ maist. 'tm tollt~»~ii i.tl! .•. 

SECRET 
• 
Tb® ~ t<:&~y cf tb.a r~upliS IWJ:W a M~~Clt:.~d us {~,U ~U·amib·~l" 

th~ 7thn 1941, 1it f15&J:•l ~rbcn.,,., 

tmr?~:.~;i,~?.lf;ly in thtt prop~r b.1i:.rtOX'ical p~rsp~ctiv~.. ~.n·~r~~o1•aD hG= 

fi..:.i·r~.< going OD! to th~ ~sc.15'.ge:!, it s·~ewie: right to giw·~ Iii. ehol?"~ 

s:J:e.t~<~h of' Qrs.~.anus past alorng w·:Lth a f«ft0 ooWl!msnta on p!i~sent~, 

d.££y csondi i~ion6" Ai" ·~r all 11 i 't ts vel 1 to r®iu~mb~r t~ t. 1. t 11:ra.s 

t5.:re~~.., l'Ji" oou.rs©, tho .lia~ie and P.s.:acista v~r0 laying t.ll1'j1:t> 

pl&Th~I ~f' mm~U.tJEt· @W@ri~ th~!!lg but tlt~h."' cm"tbWP,.t'» aa~ l&t~x•o 

l do n©Jt think that we J"e ~ know ~nough about th121 

~'l;id0ntly a.rw!ent ~ap&l~11J'~ people to try to judge ~vhrai"'3 r~hia~· 

w·,m.i:-huriS.4,~ rSl®m.t~:g)\t:St but t.hfJ lo.uguagE· S®em'S to Iii!® OOlei-:Ullly 

PGl~i~ll»iW:.to It may w~ll be th.at Phi11ppin~ conqiuer(»~!i of lcing 

&go ctS.w.® i.n f'ror;1 the eout..'1 and lmipos~·d their J...ru1g..w.~ 1>n t.h® 

~1,,.t.':ll'A>~."i::;li t~ ts,, Th~i'Ji t(ilo t-her·~ lrnF~ ~ Y~I" so long a.so many wt.i.J. te 

IJJ.!®n l~. ving th.X"ougi!lou. t 311 J'ap&.1:11» t.ll9 A.i:mu 'wbo ~l'® i;wtc 'i~f. '1~.til 

1.'l.(dl"thv~rd to Roltkaidoo .. 

wnat~'lf~'.JP t..h~ ltnguist~.o a1~f'ini ti(ile of Jspan@:.i.i® illl!.~{ b®, 

:U:< ;11;;;:"l~!l.!~ tot.ally w~1·~lat@d to i~hs l·~'l'.gua~ of n@ci.rby Ohiri!&,, 

... 1~.p::ie18~@! \iloi~a.s foX' ':t~t~ \:ih~~~ \lib.at,. ·:lag m~1;i h~~d,p 

~a·OBi; 11'!'.lngl~. pi.ls" f':f.~~P oa.Jo·, sk;r e mor:i.tiCT·S,, ~1!:,(),, ['" ·:. :. 

0::0,. I ... ,-

", ."; ...... ·.· -:· 

.. • .. t • ... · .... 

' .. 

Solo s.~) ..... . .. 

SEC:RE'f 

·. 
Hr-:iqu@stion.ably ~:t--s found in .Indi.a, the Sout..'b S®& J:sJ.&ndia 0 th® 

}'.!se.~ and m.dd1® _Elas t,o and e.ll C'H ~r Eul'Opll;J and AIJ.U~ri,lS~. It 

~H~Ofti:B p~cibabl~ ~::..l.w. t pr-ehistt;·l(i'iC aa.::!skri t Sp?'tal:\d fl"(lJ[,~ Ir.!dia tc 

Th121 Iid.r.v~t~enf~ a:id t~1~mttiwth ~~mtuJID:y English Saha1£'ir 

Diplo~ts Sir El"l'M~~t Satrm.e Si?' W~ G,. Aeton11 Sir DAt:1il Hall 

Oht ... rmb®Z"l~i~p Ml'l~l~~ Bti.is:U, H&l.l. a.ft.~11 Q g&9G8t~ pio~®~t' Ori®:fllt.Sli~t 

i;>y that ~1!~®, ~':ld. th~ 110~ liwi~g 511• ~oJ:·s~ Ssn:semt ~.:r~ 1;!'.i.~ 

\.mique authoZ'i:r;i®!! ou 't..Jlq) .J~.J>SL'l®!3e 1.?J.npg® pamt ~l.'l'i.l p;e~eent,, 

X t aa.am.s th8. t mieBI t of the wc1:rk er. th9 f'i:rs t tmeei s.i·e Jl.OVI out 

of prin1'tc Tb.11.lSC"t teiu~ roo11 b~· ten) e.Kc~lled an;r J'a:p&'lt~ee :rn.bolsr 

f-1t2W.ding a..~d workiD.g out the• rat:~o:nial~ ot_ Japao.se@ ~ami~r Md 

hri.ngi:llg to :U.ght JspM 1's t·!'T.P.® h!lstail"yn Jap&~t~!!ls •1:rn?D~ r:ttru;1 ... 

~j-Ul'~ had ba!ft.r:t hidd®XA tor at. l®.!!i.?;\ ti si.xte~rA t'!~tu.r·1~~ns by Ohinem~ 

<~~~='a~fb .. ~:t~lll ai.~d te.~S-l'. dart wca·M. w~ ayllabary ~'1.a" w.tr.1c1h iu a.n, 

1;$b°b·r-~:irwia. i~i~gn of a l.imii t~d rrl;ttrmb'3!". of ~~rna t~rs b~~~ri~g t.he 

t.; oun:ds of? ~.B~pat1~0~ 'WDI>ide.i" ~Jh~se f.l:;)11Jl.~ lledmh@d it i;o roof~n, 

mt~~ a.nd .agg1~1~ti~~ati.~~ ~t\f'f'ixee ;!'.110,Qt.~xeirng i.t la.a~n~,bla<· 

t-l&'"~lli'.!® of i'\:&.i.! giP(c.11~t p~®di\",it<3~Ef.·lllgj!~ f:!o w. S~c:r-ie'f~~ry ll!. '.iSL. Mo ~s 

1~li2.'b~tl~Y' iJ.'i", T~k""Y~c B:l:i ~tll f.,,'® 5M~r:)!J.l1UJJ SiUisto:ria@-1 ONm.~znP' 

• 

§JECC±iET 
•• ~tw1 lat Ula b~i.l\)fly se® ~smt M.s be@im l'e.teonstruot®a. 

;irAring th~ lae t hun~ed 7e~l'11g from mu.nuscriptm n"aicl;r ~ 

. . 

ti1on~~d y®al"s old"' rGla.t.ing to the.1 m:rtholcgioal pe-rioct, Sou 

2~.hclars lunvf> sought f'oli ria711 @f h11;1to~ic 1:1.gbt in Xtljiki 

i 

{ Iit®~or-d of old thi:riip ) &il.d lll!Lhongi C J&p&n9$e@ • t ~ra ·» 0 b.a t 

~::ii.~?~@ cycles eif s ·;;cir=i~s are ~-1 ttle if' a~tbir..ig bufY- f'iunt~si®f.l" 

So!l;...~ historians ano. historiola)giets attempt. to lir-.... ~ up -th~ 

:s tclI"'-~s \Yi th th@ po!l..~te fxiom Yh1.ch tbs7 mol'~ o:r 11\)aia as au• 

tJ:1i2. dif~·~rent ~l~.m-i.,J!it~ of' ~i:hu Ja.ps.~~se populatiOP.'J to h£H''fil 

I 

~nt~:rsd th~ eoumtFy~ M:othe11 w~rf old mftn\UliCl'°ipt ia ca:U.-sd 

~!t'ir:Tooahil-'l'.'....'l (a. l'.irjris.d l®awet:s e,f po.;;try) o k10-t1 1fi xtcjU::1 w:~d 

:re~.b.()r~gt t.ns 'ilrS. ti~g is in Ob.~.P...0S®~ in tact,, th~7 ~1' hs.;ria 'b~~Il'& 

ix.nt~P:td~-d arJ Oh1n$s~ doau~lr.ltl!· I) Ja.~~a~ Hl.!Sant~s b®illg E1p~lled 

out by Ch.i~~s~ c:h8.!"aat1&1~a ~a~·d pu.u:i~lJ' phoim@tiaally" !mfiii th~ 

~~::.:r:ty©©shut\ :ls 1~ t~~ Japa~~e~· la.ItAgu_~g~ IJ ~~a~ly s.:i!J. the e:WU-.,, 

lie~ t®r=~ ~®pr~~~~ ting pw?®ly s cHmd~ .-

11>.is i:(diki d~rJ1~r"s tha;(c. thiJJ Li:we ~~ Ig~gt WMi ·~n~ 

?wiv~·~ ll"CJml'&J~ I~~a.lid,, .Px->~aumabl.y a B@d. ~d go>dd~t.H, 9 d~t'C@.115\d®d 

~i'OQ Mta."i/~ID! UPlJU ami isl."azid ·wher~ th1~y b®~ t-h~ 'W~ll'k of' 

CW® S.tlotr~n Th@iF fiA"'St=ho1~~ ·~'7(\il:lt'~ ~~hr~ land acd the a®iD-u 'l'alis I 

1A: :~ll.tha:r> pal"'ada.:iti~~~ fo~ ~"1aXW't.dn :.l.IU!P1i9!1 lMd !iW~d ~~!lo At@xt 

~d.~ w.1d 5u~=i1.!o~o~~~@..,»-'1.k:ot.-©p ~~ storim ·-pd~ ~d fiin&tlly 

u~~~irn ~l®~~~t6~ tJ.1~ last of vhic.h ~ss t1r~~ i~l b~~1~g ~h1~h 
o.f sh&d~s 9 ·&Yh.e.ir® 'kl@ eai.ll~ fci11 &ll.d me~rt~ bia vif'is ti.t ~ 

p1~1.SCJ'9 do;21r=,. ~w~~ a~ .i~n®t:U~ llli~t. Cr®u~.1'. i&'!l tb.~ mh&do·w~r ~d~6 

b·'5!@;g®d lm!-l.:.'Q~i11i1 t~ !f~tc.aF~ f'-1(9011~ thi:a l1!li11i"'~ , ~i~@)!"U'Ul!IJ\,d ~.<Jk te 

1ji~· 11i~t:n ·avhia:ti~ t) 111~ ~~;r~ t t.~}ir 'll'o:rk '1Bgl5 nei>t. y't. cig~>lt.;·t®d,. 

I:t;~J.i'JA@.11. r~p:H.as t~ t a.1 ~b.0~1gh eh® lu:?.s - t~m. of 1c.h~ ecm?d.ilg 

:pt:t·fili or YOmO'lp 100 ·~11JJJ. riaturr.111 Tooit 11'!1lUi1t first gf'll OOCJ~~ f:o~ & I 

b;:=i~lf m!O~~@t. t© G(J}fi~u.:l·r.> '£11th 1~~ ,gud of YOllJ:-01., !~&!~.@.~~ ~a.:t. ts 

TJA~r.duly lc~g &ntd tifiID-lly fol:Jl.e,;t.Ja h~lr rf'.14Cb )l&t®rl' only t~' find 

l'.11.r)1.~ d~ad., e:i•ggotl!I had. 'bl'9ed and. !)Ut.I'118f'aotic.n hi&d &tdi.;. in~ 

'!h~ X"Cal:'Jllll.g thund~F 9 't.°!l® CX°S.~ hinlg tb.U1ild®JD e the.9 Yhipp~~K.\(I; 

thtmdo~ SJJi.d aitog~ther ~igb.t kiVi~~ ot tblmd~r godfl -ur~1~(<l born· 

&'tid -w~rli$ 91 tttimg o~ h®li h®&cl9 l®g.~ f) ~Dl!S ~d fVCd.IDH tu Th"llls 

;;frt.Ci~ th~ 'ite.>?"k oi'l tb.e f i~t!llt 'WC.1!!J.fin. !llllrl th.1' firiat ~." t1:mt1 ·~ura 

·M:..11 tlOV.tU 1~® UlJP ~h®il:' p~1~t.·y offlf§:pr:Lngo 

It w~u.1.~ ap~ear- tl&&t th~· aRO©ln god vas bflgct px-ac:tic8lly 

fur ~ha sol~ pr,.iu:-pc$~ of'_airi.tg 'tog®t;h.'>I- ~ii~ :bJE.j rJ:i.i!1 .• ~r,· 

.~r~=tszu~i.n:a.a ~n1® Win.igi,.. 'th.® .~:r39~t·~,gtta.n.df's.ther of th~ 3U4'1?@l'or 

1W.1Iti~~Yam:~to-~!Ml"~..,8ik~"'~(lt=Mfi~.oto {t·{b.@;.iii wah lst®r- ~li ta~imts 

1..'ovJ.r:lr~ it ~d l7AF.Jl1:;~g®~u~ 1r;o id®r.: t:tfy u.!l tb. J'igim.A T~f..l!.noo 1;;b® 

hypc.it~~b®f.;.1,(Sa,1 fi.~t,"t ~inpc:grc~} c MA~rc~ ey{;;h thcn.\gb it b~.., this 

:u.n~~g~ i:~ faUPP:J~®d to lw.w@ <H>~ti.£iu~d ov@r 1mr,poesibl~· long 

~ul~s to WiOl"'i~ '!~ t· .

1 600 y®tt!' :s a.go" 

Th:i!.e is irid~~d ~~~irng ~rn Wi('irW a~~ th~ fa.~t tl!-~1i:.t Japwics 
19 t!'.;r in I2uroo 'i!heise h.e coID1.su.:L t.ed 1 t.lii rulers i J?Yl'IOCl®<1ld~d to 

:i:.J'tlith.u ~her~ his power wl&s supreme" On 'thtl other lltQJ1d.11 

Su:r,~=io~·O d"ecend~d to I2.t.'\illl01, married,, Ud ::ve~insd ·th®rfl., mo~ 

war: h@D 3.SJ a ~ttsr of f'aat.11 &llV&ya a bad f®llow., Mi:·t· tim~'s ~® 

1~ beiun·ol~7l\t with. a fin® sense of humor,, Soms stor:Les :bJ!.ve 

e;:&@mi.es across to lZUD:lOc Wi i~ess the fairy story of the rttbbi t 

c~e,~~ing 1t'S. tar owar ~ brldgs of fl-1.@nd:t-:r fish tc ®sce.pfJ fro!tl. 

a f'ox.., Thi~ lei.ids SOE iHJ.pp_ui-t to the id~a. of Kowo&l infl.u.~c:a 

ii:a .Ja:p:~ul~D amply d~111ruM'ltratea @lss<0her9 b7 '9XCt:1.'lYS.tion,, Foll· 

t:?.a.t «S t:ts~, 1 t ie said tbs. t Vfi'!5"f long a.go Ja.p:m h2d aolon.1:.e~ 

OJ:il thr;J1 1:01 .... ean cossto Still.., a:e l haw~ e.l:read_y ii!Ul.t<ad. 0 ·'the 

~1J.:11ol1~ seri~s of rmyt..°11.s :Ls vaziit quastioi.1a.bl~c 5uBa""l'lo-=09 upo:im 

r:ll;G.A>riager /1 sp&a.ks ~ f'il's ~t p!>®m W® .b!rw~ ~ 7imt::JV.ul.~dgn ot in 

Ya.!mmo it£::, t.su J:gu~ :fliM;sp.ki 

TFiUS=SoiF~ WI. Ya.~pld. t;~uku:i."9U 

S~lO .f&®f., ..VJJOcq 

~7 ~lo~~s ta:~ie®" 

K-we~1h~z·e th<alJ' milk@ a ~.fold i•®mi<l~ s: 

Po-;..• ro:® tci bxai1:Ag ars wtte intc9 

Oh,, th&il.t ~:ttcld t~e09 

~'!«:~~® h~:f'~ th~ ~!.1i~i~-~ ~ft st:Utl it~~~ UEJ@ @f' !,2, &s M ®X~lfi$tioo. 

•• Ji.7 - • 

§IECCIRiIET 
The poil&t of' this fi~a1~ ~?Oeim is tli&t ~~® ie ®. pli'AJ' 

TIAPO!l tb.e vcrd vhich s.1 •w:~ tllfe~wheli'@ or- t.b.a P~ovr..tnect • ~- ==-i===i 

"1z·11mo.? " Preeudbly from this u~:ion descend wa~JriOJ'."S 9 snd, . 

in col.'llseqt1ence8 D.oble11.~ 

ftus ~nd6 this ns.r:R"ative Of Ol"Mti.Ol'll Vl'itten 'by eo• 

!Jhi:.!ea~ scbolai., >wet probably at the dictation of sou 

.Ja.1:Jl!UAese pi'1tBst or pri@stes2i and r®constl?'Ucted i.rJ Ja~~@ae a~ 

·~G!'.H; p<lssible 1.u the 18th ~<Etntmay bf .W.Otooiai :m~riu.aG~... M-is 

"W~1·si.o~ wae aub~®quiitn.tllY ttivi.ce r@wised. mori~ cox-rec"'~ly @act. 

·~tl!Jl.!S,. b7 Chantbei.~lain end As1~no This 7.la~N.ti"tFa :le. ~.rsd@~d vMt 

'Re ~gbt call g Ohine:es book: J'a.:,pailea® na.nes b~ing 1:ip®ll0d. out 

Paren.thetteally ~ s :t tb.1.s po:Lnt l recall t-...b.& t I s ta tsd 

~~ar:LS~er that Chamberlain~ A11 ton9 etc¢ ., '$1~Fe the fii"l!1 t p~opltl to 

tma.ly~.a ths Japt.mese languai;e sc:l.$nitif'icall70 Tl:!!!.t is :o.ot 

qu.1 t® t:M1is ; Tor I h.-!. we 1'9~ el'lt.l~ r(}a·i 3 Ja~eiu.• ti'l&.~t1la1tion. of 

a EP~~aa~· '"ri tfl'.08ll in th® 16th aentury by ~ ~cI.-tugi~eie na~ed 

. Uoar~i.gue~ ~ he.similes or· .Rc:niriguG.$ u :J ~cmri t:tng s1·~ gi '¥~ 

;;.ill thiFJ t~!1'1J.tjsJ!.at1cm., It 121 i~~\O~~S$ting to net® hw this 

Ghri1tiM miisai{'Jn1&zoy at that aa:r-:t: tim.~ ali:iuw.~io~d iU.meJalf' froMi 

]1i1..~f~ltD VJ·0rb9 ao.w~rbD adj·~eti~® ,~d ;p@stposi tiorA .!.~cic?>d.ir.Ag to 

th~:i'.r t:il."'U® ~i!;u~® ~d fuei.c't1one<, 1!8h..ile bo~k \7QS P""Ot::sl7 Jr1®3"" 

J.19~t\'i;d -mt11 ooder:Q timl!il., Retil !l71tez-,~~ting it. i~ tt> imC>t~ 1fA 
• • 

Ju.st tfh~n J;o j iltj. wid its c cwo. t.®lVp&lll t · W'.iid ~ o~ tiJIB~ ti OD! 

~ih~ngi · 01" Eihons:tr.ohi (Recci·~ of Ja~e21@ wa.t·~@r2i) i1@r>® 

·61?'·itt.~X1 vonld appe&F. to bOJ :;i~mwha.t ;r;rcbl®-.tica.l, 1lnrt MB.it 

pif'c~bly SQ~tim in th® e1ti9bth llentur7 o · It !ta s&1d ths;t 

iaGiM?.tJh®r@ ~OUJl'"ld th@ ~i:lrth c:l!nt.f.8l'J' vahen Buddhfi..s21? ·a b®Xli~ 

11ma _7d.:ndly doe#trinia>,, thcugb not originally a i~~u® ~(11~io 

I'."eligion~ 'tYaa ti~st 1 ..nt1,oouced inte> Japan1 tbi:=a c.ld folklore 

'lf~s named Shin too {ThCi lti'i.l" O•f ~ ~:!ls) aa oppo~()t£t to 

~ru,t,,e;uLdOc (Thi:s Wa;r of Buddha.)» but I de nc>t knmv o I i-a:'1a~!' . 

doubt it., . I f'a.n.cy thaf!i t.he vord Shi.atoo ifas t~aahicmeii ewer 

;.\& 1s t.11e i.l&s0 in e. number ot ri').cee, it 1ID d.1.f·f'iel,fi.l t to 

d:l:·si tingaiiah tbs point where . mythe i!~d and hie toxay co•mi®nciss <· .· . . 

T.hie fil'":J t da. t®· in J~~~:ru~ bis toFy t.1:1.& t "W oulo. l',~!?pa-a.l' z:a th1SJl' 

c:o:'t"~.sct ~.11 200 Ao D., 'IWMJ: an smp:r®EHJ iieJC'er:tied ~·O a.a Jingu. ~a~ 

ruling,. ·lt ~ould appiaar tha.t sitw bers®lf l~d m ®~~dition 

t;o !:ore~ll.o Chin~se doouw~rJ.1.ta ·of ~;b.Q ·ti.ma state that a ~10~~ 

- 21.a~ded ~th® ie la..i'ld Q!Jmpi:re a. t tbs. t tf.aw o With il!IOFa a:uru:P~L'llO® W"G~ 

cau t(.~®ni;ei!)X'..i the da~~~ ~1 Ao De with theri Empel"or lU .. cha com.= .. - . . 

so:·Lidat:J,v,g th~ Ys•to clan, v.iliah continues ~cup tb.at ~·al9ly 

t!l"'H aa.11@d tbs J;Js.~a p®r1.cd., m@xt 9 ISll':.l'"ml~ Cb.inssa i.D.t)J.1za.naa 

be~~n tc> be i"~l t 1n Japain., a:-:Ad Bu.dC:Uli.sm ~a.a t1ret intr~ducea . . 

t~owi Oh~~ by tf/~;y of Jtor~, t t 1$ ei.es_ert~d., in t.ha ;r~~xJ 552. 

A"J)., Of:ihs~ 'fi!li&W®G of C.bi1uts1i\l D'.Rii!isi.OO.!'i.l'iea ~d tX"~d~&.i~~m: 

~l ~;@:rn.at;ed TO®w~eXJ'- th.6. ~ta-1.i=-Slla~WJ'~-i ~®~ a.ud l~ki~g,, 
• e. ,, . . . 

Th~ f'or•i.f ~~ ~tiori~ 1&.!1ii thGn .call®.d Wu @.Imd ·. t':.111® . . .. . 

lz.tt®:r ·Tian,, Pl•ewiously· thei ··J.a~eml'._'b®irig ~~iQm~ ~d laQ.d • ... illo I 

x10 :f'o::tm ot ~riting 1iJla.t@ve~ .. · Tlui WU :pecplC\t fi~st b~ou~~ . . . . . 

©ili.tio:u~ for. Ohittsa~ cibarsat@ris i.tJ. ~·~ir ?>-i tuali\., ~.awa~~l 

:hund?"@d ··y-.r•i!! l&ter tb:e ,P:f»OnWll!c:1~~t;~o:o giw®n th@ae cb&I"act~jzg"9 .. . .. . . . .. I • •' f • 

in. ··t;.br® ·Ban ~~~- •ined predc~1.a4J· 0Ye1• the ~uli®zt. AJX"O~wm~ . . . . ~iai.~;1oli'l Md hae h®ld ~.i;· mut11S.tftd thougti it b@, t.o ~~-ta dt!&dTo . . . . . . ·. In the. dav,un ·of thi~ hieteric~l p$rio6. which v~ •1'. -~®t . . · ·... . • sor~httiN~ .a:rountl !}61·~ iJ·trong CTriinefse influ@mce "1ae_ f~l t 

·. · ~cb..1'o~gb1)Ut. th® isla.ndei.1&.l'1ld.· i~ 607 '.;hf1 f'irat_ ambae~ad.crli Y:l'®'iut to 

Q_krI.IMi., &~d. t;his ".pF»&eti~e imdsd in ·B;>9c 'l'hGae ~~iroys ~oui!i'it. :. . . . 

. ~!llr. wi::Jm Chines® ~rt,, ··11tel'!.tUll''!;JI BOWEtl"rl\MD.'te.l f?e>lr,~~~a~~ • 'ii., 

& tY.I1i0S crf all ktzids Ci:,4j,d $tnf Cl'l.Ul tt>~ o· . . ..... 

i::1~1;>e1ri~osed not. onij · upon Ji.paneum · aociil!ltJ= · but. ai~o · o~ ... t.li~ • • • • • r • • ~ . . . . . . n~o::>~t~ . al~aady · 1~ortec1 fiorm :s:or@ac ' . 

Tlh.19 Cit~ 9f' k:r~ i;tself v~s mdJ~t ~ 'the,wear.:!~0 j~ 

J':."O~! tb..11.t d~t®. ~<»' 794 1 t r~m1ained ·-lob.~ C&1'1 tal .... J)J~il?lg thi.ra ; I • , '' •• I ' • [I • • • '' 1 

. 

c~f Cb1rMu:ii5 c.i~.rili~at1on =~ ·\!i'erf) 'ecmistructsd a.tld. b~Y~W®~~ tne· o I I '1 • 

. . . 

~·t'i~ti&J 83Q to 1l50 "tb.e iai.seimlatiou WJd an•lga.~t~:® ."~ -~~~lY_ 

·.. '"'Jo 

-. 30 ... 

§IECCKRIE1P 
•• • J~pan 11 e fi~s t wo ··docr1umaeDts ·c;~g t@ froru th.e. 8trra 13@nt\.'1Jt7 0 

~nd i&:a statGd iar.~ oalleiel ·r@iapect1i·el7 7!ojild: {Reci:>i••.i of old 

thS .. n,geJ.1. and 11.hongi (o-Japs.n~11e· mtt,~r~j;, Thes·~.r;- al!ll!.11 V® fi~J' 11 

bookra 9 s@t forth a. cosmlc theoIDy cit Oll'Mtion with po'e:cibly & 

. f fS1t3 -;u&fbUl!l undertm-1.®G of' lb.is 1~ory o · Bovewer., th~ lmgim:~® j,:-:! 

i'lhiOi'l ~ibis partt~ulai0 J:s.~C"Jeie 1;~oriy is e@t lo:ritb. :i.8! · 

~Cl~&tpie:uous by ite ~xtr®me ohildi&~®:&.s of e~tS1121s100,, ix ~s@!I 

t\ivo doo:u~ ta erq/il . wri tc;t@l'li in tb@) Ohin®se l&&ilgu~g~ ~ ~rapav..@I~ fCl 

. . ~lL:tr.~~5 $.r&d. place na~e.i b1cii1:1g sp1&ll&d out 'b7 ~~J.ra~ ·oor.is F~p~®"'' 

a~ui~iAtg f!OW'tds V!O m;a.t~l" 1'Yh~~t tht1ir ~@aJL pict~ial ~.ir.i.g,. 

.w~ FJJ5S.1' .pi~<tU!U~ th.e:t eom~ .Ja]sn~~:!!to W®l'led in a:u~i:.}n~~ lorraisi at 

thJ~ inritiptiev. of' his 1:oule1~ diatat~d th<S&® wolik& to £Jome· · 

Gb.f..ntDS(!t sci"i'b~ W~M.~ vrot~ th~•m dUWliil in his own languap. 'iii 1~ 

1Jowi1~ ooloril!':lg~ . liii &Jl'Jy case,. · th1'.f •:r po:asibly b®..i!i'~ b~~l1~ r:>®&id 

~~ei Ol1il):ee® dciomi~.anta" 

Th~ O~:d.r:iea~ sys tsm of l:1I-i t~us bas · n~ver b~ein 'a'®l:D. au! t~d 

·~o ·tD.Cf) rifa.p&li!.~H~ 111.ngu.apo At fL"!"st ·tJl® uhal'act~JL'lfJ "tY~lfe us~d 

~u~aly for ~i·i'.S. mteani11g.1> n~ixt ir:'ll so~ cm.s@s f~ tb.~ir ~&i~Wg8 

imsxt 1xn a~ ca~®$! f'Ol:' 1::.h@il' ~~1.ULg aDd 11'.:l oth~rfl fer t.h®i'.19 

t~ otm~e D ~d. f·imll!.lJ.7 so• ~l~1~7~r.i or tie~l V'@ ~drQd. 1'~~ 11.F l) 

!:JO~~ tbr~~ h~d1·~d ot th®m ~or~ :si~lif'ied into 1ill:.~/~ iis mi.ow 

c~al~L®d .la&'"l&Jl a. ~il'r.ld of' sylla.b:io al:phia.bat,. At th~ px1'9E1Mt day 9 0 

'¥® f'.i:M thts Fq:pduaed ·~o fo~t7~fH9'11eJOJ. ~a. th@r illl!P&rf'~Ct i!yllabl~s 

"tVl"i tt~Lt i~ a SQUS.~9 t'or1u. c&ll~d b~!:an& Md :S.n ~ Om"SiV'8 

f'oi!"l':G! 6all~d Bir,;gan.a {~keli'. topth·sri &UV&kL"lg about n~~~~ty ... f'ov 

':r...a.un ~ha:ractera,} Th@s® ar~ J»FSW0li:>.tad in the pof'Jm. "'lroban 

- 51 ·~ 
• ~1,b.~. ~.n a vowel fllequ~nce d®r:lved f~r•=>« Sanekriti· Al U ~ o., 

i\ @."®iut 11el1-Japw"Aes® li t~~~g·~~® b®p.n to f'lol.W~~sI:;! i!i: th® 'f~r4r 

- . :.if'u; a.-rnd ~~any BQlddhist pri~u:ts~, w1~.n~uresc:Bs .now~li~ts.o 1.!!JOld 

J~b..1. J~or.ctQhers -w@~e ·p~ul?~J.'i"g f 1:,u..:'th ~.vo:C:'ka bi.s@d u11on 1tb.~ lll~-w 

c~:l!lz~i~:i.li!.'ted. <ihines:a Olllt:.ur@" 

'JlMt a~.Entral gove~:nnr;®il .. 9 ho~~>tf1~r, ibsea.~ b~~E::3~d,, 

!bt..l"ophi:ad and t!'.:us oc:nmtx'Y -was dilfifiia<i up into i~.or eatli.t.®s 

lik~ th·=i Ro®iWi Empire ox· ·tl'W.t of Oha1~l@ms.31'-e oz> g~il!! ~f; :l.oi 

tl·u ~e.a~ of ~~-Y' (Je?>m.tA..n ba.Xlous.r. cousti tuti.og fl, t~u.d®.l al'fi''-®r-Jto 

(;;-win• ti.).~&e ~Ol'lls 11 • ml.i t;ary ~1®e1 h~:ld SlY&y l!Ulld t.b.Gir®t tbs m:Llj.= 

the bloody diaput@k'J ti.~is:t act ii:.l'i70l·r~d :1..no 

Fir"W.ll.f, how®'l(f)l" ,!) :!l~ 1150 i#l''.S f'i?>s t w:11~a t l\Ul5.. tar;r 

ir.~M~!:till~., tbe Ta.iF& ~lSl.t."'11. 11 too~ a~:tJ o:il. rul1n,g the l:P.Stion ~·1th 

ai.n. i~on hand for fiw~ y0a.rs ~®-~lQ~®.n. 1180 antd 11850 DeW®l"'tI.l@Jl@a:<J, 

f~.l'l~; lli\OB'ii sat:.1g1.:!.iDtlI-y e1.T:f1Jl. V&:l..1113 c:c'n~~ir.m~d Wllt11 th~ IU.rn~mio1:;.o 

cl~w~ d®f.~ia.t®d the 1!ai~a in JU.85 ev.,d i)t!Ji~ 'IU!.P a. f@udia.l go··w®rnm~·t .. 

~i:·:a:Ls ~~1~1.od is somtiinr~~ !~er~z:r-a.tt fao a.a 1:tllnt of' th® »U.'.!.i~:!l'!lOt(> 

c.u-- th~ Ea!ii!afitl.U;>.Q c 

Atha .. ~ ~qd bis ho11df9s of' ~ol'l!golil i1ho ba.d d®fiaa.i;®".i th~ ·~h:ln<~~® 

~1~1.d 1.-b.~ Xor13e_ns s~E~·~ a l9t.t.~:!? tc who;si he '~.§.ll®f\l .. trA~ ~:Ulg «JJf 

.JJapt!l11 n poin:tililg on. t; tb.9 !~~ti) of Oh~.n~ l!W.d ;;:ore.a a.."ld. .eu.~~m 'tilil3: / 

6 

-:i;i'z.~1 ·t it mi.gi..i. t °b{;I b~t. t~A~ f Ol" .f~;pa.~ i;o s1.u.'ir@~d®r ~.v~. t:uon t 

- 52 ... 
• 

t>lc•:>ciab®d... IJ:h® Japa.n~s4l) ~ r.&!9tlu1.r. .c.(hcill~npd hi,i}J1 ~nd 

:P.t:.ia.:~~1~6. ctd~ to .;.ii>%'9f.~ b.tm i"(JJl'(i@s o~ th@ir C'tJ'D. g!:a()1J.Udo l:iUi.pla: ''I o • 

·. 

rJ~t.tt a fl~ert4 to su~df...R•li ~;11~m& li1 ~ ~ typ~on. s~r;r't. ~ll_ hi"'3 ~n~:p~ 

· :;i;; t.l.M' bot ta~, ®ndil.11g tl19 11V!':ol3 '~f ft.j,il.",, l).1his "'li(i, i;o117 p'We : 

"~~'~1 ~1..ml!il10tO & Sf•8@.~ };_)~C:U'~~ irJ! !11~tOl9J°" 

Xn 1-''' th13 K~~IN'-"lfl f·~·udnl s ye t~m t'.lollapra®d w:1d ~;ta~ 

1i~sb5.kng~ fci.ril1y t.ook ~v~r ~~.e }~,~i1·u~ of !@W®ri~ar..~ut _a.1'; Ityo~o., I I I a• ,l. "" 

At fi:t"f:lit th®J" ahoi.1@d st'.i,®1.7;gthibu:1; ~bough t;h®y 1.:~l:iitd . . ) . . . 

~::.1Ui@~t9tical..ly 'UI:ltil 11.568.r; 't.h©il-i P.~l!Ll p_ow~:f· had loxi,g ·si4'1;G@ 

. nu.11ing t.h!s @?~9 ~~- sea .th® m!ller&~nc:e of ano:ther aa:it··~ of . . f\~rJcl~l :iJ'~t·~m. ""'.'." tbs a.~.~~~~C'.& "'f th~. S~oopri.,. · ·J:be Daili@'OifJr. 

. snd ·tb.e aam.ura1 c Th1t 3ho>ogu.~ li.@F~ th~ f®>tul!i!.l l~~ds .'7"~, t.b.@ 

~.s;i~J,~-~:i.~ Pr~sium.ably,, tib.e D:;1111ijioo ~d tb.® aamm•ai lH91"'~ 

~~·cmk:l~g .. t•or th~m" Jmow~v~FJ) th® l.ai;t@r. two nev~x· f$iled to 

.6cm!sp:b .. ~~. aga1.n1st thrsm, Fefus Lng :U.mm a sb.arB cf the. ol'opa ot. · . . . . . .. , - . . th~)ir- cur.~ land and ·1.:aofusirmg t~ pa.7 anJ' tztibute" irm.~ou.~hcmt_ .. •, • I o 

th~~ ·Yll'l~~~® of J'ap&:n, t.llis lU.a.e a perS.od o~ ~eat w£"~l"f'a:r-is., ~,. 

J'a;,mDl~S~ tw.--nl!9d piFa tea ·all~ ·!Pl'a?cs~~ an~ b~· botn· pei!.c.~.tuJ .. ~d . . 

~111 tmry .ilurasion. pined e~rt>rmg foc•tholds in southisFJl .ChJ..~1e..,. 

lici:i:~aa 11 ~>tr.lo. At t,biei ·tur;:l _ th!t!:l.gs · lbEd rsach·~d a. _pcii1~t. cf' 

p~l:~~~o1':ium 1.n th®' lsl'lld of. th@ .Rising Sun: . 

.. At ~t.his poi.r.1tj) itA~e1~ a.t~·olil'g irn.®n. t\'llok -~* ~f~g<.~ ~::1 

uslil~l"~<i in "w~ t x-ve mi.tgt'At · Gf!ll. ~Ya:p.?:ute!B~ ~~~:l'~n ;tlairtor~r o .· 7-:.b.~ t 

i;s .o th®~f ::?~~~i ted t~~ · mia ·r.ic~ ~u~ t a~ the.· ·~rJ'@e ~~&?n~r~j ., 

1

.P.h®se me~ umr-~ 
i.io':>U1nag.i 1{1568=1581) H1dsyollhi.1 (15fJl.-,l598) 9 Mli ~okupt:i'~ 

Iyi;iyam~ vhc votti ~u t ln 1600 ·~d to1l.m.d121d a e®OOi:ld r~u.dal 

:s:r~t;~ril.o "that of' thiS Tompg ta~J.~r9 vbieb. 8Xi:5tsd fIDor!ii. 160-U 

•• ,. ' ·~ 3'-'8 t~ !.- J!, .. ,, 1\ Th.:e; Jt'..w.,p1;iap.s k!W ilI"l":l v;'~cl iv. sltlploada r: .mmolr.lg whi~h • I ~ I 

t:HJJ::~l' th~~ :Po:r"tU~"tt@E@.., 'Wh.C Md ti.rist ~Ollilltt to Japril.I!il ill:. 15:.~3r. 

:au~t l~t 'J..'l~. re~ru1~n to th13 1Ghra~-i ~t:rong ~.n b~1f'02'·~ dis·· 

cu~rn:tng the Etai•op~w:as" 1'6~wiaga. C1e1ntra.li~19d toe e:•:nf:j!"nm~r11t. _ 

but t..b®~-·e v:;rE~ .JU.o @l~fil'OJ:»I¥. iJ:i. 01..l"~W&rd ~V'id'!t.11.LCt9 b£r~~'l'.§®·~.oi 1521 

~lild :L587., Nobun.aga :M.teid th,1 BuddhLi~t~ .&rld t..1'1 ~d~ ~:·e:~iglcms 

'ia'l. po:u:. ti c~.1. iv. tri gv.®, and m.aa <.~ *liild.ed :1l1! ·wiping t.hi~m cu;:;; t,;o 

som~ 4}.Xt.~·mt Mell iv. tW.if'J'ii:'i.g i~'le ~aticm! int~o &lll. ®llij)i:ZO~~o .Hts 

ll&'a:i.n i'U11.t:i&~"ilt was ~ ps&al!U':lt kl!B.W.ll'}d Hide)'cah1 wh.tl.11 o~ th~ 

d~:th of' hio m~st~r, tU!!Sl!J'l.W.fJd ·tn~ ~ul13,, 

J.!'l 1549 the first ~3SiClDAI'~f 11 Xav1aer', 01:1.®~ t© JS:L~J.i1 ~h.®~~ 

h<! Fsl?@llt i~o y~l!l.l'"S., Aft®l11 i.U.H d.!!)pazat\.U:-G11 llliOr~ of bi111 f~llab-7 

J'191nY.:l ts c..i~~" Wobwe'.2.Sf?. p~ot~1(St~Jl t.b.e \!:rasui tM ir11 oz·d~lP to 

l~:tttrn all hti aould about t:."1.!J~·ga ~~Gp~l!l.\lo Hie @?®lAt®et hat~ 

wus i*le S!lt\{-J_M1.9~~ ~i~e:te Md. e.a .ii tm!.tt~r cf f'a~t: hi!> cte1r~1-:io"J!f9d . ®'lmJ t,-t;L!!:ples tl.."1d tb©J.;UU'..nds u~o.u. '~ll@1..nii1&YJ1r.ie ct .Budd.ry,i.a~~a.: 

It has be®n suggen t®d t!ta t Jl.\(l.~yoah.1 plaxaitL®d th@ d@a t.b. 

' ()f :'/tl.s t1afit~x· Nobv..iW!.p by dispra.t'2bir~s eo~~ t:ro©pa t,o qUt;'lll ~! 

~n.:c~:.:t"e.:rrn.l1Mi1~·~ I'Jo'bi.Ji..wa.g~ u a h~nn~ am.~. b~, :t~~~ing t.b.at Sf.!Of.il~P~ iyi§.a if.iii.= 

p~iif~:i•Jl.a 9 ~@~1 tt"®d a~ioid.eo Ot.b.©Iim illS'f that h® tsa.s k1J.1@d 

.~.a 

! I 

- ~4 _, ... 

§JECCIFB:IE1F 
l"<S:?li•9P ti.ltd j.Jr~ JL587 iSHinA!&~. a.~ ~:i>di.C.t (!lil};mjaJ.ldiri!.g '.th~·f'A; to l~·a~·cp 

th·~ O•:JJUim'fl:.ry "Wi ~'thin t~~;n/t;y d~yn, OUtriout1ly ®~Out~" lwuav~:g;i ~ 

al tar:e .!' s71:!.'l'bo1s IJ ~ttJ... l t :'..~ ~n~ob"a.ble thi'i. t i;;h~ :La®~ oi~ trad€!J 

w.;of;;/i.~st@d th!!.:!!I t~l@~:r>~;:ic:~ e:Th 1..:i@ :part ©f' 1Kid~7Qt~J:d.D lmcki!.~iJj~ 

. "W@:t•a follw~d W®~Y &tl@:i_btl~ by f;~~·ad·~'H!l~l~o '.fh..~re ~'8®tte to b'® 

could bi®, ~.oim<&o' llia ~s~oi? .. i;h@ 11~ .. lot ,,~?~. 1!Por·tugal ' ... I J ~ :, I ' ~ 

019.N;"'y 0£1 S'llOl"ii trade &J.tc:{ hft~e'! N:il Wi&JO'>J' rOlO~i·~:S o 

was able .to I • 

I . 

OJ:h~ p;.lot ia 

. ' 

- 55 -
~lP®·tird~· lo~1g bai~n l!"l.il!(lJ'lWi<ir.:g acm~ SU·~h thirAg' 0 ~l:~~OY'~'X" D h:a 

b~11!.d ~.~t·\.~a.l:i.y '1i·W..iais~~d ".;i'u;i J~~')...1i ta ~a~i Fr.a.TJci.soB.ril.~ srd t.:!J~G 

O~f..} ~'i:I·,•th~:t-' C>~.f~!" matt~!•fl C'Jf dOCitFiIAa &~d SJ)h,e;r~e Of i:tlfl·u9~~~e 

Q 

6J6td111 it1 pu'b11~ sand @rd~rir~n:l rtJ~JM'1·1 {~h;:-istiM· ~ut of fi'.~a~· ci:::tl.'.J,'fl~tz..y" 

l~~.d a1m.1wi tc• th® P.~®r .r !!i.U.d. f i.Xl..a.11y ~@A'J O!l.'lto 

k .. t ei,;'n~ tiw.i~ in tb.® 16th c.if.:'I;i..ltm.ily irn@&rly all ©t w~~ t®~l'i, 

"W~S i.Ierw&d·~dc Thia Ora.JEWfi.i~ le~ t@d Jt<)r six y®a.FZ 11 f:lfcmi :i!.59~ 

thlP@'!.lJ.S'{Y\ 15980 The1 ~an~isr,. 11 h0'.N®'W@:1'1 ~ l'@S~l ~d j.:T~ ~ fl1fi·.a:69 

~Jiti~!'!Il©'l.ll~t t~ d·@f@at fC!e' ~ ..,j'@:,pS...'!M~S·~ ~h~ES(I l?-l~~Ji. @~j~~t ~d 

b®<t~iu. t4 ~~i.Qll!t@lil ~v.f~Jm OhtM,c ~r>cllb!i.bly t1 th~ at@St d®~i si we 

~cti:ti:Tu 'it~m f©<JJ~~at @.~@md ~. ]A~t"® ~aet].(1';9 ~OW!POUTel:el. T~il t. f©r 

tb@irn! ~tl w~a ar; a f'aiX't =..., th~ Ca~ tl® o·r Urusswa '!'hs wi t..al 

Jt:.p@..:n~~~ ~ f'@r~~s fl6d. dmf.J;& th~ p~miinr.!!ula ~d tc'Dcli: Jr®f'im@.'9 il'li 
REF ID:A58132 

··' 

."SEtffET 

. .. . . ! • ·. ... '• . •. • I ~' .· 

~~~~~·-,~- :~IUJ~~· .';~~~:-'?~~~~~-,?'~-~ . ~~~--~ :~ _ J't?li~~ : -~~~!!~ .. . ' ........... ·... . • .. • . • :. . ~· . : . • :l • • • 

· v1ui". ·the· iJ.'1ao-1':tp1;1.oa·.~AillUIO (tt.e are&t IA:pt} .SGCi bJ-'_tl}.O·· .. ....... : ·. =.:~·'.'·~-~: ... ~. ::· :··.'! ·~.- .. ·.;~ .. ~-· ·:' .. :~~· "'.··.~. ;· ... : ... · .. : .. = •. ·? ."'' . . ·~'' .· 

.~t"•ltb~ .~hoit~ ··~~!. ti,i•v lf•i'eo _so· .dtt~ae~J. ~~·~ ~ t loo.9 · ·~.· .. ·/'':.·!~·.:·: .. ,.,:...,•·.·I··.··· • · .. :.. .··.~~ •. ~··· .···: '

0 ,· :~,~·' ... ~~I ·.:.~···, ': 

~~~~: -~~·~,~d~. ~i.",tt~~~o,- ... ~~7~~~:- ~7~t~ ~· .. ~d ui'rowe·, .. ·-. ' r' ', , _" o '' • • I " J I • , '• ' '• ' 

: ~-:~~·~: spe~rs~ '.sv~ciaj~d~ ~od>~-t~ir~!2:~-- e1~nw. t~t~ ~~"~~e ' • I • • • • ~ •' • ' • ' • I ' ' 

~· .•~1;-.•~1._·a~~~1~~~~-:.vat.. ~~ .. : ··~·~" _ -· ... ·<> .. ~ ._· .. · ...-.. __ :· __ : ·, ~ . .. --~' -~.-· ~n(!o~ding_: te, ·a .ifi.$qr1~ttqn. or μti:~ ·~oQlne ··by.: f.h.-1~.'~~l!J/ .. t~ · · ' ·..., . . • • .. .... . ~ • · • : • • ..... ~ . • ~ • ·1 . 0 • •. 

1 

• • • 'ti ·. . ~ • ": • .. · )."r ... 

J'~eae. b\:i:rr..ed . e1;·•~.1thtili-.t: availabl•,. ate . P~.t9, ·:e.:.:d• ~fl·rJa1tf:t(i«! • •, • • ~· • I I • • • ' •,,I • '" '"' • • ~ ' • • • I •o .~· .. • • , • • 

. . . 

. ·. •• . ·. r .· .. ·.. . . 

. ~- ._p~ting' 0,17. ~ s•ll &11¢llttt Cf .. ~a~:r. "fr.Qd( t_;l::.~~- ~lgb~~tn"1Iig: . . · · .. ~: __ ~· "'." .:. ~ .· . ·. . .' .. ·. . .. ·. ~ .. ~ . ·.· . .. ·~. . .· . . . ': . 

-Bi.ril'.'Pf. 1~ d~1filg·WJ11qh ~&ut;t~aJ.ly •.rrer1 fidv~p~.ure:~ ~.~t. ht·a '.'.'• ... , '·.: .~ • •: • • : •J. 1 ;• ... 

0 

• • ' " ' , : o • • • •' I• ' ' • • , • • • 

0 

' • 

4.ta.t.~_. bi"'· av.·. e.r:r_>ew i, .. · .By:. tlie . rtWnol-1E:P.t ~ 1to~~~ ~- 4f:i.d ..• ~-b'. hup· ~ '• : : ' ' 1' .... • ' ,: .: ·~ • ', '• "•, • • ', ' • •• • _. ·, • • • • _" • ' ' • I : • -~ .' ~· o \' 

.: JUng. •o.1_¢ter-s.: 1VOUlsi · va·tah 'Che·$•- gboa ti , s ~al·· G>lii t.. :f?.i:l!D ... tnier·: - .< 

... 0 ,o • ' '-: '"• II • o • ', • ' • .' ~ • ~ o • •' • ... 'o • • •: I I o o • I .... ':,I, • 

c&li tl~, ·and, ·n.:rllh :the pocKo~; or tli.e ·•:i••d.JcOtiit·~c~~~ . :ro1· · ~,~i~• ' " • • ' ' : a • •. '. ·: ,•

0 

:· ~ 0 

• o • .. ', • ', • , ,. • ' ' , '•, .- ·~ ~ ' • ,• ' , I .... ~ •: I • 

~t· ·. pa:r~h.1td rice.,: · p·1naJ.~7 9 A r•soi~e ·.μ.'i'.1 t f~rc"d. ~a:·.)m~·~ns~.:;ie &J11tt . ,. : .· :i."· ·.• . . . . • . • . • . . . . ... . ...... . • ... i - . ' . . . ' • 

34·V•d· Uiem~ b~t. t.bes:lr numbe,is had dillliJ.):ish..-d ~ .. ;.tr,Z-~tb_.~y .. · _And.' .. . . . . .• ; ~ :. t; ·. ·... . . . . . : . . . . . . : . . . : . . . . : .. ·. . ~ . 

··. ~~1ri ·:~t. ·~e~tb ·:f'.(),Od···a~-.a_. w&~m-> wr;F•r.r ~~·a11a~~e,;· tb.1(:- :~~ei--'!i .ii~~1t ..... : . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 

· OU.i;:. _'1AUt.10l:lSly ·;t.e.-t. iatidt~.:~fA'.t ~d-~ty- br1.n:g'~ a~~clde!~ . ~li.t.ih ·' ·. . · •' •0 o ' • .I o • '•, • • 0 • ... ~ .... • t o I • • Io • ~ • ,' ' • • '' • o • • • o ' ' 

.:_ , ·!.~~d~ay<t~~i. v_~_thdr-.W _t·r·an J~'l"_'ltl!l _.i~ ~~~ .. "- ~~,:.~o_('n~~t??-j-)o 

.·~t.t~~;t..~~ .. ·-·.j~ .. lQ.o.~ ~.~a;~ at.t~JJI~· \Ue. ~~:i~ie~a ,v)}.,~ .~d· ·iF~~a~~~;t ... :·' , r'.,·.·~ •• •• ·~ • ·, . 0 " :· ·~· • • • '( • ' • • .. •• • • • ' • • ·f' I •·,,• "· .JO :.•· • • : •• 1 ° •"3:. 1 

· ~,{ ·""'· .. eam~1P;- rt~•~mbl!lri.n~. ha.-1 tbeJ· ~&· ala~"i -tl:_.,:· mc.:!tt · ·~ .. ·_ •·-"''I ::.: ~·· :- •:: • • ·:::· ,.'·. • ;•, .. ' : : •• ". ,· 

0 

• • ,' • , ,' ~ , 00 ' •, ,~' , • ; • ., .. 10.r •, • ., • ', ' ""•', 

. ~~~~~~~~,i. 11.~t·· ~~ · e-aa~ .. ~t·I'.'~~- -~t..l:~~i~ ~~·. ·~~~~t~~i-~ll:·h•~ :.~:~ ~. •• • J • • • • • • ·: •• .r . • . . . . . "':. 

·~. •l~~a~ · v~<i :'!'~m.,.ber-.n1 _hew· t..l.l,.J: .b.e.o:: t..ak~1· a:.ir11•1'•i.l:~i~ ,~0.ll;~9f. .. . . . .. ·. . . : ; .. . : '\ . . . . ' : . .. . .·:- ·. . . . : . .·.. .. : . .. .. 

1t.t'""'. 100\1.).f:\ ·-w:~e1' .;\)_oUt. .J·apa.u ~3 art.._,.;~d -~6D~1'l.~n.·~,;j!!: -~~·t~11ig 

}~r~.;/~H. tG~ B~d~ ~·; ·. io~ .. ~1Y~ ~~~ ~ .. A~ :11°1 ~~·~: '.~· ~~ . ~:~ -~,~~~i~~ .. . . . . . " ~ : .• . . . ' • • ~ • • . . .. . • .. . , . : •• ~ !' .. . . • ": .. . • .. • . .... ... .. • . 

'-"hl•ls ··a~ic1 .. f'~v-,n·; . t-h•1 .:•oult: · :.:a~ .. ~-~•i:r ~419· --~·~- t·~"'~'-r -·~~~~, · ••. '.· .• •. ~ • ~- .. ·: •. -:. .• . •• • . .·~ •1 . . • . ~· .-...... ~ . ; ••· . : .. . -· .. J . · •• ·. . • - . 

-~~•tt -~~'P ·::~Ql'if~Uit~IJI !U1JA: v~~ft vit~ t.t• _-AU:ag ._i.~. th.et laiu~)>r- . . . . .· . .. :· . . . . . ' . 

..... 

. ,. 

SE<:RE'F 
s :B@RrE~¥a 132 

~ quarter of a ce~tUl'Yo 

At'ter th8 death ot Bide7oshj., the Tokugawa 3ho~rs.1~a 

proh1b1 ted all 001111BW11a&tio;;; with. the oui;,s1de v~l.d ar.~d dro'1e 

out all for81pers exoe::pt a f·#W IiU~oh tn·.p:rtson ir.t Naga&sld., 

pr.act.iciall.y tree&ing th.a :staf;us qu.1> as ot the early 17th 

Ctfllt.ntury" Thus, in the 19·~ oen~ur:r. Japan vas twci <\er.;fri.uri"a 

b~b.11!id :11.1rope in everything.. The ·thre'9 a tl'oDg raec. and the 

Tokugawa Shogunate bad. stab111i.ed· ·~ 1111 tmat1C>li~ ·at b.orri~., but 

outside preaaure became too high .. · Perry came :111 185,, and 

th• British, Bu_sa1a1111and Amel91oana· beg1m to ey&t j'apaneae portl!I,, 

'l'his brings ua up to the 0Mmo1:-7 or mea ~aw 11 v1ns11 ai:')d 

thiet last three 1~e1gna hava be8n tho11e of llltsub.1to •\Meiji 

l.8<58 to 1912) 9 Yosh1h1to {'fa1aho 1912 to 1926~ and Hirohito 

(ShOYa 1926·-.=~) o 

The Last Three Bm;per.orao 

. . 110\1· le.t us beg:1D. a d1Scn1esion of Japan v1tJ11n t.be aremo1•y 

of men still living, tn indied though they 11111.y be~ In 1868 

t.h~' BllU>'9l'Ol' Jl.lt8Uh1 to aaaended the throne .und•r the pseudonym 

of liitij~1.,, Alre&d7 the r1e1.ng mil.i'~J v1 ~ 1nord1~ate 

ambi t.ion.s / like halo~ of hell over t',heir ~a 1had brought ou ff. 

t.h,, due ~Y old Koj1ki and 11h~ng1 tJaom ~ shel •Hta vbsr~ 

Bu<ldhlsrm bad relega tad thttm totally o .. · 

Th'' m111tar1 ardent:iLJ d1;a1red to i-eetore t.he Emperors 1n . 

ord~r not only to exploi~~ ~,; •••e.e to thft utnit>at 9 but _also to 

u~ity tl1e nation and gtrd 1~ tor conquest~ ~ey took the 

- 58 -

' 

SE€$E'f 
• m<i,)~<i:· 'tJm.n. a dC.9~8U. !l.l;SE!!-~ 3n<'J. Ott tb.'il bnsia ti;n.1$r®Oi' I _i 

. I'~:U.~ion aQ:D.~d Shinto:t;;;:}!, ·rhs !!!..t.Wifllnt :iJ,a tur~ ~ult ~ov.1·il n.c:;t 

~ 

!{3.ving 1...nwe,~~d this 

l:~~1kl sJ·i tel11 tts.s~d la1J~,0~~-y· c .. iu ~ t of' liap1;;>:~®0:1.~~ r.n ·lil.® yf5l&"' 

t11i':l@111 I 'iUUi 1J@rJJ: 9 190411 hJ_~ s1·1~®s u~rei f'igp.til.'!.~ C~lr~~~. P.r.o:f'~2. 

a:i~d Ru!!n:ia;i d®f'~~ti!ii.g ~b.Gii Ruf;:!Ji'Mlliil i;/;! .l'I. e'.~J.1~:-ei1il~ ~·~t.1:1(fk ~.-::. 

~:.>'.!: ~~ .&r....,tb:uir:> i~o. 1905 P ~ifb~i~'l~g 'thr~ .Rc;iaisiiil] :e'J.~®~~i £~ a llCPFY.i'it(l® 

. 

.. ~ !).,~ s t~l<'ltaci t!KJJ,g th.a li.~~1@l1 't 1fiiD:~1i11~/;i~ isr.i t.J.l .f.ll.O e-01.U~rt;ur:~~ C>f C'hir.t~tl@B 

• 

- .. 59 -· 

§JECClffiJE1r 
&».'> ther ·v.orld.ng ou_t a a11J te1a of' CJ1ru.r.a:eee ~·bara<itere ·to r~~;,i. 

re:uint ~u.ropean ~c~ne:;.'11 ... · o~m~tJ:ay; bioloa, ele~t-ronicag 

BMtdiOin'89 ~tee In l!ll,ddl.tio.r! to all . this.fl h.e &lld"hiS .co~e~l·t 

found time ~o vriite manji· p101uJ Shinto poc;mis wb.1.ch ·ve~~ 

inse:rte~ into. ~ba·t were e~lled ''Ret~ders f~r th~ leople"" · At 

the end:' of' a~l. these ~eaders it 'fJ&li 11.rtated that· tb,e Bmparor 

sho~ld first be worshiped iD !as t Aeia and.' t"i'nll.llJ· ?;17 t.b.ta · 

v~ole vorldcJiei ji Vs reign ended :ln l912j) &ld that of 'foatd.hito vi th 

the pseudonym. Taiillh~ :beh~ in 1912, lasting.~ti.1· 1925~ ·~ ' 

length ot 14. ·wearso T-&isho is s1)..id to lunrtr bated ·the aom= 

plexfties O~ .all. tb.ill'3S J&Pe·nese iiTi th. SO lll@l.Dy Eiuperi:mp~.e~d 

~usto~P illlij)0ssible langue.g~s» ~:r~ibla ~oIHieni~ib.nei 9 'go-ve:r.n:.,,. . . . 

e • • 

do ... "but. s.lso because he stocid. tor quite"' ·t.he oppositoo Ae he 

grew . older· and as the va.rlil:e t:reods 11'.A. Japa:n .. 1nc1~retis~d,f;t . he . 

G.j:1J)lll"eli.tly· bea·a,me ~t:r>emel7 reealci trut~ ·».i!O~S ~Ad l'IAO:!f.G did . . 

111~. . . Bl.O~J.f: tlw . t~on~o ' O~e8 I toleaiieo~ing . .an ·lfiPo~tanr;. . t!OCt!~t . . . 

• • I • • • - , 

\fhi.Ch he- vaa supposed to _-si-(~ betoFe. the .Di~t-, h~ lfJOk®d o~t 

thl"'OU.gb •. i.t OVGI'l the m~mbera 1, llaking d1Spail."ag3.Jlg rG,Ui.l"lUI' · ~ . . . 

a'bcnit t;hei~ a~peare.neeso Con~i&qusitl;r,· the 'Jripm1!r3s:~ · 

pi•oMbly . . thoupt 1 t 6&s:l.®F ~.n . .t}?.i-B new raiim/9 vM.c~ ~~-~-~.I?!. . " . . 

s1.abili.»H.td to. call him. in&&J.1e i-.att.eF than to ®~ecuttit 01? r=~ .......... -==~ . . . . iri.ap~ison him .as had be@n dome in other e~aso Bil.it ·I have bow~ 

- 60 -

SE€RE'f-
" • ,~ ~1J'.®I:'~l p&,opl,.~ ~~O COfl:V.~Fe.ecS at ~!.~:~g°~4 Wi: ~. ·.~a~ahci \11

h®J21. b.® · 

_tl'a·~· ~ @.~d. ~~ ·~~ 't~eir. st.at@d -with ·:C®:tt~tnii?-1' ~~t h®. ~ll;;l!I a: i ~ .. • .. ,. • • • " f • • • 

V~!','1 plain. ·and .mt tu~al hu-!J .. b@iE.ag Vi tJl, li'AO~ tl'.le ·IS l1ght@e i~ . t.. . . ' ~ . . . ! . t • 

i:n91~a.tiori of "Reing oμt of l'Jis :~tmJ.d?. I donut mm:10 . 

' 

.·. . : We ar~· n~ in ~IJ era ~,f Jlil"~:ni~o~ _wht?s~ pen ~~~ :ls . ·._ 

8Jlol,&o . ~e .as~@ll4.ed thG thrtc.n9 1n 19260 Ali that, e~}~~·.: 

. g~n~r:a~l;v mo~n o~ him ·1111 ·tl:.at h® is a ~~·1n~· bio_J.ogisto 

·~ :~ ... ' . Rec·®~t Ewenttl o · 

~a· schi~e. ~p ~a.us sd th~.· po.~~la tton t'o she.ct ~.,pidl:r. 

. . 

liPW~.:rds · iim ?1J'&.p8.n ·and P'"e t.b-.(IJ ·ru.li~g · ~l'e.&H~ 1ntirei&tr1ug .amb1 t1ons o , .. • ••• • • • : :. 't io •••• 

R1!.~n °b®fore M:aij1 th's~. J?a~l:l8.ro:us. ·mli~~~;-_"l~ad~r~ l•d -~~art~d . ~ . .. . . ~ 

th~ Vii.Br c»..rq.~ rolling towa.ro. inif~s i~n and -~xpuleioo,: I~· ·· •" ' .~ ' • I f 

·~~ia~ito (~~ji·) .. the~ folll7t~~. th~:tr ~- a ~os.t ~~eqt·l~~~ .col= . . . 

·1abo:r=atcr ~?id symibolo To cc•ver. th{liil!' blood:thi~sti.iqiiaae" i.Di • • ~ r 

1.900 ~n~ Dt'o Bitotie inV®ll~Cl th~ word-.. buehido Ctho ~rs·i:ot- th® .. ~ .; . . ... =:===== .... :: " 

· ~obl~ soldi~r) and 1 t~ nlo.11'~; "'-th the· bre~ th=f~ko1~. . •. . . ··\·· . . . .. ., 

~~am.a toda~shi" (th~ Spj.ri t ot Old· 1&P;Qn} 0 .'.W&i$ 1llilS®l t~!J, ix_l th® • • It ' •• 

d:ia·~1.0nari®s. .. : .- lll>~ady .I>, shoz•tlY. 'b~~cr~. · thi' 9 ~® i•u.JL.tng · . 

· 1.~i~s~-~s • 0 ·w1t.h ' ~~ D'ilil:tt@.ryg h8~ .. :tIDiv~~~c:r~ •• I n@W • bil.1 .. ~r1~. • l'~;Ltg1on ' ' 

~~~1d.If.!g_· ~ai!llY to 'bl®Ald ill~ ~o~~ro.1p @i e~®~or &nd blo~d~.ht~.d 

·r~;~~~ ........ ·th~ • hu~ri~· • /' 1d.n~~iri®&H~· ' ' !"f .. ·oJf Bud~nans • I ' ·.·~ll21· • ' :ep~c~tic ' ; • •.t~~eb.~ngso ' 

' ' r ii • • 

.~l'!i.is' l"~ligi~: .th®y ._ca.11 · Shb~t©io, b@t I would not 1rtfl!eh f©l". ~ ' . . . 

· ·~n.Y, · ant.i~ui t7. vh~:te o~w.0l<a. f'o.:r~ ~1~, Chines~.. <l!OiipOWlf~ '+f«»Fd,, .. 

. . . Tlie '• d~f~at • ot , Xo~®& •I ·an.ct " :ati~a-1·a ... 1904"'19@5~:· 1•• ., 1~ " '.t11~ w~r7· ' 

. . ' 

da~u of' ~~lit~ •. g@.W® ·Jll®i.ji, ~ t.b~ .. 35t.h· J'®a~. of b.11i F®-1~.., .... . . . . . : - . ' ... . ,,. 

SE~RET. 
s.u~b; ·~@.ie l~~ tba t t.Jl®'l" rtFifll't)Jhe?n 1!;ic·~s Y'le&0Ah®d th~ T;o,)k · 

ehelw~~- .hf ~l~ope &~d ·.Aw~riu&; SO that· eircon Vifqj Gl.1-1171@., CIU~.i:·ottsly.i:. I' . . . 

tc~ ~®g!~rd Mu.taubJ. t(} ae ~® l~®at and m.obl~ :Er~p@o:nit:.:> ('1f ~\i 

~ : . . 

rf!i:KOti-o y®t Pl""Ogi"t~.s~J1 ve. ~"<nd noble ~·<5oplso I Brlil read:lr!ig it .ftil. .. 

b~f'ol:"e rme l:AOW·,; in ~· old book t"ull of pi~·~ur@e of f;;~~l®~tft.Ji ti~! p 

pl.ltbl~sh®d il2! 1908". · 

0

Jftei Ji s:l. tei .P :b!iuSht1l;v &nd proind:ty J~~lding . . . . . 

. '.:\ tan, 1EA his kimono ju~t &how@ the glo\'/ing d©a~r-:L;Ption ot the 

~c.hi~.W~m.i@n=it8 Of. i'°hie Mikado[ ia. . fil,]@ Old ;ffj,p&fll~Se uo:r:r<d 'WY,i t·io~fi 

\fi tP, dl!~in9e~. p1otu.rogriphe 11i~sr;11.<m@: · Aug~a t G@;t.® 11 ·°'~· bu.t. :r do~ u t. 

. ' . 

tt;a t t.b.8$ ;GlbkilQJ:gl§)d 1 t. tQ th® ~hii~@s~ T@.Mfl@: l!!!:Uc~ . rni'h® ~!xr,g· · 

~.>f' Xaa~re~ mi»d®r th© T:b.roKlle9

11 1·,,fito:V 08llis I~®r:tal. ltla,1.®~tyo" .·. • • ' • ' I ' 

.. ~h® ~·&'l..P!Sl~~a~ X"8'~gt~i..'Vl.g Aru.t ~~@\!i!l@d . ' 

. . 

1;iui©kl;y s®i~iimg 1:1r~1:i.1 ru:.i.d o·i;b~r k®Y poiEl.l-~s» th®y 1r~?n ·took it 

IJHf®l' ~n.d Xl@.tJJ.!®<1'. it ~sh~.k~lnl Of@.Jt!(}b.tf!:rncf) ,; ·. 

. ' . .. ' •. ·. 

Cl~l"~ii~ .. 8.:d~V@JtDa ot ··Jta.pakl~e~i x-ioc.i:s: ga,1•'d®n~ :i oc>:LoF pri~ t£S .1: 

.. 

n~ti@.bi ~t, PI"®sif!~nt ari~s"1\i'7®l~ and Mi"? ·~i um~i~ go r~~i!Y @i21 

:~a;i~;t ~a ii on or "a . :t>,uno.r~d ~.111~;1 t.l ou.~~g~ous ti oulu fi .. =,;, @, . _.., •• -; 

i:ml "tt.l:t?iad KW t.io:rn in .vl®@d ct ~ :r .. w1~g room · to!> tb.8 · ·iP.r.~y b1Ftlie ·du~ 

. . Th0w a!.id po\Oz~ ·Jn~. ·~d to ·h~.v®· i.l"OrI.!i; . . 

. ' 

.. ~ 

SE€RE'F 

~ ..... 
( ii~:roo Polo) ih-1dg!!, ~ t le!ld. llg, 1m:~ ow.~ philan. t.blfcp-1@ bms :w@m ~ 

Llll@:a!9 eta;, eaid that Hl'o Roos®Ve~. t,1 Mr.) Eull, ~d all of· us 

must b~ of temp@r~t~ j~d~Dto 

Do1wn. t§'@Jmt·· th@ fana1·" &nd tht~ :se!MI wa.a the· a~~®" 

O"'l!ll.~ thos~ eJ.VlltlH)!J,1i~ months ot October iai.111d liov@11JftJ·er .A.91.J.lj) 

~!Jl~, ·f'tMlly an Bwmday D®~~11ilb®io 1th.~ e&l"ly 1~ 1;h® .gft®rmi.oooti 

1;.h~ J.sp.!Uf.®il5~ 150nt ©>UP fl®®t !it :Pia&,l'l ~irbor dmvn' i~t.oi tlMl d~SPc 

5-i-wl t4n.@ouely Thai &tlld th® fhiJLf-P~illl@IS W~l°® ii)lV®.O.~(L, 

Th~n ~v@ryoodJ said t.ha t Js1)l\.!1· had b@~n \! l"Oii'll?~ = ~ Md don~ 

\Jl>·~JP1go 8h® had vl""e&..k®d ruim up@n l·ls, :f'o@l thtiugh sb.e l~ais 

tfllf@:V to dl'l®~m thf£ t she Cllouio d@f'oat. us ®W®n tl'Jough · t;o· fisbt ~ 

- 63 .. 

SEC:RET 
I VM'' to dii.iCUSS blii@:~lJ' SiEum&l int~ll1!6llC@ vowk f?~u 

th.'3 Japa.ne~9 sideo .l b~ve ~i limited mcr..,gledg<a of tb.1B :rro11. 

ctt~min 3&:98!1.ese messm.pi and so!Mt6Yhat more inforu.tio.iti fi".om 

t.b.~ r@J•ort:a of the 'farg~t Iuveilti@~tion :p®oplitt.. Still; ·i'bat 

x·v-111 eay will be r~thar auperficialo 

The Japanese. it ~y b@ a&idp ve~e 09J191derably b~ckward 

in thsi.r 1Ertel.11gencs a1ltiv~:.tisu in the late wax-o But ilrl!. a@ 

.~ll.y~g9 I oan never t•orget· the bi.raships 'S'e ·oursel V8S !ii®t in 

O\l\tt intell1pncs wo:rk vi th l'0speot to th®mi.o :None knov~ .b@ttel' 

~~ a cr'fPto~ogist how 11."~Ch ditticulty emall tecbn1.c~lities 

o~n ca:ci.set", and hov -.n7 peOJJl.@ &:.fe uedf)d to 1mralrel ~1s1~" . . . 

Bonethelsss 0 th® wonder oft9n voiced at Japanus rapid 

' 

mQd~~ni~ation could ~ot ~e ju~tifiedo She baa always lagged 

~eh:tnd the-West 1n th~ scier.ttifio •thoda We bavo enly to 

P.efl9ct on Japancs hietcric&l so~i~l s7atem to r®alize that 

de a pi te h®r phenomenal indus. trial.1.~a tioni; rela ti wely few . . . 

ind.1.viduala could be !!XP.@Ct®d to h1\Vlt i!IUf'ficient mowrl®dge 0 

~Lnd@pcmd@nt. imagination" and. 1niti.1.t1·u·e to keep abr~ast~ of' all 

~be techlliques developed in Ame~1ca and Kuropeo Moreower 0 

. . ,., 

lll&.Ve fo11 h@r most obse~vant cU.plo1Sa.ts~ she tHi.19 almi:uiit· _.__.·. ... .·.••1, .• :;. 

i:Dotall'f blind to -t.be s ts.mine. of hel" foEU!I o Bad Ja.pWll reali~od (J • 

th&tb &Dld had she poeaessed.~n~ugb. information ~a w1sd~mc . . 

Sh1ntois~0 coupled vitb false dedu~tions eonoerning ber .past 

co:mqueu11tsv would mot hawe plunpcl b.er into v~ vith the Alli4'So 

SECRE'F 
The J~p&D.SJile W::w ~pari;~tns Ce:i.i~al. S~cial ~n~ll~gen.ee 

.:!E10tion., after .~$atl.ing· a.·no~~dia sxiet~o~ ~o>-wn~. ToJQ·c9 

t1.ria1l7 ·. vound -tip . in a gove~n'~nt=suba'idiz~d oid=&p '1u.1~ :1 • l 

. .. . .. 

f.w·~ded after the ·gr~at ear1«hqual!e 1iOst~7 vi~. AmB~ie~ lf'el~.ef 

.. . .. . . . m.oofiy, 1Jl Tokaido~ 81!.!g&t!ili Pi~ecinct of. that· oi·l8yo :<erow· .. a - . . •, 

~jooklet. pU.bl1shsd bf. this 1iui ti t"'1.1l.tion op<;tn.s with t~is \~ordingg 

~In our c~un~y9 loyalt~ and. filial pie~ ~ve from olden 

- . . tims~ been re~rded . a.a tbe l"OOt f)f s.11 Vil'"W@O D .fm.d tha .. family. 

Ryst~m brs.e~~. on. them and 'tb.!!1 sp~~it o·t· ai~~ual ~id a~g the· ~ • o I 

·people nave •d® the ®stabli.shme1il.t o:t int1titutio~a f'o:F 

d~.s'ti tμ.te }.'l&ople of' eo~rat;iwel:r less ·1~port&Doeo The ap@edJ: 

d~vslopment of' md&i.'ln cities and . ra.p1d .cbanp of ., ®CODO~f.' . . . ., 

oo.o.~itions., hovevar.11 bawe nat~all~f co:o.~~2.but®d ·~a t.he i~~ 

crsas~ in numb9r of tbe depend~nt·~gsd and di~abl~do" So . . . . . Ja-pa.n b9.s telt the :tape.at of' meomt.nioe ·s.nc.reuingly and has . . .... 

tried t~ keep paceo 

·p111a.1 piety.with all its fsm:U:y,, tribal» and lil&tion:a.1· 

~~p11cat1ons has bee~ th®·gre&t®st ~mis historically ot . . ' 

. ' 

·. iic7:iievin8 partial humtW securi tyc But at all t1~-®e and ilm. ·all - . ~opl®s th~ n~eds &'ld d®aires of·tj:1e individual are at odds . . . 

. . Wi~ll .t. th~ @manoipa ti on of the indi. v!Ldual ba.2a bQJ!®Il ~inwg ' . PI.iOtmientum to'l' ci!Jntur:i®So Du~ing· tM l~at five ;hund.F@d f®&JlS 0 . 

. Ule te~o bas b®en ·a.Gciel~iia ting rer-.rlm'bl:J' o · 'B11s ~eedom -has 

prod"ticecl ind1 widual ill!i ti& ti we 1_n i:ie111~ar6h rern1l tilllg in 

. sai~nt;t1c :progioess faF bey~.:id tt~e ga~c~~t ot Jap!Ull 0s p@w~rsp 

~!:; • 

- u ... . °" 

SE6RE'f 
. ' 

' . 

-- •• h~vev.er ~q.ep,t '·~4'J ·b® ia.t- 1ali~t'.lo.Otg .... to ~!.bsox~b:. ~· ·0~1-~t.ul~J'.-0-

. · R~o~~ in ~·~1:q~ii,.J) Ja~ ·s -so~~l ~Jtsterm:.:m~~.:~~n -too · 

f .. ~~alfid·-.tQ per-mt. at .~iAou~.fl~x1b1ltty ·~~~J. ~ci~~ti.f;f.c .co~"" ' • o .. : • I 

·pet-1 tioKA·p · ~ t .·I".quir&lll rmo.:r~·, 1_(91 su1';1~ -~d brtgtn~.:u. ty· tba~ . .-:. _.; f .. I ' '" ' • ~ , ' I o • f ' ,.. o 

.s tri.Cl"t .t.aai!il,- loyal . t;- sn(l ·n21;t-ional 

. 1.9.olia&ri iy o-f· -the . J&~ee~. ~ . . 

.. ···:· ...... . , . .. .. ' , 

· Alio.~.er stumbling· block is· ·t.~ Japan@ae. ian~.g~ -wh~ch-. . . . . . ·, , . . . ··. 

· i.~ -~iocUt:l."' tl4o :c®l".®Y- oooatsa scie.n.t:lf1e ideas· and TM1.Xi~uUi de-=: · :.._ :· . . . .. '. -~ol"ipt~onm J woul4. haw® to ba modi~'.ted :· y{it -~h1oh praotica;lly • • ': ' ' I • f ' 

-~:C~ot ~ cbAng®do· ... · . · .. :'. , -:~ · ... 

··:·.-':--.: :-'W..b.®n.9 h~lf a-.e@nt~·r\'l'y .sgoD. ae~~tain· El'll.~1sihiin®n .o,'t· k&~~ .... ,.-· . .. ... '... .. . .. ... . ; . . .·,' . . ·. . ..... 

:foi~es.:1.gb.:t. •d~ bold to .. w~rn. J&J.1-8D- ~~t ~o. ~moW:J.t· .ot r~-Wco~etl'l!Oa .. . : '. •. • . •• . • . • . :· • •·. . ". • .. t' .. 

. ·.=tc:W .. he:t= El&'llper-or, no aimovJAt .o-f. t~wattci~l. Wld ·~1010.~.1: b:t>&MV®ry . '\ . . . . . . . 

· ·~o~ld 1>'.i'ewa:ll.. agA:tnst · :s1u~r1~r lmi>~ledp». ol;l.'~i~~tion, and • ' I o o 'o • '\ I • • ~· • • • ' 

"~'l.tez;i~l, h®r· oiff1c1!!.ls urely scof'f'®d o-r' ·b@$fame.:.oti~Kld..i!td'.o. · ' • o I ' o a• o .. - ' 

. ·. . .... ·subs~~u~ntlw she ~ss eo1 _warDtf;?a· bJ ~'Y of her emu ifiior®· ·-astute 

:. f~i~~~P ·~~~s~ri®1~0 bu_t· beirllg ·s·l~ 'f!;~ d~~elep ·tm-.®·~t~e.i~;~~~- .. o ~ • I • ! "o ,, 

~~~®i!f.l intellipniof{ ~~·alW!:tion _ of'f;l.c.a .. at. ho~- -ud. ·b®.tIA1! . . . 

· ~-~:iba·t1nat®v .. ··h~r. :.1111.ta:ey 8n.4 illa'W'al ott1cetrs VC»tl!.ld. J;ilteW~l" li:s~~~o . .. ' .. . ' 

··:. : 1~·~~ :as'· JI.on~ :p~~dl~'t@d.; she .t.i·na:Uly · a:t.t&.ok®d. tlus·. ,Alli®si .• .'-:a- . . ' . ' 

.-. gr®~.t· ~-!?' P\l~ti~ul~riy cf' i.l®F forei~'."'ti-ain~d, otficialap .. 

... ~~'. ~~t:ber 4oom1.V4M\r·se-a.l~do ·I~~ v~s a heart'b~~~~~l'l1,t;·~ · 

_·bt-~-si1~~t3~· to'r theill) -~t:~io.~iaa.lly 4Ud 1.u:aawel7,.-~o·~arrj- o~:imi .~ti . ... . . ... . . .. 

-~ ~~:tc-~ .. c,"j- tb.at kliewl@cig~o· - . r · ·. ·. . . . . -.- -=. .. · -: 

. . . - - . . . . .- =.:· =::·; But 3~pan is iB. tbiqkly _popillat~d . ._ 1;.urul.aJI' .~.t·ion'0 ·and. .1n : I • • • ' e:' > ~ 't o 

-,tl~Ms::c~.i;rs&. ~t. -ti.ms hfii?. ~~:~~-~~ ~mb1ticmLii.; ~lu!!J.s F'4ttfll.\ia~d.v 

could 4ir>·:l.W@ her to. str1k®. o.ll.t &9.~~J..U! in ie16 · t~me mi!d ~·S'~!l!o 

. . 66·-

SECRET 
. . . · At ~is .::PointD 11e woul_d Ii.pin stat~ tba~ ve_· a.r~ not . exid.S&~(lrin~. to ~es~~t ~y-1>a:rt1-~ul~xa 1fh@a.is '?~ to ~;m~ze 

.. . 

.1'1!-.paDe!le. sc~.entific eff~rt iu1d its -1!."~sult;,sD 'b11t ~e ar® 

·~ather trying to pr~lil~t tht:t pn~ral Gvez.i<=>e.li' ptctu:n~ea_ . ·Nor . , . mw.st Wfl l~s® s'ASht of the possibility of the accid,lilt ·.'of ~ . •;. . .. . .. . 

ei~gl~ ~Ci@ntific ·a1~~0V®r7 of t~eimeDdOU$ por~ent OCC~FFiDg 

. . . 

~i11g to the diplomat~ci natuie ot Japan °a_ s1li"Wq!OO~i'> tUid 

tb:~ ecm.s®que~t delay ~0~1pletl'v1·tn th@. 1~1uu• distar~ees _cit __ the ~ . Pacific 9 · _our .teaaas. of 1zirires1•~©1tors who vis1tE9d her s~atter®d . I 

'• . . 

intell~pnc1S .installaticm~ $~.-r.iv~~ isteo ·Much ~fl":il>•nt WP.~-

l)i!:en d~str~ed,, and time 'tB&t ~~~!Bitt@d. ·ro~ the Js:gnuue~e::to· plan,· .. . ' . 

Th~ atf1~i~l;m. . . ··: . . . 

on the holm1 Islands ~er@ s~~mlngly 1f not truly ~~tbe~ ~r~k, 

Md l,ililling to. talk» but in the tiisld. n&nJ' o·f .·them "Wer@ slow '• " • • I I 

to.accept dete~t t.a.nd ~- f®~l1ng ot ·anity p@rsisted f~r a lon8 

tim6a ;?his. was _:partieularlJ true :ln Ohina~ 

. -

In g@n®ral ~ur inv~sti~·~to~s .foμnd that ~rapwao&;. D'411te.ry 

' . . 

i~tellig®~C® ~acked eoord~at10~.ai1d int~~ation; the p~r@oon~l 

. •' 

te:Glmioally . . ~d rim.ot1cms.llJo· . :i<1U:Lp~n:t· vae uaual.lll· ~ ~at.her . . Mti~ua~d~ 1nt~Fcept5.cmi. vas cons@qu®l"ltly poor an~· ,limited~ . . . . .. 

. . 

i:iu:ia~~ein~y. :u. tt:R.~ was-_ kmim.rl'l of fl)l9eip ·~ubject matter 

co~rciall7 PFOOU.~ableo . ·.,. 

llver:y g®De'.f'a~ ~'1llf torma tion ((Sogwi.) ·Md 1 t~ . own.· sigJ~l 

..... , - "'" - ·.· 

'· 

SE<:RE'f 
• e . . •' 

. .. \ \ . . . ·. .. 

f4t1lt VS.& tliat there w~s DO t•.ffaetive ·1.1&111011 &rui th@y 

fur;io tior,ed . :tride~e~~en tlJ o 

I j •, ~ 

~ .. 

ehc1d,, wmd th.er~ was· pFao·i:.ioa.J.ly no d1.ssemi128:tion of'' ~.nfo-:rr~ tton . . . . . . ~ 

. . . imu:l1oa.t;1ons work·wafl eonrinect to rminua1 transeriptiooc . E.ve'n. . . . • o; • • " - • • ' 

t.~e:) use · ot I oBc:lla -chin®s l.m.~ co.nside:iN!d int8Jttio111 • to ~nual .· 

'm~"tbOd$~ .'?he J&p~®SlS s·®~·d ~ oons:idez.t uno1assi·f.~ed -~t®F.i.~l·· "' , '•"' :1 • '. •'fl • , .., I• ,, , .. ,,: .. ,,, 

lik® thE• ara~zine. ~'1. ima;u Wtlld radio bFC?ado~mts ·fro~ th~ Weist 

• o .9.\ o.,. •• .,, I 1o ' 'i o I o o o •, ;t•,, o t 

Oo~~st s~ong tb,(l)ir b~st scm.r!)ol!I of inforGt&ticin:, Thct'J" 'tY®FG. < ' ·~ , . . . . .... . ' . 

e:sip~cia.iJ~·., mterest~d in' announcements of 8hip s1wi:111p.·which . .:.._ ' ' . . ~~·y, . CiI-~ad~d . so ·miuc~·o. · : B~ini; suFro~1~ded. -~~':a t~r ~· i ~ i.~· nQ turel ··. 

t~t thsi. should co~c1~ultrate ·oil nav·a1 .·1ntsllig~nop .. ui~~ "tYhtc~ . ' . . . . . . ,,, • ... 1• ....... .. :· • • • •• ... • •• • • ... • • •• 

bot...,,· t.be armiy aM nav.v _epecinlized, bad. as th.et~ liaisOll ·ViM~c· '• . 

.. . 

" -. .· Ri Sh tly oia ~l"Q~·sl7,; most .. ,o·~ th~, Japanese. in tei1_1l~na·~ . . · · ·"::· 

I •.., . • • • • • • .._ ' • • 

·of'.t'ic~:r11 ·and civilians 110.teri•ogat~o: atμi:ib&i:~d ·the 4@fe6!1.'t ·to · • • .... •... • "'• .. ... .. • • • .. • • • • • • ~ .. • • • .. •• • It 

.tla..:t· failure ·Of the1~ &n'lperiol~s. to .. a.ppr<erc:i:iate. the i&mpQr.t&no-.tef .... 

ot."_ ~~h~ix~ v~xc": .. U.na!Jubt®dl;r ,.~ie did -~®~ken-· J~pan ·:~o·tii o,t't·;,~~~ ·. fft. ~· .... 0 o ... o • o • o I ... 0 • • o " I 0 o I .. 

·ai. vel;, Md. d~f'enai v@ly 9 and ·~~s- the sitorm .. grtaadu~lly D~ar~d h@x~ . . . ...... o •'.,• o .. ,:., o '• \ " '" :_I• 0 ', I •' o '.er .. 

shcn•ers, ·th@ O~ntril.1 Special :i:ntelli.pnee: S@»~tlo.nD bel~~f·~'. st'ElP 

by" -~~®P ·or. ether i!oUF~~e-; ···~<i .·to. r®ly ·.no~~ ~a mo~ia· ·on. trattic • • 1- ••• • • • • ~ • ... ""' • • • • • h • ... • .. • • • • ,. • • .. ~ ~ • 

a:n~•lye.11110 · It. wasi ·1n this fif!ld th&t ·"they a.chi®V~d tbeir out.,;· . . ' 

.. 66 

SE€RET 
Th® Ja~ef:.le &J~i'IQ' imd gg~e§i. t d1f'f1aul ty in obtn.inaE .. . ' . 

op@1t-®.tional intei~lig~.as ~eo&.~ua~ of tiles® f.'aetf):~ep and 

p$.~ticW..&J?ly th& lack ot sysi;~•tia ~esM~zii~ho With th® fall 

ot S0&ip&n,, the hoiu l$l&ilds b@cam the fl'ont l~e of th@ . ' 

O~.~r~ral Paoif'ic detoo:sie o Ben~e » th® l!:Ue a.lon1;,t the. lrolcWJo 

Isl&.n1d~ b~aam the 01111· tixecl warning ZU!tto 

Ac~o~d1Dg to N.e.jor ~s&c• Sh1.~~tsu of the O®n:b~a1 Speei~l . ' 

Int®lligeDc~ Sections in ord01,, to oope w1·~ this :1~.b.1&tian 0 th~ . . ' 

ari:amw ~s a countermeai:nJre r~sc.Yj~t.ed to tb.9 0v&lWt.'Gi::Jn <'Jf' int@lli.=- · . . 

' .. H® st~tea ~t haw1ng ampl® r~dmp ~sl~gt. &J>hic $t@ri~.1 ~t :blma 

~~at fJ!U:CO®sa was ach:t®Yed.11 't1ut that poe>:f-' sigv.i&l 1r.it®rc@pt1~ 9 

b&11.d d1.rsct.ion=f'inding ®quipmn~,, cmd la~k ct Bt\PPli.el\ bs.~·~r~d . . -· 

th® @xploi ta ti on ot this worlt:.11 &Ulci th& t tit® end ot ttl1@ -war . . 

ln g®n®ral . .e t~o~ical i~te1lig@nca W&$ obt&i~ed ~y anal7~ing naval trtaffi~o 

Air. inte-llige.n~e was ob~,1ned chi.@~ly ~ona r&di.o=t®lsgra,ph 

ai~=grou~d ·11nU:s'? Op®r~tioo~l iμf~~llig®m!.a~» imicl\t~.1~,g air 

nno-V~ll!!!@ni.te and taC1k torc9 and shi;ppiug ·si tue. tim:i1El IJ -w.as ob= . '.:- . 

t.,ai:med f~om radio telephon® tFaf'fi.c :1 though ~he 0l2l.d a·t t.he .. wa:f' 

l~tt the latte~ f.i®ld without ~uch dev&lopm~nto Though pl~i 

lY~l"® tmd~nay ~ nothing iwa.e aaaoq>~.iflMd ilil lt'&il~~<llb. OKA ul tJcaa ' • 1 

sb.o:tat·-=Yt&We traff'ie b~eauee of· pool' @quipM.lr11to ~gaged 1n 

t!'&:f'fic ~lysis in the 0 oS o_I oe o vei~tt 25 cf ficsra 9 ·10 ~ro= 

bmtional otfic@rs 0 l~ noncommissioned offiC®Pe l!.Dd 5 ciwili~ao . . . 

Th® J1&pWMiu1e army ao~Oli!J.Pli.sh~d, li t.;tle baeut.d 011 diriactioJID · f'jlndi~S.11 

·frequ~c7 » call siFil 9 ~d · typ3 ot• uig\'lla.la ~ so gxa~t®r 0mpba~i@ 

- 69 -

SEC:RE'f 
.e e· Y~U pli&~®d ()!'jl th@l ~udy ·;~-fl J?:.gll4'tl c Oim\VJmi~!itiOJilig lJii!'tllify1.i!~ 

ttAtt fiXis t®nae· of OPf.J!'l!j. tirn~i!.l <l$C ~-:.1 ifi ty o '.rh:i.s is es)?e~1 .. ~lly 

eft@c ti''® "tirh~n euah op'9r~_tio:rna.1 co!!liiiJUllica ti~ll ~a! lm1:NXl to· 'C?GP 

bei;'{./f~.a~ C@r.tl!li$n.di:mg c>f'fi~c~i~s tn.~ bl.s~·s" 

Finally th® J'a.p&u®s® re:l.:&.sd hea.wily cm ~epiooagf:tz;. bii1; i f.C.. 

is l'sma:Pkabl@ h® lit1~l© ©OO~id'7X"8ticm th®y •w® ta ~~ fr.:!!"ta~~= 

-w0>1Jthi.li$SS <tit tb.~ir c.csr£mo.;ts" 

.By ~ay of co.ut~a6t 0 th0 Am®ri~Wi'1 ~~mr ~ohi@W®d f~r 

. gl"08t~I' 91ra0~8SS OW®l"' @.. mJFJ.©h lr1'8.~l"' f'i@ld Of' ll!.19®lli1~®i1lO® WQ~k 

tb.ii.n ·th~ Ja~Gs© dido:o Our i®abnical p~A?$!OWlel 1ug0 lmutil:l 'bstt®:rtr~.ifill®d and of a 1m1eh eu.J?el~io:t> csli 'b®~; t.he h®~l th olr our l'MD 

W&ti! ,b@tt®r~ ~ th~j~r ··Gef:hni.@~l @qu.ipms-l'ilt Wld .t1~~11~1r11g out= 

m:~~;eJh~O; 1-the J'8.paKA®!l~o EI.1~gud. in th@ ta~k of :W.t~ll:!~Cil® .. 'Ji!®= 

s;?v~~roh ~ @xploi tilt ~ion0 it .1i.s ooly ii'Atura.l th.&t umy J'&p+.Hl®S~s 

~ ·Ii1attari>.lly high=strtw..g peopl®., bll'oke Wld@r th~ s~e.in . eut= 

' 

f~1i."ijjlg from shinkei 2llt11J~ ~ll@X'JWt?11ui exh!!r11iation) &m.d physia&l. 

01.h.i~bili ti®il c This f9?MV voru® as the cou:r>i!® ot th~ 1~m .. , F®W 

JP:&"c~sr~~~i if@ly t\W!happ1®r for t4h~!li\o 

.B7 traffic anialysis ~d go@d 11~1s0101 no~ @mlly w@r® @uro~H 

~i~~l lnt~llip~ce h®~dquart@re .~hl@ to p~cs~:tct th@ rw..~g~t. 

but; ithi!lJ' ver® also ~ ~ pof•i ti.on to. f or~telJ\, ·th® hol!r o . 

S tr'®ID!gth $rAd di!!pOSi tioo of ~iir ~8idS o .lklJ!y. imle tal!C®S ©@~ld . . 

b~ pr~ia~ni'G@d of tb.e comp,l8t® d~st~ct.ion cf' groups or. plW'J!.®a 

~ither gr~unded or 3.n aeP.ial ~omba.t0 to ~ntio~·rnothi.Dg of 

~~ik foFe®s and sbippinlgo . 

A ~umb~l' -of tJlia ®i!i@loye~u:J · of the OeDtral 5,:pecial Int®l= 

lie;®li!O® Section .lo~&t®d i.u tl'.1~ old=f!ge heme ssto.ted t.l~t the 

• 

SE€RE'F 
o.f't'ici&le hisading th@ fi®Ctio[us &<lopted a v0r1 ~tFiot. hush'° 

hush attitude &rid ~.t t.b.~i:r undex-:U.D~B .in -.Cf oases ver{!P . . . 

li:@pt thorou.~l'f in tli@ d~rk as to ·~e r@~.l nature of tb®i~ 

\70l"lro Ther~ ia g lesson to, b® lew~nGd. from this; tor ®X= 

p®zo:1.~n.C® ampl7 ehovei that a k11ovls<l&~ ot wha.t he is doing 

e;ivEta ~ person in _in.'t®lligen~~ wc)rJc a great boost SDJd. tm.t 

~ru @xche.A~ge of into~matio~ b~tv~®D individuals and 8ectiong 

~n~&nce~ ®tficiencyo 

Acllo:rdi1'lg to ajoll' ~hig~mia:tsu,. tbl9ou.gll tb~_.; otfiC® 

· ~~~lysia and collation his e~ction ~aa able to predict tho 

Iwo carmpaigo about wo -ve@k:s in advWAo" 8llld thti Okin.1.wa cmm= . ' 

pa.~Lgu &bout thre~ ~eeks in adW&rloe,, Th® mow®m@nts ot task 

fo1~<hUi ~u~re also f'ollov@d 11S;th solllie auC!lessiJ 9 iWld 1 ..m gener~l 

. ' 

th@ mov@mente of W!i\wal ~~d ~irchant ~ess®le in the W@st~rnnC~~-

*~>:-ahal~ Philippil'A@s,, i!lnd Okin&t.w®. a:weae v®re tollow.~dzi 

though the ®Det strangt.b. and. oFgar..ii~atiolji v®r~ una@·tirsl'D'Ki.t~~do 

Tho ~er in which air ~a~dij wer@ predict@d va~ by 

tollov.d.ng a daily g!'&pb9 b.i@J1 sip.l activity one da~r foliaw@cl 

by silenc® on ~e d!l:y f'c'llcw:tng0 ifilidica tit"Ag s. raio.o HOVH®r~'®r 11 

as to th® t1~e aDld ti!l.~g@t 9 ~othi~S could b® to~@toldo ~h~ 

only. vay th® Jspq®a~ ocmld ntt@mpt to pr@dJ.et the5 1W.rg®t . .. 

"Ml~fJ bjr th!S .#1~ proc~aei of 6limd.n& t.io.nio Bmo®V@:r 11 thG) pr@diC= 

tj.ci.ns of B=~9. r&:lds "WQB ~ona:i:fad®Fed qui 'te an\ a.ccomipl:i~ahooieto 

nuring ~ ~riticsl ph~se of the war0 fiw® of the l@~di.ng 

Ja:g:ia:rn~s~ cryptattial7s te h®ad®c1 by Colonel Irs6i.rmu l'aD.Do Yl®l'@ 

I 

.... 1·1 -~ -

SE€RE1' 
ci:f'OWlled1 when their boat O&l!SiZed during 8 :return tlP1p from . . 

tl':\e Philippinu~s vhe~e they lLS.d gone to establish mc>l'"e interoept stations to further th~> work· of traffic a.nalys5.so These 

" "{\\'Eire the •n vho · vorksd pric.narily on Anglo=A~ricsn eye tgms 

' ' 

-ttr:~d th~_ir o.eath •de 1~ ~i~der to get 1ntormat1on ·cm1csr~ing 

tbe resultfi they aahievedo 

I learned the above from friends who vere lead13re inL . . . 

,, 

ly upon her det~ato· It ref~~s to Japanese sign&l·illtellig~nee 

a.u compared vi th Qur .ov.n an.ti G?tea:t; .B1~1ta.in12 s, ! should eay o 

Nowi ~s tandi111g all this.JI htlweve·r, it must· b~ reeopized that 

in this . fi'eld the Japan~se did mie~i"t vi th eome succe.asea 0 .As ; 

' . f'<>r the J'a.panese diplom~l°tic .. serv1c~~ 0 I should say that it 

had possibly the ~~st inter~attonal int®llige111a® uo!iWW'llica- . . . . 

ticne system on earth and to have been able ae we ver~ to us@ ' ' • I ' 

. . . . . . . 

_:i:t v1car1oualy and exploi.t' lt wi~ a li.igb. degree of' B\"iCCt:tss 

. . . 

&lil we did:, was of' i~eatims.ble value. to uso 

· After all, the continuity ~ith which we followed tJlG 

dewelopment of the Japanese cede and cipher systems in th®ir 

f'H!Wra:ral, fieide was the ·only means by which we kept up wi·th 

~~e~, finally unraveling tlisir·miili'te:~Y syetems~ ·the keys and 

tables of which ehanged with great frequ®ncyo 

- 72 -

SECRE'f 
e· · :-S=Et1lf'EB'P2 e 

Japanese O·f.f'~.ci1al::i ... 

Before going on. to 8.nother p~napb.let 1n vbich a repre- . . 

~1~.rnts.ti11e nuinbau~· of Ja~isae mEurn1lM~es lfill be disoui:;sed ve 

will giv~ f'i~st a. list of Japanese Prime m.ni_stera and . . . 

~o.~eign. Ministers tz;om 1932 -to 1941,, Som!$ of th.eae will be 

•.. 

cti:1cu.ssed s.a the· ocaasion arises,. Jlollmd.11g thie li et w~ 

ah!.11 take up some ot ths l~ading J&psn~ee en~oys abroad ia.nd 

ms.U:e. ~uoh rema.rks concernin,e: them a.nd their activ1.t:1es as -we . . . . . x~eaall ·or- are remnded of o · ·our IH>TJrcee for th~ su.ccessiona 

. / 

.and forelgn ministers vert9 tb.e Al~nach· de Gothe., the W:o:rld 

Almanacp and the Japtln Y~artooko 

J'a~an" 

Ifrim.e Minis wrs and Foreig11 Min.ts t·~rs trom ·1933 tci \1egimd.ng 

ot war~ 

Prime Ministers : = . . 

Me.koto Sa! to twa:r 26 19'2 t.o July 111 1934) 1-teisuk~ Okada (July 8, 1934 to Ma.~oh 89 19,6) 

l\ok:l Hirota· C•roh 911 1936 t.o Peb~uar7 l" 1937) Senju~o Hayashi (P~b~uar1 29 19J1 to JWle 'a 19J7} 

.FumiilllliLro Kono@ (June 4, .19:57" to ,January· 4.11 1939} · 

Kiich~ro .Biran.uma. (Janu~1Q7 !:·,, 19}9 to ·August 291_ ·19;19> lio~;yuk1 Abe (August JO., 19!·9 'to January ·15, 1940> 

Ni tsJ.imase. Yonai· ~January 16., 19}f0 to July 21, 1940 ~ 

.~rince Fumimaro Konoe (July 19-0 t~ ~ept9mber 1g41) llid~ki· Tojo -(October 18,, 19~·1) 

- 13 -

SE€RE'f 
f,Q.ttim! Ministers. & 

Mttkoto Sait9 (Concurrent vitn Primo ·1ttnister 11 

lfAJ 26, 19'2 to July 1932) Yasuya Uchida (Jul1 1932) . . Koki Bi~ota (September 1933 to ApFil 1936) Eaoh1ro Arita (A~r11 1936 to Februar1 1937) Senjuro Hayashi {Concurrent~ 

· Jraotake Sato (February 1937» 

!:o1'i H:1~ota 

!:&~Ul!!lbige 'Ogaki {ay 19;>8} . Fu.mitEaro lt9noe (Ooncurzaent» September 1938') · Eaahiro Arita (October, 1938. to August 19}9) 

llfo Ttmyuk1 Abe ( Oo:ncurr®n ·a;) XiehisaTouro lcllllUFa (September 19,9) 

EtatJh1ro Ari ta C January 16,, 1·940 to July 1940) _ Yol!uke atsuoka CJ'uly 1940 to Ootobe:r:e 1941> . •i!a.yuk1. Tani ( Octobexi 1941} 

E!id.@ki Tojo (October 18, 1941 COonour:irent}) 

. \ 

~- Leading Ja.panees Ff.?!Gi.@l Diplomatic Envoys in !S!~o 

Zenbe1 Horiki~i = Ambassador at larga 11 Europe 

Ba.1'0.n Shii Tom.ii = Argentina 

AJd.raka Yamaj 1 = Bulgaria (Sofia) 

•tiaJ"Ukl. Tani = Ranking _ SueflllAsa Okamoto = Copenhagen 

Toyoiohi nakamura ~ .Finland {Bslasirud.) 

Biiahi Hirose = (JU.litary At·~che> Helsinki 

Takanobu JU.tani = Vic:tq · 

Xenkichi Yoshizawa = Hanoi 

Hiroshi Oshima = Berlin 

Ken Barada = Vatican Yoa~i~ Okubo = Bud&p$st Shi~okuro -Hidaka = Rome 

Borito Mor1ah1ma = Lisbon 

Ko ;Ian&gi = Bu.char~st · 

Yak1chiro Suma - adrid 

Suemie.aa Okaanoto - Stockholm 

Shuniohi ltas~ ~ Berne - Teij1 Tsubok&rmi = Bangkok 

Sho Tade.chi lturihs.ra = Abkar11. 

Naotake Sato (Ambassador} ~ UoSoSoEo 

Garo .Jbrishima (Minister). - UoSoScRo 

-- 1~~ -

SE€RET 
~ .... 

Before I go on with 't..lie na1~rative I suppose I had 

' : . 

n.s :well mention. so!l!e or the members of .the Imperial Family c 

'. 

I-suppose· they hAve r~~ily names but I hn~e been u..nRb~e 

to find them. 1~ chi~dhood t11;e present Emperor uas called 

rlich1nom1ya? )Jut w}?.en he beoame the ruler 9 he took the 

title Hirohito·,· ~l n~.me held too auspicious for the Japanese lo !t , ,•• , I 

.to sny; h~no'e I ~1~ .reign hti 9 been na.med ths t of _Showa. t.tnd_ 

. his name is nlso called. "Showa" eo His. wife is the daughter '""l~ ~ I• • ', " • .. 0 0

,J, , I 

. _;.~ ... o:r_ the former ambaesa~or to trlashington T~uneo r.1atsuda.ira. .. 

Ht.:tr name is Nagakoo Since this w1rriage Matsuda.ira ha.a 

he:aded the ~mpe:rial household.. The Taira family, great 

wn.~riors of old, h~ve ··long 'been one of the moet 

noble in .:rnpnn and the Mn t~udairs.s were a. t t:qe top,, b,ut 

. ·.. one ·or Tsuneo Me tsuda ira 11 s immedia. te fore be.a rs led a . . .. 

. rebellion nnd his branch of the f~mily fell into disgrace; I • \ ' 

this bra.nch wa.s not restored to honor· until Tsuneo :'.}a.me 

along; so when asked who his ancestors were, he has nlvP-ys . . . '· . . 

".' ".epl~ed,. 91! a? '!lf'.J ovn a~oestor.i" The Crown Prince is nnm.ed 

1

.rsugunomiy.a, but when he bec~omes Emperor• if the old 

t:r•adi tion is kept, he will be Akihito, but what the :people 

w:J.11 call him will be the s.1 .. bi trary nam~ of' his reign and 

will be St?tnethiJ..lg ~lee. a.gaino The Emperor has thi .. e~ 

brothers o I know nothing about Taka.ma tsun.omiya and 

Mtkasanomiya, bu7. Chichibu seems t.o be quite a. chip of"f 

his g:randfatherve block. R~ openly scorns the throne, , 

- 75 

.SEGRET 
,' 

goes on binges vhen he can get away from things, and favors 

He 1-s .a. frank, outspoken and. 

' 

11.vely fellow, bu~ his actions have long been under 

gov~rnme~tal scrutiny, and, whenever practicable, he has 

been kept in subject1ono -

~-milz of Em.Eeror of Japano 

HiI'ohi to ( formeriy .M.1ch1nom:i:ya.) Emperor of Japan Princess Nagako Empress Princess Shigeko (Terunomiya) 1st daughter 

Princess ·Kazuko ITakanomiya~ 3rd daughter Princess Atsuko Yorinomiya~ 4th daughter 

Prince Akihito Tsugunomiya) 1st son 

·Prince Mass.hi to Yoshinomiye) . 2nd son . Princess-Takako Suganomiya) . 5th daughter 

Prine es s Sa.dako Empress dowager Prince ·yasuhito (Chichibunorrdya)Brother of Emperor 

Princess Setsuko 

Prince Nobuhito (Takamatsunomiya) Brother 

Princess Kikuko 

Prine e Takah:tto (Mikasan~mi-y·a) Brother 

- '76 -

."') 

SEC:RE'f 
The topmost oftioials · c~t the anil1.t&X97 and stat@ wits 

of' the govel'nmen t, vhen twiy ooru to evaluate and &J»ply the 

:Lnfor~ tion p1ned from 1nt®rcepted mi.essage1, ahoulc1 b@ ver1 

oareful .to start v1th no preiconceived ideas., '!be~@ inter.ac,epts. barring tbe oomparat.ivel7 f.n cases of deliberate 

tricker7» repreaent the real ideas and intentions oil~ the heads 

Qf foreign PQ'f1Slli3o Tb.e7 aw~1 rmueh @Ol"e irmpo:rtant 1l'll. al~ost all 

ca~es than esp1onageo It is possible tbl"oug)l prec0l'i1cetved 

interpretation o.t d.ec1ph*rao. mesisagea to make onolld.~s ct 

friends,, and to aooiept as f'r1endis potential or reE\1 enem.teso 

. . 

In other words 11 th51~ conte11~ts should ~e carei'1ll7 i1tud1ed, and. 

~~t they come f'roll!l coowetent of'ficitals, taken at thei.r face 

1'&lueo It is not rigtlt to ~1iaeauu that this nation or thfl.t is 

ou;ra certain enemw bound to s.ttaak 11.1sp and to use ~' illfcn••tion · 

we thus pt f'Fom it"' to increase 01lll' own suspicion l'i.llld tb:l.ls 

lead to cr1!?ies and even VIWo Indei9d c17pto~pMc 1.nf'ormation 

a·y enable ue to mov just wM. t men to deal w:!. th in a ~ ven 

1>l&c® and time in o~d®r to a.ch1eve the ends ·or pea.ceio 

JlolVeV®l' • WheD.9 tb?OO"sJ.gb. this infoFaa. tion, 1 t :it' fOWld 

~ 

. tbl9. t a given na ti~ :Le our aniamw 9 ,,ma off'icia.la ~bo~ld make 

tt m01u1 to the public ar large b7 whatever Mans a:y be pos= 

si:t>l~ considerin.g erJlltogr.aapbic seouri t7 o ' 

But a.pin I rep9a t the. t we mi11 t be sure that OU\r aim.ii do 

not ir.nrolv® JUllfiah oomms?'lc:lal int1~r3ste or ideas of 

- 1·r ·-

SE€RE'f 
·e ' I". ' 

' . 

· 2~ei'1tcn... :gu~ Goim.t~~r ~~ bt~0J1 <r.,.~e•rlrabl:ri- .a;1.lco~t::D:sntl · . . • . . . • I · .. : ~. ". " .' . . . . . ,· _' . . . . . • " ·. . ' • . . . ': . 

dis~c-r.-..e~d ~:b.0.lU;ct·'pxatd:ij ;.li ~u,.";J ~st· or ~mb1 . .'tioo~ i.DQ;,a~fliat - ' ,/ • : .;;· .. _. ,J. ,. > •'.. I ) ·-=. '"' •: ~ 'o , .. I .. I o "\ o ~ 0 • o 

... i:i?i :!?~u:·.~~··~-t .. OJ:·.·:t~tu~~ 11 · l~iad v1$ .. 1nto· .. wi:yil nQt .i~ C.oof~nt.J : .. I II" • 'o ~: o' ... o ', o .. ~ ~Io ' ' : t •' • o >:: "o I • ; t o • o ) o ' Io , ', ', : ' 

·;·.:!~ti(·~~ ·B~~~ ~t· :~tl(t$. .. s.!1-d. Oo~e.~~i~rt~~ .. th~. r~e11,"i-li; :Y1~l· .b@ .. ' .. • ., •., ,,' r I ' ' • 'ro' ... ~ I .. 'I, ~ ~ "o • •I -~ ~\ o .. o" • ' ' ,1 ' .. " ' 

.... · · ... . ""et:t;e4.,_ .. ~:Pree -~n \lfll;l 1¥.cip~- ~d t~F.t ~or th$ii1. i·~$edcti. I •' .... ',.. 1

.. 1.:1 o o ~ ' • • '° 1 'o '' ' 1 1 l ' "' o o + •'.., ' 0 ._ o : ' • • 1 

. . .·)nit .~~~:-46~i~~'. .. ,.~~le .~i <.-~~ call*~ upon tG ·rt~ii.~ a· .. . . • • : • • . •• _ .. : .. • ~ ..... ,. - .. .... • . -~ •• - : • .. . . .; •· . ,/ . -r • 

. :f3slt$,:sn_ ·a~_- asll1'.a:•sitro ·vaxi· •·lf' n~.t <lin .. tb.11.:t .lJ.a.19" .. '• ' ~ • : • ',: .. ,',;I"' .. ' .. ...:.I ' • t • ,•:.' •., t : ':• .. " > ~,. : ' ' ' \ .. : • ' ., ., ' "' ' I .. I I ~ :, ' ' ' •., ' ' 

·. · : · , ~en~·*cs a.iriO"tm:t of. ~nf'olf~ tic~n·,. .9v:e.Q- tb.0 fi!'AS-$ ti a-lpl. _ • o I O o I o 

0 

O ' 0 ', > .. ,.. o 

10

' o 

0 

I 'o o o .. • o o ' :I I ' o 10 

; 0 ' ' 'o" o ' o I o .. I .. 0 • : I o 1'. 

.r <iO~~~~~Qll~ 1nto~li&iit1an . e~ :6&;~e :·~s" -·.·.1n ,tim@. t:Jf'_ ·~~r all · • •• • : •·•• :-·~. •• • .~ • • .. ••• M,,.L.... •••• • '• ""'.., • • • ••• ~ •• • I 

.... -~@fs>~f.~;$.t,ate· ·~~®· ~11r.1ua ~t .·~7: .,,,_.r®· ·t~.~tin§f_t@l' 

·~~~p ·-.~t·· ~~:.~~ .. ~~~~;~· .t.e::·e~~· ~:'.in~~~~~· £~~~oti as.· 

:. :·.; . '·~ · .. ",• .. ~·· .': ... ·.. . . . ·.<: ~; ~ .. ; :" . .',.;~ .~ . ·: ..... ;~ ·.:. .. ":_ ·. ~ · ..... tr', • :·· ~-: • • • • ,·:... : • .. •••• • 

. G3~llff~:thc1f·,t?_el.fc:-ev~~snt .·~1~:t1 ·:ot .. ~o •. : We ·eh(iu19, ~\o:t ·tn· ,.-! ... '• ;, ',' :~•' ,::'' •', .. ~I::•~:·._ a·~ !_',, ; p' '\. '.~: \ •' '.: • •t,. ~-·c·,·,;, • ' '., "o •' ~· •' I '• ' • '. 1'"1 ~ '• 'r • .. 

tQ ~~t.tl~}- .'.1i°:l:1: -.the· ~is~·~$: ·it.! ~:· -tf·c>~l:d~ ··. oor fc~C<i.t ow?- fof!li!· . •,' •' ~-,, " • • ' •t~4\ r: I '" ~' •' ' •' ; '• o '•' •' I 'O. ' • ~ • ', • •' .• ,. ,o '' ' : ' '. ' .°i_ ,: • 'r' • 

e,~· go:Ve;~ment ·a1:h(l aμtspp~ise· upon lltbe~:iis.tious,, .b86~~s ~ · · · , ';· 1 , ·,,t. •' ~.~ .. ', r' .... ,,~:. ,: ' ... 1 -~.' • •' .. ..::,. •• •"' ."~·~· '• • ,· ·,'~ : ..... 1 '. 

"so· ao1ng no·t ,onl1 .would Vel .. b~~o~ ciesp_ots in .:tJl@ :ey®is .. ~ : . · • : t: '4",,.,• '~· "'; ' ... : .. ;!>"',: .o • ' ; ,' ', • o' .' _.:,, ~ "' ' • - : ,' I ,'1 : .... • " ~I ' ,. ' I ,, • '. 

··-~~e:e· .:c;~~u~~~s·: ~t· a~s·o '.111.e!" w~d. in. tact -~Vfi', &. ~.~~po~c -: .. :: • '"., ' l,. • • •.• tf.. ... : • ·.... • • • • • • • •• • • ' • •• • r , , t r , t o ' t 

0

1 

.. ' 1• 1 ,. 

0 

,( : • 0 , 'f 

. g~e~nment at· ~omeo · ·. . . .. ·,'.... . . " ~- .... _.... --: ·. .· ;··· ..... ":., ... ·,~·"': ·:I ,· • Mo .. , l~ I I o' .. •• • .... ~ ,' ~ • •: t .: ~I I :'• ..... J> • o ,' o ,. ol - - ' I o •, • I : a • ! o I 0 • 

. ·.. ·:. :.·"~ :'eil:fe~ .. ~iia:~e. ·t•F.~:ttx,---11~·:i~itJ; .ii>.v •. i.i@.att~s:,, .. too .. ._ . :-,:'•, .. · .. :~.~~'j:•:, '~ ,,-:: ... ;~,"'..,, · .... •,l!' ,;.,,! .. \:~.:·, .. 'i 

1 

',

0

;," ':, :"'~: ,· :>,.::, :• ...... :"·,~'I•- .J\.';;..~'. r • 

.. ~'5h: t!',J~(\Io·. V°(),FithiPo: · I't: , .. s .. t;r.ue that ·th•Ftt .. he.ya ·~d.;fll!l ~*~n. · · ':' ,,. .~ ~.:. .' .... ~· ~ ... ~ • . ,',) '! ~ ...... ~ • ' . : . · ........ ·. ~ ... : . : • '· ~ ~.. •.. . .!, , ·'· 1 .- ) :, •• • • 

. · •.V~""S~. y~t .I C~~t-~ip ~~.~~=!:~~ t~~ .it. t~:;~~~!~lfb~._t9,.'fff. •.. ·, · J : ~ ' • .. - •• ~ ~ .. .... • • .. 'I • : ·,: .: I, ... : .. : , ••• •• • .~I • • ~· ••• I ·t . : . • " . . . . ... 

b.~ i.!m ~·~r~d .. t.~~~~o ... ~~1 ts.lk ~<~· .. -~i.b~7., ~~111t,1,rh,q_ ;i~·-.~~.:. • ~·· ·., •I I:~ '' ;':o'-. " "• • ' '_. • ...... ,.. : ·,- • ', ,,,: I : ,. t' ,. ' : ./". ' I' ;. ::', ·,: • ,• ... •' .. • • 

... to:-St?i~ ~~~et. 111 :~ei--~~~t' ".trBX" ~~t 1f!..,J~at. ~b<>u~ t\P·M. U~o ·. · .- .. · • I ~ o • ' : '. ~·•r:, '• 'i ' ' ' •• .. " ~ ' ,:,, \ o • • pl o.' • t I : .. " ;! .. t • ;. • • o. '" • :. ; ;. • ! • "• '. ' 

· '· _.lfat~1or11e with i~1· Jd:lito1"ie~ _,fi <'om.~~iptiQ.n: bn.1.1' pal.mt -~p_ t~- ·: :~ ... ·~--·: ··. ,,·_··~·'· ~· ... ·:-:\·,_ .... ~- '·:,:-.... · ...... ~. ·. ·.··· . . : ·:, .. 

· · ·fatt't: ·tna t ·tb.eir> pe_epl~ ~com :hu.114>1;.r • ~00&9n·t.g 'deP*lid:llil\ t 0 Md . · .. · J : o ~ o • ; ' :, • • \ ,~ ' .. : • o 4 ' ,•' : • 7 •', ,•.; • I ' ' ~ o' • •.. "' • ' ~: •I ' • • I 

. 49 ~~et~Y..-:te~t. ~ ~ED t.olti to «<•p·'. '~:thont '~V'1..rl(f"~1. : . · 

.- ~ 1~~~~1;1.(J)~ ur-,.- UAi i;t1S:~l~0 ~ \~T ,&:i.~~Y~ .· ~~d :.'1P i~ VJ~~ eco~@l~ 

.. 

.. 

I ,.:.. ' • 

I I.' ... ~.. .. 

~·; 

- - .f..U ~ .... 

SE€RE'f 
!iS.Vtl J&.panf Qer~.• er ~a.n<i~o 1lmorioe. &ind BE?i~in oo ~ 

other ll.an.d whoeie peopleii! 11ePe left to their mm d9~~~C®£J ~nde:i:i i . 

th.e pl'ot®ctiolll of oha:r:t0ra. ttf l!E!.~ &nd jus1~·10e foup1~ 'iil:i th ~ ,: 

tm.®qualed w@ngoa.m~tll &llld uon outo 

Th~i-sf.or(@.o rief®n-ing 42.gain to mtr PFOP@r: i~ea~.~v :i.t s@eusm 

ta 1~ that C17PtogPap:b'J.c om:1tin1!.1.it;r Md .the :r@gul~l.l" o'trteliltion 

01f fol"~ip intell1pnee 1e i:, omcr:i b6tt~xa •thud ~t j~or®St!Ht:tn~ 

Hm~rMM'HJS to ouxa secrw.~1t: t~l ai~l·y to Sf~l'&it=j&ek~~· neaJ?l7 

all -cf Out' 7oun.g men -who shtiuld ·11>t~ 4itudying in s:eho<~l ~\!.Dto a 

r~l1 tary mode of' tb.in.'ld.ng) ax.cl ~~acting~ 011 the a.ssttl!ll,tion th9. t 

~v~ vill scare this 01.. th.at i:101Hibl~ enemw C· Sueh Ii~gillfient!i. tj_on 

~G®W!I to mG .a:A:l the mar~ W'?i'hl'1&® in Wi~ of a.u atomit: istockpil®o 

My belief is that ~n 'iill Jf'1gb.t fen~ real fi>®scLomo In 

slacm®d. up so quickly atte.n~ ~·'W:9 eilllt:ry :Unto the confli.ct· ~t 1 t 

~!!nU@d them.o A l1'egfWUA~~ed Iaati011 i~l01'71J' &Ad i.nviSiil~l:;r loses 

its hidd®n. etr>~gtho lttJ p;gopls b<~oo• lameid U.d. twetn.t®d 

. ~wd vhen tb.® call tc ardns cc•s th(jFe is no g~.nl left tor . . ~it.her ~ar> or 1.Ddusteyo 

If th.fl, t tie @aFR&es b.1!11~<! 9 ~17P·~J!.7sim -will i'ltot• b@ cf 

Em~h USeo ~~ither Will ~tO~~C b@~~O f@~ ~\Pb.at matt@~o 

- 79 -

SECRE'f 
lTologue to the .Hes sages" 

The Japanese radio-communications betve~~ 1934 and 

1945 have left.us a rioh legacy of knoviedge. We uant to 

a.?Tange the m.o:t>e interes-ting and important of the Japanese . . messages in this ten yearso traffic in a sensible way so 

as to· catch and ho1d the attention and thought ot those 

who read the document ve compile. 

We doubt if we have anywhe:r>e a better record Of' inter ... 

national thinki.ng and acting during the years be~~re and 

the 7eara afte~ the totalitarian explosiono Nothing shows ' I 

better than this tr.aftic the necessity of cryptograpnia 

continuity, and, to a certain extent~ some va7s in vhich . . the continuity is kept UPo The stream of politi.cal informs.~ 

tion ove.rlapping changes in ke'is.or atstems w111 be dealt 

witho We do not reel. ·however., t:hat ,;;e are able. to ~semis 

the techiuo~l instruction messages pF~ceding ~ome of such . . 

changes. That would be another jbb and not one for uso 

I 

We recall some messages quite a to do was made abouto 

We want to pick them out in a nearly chronologica1·order, . . . 

and discuss them and the surrounding circumstances brieflyo u I ' 

Ther$ was bne :fltbm the Netherlands Indies that first 

agitated Genera~ Akin ... that gsve him Visibly a view of what 

would likely oome; 1'here ·was one from Oshima in Berlin 

that early forecast Hitler's faiiures in Rus~ia vbieh Col. 

Clarke eould ha.Fdiy believe Oshi~a would peno There was 

one involving a ol'l.ange in Japanese plans in the Pac1f1o~ 

I 

I think early in 1943, vhich excited Colso Doud and Svensson 

- 1 -

SECRET 
. 

' e· 

. . r .~. . .. 

' teri-ibl7, sending'tJ:iem in haste to the P~t.~on f9r an a11 .... I ' 

·d*f. session°' TheJ' came back aw~t:lng, -~ Colo ·Dou~ ~a.id 

he thought the strategi~ board was convinced d;esp1te 

co~tr&?JJ' ~ovements -~d P,lans alree.d7,atcot. Thie cencerned 

a $bift of Japanese hostilities f~ sou·thwa.Fd. 

Ther~ vas ~e.:from Anka~a; quoting.a Tul"kish newsman 

hAtm.ed ~lla7 as saying, "There amid the dark san~s of the - Afr1c&1;1 deswt and ·~ere. amid the ·oold snows of Russia 

A~~~f Bit;l~ will· meet his. doom. n. Later tha~ sqe reporte~ 

joi~ed some .Am.er1c~ ~epo~ta~s on ~ mission. 

There ~~re the ~astel'piec,s ti~om Naotak~ Sato in . ' ~ .. 

. ' There were the more temperate 

messages of Shigemitsu. Yoshida, e-tc,,_ •. ove~ against those 

of the ~ojooYe.mamo~o grou~o 

·There were the MsdF"id and Lisbon messages; some of . : . 

them were spell ... b1nd1ilg ... tlle.t is th0se of them that· vere . . i I . 

really tFUe~ There were some vecy pe?Joul messages .f'Fom. ' ' • I 

' . MessFso Saito and Nomura~ showing theiF inne?amost heartso .. . . . ~ ' : 

Remembering the ~a.pa.nes_·e text of many s~e~ letters, 

we would like f?01~~~ent_.them in an arrangement or 8.Frange ... ' . ! : . ' t 

ments of our own 9114 eom.m.e~t on them_, remembe~ing·how ll'e . . . 

felt at th~ tim~ibut· riot.with hindas1ghtb In the space i ; : 

allowable, of cOl/J,r~ej ~e shall not be all~comprehensive - I ' ' 

we shall not g~ into sJeh things as treaties. militaFy 

de·tails. te~bnical m8tters~. ate~ 

' We vish also to Pi4k out·seveval messages show~ng how 

- 2 -

SEC:RET 
the Japanese vere reading some Amaric~ code~ "°. llov the 

life of a Gel'm&llg ePJinS and vo~kfjig on OUI' s1de in Sweden 

was jeopa-rdiZ!Cad ~ . this c~promise, , and how he. v~s proba.~ly 

saved .. by ow.- n.~ing out in time (it ·ae~ms to. '1'.le. the . ' ' 

Amerio~ Ambassadoza.Os .nam.e va.s !Iam'is~, but we are. not sure 

any i~er)_o 

we shall go into the matte~ of_ the style. and f·orrd of 

some of these.messages to some degfE*e, but they will speak 

mostl7 fo~ th~selveso .The. Japanese hav~ a ce~tain emotional . - st~eak ~ a kin_d of sentimentali~ ~biQh made a number of 

their messages and reports-as. good as, no. I thi~..k better . \,· 

than- the best of.oui--so Thi!;J is iaxagely,Q.u~ to t~e tact 

that the vagueness.of their language enable~ them. to hint 

at s~ades of joy. and grief £or vh:ich ve can sea~el7 fiiid ' ' I 

vords o They were ios1ng,a '.!ind .. ~thos' ahd r~~ondi!l.1a.to"Py . I ·. 

and 6ompensa.tory.~losoPh'Y,. began to c~~ep in~o ~~eir com~ 

mu:nica tions ev:en ~wares a · 

. .. 

We vish to point up the necessity· .df moving .the range 

of the English langu~ge-b~f'o~~ i~ is w.~i1~1e to ttaanslate ttte I I '( 

range o:t the Japanese l~ge into 1 tJ . 

' !his last aorqtgent a;pplies toia. rev other laJisuages too. 

·~ 

I 

.. Johil Bo litirt 

... 3 -

SE€RE'F 
Mes sage on P!fi~. lo . · 

. Attel' the war Belasc::_oJI the fellow ·who vould. do S.Jl1'thing 

in the W?Wld f'or you if.he liked you but who if' he (lid not like 

7ou would finish _,..J'OU oft shor_t reported to TIOOM that this (TO) . . . 

message business· wa_s just a boa.xo . In. general this was ··good .. · 

It.was ~ the main a scheme to s"tee.l all the money possible from 

Japan., _:Ne'f'er.theles_s it is a tact that thl'o~ these messages the 

iaP8i!J,ese did get ~n several qocasions important shipping new~ . . , 

from .the Un:t~eq :stateso On June 2.11 .1942 Suma. sends a TO report 

to 'rolqo purpor~edl7 from London ori the 1st,. It is reliabl7 

reported that pl'e:p&i.ations ~re being made for.Brtitish. and ~ertean 

Pilot~ ~~~ an.othei- ai~ ~aid on Tokyo ~d.other Pl"incipal Japanese 

cities at a~ eal'llf date .. Th~ attack :is.to be carried but b7 

lo~ distance planes~ If sucoessf'u.1 · thi,s project wfil go on 

' I ' .' 

r~gul•l"~J' fr!'m now ono · Stanultaneously England.will cai-t-y on oeasa- • r ~ • 

' 

less air a:ttacks .on Be:rlin._. Pa~is an~ o~er principal -Ci ties_ or 

oaaupi~ t~1t0l'J"o Th$ir a.117 Russia. in the m&a.ntime is to 

divert as many Axis :planes as possible to l;he other battl$ fronts,, 

It seems that Dakar nil soon be stormed by a.iro This mes ... : -

sage E?fVidentl7 was intended both to fri!hten the Japanese and I , 

to make them ~re" a.n:d more willing :.a.o p&J' the high price. demanded 

for this so=called.int~lligenoe,, 

Message on pase ~d 

·On June 12.11 1942 Tokyo cil'oula:r.izes a message from Japan.is 

re:p?'e~entative to the Vatican to Na.nk1ng, It 

SECRET 
is a. Ve'r7 interesting message. Ken Harada is a tine, capable 

man and a good representative ·to the. Vatican. On this :oceasion 

however he first l~ns tb.a.t it is harder 1n many cases to ·.deal . . 

:with the lavs of the Vatican than with civil lavs. - Tb ·begin .. ~ 

v1th because ot the universal eharacter of the Catholic Cb.u:i9oh 

the Pope and the Vatican court cannot af'ford to show the 

slightest·part1al1tJ' to 8.D:1 la.udo In the second~place, though . often f'ea:turing war ·1n these da7s as a necess817 evil the. real 

intentions of the Vatic~n are always in favor.of ·peace.· Consequentl7 Harada should have known·th.at Giovann.1-Paoellf looked 

with disfavor on Japan us invasion· ~f Cb.inao · On this occasion MJ:e. 

Harada learned also anothe~ most disturbing• baffling characteristic ot Catholic pre~ates. It is alwa7s their strict pol1c7 to 

excuse themselves when the7 do not' do what 7ou expect them to by 

sa7:tng ~t theJ" have been~ are and vill continue to be much too 

busyo That is an u.ruinswerable statement and is most etf'ectiveo 

' . 

So on the 5th Ken Hal'ada calls on. Va tioan Sec:retar7 of . ' 

State Maglione thin.king to question him f'urthe?'t about whether or . 

not th~ are going to let a Chungk1ng ~epresentative come to 'the 

Vatican, but Maglione sa7s fiday befol"e 7esterda7 ve agreed to 

let him ino ·.r ·intended to· tell 7ou immed1a:tely, but ·I have been 

too buSJ"o" Harada sa7s tba~· he simply cannot ·un(lerstand this~ 

, I but Maglione retor.ts that he has already tried to explain it time 

and again vi thoui .'success and now he wi~l have tb ba~e Envoy 

Morelli in Japan explain it to the Japanese Gov~nment. Here 

- 2 ... 

SECBE'f 
llara~a throws up his hands and says."~ou need not ti7 to tell . . - me an7thing moreo All DQ'·count17 vill kn.mi or oue aboμt is 

- . 

that 7ou have l'ea.ohed an a~eemeri.t v1th· their ene!Q' which will 

be a Ve'J'.7, Vf!ir'1f deep shock to them., FO~ the lif c;t of me I oaxmot 

understand VhJ' after I,talk6d and talked to you. J"OU have sane 

and· done· this thing to USo -BOW ve Wili just ~Ve to tr,. ·tc, postpone the assumption of office of Ohungking1s reP!'esentative.n 

Maglione replied "mJ" f~iend,· that is impossible.," Harada.8 

cresttallen, silggests that they ponder deeply.the publication of 

this act, but Maglione again answers "J)on. 11 t J'OU kn.OW that even if th0 

VatiC&Ilt does not publish it$ Ohungking-w111 and thSit 1s absolutely 

no business of oui-s~" A few ·minutes later Ambassador aal11ia 

comes to Harada and 1n a ~&Y!J'~ ve-r7 confidential tone of voice$ 

reassut'es him tb&t the Pope and the cardinal.a could n~t iieeiet 

the pressui-e.of England and the United States, and that Mol'ell1 had 

just told him SO<> Harada· replies, 11The onl.J" thing we C&n do now 

is to t17 and get. the Italian Government to prevent hi.s taking 

office. Let us try- to get them to ~eftise him a visao" ·Th~ 

Italian Ambassador however. shakes.hie head and says "Mo, no, I am I" • • .. : 

a'f'raid not~" The Latel'an' Pact makes it clear in black and vhite 

M•ssase on page 4~ 

· · Hel'e we have· another ·airaillar on this subject' from ~okyo to 

Nanking,.Pekina~ and Shanghai which PreCGdea "the fo~egoing message by a month and teii ·da7s., llal'ada wires TokY<? that he has 

SECRET 
·:• 

• • 

talked with the Italian ~bassador to the Vatican. Galilia on 

the 2nd .ancl warned him of how the ,Japanese "111' feel. . if the 

Holy Father rec.eiveii a representative fl9om Ohungldng~ .... 

Italian .Aoibassador howevel' ·calml7.replies. "the Vatic~·has 

alva.7a 'been and will alva'fs lie au abaolutel7 neu~e.l city. and 

vill 4eDJ" to no existing oountr1rtbe right to ~end a rep!l'e~ 

. . . . ' . sentative 'theretoo For thl'ee :rears ve refused Chin.a representation because she is a non-Christian aountry, but tlla:t is changed9 . . b&cause we have established formal x=ielattnns with Japan vbo 18 

' , 

ao more Cb!'istian. tb.&D. Chinao Hov do 7ou tbh>k we could tmin . . . . ' ~ . . ~ . down Ohungk1ng? Explain that to the JaP:meseo. The Italian ... GOvernmeni; would stop this '1t .it oould but the L&teran treaty ' •I __. 

It m:tght perhaps be postponed hovever~ will 111 not let ito ... , 

F!na1i7 Bara~ is infoi-med that ·now that ·the Hol7 Father • . ·• • • . •! • 

has accepted a man from Ohungking he cannot accept one. from . Nank1ngo 

~~sas~ on :eas• '60 

The onlJ'.intar~sting tlting 1n· this.message f'rom Suma in 

Madrid is tbat Suner d~~cribes 'to h1m a· ~lctitious tl"ip he, S~er, - - . -

was. su~posed. ~ ha:~e made with Franco t~ Rome 1n the course ct 

whi.ch ·trip· he ··conver~M tr•e1" with Foreign Minister Cianoo 'lhia . . ~ ' 

was all a made=up stor7. but Suneros last statement had become I 1 • • 

a.n. absolu-te tl!'Uth bf that ti.met "Here is southing I want 7ou to 

watch out toro Ciano hates Ge:rims.DJ-a" .~ 

. ' 

SE€RE1' 
Message on page 8. I 

This 1.s a ·c0.nt1nuation of the' preceding .mes.eagec1· In it 

Suma· reports that Suner eonsi.ders ·it beyond.'1mag1na.t1cm tor 

Berlin or Rome to talk of peace with England· and the United 

States, but that on the othe:r hand, it Gel'm&DJ" and 'It&lJ' win 1n 

Borth Africa, get the Suez Canal and Asia. Minor·_, and i:f' Japan 

invades India and the Indians stil1 continue thei~ independence 

movement until all·India succumbs, then England.and the United 

States will ~Ve up ~d seek peaceo Sunel' goes on· to aa7 that·" 

when he talked with Franco the latter r'eplied-to the effect that 

· he himself intended to takei the initiative ~ working out -peace . 

· bU t th.at if the ene!D1' strikes .Gibraltar he 11111· · ent~r the war 

whether or no. 

Message o~ P!Se 9o · ' . . ·' ,, .. 

This··is· ev1d·el'ltl7 a sel'1es of messages-. Suner 1~ still 

speaking. He ·sa7s that Alba,,· ·Spanish· ~bassador· to London, 

knows as much about England as an Englishman does. Alba reports 

that ED.gland and America. ·have heretofOl?e been onl7 opt1m1s~ic. 

but nov that Rommel is almost in Bgrpt tliey 8.l'e·.·stopp1ng to 

think anci·that Ghvchill has v1site4 Washin:gtcm·to &Xpl&in his·· 

·opin~ons· about the5Soviet~ and having tailea. has returned to 

London ·weaker·~ ~s positio~ .than bef'oxaeo ·&uneza ·goes on to· sa7 

th&t:the Spanish Amba.ssadol" in Washington. ItOtvithstanding all 

·this;· 'Wil'es ·that Englaxid and the Un.'lted States are increasing"· 

'thei~ produdtion of various new &l'mD and still seem to have a 

deepening aonnotion that victory vill ultim&telJ' be theirso . . ' 

- 5 -

SE€RET 
• •· 

Suner continues 'bJ' declaring that the Axis must be ca:raeful not . . 

to irritate President Castillo of Argentina who wants to be 

their friend. Be is alread7 being pez-secuted b7 the United 

States who can ,no longer have an7 effect in Argentinao ·There 

are various rumors about a second front but the Iberian Peninsula. . . 

will not see it; unless the British and Americans bUJ' off· General 

'.Rogues in Tangier there will be no landing in Spanish MorocaoQ 

Yet landings. ·are almost s~e to .. take place on· the north~ coast 

of Fr:aance. nnotice,," sa7s Suner, "how Germ.anJ''s sclledule in 

Russia is somewhat behind time. · "That ,m.&'J'. be ·because she fws· 

the possible and Pl'Obable la.ndinga.,n· . . . 

This message foreshadows the'le.hd1ng of American troops not 

onl7. :tu NOJ!'tb Africa but also in ltorm&nd'J"1a 

Messa.e ~n ,P!~e 11. 

The German and Italian forces are riow, as it were,, knocking 

at the doors of Alexandria. On the Russian front,, the Germans 

are read7 to begin a swift drive with ccmpiete ~onfidence of 

. ' cert$1n viotorro 

So speaks Oshima and he adds: "no~ is. the time for us to 

cause disturbances insidi9 India, establish a base at Chittagong, 

or some such place, cooperate with the revoluti0D817' ~action 1n 

India in a program of lively mil1t81'J' stl'ate§o Ii' ve a.Fe to 

join the Germans and Ita.iiana,, coOl'dinate our actions with theirs . . 

v~ have got to sever India from.England as sp~edily ae possible .. 

Onl7 this vai will ve get OU!' own place in the sun a.nd ve cannot 

... 6 -

SE€RE'P 
be too fa.st in carrying out m:r s,uggestionso" 

Row common 1'9 it for us to miss obvious things, however 

largel7 they ma7 loom before uso Oshima was by no means a fool 

or a s1mpletono Yet 1t is ·Curious to note that he failed to see ' . 

that there did not and pever could exist a117 possibility of aμy 

mutual feelings betveen the Ja.panese and the Hindus. Too man7 

people confuse the Fast wi tb the Fs.11 Easto In India in all 

- probability lies the cradle ot all wester~ oultlll'e and sven 

· l~nguage. ArJ'an philosophy, -tem.pel'ament and feelingJI the 

genesis of Occidental religious concep~ions an~ symbolism had 

their origins in India. With all this Japan has nothing in common., 

Hindu a:nd Moslem may tight each other.bitterl7 in India and both • ' ' • • ' 'I ' 

have fought in various, ways against .. the British EmpireJI but for • I 

~ll that these ~e me?el7 tra·Gl'icida.l c9mbats among peoples who .. thorotlghl.J' under~tand each other and.have a constant basis tor 

making UPo ·Nehru admil'ed Japmss rise in the world and called the 

J8:panese an a~irable and cha1:-m1Dg ~eople. But that was when he 

was a 7oung man tmprisoned bJ tbe English,, as he often has been .. 

Yee.rs later just before the var while talking with.a. gJ9oup of 

Englishmen,, Nehru said . 'Yes,, 1¥& Hindus have gotten much f'rom 7ou 'I I •' 

Britishers in tlle W&J' of education, medicine and inventions but 

on t.he other hand there are ev~n more things 7ou can still get 

from uso n ~h~ drawing himself up to his full height he co~cluded 

"but for the JaP8.l_lese to presume that th.67 had Sif9 ~ontribution 

to make to .our ~tμal civ11.1z&:t1on is r1d1Culouso" . ... .. 

.. 1 ... 

SE~RET 
I think it is well tor us to take into account, whenever 

we fisb:t, if figh.~- we· __ mu.St, vhethei- OF not our foe .. is ot a 

common origin with uso If this is not now realized in case of 

'· 

Japan, and it Japan is not perm.a.nentl7 div~sted of tb.e means of 

making w~,. in eveey ~obab111 ty we sha.l.l have to :f'i:ght her·· 

' 

again in th~ ~ot too far-off f~tureo .We can.fight Germany and 

make friends with her again. It will be possible ~or us to 

fight Russia and then make up,, but I doub't if such could be the 

~a.se with the Japanese and ~ee or to~ other· peopleso Ot: 

cours'e,, on. the sur.face we a:re getting along better with the Japanese 

than with aeyone else, but that 1~. ~eea.use th.8J" are extFemely . 

polite to strangers whom, by nature they .cannot· quite understand. . . 

On the othel' ,hand we are hav;ing trouble with some of oms erstwhile enemies in Europe and also some of our erstwhile.allies. ; . ' ~ 

Th.at is because we know ~ach o~er and qu~rr&lh Sometimes we 

know ea.oh other all too vello 

Messa$e on p:se 120 ••• 1 ..... 

He~e :we have S:nother continuation ot Sums. 0s talk wi tn Suner.o 

• 

Suner says : . ' 

In.oontorm~t7 with. the ·Sev11J_e Conference our ~elations 

w1 th P_ortugs.l a.re smootho The other d&J" in SalazSl' ~s ~adio speech 

he chided England rather cruelly for ba.ving allied herself' with· . I ' , 

the dommi.mists at all bl' forming· a tl"eat'y" with Moscowo: : .. I ' 

·. :But on June 29 the "London Times" Pl'intsei an article to 1 • , 

incite POl'tugal an~ I hai.v.e always had a ~usptcion that Portugal 

' ~as just a British colony. A month or so ago the Portuguese 

,: - 8 -

SE€RE'F 
• 

• ' - . colord.al minis tar went to Lou-Pence Marques o I don 11 t kDcv when 

he 'will be baok; btlt -I ieli~e that in a short tim~ Po~tqal ' ' vill issue a pres1deratial proelama.tion, adjuet1iag relations 

. colonies UJ' .spl1 t of·t- and i»arhaps a9001°d~ ·to Po:Ptugal ns · 

des~e, g~ und•r ~ pu~tod7 ot the Unit~ Stateso f(t does not • I' ~ ' I • ' •' ' • ', ,': ' • • "+ • 

matta., hn~~; fqP .one•:"' qt to .,_~k:_.a Gi~r~J..~~· we~~ ' . ' 

oceupy PoFtugal ourselveso · . \ \ 

P~ese !l!i~O,r has been the seen~ of much trouble vi th the . \ \ ~ . . ~. . 

Japa.Dese. Bioh · ia :taes.io~ce!I· ~d· mili~ ..,..sea, it has ~outa-.:ir:tly , , 

been thP~taed bJ' UU. is.panes~ vhose poai~ion is steatlilJ' f9!W""' . 

ing V~S9o 

11ws,a1e •. ~ 1$1., l}? 

Bera we have a message h>om 't..isbon· in which the /a~' 

Ambassador· rel&'tes to Tokyo hw on June 8 ·the chief of the bureau 

of._ poll tical affairs asked him to call cm him aDd S&'flng ~et he 

; 

.. spoke tor ·Sa:i,uaia vhQ lnf'ome.4 .him tba:t he bac1 wired ~· f'ollning instl-uo,tiOlis to the Portt.lgneee M1ttlstE17' 111 Toqo ad :Lomon: 

nTllmr ~ombGcl~ Food ahorto P!ghting contuu.aeo lnnoC$D't 

natives· su'tt-~iq ~ clissai;i~tied.. 'fherefore to best edva.tag~ 

foio ·.re.pan,, bgland6 AustJ?alii., liethe:rlands · ~ Pozatu'g&l foP Japm 

· ~d ••~aild to evacuate soldiers as soOD. ~s POSfi!1bl'-o .it 

·~ • • • > • ' 0 

0 

I • I • 

I ottered a nwnber of e.xpl...-tions of our con~uct and said . . . 

that the s't!'ategic imJ>OXtt&nce .of T11BOJ:' was a thing to be dec~ded 

Qon b7 o\Jr tl111~ men Ud that th97 should. have :the last 11ol'd.o . 

&2 9 ..,_ 

SECRE'f 
\ • \. 

T~s message t 11es in with the one last described. It 

ang~ed Salazal' beJ;On~ vords. The Japanese found him praot1ca117 - . ' • ~ r ~ 

as ~~d' to deal v~~h as the Net~~rl~ders_ in the Indi~~· 

·~ , ,... I 

'' 

Be~e on July 7. 1942 we ·have another instance where 

Ambassado~ Sato, gro~ing anxious ove-r Mr. Molotov 0a foreign 

visits· and agre~mente,, visits hi~ with Mro Mi7akaa and for 20 

~1nutes asks in various wa~s: 

· "Has the Soviet ever ma.de, is the So~iat ~king o~ vill the 

Soviet ever make &D.J' commitments to the United States regarding 

eastern bases f'ttom which the United States may attack Japan?., 

Molotov replied in the negative. 

Message on-pa.ge 16. ... ( ' " i' r ~ 1· •i ~"' •. -

. , .. , At la.e.t it- dawnS'd on. the Japanese that & verry unusual number • 1 l Ii~ ·, • ~ •• 1• h ' • I l I • ' ' .. ' ~ I 

• : , ~ ': I. ~ • I' ·,~~ ~: ,.. • '!1': ,, ,.~;,,..I ·.~'' I, ,• ,\ : ?"L::. I I~~~ I" I • .~ ~~ -J· "~ I t ~ I ' I 

ot their ~hipping v~·s·seis are' goi~ 1:'o th~,1 bo-t;tom, w~th th~ir ' ' -=.::. ~ ' •• ,. . cargoes between Japan. Freno~ Indo-Oh1~a~ .-a~d ~baio · Tokyo advises 

Saigon that theJ" will have to wo~k out a secret manner or using 

commercial eo~es which are .. rea.117 onl7 for abbreviation. 

TolQP'o sa7s that it is realized that the Saigon staff' is 

improving these codes of oommero1al concerns so that.they can be • • I • 

safely used btit ~t foolish.blunder will ~ye to stopo The s . 

communications department otticialsazoe negotiati~ with Bangkok, 

Saigon and Hanoi to get permits for the use of commercial codes9 - . 

The Foreign Office has advised the ao~unioati~ne department to 

keep in contact with tbe high.el' organs ot' the government lest 

- 10 -

:' ~ ..... 

. " ' .. 

' : ! -··' ,l: •"'' ·sE·€RE'F 

,., 

' •, 

\ '" • l 

' I' 

' " 
•• • 

something goes &W"J!'To The Foreign Minister 9s own views are that 

it would be folly to let business concerns use commercial codes 

before·theJ' are made secureo He wonders however if it.would be 

possible to forbid Thaiese and French Indo-Chinese commercial 

concerns in Japan to use code~ and. at the sam~ time, get Thai 

and French Indo-Chinese concerns to let our concerns there use 

codeso The Foreign Minister thinks that even if the commercial 

codes are rendered what might be called perfectly secU!De nevertheless 

the Foreign Office should dispa.tc~ aommercial messages as courtesy , 

messages for the respective aompan.ies in their respeetive codes. 

Be thinks that the Trade Control Board at Saigon and a rather 

amall numbe~ or other agencies contro~ ~he codes because to let 

too malll" concerns use them would inevitably let the eat out· of the 

bag. The Foreign Minister goes on to say that he pondet>ed this 

deepl7 and immediatel7 got in touch again with the people concernedo 'l'he message is addressed to Bangkok and· Saigon and sent 

as instructions to Amoyo 

Jlessage on ;page 190 

' In a message of Jul7 12, 1942 comprising five parts complete~ 

Oshima. in Berlin wires the Japanese Foreign Office what he thinks 

- about conditions in the United Stateso ,, 

He says that he believes the following: at 'first it 

appeared that 'the attack on Pearl Barbor had suddenly unified the 

United States but the people will not long tolerate,their 

sac~ificesa The isolat1oni.sts and other political elements have 

not reall7 lost their former attitude which now lies dormanto 

... 11 ... 

SE€RE'f 
VJV~ap2 

...:JDUICLJI e 

Hence, the government emphasizes unity in its internal proP,J. ... \ 

ganda and sings the praises of the·Am.erican soldierav waveey in 

the f'laont lines o The failure of the government to take forceful 

' ' .. measuzaes against proti teering in rmmi t1ons indu.s·tPies and against 

selfish tarmers and labor u.nions in tb.e re~tinn of pP!ces •, 

expos es the true weakness in apparent na. tional wi1 t7 o '!'he moral 

equilibrium of the Amei-ican people has been completely upset bJ' 

the successive retrea1is of the Allies since tbe thunderbolt at 

Pearl B.a.rbo~o ThSJ" had been taught to belieYe that the vast resources ot the United States would carry them thPough thick and . . . thin9 and that the Japanese could not stand up against them for ,. 

six months, and that the .Am.el"ioan Na.VJ" had no equal., 

~he t.J:nited States ~s been JJPOpag&nd1Z1ng some huge often-. 

sive soon. to take place over the world, destined to bring the w&l" . . 

to a speedy conclusiono· In short9 the govePDment of'ficiala did· 

all tlie7 could to ztesiPC>re confidence in the people and to make 

them feel that victol'J' was cwta.ino 

the Am~rious ba~ to feel too ha.PW and too optimistico So nov . th&J' have invented the slogan "America can l.ose the 'We o" 'fhus, 

the people a.re alarmed at Japan.us constant adV&D.ces which cause 

a rising suspicion ths.t all ma7 not be well with the Allied comm.8..lldo 

The people little gasp and fll'e not; much 1ntel'lested in thEt 

spr.ead or democrac7 over the world as was proclaimed in the 

Atlantic Chartero Yet the word 11democrac7 11 has a magic sound to 

them.9 and th97 are negativel7 supporting the pr1ncipJ.es of the 

- 12 -

'• 

SE€RET 
Ohal9te11 and the joint statement in WS.eb.ington of last Ja.nu&eyo. 

The government feels it necess8,FJ' to find a new name for its. wa~ 

objeetiveo It finds it difficult to claim that she is fighting 

for, freedom w~le she is fighting Japan, who is just 'brying to 

det~t Anglo-American imperial:tsm .,,_ pa.rticularl7·:1.n I~ia. so 

the present. war has c·ome to be a sort of ·r&c~al warp But the 

United States herself is plagued by the :r-aoial question., What. 

about the_negro'? Therefore5 ,all the government can.do is to 

declare tor internal consumption that the neg.rpes are being I . ' ' 

treat.~ as aqua.ls in t.h.a war indu.s tries and· in foreign P,r"Qp&ganda. p 

that. sh.a wishes to brea~ tJ.;Le shackles of the ~ppressed a.ud banish 

extra~epritorial ~ights 9 thus taking a more general attitude • 

than ever bef oreo 

I Since Versailles 9 the ~el"1Can people &'re re~kabl7 on the 

alert as to wb.a "t shall come af·ter this s t?>uggle., TherefoFe . the 

govel'nment is assUl'ing them that it is the unshakeable intention . . 

of the United States Oovernment to pla7 the, main :pg.rt in the 

recQnstnctim>: of th~ warld, and· profitably at t.bato The gov~nment insis.ts 11 in order to satiaf'y _the people tha·t no·th:tn~ like 

what f'ollowed Versaill~s will ha.ppel'.l a.gain9 1solaticmism shall be 

done awa'J' vithJ, This.is the P>int to which we nmst pay heedo 

The United Sta.t~s.lies in ptaopaga.nd.izing the ~apanese s 

alleged atrocities in Rong.Kong and at Java and her ruthlessness I - I • 

tovard prison~so Both the, U!l:l~ed States and Brazil declare that . 

the '18:P8.Ilese Fifth Col~ ~s a 1'breat 'to national s~cu:rit711 

... 13 .., 

SE€RE'F 
/ 

•• 

ju$tiflr1Dg the dete.a.tion .ot·Japanes~o W&shington is alva.7s 

t!"J'ing to "bip up hatred against .tha Japaneseo The Red Cross 

in Bangkok, however, ~d a little bit to weaken thif.f ~opagandao 

~e press .started out bf procJS.1m1ng our attack. on Pear~ 

Harbor to be treacher~ and fol10'1ed it up quickl.J' .by denouncing ' O I I '' 1 

us as villainous and iD!mmaao Pearl Hal'b~ looks that va.7 to 

them» and ao long as th97 cannot see wl:q' we had to make that 

attack, and so long as, we cannot. a~ the .American people the 

tundamelltal causes of this var~ .,ea?l Barbor vill rankle in their 

he&?Dte a ~a ia the propaganda si tuat1on 1n 'the United Stat-s 

and it is up to us i.f ve eaa to snn the tacts and use it as a 

doubls-edged.~vol'do !he lJ'r.d.ted S~tes has mistreat~ both negro 

and Ja.pa.ueee oitizeDS 1a this Wa?o As a. matter of fact» 1~ is _, 

fundamenta.117 a racial .war; for the 'Uaited ~tates ple.ns not onl7 

to anrrihilate Bitleism but to maini&in permanentl7 the superior1tJ' , . . 

of. the. ·white isao e and :l ts :laapel'ialistic aims o In other \Yords, 1 t 

is re&l.17 just a va$t·s~& betweetm the vliii>e and colored ~ J .. • 

raoeso ·A snnali number ot Am.erioa.n leada'l"s alread7 lm.ov· thiso . P~l Buck .an~ ~~llld.e are ~ ~o save. the si~uation, bat the 

people and the ~vernment·too want to keep postponing.the settle- , ' . 

. ~ ment of the r&o1al: ques't,$.ono The advocacy of' these wise leaders I t . 

is disregardedo ~h&J' can cla.im that ~e ~gro is' free~ but ~t 

~oes tiot_make ~m so., Th91 can claim that ~e otb._. colored 

rac~ are respected: 1n tbe 11».it~ States, but th.le does not make 

it trueo. 

1 .. 14 -

SE€RE'f 
• 

•. ' 

, I 

~~8jb32 b'-.J.l.CD I •• 

In aonnect1on with the question of Indian independenoe, 

the U'nit~d States while winking at the iron h~el of Bri~in, at . . 

the same time decl~es that G:reat BJZtita:ln has gua:rante(ad ~o 

relinquish her 1mper1a.lismo "Bow Japan claims to be working f'o:r . . 

the fx-eedom ot all !'aces, n observe "the Ame?'icans, vvbu.t her r~eal . 1n~ent1ons have bean shown up in Ch:Lna. and Br.it.ish imperialism 

is highl;r superior. because it 1s:so tar less erueloer Tb.is so!'t I • 

ot talk however has ms.de ED.gland blush 1n embarl'assme:nt and Lo~d 

Halifax has cautio;ned th~ Americans to talk more quJ.e~ly and 

regard th_e India problem more realistically ...... to just tie up 

with England _more and .moreo That is allo Row all this shove us ' . . . . 

that (fx'eat Bl'i tain does not intend ·to change her wa7s o 

The United Stat~s feal9s the rising pu.blio debt and the . ' 

people do no~ wish a tut~e generat~on to. have to pa7 .ite1 'theJ" .. . . . ' 

sre wo:rraied about lnfla ti.ono Reall7 there is no guar~tee that . ' 

inflation will not comeo Their attitud~ ha~pers the government 

somewhat, but; to tell the truth it is no Sel'ious obstacle to the 

war financing poJ.icies of 'the govermientco All the big financial 

institutions are bacld.ng the gove?'Dment floating loans and . _, ~ . 

getting ~ssets tur~~ to governmental useo .TheJ are cocper~ting , . , . : I 

. . ' 

vi th the Tr~s111'1 D&partmentb submitting their ~eports and views o . . ' . . . 

Hence1 ·:.it must be aamitted that the United States is gettiug ' . . plenty of inonej- to irosecute the V&l4'o' The American Government is 

in a qwm.dary6 hoveYer, as to hcv to satisfy the different qections of the population when it comes to taxation, prices. proice 

controls and inflationa 

- 15 .. 

\ SE€RET 
!.,_essage on pe,ge 270 

' 

On .:ru17 18, 1942 the Japanese Ambassador 1n VicbJ' wiPes ' • I .. - • 

!olqo that on 3une 22 the tragic figure ot Laval has again 

stated, "I hope tor a German Victo~o" Laval has placed peop1e 

of his Cftm p.-sasion in tb.e government and the outl)'ing districts, I ' . . ~' 

t171D8 to W11te. them and to settle the food situa.tion.11 • a.bout . . . 

whicb._ev91"Jone is voi-r1ed'5 On ~e othel' hand form&.? Jewish depu,- . . . 

tiesD 4• Gaulliets, Co~iats. etoo. scan the"~ skies as ~ 

vould watch a wea.tha vane and who f&YOJ! England and 'the United ' ' ' ' I 

' such as lil~s of the "Action l".flnotseg" who· o-,~look the hwnaalt'J' 

of Le.val, who .in his peeonal contao'ts is a mil~ ... manneed, Jd.nlly . . gentleman (commentel'vs note: there 1e soaething tl!a,ue about this 

statem.ento V&tching tb~.111st01'7 of ~val, J'Ott cannot help f'e~ling the paradox ot his nature); a.re condemning him aa a. t1Pa1tor.o ., ~ . ' 

Nevet9theless,, as things DO't1 ~tand, Fri&nce ~ to buckle under to f ! "•. . 

~and now that no initiative is_ left to Pl"enc~en in ' ' I ~ 

internal politics,. La.val was about the cml.J' man ~ho could bold his ' ~ 1 l I 

present pcei ti.cm and still ·maintain his identity as a ~ ~ench 

representative. . . He has the. double job ot satisf'J"ing . ~ ~d 

France a.t the same time., But how will the future of P.fia.nce tU?n 

out after all? Who kn<>Ws whether ~ can defeat the Russia.as . . . j •• • 

or not or whethet' the Germa.us a.nd·lta.lia.m can.defeat the ill1$S 

1n .Africa? Again, how well will Gertll&D'.1 continue to 

treat Prance? 

.... 16 -

' 

·sECRE'f 
e·. 

Message on P!Se.!,2~ 

Jul7 20, 19~2. Bers we ha·ve a '?O i:ntelligelice report of the 

12th.from London to Madrido Not.onl7 the military but other , 

quarters too are nov ups~t. Thff W&I' z-eports coming in f'r~m the 

various f:Ponts are bad. ChUl'chili's pep talks have lost etfect 

and the people 41'8 talking back. If the German drive in Bgypt 

is not stopped the .li'l'ench officials 8nd people vill ill.deed be 

in consternationo The old slogan, 71Great Britain alwa7s wins the 

last fight" is giving way to such queries as,, "can the Russian 

Ar11Q' atop the Germ.ans?"• "will w~ ever·get Singapore 'baclc?n. "eq 

the Bri tieh forces redeem themselves ·a BgJpt?'° o '.rhese are said 

over and over,, anci we. can see th&t llnglishmen have lost their 

confidence in ViCtOl'J' ancf tear that things m&J' not go Well iD the 

future .. 

Message on P!le 300 

In a strictl7 secret message Suma from Madrid wires the 

Foreign Minister and explains ver-y ea:r.:aef'ull.J' just how these U;atelligence repo:P'ts from Belasoo 0s gang in England are handled in 

Spain. It gives an inkling perhaps of 11ho concocted the Spanish . . 

sw IQ'th or shall we sa7 half mfth.. It was probablT the Oernians . l 

'but if' there is &DJ' def 1ni te inform.a tion ·on this matter 9 t·t has 

eso&ped meo '?his intelligence is best und&l'stcod if raad in totoo 

Message on J!Y_e 33.. 

Perkins, Sunmel" Welles, Acheson and officials like them have 

begun to p:r.:aaise the Atlantic Chartezt and to condemn the old 

- 17 -

SE€RE'f 
• 

philosophy ot grab as grab can -- a pbilosophJ' that has done 

nothing but.cause·:war. The Atlantic Charter., they sa7., embodies 

these views. It is held· that trade should be more fiaee and that 

1n the postwar world the United States., because of its rich resoUl'ces, is in an excellent position to take the helm. Ino.eed, 

she is the onl7 nation that really could do so. 

The geat trade expert Cordell Hull 'broadcasts to this 

effect, going so tar as to declare that an international organization ought to be se~ up after "the var to maintain peace and with 

sufficient authority to maintain it with force 'when' necess&rjTo 

M~ssage on page 34. 

On the 2nd of August., 1942 Oshima. wires Tol!ey"o that he has 

passed the morning with Ribbentrop at the hee.dqua.:rters ·or the· 

Ukraine command. Oshima states that; he Ms received--kstructions 

rrom the imper1a1.eovernmeiit an4 would i1ke to commun.1cate to 

Ribbentrop that Japan vas willing to cooperate with Ger!IJ&D3" to the 

utt~most in eve'l!'f possible va7 short of val' vith Russi&o Ribben• 

~rop replied ih.at this vaa naturall7 up to the Japanese Government 

to decide tor 1tse1t. Germa.JQ' being, ct course• ili no position to 

say an;rthing as he had al.ready statedo Be seemed worl'ied about o • I I 

the question of om- joint warfare, and asked me ~ questions 

on this pointo Finall7 I declared ~~ell, as. the ~essags I am 

quoting states, Japan is using eveey- available wa7 and means to 

brtng '.this· W8.l' "to a vtctoriOUS conclusion.and she is de~ermined 

so to doo Please believe me when we sa7 that, because we are 

absolute~ sincereo"· 

18 -

SE€RET 

.. · 
Bitler was hot tl:lere so I a.eked Ribbentrop to 1ntorm him . ' . con.oiselJ and cleal7 ot the contents ot 7our message.a The other 

'things we talked about are not so 1mporte.nt as to. req~!Pe speed,, 

so I wiil wire 7ou a.bout them after I get back to Berlino 

Message on page }5o 

Here we have a beautiful .dream ot some Japanese of'~1c1al in 

Russiao It cert41nl7 cannot be Ambassador Sato who is writing; 

for he had no such illusionso 

According to this story tb.e Russians are mald.ng a swift 

onslaughto Some of the Rμssian. troops are alread7 rebellingJI pa7 

no attent~on to the Ql'd&rs 'of their commanders,, and a.re desel"ting 

1n numbers Q '?he main trouble seems. to ·be in Georgia.. where th~ 

soldiel's pe.7 no attention to the commands of the Russian officers ' ' 

and are deserting en m.asse to the Gerll!8J1So When Stalin heard 

about all this he was dumbfound.ado Be returneq to his old home 

in Ge.orgia,, had all the officers ooncel'ned executed, x-evamped the 

m.1norit7 :forces and infused them with a certain number of Russian . . 

soldierso Pravda and I.zvest.ia are calling upo~.the troops of all 

s~tes to stick toge1-her and defend their sacred soil., making 

h7sterical appeals to the f'ol'oee not to beoome desperate and lose 

hee.rto 

Part ofJ· this message m&J' be trq.e but it was not through 

fear of.defeat. tbat .. the Russi.an GoverDment vork6d so hard upon . ' 

the peopleo · The. last Oerma..u offensive vaa to take p;Lace soon and 

Stalin simply vantc;d. to wind .. up the businesso 

... 19 ... 

SECRET 
Message o~ page :5~a 

As tar the division of the work or th~ Belas·ao srn ring ' 

' . the Spaniartts are to do the dirty work, Gel'm&DJ" is to P&J' f oP , 

their endeavors 1.D Eogland8 and Japan for their endeavoxas in the 

United States; however, we will also b.ave to p&J' some of these 

s;Piee 111 England special bonuses, so to speak. when thSJ' do · 

tine vorko The expenses of getting started and operating e:zpanses 

from then on will be our burdena These agencies,, as 8.Pe proven 

bJ' th~· Ruiz-Calvo 1D:Cid~t, will· be in. the dil"est · d&ngel'9 of theiP 

' . llYes; and tioom the V9r"J' nature of their work they will require 

VtJr7 large amounts of money, SO pleas& see that this is taken 

ca.re Of'o 

.. . 

vJhen we ti.rat s"tart~· out on this undertald.ng· you sent me 

some money. 30;000 J>&.per dollars, some of which is still lefto 

When we-begin the adventUFe in 'the United States,, we may need 

much moneJ' qu:lckl7, ad please send 40011 000 ten to the Yokobama 

Specie Bank in Berlin to be pla.eed on our.account there (if 

possible,. in Swiss francs ...... oth&niee 1D Oerriian'.ma:rika)'o· I hope 

7011 v111 do this bJ' return vireo 

Well• this 1~ a familiar swindling patterno 

Message on page 3To · 

Y&m4gata in Santiago wires the Japanese Foreign Minister that 

he,has just had a talk vith the President or Chile vho said "yes,, ~ • .. I 

I am accepting Vashin.gtoncs invitation to the coming eonf'&rence 

thel'eo That is because I want to increase the prestige of my 

country o Chile treats the na. tio:n.als of all countri.es the same as 

... 20 ... 

SE€RE'F 
• SJ!t!h~~32 , ~.l.t..D .I. 

those of her own, onl7 when thel'e 12;t some bas.1~ for suspicion . 

she wa:rns those involved not to do &nJ'thing to ha.:r~ the ~~untr7., 

As for Ohileos l1be~al1ty, W'aldo Fl"ank~s lectures t~ere prove 

thato When you sa.7 th.at Argentina 1s .Pl'o-Axis. JOU 1_nust lmow 

that 1~ is the government ·and not the people you &Fe speaVrt:Jlg . . 

of o When m:r own people heat'd that· I ~as going tp Washington I 

had to show them where I stood.because 'tb.ey were up in arms about 

ito" 

Yamagata z-eplies, "I never cease to pr~7 ~t 7our business 

~o the United States will $trangthen th& present poliey.or the' .. ' . . . . ... - ' 

Chilean ~vernment and contribute to the welf'&I'e of all Sout..h 

Americans. ~ government is watching' the course of events 

e~gerl70" ~he Presi~ent thanked Yamagata and lapsed into. silence. 

The Japanese Minis~r keeps on prodding him and the President~ so 

the message_says_ dl:tew'h1mself' up to his f'ull height and said 

proud1~ "no8 I do not think I :will meet with an7 unpleasantness in 

'bhe United States a Ustsd sabe bien -que 70 tengo aaraote~o" ' . 

How m.BJl7. messages from South A!Jieri.ca have this t'9nOl-o From - J • 

' . 

the ear-lJ' days of' Japanese immigration in Brazil the various 

South. :American na~iQns had been developing an antipathy toward 

the J'a.paneseo; Like .nomads their- tradesmen and a considerable number 

or their nationals graduaii7 moved from; countrJ' to country, leaving 

behi.nd unpleasant memories among the South Amerieans. No _people 

in the world a.re less adapt~ ~Q lif'e in :roreign nations than are 

the Japanese., They only appear to get along well., As a matter 

of faot, theirs is ~ long history of' superficial adjustment to 

- 21 .... 

SECRET 
. . . 

varying forms of government in Japan 1tselfb • ..!l 

has ·just -denied rumo:rs that he would become a Christian and s ta. ted 

- -- . that his fixed intention is to remain a Shintoist like his ances$ 

tors.. Well, he., his f"a~er and his grandfath~ were the f'irst .. ~ . . . 

Shinto empe!'ors that eve~ lived in Japa.n 9$ UJ.&n¥ times broken 

imperial lineo Before Meiji it ma.7 be said that Shintoism did not 

e~ist, but was merely being invented and codilied. I often wonder 

what the ancien~ religions ot Japan were like.. The earliest Chinese 

records merel7· S8.J' i;he.t J)7'ietstesses held the count,ey under control .. . . 

The question in rq mind is priestesses ot ~~ The su.n goQ.dess? 

I think not because at 'the time the Chinese references were made J 

- . the stories or the sun goddess, etc., could only have been consid~ed as fai17 tales in 31:\pan. So it seems l1k$1y that the early 

Ja.}>lm.ese worshiped nature in some manne'.1'8 or othel'o 

Again, I insist that the Japanese onl7 see~ to respond to 

axis~ing a.utho~ity and it is to be hoped most deepl7 th~t we will 

maintain a ho~d ovel' the Japanese for at least a hundred yea.rs .. . -

BJ" ~t time it is pos~ible that they may become civilized 1nwa.rdl7 

as well as outwa:t'dlyo I bali~ve that 1t will be ve'r'J' regrettable 

if General Mac.Arthutt and th~ other Arr!ericans guiding Japanese 

gov:ernmenta.1 policies a.re deceived bJ" the apparentl7 warm co ... . ' 

oi>6rstion they get. and sud~enly decide t~t all :f'Uture trouble . . 

with Japan is· ov~r witho A~ ~ ma:tte:r- ot fact, I believe that if' 

that should happen» ~o nation whats.oever in the world would t"_in.ally 

be as dangerous to the West a.s .Ta.pan., 

.... 22 ... 

SE€RE'f 
gteasase on ;pase '2· 

Here on A;ugast·2s. 194~ we have another ot. these TO (eastern) 

intell1$enoes sent to Japan r:f.om Sumac It is a Spanish sw report 

from New York,, August 23~ 1942; True or· not, it gave the Japanese . no. comfort., La.ndiD.g forces are supposed to .have left. fo1i 

Aus tre.lia, .among them are 12, 000 picked parachute troops, each of 

them has a light rifle and a tle.me tb.l"over o 

Connection between l'few Zealand and Austl"alia is etfect9d I 

exo~llentl~ 'bJ' m~litary planeso Other distant points in tb.e·Paoitic 

w111 soon be reached bJ' the same soi-t of sel'Vioeo 

A eonvo7 of .American troops vith apecia.117 built 

heavy tanks has arrived at Aden_ doubtless to be used in tb.e ·sr~at 

battle of Egypt which .1s expec.ted to start ere longa 

The number ot men shipped on tb.1s·conv07 was about 40,000a 

Nov it ma7 hit.ve been that we had a.J.r~ picked up the Spanish 

spy who purportedlJ' at· least sent this message to Spain~ and had 

him ~r-her working on oUP aide to fM.pten and demorali¥e the Axisa 

Message on pg.ge ·-Co 

Here is a- message bf &eptember 4,, 1942 which· is portentous 

i.u its mean.in.go I do not renaember whether it s ... hortl.,- 'lreced.es or 

shortl7 follows an historic message Which v9r11 secr~tly informed rl Japanns topmost foreign envoys that b.$1" milit&r'J a.nd naval strategy 

va.s going to shift much f'artb.er s0uth11ard., I translated the mes ... 

sage re:f'ez-red to.and·imediat$l7 gave it to Colonel Doud and Oolonel . . 

Svensson and they hastened to the offioers aonoerned vith military 

strategy h1$h up in the war Depal'tmento The officials they met 

there .. 'Wel"& amazed, and some of t.b.em, not knowing the absolutel7 

... 2;; -

SECRET 
• 

reliable nature· or these cipher messages,. told Doud and Svensaon 

th.at it D1118t be some hoax~ We had gone ahead and ·a~pped no~th~ 

w~s in the Pacific UD7 man •. and. supplies, and much me.:teri~lo 

.. Would al1 that have to be tranef'erPed? . FinallJ'" tbe two ot~icers 

mentioned above conrtnced the competent otf'icials. to . whom .~~e-.r 

had· gone directl7 that a change of auch vas.t PFOPortions would 

reallJ' have to be made. and· came back and took their seats in 

their office perspirinS and·~eatb:lng ~~ 

•. 

= 24 = 

-SEC:RE'f 

/ 
~e~~~se o~ page 1. 

The British env07s to Japan .. beginning.with the Peign of 

Queen Victmaia_ kept. their goveianment vell advised about ti9ends 

in ~~ count17, a thing vh1ch our own enVOJ'S never did eff'ic:tentl.J'. App&Fentl7 the .ADierican representatives in Japan 

we111e so naif as to be taken in ~ J.apanes e propag&nds.o. 

In 'the 192011s it vas our practice to call the British 

ha~tJ and high-handed iD the Far F.ast, but ve must remembel" 

that she realized that she was dealing with l'elativel7 recentl7 

oi vil:ized savages while ve imagined that we were in the company 

ot a wonderful ancient ci.v11iza.tion. Britain, hav1ng been.forewarned bJ' Sato~, Aston and Ohamb~la~, foresaw Japan's attack 

on tbe .Anglo-Amei-ica.ns half a. centu"rJ before 1 t 'ftil,_J>Pened. 

l 

we shoul.d have realized that while we praised the poor 

misunderstood Japanese Bupire~ Great Britain was perfectly able 

to take care of herself, having along vitb the other :&.Uropean 

nations a cultural h1StorJ" de.ting back into a.ntiquityo I have 

forgotten the outcome ot this message, but we may f~el sure 

that it Hirohito snubbed Fdve.rd Windsor, Edwmad would have been 

the last person in th.e world to have taken ant notice of it.,· 

Message on pa.se·~, 

It is amusing that Foreign Minister ltoki B1rota. did not 

know how to pronounce t.he name ot Dra Sakantshi, a secreta.17 to 

the Japanese EmbassJ' and libl'a.rian ill. the Japanese section of the 

Libra.rJ' of Congress. Re piaonounaed 1 t Banzai, gi v1Dg 1 i the 

Ohinese·reading and All!basaador Saito cor~ected himo 

SEGRET 
•· 

In 1937 and 1938 I met her m8D1' times at the Libr&ryo 

She had all ·the sweetness, grace and del1C&OJ' a Japanese girl 

is supposed to have. She fla.t:tered all the .Americans she could 

meet whom she considel'~.h1gb. toned and to~ them out to meals 

1n expensive restau.i*~tae · Sb.e is an aoellent linguist and it 

waa intereating to watch her-and to. listen to her as ~e 

juggled h~r tan and he?' six-inch jeweled eig&l'ette. holder bef'ore 

her guests at The Chinese Lanter.no But I have seldom seen an 

ugli&J.' or more ev11-tempmaed oneo. One daJ' at th' Library I found 

her reverentl.7 holding a cow of the "Ko j1ld. no · I asked ~e?t if' 

I might look &:t it and. :with some misgivings she banded it over, 

sa71.ng that onl'y· the most; learned Ja.:Panese could read it (which 

' " was f&7! fltom the truth)~ · I opened it on., the first ·page and 

began to read·the s~la.oious (though not so intended) s.tot"J' of the 

luPe-m.an and the lUl'e-voma.no , After a page or two he? face 

flushed and she.' stamped the floor 1n furry, seizing, the book f'l:tom 

m;r hando After that she never spoke to me againo 

ve:μ 11 her idea. was to sta.:twt s.·pro»ag&n.da movement in the 

United States eonsist1ng of ·the use ot a tl'Uokful of Japanese .- ,,_.. 

11 'tera ture,, art., e'tc 0 , to camp here and thel'e throughout the 

To make 1t look like a.n· .American project she attempted - -

to get Irving Olds to undertake the tour. Just what measures 

• 

we took I do not know but Olda, who had spent much of· his life 

' 

in Japan, was soon emplOJ'ed b.f an otf'ice subsidi&l'f to OUI" own 

in the war Departmento 

- 2 -

•• 

SE€RE'F 
Incidenta.117 let me zo;emaFk tha·t ve re.rel~ see an American 

born in Japan and .educated enti~el7 in the Japanese schools "ho 

is not openlJ' 01' hiddenl'y ~tl7 J"apan.ese at he&9to On ms:tters 

conaern.ing Occidental. ·sciences such as' me8.icine~ and othel" 

branches ot o~· learning_;t;heJ' are almost all skeptical, considering acupuncture and . m.oxibustion as the real cee~&lls o As 

a matter ot fact.' the sticking of' Vff1!'1 sharp needles all the wa7 

through all parts ot the body save tbs vital· organs, and buming 

holes down into 'the skin vith am.Ouldering pieces of incense ca.n 

obviouslJ' do no good in &!Q' d:tseaaeo· I do not need to sa7~ how- , 

everJP ~t ve do not have certain equally foolish ·p.r.aactices in 

t~e Occident, but thq are si1npl7 not as wide-spree.do 

Message on page 3. 

· I do not suppose that ve17 ma.DJ' people in Japan· 1eax:ned of 

this Article in 8Lif'e 0 o I read it and it vas no news to me_o 

ltevertheless, the vritei? used veey bad taste and gave an e.utireli 

el'l"cneous 1~ess1on· of lttroh5.tous father~ the Em.p~or Taisho; . . 

to~1 as a matte?' of fact. he seems to have.been ~ne·or the most 

humble and k:lndl7 ot nieno Thi.s I le~n.ed from eldezaly. people 

vho knew him :Persoiially &nd·who lm9lt'1n what scorn he held the 

Japanese Throne~ 

MO?'eover fztom time to time c~toons of B1roh1to (Showa) 

would appear 1n .American newspapers and magazines which were 

' 

almost alva7s detected and ·censored befo~e ther reached Japmio 

TheJ" meant a.bsolutelJ" nothing to Ambassador Saito vho bad a. full 

,_' 0 

SEERE'f 
• • 

acquaintance witb. occidenta.l thought, but he had. an a:an071ng 

. . 

time ~ to explain to Japanese of'f1cia1dom how the Pres:ldet 

of the United Stat~s could sit back and la~ at cartoon~ .of 

himself'o 

Messag~·qn pa.Se 4. 

Ambassador Saito· l:tke so tll&nJ' of his feJ.lc;t1' care®!' di.plomats 

such as Sato, Yoshida,, and ot:af)rs vas never' in fav~ of an alliance 

with the European.Axis~ 

,,.. From this. ver.,-. me~se.ge ve m.a.7 sUI'miae 

that in 19}7 President Roosev.alt was not as strongly &nti;-G~ 

as was Saitoo 

Message on._P.!Be .5-o 

Typical '""_of·. Secret817 Hul:L ~ . or1 · reeei vin.g the earlier reports 1· 

ot the sinking of the Pana7 ar1.d pa.rticularl7 1n viaw of the 

machine-gunning of its passengel'sD on this O':'~asion lle f~ed up 

1n great &nger-o Mr. Saito who was even than slmYlJ' clying, vas ' ' . 

taken ab&.cko 

Bowevett the .Atnbassador 11 11 iuild. answers· seem to. ha7e quiet$d 

llim oonsiden.bl.J' as ve sh!.11 see ·:la.1;ezao Al~ough. MFo Hull 11s 

stil"ong language vas not meant paPsonall7 tor Mro -S~ito ha ca.ma 

to regret the temper he shoYedo 

Mes~ase:.Pn __ Page 6. 

In this· dispatch TsW?Umi 1.nforms 'l!ok;fo that the .Amet>ican 

people hate war, consider Obina. the lm;d~ dog0 and believe Japan 

in league with evil Fascist Il&tionso. Ont.he otlleJ:D hand he points 

out that Lamont, Owen Do Young and Dsri.d Sarnoff.\, being 'business 

- 4 -

.. 
••• • 

men, h&ve & somewhat different view, and urge Japan not to stir . . 

up further antipathJ' tovard tJ1e Am.e1'1caus in China,, to maintain 

the open door pol1c7 there.and stop incendiarJ ~~pa.gama so 

that business as usual me.7 continue with both Japan and Ohinao 

Sarnoft 11 e ~eseion,, svall .Americans· xaespect a ccnque?or" was . . . 

thoughtless and untrue; ·ror wllethrar Americans like a conqueror 

or not depends on whetheza or not he is 1n tbe rigb.to 

.. I had heard that a Japanese' up8dit1on discovel"ed tenitoPyin the Ant&l'ctic pt'ior to the exped:ttion of Bs'Fdo This messagrJ 

would certainl7 seem to oonfim it •. 

Sind.l&l"l.J' Leif Eloicsson dis~ovel"ed the nev world befoFe 

Coluin~s, but these· expeditions.kere not government-sponsored6 and 

received no particul~ notice" In 8.iq ca~eJ) we would. do .. well to 

rem.embeit these ~lier venturesc 

Message on page 10. ----=~~---.;;;:....---

Ma:zich lS,, 1938 miV~S &nd gl?OWiftg sicker and mOFe and ~ore 

. ~ealtJ',. A.mbe.ss~dor auto reports .the shock .Americans te1t ·at the 

· Austro~Gsrma.n ~chluss "~ Ii& Un.dere'sti~tes the "1rn.pao"t ·of' this 

' 

·ra~~.accom.Pli on the Un:lted St&teeb failing to ~ealize that our , . 

government l18.S even then almost readJ' to participate bJ' 0Ver'6 

method short . of war 1n the fight .against ~~ Ambas.sador 

Sa1 t.o recognizes the friendlb.ess of America tova:i'd. Engle.mi' and , . . . t ' 

France.it 'but he did not seem to gxaasp he»Y intimate our relations 

- 5 '.'9 

SEtBE'F 
• • veioe~ particularl7 ·with Baglando Ba seems to have been over 

imppessed v1th our tra~iti,o~l ~~licy of noninteia~~tion 1n 

fo~eign d~sputeso 

Messag~ pn Ne 12 .. 

Here on Apza1l~ ·1938 Toley'o receives a dispi.tch from Ambassador . . . : 

B~tta in Rome .. We get a view of .§uss~liDifls s:ti~xa!Dg ambitioD.so .· . 

We see him sid~ with Germ&JQ" aga!n.~_t the Spanish and. hmclli · .... 

Leftists and plaJ'ing ~own the effect of Germ&D1'flS coop in Aust:raia 

on the Italian people .. 

.Message on page f3o - . 

Abput the mid~le of' September~ 19:38 the Japanese f!:iemier 

wired.5a.itc to r>eturn from W'ashington to Tolqo and accep't the . . . ~ 

~O!n.C?t of being Foreign Minister ... S~ito did not ·repl7 until 'about ·, . 

Oct~be 3 when .he wormed the .l!Temier" . ·~on .,.,, not bSWOO.Oi:Dg 

7our .. several 12essages requesting me to accept the posit1@n of 

Foreign Ministero I am patriotic a.s I need not tell you.11 and 

undel!' arr:s other c:trcumstanoes I 11ould consi(ler it ·not cml7 an . . . . ..... - . 

h~o1• but als.o .. a duty to sei-ve our .countI";J in that ·capacit7JJ wt . ' . 

I have ·tubercu\_<>Si{ ~ ~ ~ight lungo . , . .. . 

"My.doctor is an eminent tubm'eulos1s·specialist8 ~~ 

' . 

i19"ke~ ~ and he sa7s that if I .take Ms mm special ~crumo·-

thol'ax. treatment I should be "Well in six monthso 0 

'. . . I~ the mass~ge on page l:; Secreta.ey Suma, to be encountered 

~times later_ in Spa:tn, tells the Foreign Office that Ambassador 

Saito 1s 1:n the ntiret stage"o W~ll. DPo ~~ksbuPyUs assistant 

• 6 e. 

SEGRE'f-
was Dro R2J'DlOX1d Fenton, vho h'!.d been e £'Fiend of' mine foF y~s 

and lived nearbJ' mw- homeo I called on him casually i.u the hope 

th.at he vculd mention ~:o Saj_to 11 s coniitiono He did., Ee said 

that '.Oro Tawksbuey' had delegated the ca.Fe of the Ambassado:r to 

him and that hew~ edminista'll'ing pneumothoru wice a weak.. I 

inquired how Mro Saito11 s chances were and Dr.~ Fenton :f'@lied:> 

"he has he.d tube:rcu1os:i.s fOF yea.Fe snd baa no cha.nee &t allo It 

is ll\eFaly a question of month.<J or weekso 511he ma.dam. is taking it 

beti;er than I ever sav. anyone take such news., " 

:After these messages 1 t vas the old woeful sto:PJ" of the 

progress of ~s fatal disease and one mght. eome five mont.hs 

later pool? M'ra Saito:> i:t~uced ~o 80-odd pounds, passed awa7 st 

2o00 one1ock after three hemo~il'lageso 

Message on page 14~ 

Evidently Amba.ssadae Saito snjoy~ Mro WoodM.Dglls eol'.'diality 

and felt better aftm> hav:tng ~.t explained to him that it vas 

thl?ougb. Mr., Rull !ls policy of .n1odeFation t'.bat so qWLckly oleared ~ . . 

up the Pa.nay 1nc1dento ~o Woo~i.'ilg tt!tlls the Ambassadoi' that 

:this was a mh.eistma~(pres<m~ fo:?" everybody but Ml-a Saito seems 

to think that P!"es1dent Roosevelt and A.mbaseadm> Gr0W pel"'haps ' . ~ . ~ 

... pla7ed ~~tel? ~()lea in this matter tbtm ~o Hull" In 8.'Q)' ce.ee 

his &nifliOSity toward the Secreta,ey of State vanished fFom then ono 

Mes~age on page 15. • ... ' . !';,·" 

If I :Pece.11 rightly before negotiatimis to appoint Brigsdiel'." 

GeneFal Burnett as S\lpe:x:-intendent of S~ Lukeos Bospit&l vere 

""1 = 

SE€RET 
. 

~#'~2 

ODUICDI e 

concluded~ tb.e Ganer-al died, putting a.n ~ to the. mattaro 

Message on FB:Se 170 

We vall remember Boake Carten~ broadcasts f?>om th® meeting 

of the L~gue cf Na t1ons in Gene~ in 19.3.31> Re vas one of tb.os e 

who usually take a Viw contr82Y to that of &ljl' mmjority~ and ' ' . . 

with his Sina.ppy teJ?se coimnents over the Fa.die he gained & la.xvge : ' 

·folloviDgo 

Be seemoo easily ~euaG.ed to take up tl:a1s cauae ~ that,, 

and SOD!® Of' US thought that pe:rh&ps meFCen&rJ' COllSidwatiOD.S 

usually turned the tricko ID. this message Hirota,: m?l"&.n.ges _ ~it.b. 

the Japanese Consul in New York to snlist Oarterlls. ts.lents, and ' '• ' 

this w~.done with considerable advantage ~o Japan., Carterue ' ... ' . '. 

main pride, acoo:rding to his obitua.F,f » wa.a that he nev&r smoked 

or drank and bad no bad habitso 

'. M~ssage on page 18c 

we p:zzssen:t this message in .order to introduce some eomments 

I on.oertain Japanese dip~omatso The message» only two parts of ~ I ' ' • ' 

which B.12e available out of four~. rev~ls ~osbid$ s vell=kn~ • ' r ,"- t' I 1 

pro ... Brit1eh sentiments-i cautiousl:f, Qf course, but pe:V'e?theless 

clea.r1~ in .the light of wb.e.t w.e Jpicw ~~ut ~im. .l~ter Sa.to,, his 

gr:iee.t colleague in P&l":ts 0 upon his :-estu:rn to Tokyo as FoFeign ' •' . . 

Ministe~ ~1~ .r~k~es.s f'F~ess told the ~iet .~cw he and Mro 

Yoshida had fought age.inst the anti-Comintern Pac~ or a.Yl'f und~-

lifiloo Yoshida was f'olloved b7 ~" Shigemitsu ' ~ ' ' 

' ' ' 

in London_ and ~s first message to Tokyo was the most diffi~ult 

message we ever received from. a. Js.p.'Y!ese diploma.to. The late Mro 

""8 -

SE€RET 
. . 

Cate and I worked on its 'ten :aho~t. sentences for two da7s o It 

was wr.itten 1.n a Sfnis~1c style~ full of Chines~ id:loms and 

allusions contained in no di<ition&l'ies availa.bleo The substance . . 

of it was as follave: nw111 :rou piease explain' to the Mgh 

officials of England that J'OU'l' poor servant is hBndica.pped by the . . . 

loss of a leg .in a bombing· of· SbanSbat. but tb&t he will s:f..ncerely 

t:f'J' to maintain the moat cordial relations between OU19 count:f7 

and theirs? 

·n~ predecessor vas a "vf!U!7, wise a.iid good man1 but I" 

te&Z' that he iemi6d over backwards i.:B.his admiration for En8~do 

I m;vself in ll1&nJ' wa7s admti-e BPitain· but iri.. vi~1 of oirc~tanc~s. 

1·wiii't8.ke more bf the middl~·or the road ~ii.07 tban'. he' did on I p • I 

DQ' mission he.reo" . - 'Thl'oupout t.be :years to follov in the different positions 

h~ heldi ~~ Shigend.tsu,, though alva.7s most 1nt~nsel7 patriotic. 

was ne~ertheless an ·upr:t~bt man t~ the e~d of ·the ~a.it. ~other'· 1 

0 

• • • ,• • ' •\ ' ' •• 

0 

: • ' t 1 0 I • •o' 

man of the caliber of' Sato a.nd Yoshida was Mita Sa.bu.i'o KU?Ueu, . . . " 

who s~ved. hie coun'tz7 ions as an honest· c&Feeia dip!!ma'to 

DuF!iig the var he lost a SOD in SD atrP~e which V~S· shot dOJin; 0 

. . .... ~ • ' I ' ' • • • I 

soon after the war his wife, an American woman from Cbic8.go. ' ' t ' \ 

whon1 lie· des,i-17 loved, diedo On Juli 25 ~ 1948 their daugbt9i-. 

Teru-ko·- wa'e -· ~~·ed to an .Ainel"ican officer; ~ch to the pleasmae 

of' her aging f'e.thero' While :i: am. writing ot first-clas_s Japanese 

dipl.~~ ts I had .as weli liclude · J~~ 's tirial '.AmbassadoP to the ' · ~ . .. . . . 

United States before the war, .Real'-Admira.l llcMsa'buro NoDllll-a. 

} '~ • v 

. , ... 

. '. 

- 9 -

\, 
at w~• deal~ ~ •shington no one can :i=ightfull.J' point an . . : . . . •, . . . 

Message on page 1 2011 . 

T~: s~ ~~.message up. 1n ·retrospect. ~e· all. n~ ree.11,8 ' ' ~ I 

that lllrq C~berlain 11 s actions at Mun!Qh could harcll.7 have been ! ' ' . . . . . ., ,. . . . 

&DJ'thinf; othel'l than those of a man about :to de~t this lite and • ~ ~ ' I ' " 

who vish~s.·ho:-reveP vaiiilJ"; to do exactl.J' the r~t thingo J;t 

was not vouchsafed him ~ speak of ,the peace he so much 7earned 

fCl' in his final words to his peaple .. ,\\ . 

Mess!.ge on J>!g8 2lo 

' In this message we see an earlier and .better side of Suma . ,. . . 

as he endeavors to tell TokJ'o that ~ssador Saito appears 

better to him vhen he knows 1n !d:s heart that the Ambassador is .. worse.. Be sa7s that .Ambassador Yoshida• passing through lfashington 

cm his ~&J' frem London to Tolq~ v:ill tell ~hat he thinks vhen he 

.. reaches JaP&n~ The .American newspapei.s are alread'J' ·Piainting ·the . . . . ' •, ' 

news· th.at· Ambassador Bo~inouchi · 1s ·to.· replace hi~ iti'washing:ton . ' 

and Suma fears to tell ~.. S&itoo Ke thinks he bad better wait '• o I 

. . .. . 

until the new Ambassador &Fl'ives when perhaps·theJ" both can tell ~ '• 

the news to ll'l'o Saito in a painless vq~ In e:irr oas e he does ' ' ' ' I 

not wish to have the Ambassador mo:ile or entertain &DJ' feelings 

rJf insecuritJ'o 

Met:isage "on pe.e;e 2~" 

·For a.· fleeti.Dg·. ~ment ~uma imagines Am~sador Saito ~owing .. 

better and informs him that Mr., ~~l"inouchi is. ~O~o l\Taiilll-all-y 

.. 1 

- 10 -

SECJRE'f 
~.,~j:i32' 

0 rJ Uit:.t.:. .I. e 

Ambassador Saito takes the nws lightb.eartedl.7 and sa:rs he v:lll 

be glad to ~ve to the Shoreba.m Hotel cm the 3rd o"r 4th of 

December a .. .. . 

Now to go back for a moment ~o Ambassador Saito.11 s arxa1val 

1n Wl'i.sh:lngton after leaving Lond~no Pictures ot him.appeared . . . 

in all the newspapel'i!. . Re was a fiaa.11, winsome 1:-ooking man and . . . 

I was much at~acted 'bJ' h~s .smileo Howe:rer, in . the harbc:>?t of 

Bew York he said to repOl"tns !J "Be sUJ?e to infoi;m the Amel'icans 

that I· can drink arq ot them under the table arq time"" That 

sta~ement was never forgotten~ a great~ Americans vho.upon 

his death were (lU1ok to say that he drank himself to death. As 

a matter ct tact, he va.s a rather ligb.t d?'inker and we ma7 be ' ' ' I o • ' 

s\Irle in &n7 case that tube~culosis draws no distinction between. • o o I 

drinkers and non-drink~So 

M•ssye on pe.se 2lf.o 

.· Here we obs&l've the success Bo&k:e Cart~ is achie1'1Dg in . . . • • 1' 

his propaganda 1n favor of Japan and American isolat~oni~m. 

Message o~ page 250 . . 

Ambassa.dozi Botta. in Rome advises bis government how German7 . , . . ; 

has taken the Italian people a.nd •PP~entl.J' even Mussolini • ";!)'• 

aback b7 its. sudden annexa~OD. ot Austl'1ao: Ital7, he sa7el) had 

traditionallJ' been Austrians fl'iend.11 and the Italians never . drea.moo that such a coup would take placeo Botta concludes.11 . . 

however. tha1i 1~ v11~ be taken pM1osopbicall'1.!!'ince Germa.n;v and . . 

·' Ite.17 must perforce work togeth9?' f~ their common good., 

... 11 .... 

SE€RE'F 
-- - -------;:----------------------

• Vlt"' p~ap2 ODUit:DI • 

At this poiJit it is well to pc:tnt out that through all· the . ' 

no1ss1tudes thEfJ' ven.t B1tle and Mussolini never ceased to reg&l'd 

each othel' vith same degree of f&V<w.'o It vas ·a curious relationship; foP Bitler al:va7s held the uppel' hand and never credited 

.Muasolln1 with ~h inte111genceo On ~e otb.e hand# long betOl'e 

.the end ot the war Ciano_ who had never viewed Bitler with aJ17 

s:,rmpath7. came to hate him and to lose respect for his father-in-la:w . . 

Hussolinio Ot course, Ciano in the earl7 da:J's of. the W83! cut . ' . . . 

quite a swath as- a dapper 7otmg fl7er on bombing exped.1 tions" :ret 

1n his heart he vas alwa7s religious and as the ·~aged7 progressed 

his better self' as·sel'ted i:tself until he final~! found a .brief 

l'efuge 1n a ·diplomatic post in the Vaticano 

Messy! on pa.se 260 · · · ·" 

' . Message·v~th·our: number 2905 is one from .Amba.ssadol' Saito 

to."Premier Xon07e in which he says that Dro Tnksbunr (once one 

of IQ' om ·doctors) is g1v1ng him bis mm special ·pneumothorax 

treia.tmemt with excellent resultso I believe that this was extz-a ... 

pieura1.pneumothorax v~ch l5ro Tewks~ did use bet'Ol'e arq- otber 

doctor. as tar as '1 mowo Mro Saito sqs th.at he told ~o 

'?~ksbUrj.conf'ide,ntial~J' about his appointment order and asked 

whein he c'ould assume his· dut1eso '.l!lte doc'J#Ol'Us repl7 wu the 

tzaagic old sto~a · "We are jtil!lt begjnnin.g the .treatment···and I can· .. . . 

not sa7·e ·.Let us wait• sa7 two OF three· months at least,. a.nd ee& 

how· things tultn outo" ·· 

- 12 ... 

• • • • ' <I • ., 

·sE.€RET 
Message on,J>!S! 270 

MP .. 5a1to w1sel.J' oauti~" Japan tha:~ the .American SeQre't&l7 

of State and the Pres·1dant 8.l'e succeeding 'b7 speeches and .radio 

addresses in &rousing the peopl~ ot the United States tor var 

and that President Roosevelt's posit1~ ~s ~tronger than ever ... 

Message on pase ~9· . 

Here ve have the .rouzath message from Ambass·ador ·Shirator1 

on his arrival iD'Rome~ 'a post .from which he vas never to return 

alive.. He quotes Musso~ini ~nd tells him that a triple a~l~ance 

must be ~ormed without losing a ~'J' because ~e English, .Am.eric~ 

and ~ench •re colluding a.gains t Japan, Ita.17 ~d ~m&JJ1'.. . .... Musso~ini says that another reason for the speedy concluding of 

the alliance is also necessa17 lest adverse elements in Japan 

, grow. too strong in their ~pposit1on to ~o1n1ng the Italians.. In 

~is message, even 1n translation ve can _see 1;he volatile Italian 

temperament of the Duce. 

Message on page 31 ... 

The French and' English ~voys Cosme and Kerr are reported· 

b7 a sw.to have met vitb. Chis.ng Kai-~hek 1n the British consulate . . • I 

a.t Cbungking. :Tb.SJ' offer to mediate China 0s var vith ·Japan but • • • w • .. 

Chiang replied that no foreigners 11hatsoever can ever pla7 a part . . . ' 

in the settling of that trouble because the Chinese people have .. . .. . . .. . 

for_ centurie~"been inured to dire hardship and will 

cont~nue this tight to a just and victorious conclusion. 

-·13 -

SEC:RE'f 
----------.....,-------------------------

• 

Message on page 33. 

A message concerning code to be removed. 

Message on~se 34. 

Former American Ambassado~ to Japan, Mr •. Castle, tells Mr. 

ll01'1nouc~ h0v adamant Mr. s.timson ·1s agains.t Japan vhom he has 

alva7s l~thed. Mr. Castle. I have heard, v&s alvajs a vellmeaning man vho failed to understand the tact and friendliness 

vi th which the Japanese had treated him, and was taken in 'bJ" 

their seeming eordialit70 , 

This is apparentl7 the case vith ~ short-time env07s to 

Japan; 7et theJ' are not to be classed with certain liter&l'J' men 

like Lafcad1o Beam who while seeing all- or Japa.n•s faults sought 

to-sift out and portra7 what was reall7 beautiful and good in 

her c1v111~ation. Though probabl7 not possessing the c~itical 

powers of his friend Basil Ball Chamb8'l'lain. La.t'cadio Ream, 

though he loved Japan and was happil7 rna.IT1ed to a Japanese 

woman, f'ull7 realized that Japanus art, culture and litera.tm-e 

were f'aza inf~nor to the long cultural background of the Occident .. 

This is a fact that too few people :realize aboitt Hearn. 

Message on page 35. 

Ambassador Saito 0s remains are to be sent to Japan on the 

Astor.iao The tuneral services foza the little Ambassador were 

held in Tolqo where kneeling beto:re 8n man contai.ning the ashes 

of the little Ambassador Prince Kono7e intoned friom the Buddhist - ceremollJ' ~ "lliroshi Saito J'O. vs.re han&sedo. mmji k1kazu. ra 

- 14 -

SECRE'F 
"Hiroshi Saito nanjini koedo nanji kotaesuo 

."Biroahi Saito 70 aa70 naraJ" · · 

Which 1n English meane "o Hiroshi Saito, though I 'peak to.thee 

thou dost not hear me~ O llir'oeh1 Saito, though I. ask thee·questions thou dost not answer. o Hiroshi Saito, fare thee·vell. 11 

Message ~n page ;;6. 

Nov we find ~ true Japanese without &l1J' apprec.ia:tion of 

Occidental matters in BeFlin;.namelJ'. Oshima. He came up from 

the l'anks of the Japanese army and amid much resentment among 

careeze diplomats was appointed ambassador to Berlin. Be vas perfectl7 suited to both Jape.nils and GeFll!&IQ' 11 S purposes •. In this 

message he speaks of how he and cultural en.var Inoue called on 

Hitler on tb.e 11th of March, 1939 and how Bitler congratulated 

them cm an exhibi t:ton of ·Japanese art in Berlin •.. Hitler ea7s 

tha.t he baa a deep interest in art and when. Jie visited the 

exhibition he vas deeply imPressed by the fact·'tba~ the.Japanese 

and .Germans both~ ancient civil~zations easil.J' understandable 

each to the bther. 

Well, I _suppo~e that the German Chancellor knew that t 

nothing cou~d 'be tUl'tber fr.om the tPUtb than that. 

Message on pa.se 37., 

Mal17 or the educated Germans and Dia.DJ' more of the old 

Prussian m1li'tal'J' man a.lwa7s zaegarded Bitler as an upsta.rit .. 

- 15 -

SEC:RE'F 
• 

Message on~se 38. • 

No1' ve get an e&rlJ' message from Ambassador Xuri'J'&ID& in 

Stockholm. He bas talked with tb.e Norwegian Poreign .Minister who 

vept ovel> Finland·-and expressed the fear that the Russians would 

attack :;oi-wa.J' itself. He said "we are read7 tor them but the 

h&l"der pressed Ger'm&D.J' becomes the more she vill have to stick 

close to Russia." 

On Decem.beJll 2 Kv~J'&ma talked vith the lCing of B0rva7 who 

' 

spoke in a similar vein sa71ng that Tall7-ho England vas :not in a. 

position to help even little Finland mu.ch less the foUJ.' Scandinavian nations. In conclusion the king sqs tb.at the onl7 country 

poverNl enough_to v~thstand Russia vas the United Stat~e a:nd . ' ' . . .. 

that now that Germ&JQ' has gone over to Russia. SvedenD Finland, 

Rorwa7 and Denmark were totallJ' estranged from. her. . . 

.Thus ve see the beginning ot the internal splits and 

cleavages 1n Borva:r. Sweden and D&nm.al'k which continued throughout . . 

the W&l'o 

" . . " 

.Message on page 40. 

Borinouchi advises Toqo that Ml'. Stanl.Q' Hornbeck. head of 

the Japanese section of the American State Department> has informed 

Secret&l"J' Suauki rather bluntl.7 that as far as trade ori &DJ"thing ·: •• ·1.. • 

else.is cc>noerned the United States Government is through with . . . 

Ja.pano With the abl'og&"t?ion ot the Japanese-American Trade Tre&tJ" . . ' 

Hornbeck finall7 stated "Japan is hinting that she ma:r make up 

w1tb. the Sovieto I suppose that is calculated to scare us. but 

- 16 -

SEC:RE'f 
' • 

whatever coun't%7-Japan chooses .to get intimate vith 1s her own 

business." Susuld. in replJ" warns Hornbeck ~ effect that if an 

embargo 1&· placed against Japan var ma7 :f'$'3.U1~o . ; 

Message on; $e 42. 

Ot course. being a d-.ocrae7_v1th.treedom. of religion the . . 

United States could not find it ~actio&ble to have diplomatic 

' relati~ vitJ;l_ the Vatican., Yet,, the Vatican is one of the moat 

reliable sOUl'ces ot intell!geno~ in the world,, and regardless of 

whatever political.Position it takes. it alva7s favors peacea 

.Message on page _,., 

.Amau rrom Rome advises TokJ"o that Mussolini.and the lt1ng of ' ' . 

It&l.J' a.re having talks with the Pope. Although the Pope .detests 

-Russ1a 11 e actions against . . Finland• . he still puts hopes in. ~e . 

strengthen the Vat1c~•s position.in peace·endeavors~ I > • I I 

Message on.pa.se .Q.5. ' I 

Extricate this .message as it concens codes to be described 

late.r~ 

. .. Message.on page JJG. 

One m0nth before this message Germany 1n;vaded Bo~8:7 and ·" 

DemDIJ.!lk 1n vba t she called her "11ghtn1 ~g war" ta_otics 1i NQV on 

Mat io. 1940 she qu1ekl7 begins her "blitzkries" ~gains.t Belgium,, 

Rolland and Lwcembourgo Belgium. and Holland decided to P&sist,, . . . 

but Leopold 1s soon to give up the _tight and W1~elm1na cannot . . 

save Holland.. England. and France. reali:&e wba15, is going to. happen, . -

- 17 -

• 

SECRET 
but ~&nee 1s too t~rful and ~land too busy ~ to the 

te&tb to-give &nJ' assistance. 

Message·ou J?&Se 470 

.· 

B- N.-71". X&ngteh" Japa.ii 1s puppet emperor of Manchukuo" 

1s going to. visit Japan for a ff.ffl veekso. 

A delicate lad educated 1n England and nth not D1&1Q' more • • 'I. ~ ..... 

,-ears to 11 ve, the Japanese wi ~ much f~&l'e set him up as 

emperor of Manch~o. ~s .suited t!;le1r pui-posee. but 1 t waa a 

sad thing to dOo 

Mee sap on :page '4-8 o 

~ . . ' . '. . ' 

Ber~ ~ ~~.second part of a .tvo·:-P&l't message lturiJam.a in 

Brussels is evidentl7 talking with the Belgian ~eign Ministero . . . 

~e· Pore~ ·l\U,nister states. t.bat,. tel"rible as the German. "blitz- . . 

·1cr1eg" is,, ·the ~bl$S ._a:r ev~tual~~ b~ turned, and that British i 

forces •re_ la.nd1ng .-~t.· V'~1!'J" .da'I, the 11th, a foreshadowing of the 

evacuat~on. of ·.~ko ... . .. - . ' "" 

Messase on ;page 490 ~ .. ; · . 

.. How qu1ck17 on. the 11th of M&J' does Foreign .Ministei- Ar'ita. 

send ~ m.essage to The Hague and circulal'ise :tt to all ambassado~s 

•' .... I • 

and ministers_. Be is so SOft'J' that pcor Rolland· has to suf'fero - . . . ~ . . .. . . 

. Be ~a.Dnot aftol'd to 1'-aste tbte,aiid must 11f£7 quia~ consolidate . . 

the Japanese trade position in the Indies ·1est public.op~on. in . . . . ' . . ' ~ . 

beth JapWJ. and Boll.and be.mOl°a and more aff$dted bJ' propaganda . . . .. . . 

and lies~· (Reall7 What·$.s back 1n his mind is to get eve1'7thing· - • • I ' . . 

he can 1n As:La before R1tler :freaehee that e~ as he reels sur«! . , . 

... 18 ... 

SE€RE'f 
he.- v:tll) o In. fact he S&J'S tll~t he wants to clear away all 

tl9oubles ao that the Japanesu may cope with all difflj'.cult situations as mAJ' oco\ll9 in the fut~e,, suggesting that 1ih~ place of 

the nego·tiations be changed ··rrom i'Ae Hague to the I~ies o H~e . . . . . . . ,. \ .. •e. see one of ·the most ·.tund&mental uevelopm.ents that led to our ' ' 

var with Japano · The metherle.nd~s are a tough l'Daee· and their .. . . . ~ .. . . .. ~ '" .· . .. 1 .. . ~. • . 

officials in the Indies were even PJ?1°e obstinate than at The ,.. . . . ' ' . 

llagueo Fu117-knoving that theii- Vel"bal. arguments aga1nst the 

Japanese would end:· fnu1tlessl,- in vv ··and toresee:tng. the tiaag:tc ' ·~ ,: - ,' '• ' "' . :, . ' '"' •. 

da7s ·ahead tor them~ the Netb.e~iands of~icials turned. hands down ' •' . '.. . ' ~' . . . 

on eVSf!'S Japanese proposal. For· 15 mon~ though the7 rieoeived. . ' ' 

or course,, ~coUl'agems.nt trom England ai1d •erioa, the 'decision • ' '• ~ '1 I ,I ... ~' \ • 

to ~esiet va.s theil' .own. and theJ' .. woulq. ,have' made the decision • •'$.I ft' ,. L' ' ' • 

vithout &DJ' b8.ck1ng. It· was dttrin.g these negot1atiOI\S in ~~via ' \• 

l ; 

white hot and'" number of en-r07a from Tolqo began ~o wire their ,.,., ,. 

governmen~ ~Qr a _shovdovp_~ One capUlin wired ~ita,, S&'Jing: 

flJlere ve ·are blocked c~mpietelJ' by the obstinate: Netherlanders ' • 't ~ ... \ .. ;• , ~ • . 

backed bJ the dall~ll" ~o-Sax~ns-o ·It is a time for decie1onp 

If the AJ.llil!iig~4on of ouio times must be tought in the Pacific, let . . 

it- ·(:ome ;now hel"e 1n these island.son That messag~ was the first 

one reall7 to arouse 8.nxietjr in General Ald.no Be read it over and I " •1' J 

' t I • ' 

over and ".Came an.(3. asked me wh.$th.er or not I thought the capts.1n "{ • l •, ' ,1• J ~ ~' • I 

• \ \•. ; l ' ,f 

jok1ngo 'ill I_~oul~ se.7 was"tb.at I did not kn.cv.11 but shortl.7 . ~ 

lateJ.' Gaueral Akin began to lay plans for our intelligence work 

in the Oriento 

~ 19 .,. 

•' .1. 

'. 

, r '.· 

" ' '•/ 

' /'I " 

SE~RET 
" ,\ 

'i' ' I 

Message on ;ease 510 

• - ·1••''" '" "•". ' 

At this junctUPe I take from the files of the Mexican 

messages one fl'om the Mexican Foreign Minister to his Ambassador 

in Rio de Janeiroo Appapently as of May,, 1940 Mexioc is determined to maintain. a polic:r.ot neutralicyo It will do so in the . face of opposition f:zaom. some or her sister l'epublics.. Ifevel"theless-

. ve can see1

: from.'~$ Pre~:i.dent vs -aecl.&l'ation that h~ is taking a 

'• 

~I 

. ' . strong position against the Axis. censuring those nations vho 

have not alread7 pitepared to defend helpless. invaded peopleo 

His last statement to the effect that he hopes that it will be 

'. 

the vorkers of the world vho will stop the advance of imperialist 

var and guard the sacred ztights of' the paople sounds Oomrmmistic"' 

but as a matter of fa.ct Merlco has come to be an enlightened 

nation vith broad &Jmpatb.ies- for- &ll of the oppresssd.11 and vel~ 

comas pe0ple of'. good will ·from all l.&nds·o We used to consider 

FPano1~co v1iia as a 'hriSa.n.d but. now w~ are beg1nn2ng to see h101 

in tb.~ sam• light as Mexico has .. long Viewed ·id.mg that is., as a • 'I' , 

(I \ 

liberatoro I"t 'Would appeal' tha.U the tempel'amant of' Mexico tcr.t' < ~ 1 

I''~ •t\ ·~ ' I 

some reason or other differs from that ot the Spanish and 

POl'tugUne-speaking nations ot Sou.th America and that sh~ ~es 

. -. 

a view of' human rights not unlike that of' the founding fathers 

of' the!:tinited .States a ' ; I l) ••t 

l~i~~', .Ambassador Jl&J'eS qt· tl;l~ United States and Sit- Samuel • 1 \· I . , . , 

:koare o'f ,. Great BJ.oi ts.in were consorting vi th and P?&ising Franco I • I t ~ : 

jl ' • ' , ' , ~ 20 ..; . ' ' I ,,; 

.. · r ... • u ' I , ... ,1,., ;. ,.. I ,,• ,,,. 

-SE€RET 
• 

and pla7ing a great part in quiet:f.ng the outraged feelings of 

their peoples~ Mextcovs assistance to the common people of Spa.in 

and her righteous anger at tb.e Span.1.sh Oons ervati ves aided by 

Germa.D.T and Ital7 nevel' fla.gged.o 

Message on ;page 52. 0 

we well :femember hov a.mazed ve vere at the tainth~teaness 

. of lling ~opold·: of Belgium 1n capitulating so quickl.J' to the 

Germans o Eva while the Br1 ttsh and· !'Pepch ve.1."e moving in to help 

BelgiumJt Leopold ~ered his a.rmies to sunender and ve all know 

hew our future Allies were trapped a.n.Q. vhat slaughteJS took place 

bef'OPe the evacuat10D:o 

Mesa!fe on page 54 .• 

SJ?iuatori is d¥,d and now Ama.u, place ~or a short 

time;, wires fro~ Rome to Tokyo an addltess b.r Mussolini to 

Fascist leaderao It seems that he got this. 1nf01'm&t1o:n contidentia.llJ' and that tbis vas a secret talk by the Duce. 

Brief·l.J' MUSS()lini S&'JS that' I~l7 .i~ united behind him,. thai 

the map of Europe is about to be changed, and It&~J' can no longer . sta7 out of the ms.in stream of human histo170 . l 

This is the old ·dream of the glol'7 of Greece and the 

grandeur of Romeo ·~e Greek Jmpire in eveJ.7 va7 vaa the ~eatest 

in human ld.st017 o That of Rome li1&S b.&Jidlp less peat,, but that ~, .. 

was when the vo:Pld vas much smaller and the Medi ternnean was 

the world9s chief wate? Ue&o .... If there is &D7~B in b.1sto17 

tha.·t points a. lesson it is this, :that once a nation has raa.ched 

- 21. ... 

SE€RET 
its height and declines it· never reaches that height againo 

Mussolini should have realised that and been oontent with 

Ital7~s great art, mua1C:, beautiful &Fchitectu:re·and j()J' of' life 

vhiob. after all &re·enOugb.o 

In this blustering talk Mussol1n1 appem.-s somewhat l>idiculous 

and amusing. "Pisbt. ve v111,, n he . sa.7s o 

Messye OD page 2z6·a 

The 15th ot J'une,. 194<> B..lTivea. Paris bas Sivm up in ordeito aave·itself from. the rapidly advanciD.g ~at'UD. 8.rmJ", · Ramadier, 

the Premte. declares to the vorld bJ' radio that naan.ce vould 

never surrender. lYl&rs~ Petain is a~ and tb1Dkin,g of peace. 

' Be is in constel"D.&tiono La.val,, in mJ' OWD opinion, more hones~lJ' 

~ most people think, considers that at last the_ time has come 

- . ' 

to make P8l1manent peace vith Germ.&liJ'. Of couree, there was . . perhaps a certain amount of miscalculation and oppoPtunism in 

Laval, but I alva7s thought him. patriotic at· hem-t as fmather 1 • 

developme11-ts wou~ seem to shovo We must··remembett' that he.more 

than ~·other.Fl'ench~ wa~·'Wldel" the heel of tb.e·oermanS. . . 

Message on pa.ge 570 · - ~ 

Another mess&ge ·from Am.au 1n Romeo B9th Ge?Wm.&DJ' and Ital:r .a 

vere ast~niehed at how qu1ck17 France capitulate<L .- Bow what. will 

England do.,. ba~ lost France, and what w111· America~ so far 

aw&J" and Unprepared, do? . - After telling Secxaet&l'J' $8.kamoto t'his on the 17th or Jun~ 

.- 22 -

i • •• 

. . 
• 

Chief of the Amerasi~tic ~eotion continues, "as tor Germanyn~ 

and Ital7fls dem&ndQ on ha.nee being over-harsh, "that rill not 

be ~e caseo" 

It ,..as Pl'Obabl7 tl9Ue that. Oerme.QJ' did not then intend ·to· be . hard on FN.nce but as the ~ee fateful 7ea:rs passed he vorsan~ng 

milit&.!7 situation tOl"ced he:l' to .bleed FM.nee terribl7. ' .. 

Messiu~e on pa.se 58~ 

June 17p i91to ·France has fallen •. Will England fold up too? 

Tha 97es ot the American people are turned anxiously on Europe 

and thq a.iae also mtDdtul. '.ot Jap&n'o. il..&DJ' of them c~d~ trade 

v1th Japan.6 even going ao far as to demand an embargo .. 

Lippman, hovever,, advocates speedil.J' reaching a conciliation 

1d.th Japan so that the -United States. can prepare fO'J:' &DJ' eventualit7 1n Europe. V&kasugi 1n Bev '!'Ol'k-&iviees·Toqo that now is 

the time if eve to have Ward and 'Walsh increase theiri endeavors 

in Japan'-s behalf. I neve?t knew ·exactl7 who 'Walsh was other than 

that he was a promine.b.t ootton ·dealer. From the mall1'' messages 

peIDta'ning to him I got th& ilnPl"eseion that J:ie had· a completel7 

dual view of' l1fe. · One side or him wa.S all st.&l'nl.7 business and 

mone.r&\- The othel' side was all softness and- toleN.D.ce towed all • ... • !'... •• 

people~ o In &D.J' case he did OUJ.lt. cause ·much ha:Ntl • 

.Message on page 590 . " . Bezae we t1D.d tt plain-tut. merr!age from llorincucl:i in 

W'ashington dated June 22• 1940. A veek at'ter the fall of France 

hesident Roosevelt is appointing Kn.ox and Stimson as Secret&P1es 

.--23 -

. . 
of the NaVJ and War Depal"tment :feapect1vel7. This has ·caused a I 

shock eYePJWheFe and the Ameioicai;i .People tb:lnk tbat''the President ' ' 

:ls forming a coalition cabinet· bllt Xnox has been supporting the 

views of the President and Stimson lms been advocating all con•· 

oeivable help fO'Z' England. or comase. both of them oppose tbe 

AdministrationVs New Deal polic7. Of course. iTesident Roosevelt 

felt natul'all7 that both parties should be united 1D the face or . . war and ln Stimson he found a pa:rti.cul&l?l'J' good m.au for his ·p.nt-

. . pos&o During his frequent residences in different parts ot Great 

Britain. St'imson had long before learned the· triath about Japan's 

so-called c1v111£at1ono Bl'ittsh diplomats told him. that, and he 

cam.e instinctivel7 to fear Japan· as an enemr of the UD.ited Sta.teao 

I do .. not kD.ow ~tb.er' wb.&.t it -was, perhaps his &ncestr:rsi that · 

. . ' 

made him so·· pro-Britieho · In fact he went to the various BP1t1sh 

Isles frequentl7 to pla.7.golt and hwito In &.rQ" case he was on8 . . ' 

or th& ti~st Amarica.ns of tJ3tJf p~ominence :to take an aet1vel.J' 

hostile attitude toward Jap&n and a strong stand . against tbe Axis o 

On the atterno~ ot December 1fJ 1941 I saw him arrive at' his door I • 

b.. the Munitions· Buildin8o He stl"u.ck it violentl:y several times 

wi~b his cane and I could clearlJ' hear him cursing the Japanese • • 11 

out loudo Ml'. Xnox had long been interested in'establishing 

bases f'or a&l'i~l action. lie did remarkabl7 well during the short 

.tenure ot his position before his' deatho ' . Messa~e on.J>!le 61. • 

:tn this dispatch from Sakane.tn Bogota' to Tokyo 'to ·wasb.iDgton. . ' . - 24 ... 

SE€RE'f 
the local German .Ministel" Wolfgang Dittle~ informs the Japanese 

Minist~ that he has received oroEWs to cooperate full¥ in exchange of all documents pertinent to conditions in _that ~egion6 

if and when neoass&eyo D:tttler hints that before long things 

ma~ get hot th&l?ea Sakani info1i:ms Tokyo that he got t..he imprsssion that after England folded up within wo mon.thsp df!pending . ... ' ' 

upon hOYI the United States a.cted9 ~ere was a gl"'e&t possibilitJ' of 

a direct attack upon the Panama Ca.mJ.l because of its strategic 

positionc WellD those we~e tb.e happ;y ~J'S fw the Germans and 

Japaneseo 

KW?ihe.ra from BeI'll advises Tok;ro that the Spanish Ambassador ' ~ . . 

on. the 7th of July told him.that while France had issued no_ 

declars.~ion or v~ against England she vas coming closer and 

clos~l" to the Axis~ knowillg that sh~ ~d 9nl7 been e. tool in the 

hands of' Englanda The Spanish Ambassador want on to say that 

France had better bel~ng to a continental federation fathered by ' . ', . ' ' . ·. ..... . . '.· ' 

Germa.rey" and Italy. and designed to prevent _Q.?;~t Bxsi ~in f'~om 

again rising to pJ?ominenc~; that Peta.in and Laval wEII'e staging s. . . : . . . . . 

bloodless ~evolu~ion, ma.king ~~a.nee over again; _that Spain would 

help th~ French all s_he coW.d; that BitJ.er would not hl.lr't ~a.nee 

... but would nevertheless disarm her; and that far from hurting . . . .. 

~e.nceJ> Spa~ would l'.le1p. her. xiise again along new lines, Fx-iench_ 

Mo_pocoo being about all Spain wanted., ~ter that the Spanish 

Arttba.ssadoz> vas careful to point out to Kur>i~a that they would 

- 25 = 

SECRE'F 
have to be on the lookout agains.t Washington and Moscovo 

' ' 

The:ee was alvays ~ometh:i..ng wt>ong with the Ge:rman-Ita.l:la.n 

view of Fl"anc.eo The~e .lias always been something wrong i.r'ith ow 

own viev of France., Franoe is not one or the so-called Latinistio 

nations~ Her people &Fe predominantly Celtic with a large admixtw?e ·of Teutonic blood.. In no country of the vorld have the 

mass of the people been so im'bued with the' spi.Fit of fre6dom as 

• 

have the people of Franceo ·The word liberty casts a. magic spell 

over them.. This spi:r:it achieved its highest expression in 

Rousseau and Voltaire and also in such military 1eadera as Laf'a:yetteo 

Many, mBn;Y modern Fl?ench politicians have held widely divel:"gent 

vievs a.nd indeed some of them favored a. tieup with Germ.a.ny11 but 

-kn.owing something about F1.0ance, I affirm· that any such marriage 

of convenience was destined to break up violently~ ·Peta.inns and 

Laval's seeming willillgileas to cooperate fully with t.he Ger>ma.ns 

was ; the rasul t of ra. tionaliza tion on the pa.rt of both these m.eno 

Ia their"b.ea.:K?ts both. men always dislik.ed the Germans .. · It is· 

fnrther true that during the last 20 yea.rs Germa.n cultur»e' has 

gFO'fln in Franoeo German· music is performed in France quite as 

vell a.sin Germany .. Even German cooking.gained great .vogueo '!'hat 

is because the Fr'eneh are .. riot as different from the Germans as are 

the Italians· and the s:Panis.ho In: ~ case no nation has '"shown the 

light of liberty to the whole world in sueh ·a.n extent as Franceo 

No other ·eity ha.a ever equaled Paris· in eba.rmo We vould do· well 

- 26 -

SE€RE1' 
-· 

to see to 1 t. that France again achieves a pos.1 tion of a firstrate power. 

Message on pa.ge 63. 

This 1s a V8J!1' fanciful message. Churchill alva7s maintained 

his ~trong position during the var. The Duke of Windsor never ' . 

eveJl attempted tp influence the veak-v1lled Xing George. Churchill 

never even tholigb.t of replacing Ohambel'lain vitb. Ll07d George .. 

The Duke of Windsor vas not opposed to Ohurch111' though Sir Samuel 

Hoare did 'tr'J' to influence him.. :Edward and Sir Samuel never met 

and conferred in Madrid. 

Mess~se on pa.ge 65. 

Yamagi in Vienna pi-obablJ' strikes V81!J near the truth of the 

situation vhan he said that most of the peace rumors current as . . ' ~ . ,. ... 

of Jul7 19. 1940 seem Pat.her fanc1f'ul to. most people. ·He goes on . . . -

to relate that tb.e British Pore~gn. Otfice had a report that 

Roosevelt is about to 1il"J' to m~1ate the var by having Hitler ap- • ' I ' 

preached on·the one h&D.d, and on the other bJ having Ba)"es approach ... . .. . 

SU- Samuel RO&l'e in Madrid in order to get the Spanish Government . . . . .. ' 

to work upon German, and I~l7 and that the Britts~ Foreign Qff1ce .. . . ... . 

understands that these tvo ambae~adors ~e abou~ ~o_begino 

Well. American Aniba~s&dor Ha7es was never respected ~ ~7 

Americans and Sir Samuel was a.lwa7s regarded as quite a ridiculous • ' I ~'' 

man 'bJ' the United States a.nd for that matter bf most Engl111Jbmeno 

- 27 ... 

SECRET 
.• . 

• • 

Message on pase·66. 

On November 14 Moriahima reports f'l'om wa.sh.1.ngton a statement ot the 10th by Kenned7 •. t.he .AIJ1er1can Ambassador to London. 

"The late ambassador was &lV&J'EI incapable Of following 8 consistent course,, making one contriadicto17 statement·afte:a.nother. At . . times he praised England most highl7,, and at other times,, he . . declared that democra07 va.s dead th.ere. There was one thing,, how-" 

ever,, 1n vhich he was qu1te consistent. lie vas an American 

aristocrat vith little feeling for common men 8.DJWhere. 

A note on Pearl Harbor. 

Th~ last ~essage described vas ot November 14, 1940 and the 

next one th.a~ I shall take u~ v111· be of ·Dec.embal' 9, 19Ja.l, an . interval of almost 13 months. That was ~ period which,, tor one 

thing, is· too painful for mem.ol'J' to·keep .. So MJ17 were the messages and so tev vee,thee·to vork on"'them,, at most onl7 two or 

three people on translation vork, that it would be futile to go 

through a minute description of their separate contents. •I 

Having said that ve shall DO'f present as clea,it a picture as 

possible or vha.t these d1spatches· contained 1n that interval,, 

vi th particular r·eterence to Japan~ e-Am~ican. negotiations. 

Aftel' the tall of Prance the mood of the American people made it 

possible for the United Sta.tea gradu.all7 to build up a trar potential, ostensibl7 aimed entil'el7 against the Europe&lll Ax:t~. So 

great was our trade legal and oth~ise with Japan that an embargo 

- 28 ~. 

SECJRET 
I 

was hard to .se~ started. Due to isn.oran~e OUl' people as a whole 

viewed Japan with relative unooncern11 that is. save in the high 

government oftic·es in- Washington where. great laboraa ~:tet7, 

pel'plex1t7 and s~tter!ng were taking place. For there it was unknown vhethe!' 1t would be .1D Asia or Europe that we would have 

to tight tirst. ' . As previousl7 polnted out11 Japan -.s exerting·intolexaable • • • 0 

preesm-e on the Betherlanders 1n the ~st Indies,, and it became 

clear to the Japanese that they vould--not 7!eld even it permitted ~ 

to·do so bJ' the Betherla.nds. the lJn1~ed States. and England. '!'hey 

vere Iiego~iating more and more teveriehl7 with the Portuguese foF . . . 

the res~urces of _Timor and Don~or Salaza.r ~ould not budg°eo. ·The 

Japanes.e saw some six months before Pearl Barbor tba.t if th&J' 

. . 

wel"e eve?' to win the var against China thf!rl" vould also have to . . . . either obtain the resources of. these islands or else seize them 

along with the Ph111pp~es, Tl1'11 and Bmam.a. 9t coUl'se, the'J' 

dreaded a war with the United States._ Th~l' best-advised otfie:tals ---. 

in eV&T!J' department of theil' government advised the hot-headed var . .. 

lord,s, n~t ~ver to attack the .. Anglo-Saxons; so Japan planned a · 

oolll'se·~f nego~iation~ ~itb. S~re~-ot State COl'dell Hull thFou.gh 

Ambassador Nomura. 'lhe7 did this because it had·da~ed upon them 

~t ther c~uld not achieve thei1tobjective short ot a miracle, 

th.a~ is. unless th97 could vin us over without a f'1ghta 

Th97 fir!!t presented propos~l A, wharebf they wee to get 

- 29 ..... 

• 

SEtRET 
• • 

eveFythi.ng they wa.nted fol" theiF co-J>'.•ospari.ty aph~e in Bast 

Asiao W.oile maintaining eomplete c•;:,rdj.al:f. ty vi th Mr. :Nomu-ra whom 

he per-so:aallJ' liked, 5ecr•et!u7 Hull 11 having previou.sly studied 

the proposal received from ~ur off.tee~ tuFned it down after 

merely glancing over it.. Alo:ng with :PFOposal A~ Toqo had sent 

vhat the:y ~ee.11-ed a stop-gap proposal B., Some six veeks before 

hostilities bPoke out Mr- Nomura on vord from Tokyo p~esented the 

second pl'oposa.l which ·was couched in trague ttWms and seemed to 

demand considerably less o Mr .. Hull stu.<lied or .seemed to study 

this document for sometime, probably. to gain time, but Fozaeign 

Min:Lster Matsuoka vas dead of consumption and Tojo held the C•lncurrent off.ices of Premier and Foreign l.fi.nister, backed up by a 

small but powerful clique of arlD.J' and :nBVJ' of'tieers capable of 

' 

wielding tremendous power over the military forceso Save for 

Oshima and a relatively f~ othel' semi-diploma.ts Japa.n~s· diploma.tie 

corps was almost u:cd.f ormly a.gains t war 'iii th the Allies bees.use 

they kl'lei.r what t&'l.e outeome would be., Even powerful &l"m'Y and navy 

offie®~s wal'1ned ~ojo and his clique no~ to atta.ek us under any ( +. .. airoum.ste.noes though they themselves detested uso The Empero~ 

and Prince Kon.eye did not know what to doo I do not know if they 

aetuall~ had any definite fseli~s in tb.e matter 01" noto But Tojo 

ertdentl,- felt cocksUFe and he a.ud b.is cohorts began to scheme 

war in tb.e Pacifico 

The sands of time were nu.ming outo SecFetaey Hull bad held 

- ;;o -

SEC:HE'f 
• • 

prOJlosal B unde:r» considera.tion as long as he da.r~do The Bri t~.sh., 

Aust;:r~alie.n; Netherlands~ and <lli.:tnese· lti.J!d.steFs met vi th Ml-o llu.11 

and President Roosevelt in the ~bite Bouse and a da,-·or so later 

Secz·~taPy Hull asked .Ambassadoio N~.ra and AmbaasadOF K1lrlll!U:1 _ vho 

at llomu:ra'•e iosquest vae sent bim fiiiom Japan to help in the negotimw6 to call at the State Dapeiztmmto The SecPetlU7 t:b.em . . handed llir. :MomuPa counteP-~oposal.s .of the United States demandin@: 

that the status quo of bef'~e the ve.r be J,Qestorecl in Ba.st Asi&o 

Bo·th of the Japanese were pieo:l'ound.li shocked and ~. l'lor.xmr>a said 

that. he could not _coopeJ!late elfen to the extent of' send.ing the 

An!erican proposal· to h1s govenmenta However" he did_ s.end it and. . .. then the Japanese began one of the stealthiest actions in all 

milit&l?J' histor"J'. '?hey wi!'ed Nomura to sit tight and pretetld 

that nego'tiations wee being kept upr li'Figbtened,, he· willed back 

th.at he should have gone out v1th the formeF peace cabinet of 

.. - ~1 ta;- did not wish to be lef't hel"e 11k~ the cai"cass of a dead 

horse; that he did not want to keep going about ·deceiVillig people 

(in 1946 in 'folqo l&oo Nomura told the American off'ic1al.s that he 

. ·' ~emembeioed sending that messe.gejl but meant tb.a:t he did not v&nt 

to go cm. deceiving even the Japanese as to his t.ne feelings); 

"' 

that even thongb the members of his embaSSJ' W&l"e turning a.gU..ust 

him he alwa7s knelt down at night on his knees. and prayed that the 

crisis would pass w:l.thout varo Tojo replied that it was not s. .. 

question cf one manes opinion or desi:r»e;· that the ambassador vas 

in tae most et~ategic ple.ae :ln. the woi-ld, &Ud that he should calm 

- 31 .. 

SECRE'f 
himself and Ce:r!Ff things thFough to theil' conclusion~· 

Then came a ve?"J peculi~ message to be pt'esented to ~ . .. -

Secreta17 Bullo The Japanese had alread,J" told the ambassador-

. - that negotiations vel"e de facto ruptured upon. l'eCH~iving the 

. ' counter-pl'oposa.ls of the united States and to merel7 play for , . . . . . 

time. Yet in this mes sage s eveN.l da7s la te:f' th&J apparen:tl-y . . . 

again sought a modus vivendi (I t.bink it was ML-. Hull Mmself' . . 

vho first used that expitessicm.) :tPom Seereta.J7 Bull wh~ vas 

cel"tainl'y perplexed' by ito · What piaompted that message I never . . knevo P819haps i't was part of the trick; perhaps, on the other 

hand0 . something ma.i have Pl"OlnPted.Tojo to reconsider temporazeil7 ' 

1n the face of tearo 

Ere long a Ve7!'f sec~et message was sent fro~ 'l'olqo to Oshima 

fO"r> Ribbentrop and Bitl~ vho ve~ td infm MussoliDi of its 

contents. In it Tojo said •sa7 VG'1!'3' aontidential]J' that we are . . 

.read7 to attack the Anglo-Suon nations and tb&t tb.is'attaclc •J' . .. . .. . 

come about sooner th.an. ·&n.J'One dreams to. some clash ot arms o" · ' ·~ M 

&cfme months p%'eviousl7 on sanding the proposals Nomura had been . . 

advised that unless the United States accepted proposal B there 

would be a "tl'ag8d:7" on the last 0&7 of· negotiationso -~om a. . . . number of naval messages ·ve somehow began to imagine that Ja.pan°s ~ ... _. 

attack would come in. the Philippines; however had,we read o~ 

rather bad it been humanly possible fo~ US to P&ati several messages &:l"Fiving shortl7 before Pearl ~bor and several some da7s 

and weeks aft~ it ve would have known clearl7 that J:ta.wa11 was to 

•. - 32 -

SECRE'f 
be Ja.pa.n llg objaetiV~o Of 00Ul1Se:1 in• retrospect ve can see how 

some six weeks befoFe Pea~l HaxJbor ve might have been able to 

hava_determined this but there was simply too much. woFk fol' our 

pGX"eonnel on matel"i&l which b.J' all good judgment on ow·part had 

the priority that we were simply too fatigued in the- vertinent 

Wa~ De~tment offices to be that ana.lyticslo Of course the 

United States might have .attacked Japan f'irat but the President 

said as he sadly mus.ed ov:er> the situation some hours befo~e the 

event happened at Pearl Harbo:tt~ l!'Jws have a good recoro.;" 

A descFiption of the var taken largely from Majo~ George Fielding Eliotss account in ~be "Information Please Alma.nacho~ 

At this point in ·o:rder to oliill'i.fy tbe sequence or messages 

to f.ollov we shall have to give at 1.east a brief summaey of the 

gen~a.l course of the var t:Pom the autumn of 1939 ~o the _autu~ 

of 19450 The var lo?ds of Japan. f~om even before the beginning 

ot the -reign of Meji had been scheming to obtain _Nbb~-, cos.lg, . . 

oilp iron and tin which they lacked fo~ modern indust:eyo. In oroet> 

to do this they· schemed to acquire tJie Netherla.n.ds Fast Indies 

and the Malay Islands. and to defeat China in order to make heF a 

market for Japanese nia.nufactui>eso The war lords further planned 

to fo~ce Russi~ ou~ of Sakhalin and be.ck west of Lake Baikalo 

Some of the Japanese m11:1taey t.h.ought China should come .• 

first and indeed they started out with the Chinese pi-ogre.m· in . . . . . 

Msntlhuria in 1931 but the fighting for ten yea:zos proved_ha.rdeio . . thB.n they had anticipated., It is true that they gained many 

- 33 ~ 

-SE€RE'f 
s tra tegie points and. all the vhile 'tie were . supplying them vi.th 

tron,, oil and oth~ products. for th:ls invasiono After the first 

fi~e years Japan vas appalled at the overwhelming numbers of 

Chinese soldiers against whom she began to reali1;e that she vu 

vs.sting her stl°6Jl8th and J?esoureeso So she began to look more 

and more to the United S.tates fo~ supplieso :But the attitude of 

ow country vas Changingo We begs.n to supply them less and less 

and about a 1'~ before PGQ?ill l!OO?bo~ hardllf' an;,tb.1ng was going to 

JS.pa.no It wa.e then th&.t Japan put forth so despe"ra.te an eff'o~t 

to convince us that she was. in the righto She spent tl"emendous 

amounts of money on all kinds of schemes. to influence.us ~ougb 

~ of otll' ovn people who to'l" one reason o:r> anotheF saw or sesmed . ' ~ ' .. 

to see.some justification on Japan 6a sideo How terribly ~ong 

vere some of our missiona.J?ies, :a.evsaasters an~ above sllD business 

So after the f'i:rs t five yea.:ra . at her struggle in China .. . . ; ~ 

Japan began to look enviously at the l'!etl?.eFlands Indies and ~ . . . 

Ma.la.ya. but she feared to antagon,ize _the .u~ted States? H!>~land 

and England8 confining her ac·tivities to ev~-tncrea.sing negotia0$ 

tiolis in Batavia., etca In 1939 vs~ came in earnest in EnFope • ' • r 

vhich 4elighted the Japanese... Germany quickly overcame FFance 

and Rolls.nd ~ve were t~ our attention t~wa.rd ~ope, 

alarmed et the fa.11 of .France and f'ea.ioi~ lest England and Russia 

meet dete&to 

- 34 -

SE€RE'f 
The Japanese ' .· military th.ought they foresaw a. .quick ~ 

victo:ey ove:r Russia and ware not. s.n'ld.ous to have Hitler oveiv in. 

tha Orient demanding rieh .bootyo Tio.ey- wanted to have their 

sphe:re in the Orient completely consolidated and ~ their pover 

befo~e tbis haPPC!ned_, th~etore.,, "they quickly schemed to ~eize . . 

Mala..,-a, Singe.pore,, the Nert~e~lands Indies and the Philippines o 

The American f'leet was at Pearl Har!~JJ and they figured that if 

they could deliver it a knockout blow th&J" could quickly achiev0 

their objeotiveso That is vh7 they attacked Pearl Ba.rboF on 

Decembel' 1 :i 19410 Of eoru?se9 they. l1B.Dtad to keep u.s out of 

Australia and to take Australia so that we cov.ld net get a :foot-· 

hold tb.~e,, in shoz»t" th~ Jap~eso plamied ~o leave us no ~sea 

fo~ s. e0111ba.to BefoFe the attack .Admiral 5ak&.moto:i a known ha~ 

of a.11 things . America.n.'i' vas called :tnto conf erenoe and question.ad 

as to the advisability of the atte.cko His reply was that for 

all his ha_tr-ed of the Uriited States 11 if such a plan were Ca.xTiad 

out. it woul~ snd in a defeat fo-P Japa.n in about t'our ye&rso 

Those who hes.re this opinion from Sakamoto screamed, "traitor'" o . .:. 

Late:r f'il'lding the destination of an airplane b~ing Sakamoto 

tb.Fougb. s. code mees&gep we shot d~ his plane and he was killOO.o 

But Japan.us.plans like those of. GGrmany,_ foF that matt~, . . . . 

were bas ad on the assumption of quick victoey o Doubtleias they 

Fealized that ~e Allies were pc;tential:l7 strongeF' but they fell 

imm.anaely far f'J.oom a cor~aot estimate of our rseou.rces and latent 

potv't!t!GSo So the Japanese and Germans both bad a D00$SStl?7J' time 

SE€RE'f 
limit for .tbe1r opeat1onso 'Die Gdmana planned to def'~~ the 

Russian &rllli in the late autumn of 19'1-liiand the Japanese .»larmed 

to consolidate all their suoeesses 'b7 the end of' 19420 In. these 

IJl'Ojects.botb. ~and JaPa,n failed most mieera.bl.'fo ~ 

failed-because Bitler decided.that inateacl of eont1nn2ng h1s 

siege of Moscow and destii'OJ'iDs the .h. ltueaian reserives east and 

north~st of it,, retracted and decided,, against the adnce ot 

his generals •. to drive east to the Volga in the Stalingrad sector 

~ to invade the caucaaus in o'Fde:r to cut Rus~ia in two9 Doubtless he fancied he could conquer the Middle East and India lJ1' 

double thrusts, one from the Caucasus through Titlis and. the othe 

from. Borth Atr.ica across 1'431Pt,, P.a.lestin.e and the AN.bi.an Desert . . 

as General Marsh&ll has obaeved. 

So the Ge!'mali armies drove t~, tu awa.7 and success:fu.11'1 

too. to th~ gates· of StalingPad and ·.the·· f'oothills ct the cauoaauso 

At stalingi-ad. tor the fiNt ttmii·1t began to dawn on the Germans . . . 

that th8J' might not be able. to defeat ·auseia; tor thePe reseves 

began to POU1'h1J1to the CitJ' and ~man onslaught after onsl.&ught . . 

tell backc1 The Russian · a.zamies were ·ccm8olicl&ted at last and 

bac~ svit'tl.J' trom·the Caucasus thef cirove the Germane whose ~omaraniications and s\lppl1es had ·been long severedo ~om ~ on 

G~ m.et:onl7 with defeat :i.n her attacks both offensive~~ 

defensive tn·Ruasi&a · 

We v~ll not go into ·deta.\l:s of ·Japan. 11 s ea.rl7 ·suoc.es~es at. . ' 

SingaPQ1"e._ 1n Burma. Rangoon. Mand&ia7, Thai, the Burma Road_ 

- 36 -· 

SEC:RET 
VE' #DP"tWP2 

=tJ :LJ. u ... ' .L.I ... ' 

Nev S?aitaini Australia., Bf/V Ollinea, the Solomon Isl.ands and 

OorPegidoz=, the Philippines aud the Dutoh East Indieso '.rhen Japan 

set out to P?>event us from eve interfering. with.her hol~o 

The;r sent a tle&t towud :Pol"t' MOI'esbJ', on the south sho~e ot 

Australian Nev Guinea,, but in t.be Oor&l Sea ve _stopped them once 

to'r' all in the dil'ect1on ot Auat?'&lia thOugb. at great coat to .. 

ourselveso In June, 1942 the Japanese made the11' second g!te&t 

sea attack, this time against ·M1dwa7 Islands, after which th&J" . 

vel9e to procead on and take the Havaiis but ~ that time our men . . 

and materiel had caught up v1th our 1n~elligenoe vorko .There in 

the Battle ot Midwa7 occlll9Ped tb:e worst d1sasteza the Im:{>e?Di&l 

3apanese N&VJ' has ever suffered .in its his~O'.f'J'a 'lb.a JalJ&D:ese at 

about that time attempted to.gain a foothold 1n the Aleutians and 

a ttacke4 :butch ll&l'bor bJ' a:il', but all ther accomplished vu th& 

occupation of two :t1nJ' island.sD Eiska and: .A.ttuo But .Japan11s 

f'Ol"Ces ve're theu still stl'onge tb&u ours a.!:ld th~ assembled them 

in the Solomo1l' Islands where th57 bu11 t- a 18.?ge airfield ~ 

Guadalcanal 'for a dri.ve south to the ~SW Belridas. and -.n:• O~_edonia, 

· another. plan to cut us ott trom Australia and.to inva.d~ itc We . 

·saw the danger and· quickly mad~ a barro¥ing dec1e1ono On August 

7, 1942 ~Marines· began landing at-Guadalcanal and Tu~a~ 'Where 

th8J' gained Sf'Ound but four. heavy cruisers ~eh~d them were sunk 

'bJ' t.be Ja~ese and how oUP tore es vi thstood them was ~raoulous, 

isolated as thef. vere., . '?bat was a.. fateful figh~ and omv ~O!'Ces 

· began to arrive bJ' sea and Ul:'o '!'he ~ide tu.:Pnedo our 1ni;ell1ganee ... . 

.- 31 ... 

SECRET 
vork and our f"c:>rces vere in coordination at J.aSt, and Japan vaa 

··reduced to night a.Uo attackso ThCQ' would not risk their main 

fleeto Nov at last Japan ~,fo~ever lost the otten~ive ~the 

Allies were on the otfens1va 1n both :EuFope 8.nd Asia. 'lhe . . 

Japanese never attempted another major of'tensive on either land . . . .. . . 

. . . 

or seao The Germans fought on d~_speratel7 attar- Stalingrad• and 

the Japanese did the aam.e after Gu.&Cialce.nal, but though th91. had .. ' . gained their em.pirie~ ~t s1owl:r began to dawn on them tbat they . . 

could neve1'1 hold them. It took three 7ears tor the w&P to turn 

agauat the Germans and one J'e&r against the J&paneseo Now we 

·, 

will pr~ceed to the ms.ttai- of chronologo 

Germ&n7 re-armed,_ walked into Aus_tM.a and C:zechoslovald.a. and 

on September l:i_ 1939 .invaded Poland for which she t~l-med a mock .. 

alliance with -~~eow tog~ time, pretending that she would. . ' . . divide up Pol.&nd with Ruseiao 

1939.. Septembe 3 • . · . " 

Great srttam and FP&nce deeiar.ed va on ~o NOVC911lbeF 

:50, Rus~ia this. t1me 1n reality 1nftdes 'Finland., · 1940, A~l 9, 

: ·.. . . . . 

Gel'm&DJ' invades Denmark and l'lOFV&Yo MaJ' 101 ~ invades . . .. .. . . . . Bolland, B~lg1um and Lu:embOUl"go Ma7 16 OermanJ' invades . ' ' 

FN.noeo June 10, ~ ns ridieul~s all.J' 11 Ital7 /1 clacla.:Pes wme on . . ' 

PN.nce and Engl&11do October 1,, Germ&n7 invades Roma:ai&o Oetobe ' . ' . . . 

28,, I~l.J' invades ~eece. 1941~ April 60 ~ invades Yugosla.Via. and Greeceo JUne ~ ~ deo~es wu on 

- ;;a .., 

SE€RE'f 
Russia but Russia kn.ew. Germa.ny~a plans more than two m.on.ths in 

adv&nee; tozi we olD."selves told them vhen and vhere the attack l¥&.s 

oood ngo .December. 7 g Japan. bombs Pearl Barbor, declaring war on th.e 

. United States and GJ.'iea.t Brita.in., .Deoemb~ 8, the United St.ates 

and Great ~tain daolue 1i!&r- on Ja:p&n and China declares var on 

Japan, Germa.nJ' and Ital70 December 11, Gemna.n:f and Ite.l:y deola.ioe 

war on the United ·States and the United States declares w~ on 

. G~ and lta.170 .19428 May 22, Mexico. declaFes. wa.:r on Ja.pan:i 

G~ and Italy' and Br-azil on G~ and It&l:fo l9lf·3o Bolirta 

declares w&ll' on the AX!s Powe~ o Septembei> 3 after .defeating 

Rommel 1n North ~ica the Allies invade Ital-yo September 8 Italy 

surFendei-s to the Allies o .o~ tober 13 Italy un~.er Bsdoglio deels.Fes war on Geiom&nyo 19440 June 6th~ Allies ii'lvade·the.grean 

hills of NoJ?man.d.79 Septembel" 3 Roms.nis. .signs e,?IDlistice., · 19450 

Fe'brua:fiJ' 23 Turkey and Egn>t decl~s vu on the Axis.. . ~eh 21 . 

Argentina dec.laras wa?" on Germany o May 2 after a terM.tic 

·· ..... 

stiouggle the Germ.an army in Its.17 surPenders to the illieeo May 

8 Germany surrenders uneond.f.tionall:y to the Allieso· A~gust 8 

I 

as a ges't'IJ2le and for political rea.e~mt Russi~ dec~es var·cn 

Je.pano Septembe:ra 2 al~ her fleet. aud a.ii he!i.t&rr:l:-to:ey gone and 

·· two of her great ci·:ties. Hiroshima and Nagasald t~ful.17 blasted 

.with Am.erican.atom:i.c. bombs:> Japan su:rTend~sa 

- 39"" 

SEC:RE'f 
Message on J>8S6 lo 

The reasons whJ' I have not taken up the prelude to P8fJ.ltl 

llal9bor 1n more detail arae that the stress and strain ot ·that 

pel"ioci were so gFe&t tha.t I bs.ve o~.J' a confused mem.Ol'f of them 

and the details can be found in thei~ essentials in the long. 

published report of the Pearl Harbor InYestigation Committee., . In this dispatch .we find the fi~s·t Japa.ues e comumniqu& to 

Jap&.nese· diplomats a:t>road e,oncerning the extent and damage of the 

videl7 SJUchron.ized attack at loOO o'clock Wash3.ngton t1me4 As 

vell as.I can ~ecall~ this message was fairly ac~ateo 

Message 9n ?+,Se .3,o 

Hel'e ve first meat Adn&i:ral ~lan.. Of all the F.f'enchmen 

covered by these Japanese ~epo~ts to Tok;ro,. Dar~ appea?Js to me 

Fea.117 to have bean the most anti-Ally il;l his thought. and· actions 

or tm.7 other French.ma.no 

Message.on page !o 

Before vars propaganda begins to flourish at an increasing 

· t~o a.nd once var ha.a started9 it becomes so· preval&nt that. it 

is e:xtl"emely ~ittioul~ to distinguish facts from fictiono Parhaps 

h+t near the truth., POX'~ps ~n.war any na.:tion ~It p~opl~ ee 

cFUel 1n vaeying deg'l"'ees,. even to civilians, but the histories 

of the Japanese conquests from the 16th centurr on are full of 

... i ·-

SEERE'f 
in1;1tances .of' ~ing beastliness on the p&Ft ot the Japanese in 

Ko:rea and Ol:.ti.nao 

It may not be amiss to r"818.rk that the first thing both 

belllgerents.accusG each othem of is the nn:arder of priests, nuns., 

mini.ates and helpless voman and children along vith the bombing 

of churches and other holy placeiso This is exac.tly vb.at the 

Japanese Foreign Office is accusing Sec~etarJ' Rull of doing and , . ' 

he .is advising his ~epresenta·tives 1.n foreign cmmtriss to d91l7 

these accusations immsdiatelyo 

Mespa.se ... on .. ~g0 ~o 

Bera Budapest repoi>ts that the. f'!Fst aecwiatiom of tha 

United States vee mpFes.ding like wild f1iae before the Tokyo 

denial in the English language was woad.cast on the night of the 

28th of Decembero. The. Ja.pa,neae Ministe adrtsea the Foreign Of ... 

f1ce. to listen in to- Briitish broadcasts~ deny them insta.ntly9 tmd_ 

since Tokyo broadcasts are sometimes: ha.rd to Pick up it vill be .. I • • • . 

a goOd ·idea to have Germa..ny and Ita:cy- bFoadeast Japanese dsnial·s 

in.English to England e.nd the United St&teso . . 

Mea13iase on P&£9 .... 1..o ·_ . . 

At this point ve first :Mm into Spanish .Foreign Miriistm:- --· : . 5&"fll"BllO Suner o Ve 1U1ll meet him ofteno . Whether OF net he has 

tm1' ~.ede~ qualities we do not know but ·he was one of 'the meet 

cunn:tng, ~evariaatingg and_m~CenaJ.7' men found in.thees mes- . . 

s&getl!o This by the W&J' vas the beginning of one of the greatest 

espionage fioaude evw foisted on"'a nat10no The gold•lorlng 

- 2 - . 

-SEGRE'P 
• UE'~P2 a 

u ..1...:.1'-A.I.'-.A..:J ... - : 

Spanial'ds struck a good vein of ore 1n Japano It reminds you· 

of hov !hropeans bought lmnd!'eds of acres from . the Indians with 

I • ' 

a fGV piece& of' costume jewel170 We do not mean to S&J', however. that the Japanese got no value whatever from their invest ... 

ments; for .throughout the vat'· Madrid vas even more important as 

an esp1_onage center than either Lisbon or Geneva and ·in the 

normal oourae ot events the Japanese cOuld not help getting some 

rePOl'ts ot value. Nevertheless we ae sate 1n assuming, we know 

in tact, that the false 1ntON&t1on gotten into theil- hands bJ 

tr1Ck81"J' on· ~~. ~t. ct the A.111es bJ" tar offset auy advantage . I ~ , a • 

they had in Madrido 

MeaS&S!, ~n·J>!.ge So 

~n this message trom llela1Dk1 ve ~et the views-of. the 

respective Brazilian and Spmiah Mintste?S to Finlando The· 

Brazilian Ministe!' ~a7s that bis·coun'tl'J'•s relat10ns with Borth 

America are· economic and. that the aOnd.ng Pan-American OonfePence 

will. overlook ~s and end up in a baok-alappiu.g farce.; Re goes 

on to sa7 that Brazil has a larger terP!tol'J' ·than all Birope but 

/ 

onl.J" .. s~e .. ~~ ~μ1.~ inhabitants, and will therefore need ~mmi- . . . 

grants from Ital7,, Oerm&n.7, and Jape.no 

In ma.n7 va7s this contei-ence first appeared" a failve but 

it did.a great deal giiaduallJ' to consolidate most of South ·.America 

against the Ax1e. v1tJJ. -the notewor-tb.7 exception' ot Argentinao 

The Spanish M1n.19ttir ·sa7a that Spain will be delighted now 

.... ' -

• 

SECRE'f 
• 

that the Japanese h&ve seized the Philippines, that Spain is 

d&lighted to see ~e AXis oppose the Bolahevists vho in J'eUS 

gone by reduced Spain to a nonen.tit=ro He sa:rs that these Communist countries and their abettors, England and the United . . 

St.atesJI are naturally the enemies of Spain vho cannot fol?get the . . tFeatment she received at their hands in days gone by although 

Spa.in o&inot take up arms but only J;neay foY!' an Axis vieto17Q 

It certainly va.s not the -Communists wbo reduced Spa.in to a 

n.onent1tJ in J'e&FS gone byo It was the British and a wind stoY.Jm., 

I do not like to speak 1n geneioal.1.ties about peoples yet there 

has always, I think,, been something veey uncivilized about t.b.e 

Spanish people taken as a whole -- something paradoxioalo On the 

one han.~ they built a cultul"e vhich in all ot its facets is based 

upon Catholic symbolismo . Indeed fl.9om Spain have come some of the 

worldns greatest Chrietians.and·C~ietian missionazaieso· On the 

other- hand-· the ~ling olasses of Spain and the military conqu~o~a 

t.rho b.ave supported them liave beE"m a Clll"ious 1n1x~·e of p.i~·t-.r .and 

diabolical crlieltyo Again.among mait-y Spaniards the cleavage 

between l:aeligion and action is· so wide that it is hard.to see 

how -th61' can exist in the same person and yet they do o . 

. . 

Some days ago I vas talking with a school b07 vho was reading 

·a· history of ·the conquests of CcJJtez and Pizzaro·~ · The lad s'aid 

wthosa '&lfo men VEWB wonde~ful Catholics .. - They prayed to God to 

give them victory over the.vieious· savages; partiaula~ly wicked 

- 4 -

.. 

SECRET 
old Montezuma." I. replied·, "'you must not get th~s mixed up. 

Cortez and Pizsuo were savage Oatholios and Mon,te:P:uma was a . ' . . 

o1v1lized savage.~ The Spaniards. 'Were reallJ' af.ter gold or its. 

equivalent ill colonial poeaessions. 

Message· on ·:pase lOa 

··In .. this fragment ot a message Oshima •lks wit.b. Otto A.bets, 

German_ eD..YOJ' to :zt'loance, and 1ncident.all7 not neo.es.s~117 an unwise or bad man. He alv&J'S took evWJ opportuld.t7 to ad.Vise 

Gel"ma.D.J' to tempei- down tbe1za :tncreas1ngl:r he.a'Q' d~ds on ~ce. ,, 

. · · ·:: Here he tells the amb1t1oua ex-m111taF,1 .men, ~~s delice.tel7 

aa he dares that·noth1ng can ever.win Vicb.7 at h~t over to the 

Axis.- '!hat was :truec 

Now we meet the pres-e attaohe to the .Spanish '&nbass7 1n 

London. Senor Alcasar Belasco·... lie has .re.t~rned -home @d .has a SPJ 

net of ~l men and has, brought a detailed report.fr~m England fOl' 

the 9J'MI of Fl*a.nco and Suner only~ Suner, of' eours e 11 giv~ fi.. 

cow ot 1 t to Sum&_o Belaseo is :return1ng to ·.London in a· couple 

ot da7s.. ThUs begins the long series of ~O intelligences; . con-. 

sis-ting ot ~ tabriaations sc,ld dearl7 tO the Ja.panese11 1:0. anotb.er 

mes sag~ S~ .. descioibes· Belasc.o as a VePY shrew4 .8.Jld · cavs~1ei--l1ke 

gentleman nvho., if he likes you., .vill. d·o tin.J"t'h2ng. for· 7~u ·8.nd if 

h• ·does -:uo1i -1"°'1 had· better look out." .:. . 

- 5 - , . 

() 

SEC:RET 
• ~esaase .~·J?&s• 13 .. 

'l'h1s message·trom·Buenos Aires conce:fD.illg a convel'sation . . . 

bet•een Japanese Saci-eta?T ·Uau1 and a German secretal'J' ~e;pe. 

'lh97 conclude 'that Am.ftl'l1cu 8Ul'vei1lance 1s so strict that it is 

going to be Vt!a!'T hal9d to get irifor~tion ot value floom the United 

States, and that theJ' had better get direotl7 in tou~h with Madrid 

which obv1ousl7 would be the best SPJ" c•t~ 1n the v~l'ld. Thq 

conclude that ma.7be they can get the Spanish Allb&t!sador 1n washing- · 

ton to tranam1 t SPJ' reports for them. 

Well, senor CB.Menas in 'Washington ~1th ~s press man 

Lucientes and an incl"'eaeing ne:tvork of sp1es (whom we rather 

easil.J" detected and 1n most oases won over to our side bf t~ or 

bJ' monq). did his: best to achieve that object. At first tol' a 

long t1me he thcu.ght he vas suoc~1ng a.nd hie disillusio~ent 

was tin.&ll'J P&intul indeed.. Then too the Spanish Emba.as7 here . . 

thougbt it val! fooling both ~e 3a~ese and the Americans, the 

Japanese bJ' getting fie ti t1ous. inf'o1'1D& tion into their ba.uds and . . ' 

tbe Americans 'bJ' fea:ring. to represent the Japanese honestl7 and at 

the same tim" cont:r1'ring .to get spies ·(1nf'antile ~s they were) 

into the United Stateso 

!'f SS sage ~on ese 1:5.. I 

I 

On the.,rd ot J&Dll8.J!1, 1942 Fra~o base. dinnerette tor 

European and Asiatic Axis :representati•eso Franco am1d 

trirtal1ties makes on& important s11atement. Fil'st he &&J'S that 

he is glad tQ e ee England and the United Sta tee have the honors 

- 6 .. 

SE€RE'f 
, . 

• 

ot war brought home t;o them; th.a~ now the,- w1ll understand the 

sp1l'i t ot Japan; and ~ t he is sure Singapore will ta1l soon and ' ' ' 

the war 1n th& Pacific will be overe Bat. he.further states that 

'things in Eul'ope &l'e not looking so good becauae Russ.1a 11on1i 

told up 11ke she ought to do. and ·Spain thinka Japan ma7 have to 

wind up the war after all,. FI-anao aeemingl.J' in a ~iendl7 mann'9r 

wal'na ~uma however that the Philippines. are Spanish h1stor1oall7 

and oulturall.J'. adding tha.t he ie sure tbat t'he Japanese 1'111 

understand thato 

Fouzi dal"s lat&l' Suneia tells S~ that the news tha.~ the 

Japanese were going to expel the wh1te paople from the Ph111ppin~s caused a greaiP shocko Suma speaks euphem1st1cally,. tzwf1ng 

'to explain it awa7 11 but.Suner seems dissatisfied" .Suma has ltt$t 

Belasco and Sune:r tells· him ~t it was he who a:rzaanged the · · 

meet.1ng; .th.at Belasco waa f1:rst sent to London to establish a ·SJJ1 

n~t,with the ~owlGdge·of the Spanish Amba.seadm6 a.lone;. that the 

sw net is functioning like clock .. wOl"k, getting dependable, intel-· 

ligence; but t.bat. there is danger and it will be too preo&l'ioua 

to let Balasoo go.ba.ct. to England right.nowo 

S~er go~_ on to sa7 that he ~s getting no importa.nt mesa~ga 

. . ' 

from the. United States 7e"t but three spies· have alrsad7 been sent 

ther-e., There is ~:ther talk about uni t7 between Spain and . 

Portugalo .. 

- 7 cs 

SEERE'f 
Message on page 180 

B'eFe we ha.va a fascinating message from Oshima dated the 8th 

of January, 19420 It is 1n the most diftioult ke)"ing of the 

Japanese Fol"eign Office's most secure oipher ma.chine (s.o the 

Japanese thought) o Oshima sa:7s that on the 6th Premi~ U Saw has 

visited Minister Chiba 1n Lisbo~ and that the nevs was brought 

him by Secretary Ueno of the Lisbon J!mbass7-. Oshima fears foF 

seeurity but wires Toky-o about the event and U Sawss statement . ' 

written on hot~l etat1onel"J'. ,-

U Saw simply tells Chiba that Churchill snubbed him and with 

the help or Japan he intends ~o free '.8111'~" after.which he adds 

that the following da.'Y,, Januaey l~ he would ·head for ~ma via . . . 

GibraltarJ) .in a British military plane and is to be bB.ok home by . . 

the middle of January .. 

,, In Egn_lt the Bl'~tish apprehended U ,Saw {of c~re·e we and the < 

Bl?it1sh vere.hoUl"l~_~hanging.tre.nslations or these Ja~ese 

dispatches) and he ~as held for sometimeo I do not recall the 

full stoey of U ~a.w ~d his attempt t~ collud~ with ~...be Japanese .. 

All I knov is that as of the second of August,, 1948 a·month o:ra 

so ago he.was exeautedo 

Message on J?!Se_20a 

H~r~-we fiJ:ld ~1ther Suner or ~~co philoso~ing on the 

d$&_th of' oulture. 1n Europe now that, the :Angl~-~ericans have 

tied up with the Russian.so Russia bas always beeJ;l"a C9Ilter of' 

- 8 -

SE€RE'f 
•• • 

UD.l'eat sin.Ce the da7s of Peter ~e G~eato Here occura a ·v~ 

reweal.iDa ... sentenoe: ~Culture hae not kept up with Civilizationo . . 

Material d~elopment ~s outst:pipped moral developmento We can 

teach ·a c&mlibal to use a 'telepbone or~ an automobile· but. . . .. .. . . .·. .. ' . 

still. he S.s a man eatw. Russia is ·noW a, magaslJle o~ :weapons and . . 

culture_ ia 1f1ped out. Nov t.be Anglo-Saxon~. have turned over 

Eμ:foj,$ to theae ·savage hordes·. " 

To. ua culture and civilization are a~out synonymous, but in 

. . 

the minds of most Span:J..ards, there is a not Vf!ir'J subtle distine:tiono . ' 

To them culture means overdone politeness," 15!UdJ ikona and 

. . 

·gl1tteFing baubles. Regardless of what c1v111zat1on and cultUJ?e 

are in Russia,· the Spanish idea of cultW!'e is entirely d.evoid or ' . "' . . : ' ' 

8.D.7 ·concept of mol'alit7 which th91 rightl7 attl'~bute to civ;iliza-

.· ttiozt a.bout :which they appear. never to have known mucho 

~~ssye·- :c:m, J?!!Se 2;, ... - . . ~ ' . . . ' ' . -~ .. -:~his message l"efers to a ·French.oodebook.whieb the· Japanese .. . . ~ . 

s·ucoeeded in cowing in Ra.1101, a rath~r dif'.f'icult cQde ·too, in-·· 

volving the supm-im:posi t1on of tre.nerposed .. ciphe?'.,· - ·. · 

. Message on 'Pa.se 22. · · I 

'' 

Now ve· c·ome to ·a. 'Jte"Fy lau.gbable message from poor Mr" Gliiba 

1n 'Lisbon to hi~ chief in ~okj"o,; So the British have caught · . .'... ·' . . . ' . . 

U sati· •. ·· xov in . the wo~ld did ·the'J' knoir . hEIJ was up to. anything? It 

'must have· been this va.7: 

. Wb.~ ·7ou_ vFits wi.th a pen OZ" pencil several pages beneath . . 

bear tb.e·1~ession~ in faet a. riumb~·or pages, even though you· 

- 9 -

SECRET 

/ 
•• 

cannot see ·it the molecules have been displaced and the writing 

can be bl'ottgb.t out v:1tb. chemicals. Young master U Saw vent up 

to tlie mezsanine 1n bia hotel and wrote out h1s1.111eaeage to 

Ambassador Chiba., Bl'itieh sptea vwe· standing uound a.mi when 

he -tore ott a page and lett tllq en~ed up and tore oft the 

page undel' it, slapped 1t into some ohem1oal solut1on and read ito 

'!'hat :ts the ODlJ' v&J' tb&J' oould have learned &Jl7tb~ ng about 11 .Sav 11 s 

plana and actions. 

Well, I supJ»Oae that fantastic expJ.anatton might have been 

possible. but I doubt it. These messages sp$ak tor thaisel•ea 

and we know perf'ectl7 well whePe the 1nformat1on came fromo 

~essage OJ! ese 2~. 

January 18, lglf.2 comes and Oshima 1n Berlin.vii-es Tolqo hia 

conjectures on the German-Soviet val'. Oshima exp!'esaes ohag!'in 

at the sta.Ptling defeats Gel'ID.8.DJ' bas met in Russia. Bitler baa 

miacaloulated but from the ve"J!'T beginning Germ&n.7 knew that it 

vould be d1ff1oul t to keep the1:r suppl7 11nea open.· The Gel'mana 

figul'ed on taking Leningrad, Mosoov.a.nd the Donets basin bJ' la.ta 

1n October or·early·in·Bovember and then .th~ Oaucaeuso oahim& 

apparantlJ' bel1ev•s tb&t 09rm&Jl7 will win 1D the n~t dr1VEte 

Beg1nntng September 1,, 19,9 Gema117 ov9ft-an Europe but ffiled 

to terP1f'J' ED.gland into surl'endel"o After the surrender of .Pl'ance 

June 22, 1940 and after the evacuation of Dunld.rk, had Hitle 

1mmed1ate17 in'laded Engl&nd who bad a weak 8.ir f'orce and all too 

... 10 ... 

SECRET 
• 

tew ftgtitlDs men left 1n the.BP1t1sh Isles he vou.14 have won out. 

bat be belltated too long and Am81'1can aid to B1'1ta.1n became 

peatei ~ gl-e&ter. Bitler ~1ded to defeat the RA1i' first. 

Ia tad.a the Luftwaf'fe suffered complete defeat •. It was not that 

tbe BIP1t1ah planes were su.Per1or to those ot· the a.mans but tbat 

the eld.11 and courage ot the a-1 tiah fliers iD new,, Pl'&CticaU7 

Ullt88Md pl.anea Vel'9 greater. lfitle S1mplJ' gave it Up tOO quick 'tliJ ' 

and 1t vaa too late to invade the ~1t1ah Ialeso !hen Bitler 

turned 1'1'• tile B1'1t1sh Isles to Central Bu.rope vhm'e he won aome· 

ada01' inaS.pttS.cant victories. neanwh11a he kept up the so-called 

Battle ot the Atlantic where to'!' a while be did Ve1!J well,, how• 

•••• th01Jih theore~oall'f neutral the l.Jnited 8ta~ ran the 

bloo1ca4e ~veloual.J' tho• at great loas. 1Pinall7 JU.tler's aubmuatnee and airplanes began to have lee.s and less effect 1n the 

Atlantic against our meae111'es to proteot the aea laDes to lngla.Dd. : . ' 

M..,ld.le Ruaao11n1 however got bagged down. Ill ai-edce and tile 

Brltl•~ were defeating "tbe Ital1ans in llm.-t!a Af"Jt1ca~ so m.tl~ 

~d to go and help the Duce fOr f'e&r the Allies might Vin 1n the I • • ~ I ' • 

Jleditenanean. Bitlel' probablJ' '.bad planned .to deteat Russia ) .... . . 

and Ulen conquer Borth Africa,, the Balkana a.nd the Middle East 

but he bad to move''southward. B'.ungal'J'~ ~can.ta and Bulgarla 

becsame f'r1ghtene4 and 1Dmlediatel.J' sunenderedo Yugoslavia resiat~ . . 

b1m bat he deteated hal' and than attack:~ the Ol'eeks.. The British , " (- , I • 

- 11 ... 

SE€RE'f 
vere forced to give up theb pursuit ot the'Ita11ane in Borti'h ,, 

Atl'ica 1A 01.'dar to put what small PGOl' t019eej vel'e available into I ·~ 

Greeoe. !ha GePmana drove these forces into· the sea.o so Oerm1Q' 

l . t 

won the Ba.limns, the eastern Medltel'l'anean and·Borth Atr1oa·but • 11 I ,t> 

he bad J18.1d so de&rlJ' tor them that he o0Uld"Ai'V$r again meet • 1~. • 

the rlalag war :potential of Britain e&rlJ' 1D 1941., BJ' Aptil is. 

l~l Rua1a Jcnew · t11ll7 of Hi tler 11 s- plan to attack her and she ' ' 

vas ·aecretl,. preparing. Indeed Hi tle had not counted the cost. ~ ... Perhaps he dal-ed not to l'eokon. In &nJ" oase tor what reason un• 

known he marched into Ru.saia on JW'le 22,-1941. At t1rat 'the 

German soldiers 11terall'y chased the retreating Russ1an ·arad.eao 

!he Germans apeedil7 toOk the Baltic Sta.tea and h\lr1!'ied.over 

Wb1 te · Rueaia and the Ukl'a1ne... On the north however tb97 vm-e 

checked at the- gates ot Lensn8r&d. On tbe south· they entered 

Rastov and stoJtmeCl Sevastopol 1,1h1le their great cao.tral &l"IQ' 

headed tor Moacow4 Hltle0s forces draw near theil' au.o~ent citJ' 

so that his guns could be heard bJ" its inhA'bitants. He Jn900la.imed 

"tbe Rusa1an :Power has fallen 1n the dirt, nev8l' to rise again.," ·• . : Then came the white snove of winter·. In their rela.tivelJ' light ' ' 

cloth ea the Germans almost f'ro.ze to de& tho -!'heir ail'pianes wee 

groundedo. l?he Bussi&ns ~ejo1ced and tought harder than ever for 

thQ" undestood winter v&.rta.Pe. Mosoov was saved from the 

invader. lfSV'iDS failed to take Moscow the Germana retired to 

their winter 11nea from the Baltic to the Black·Sea. vh~e ther 

- 12 .. 

SE€RET 
remained, preparing a new ottans1Ye 1n 19Ji.2. field. .Marabal Yon 

Book adY1eed 11 tlw to go baok and destl'OJ' the Ruaaian reaeve 

oonomt'J.tated east and northeast of Moscow because he could then 

take eaatern Ruaala eaa117. But Jlitler 4id not listen and. 

plaml1Dg to split Buasia in two CbtoYe towuds Stal1Dgl'ad where 

he ae't a· lllOSt cl'UShing deteat to 'the amazement ot the __ ,wqi-14. On · 

llov•ber 22 •. 1942 treah Buas1an tl'oops~ aeendngl7 1Df'1n1te_ 1n 

mmberrl' atu1;ed a countel'o:f'f&ll81ve which neveP turned back., and· 

from. that ~,. :forward. Gel"rD&ll1' ·was deteated •.. 

. ' 

What Hitler perhaps b&rd.17 realized Oshima as 7eii does not . know t.hat 'the ·tide has def'1n1tel7 turned against Oel'DZBD7o. Field 

M&Pahal Jtei tel is tbe onl7 one vho seems . f'ullJ' to realize what·. 

t.he f'&ilure. to take Moscow ree.117 meant.. · 

Bevertbeleas 1n this message ve·beg1n to d1scern:a.grow1nguneas1nese on the part.. of Oshima. who theea.f'tel' waa not alav to 

admit it when 0Sl'IDl9.D1' suftaecf tt$Vel'eeso 

At this time Oshima vas 1n a Vfll7 strategic· positionv B1s 

• 

advice to hlqo became invaluable and he bec~e envied and hat~ 

~ a n~ ot iareer d1:plomats 1n EiatOP9o· · 

l,easa.~Oli »!s•. ~~~. \. · · 

Here we have a v~ interesting o1roular from !'o]qo 

set~ing f'orth. th~ general lines of' future Japanese.propaganda.o 

Who aotv.all7 drafted the circular we do not lmmio From 'the 

Japanese ~ewpo1nt it seems 1n all probab1litJ'·&.good a~ 

- 13 -

SE€RET 
tor pX'opa.ganda concerning the projeoteQ. East Asis. .co-Prosper1t}' 

Sphei-a.. But it might well be asked wh7 some of the more 

educated men in the Foreign Office did not dl'aft a polic7 m.o~e 

understandable and a~eeptable to foreign nations~ part1eularl7 

in the Occident.. Almost an:r Japanese career diplomat would 

instantl.7 have unde:rst004 that this policy would antagonize far 

more peoples than 1 t would appeal to., 

The pol1c7 here described surnma.ri.zes the supersti~ions im· 

planted b)' the rising milita.ey leaders in the minds of all 

Japanese save the most astuteo It is this: racially, bistorioall7 

and oultul'ally Japan is divinely destined to lead all the nations. 

ot East Asia (why curtail the sphere to this extent? The 

doo trine was ths t Japan would eventuall7 rule the world and :the 

.11} The ~un god~ess and her 

descendant Yamato had planned :1. t soo. They bad imbued th$ Japanese ' . race with the responsibility for this gtteat» divine mission to 

build a unive~sal em:Pir&Q They- had established the nlmperisl Way"o 

But searcli as 'f?U will you cannot find th.at expression until the 

'\. . 

19th centur,.o Thus divinely founded. and instructed it wa.s 

natural that Japan should never 'have been eonqueried nor invaded 

and that he~ people shOuld not fe~ arrr other people or be hostile 

to ·themo Truly9 Japa.n was magnanjmouslJ the newl7 invented old 

godS had'. long ago. destined her to make the wOl'ld into one biS.» 

haJ>W f'amil'J~ Great character$ spirit~ ideals~ an.a. cOtQpa.ssion 

- 14 = 

SEC:RE'F 
a.re apparent 1n the iapm.ese peopleo Doaa not the Japanese 

fam1l7 Q'Stal show tbatt 

Best we ha"Ve a tJpical Japanese exppeas1on "the Pl"•ent 

.rapaneae people are founded on an imperial tamil:J' descended from 

heaveno-8 '!hat 1a. from the sun goddess Amateasuobom1kam1. · Sm-e 

tban 2.600 7eara ago did not the demigod Yamato.come trom the 

.south c0nque1'1Dg and even then amalgamating man1: or the vaious 

tl'1bes? ~ougbout all of 2,600 J'aat-S had not the Imp9rial 11n~ 

renl8:1ned unbl'ok:en even amid _the at:riite ot al.ans 1 ~eu~1am and 

all k1n48 of v1c1eaitudest lo Jd.ngdom or 911GJ1re evel' saw e~ mDJ" 

of S:ta monarohs overtbl'own, displaced or IBUl"deredo Time and 

again the line,. relat1vel.7 short~ baa been com.pletel7 broken. It 

is strange how peopl_e beliitve vhat thfJJ' want to belieYe. As 

.Chamberlain well remarks, "even the·inventors of Shintoism came 

to beliette 1n their own creat1ono" 

Row the time hae come to ·eatabl1ah Japanese dom1n1.on over 

Fast Alli& and she -will give th~ the oPJ)01't~tJ' -- the p.i-1vilege 

of bEting 1~ bJ' the one people on Ml'th.who are descended rPom. . ~ . 

hsaveno . As we i-etleet upon Japanese hist01'7 we can eas117 see ' ' . 

that her b!'a~e and spirited Qoldiers possessed the ability ~or_ 

this concel'"bed ef'tortc The;y will siread ~th_, goodneas,, beaut7, 

honest)'. a1>1rituallt7, science,, ar1-, good gove1rnment and. 1'9l1g1on 

' . 

among all 'the peoples or the Ol-1ento · Japan t:Mil7 per.-onities 

~ese ideal.so That :la what· the Imperial W&J' means -- noth1Dg but 

- 15 ..... 

SECRET 
hal'Dlonious unit~o Tb.ere.will be no discrimination. no '!'a01al 

or :religious prejudioe vhatever o Japan will simply and s1nc&relt 

work out a · coopel'a:t.1ve league f~ the great undertaking ot ?'&-

building East Asi&o 

NQW J'OU ma:y 8&J' tb.&'t this is something of' the aame sotiat or 

m:rtholog as. that of. the A.'rJ'8.n peoples from remote times, but l 

simply answ~ "no" o Then 'J'OU might sa7 ~t it is something 

like the attitude or the Germanic peoples toward the old Al':fan 

gods named somewhat different17 iii German Anglo-Saxon, etco,, but > ' 

again I ansve:r "non<> The AFyan gods are merel'J" _symbols repre= 

sen.ting the accumula~ed experience o~ the peoples spawned by 

In~ in prehistoric times, repres~tations in m:s-ths',p literary :/ . . , 

allusions, or marble or stl'ength, beauty 11 _the sun, sq and stara, 

d•th, etco · On the other hand8 · Shintoism compra~ses not th& old 

Ja.:Panese gods ·who &Fe not unlike OU!' OWllJI btit remoldings of 'them 

into &nslaving and ~l1taey con~e~tsv 

'ssaage.·on 21se·26~ 

, ' 

_Now we aome to a. message :from Hoz-ikiri in Rome dated 

;li'abru~ 26, 1942a- He has sup~lanted Amau who served ad interim., 

Hori.kiri senses the defeat of the Axis 1n Europe. Yet the 

general commission of the_3o.:J>OW~ pactbae just.met in Bet'lin and 

set up a prope.ganda_suboommiss1onG They have &.ll'e&d1° mapped out 

foreign. l)l"oi>aganQ.a for: themselves as veil as tor Japan and ll1.tla? 

- 16 -

SE€RE'f 
and J!uaso11n1 are going to direct this prope.gand&ll' Well now that 

ie aometb'Jng that m1gbt have worked pel'baps if tb_1'Qge had turned 

out dittarentl.7 but the Japanese be.Ye been doing better than the 

Ital.1&118 in theD share of the var of latep It vould be better 

fo'f! Japan s1mpl7 to cooperate ri.tb. hel' partnel's in Em-ope than 

. ' 

to go on execu1d.ng her ovri propaganda# The Japanese must lt&ep 

their t!lft!JS on their eond1 tionQ It is just.,:& schem~ of' llibbeniiPop 

to wrest the con~ol of f"o~eign pro}laganda. from Goebbels and to 

d1rec1; it from its seat on the 3-pover cOlllDliss1ono Re and 

Goebbels a.re not on good termso 

Had Horikiri kn.own it the Germ.ans bad done much better than 

the Japanese were to do; for German7~s.var began on Septemberl. 

1939 and she fought on V8"!7 sucoesstull7 until 9ctobett~ 1942 

a period ot ~ea J'e&r'S while the Japanese made headway onl:r for 

12 mon~s4 Th97 entered war on December 7 1 1941 and were defeated 

on Guadalcanal dUI'ing August. 19420 

4ess9e on E!,SS 27 o 

!Phe .;Japanese Ambassador in neutral Stockholm vhe$ dwelt the 

most intelligent.of German Fetugees, if we ma.7 so eall them, re- .-

ports their views to Tolqoo They take it upon tJ;lems&lV&S to 

ins.ult the Ja.paneaea '?hey figure that Jape.n is up against a 

monstf91' in China vhioh she cannot whip.and tb.at:simiJ.arl7 Germany 

is _up ag&inet a. monster-··in Russia" which she has no motte cbance 

of whipp!ng., They are· utiba.ppy, the:r do not like to see Japan 

- 17 -

SE€RET 
gn.bbing more and more while Europe is ca:rry1ng on a nonsensical 

and f'ratr1c1dal war ·vhich dught to be stopped and -reconstruction 

beguno Some of these Germans even say th.at it vould be of v&rJdoubttul advantage to Eul'ope for England to be knocked ant and to 

lose too rnatQ'. of her colonies.. They figul'e that Japan is a 

parasite l11cel7 to doom the doctrine of fioeedom11 Not onl7 in 

Ind.1& but even ovsr the whole vGKteril vorldo 

Here we find an op9Jl expression of vhat the Germans were 

' 

probabl7 secretl7 thinking at home at this timeo 

- Jlessye on Page 280 

We mention tbfs message m&Pel7 as an indication of' how the 

appointment o~ Sato as ambassador to Moscow attracted opinions . . 

eve?'yW'hereQ Professor ~ov a~tly ~ompared ~ato~s position in 

Rueaia with the position of' Ml'o Nomul"a and.ltro X:~sU: in W'ashington . . prior to the outbreak b&tveen Japan and the Anglo-&axonso . . 

Message on pase.)Qo 

I' 

·fhis· is a·"Madrid intel;Ligance" stating that Stalin vill 

. have heavy demands on the All~es when thew~ is over because ot 

his super1ol' POSition in having played a major role in defeating 

G~9 so London and Ws.sh1.ngton sim;pl7 will have to go-along 

'ri. th Ste.lin Qnd. try td get Mm to temper down his desires o 

Mess!B& on N~_:a_ .. .. . Here we have a. code message superenc1phared in the most· 

. secret keying of the Japanese Foreign Office aipher machine wh1ob 

- 18 - ' ; 

SE€RET 
'· 

th.87 thought to be invulnerable to the endo Oshima 11eports a 

conveJ'sa tion between himself and Chancellor Bi tlel'o B1 tlme 

t-egreta his failing ab111 tJ' to Oarl'J' out hie plans for building 

six battleships, four car1'1ers and a fleet to sttpPotst th.em between 19'1-0 and 19440 Be aa7s that he 1s aor17 to aa7 tha't 1t 1s : ' , I • 

not vork1Dg OU.t that v&J-4 

ID &D1' o.aae B1tl81' 1s certainl.J' giad (so he sQB) that 1ile 

Japanese ~e v1mling so ~ V1cto1'1ea w1 th their ~ellent navr •. 

If he oDlJ' had tb.e Japanese fleet tnetead of the Italian 1n the· 

Mec11teranean the·s1tuat1on there would bave alread7 been 

atab111.zed. In &DJ' oaae, sqs Hitler, he is glad 1ihat he ts doing 

' ' 

so well v1th aubmaJ.111.nes along the American coast. Be hopes that; 

the Japanese v111 harass hat' on the West Coast .. · ·Then she w111 .~ . not be able to def'end her doors arra longe. JUtler further ea7a ~ . 

that he is going to oonttnue to build bigger and better submar1neso 

Mesaa~e .. on pase '!· 

' Oshima l'epo?tts a conversation he had v1'tb Chancello:tt Bitler - ' 

in th~ presence of Fol"eign Minister ~1bbentrOPo H1 tler praises 

the swift and .. successful Japanese v1otor1et!ll and sa7s that the 

wu b.&s been brough:t to a dec1s1ve stage tb.el'ebJ'o Than he UDl'Olls 

a detailed map expl~ining_ the. mllitarj' s11-uation 1n various p~eso 

"I· am. vell satisfied with the val' in Russ!.& so taro Wobod'J' but 

ve G8l'ma.ns bas ever f~t one or tra.oae desperate Rusal&n winters I 

and vono I say tba't because I know that aa aoon aa g0od weath&r 

- 19 -

SEC:RE'f 
ccmee back va can ol"Uah the Red A.rmJ obQletelJ'. We do not want 

to eu.fte needlees caeualt1es a1; Sevastopol; ao we are nov at- . •, 

tacking it. v1t-h Ulll>l'f)OeOentedl.7 he&V7 guns and will conqu~ it 

soon. We are bombing Malta oonst;antl7. Ital.7 could hell' Romaiel . . 

out much 1n Atrica it she would but her ettorta have been 10. 

pant tba't I dou.b't VflP7 much that she v1u. She ought to help 

ua ge~ to PQpt and sues. Ital:r•s stagnation is realJ.lr aad to eee. 

It 1s t819191ble to have to.waste :tteaae1P1ng and Romm.el 1n Africa 

' 

vhan th91 ought to be 1n Russia right nov. ~a i1r an aching 

wound to Qe!aman7. We ~•117 ee expecting a lan41ng attempt 'bJ' 

the Blt1t1sh at Chebourg o~ Havre. Pl'oba~J' th97 want to deat1'07 ~ 

OU1' submarine bases. We bave sent anen meahan11ed dirta1ons to 

be itead1' toP them. Then too tb.91 11&7 tight through Borvq .but 

1n arq case Ge'Na.D7 would rathel' veloom.e a landing attaQPt bJ' 

• 

the BM.t1.sh." 

llov ve come to a statement 'bJ' Jlitl,'* himself about hov he 

sized up the a1tuation regarding Russia -~he he attacked hero . . 

"Bever 1n r.v lits did I •e such a great dec1si'on, bD.t ;c knew 

tbat tt I· ~ettt Russia alone arid continued IQ' tight agalmit · · 

England, she would stab us. in the ·back vhen "we ware least able 

to resist. Aa Puehl'er,, I to~k it upon mtaelf to ·dO ~ dutJ' and . . . 

~ttrs vhJ' I bege.n the war againet the Soviet Union.,. J'!iom tbe 

V9Pf beginni~ I knew 'that. God and God alone knew whether I would 

win OJ.II not; but· as I aaid, it 11as incumbent-upon me as Fueln'er 

- 20 .. 
to do vh&t I dido I oould not stand to see Oe.rm&U7 ruinedo If 

the Gel'ma.n people do net have the ab1l1t,. to vin and if th9J are 

ruined bJ' th12s struMie, it v1tl be inevitable. fuhe Soviet was 

" strongexa tba.rl I thought~ btit tbat had notb:hJg to do with laJ' 

dec1a1~~ I k:D;ew that without fighting the Soviet., Gel'mal(f could 

never ilccomplish hew plans laid for a hundrEtd 7ea:rso But, 1n BJl7 

case, I have mr own reasons tor continuing the f'iSht against the 4 

Sovie't and I mus't say that I am· thoroughly satisfied .. " 

Message on E!;se z4o 

Here 1n Rome on April 2, 1~42 we meet the wonderful old 

G:ra&.nd Mufti or Jerusalem holdtiig conv92'ee with Borikiri.. They are 

discussing bigger and better broadcasts ·to ~eater East Asia~ The 

Muf'ti~a idea is to thwart the good work ot Crippso Be ta.kee a 

' ' . 

let~ out ot his pocket and hands it to Borild.rio '?he lette~ 

goes on to say how gl"'S. teful he is th& t Japan is deli vel':tng the 

Moslems trom the persecution that had tilled him with horror, 

P619t1cularl.7 in the Netherlands Indieso Henceforth these Moeiems 

a.re eagetv to cooperate by- word and action with Js.pano, Th97 want 

to f'urtha:r tb.e prosperity of tb&ir great delivel?SP~ Be is s~e 

tb.a:t Japan will EJhoW' spec isl eonsidera:tion &nd triendehip "to the 

Moslema·who constitute the larger pa~t of the inh&bitants of the 

Netherlands E9.s t Indies p 

. . 

We doubt if theJ?e was ·ever a.nj' more piotu!'eeque childlike 

figure than the· Grand Mufti., ·Heinous as some of his words and 

- 21 :... 

SE CR Err 
deada have often beeno Many fano7 him a diPlomato Thie 1a not 1 1r, 

aoo lie baa neither tact nor the ab1l1t1' to keep secrets ·but he . 

does have lll08t of the Mobamn1edan world backing him upo 

f!eseage on ese 360 ... 

On March 6 the Grand Mufti 1ndirectl7 informa Horildr1 that 

he bas not ,ret agreed upcn a pact with GermaDJ' and Ital7 but ia 

trJ'1,1ig hard to do soo He amusingly states that in. Ol'dezt to · 

satisfy India, England will have to place a Moslem high up in the 

war M1n18trJ'q After the war England will·h.a.ve to accord India •I 

eome dominion s·ta.tus a.ecording to her present planso . 'Now Pl'emier 

Tojo bas al.ready said that while Engla.nd is tooling India, Japan 

is trJ'in8 to get h$1' independence" The J'apanese~ pm-ti9ulaFly 

ti-om the standp01nt of the Mohammedans~ ought; to. pla7 that up in 

tb.ei:P broadcasts to· the Mohammedans a 

!essase ~ page 37 o 

We have an e&.rlJ' message from Ambassador Saito to Russia.o 

He. has asked Molotov ttaankl7 for an introduction to Stalin.,·· 

Molo1;0v repliea that Stalin i.e. Vtfn'7 high upg Ve-1!7 busy &nd he does 

not know wheth&:ra the tVo can meet or noto· Sato sa11{ tb.&t that 

. ·' 

is all the mo?Je reason, n~ that he is so high upSI why he has no . ,, 

ohoica but to see foreign diplomatso Sato· ea.ye that Japanese- , ,1 

So'Viet relations are so .delicate that h& tb.inks he ought to he.V$ 

; i ~- t ,. 

this audienceG ~olotov excuses· himself and tour daJ'S l&t9r he 

.. 22 .. 

SECRE'F~. ';:·'(. 
receives a telephone call tbs.t Stalin ls too bua7 to talk with 

him and is V&r'J" eo:r170 Again.on the 14th ~to begs Molotov to 

arrange for h1m to see Stalin but ·Mo~otov stalls saying .that it 

is onl.7 a matter ot time and that Stalin li not patting h1m ott 

intent1onall7 o Botl7 S&to iaepl1es "if' 7ou. ·think Stalin 1a busJ' 

vhat dO 7ou think Premia'l' Tojo is? It is s1mpl7 the.custom in 

Japan as eV&!'JWhere else fol' the ehief' of state upon reques~ to 

~grant an aud1$JJ.c~ to a f~eign ambassador o" Molotov retorted 

that Russ:l.a ;has no aueh precedence and that Stalin is a!mply too 

buSJ'o 

In conclusion Sato deepl7 hurt, . and -in this respect 

tn>ical of all Japanese,, concludes "Stalin bas seen Kerr when he 

present~ h1s credentials and so it the Russians do not grant me 

this 1ntel'v1ev it will delight London ~d W&sbington to see 

Sta~in d1sei-1m1nate aga1ns1J usQ> 'l'b.91 mu.st grant me this int~­

view and if 'JOU agree with me use the same excu,se and never let 

the Russian Ambassad~. in Tok;J"o darken 7our door aga:ln.o " . 

On this oceasi~n and at·~ M.nner held lata"r Sato kaenly f'elt 

wha~ he conc&1v9ci to be s~bbed ~the vas usuall7 a-very mild ... I, 

mannered m.a.n and well oontrolledo Then again for all I kncv 

Pf!n.4he.ps he really v~.s snubbed and had a ?'igb.t so to eompla1no 

Messae on ;ease 4lo 

' 

mmld.ng .le&l'ns. abou.t the bombing of Japan ~om American \ '~1' ' 

fliers captured when one ot their planes 1119.kes a toro9d l&ndingo 

SECRET 
• ~6:DQ1C81'62 ~ • .::J~~ ..... .u... . ' 

'?he Americana made it app~r that t.heJ. tlew all the wa7 to Japan . . . / ~~· stopping f~ a time on an island ne&l" lQ.dwa7. 

f~S8§19 OD·P!g~ 4~. '. 

Two da.J'S le.tel' on April 22. 191J.2 18.nking discovers the 

truth abou~ the so-called Shangr1 Lai. 

Message on R!fi9 4,o "' · Baotake Sato here outlines one of l11a earlier convel'aations 

w1th Poreign Commissa:r Vassil7 Molotov, held on April 14. 1942. - Sato voices doubt ae to the ultimate outcome of the European vat'; . . that it is geneMllJ' thought tb.a't-the United S"t?&tes a.no England 

a:re affording Russia a great deal of materiel. .Molotov answers 

that Bitl&l' mows that he= has met more ~his match; that 

though the Allies a.re hard p19essed th~salves ·they m:-e aotivel7 

granting Russia assistance to defend her wa7 of 11feo . . 

Sato r~fleots that while Russia 11 s strength is· 1no:reas1ng 

Ge1'tDan. submarines have latel7 been inflicting hes.VJ losses on 

Allied sh1pP1ng off the coast of the United States· •. and that at 

' . . th18 time it will be bard to prophes7 vbat would happen to Europeo 

At thi':s point Molotov switches quickly to a ver't embarrassing question and S&J"S 1n e:f'tect "rtr. Matsuoka fOl'ID~ a nOn• 

aggtteaaion pact vith ue 'on his wa7 ba~k to 'l!ok:Jo from Berlin,, 

Both Ambassador Tatekava and Foreign Minister Matsuoka. himeelt ' l :i 

told me··that 7ou Japanese knew nothing about· the comirlg 'barman 

attack on Russia beforehand. I don't believe 7ou Japan$se knew 

- 24 -

SE€RE'f 
&l'J1th1ng about it at all. ThGJ even said that Germanr•e attack 

on us vas contr&l'J to Japan•s plane ~ that Japan had no part 

iii it. But ·vbat I don't understand 1s th1si Mr. Matsuoka 

sta7~.1n Berlin tor a long time. He talked with Bitler, Goering 

and Ribbentrop ~i'ten &nd long. You see how t~tngs have turned 

out. Bo~ it 1a _all beyond me." lfov ot course Molotov knew 'that 

the Japanese Foreign Minister had been advised somevha.t in detail 

about the German attack on Russia more than two months beforehand~ 

.· 

We suppose tha. t he was tl'J'ing to tind out whetb.er Matsuoka hims elf knew about it or perhap~ just who in the JaJ)anese Foreign 

Office knew about it. In a.DJ' case Sa.to passes. lightl7 over the ... 

subject"saJ'ing ~the vas not in public lite at that time and 0 • • 

knew little of th& c1reumstanc·es; that Mr. Matsuoka is ill; that 

he .had·no· chance to get his version ot it; and that he will inquire of Ambassador Tatekava and let Molotov know what he finds 

out. F1nall7 Sato sa.7s that it is up to both Russia and Japan 

to keep -their relations above .reproach since they have a valid 

neutral'ft7 Pict and that Russia must not offend the f&elings of' 

the Japanese. Molotov agrees and tells Sato that he is glad to 

kn<>W 1t and will call him a.n:r time he needs h1m. 

Message o.'n page 47. 

ariv1~ 1n Moscov, Ambassador Sato calls foi- the first time 

on Foreign Oommissar Molotov. TheJ talk tor an hour and a half. 

Sato- saJ-s tb.8.t although relations between Tok:J'o and Moscow appea.r · .. 

' I 

- 25 -

SEt;RE'F 
calm on the surface thq are strained underneath. Be expreaees . 

concern lest one misstep be made, adding' that to maintain eatisfacto:ry relations the neu.tralit)' trea:t,·. must be followed· to the 

letter. Sato goes on to say that Japan t~le her responaib1litJ' 

under the treaty and. success can be had only if Russia does the 

same.. Then Sato makes an intel'esting and true statement "this is 

a s~ange war. You at'& on one side and we. are on "the otb.ero We 

see onl7 one side of each othel' 11 s faces.. It is necessar:r tor> us 

to pre~e for war against you but ve do not expect it, nevertheless 

I must tell J'OU that it all depends on vhethett or not 7ou give 

America a.nd England military or naval air bases on Xamch&tka or 

nea-rby area 1ntent1onall,- or un1ntentionall7.. If J'OU do this· we 

must fight you4> Onee 7ou do this there v111 be no undo:tngc." 

Molotov laughs the question off. No Russian is even dreaming of 

such a thin.go "Nov M'ro 88.to·you are the most astute diplomat in 

a.ll Japan., (Molotiv vs.a not mezaely· flattel"ing Sato; for he knew 

that this vas true) Q Rus.sia. has no wishJ'~was~ po11t1cso Batu.rally she has to look out for he:rself. That is exactly her policy 

towal'da Japan.. The pa.et was sineer-e and Russia will keep her 

woitd~" 

• 

"Bow splend1do I cannot tell you how baPW I &Dlp 11 answers· 

" 

5a~o~ Then Molotov goes on to say tbB.t there a.re hotheads in 

Japan, even 1n govel"nment aireles, whom he cannot help wol'l'y'ing I 

about and ·that there a.re ata.ny Russians who say that O~maJ17 is 

using Japan just as she did Italyo Continuing he warns Sa.to that 

... 26 ·-

SEC:RE'F 
the Japanese had bett&r be leel'J' about the Germans and st1ok 

to the neutraJ.11;J' pacto 

Sato reassures the Poreigr>. Gomm.ise&l' that the 3apa.nese are 

fighting 1ri. their own int9l"este; that m&DJ' Japan&se do not like 

the ~s a.rq batt~ than Molotov does but that theJ' simply 

took a stand against what thq considered the.oppreesion ot the 

United States and England; and that responsible Japanese ott'icials 

had no plan to move northward. 

This oon•ersation ends on a friendly note and Molotov tells · 

Sato th&t ha will be glad to talk to h1m at &rtf time, pa.rtioularly 

on Japanee~-Ruesian relations: 

1'~sa.ge 2n es~ 2!o 

In a o1rau1~ message ~okyo advisee the Ae1at1o envoys that 

the recent cabinet shakeup in France happened beaause the Vichy . . 

qovermnent teared that Germ&n1' would take strong measures against 

fl"ance in ordel" to close the doors in the west before mald.ng an.-

other veniaure into Ruseiao Vichy also wants to· make sur·e or ~e 

possibility of & rapprochement w1th Berlin af~er the RUsso-Germa.n 

waro tn other words, seeing or thinking they saw German·euccess 

the Frenoh 168.ders took this .step in order to ingratiate th.ems elves vith.the Naziso _N~vertheless, it is .not to be &&Bunted tba.t 

the lPr~ndh people or the Vichy Govemment have adoJ>ted an attitude ' i 

ot complete coopeNA.tion with Bi tlero ~ her!!Jjlf' could hardly 

hope tor thato To the &7e it would seem that F~a.nco-German. 

- 27 -

/ 

SE€RE'f 
~ i I " .. ' I 

rela.tiom·'~be ol~s•· &ad America and ~~ ve alr'8d1' apiaead1.Dg teel1d8 ag&1Dst La'f&lo It 1s alraa~1 hmozte4 tbat Washington I I ' 

will r~l 1- ambase~tlor ~o J'l'&nce, A~l LealQ'.. Amtm1oa 1a 

' 

now pl&J'1Jig up 1iO 'lihe De Gau111ata vhioh ~ill natural.17 make 

relatiom be"tvetm ll'raDoe ancl Aller1oa 'tenairro 

Th1'ougb 1~ all howeYer 1;he FJ:~Oh, 4'van the 11h e&bineit, 

wlab. -0 .st&J' on ~e good ~1de ot the ltntt~ States and unl•a· 

' tbat aount11J tak9e dl'ast1c meaa~es aga1nat he even v1cb:y will 

not go OY&r deotdedJ.7 to 09NanJ'o 

Jlov let u ·~~ note that from tibesa measagea we t1n4 

11ttl~ avldaloe i;hat &DJ' Frcchman save pe.bapa Darlaa. was erv• 

' ..•. !' 

:ppo-a.man at he&rto !'he Jlrench lead~a 11D1Pl7 diverged in '··- ·· 

their rins as to what waa beat tor Prano•. It 1a probabl.J' eue 

that the 1rench had for a long 1i1me been ·wOndaing if' it would · ' . . 

. be poaa1ble to 1d.ths~d 'the pressure fl-om. 'the Middle Baropean 

area v1tb 1ta rela.tivel.J' Poor but ambit1oua population •. J'mo'th~-­

m.ore, undoub1;adlJ' the Pl'ench had tor sometime been wonder1Dg how 

' ' 

~trong ancl how ])erm&Dent an all7 i;heJ' had in Engla.ndo JlurtheP• 

mo:re.~ 11; 1s to be observed that· s1noe World ~ I a gr~ter app.t°ec1atlcm of German culture had been det'eloP1Dg ln: FN.nce. All 

this does not mean b.owev~ that the !Pl'~]:i ever ~ubad·Oermano- • o ~ 1 : : I 1 • , .. 

ph1les to the utent tbat tb.tlJ' would sacr1f'1oe PrenQh aoveretgnt,-. . . '. 

the ll'i-ench ae too muah imbued vi th 'the ap1?'11; ot R~~aeau,, · I • ' I'.:• 

Voltairej! ~ta:1'&tte, eiic., to saontioe their idea of l:lber~o. 

Howev~. 11e nlust hOt target that Fl'eder1ck the Great vaa gl'~'tly 

- 28 -

SEC:RE'f 
SEPW>Pgl!32 • u:a.,.L1.a. • 

Wluenoed bf Vol ta.1" and endeavored to pit his Weaa into I • 

efteot ·a ~. 

le•Mt • RM!· 5!,. 

Ira vbat. la pul'ported to be a l-ep01't ~ the spans.ah 

Aad>&aa~l' to washington to ~e Porotgn ft.lD.tater, vOl'kera 10.· 

arms taotor:lea a.re dema'D(11ng bett.er 'P&7 and it tb.8J' do note get· 

it &l'fJ·pi-oduc!ng sub-standard arai.ei-i&l. ?n a c.erta1n t&Ctor"J" 1n 

. ' ' H1cb1g&n th&J' hav& so much tpouble tbat oOIQpeterit mil1tal'7 

ott1o1ala thJ.laa"tan the penalt7 of death tt' 1t ts estab11ehttd t.hat 

deliberate sabotage was tak1ng placeo 

Str1ct eecrecJ" 1s observed 1n tbe eduoa1i1on or tllee who 

however oon.euaae vast &nloun1is ot 11quo110 ·!his,, tb1Dk8 the 81>&1i1ah 

~baasadoi-.vas quite 1n l1ne with the adventurous. spirit ot ' I . 

Am.81'1oa. So lll&DJ' or the J'OUth -pretf!r th& air aet'v1o~(I An American 

air ott1oer told him '1lat alth~ the Ameri~an bo;ra ~ no exP~1ence 1n ao\u&l vartue th91 4id no1; have a.n:J1al1Dg to w~ · 

abou~. lt. vent well tor G8l'lllallJ' vh&n ahe entered the ·war. but " 

atter a tew round~ with the enelQ' she bas ohanged h~ :tuue~ Bei-

- - I 

va~ reJ>orts sound a 11t'tle di.tter,m~ Jlmf., 'rhe.Gel'ID&n paraohu~ 

~oopa, so ett.O~ive agatiist th~ English and Pren.ch, a.1'te losing • , • .. .. i' • 

'bhefr ef'f~t1venesa W1tll \be broadtm1ng e:t'e&. 1D the .easto ·'l'he · 

Am'b4aa&dor ,,, l'epl1ed that 1 t did n~t appe&l' that the trni, ted s.ta:~ea 

would h&Ye to ia-ain 8.Jl7 pe.l"&ohute troops but the ~ off~CeP 

~~Wered I "well a Ji01; OztlJ" are· VS, in a pOSi 't10ll 1io train Amel'ic&n· 

- 29 ~ 

SE€RE'f l 
~pt)132 

. ·rn~.a • 

pa.i-&Chuta tll-oops on a great acsala but. we have also a great air 

~~ I "" i 

arm baok ot them; !his meaaage was a 'J!O 1Dtell1ganoeo '' 

Meaaye d;P!S• 5§ .. . . 

Oshima wires the BoreigD Ott1oe that '°1-eign Mlrd.ster I 1

1 , ; • 

Ribbentrop asked b1m to oal.1 on him. on ~e.'1'4 ot. Jf&J'. 19"'2. 

When he prea«>.ti84 hiuelt to Ribbentrop the latt• said 1D etfeat \ 

"botb JU.tler &ad rcuaaol:lnl are oonftdent ot what Japan anct'lta.17 

I . r. 

can clo~ ~tlw «xplainecl·to J'OU 'the other d&'J his pla.ns ·tor~ 

the.Buaaian_ drive wh.tch is.getting imder¥tQ'o lie ia sure that - . . 

O~ .will get be'tter reaults th1a time. At worst betore ~inter 

t1m& Qomes 'the Oermans will bave knocked the Red Arrq ouii and ,, 

th9Jl the oi1s ot the Caucasus will be available.to the Ald.ao 'l!he 

German an"- Italian lead8?'8 plan to 1'e4ouble their.· destruction 

b7 al!'l>la.ues a.n4 submal'ineao All that la neeeas&J.'7 ia to sink 

7 or 8 Dd.llton more 'tons ot shipping and England will pr.obabi7 

' . 

BJ' bomb1Dg Malta in the Mediterranean, ~:bas mad.e he 

lines to Africa secure and Rommel 11 a. &1"1111· will f'are· betteo 

Bibbentl'op himaelt felt a'lll"e at the beg1rm1ng ot the P!'ec.u&ding 

J'eal' that Ge1'tma1tJ oolild take Gibraltar. bu:t l'ra.noo ·was age.111.i:t 1 t 

and 8'JDer. would have no part.in 1t. So this chan~e was loat &nd . ' 

Ribbentrop .tea.re . tha.1- a:patn ·v111 be 1mpo1iento ·. Portugal hopita to 

main~in neutrali'tJ' and both· ·Berlin ar1d Rom~ are--support1ng her 

' in th18o 

- :50 ..., " 

'SE€RE'f 
·' 

!Urkq ls holding ua in It;al7 at. am11 e length bu-t when ther 

see we ee w1Dn1ng theJ' will be quick· to. CQlle .in to our a1G& ... 

While we &l'e 1n the mids~ of our 4r1v• against. 'l;b.e &oviret:-the ., 

Anglo-Saxons will ot couzase ~obabl7·make some la.n61ns ~~tenrp1's 

1n ~ Polm.- -regio:D.is.. We expect them. alao· to land 1n Afr~ca. but 

tl"om "tihe· nortih8'1'D tip of' Norwa7 Q • " 

Messa.se on.R!!!e .59. 

In a. message at Ma'1 B, 1942 Tolqo &dv~ses her '11VOJ' in . . 

Buenos Aires as follows: Row that Oorreg1doi- has fallen.~ 

sou~eastern Pacific is complatelJ' ~der oui- .control and "the focal 

point or Atlgl.o-Amer1oan 1mper1al1sm. 1n <Jlteater East Asia has been 

dastl'07ed.. In sp1t'1 of .America's boast t.bis prioves 'tbat ho 

naval power was tho~o•l.J' broken at Pearl llarbor.. and now :the 

Ph1Upp1ne Islands m&J" be used bJ' us as a militarJ' basts and oUl' 

suppl7 l.1nea from the aou'tb ae oompletel7 sec11l'e. Also· ve are 

now :f'ree to wage wa.r 1n the Indian Ocean and. a.ga.1DS~ Auawalia. • I " .~~~:- ' 

When ~ma tell the decisive stage :ln OUl" .war .was i~kdhed., 

Anglo~axon.1m.perialism is a 1;h:fn~ ot the past anA·ve.~111 butla . l . 

an As~l t·~ the Aaiattcs· of· whom we ~e th&· deliver&r~.~ I 

~esaagf. on 5e 6~. . ,. 

~marq 1s ~epal"1ng f'or another attack on.Ru.al!11a -- the i' I . • 

tbrusi ~at i~ to f1nish off the Red A'l'mf ~ detea~ Stalingrad and 

~b,tain f.b~ ·011 of the Cauoasws but at home~she-is ~~wing not1cea.bl7 w&elc~ eoonom1aall7. So in.this message.Ribbentrop plea.di~ll' 

- 31 -

SECRE'f 
' 

~Pll.32 ifirn.LJ .a ·e 

I • • ~ ... I 

explains to the Japanese the Axis need tor complete econom1o co- ·.. . operat1ono lot onl7 during the var but also after the var,. Be 

goes on to· saj- that Bitler and Mussolini &gl'eed ~ tba't at . . . 

Salzblll'go 'l!h91 mus~ ·es.ah in their 'l'espec'tive sphere grant the , , 

other_ preferential treatment. Oshim.& sensing R1bb'entrop11 s suspicion tba.t Japan Jll.oposes to monopolize Faat Asia and etatas 

that some Japanese economist;s teal"' tb.a.~ the·Oerm&na will invade 

Asia after ·t.b;e war, ratliex- t'lian &lgla.m! and 1-he Unit~ States 1 

ther.ef'ore!# he ss.7a_there must be ·an·8.l't10l$'1n the comeo1al pa.at 

bei~ dra.~ ·UP -te-·<al1m1n&te this smrpieion. ·'J!ie,n the two men 

al"gue about concrete $l"t.i.oles to be included 1n or exaluded fl'om 

the treat.1ee..,· Ribbent.rop is oittarlJ' loe>king forward to the d.&7 

when·-th:e var will be over and consequent17 he ra•ors seJSa,l'ate 

.. ~ ,. ...... .! ~· .,~ ' .. ..... .. •• • ... • 

t:r~t11'i:f'amon.g tbe s.everal nations 1n the ·'two respective epb.ereso · 

Oshim,a however declares tJJat 'the idea at the moment 1a to get a . . ' 

wbrkablti :'tl9eatt· between 3apan &nd Germarq so that th8J' oan v1n the 

war 'and not'• count chickens befOl'e th~ are b.atched.o Late:r on,. 

he' '~a)'s ~ tlie 'Cietails til'ia~ &l'e WC>r?'J'ing .. Ribben"trop can be. settledo. 

J ' . • ' . • • • . Ribbentrop ·aeems conv~ciklo 

• ~ I : '_Pursuing h1s--e.rgumeilt Oshima depio~ee its et1pulat1ons be':" 

cause· ~ey reveal '!1&d faith on tb_e part or some·~ f'1Dtmoiers 

who fear tha.t th& Japanese &l"e going to ·conquer. East Asi&e Be • I . . . ~ 

feels hur.t and SS.J'S 'th.s:t if the two nations \\o· not \lieat ea.oh • ' J • 

~. - . . j . 

other in absolute good faith "the 3apanerie will· get i:.htapicicus tooo 

-. 32 ... 

SECRET 
Wiahl ot the Gel'ID&n Eoonoad.o Ott1oe is a1t\1Dg iJ1 with that and 

Ribbentrop llOd8 and S&J'S to him, "wlehl~ make a. note of that and 

ma.lee ba.eteo " OontinnSng, Oshima aa119 that ~ 11.erohanta 1n 

Ob1na have 'bean reoalc1trant., 11ould not follow Berl.1n 9s p<>Uoiea 

and have oauaed m&nJ" mieundePstandinas betWeen R1bbantz.op and 

himo lie tul'ther points out that GermaJl'1 bad been pePfeotlJ' 

stopped 1n the N4Jthe:r-landa last Indies on the Neth&Plands m&?8keto 

Ribbentrop rep11es 11 "weU, I b&ve alttead;f' informed Bit-ler that 

1 ~ will be neoess&l7 to r9gUJ.a~ suoh things as. these.,." 

• 

SE€RE'f 
lllessye on PS! .J.• 

September 15,, J.911.2 and Japan bas alreadJ' eetabllilhecl ~ 

Department toie <ll'eata lkst. Aa1a~ !he Itallan.s &11e haViDg the 

preaa w1fibbold comment.. It attracted 9Vel'J'bo07'a ·a1;ttmt1ono th& \ .. . 

Italiana are vondeMD8 1t .TaJ)aD11 8 llba?'&l Pol107 v11r oontinue -

&DJ' taP'1:le. !be Japanese Ambasa~or in: aome 1a. al&rmad leat the 

new· department· scheme to place all the oocupled te!'ritOl'J' undel' 

{ 

.Japanese Adadn1s~at1on. It Japri.n dose that_ th91 aa7 that all •e . . 

people ot Ein'ope v111 beg to di.frfJ?t ·with hel'o Pi:n&nOi&l Oil'Clea ' . : 

8.l'e par1;1oularlJ" ab.'q OD this Point.· People here ea7 tha'\ Japt.n. 

has been doing so well 1n hmo m111t&l"J' aotions and has ata.de a 

great h1t among the Asiatic folka :Nav, if she goea on a.utagoni,;ing 

hel' -f'ltiende, well; it will be a aad da'J' tor herv 

In ~um, if Japan re11nqu.1ehes rational O.iplomac7 ana. adopts 

a high-hanc)ed attitude, otb.en- nations will become hostile to her .... 

nations who have so far rejoiced over her victol'Yo At a time 11ke 

this when Axis sol1dar1'tJ' is so important,, tb.ese·&l'e matt.era that 

ve canno~ artord to overlooko 

Well,, the Japanese forces have alread7 tor one month and 

eight 0&7s been attempting to ralJ.7 a.f'ter t.be .Am&P1ca.tl attack on . ~ ~ . 

··auaaalcanal and TW.ag1 where,, though th&J' lmn it not., their 

CJ.ef'eat had alread7 taken plaaeo Tb.1n8s are not goinS.; well v:l.tb 

~~ either. therefore, the Japanese ~vernmant 11&8 -aJ.readJ' ~ . 

l:i~gm;l to ~eek f'or tllOre unit7,o '"'-. ! ~ 

Mess!ge on es• 2. 

Suma again w1iaes '?okfo and Berlin on Sep1-ember 15 an 

"." l ... 

SE€RET 

I 
intelligence ~ting to have oome from the Belasco spy ring 

1n Englando SQD1& Bri'tieh major .O? lientena.nt command~ states 

that Gree.'t Britain 1s tar superi~ to the United States as a. 

f'ight1Dg na1i1on '.because the United States. ie given ov_. 'to 

I 

e:f'fent1-1;a ple&SU1'8Sc liEt S&J1J that t.be United States just makes · 

plaDs but does nothing~ but tba t the Bri tJ.ah are tb.e ones vho get, 

thtngS doneo The Amel'iea.ns bn.g s1mpl.y to COYel" ~ their ~e-· 0 

paradnesso After Dunkirk and Dieppe, Engla.D.d bas recov&red eomee. . 

vhai; 1n morale and mater1elo Fear of' invasion. bas died down for 

th& moment but v,111 ?iae rapidl7 againo Them. England will tr7 to 

open up .a second front using a tew pars.'t?tooJ?So Production ot 

f'ield,pieces putticularl7 th& 25-poUllder, .the deYelopm.entot the 

nett 't1P$ oannOll which 18 V8r'J secret. a. flante•tb.io0'6¥ing ~ed. 

7aoht eqlrl:pped vi th a large gasoline tank, soon to be buil ~· will : 

help England immenselJ', 1f 111eali&edl;) Airp]4nn. &l'e being built 

fast and arlators are being t~ined but Hogland resents ~1oags 

moagging ot her own producto The Br1t1.sh eay tb&:t their p:t.lots · 

have noth~ to le&X'~ f'Iaom. the Americanso The British Goval'Dment 

and Russian Ambaaea.dor Maislcy' a.re on bad tertuso 'Maislq' told the 

press that it vu beyond his OonJPl'eh&nsion whJ' Great Bl'itain Mod •I • 

not establish the second rxtonto The B?aitisb Government told him 

riot to maka •'DJ' more satemerits like that., They ar"l!i tbink1ngJ) so ' ' . ~ "' \ 

it is rei>Orted,. ·or cutting short Maisq~s cointinurl.s~fo aotiv1tieso 

The Al?gen.tj:ne Ambassador told me soo It seems tha't .. the United ,I 

S~tos iii very anxious to drag ~gentina into ·the war and gain 

con~ol over hero England is 1n collusion with the United Sta.tee 

- 2 -

SECRET 
- " 

1" · trJ-inrf, to Vin· ov• Poi-e1gn ·Minis~ Rua Ou.1naml; ere long the , ; .... r . , , . 

P-.eSp m.ds'8r 'Ifill OOBl9 to blOlfs vit.h beeident; OU~llo9 · · . . 

· Be&Y*brook rather vu.ts aU&a1a to 'be· d&teated •. ·. 'l'he ta:t'.l ot " 

. *\1$81& 19· a fOl'~· · conolusion# muoh to.~· l~kSng ot Bea~_.~Oko 

~· pea.Ce oould be made vi th GermanJ so tbat- the flags or · all. ·the: 

lr!d.te -~. · oould be lln~. up· in a solid frO,~t against . iapa.n. 

iD ~ to get baek all the tel'ri toey ehe bas OODqU&l"ed and. to 

•~el.oh her atnb1t101h In_ the eii;J'. (Brit:i.sh WS.11 Streat) ··t.heJ' are. 

aoh•1.ng to contact Schacht and h1gb Gel?ID&n heavy industr1a11ats~ 

The l.1kelilioo0. of this will depend 1s:rgel7 on events 1n Rueaia and 

Worth CbiD&G Who will head the_ Joat general command of Inglish ' 

and Am~1oan toroes be.a not 7et been settled but it 1s·generall.7 

accepted tbat 1t v1:μ be &'11 Amencsan,, if not., it 11111 ~obabl:y be 

McNougb.tcm or Paget., ' ' 

It 1e a fact .that shipbuildiJlS has nov surpassed. ship einkinga 

and d~1Dg the cODLing via~ the. number ot cratt oonst.ruoted Yill 

M.$ssage on l?!ae 64 

September 16, 1942 a.t"'r1ves and Mr. ~ of "Asa.bi", . . 

Japan ts best-knovn moming newspaper.· wires hie representative 

Mr.o Imai Bosokawa an unbaPW mese&geo Before e~inng it·_, 1~· , ,· ' .: .. ,.I 

is we1';,.to :remember· tbat. the battle of Guadalcanal is ·gc;,iJJS . ' - .. t . . . . . • . I' ,\. 

age.inst the Japaneseo They fear #SS."tly for their decl1n~ns number . 'l 

of' ships and a.irplaneso The.ratio between destl"Uotion and con- · 

stnction has turned 1mmensel7 1n fa:vor of the Allies, as before 

the a1;tack on Pee.?'l :Ha.rbor Admiral Sakamoto, o:f a~~ people, 

SE€RE1' 
• 

prophesied 1 t would. To tell th& tnth Japan 'e leading diplomats 

tlu'ough.out the w01'ldi ha naval attaches &nd her h1gb. m111ta!7 

and naval ottto1als a~home now ttea.llze that. the tide ia rapidl.J' 

turning. 'Th.et know tha~ the vas·ter ~esOUl'Oes of the occident a.tae 

coming upon them like a a teanf roller. '!he tore1gn diplomata &l'e 

almost all convinced·that. CJeltmalQ'•s 14 months or war, alr~ 

' tougb1- against Russia.~ 1s about to t.ul'n into a fiasco. 

In all this -ve see the sad and senseless speotaole or nations 

whose.deteat 1s a. fc»-egone eonclusion con\1nu1ng what th&:v 1n 

their hea:ltts _knew to be a loe~ war. In the message at band we 

can see how public op1nidn influences the saiernment 1n suah cases, 

&lmos't &lwa7s-la.ggiag behind the government. in knowledgeo Yet tor 

all that the w1shtul th1nk1ng govetrDDlellta themselves when in a 

desperate·cond1t1on compel the people to go on 'bJ" ·instilling rear 

f'a.l' &x&ggePating patr-totism and f'&lse hopes• 

Furugak1 ea7s in etteat there is no use 1n tooling ourselv~ 

8.Jl1' longel'. Ve know that the outcome of the Wal' le 1n doubt D.Otta 

'lb.a' government otfio,.a.ls want our paper to 1educate the masses BO . 

tba.t th97 may not on17 know what to e:gpeot but also be l'ead'J' to 

face the worst. It rea.117 ~~ls down to that. In other words the 

'• 

people should now at this point have 1t impressed upon them that . . the stta!k:lng p0ver of the Uni~ States and England bas beconae 

must b& published fltom now 

on both to educate and arouse t.he .yapanese peoplea 

From Buenos Aires 7ou are getting us axoellent ma:tel'ialo 

Continue to do so and it our censors find axqtb.ing to aiio'.P,, 

-,,. -

SE€RET 
. -e 

pre'!)aMtiona bave been mad• f'Ol'! them to d~ aoQ 5o let J'OUP ·mind 

be at.eas~o 

If there 1e Bn'Jth1ng 'that. must be kept absolu'•lJ' secret let 

the .tores.sn Ott1ce ofticiala ~ it tor 70110 

oodeo 

Message OD P!S! 1'.o 

On Septembeia 21, l94a oab.iJua wires 'l'olqo a eonvirsation he 

r . . 

h&d. vith llibbentropo ·. We have on.l.7 half ot it, the lat'ter half in . , 

vhtch R1bban:trop spe&ks unbappil.J' o:r the s~ng counterattacks of' ,, .... 

. the Sort eta 1n the nol'th$?'%1 a eo tor• h& adds, ho\lever 1 'tba 1; the 

~ rf)p&lled .. them Ver"f wall and the situation is not neces ... 

' Oshima impatiently reminds him that a month . . 

or ao ago Mo•cow vas to be attacked.this ,-ear, but that.Win~ is 

coming on ancl there seems no poss1bilitJ' of this o Ribbentrop 

merel7 replies that lH.tl.eF is planning the wa:ro on the nortbeltn 

f'ront and. tha't Hitla?' would inf'~m Oshima. about it, thua a.voiding 

a. candid &nS\fel'o 

Ribbent19op goes on to ~ay tha._t the ao,a1 il1! FoNe .1s not 

tt81flly h11#t1ng aD.y G9l9lli8Jl milita.17 J>bjectives, but ·is merel;f doing ' ! ~ • 

iliestima.ble ha:r:tn to German people. ·thus ~ to dis9ourage them 

by air a.ttackS and propag&nda.o The German people, he sa7s, &?e. 

m~~,. shocked at suoh bal'bal'iam &nd demand bloodq ~igbt now 

~n7 cannot strike ba.ck, but the time will .com.e vhen she can, 

... 5 ~ 

-SEC:RET-
•• 

and when she does, 1t will be an unforgettable atta.cko ~e 

Gel'UD. A:1!rq is al.read,- sending much tood and ca.:ttle trom. the 

Ukraine· to the front and some of 1t is coming into Oerm&llJ,, so 

there is no danger of a food shortage. But., alas, when it comes 

to oil, the situation is s~ewhat difteitento In GermauJ' 11 s 

tr~endous milit.aey ef'fol;9ts, 1ihe consumption ot oil 1s ~s, 

paratioularlJ' with. Ita.17 ~d some, oth&i-· ·allies holding on w. ·~ ....... , ; I' , ' ,·•; • ' • I • /.f" J 

Gel'1118.D7 11 s coattails.. St1ii·.,; witll. what ·we ~ve _,,,_~'home ~ ··fwha.t , ' 'i J 1 

I I 

we ge~ ~om B.oman1a., there will be ,mougb. tor".carr,.10ut the figb.to, . . 

Then too thel'e is ~bright/ PrOsp~t of. gett1Dg the. ~11 or :the • p ~ ' ' ~, I ,.. • • ' ." • 

Caucasus which w111 cha.Dge ·the whola s1tua~ono · • • • - - ~ • « ... ' • ~ i; '· 

Message !>n ;ese 9 .. · · ., 

· · · · . . On September · 26, 1942 ~~ ~~~~ ~l&rllled 1n ~ctr~d and . ~~es 

the For~ign ~~at-ar.r . "?Oltt. hcellenc7 baa atated ~~· ~~~ese ... . ' . • • "r •• J • • • 

'O~man· ~~la'\!1 .... ~~ .. ~~~,,, S.,treng~t!ned ... I expect them to~ but 

·I hear l'umol's _tb.ati'. Apan 1s not going :to help Ge!'lllS.!Q' tight .r 

· Russia a I hear tb.a.t· we a'l'e tl'J"ing to ·~med1at' and bring about a . .. ·. " .i._ . . . 

separate pe~e between Moscow and: Ber11no .Al1 "1n the wot-ld ~~ 

b,.a.ve done for QermanJ' latel~·ie 1io co~elude a.n"economic 1pa.ct v1th . . 

··hero , It ~ OU!' dut7 to do more tban that·o Baw rDanj people are now . . . . --_y'. 

under the impression tbat ve ee :tul'1l1ns to. ~ detena1Ye and a.re ·- .I" I 

trJing to hold ttierel.J' what we &ll"ead7 po~aess." · Bow I IQ"8elt don 11 t .. , .. -\ . .. 

kn.ow much about thia new Greater Fast ~1& Department, but I do . . . . " ' 

know that 1;t is eausilig Ellro~ "to sa.7 tbat wei a.'l'e going back : . . on 01lP word, deaei-ting Ou?" t:r-1enda, letting them sink while we swtmo 

. ·. '~" . .- 6 ..... '"l; ~. • .. • ~ ': ,I rt I; ., ;• ':io • 

' ,' ("' 

; ~ . 

_:10 I 

. . ' , .. \.. . ' ' .:·-:.0' . - . . .~. ' . -

·, . 

. ; 

SECRE'F 
• \' 

'-

"Doesn't the lfripsrt1ts Pact sa7 that if Gel'mallJ' goes down 

ve could not win in the Oriant, vell~ peopl.e aioe beginning to be 

susp!c1ous,. '!hllJ' se.7 that for all our big talk we are 81V1DS 

our old friends the slip,, !!he Italian Antb&s8ador 11 tor ex&Qle, 

asked me 1t 1'e do not IUGol1 to isol&'te what we call Gl'e&tclri Ba.at 

Asμ&,, What Jteople actuall7 feel in this part of the world 1• 

that Japanas desel'tion of he all1M will go along ~ticed unt.11 

the Buropean skies begin to darken and Garman:;r and Ital.7 see only 

derea i; ahea.d of them" Tb.SJ . auspeo t that when we e.tts called upon· 

we won 11 1; be there to anaw&ro 

"You 1aWv that Engla.nd 8.nd America take advantage of all t.hia 

to sever Japan and Gel'm&l>.'J" by' J>l40pl!tgand&o I have a.lzee&dy told 

7ou, cautioned :you, that if" we go on this vs:y we may get it in the 

neck tooo 

"The Anglo-Saxon na. t1ons e.J."$ collaborating more and mol'e 

etfect1vel7 day bJ da7" '!he plan.a made in the meeting on th~ 

Atlantic ar& being ca.J.¥.ried out.. Evel'J'tb1ng is going according to 

schedule11 TheJ' believe.that by 'the end of 1943 they will have 

almost e~ounded the Axis and be on the ottens1vel» 

"The fateful b&ttle of' Tule.gi is overr, and, sta.uding on· 1.ts 

soil, th$ Artlerican Underseeretary of the Na'IJ" bas p:tDocla.imed that 

the American: victory there avanged Pearl ~bor~ He said that ere 

long,, 8Ve'1!7 Japanese soldier on the Pacific Ocean V()uld be wiped 

ott., Another spokesman ot the .Am&rioan lfaV'J' has aeclued tht\t this 

is the way Japan pa.7s the United States back ror all the kindnses 

shown Japan at the time ot th$ g'l"eat earthqu.akeQ The same AmeFic&n 

- 7 -

-SEC:RE'f 
spO]cesman added that what the Uni~ States is going to give .. Japan 

ls a Joig'~orse than et ~Wiqualte.• 

~ .Amel'1c&uS p.ra1se tJle bl'av&l'7 of th8 Soviets ,,ho. havesa11ed ·\hem s~ much grief &nd at the end ot My 011:ver ldttleton 

sa.:td bi; the nex\; 80 days would be ra~tul 1ndeed. 

."In sh.or~ there 1s a heigb:tening desil'e f'O?t au off&D.$1ve bl" 

OUP enena,y and along with ot.her places they will s~ike ~d .. blows: 

a-&; UG too. n 

Massas.e; on E!B&·ll • . . ~·,-"" ... ,...;:::;: 

Ootoberl~.1942~ Japan, already defeated though.only a few 

o:e hezt diplomats appear to realize i 't, now goes a.head and issu~s an 

·o:rd..-r to the eff'ect that th& Filipinos ue to speak only Japanese 

and IJ!agaJ.og,·. save in a few spacie.l cases" 

'l'h~· 3'apan9Se al'& ve117 sor17.,_ 'rhat is al.lo It is m&r~ly- too 

bad that Spain objeatso 

Messye .on, .mse. 11,.,o . . .on ootobel"·2, 1942,:S:<>t'ikiri j.n Rome wires.Tolqo as fo1lowe: . 

. le The Gel'IDSnS did ver-y vell in North Af'l>iea ·till ·the first 

of' 5epternbe?'l 1 but now th:ey have b$en atopped., 

2o Di~ppe 4Ild 'l'obl;'Ult were fe.illll'eSo Next the enemy ~ try 

\ 

iih~1r luck a-n Dakar or oasabls.n.aa, but the Italians feel that it ' , 

eannat be. donr, this year 0 

I . Jo WeU•inf'o:rmed Italian of'fioi.als say t.hs.t when Germany bas· 

gained control or the Near 8.!).d Middle Es.at she will have.~on the, - - .. 

_wt:WJ> .. ho:wever.,, we must r&e.11~.e that Germ&.ny is in a.n unhappy plight· 

. , ' 

~Comment&l"tie note: This literall7 happ&n~o 

.. 8 -

SEE-RE'f 
tn Russia. She does not oont19ol even the Bl.e.ok sea. 1n the .•. . 

Oau.oaaue 81'e&. She baa no auppl1ee at all "from 'tbe r~. lh'en 

1r she l'eaohea ihie mountains th.11 J'e&r • ahe cannot adftDCe 11011th . I 

till wt •Pl'~,· and the I~ and MWl• Beat,. accOl'd~ to th• 

It.au.ans ai-e no puah•ov91's. or oou.rse. a attrr· f:Lght was expected 

at;. Stalingrad~. but both l~&l1B and Oel'mans he%'e ·1n Rome &1'9 

prdstra'lie with grief, sq1ng· iaiat. just like last w1Dter ~a 

win~ will b& as bad,· no tat- WOl'se,, tb.a.n the last, to"C' tbe Oermansa 

Some governmenit o'f'f1a1als,, who should pel'bs.pa know, ha-ve a mo~e 

opt1mlat1o view, ~eve~. 

La.rge American bombers ~ •.. now ov~ .Afr1~a &id_ the Mediter:Nuleanci, 

Willkie has v1a1ted Ankal'a,, and T&J"l01'1 the Va:t1aan., ·In ta.ct the 

!'fialian of't1ct1als and people ~e becoming terribl7 afraid of 'bhe .!' .. • • • • 

. . United Sta.tea and wba't they m&.,. do to Fmtope soonet' or latePo !l?o o I • I 

pu1i 11; tla t17 the Axis J10ll s~ pret'tJ' mu.ob a.t a. atands tUl.. I ' . 

actuallJ".hear that; Ital.J'1 aa vell as J'inland, deairea a sepa.rai;e 

' peac!.. Ital7 is the weakeat spcke in the Axis. :-heel, aD.d England 

and the ~nited States are not lax a-t all 1n 1At71ng to ert,ricate 

thia spokee · 

M~s!l'.se on pjm §• 

lie:iae is another of t.bose Eastel"n intelligences. sent on 

OctobE919 2$ 1942 ti-om Madrido New Foreign lUniatezt Jorde.na ins'tl'U.Qts 

.. 

the·Duke ot Alba -to get in touch rtth Anglo~on ott1a1a1s 1n . . 

Lane.on· and 1il'J' to get 'them to let. Spaitt medtate the tra:~i~idal watto . " 

Spa.in adheres to a.n ·unchanging pos.i tion ot independence. s.nd 

' 

national 1nteg.t91tJ'o ' 

- 9 ... 

·sEC:RE'f 
. ~. 

' ' ' ' '_; \ 

s~~- policry :ls bne o~ ~t~-o~a1'~ ~~ 1~ ·~ "~' / 

tousht t.b.e a~ri.1 }'~~ iriie ~ b+1P8tl; ~ io -~ ·+~~ ffl~'t.qt•, · I •'" ' '!·. 'r1 . 

eJte oannot ~V4J· '11? .. ~ezo ~i~~P, tor~;~ Italj'·o .Jord.ana 11 I , ' ' ' • .~ >' . \ _, ·:!.. ~·! .· ;·, ) ' ', ~ • ' ' 

J?P~tedl:J ~~t~es ~o ~~· err~t tliat ., 'var~. Pov~ .did 

'-, , ' • ' ~~' ' . ' i 1,' 1 I•' ' ' , 

.~~~ and 'c~, not ·wish to dostr~ .each other because if ths;y did, 

;:th$ aa~omio ioeconatl'U.otion ot the wO'J'ld would be UU>oesible; .that 

SpQin 110Uld like to me41atG tbe f'ra.ti-101.dal oonfliot; that this 

is the time to do so,· and it would not be ver-y d1ff'~oult to succeedo 

Measye .. on py;e 17., . . . 

Ootober' 12, 19'2& Most aecreto hrportedly sen~ ~ora 

W&.shington on tb.e lOtn~ In etteat sum.a s~ that a message ~s 

been handed ll1m say!ng that Lu.01entes ar Perhaps some other' Spa.nish 

sw 1n W&ahington bas b"1! info!'Dted tb&t h1a oollea.gue in B~ York ' • • ' • ' • t • 

has 'been jailed in Baltimore because or ~e 1nteroept1on and • r • • 

. - . . 

r&ad1ng of' on& or his suspicious messages to Puerto Ricoo . . .. ' " I 1. ' , ' 

o~~!~!'!. not!_: Is it not possj.ble that tbis ~e.1194 ·ms.r;i 

' ' j' ' '' ~ - ' .. 

vas one of. tb.i aev~ ,§.l)$nish ·apifJS ·who was forced or paid to vork 

ori ~ 'sia&?- , 

!t_~saS' on J?!Se . iae . •i- ) 

. ' . . } , .. ' 

dotober 5., '1942,. . Suma vir~ th& For~ign Ofi'io& that L~o Col~ 

Sousa., fttivate $e(nae~ ·on For&1Sn Atf'~a to J~ baa told 

Bell!Lsoo that ta716J.. and Jord.arl&. c~1trersE!d as tollaves 1 '' .. . • { ' ' 

Tqlorx "Let us ·ata.rt nmr t~ -end this W~'betwefn 'in9otb.evsin ' I • 

Euxaope:o . It m&kea no SenSEP to see civil:b:ation wined• YOll Spania.N.s 

~e 1n a good Po&itldn to mediate :aild to work ~ B:itl~ 80 as tO • :~ J ! 

I . 

hel.p us make a separate peace betVetm. Ail'ler1oa, Bogle.lid, ~~ 

and ItalJ' o I sincOl"el,J' hope 7ou rill help ue o 

... 10 ... 

SECRE'f 
• 

"But as for Japan we camiot include her., - We won 1 t impoae 

orual terms on ha-• bu.t her contl'ol 1n East Asia 1s too aia'ongo 

we should att-Slce at Ja»an bed, but we can•~ lf1th our hand8 tull ' , 

in Europe. '!bat ~ wbJ' she 1a· beating uso llow it ·we can jus"t 

••peace with Gel'marJJ', we can cm-:ta1n~ sf'ltlelah Jap&n'~ ambittono n 

.Jordan& repliedt . "? am ao-r'q t~ tell J'OU tba t, ~ v1U I 

certlJnlJ not> make peaoe on 'those t&rms. ft 

. ' 

M,t1sye on:· pye 20. 

<' 

On. October 10, 1911-2 we have a measage from· Tani in 'l'olqo to 

' BangkOko OuadalcaDal has_ vanished like a dream. Bv9n.'tbe Japiriese 

warlords can now sense that th~ 'tide 1e 'turn1Ds~ Eaw oan it be. 

that so m&JJ1' v_esaels far out in the Pa.c1f'1c .a,nd the vessels in 

ce>S:st&l. _trade oan be sunk this : wa;r? It is_ a ph$11<!"1enoI1 paeeing .. . 

s~angeo Our signal in:tell:lge~,e waf:i now well c)oordinated- and w•a 

wreald.n,g its havoc. Pemal Ra1"bor had been avengE,d a:t '!ulagi.-

So 'rant inf'ol'IDS BanSkok that the Son ot lle&ven is bl'oken- . . . 

heal'ted ovel' the suf'ferings ot the pooi- Tlia.lese avan to the po1n~ 

' . ot weeping f'rOl!l his tender. heart. Be is going to sand 5 ,ooo,, 000 . : 

7en v~th ct relief' m.atel"ials .to &id the nood .... itidden aoun:trf o 'It 

will take several Sh1P9o '!he Son of Heaven. hOvever. >:tealS.Zes tba.t 

tb$s will h&'foe a T1ondezttul effect on the morale ot '1'.ba1 in the· 

". 

battJ..e or ~ter East Aa1$.p but he Jr.nows tbat these mate1als are 

short in Ja~; so he won.'1i let it be published 1n Japan at ali. 

Bo a~oa.t1~ fttom IJ?bailand ooncern.1ng the matt&!' will &PP~' 

in Japanese n9f.?Spapers. 'l?ani sa7s: 

... 11 -

SEC:RE'P 
•x tol4 th• '!baieae .Ambassador· that \he Bipet'or tolcl •'to 

tell .. h1a tbis.!~ he bow• profound tbanks r~ BS.a Jlajee~'• · 

eate,em- expreaainS h1a own personal pa•itwie. !h••toJ:ie, irlll • • o I 

1'0'1 Pll!MU:I• oomuc1oa'tae· '111& to the Tbaleee &114, S.f' »0sslble to 

Prand.•. Pibul ~eCU.&'617 0 

"Well,, what. a pre~- p8nnJ' t.bia 1a '.going '° ooat ue Japaniaaa~ -. · . ! ... 

11; ooaa .. ~1; ot tbe pooketa ot ~·people who oan'"t attor4 i'bo lt 

wouJ.dn•t do to let th• know it., naaae tell 'the 'l?haieae ott101a1s 

~' 1n s'la-id~t oont1dence, &nd _see th.a" tb1a- n•• 1• siread . . 

ta:r and ·•1d.e fl"• Thai, but that no. wlnd ot it r.Uhes: .tapa.n.o 

"'.rhen too., aome to 'thS~ or- it, this m1ght. do a lot to make 

the '!baieae mOl'e oooper&U ••· • . 

.11eesye oq e•. 22. . 

On ootob~ 12, 194Q Tani v.11'es Bangkok fltankl7 vha1; Jape.nits ,• . 

at.ti tu.d6 i;oward Thai 11:! o We aba11 not ~ade. through . tb.ia long . . 

message the 1DG>ort ot wh1ch ts· as f'ollowa,: . We ~e goilig to en .... ' • ,_ I 

COU19&g8 8.nd aS81St the Th&ies• in agriculture, econom.i<s'a, f'inanoe, .. ' ' . . ~ ' . 

general PJ.'oduCt1on; communications and "trade, and than ve shall 

bleed: them dJ7' o 

•!.asas.t on pse ',2),o 

' . 

On octo'll.J.. l~, 19'J2 s~ sands Tokto another Baster~ br TO ' . . 

1nielligeno~ vhich aupposedl.J' o_ana• frOdl W&shinst?D- on the 10th<! 

It aeeam that t.h8t'e ie quite &·_quarrel going ~ in Ruaaia aa . . 

to wheth..- or 1:1ot the var against Oe1'tD8.'Q'J should be. con:f;inuedo ~e 

White House baa probablJ' he&l9d about it, beoause ~--e is eonat.-.. 

' nation tb.eea. ao a high ott1aial.intorms me9_ lle ea.,.. tb&t the 

J, 

·..-.. 

- 12 -

-SEC:RET 
chiefs ot the Soviet appeu $0 ha.Ye i-esolvecl that onl.7 cm t._ 

1ihat the United lla.Uona vill auppcn-1; :the Oomnmniat1c ~om o:f' 

goV81'Dlll8Jlt; an4 cont~e 1e1J,91ng auttioid.t ~uppl.1ee, v111 thq 

' 

oon~e tigbtlng ~to tho b1•ter ~d •. · 

'there 1a also a. t'Ullf)!t tb&1l 1ibe Allies pl.an t.o us·e the 

briμ~,_ deten~e ot Stallngl'ad as an entat'ing wedge tor a 

s-.parate peace w1.t;h. ~. The atoremen't1on.ed l"evolt.J.t1on. of' 'the - ' 

Sovie't chief's is .the-l!eault; ot wtllki•'s srta:tement in Russia that 

arry idea of' a second front within a 7ear was just a ~eam.o It 

would ~eem that W1lik1~ 11 s frank sta'tement ot · 1ille hiddfin ideas of ' ' . . 

bo·th London and W'ashington baa;·inf'uriated Pl'esident Rooe·evelt.o . . ' 

' . 

Commenter's ·note: It ~s a :rac.t. that a-t "that time pi!t"ticula.I'ly 

~e ·:Rusi~. 9-~~al's did en1ierta1n gI"ave suspioions 1ihat we 

wou¥ a~ :th• end ~f' :th• -w~ "trJ' to upset tb..eir governmental ~~uc- . . . 

The n~:t meas~• ~or~l7 ~e though probabl7 common knowledga.v 

indicates· tbe iauie ·tb~ng~ 

Mes sag.~: ~n Y .. 2~-· 

Here w~ . . 'b.8.ve ~ a ineesage 

. misplaced 1n order but no matt&ro I~ 

l 

· "~" the 16th. Eden visits Stalin and theJ- ~llc .. 

Eden: "All I· want 'Go talk a.bout 1s the conduct of the ,,arit 

I have no autb.o~1t7 to discuss nor do I wish to d1soU.Ss p011t1cal 

matterso . Ri11tal"J matters are- enough for na~ ... " 

Stal1nt "!es, but that is not enough for mao If the Allied 

'=: 13 - '. 

SEER Err 
• • 

nat10D8 vln the war, Kuala deair.es certain boun4&17 11nes tsleal"lJ' 

.nm.i-ked.. Betoiee t.he Ruaaian...Qerman var.~ terri~ i!lclu4ed. 

Latvta, Lltlm•nia, Ba'tbont' ..,_. moat or Poland• although the . . , l . • . 

boUDdal'te~ wee vague. 1'c;nr all t.bia tttrr1w17 has got to belong 

to Ruaei.,. • - ' I 

. Commenter•s not&o .. 

have the aeoOlld paruo Both Stalln a.ml Molotov, 1n the11" convena-.. 

t1ona w1 tb the ll&D'1' leMling 8DVOJ'S to .Mo8oow all tbJtougb the m. . . . - . ~ . 

oonatantl7 repeated tldl!J aentenoer "Our Allies Bngland and .-e1oa 

ai-e helpiag ua wondertall7 and w.e &PPl'eciate it, but we do hope 

tha~ ·tb~ 1111; not 1ntert~e-~th ~erta1D of our pla.D.s and our ~J' 

of Ute atte'l' the WSP !s wono 11 

!,!lssage on page 25. _ 

Suma wires To]qo on October 22, 1942 1D etteat, that suiier bad 

J)l'&V10tlf917 speed SUb !'OS& to per&i t the· USG Of the J'&l&ngis't bN.nCh . , . . 

·ob1at 111 lfw York and W&shington in establishing a ta-flung an 

ne'to Suma wanta tunda tor the establishment ot twent7 apt.es in the ... ,. . . . ~ 

. -

11Dited 8tat9s. ln thie m&esage Suma raters 1io a reliable gentleman . -

who 1a leaving 'b7 c11p;pe,p1ane-on the Stai ot ltovember to VS.sit 

Muioo, Peru., Colombia, l'Ouadcr, and Guatemala.., Be is to: help~ 

establ:1ahing the ~pionage net in ail theae pl&Ceao 

One or the·apeci&l prea1 om.-zaespondan.ts aaentioned 1D some . .. "" . 

othe meaaage is going to eatl eual.J' in November with Coneul .. Kobbe ' . who v111 proceed to the West Coast ot the t1JJ.1t~ Stat98o !'he COP• 

Pespond•t. however'· 11111 be ~oca'ted in 1iash1ng1;on, so it you han I a ~ o 

&'IJ1' vOl'd ~om ~Ill :rou ~ better wir~ me back 1med:tatel7. a..,:f.d 

Stull&. Suma also wants 'to have Kobbe well instructedo 

- 1.lf. -

SE€RET 
I hav~ f'o:rgotten whethett our otticdale left ltobbe 1nto· the 

United States OJ.fl not but I beliave thEQ" did, because usual17 such 

of't1o1als could be used to our ow. ends, knowing, as ve did' .so 

muQ.h about. them betorehan4~ · 

Message on page 26a : 

I. men~ion this messagc:t f%tom Oshima to the Foreign M:ln1ste 

mel,'e:J,7 '.tO. point out at. thi.s junot10J.l , the ~·ible dift1cul "t19' ! ' l 1 • ~ , \ ,. • II • 

which, not; onl7 the crapanese but also other foreigners h&ve had and 

st:l.11 hav.e 1n ob'taining visae to pass through the Soviet Union •. · 

The Sov1·~t was at times so strict 1&bat ·i~ would ~~· gr~t transit ' , 

vise.a &VG o~ a l'ec1proca.l basis one for oneo .Mu.oh baa latel'7 

be~ saiQ ~ wri\tan abouii Russ1aua trad1t;1onal isolationism .. 

Having.read. snatches of' Russian h1stoey 1n English, P'ltenoh, and • t • 

Japanese :I know that.. Rusaia bas alw&J'S been suap1d1ous ot toreignerso . I . 

It .·is not a new thing ~ &l'J' naeans, but :rathel" a deep.=.~ooted _ 

national ohaX'aote11istic.. It is not neaeesa.r11y that thQ'.ha1re or .. 

41sl1ke roi-e1gn,as. but! pitobably beca:use '\ib.ej' simpl7 ~r· not f 

intel'eated in -themo It. is onq in times·or 1nt&~'t1onal stzaess ' ' I 

. . 

that Russia.•9..g so-called il'On CUl"tain COVSl'S the scene wttbin the 

countrJ'o, ~ee have b~en men •ho siought to ooneat this attitudeo • 1 I , : 

Oerta1nl7 long ago lt7r11los and Methodios sough't to Join Rues:La ' I - I '• 

with western Emaope 1n Chris.t1an1't70 Pete the Great ocoidmtalized 

Russia •o~e th8n 8.D'J' othe;r Czar 1n Russian his~()rJ',·bringing 1n most 

of wes-t~ thought and ~vention. but, n~v.-theless, ~a deepl7 ' . . 

ingtta.1ned nationalistic 1solat1.on1em bas n.eve beeri.er&dicatedo 

I am not bJ' 8.nJ' means speaking in ·ravor ot rfiussia. 1 a .iJ 

- 15 -

SE€RE'F 
• 

41otat;ol!'1al go1'9l'm91lt1 but I 4o assen that .1 b~lieY~ 11; eong 

to aon&214&P Ruasia an eaeent1all7 Or1eutal nat.1oxio '!he eilaple . . 

tao~ .1a that \he true Ruaaiane a.re ArJana, no't vfirJ' distant 'f'ltOtl . . 

the Ger-.u and apea.k a language·wh:lch is etatGl' 'to all the !ndo- , . . 

lu!'opea.n apeeohes or •o~o Furthermore, lluss:!.a 9 a novel.ls ta# 4 • ... ... 

poets, an4 mus1o1ana 82'~. Pfll!fec'l.7 undeN~ble 'to us. '!Iii~ is 

not. tb• cue :lJa t.be 1.natanoea or Japan,, Oh1n&, Manc;tiura. ~ol1a9 

eto o , for tb.ey are. trulJ' Orient~ nationa • 

~eeea.ge on page 27. • ' I 

011 oc tobei- 15. 1942: ve ha'!e a Vffl.7 a ecret mea·sase from ·Suma . . . 

to the ForGign Mf nia'te giving the ~eta1la Hprding t\le ~1nl:t1p&l . . 

press oorrespondmi~s serving a spS.ea. 

(A) Augu~t~ Asia, "ta 11s" London c~•aponden:t,, ag• ov·.- SO; 

ma.rrieO:, to a Oerman ~ess,, educa"1on in Bngland. Ba.a 4eep con"'.'" . ... . ~ 

nectiODS with Blt1ti~h otfio1ala and. the Sovi~~ Interna~io.na~e; 

I 

lo~ Jlagland ~0~01_.Ul.dl7; 1i&s f'ormel"lJ' Bel'11n coneapo:n4•t tCll! a 

povel'tul .Barcelo~ PBP8!:. ~all~ 1;he Vanauardo Jt°'eve:P, because 

of his ·oommunisiPi~ leanitigs he_ vas deportecl (three 11n~s missing) o 

(B) Francisco Lucient~ • l'fw _Yoi-k oonespondent or "!'a." o 

Age over Ji.Oo Beeame a ntw~papel'IDall in Pat-1.s about l.5 'e&l'B ago; 

VerT adaptable; 1a a realist and makes a v~ goad appeara.nceo . .. . " 

That is the reason for his suooeea in Americao ·-

· (0) Penella de s1iva., <Juatemala oonespandent ot the ttABC" .. . ~ ~ . .. . " ' 

Oompa.xq, '7 7ears old. lduoated 1D ~ OGl'man un1yee1t7. 1"1.ret :: ' 

became a nwapapeit vr1t'1'' 1n Berlin at tb.e -me ot the Spanish 

- 16 ... 

SECRET 
\. 

" , .. 

- ·'I ' ': ' •

1!1 

.f ·111 I 

1

11 

' . ., • Revolu~ion; baa Yef!1 little ~tence as a wp1~'1'. but ka8D . ' . -

judpen.s' OD 1n~--na'1ozial question*.. As a patriot h• &1W&J1J puta • 1 1 ' r • • 

~pa~ tt~a·t ~ oonsequen.t;l.7 is.~~ ~o w~lcome 1n Gel.'118.rQ', 

I ,,1μ .. lfi:i-~ 7ou ·laW!- ab~t· '1e otb.tlr Qorr~»Ondeits o . · 

' ""' • • - ' ' l I :~... r ~: ' 

Messag;e on IJ$ge .. 29 .. •, ~-... .· .. 

. · On bo~o~ 16. 194'2 s~ ,,~,~ TolqQ :the tallowing: Some .. ' •• ' ; • • • ' •• f ' ' • • • 

thr9e mont.bs ago Spain dec1dec.i tO_'esta.bl1ah a consulate in .. vaneouv.era 

Real1z1Ds the 1mpoi-tano; o~: that ida~e t.o·~· I bad·arranset;\ 1'o .\ ' . 

have a s.PJ' placed th.er~ 1n 01129 b~t. +: vae so1ns to rec~,nd-h1~ 

naahe ~ iuner vb.en his. i-~1gn as For'e1gn. M1D,.st~ suddenlJ' ~&de 

Wlth the a~~tment ot ~~- ~~· ~s~ :~ .. pi. vei-~ upa~t·~ ~~ . :1 I· ' I • .. ~ • , 

·ltobbe was 4J?P01nte0 to that ~et ·ins~ flf 1abe SPJ' I was going to t~ .. ~ ·~ ' I I : • : : ' ';,;.; • 

l'ectom.e.ud. · X set a.bout; seol'e~lJ' ·:l.nv•stip~ l:obbe. To 1117 sur- ~ I : i I . . . , : ' I .. • ;' I ~ .. 

pi'S.s~,. -~ ~aa •n~~pected 01 ~onnect104ia ti1~ .America a.ud England and . ., . ! & 

from the a~ti1tU(\e ot the ~ster 1t.se~e0. tblit. "this was 'their 118.J' I I ' t ' ,• I 

of' puttias an ;'.end to·:.~. ;o~~Vtti~. B~aa~q ·'to1d me that Kobbe " • •J ' • ' ~":... ~~ • :. • .. \ ·' • 11 i . . . ' 

would not d6 at·allo · 

I' ' 

~ . was · Soiris to drop the whol~ 'thins •. · but I toUlld bt the 

. . . consulate 1n tfano·ouver is pui-&17· for ~e purpose of look11)8 af'ter I 

SS.pan.ea~ inteisestso ltobbe had 'td come to see me on bue.in~se. and . . 

S:tter that.I met him.on other occasions., I was Vl'ong 1n trQ' first 

i 

concluaiono· . Be 1s on our side., but r&all7 vbat oo~ts· vi th him 

• 

is ~nero Belasco· told me that he had consent:ed to do. eP)' woi-k, 

olll.J' ~e doeti .not kn.ow 1'hat he ts Japan 11·a s..,161. 8.gento ·He has. 

bean· "given a _special cdde' f'Ol" h1s use aloiut 8nd he th:lnks 'that he . ' 

- 17 ... 

SEC:RET 
W•. vill scrape togetheit a large SWll of. money &ml band 1t ovtH 

to Jiim. 

He leaves aboard the "Marqu,s de Comillae" rOx-·Vanoouver·on 

Wovenbsr 1. 

Mes ~a_g___e pn est.)$ Q 

~bis message ia 1noluded mettel7 for amw!lemento l no longer 

remerabEfl.' muoh ~bout the oirownstenO&so In &l1J' case it is vrnry . 

amusing to listen to hov Tomi1 struts and boasts ot ··how he talked· 

t~ the Foreign Minister of Argenirinao Be concludes· 't.ba.t "heeatter 

·he vill control h1~elf and ref'I'ain from cursing the Fwe:tgn M1nia ... 

t~ to his f'aeeo" 

~~s!ge on P9:1!..e,,~a 

on October 25,, 1942 Oah1me. .~ Berlin vi>:'e& Toqo that on the 

24th Gotttri~.en came to se• him, se.71ng :that h& bad ?Deceived a 

telephone oall from Foreign Minister Ribbentrop at high Od.li:ts.l'J" ., ~. 

headquarterao OOttf'riezen told Oshima the following: 

Not long ago some Danish volunteez>e ·in Russia wmoe given a 

month.gs f'urlougho· When thq reached home, all manner ot tun.va.s I 

made o~ them and they were humiliated., This seems to 1ndicata 

that inos-t of tb.e Danes h&ve no us~ fOY!· us Gettntanao ~en too not 

long ago on the King is birthQ&;f. Chancellor Bitlei'- sent him a long . . ' 

flctwery ntet1sa.ge of' go.od wil_l and oongra-a.ulstione and v~t ~d the 

King d~t H& wired ~ck "T~n~o n Not anot,ber word; That was. an • I • • 

insul.tc ~- 181' .therefore. :recalling. hW ministe and military, 

commander ttom ~openhagen,. an6 demanding that DeDltlB.rk do the same., 

- 18 -

SEC:RE'F 
• 

Allied pi-opaganda, 'taking advantage ot this, ~ suoce&aing . . . 

1n oonv1noing mhJ' ot· the Danish oft1c1al.s· and people that tbe 

var· ls tul'n1ng graduallJ' 1n their raven- and tha~ Denmark should 

Jllenounce Gei'mauJ' tor hel' unbe&l'&ble ha.l'sbness. . '!he Danes are 

· coming \o believe this. more and more. Arter all Denn.ia:rk 1s 1\111 

td.ed up vi~ Orea\ Brita.1n, v11iih whom she has .blood re1&1i1onsh1p, 

ah~1ng p&l'tialitJ' .~a.rA Bo.gland, ancl this led us to the eonclueion 

that she vas planning -to s1de with our enemies. We GerlllBllS,· theraf'orie~ whilt we had to oraok down on hart., s"till do no't believe 

that she will throw us overbo&l'd or tba:t· ve· trill have to us•· ·mill ... . . 

_t&l7 f'o~ce tQ keep De:nDl&rk in line., 

· Commenter's notet I was nevei- able,, 1a"J' as I would, to find 

" out ~xaetlJ' ·,,~o Gott~riezen was ~ what his poeiiiion va.s. In IJ.fl7 

case he stood high w1t.b BitJ.ezt and R1bben'trOPo 

M&SS;9.S&_ O!J_pase 2§.o 

~ expaot'Sd, · t.hwe was a bad reaction 1n SP,lin to .Japan ..is . . . 

halt unconscious efforts to d?ta~ awa7 from her Buropean allies and . . 

· consolida"t;e her gains 1n her losing var 1n the ~cif1oo !his plain .... . . . . . 

t81t't. mes~age 1.s an example of &pa1n•a disoontent and ud1gna.nceo 

On October 30, 1942 SWDB. wires 'l!ok:Jo tihe fbllo1'1ng PJ."otaet 

ti-om the sp&nish Govemmant' .. . ' 

The Spanish Minister . in Tolqo reports 

. to the Spanish r~~tgn 

Oftiee:t~bat Japanese and.~agal~g wil~ be the·offi~~al ~ee of 

~e Pb.ihpplnes, and that, ~l ~ough English wiil b~ p.el'm1 tteci tor : . . . 

th$ -tiuie bet?S .. spam.sh is outa· : ~t is understood that. 8panit!h ma7, 

' . 

onl.7 when neoessar,-, howeve., be used in courts of lawo ~he Spanish 

. - 19 6.. 

SE€HE'f 
,, 

' :..; 

Gov«l'Dment 11 oufat&ge4o .Japan ill supposed to be a tr1end of' 

Spatn. Th.a outlawing ot .Spaniah o~t be ~ured bJ OU1' goYei'n- . . 

. i 

ao.4 moat of them 4eep17 appreoiate th•1r :u.nk with ~· Spantudeo . . . . .. .• -

I~ is beJ'ond the governman:t o s und•stand~ · v!Q" the Japanese ·would . . 

preclUO.e the language ot a b.aiend and ~ii the use or the tOnsue . . - . 

ot an •em.r like th& Uzt:i tad Stataa o . 

1'heret'ore, the Spanish Gov91'm8en~.her.•1th demands tbat;':th• . . 

Japanese ao:vernment 'l'eaa~ ~s nling and p91'11d1; • uee ot 

Spanish along v1tb Ja~ese and. 'J?a.ga.log aq - and evel7Where . ' 

tm-oughout the ielandso It is ~tb.81' hoped that no oth.- t\fUOh 

ino1oenta ttill. ill $UJ' case, ocouro 

iqe~!-'~P. oD P&ge--29.o 

On Novemb&F 1,, 1942 Suma vu-ea TOkJo the following 41-ea.d . 

mea·aage: 

An 1Df'lttent1al Ge:Pm&U whose name I have pledged 11\J••lf nM'er 

1-o mention. even to 7ou, an abaolutel7 reliable. trl&D,,· oaae and told 

me 011 Octd'b• '1 the tollovingo Por the sake of the safei;t ot ·. . . . 

this man, 'please forgive me tar not ment1o~ his name. 

lo Real viint• baa not .,-et arrived. and ~ h.a8 alr-.dJ' 

hit dead rock on all f'rontso . Stalingrad st&tidSo ~e 09ftli&n. A:rrq .... ; 

. 

a tanda bl'okan betore the Oauoaeua., Bo oil will came thm.oeo Th& 

. ~ are biting the dust in Bgn>to . . . . 

2o POV'el't.J' rules Oompletel7 OVe!' ·the B.8ioha l'atien't.tbough . . 

Gel'mans be~ th.ere is not on~ solitarJ" house 1n 1aa. R&io~ vh1ch baa 

... 20 .... 

SE€RET 
still «d.11~s 1n theil' breasts,, but they atte jtiet. abou:t_ r~ <to 

shoui 1.Q 

. UD4Uel1abla 'f'01eeeJ! nstop . the fight~" . ,• 

J. llbat e. el!ame! A' ~e Ut'e 1;18 ·JU. tl~ bas lost conta11t 

ntb et.a.Wemen ot.exp~i.enoe and· abilitJ' and othe 1~rta.nt people .. . . - ' 

in~ •. Ke spends 95~ of his time at. ~e_tront~ l.Mding tl;le 

f'1ghii1 .PB71ns no atthent1on to hooae morale, neglecting p0Uties1 

a.ot1vit1ee which a.f\~ all aont.ribute to 1211111'.&ey· suoeess in the 

larges~ lileaslll'a'1' 

4o · With coneter.nation ruling in ~. England and .Am9i-~<:Ul 

ape bua:v with ·th~ ahQl'acrt&ttis tic sahemes o !l!h.Q" are going . l!o 

F.t'teal I~ly from U$., l'tal'y is no-.; !lemand1ng S tree hand 1n Afroic&o 

'rheJ'.want. So111111$1 replaced. by an Italian general~ fhe.l'aason wey 

w·e ·took o.,er in North Africa was just because the Xtaliane could 

not do .th• job and were falling downa G&!'Dl!UlY just bas to 

hint. t.liat; 1f' Ital.Jr wan'bs her lost propert.y baok she will have to do . ' . 

'the f'1ght1ng Oll ha?' own strength" ~is na. "turall7 i·s making :the 

Italians fighting mad~ 

5Q If this goes on it vill .roi:n thE!I Axiso M1' opinions on 

what to do are as ·follows: 

Ao· . Gettmany should set the. terri tc:;>ry to lie oeo.upiad at" therninimum9 . She should leave the ques"t.ion of heto. fol'e1~ oolonies for . . 

the futuree She should. reassure the uncol'lquered p$oples of ~ope 

that. she has no 1n:tent1on of invading 'them. This tfou14 win a.mi 

unite O.~tnanJ've. allies and thwart Anglo...Sa%on pr'opaga.ndao 

. B,. To d~f'e&.1* Russia you Japanese would have to sta.i-t 

q 21 ... 

SEC:RE'F 
e 'gECRET32 e 

f1ght1Dg vl'12 ua Gtmaamlo . Su't neither ot ·u oould d.o_ &117thing 

t.!11 neri spring. I Wn'k GeJ.laaa.l11' should atop·· figb~tng- tb1a 

wishtul s'1'uggle1 1ih1s loaing game. . Oel'M.D7 ahbulc! oonolude ' . . ~ 

peaae ¥1th the SoVtet rigb1- ·a_,. alt.bough b Ruee1alla would 

demand v.,. •••• · t8PIUJ. Perbapa tb~., thej would not ev•n 

' aooep'li &D1' terms 11.t aUo On the oth81" hand it 'the Soviet n&ill'Ga.!7 

tUJ!'lled _&ga.1ne'· Stalin 1;he aoopei-atioa. with Japan w01lld ba mosrt 

uoel.lento . Co . It llngland ~ .Amer1aa saw ~ -.tdng peace vi tl?- the 

Soviet 1d thout Q7 doub't th9J' vOUld exten4 bands of friendship tp 

. the .Axi&o . Then Germarq- could disouae· v1:tb. 7ou Japanese the )rliole 

So'!let.. problem and 1w va.s't l'elat1onsh1p to the 1fbol• piolve ot. 

'the war .. I 

Do '1le paw Puehrer is under these c119oumatanoes child1•h 

and a~eo · Be baa the o'bli vlous ta1 th . ot a be.be 1n e;rma o lie 

just. ~ot be d1a1llua1onado· x· think the b!at tb1ng we oa.n· do 

to ge~. -.rQWhel'e at all would be f1rst tor t?apan~ ~, and Ital7 · 

t.o hold a oonfm'enc& ot their.mbst capable l~derao 

'commentel' ~ s no.te: This wal!J one of' the. iilost pmietl'ating and .... ..,.... ~ ·~ 

wiee~t ~a.l7ses ot th~ IJl111tarr aituat1.on at that t1naeo 

Message, on.J?!&e 4~o I 

Berne w111es 'l!okJ'o on lfovembsr 7, 1942 that tJJ,ougb. Sv11illerland 

is alll'rounded bJ' Axis natilons, she is.proud of the fact that she ' . - . " 1s a "democratie"· and her people tavor Englati~ ·and the t1n1:hed 

States stronglJ'o The government natural.17 wants "to. avcld txaiation 

a.nd oautiona the papers not. to Pl'int too. prominent pro-AllT 

- 22 -

SEERET 
~ \ ' !.. • \ \ 

\ 

• ... .,.-, \ ;\ " •. c. .. ·~ .. . . . ;..~~ ,'\ . '\lo ( 

", ·~ • i;::. ' · ' ~It'! • , I • \ ·~ • ' • .. .. • It. 

P2'~~~<l'h ;En ~~a. so~~ ~'t 1 'a·. fb~-~~~~f .. ~~~~m ~t the press ,' ,, -;:,\-:: ,~~: • •• I • ' \It•\'~·. I • ' I . ~ 

canncSt fh•··~.Dpered" The Oe11~· Mitii'Jtei. h~~~~.;$." tgrever and l.,, • • r, 

•• t 1" .,. \\ 

e1;,e,71nall7··,,rotesting to the Foreign .Office~ '-'but he- gets no results n 1 ~ •11 .r ' I ~ j. -. •: • '., 

I L 11 .t I ' • ~t:· ,' ~· • •' , 

~-' . ~. bii\1:e .a· y~i·'~t;1~~~,, ~4i~d ~ .. th~ 1*'~s~·A?f.f1oe.,€}o1ng o~eor~hip If, , ,~~:.'fa\~\ ,,,~l.P ,'.'{•"J.11,'{r • '\.~~' t ""\...\_'Iii';-° •" ;.oJ'., ,''•;)~ ' , , .. '!'-..·.\~~ ,.,,... \. "i .. ~i. ... .... :s~, . (1:. 

work.. I have tol.d him ~o out out all :r&po:rts· ·un.tav(Wable to us 

Japaneseo I would not· get anywhere with the Foreign Ott~Qe~ 

Sever&l ·:Papel'S:· ~~b~~s-~ed both otll' r~ports and those ot the enem.y 

of 'the b8.ttle .'f_f the Solomons· o Tho~- ~~ pid. not exactl7 call . - . . . • . i ' '. • ' . 

us liars• ther did ~d that ·the American Secret~l'J\· bt t1'e l'f&VJ' •• I ' '': 

- ./ 

declared that the Japanese statements wer~ hfish stor1eso" 

~~sage on pa.ge 42 •. ,., 

In- a message of Bcvemb.er 4,'1942 tr~ Mol"1.sh1ma in Lisbon f • • ' t, "/ , 

to the ·Foreign Minister we have ·an .amusing example of underban~ed..:. . . ..- . 

nesso A local \J.pdf>rstSnd1ll8 bas been worked o~t bJ" '·fji\e'~'1apanese . . . . ~ . :-" 

and the GOvernor-Oene:ital of T1mor in D1ll11 .. i 

. ·, 

The Governcr..;lf9ri&~l . . ' 

literaii.J" signed the understanding suno\inded by the ba7onet 

points of Japanese· soldiers. Here 1s the mesaage: 

The Pol'tuguese Vtoe-Prendei- angrllJ' summon94 me and. said, 

"I can understand that the Oovernor.,.Oenera.1 Qt 'l!1mor might ask pro- • •' J. I 

tac ti.on·· tor the ,;omenf'olk,, but tor ld.IQ to ask J'OU Japanese to pro-

, test bi.s own person is unspeakable,· damnable, aga~t eveey 

tradition of Por~ugalo" 

Then he clenched his tis~&, and screamed, "As long ~s he bas 

a single s6ia+er ·left, wb7 doesn't he tigh~J" 

·so 'JOU See we can U t let the ~del"S tanding between the Bl"rQ' 

.;. 23 -

SEGRE1' 
; i 

and the Oovenor...Qenerel be· sent to Lisbon., 1'.b.e Portugwtse 

Qovel'nmem.t von'·t believ& it;; If they read such a. ~bing as 'tba~. 

th91 would vue back 1netantl.7 1nstruct1ona, deolutng auch an 

&g9811&8D't null and vo1do If that happened the OOVGl'nor~al. 

would have no power whatsoever, a.ud we would have to deal vit.b 

Lisbon dil-eotl.7 o 

You nee, I just ·spoke or· pl'Otectitm, beoause I kriew that it 

l went 111~ an;r explanations I vould just; bs ge$t1ng into trouble~ 

Pleaa& don11t. let the undarata.nding 1n Dilli be reported heFee Let 

us aimpl.J' consider 1t a looal understanding and aot on it as sucho · 

:I wUl keep on holdil)g up my and hel'G~ while wa a.1'1:'ange to. have.a 

m1:t1tai-J' man brough~ from Macao to TiJnor. to loOk over the situation., 

Ma7be in .t1mt Ve Cari ge't them to &CO&pt SOIQ.ething lik& OUl' terms., 

I oannot aphas1ze too muah the importance of prevmting news 

of the D1111 a.greement from being reported in Lisbono 

Meses..se ~ J?!S,& ..... 440 - . 

On Novsmb6r 6, · 1942 ·the Japanea e flD.VOJ to Rome wir~ the J 

Japanese ; Foreign Of.f'ioe as tollo1's s . . 

Th •. .Ans is faillng 1n Rlissia arid in Bgv'pto Tlie It&l.18.11 I 

:national econOIQ" is shakingo The livelihood of the p$opl& is 

hard61' and harder to eke :outo The moOd of the people ia 1ttf'initel7 ' ' 

worse than iast.wintero This doubtless o~igin&tes from th& faot 

·that the xt811an people vacillate qui<:tkJ.7 between xaap~~ and 

' 

despe.il'o.4> 

*Commenter's note: · Thia ie a ·fllY'tho 

= 24 ... 

SE€RET 
• 

'· 

' 

On llovembei- 1 a 1942. Mr~ .. '?pi~ ~ir.C1ulatea a 9".\"p&r~ a:lrnμlar • I I I~ .. 1 

deaor1b1ng 'the la"88."t s:t~1d.on 1n lllropeo l . . 

1. . <km9n auppl~ .· ::J.~r ~\'1tted. out long bet~e ·Stalingrad 

was x-eaobed, aD4 th.~ tti!iigs seemed '° go P'•tt;'J well. tO'I! the 

<hWlllans at· t:trs' 1n We Oauoas1an 4l'1v.e, it lost impetus,, Eal.'17 

1n August ev_.,.bodJ' ~t Stal1ngl'a.d voul(l tall, :W1;6 Beholdf. 

1t. stands 7et .. : 'l'he pl'obab111t.J" ia '118.t Gel'UlaDJ' 1'ill never get . . ' ' 

the needed oil fields ot- the Oauoas~ 1 bor ia Oel"m&JlJ' teaing well 

in the Leningrao, ... Moscow sector. . Siio~ ~ loe ·ae do1~ their ' 

1 1 ~ ! ' I 

dov~tat1gg wOl'k on the.~ f'Ol'OMJ ao Gel'm&JV bas tailed again 

th1a 7e&T.' ·and ~e Bed A:r!rq le exul:tan-to. ~ 

2 o • ROllUllsl a eemed U> make a. comeback neai- the end ot Augus t 7 

but J.ai#e 1n Ocl\ober f;he .Bzt11i.1.sh etruck11 . Bow Rommel is on ··the ·run 

aga.!rie Also, the Ang1o•Ame1"1oan tOl'Oes are coouPJ1l18 o~er pattts 

of Aflt1oa tas 'ta 

3o Though the neutral posi"t:t.on of' 'lllrk&J" 1 Spa1n1 8.n.d· 

Por~? has not changed~ th-e Axis fail.ures cannot help but be 

ref'l$Cted·th&re and Fl-ench coopexaa:t1on with G9rmanJ :Le jeopardized., . . 

4~ Russia has fought. the Ger~s for a ,..,~ and.a halto 

Eng~.and Am~rioa bave done it\t.J.e to help hel'~ or course,, th&}' 

• I I 1 

have. ra1.ded Gel'lllBD1" bJ' ail',, but that is no«; enough '° satiety· . . ' 

Sta11no Ghuroh111 Visited him in Au~t and explain~ t.bat it ' • • I 

would bE;I) impossible to establish a second t'i-ont thi&iJ'e&rJI bu.ii . ' • t • • ' Stalin vas unconv.lncEK\o Be told_pressmai1 . .,arl7 ill October J;hat a 

lteoond h'ont was a. grave neoes~it)' and.in v.1ew ot the aid Russia 

- 25 -

SECRE'f 
.• 

' ~p~llJ-132 .--. _ u D~.l.'-LJ .A. 

--

haS given 'Ghe Allies, the least the7 could do would be to give 

more help tn the vay ot a new; f'roat.,· Stalin was V01T1ed then, 

but Pl'Obabll" he·.4Joes not· feel SO badl.7 now; for the Germans ha.V'& 

. . 

not done well' and his regime still s'\ands. Tha Red ArSt will_'. 

:prcbab!J: neveP be def-.tedo ·still, we hear rumors ot a eepara~e 

peaoe ·between Berlin and Mosoow", We ao not be1ieve themo· Hitler 

hi~elf' has oeolared or rs.t!her implie(i ori· Stipt~b$r 30, t.ba'b the 

poasibil1~11 o~ at least. the time, would be.determined by the 

oourse of' e?$lltso Wint.er is a.iready at h.ando Bo drive aa.n be·, 

'UllderW.kenc: M1tlf!nt 11 s home reserves are ewin.Cling.. 'nle Russian 

p$ople'.would not be likely to a.coept a separate peaa&-o It is 

pure f'satae7 to (jay that Stalin would make a sepa.i-atepeace to 

s Pi te England arid· :the U111. ted St'.a tes o 

5Q W& hear, vtll"iou.$· rum~s that !"etn"eeen.tativee or· both 

nations have oorifBXTBd in Sw$d$n· and Switzerland·; th.a~. the Pope is . 

e:xerflilisi!).g a tlef1.n1te peace policy; that 8. aeparst& peace with . 

Ita1y will be ms.def that Mytton Ta7lor 11 s visit. to Italy has to do 

vith pea.e&" We do not know what all this mea?lSo ·Probably it does 

not mean muoh 9ther than· propaganda to intlμenne the ~eutt-al nationso 

. ~ ' ' ' 

Now th.at th~ United States 1s ·back of England i~ loc>k•f 1.ike a. war 

'to the f1nisho 

Message oz( ;Pas,e .~o 

· Nov~mb~ 9,· 1942>· and Oshima in Berlin wires Tokyo as follows: 

I am inf'ol'med by Ribbent,:rop to the toilomng eff'eota We knew 

that. the.Anglo..sA.rmerioane· were going to land iii ?!ten.oh Arric&o On 

the 7th a 1arge oonV'OJ" or ~·60 or 70 ships. Pl:'oteated. bi battleships 

= .. 26 -

SEC:RE'P 
and Ct\1!l!'itll'S left Oibt'altar for- the Meditel"H.De&n.'> OJi tbJ& 

evening ot the_.Sth 'th91 t-.084 eastward and the· Gfi1maD.s and Italians 

we>l'e certain ._t tb1s was to tortif'J' 'the.Bs:Jpt1e.n tr0nt ar per ... 

ha.pa to stage a la1lding on Italian tmito17a '1'han suddeDl'J' on 

the eveniDg or the 7th·.Amel'!oan ·ti-oops landed. at Algiers., Algiers ... 

is al.read.J' fand.11.r o We ba"l'G no optitiism a~t the si tua:tion 

there" some troops land8d.at MO?'occo but the ~ch ~ieon 

there is still holdill.g outc 

Thia is e.n emerg$D.oy of grea.t proportions andGernianJ an:d'. 

ItalJ' have'taken.meaaures to send reinforcements to the isle of' 

$3.0117 and to ~s; to eend su~ines ·there~ ·to block the. funis 

S'Wai tr awi t0 to~es~ll &J%T landing from. the Amel'1C$n CoaSt . on 

" . 

. . . the Algei&n coast and blaSt a11 supply ships o Wow· 'that henoh. 

ter!'i tOl'J' baS" been. invaded,, Petain has asreeci to l&t us use Tuni.a o 

. . 

Me8~!.lge on pge 2Q.o 

' 'on Wovember lOg 1942· Mro Yamagata. 1n Obi.le virea Buenos· Airae. 

and 'l'olqo the following: 

American Ambaa~ador Bow~s ·called on heaident Rioa.7utel9day21 

t.b& 9th.a .He also oailed on lPoreiSn Minist&r·: P9rn&n.dea~ .Pl"esumabiJ" 

t.o tall them w:hat Am~ica e and Bngland.U-a objeotives 1l1 North 

Afrioa areQ Mro Bowers banded ll!Po Rioe a. prt11a.te letter f!tom· 

Rooseve~to ~o Rios promised to an&lY.M' it and said that he we.a in 

f"nll sJTO.Path;r _vi th the. splendid aahievemen ~a of the United Armies 

and highl7· approvedo· Ba als~ repeatGd with· great tervrir 'the . . . ~ 

degire on the Chilean GoVel'Dm9!1t to oont;r1bute to -the unity.of' the . . 

~ 27 -

/ 

SEC:RErr 
1aa.sw on pge 51. 

OD Bovember 10 • 19'2 ilome vs.res '!olqo as tollows 1 . 

"feat81'd&J' • tbe .8"1. the J.a.ud1Dg of Amenoan '1-oopa 1n l'renoh 

Atr10a wae &IU10Un0ed. ~a people are in oona1;91'Ut1on •.. !lha. 

ps70holog1cal etfeot ha.a ben ~ble, but u.DJ" 88.J' tbat 'the 

ltalians ue so 11Jcensed. ov~ ~ wus~ble behaV10l;" ot. the I , 

Anglo~~OIJ.S ·that th97 w111 tight on to. "11e en4!l . · 

In the "Morna.le. d •Ital~~" GaJ'd,a d~lares ~s · invasion :J.s . . the second titont Stalin ~ted, but .1t will _not do 8llJ' good be-. 

cause Ruses.a., is a;treadJ' worn outo. Ita.17 'e rol1t bas become. Ver'S 

1mJ)o1'tan1; now·an.4 we.will ~1ght on dauntles11l7 along with Ge~ - ' 

~d 3&})&.n till ve ~in the tin.al v1cto?T. ~ · 

However, I felt tbat ,Ga'J'da was just .showing bis. grave c~oern . ' ' 

' . 

over·wbat 1s·to come, an_d.w"'s s:lmpl7 on 'the det.,,e1ve. 

Mpa~ase on ;py~ 2~o ~ 

'l'ani in. !'olqo wires Viotq ~· f"ollowing on Nov•b~. 11~ 1942t , 

!he oc.cu.pat1on of Bortab .Africa bJ' the Un1ted .&ta'lief!I fOl'Qes. 

ma,- h1n eve1"J"tb1ng ,._ GVerJ'"th1ngJ ~he neutral nat'-ons may now . ' 

side w1 ~ tb.emo All this U7 have a decisive ef'f'ec·t· OJ>: the wh~le 

wo~ld a1s-tem.. . 

If suoceestulp this 1n.vaa1on will have trem.eq.dous ettec~ on ' ' 

~t Asia ~ oil 'the R~tng ~v~ent_. What France ~oes ia now -

ot incalculable 1DIPOl'~e.. ,Ru~li 1mmed1.at•17 to Lavalo Come 

ld.ght out and ask hiaa wb&-t ll'r~oe is go1.ns. to doa Aek him ~het:be:r ' ' ' 

or not ~- 1n'ten(ls ~ s"1ok to the .Axis through ~Ok &nd thi:Do 

... 28 .. 

SEERET 
On Rovem.'ber 11_, 19Ja.2 T'11li v.ires Buenos Aires the following: 

Slowl7 bu't sureJ.7 al:'G the Amerioa.n toroes 111 J'rtenoh North . . . . , 

Atria& winn:Jng outo The B"J.oen.oh f'~es ?&xlnot s~ up against 

them fU1.'1' long&r" As tar as Geltrn&ll1 is CQJ10erned it is either 

Africa or Russia., It&l.7 can only wring her hand.so !his battle 1n 

Borth ·Africa bodes us no good., It; bodes us 1llo It gives ue no ,. . . 

jOJq Th& propaganda povet' this will give ~o the ~lo-Saxons will 

be t~1f'1Co This will.have e. stirl'ing ef'f'eot on the American 

atates 11 puiticularly ~gent1na and Chile? ~ to do evel'J'tbing in 

yoUP po¥81'.to keep the gove:PDme~t off'ioi&ls where J'OU are and in 

neighboring countries from falling in step with the United Sta.tea ~ ~ '""'. - ~ . 

snd do your best to gui~ publia opiniono 

' 

Mesa~ge on J>!S9 2't.o 

on Novembel" 12, 194g 11& have the follcving message fltom Mrd 

Yosbinw~ 1D Hanoi, saant to VichJ' and !foley-011 and oil'Oul.&ri~ed 

generally: 

On ·the llth the Governor..Qeneral held a farewell pax-ty for . . - ' . ~· 

me and . saids 

. ~lo, On the 11th Hitl•;r; in~ormed Peta.in ot ·th$ grave 

signif'1eance of' the American e.ttack in North Atrioa and advised him .. ' . " 

that he t10ild ha.Ye to Send. so+diere thl'Ough UDOOOup18d banoe . . ",. . 

- 29 - l. 

SEC:RET 
• 

2o Row there is no turtheP reason fer a lPlrenoh goYernment 

in ViahJ'J ao 1t will probabl7 move to Vel'saillee VeJ.7 soon. 

3. I am tar awa.7 from it all, but "1n1s is 1n the han.c1s of' 

'the Pl'ench and it a det1Dite 11ne can be eaabllshed between 

Oorsloa 8114 Sard1Dia 1Q' a i'z'91\Ch.~Ad.s bloo. ;t. t wll!l.1 

be alllOa\ 111UW>Ssible fO'I' tl&e Anglo-8axona to get an:, decided advant.aae ill ••• At'rtoa. J>oub'1eas the air t019oe and au'blla3!t1nea 

ot tbe .Ax1s which have alreadJ' made a a'tand. a'li iuJd.s will give them 

atrq oppoel'tlOAo 

Comenter•e note: Wllerev&P ·we meet; *'• Yoshizawa ve alw&,-s 

t1n4 Id.II gentleman.17 in eY&'l!Z v1.7" Leotur1Dg on. the West C°'st· ' . , ... 

ot.tbe Un.11ied Statea he pled for peaee. Itl t.he le~el'l&na.s tndies • 

he was tao"tt'ul. m11d;...maxuiered and. vell-ba'lanoed in apiiie or ~errible preei!lure fl'om bot.b. sid~e o . In Japan he alw&J'S gave 1ihe 

For~ign. Office th.e ._most ~oellen"t; legal (h:~ is a la'WJ'$1') arid pollt1cal 

' advice, and 1n Hanoi he aoquitt.ed hims•lf vel.3. ot.4ut1es 110 eth$P 

man could· -have -taoed as well., . . 

'l'he Americana now have RoD11D.el 1n re"tr~t .. but German ~ 

ltaliaD arimi~·have a.J.ltee.d:J' oooupied fuid.*5 bd assured tor Axis 

transpor"ta.t!on 'the u~e ot the passage be\..~ S1c117 and B1aerte 

('lunla)., 

irhe .A.xis &l"!IQ' baa reached !fal'aaillea 0 9191', suooeeded 1n theiP 

main puJ!ipose 1n this area a.nd 0ol'S1ca v1thout troubleo l'he French 

SE€RErr 
• Gov~nment baa o?tdere.d all lll&l'Ohant ships ~ proceed to a. port 

of the henoh ma:lnland fl'» to Oot'slcaca The French merchantmen in 

tbe Kediteiaranean are ot the ao,ooo-ton· claaso · h View ot the 

shortage ot ships, thee, v111 be a big help 'to 'the .A;d.e e 

Meseage on PS' ~6c 

On ?lovember llf., 1942 'l!ani sends out a cb>cular about developments in the United States& 

i~ The tJn1ted states believes that this 7ea;r will deed.de the 

varo She is aveasing the o:rtens1ve And ooopeat1on with 'Bnglando 

She le gi.ving Bngland e.lld Russia more aaaiatanceo Vaster and 

fierc$1l 1e ha drive against us o · In ·the· Solomona nen now both 

sides at'G looked 1n mo:rtal oombato . In a couple or :vears ehe plail.s 

to de&aend· upon us vi th a.ll hel' ndghto It seems 1ala't right now 

the United Sta'tes S'tl'eSBGIS Europe, but nevei-theless she Oet'ta1nly 

oonsid&l°a the .Paoitio as V'er"I 1m)>Ol"te.nto She is stationing moxi-e 

and more t'l'oops and materiel in Au&tralia, making this the main 

basa for b.~ attack on USo She is ooopara"ti.ng more and-m01'$ with 

Chiang~ and on the other band, ta:e'fing to get Russia to ol.ose the 

back doo:ta ot the Japanese_ lbpir&o .America now heads th& Uni "ted 

Nations Oommand in the Southwest Pacific~ and th& Paoifio "War 

Oouna1l. is being dll'eoted b7 Washingtono In ta.ct"' America. is now 

in a 'strong enough position to wage effective v~fu-e in the 

Pacifico The height of her attaok in this area ma7 b& expected in 

the spring of next yearo 

2o In June the oomplet~ ohange-ovatt -~om oirll1an to mili.:. 

ta.ry production was oompletedo Belson s~tGd 1n Septemb&r that 

.... 'l c:. 

SECRE'f 
' ' 

• ~~2 

u D '-""..I.'-.L:J .a • 

siDOe the beg.tnntng ot the war m111t&rJ pro(luo:t;ion bas 1Q.oreaaed 

'threetol.4 but baa :tiot ~et J!l'.eaohed 1\8 aim. Roosevelt. iupec\ed . . ~ . ' 

important ])l.&nta in bait ·the sta\es ~17 1n Oc'°be and S&J'8 

bt. th$Y are aohs.~v~ '9- ot their capaatt;J' and that ~ is ' . . . ' 

sa"tiattao. Suociesa 1n building ships and planes is ·gres:t, and 

plau tw producing a Dd.ghtJ' tvo-ooean flee't are ~OQe~lns ~ I ~ ' 'P I 

amoot.b17Q the ou'PUt of plan.ea 1s now 5,000 a mon'th. J'~ million . . . ' ~._ o '" I 0 

-xieo:ru1:ts bJ' ~ Rid of thie ,..,. &n4 nlae million b7 the end or 1 • . .. ' • .. 

next 7ear are. .. ·expected_, now that th!b. dratt age ts l'educed trom 20 . . . ·; 

to 18 J'e&rl!o. 'Ille Vr.d.t8d States is handling h919 manpower P!'Obl&m 

pertaotl.J' 8&~1sf'.ac~il.J"~ .tmd 1s expanding its W&l' ettOl't 'bJ' 

.·~ing 'troops ev_,,,hereo Howe~er, England and other na'tiona· &rs 

muoh wowied over tteductions :1n suppli~s ~om 'the United S~tes 

beoau.ae ot . the d1slooa~1on ot ald.llGd and common labol' tb.ereo 

l'level"thel~a t.he Un1t*1.States 1s kffPing ,,.0 na'li10DS supplied w1th . . . 

vast anaountil ot ~:t;er1el, sent in ulmQ- oaai•a "181!7 tar atield. 

England ts a li"ttle jealous of Aiaer1oa on this aoooun); and . . 

W1llk1e •s statement in t;he Sovie't aonoerDing th& second front ~ 

Stal~ •s tiit;ei'v1n w1 th an. A.1 reporter were embarrass~ to London 

and Waahtngton.· Suming all '111s up, despite their increasing ' ' . . . sacit1t1oes. both England and Amel'1oa f1Nl.J' believe thU will win . . . . 

and their morale.runs h1gho ~tbout haY1.ng 'tO beeome totalitarian, - .Roos.&ve1t;11s position is· just as til'm as ·Ohul'chil1aeo Both &."l'e 

• . . ' i 

work1ng togethei- and ha.Ve welded their tvo natt1ons together and are . . . now lea.ding the qomb1ned :wal".eff'orto 

. ,2 -

SE<:RE'f 
•• I 

:50 !he vu fl2'P9DS& P9!' day amounts to l50 million dollars or ' I ' ' ' ' ' •. 

moreo bloes are 2~ higher and this 7ear 1a in!lation. ga.p is 

estimated u t10,700,ooo,oooo 'l'h• go••.-t Ukes ·this up bJ . . . 

taxation· and. eontl'-ol!~ t?he mcl'ale or the people,· hO'sn~ver, is so 

high that th91 ai-e willing t;o cough upQ 

· 4o Am.enoan pe7ohol0g consists of & deaii>e to see the 

A.nglo~On.s prevent Germany. and Ital7 fl'Olll eat&bl:tshing a llh' 

oztd.e:r in Europe and to ruin the Japaneae Bmpirel!s plans for the . .. ~ .. . 

establishment ot a sph«tOe of Great&~ Es.et Asia.JO Purthe.tt 11 the 

lJ'nj.ted States plans to steal a ma.i'Ch on Bng.l~d to get complete 

~ontrol onr Centl'al and South Am.~aa and to get Virtual control 

sooner 'ar lat~ over. Canad&, Australia and In'd1a., W&shington .. 

figures that :LondOD bas enjo79ll this enrtable POS i t1on long enough 

and now it is Amerioa 11 s turn.a The :recent dietribu~ion of 8l'mS 

also makes tb.18:1QOtive diso.e.rniblea 

Of course, the tf.nited States is ~g1mdng to want to l'Ul.e the 

world" The A'tlant.io Charter and all ~t do&e not mean &Jl7thingo 

Th& Ameioan people are fed with elogans about perpetuating 'the I 

~American way or lif'eo" 'l'he P99Ple are so DlUOh lulled bJ' these 

w1naome slogans that they beo-orae dreamy and oa.nnot think 1n terms 

of the bard f'aets ot va:r and real oond:i tionso However~ th97 do f, 

not vacillate and the government is guiding publio opinion well 

' 

indeede ln short11 the morale or the Amerioe peopl& is Vf!A!7'9' Mp., ... ' ...... 

'!'he recent eleotion in the um. ted States wu not even a .show o 

SE GR Err 
a.DO Rao8e11elt. despite eolre 'iosaes' b- 'the Senate and in 'the Congress 

is 1n no wiee weaken~ The Democrs:te s'til1 have the majo:tti't'J in 

both hou8es o ThBre is no ·dallier a:t a·11 ·tb&t the P'!'ee:tdttn~·&s 

posi-tton of 18ading in :the Va.:r has been or will b9 weakened,, 

SEC:RE'f