,....____ __ _ ~·-· 

S!Cft!l' 

... 

... 

'·~· 

\ 

REF ID: A66417 , .._,, ·~l'tdt~ ·. 

J~ 

t 1-'.J.!4! ~. • '· 

UR. m.I.IAJI F • l'RDlllAR 

r - , . a 

. __ ._.,. .. '".:..._it 

Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 11-22-2013 pursuant to E .0. 1352\3 ' . 
"- . . ... ·.·· 

ot the oppol'\uni t7 \D GOm to talk to JOU on JV aubject • In invi Ung M to 

'1peat OD th• •ubjeot. ot a,,..w.aat.iorm IDWUamae, it was indicated t.hat the "": - . 

obJeot.ive ot the .PJ'•••a\l• is to create m awannesa ot th• bac~round, 

develoJ1D11nt., and manner of ..,al01ment. ot th1a v1t.al millt.&rJ weapon. COIRalld,-

aatJ.ons Intelligence wu .W al•qs regarded.u Yit.&l. I.,. reminded or a 

•\ol'J \hat. I read some yean ago in an o1c1 book, and the at.ar,y 1111f3 be apoe17-

pbal., but. I &1Y• it tor •• , it. ia worth. n ··- that. about t.wo UloulUld 

7eara ago there waa a P91'111• queen whoee nm. wu Siarlua. She took • 

inter .. t in c17ptognp.i,- •.Pflr•ntl.1, and ahe died. ~ua~ ah• weat. te 

Rea..-, or perhap. to the dbar pl•c•, but •be had left im~om u to the 

dilpo11tion or her remains, &Ill the7 built ftflr Mi- an 1JIP081DC mauaoleml ia 

which her aarooplaagu re•ted. OB t~ ou\aide el' the ausolna there was C&J'ftd 

a ••sage, and t.lle -•age said, •st&J", weary trawl•• lt tlaou art. footsore, 

hungry or in need ot •My, unlock the riddle or t.he elpber graftll below;, and 

7011 will be lead t.o riches beyond all. dnal!ll of avarice.• th• ... ...._Ul it. . •:. 

there ... this c:eyptogru. 1''or several lumtred ye~ all the~ vud 

t.htdr hands at deoi}i1erlltg thi5 me::HHlt.• without success, until om dq', ....,. 

•"Mbll, & long1h1aketed, be•pectacled ~via.uc.l came along and an.er work1Dg 

at it. tor a c0n8ide:rabl.e 1-tih o! time• -~. tlbe messa1:.e, iVhion gaft hill 

.lutrucUons as to a secret ·m\11 into the tomb• It ao\ iuside and. then .f'o~ 

~·- t 
l ~ ''--· .. 

an ina'tueUon to open t.he saroophlgua, but he had '° aolv• uot.Mr .. aage, 

whioh be dlcl, alld opened U. •&roophagu and found a box. Ia t.ll8 belt waa a 

-••&• in plain language, and. thh ia what it aaid, nOh, thou Tile and insatiable -~t.er, to ciut;1arlt t.heae poor bom•. It tJaou haa•t. leamed ao•'1U.ng 

_... ueful t.ban the art. •t deoiphering, t.bDu woW,da\ mt, be footaore, hung17, 

or in need ot money." 11119 U..• 1n t.be aovae ot ta. paat tbirt.y 7eara I 

baw bad occasion t.o w1ah that l Im• the old. gal•• addreaa ao t.bat I could 

pllt. u a tint indonemant. to the baaia coJmmioaU.on t.he 11iagl• word •oonour.• 

Well, qbow, it•• been an intereating llfe, lf' not l1nanc1~ lucrat1Te. 

IOW I am going to read 7ou a lltU• pe1'agra{¥1 trom !!!,! elated December 17, 

1945. -..S.c is the Word tor It• is the title ot the artlole. "U.S. oit1-

..- diacovered last week t.hat perhaps their llOSt pot.ant aeoret weapon ot Worlcl 

.... II waa no' n1dar, not t.be VT tue, not the atom bomb, but a harml.eee little 

aohim which 017ptograjilera pd.mtakingq ao•tnaoted 1n a hidden room 1n 

Wahington. With thia machine, built after 7ear• ot trial an:l error, ot intereraee and d9duot.1on, crypt.ot;rapher1 have duplicated the decoding dnic•• uaed 

in Tolqo. T .. timony before t.he Pearl Harbor C.-1.tt..e had already ehoJrn t.hat. 

the •ahim known u "llllgia• was 1n us• loq before Decub•r 7, 19U, had 

glwn upl.9 warning ot the Jape' -ak a\tack 1t oaq u.s. bra• ·hats bad bem 

•--" •nough t.o realise it." well, Ga.erel llar•h•ll oon\1.J'JWld U.. •tor1 et 

"llllslo'•• agio. .Anc.t then it goea on t.o aq what tJa\ ato17 wam, and I hope 

I'll baY• U.. to com t.o it a little bit later on. 

l hardlz need to stnas tile mces•i\7 lift' •••nc1 1- .tbia bueines•• Hope 

tor tutu-. aucces11 dei;enda to aver, great degree oa llllS.Dv'nlac •eef!H7 111\la 

napeot to pa•t ach1evuwnt.e. Challps u a result of auapeot.ed compil'Qllbe et 

, . 
OJ7pt.ogl"aped.o SJBteml U'8 ... )' \o •ke &ni Y91'7 bard to follow. ~. effect.a 

ot leak.a&• or comp~ are not loeal - t.b91 are wideaprud,, bec&Wle Gt the 

wid.eepreaa ... and distribution of part.loul.ar cr,ypt.ographio qatema. Du1iJ1a 

World War n, I might say, the cont.lmumoe of our auoceaa hung by a very elader thread. I 8111. reminded at thla point of an inet.anee - th1a was before the 

war - and \o avoid naming n ... I will aimpl.J s~ \hat there wu a chap in a 

oert.ain capitol ot the world who sent. a mesaage to hia hom goYernmant 1n which 

he said that. he waa getting a bit worried about their OOlllllwdcations. He said, 

"You know, these JDan1 exchange• that we are having dealing with this matter 1n 

hand have made it necessary to be very volwninoua in our correspondence, and 

I u a llttl.e bit. afraid that perhapa aome third party might be able to read 

the oomwdcatlona. 11 Well, •• read that, am we were ve17 much upaet. tor tear 

acmet.hing would happen,, and ao we were on tcterhooka and pins and. medlee tor 

\wo or t.hrM daJll unt.11 we go\ U. repq from headquarters • To paraphrue ~ 

rep~, u. aaid, "Well,, you aou\hem u.tremitir of a hora•'• &natoJl\Y, don't 7011 

reallae that what. 7ou are s~ing is out of line? Don1t. 7011 know that our qat.ea hu 80 maDy permutations am coJAbinationa it ta inconcel Y&ble that. 8JVbod7 

ahoul.d be able to read theae coUMantcationa without having the ke,? lti.:iw, don•t 

7ou WOl"l'J' azw more about it. You tend. to 7our own mhaion,, ud we'll tend to 

oun.• we were Y•l7 happy when we read that one. 

I bard:q need to give 7ot1 a detlniU.on ot o-nloaU.ona intelllpnoe. 

l t.h1nk t.bat )lajor 11o1·r1aon bu already dealt. wi\h 1\1 alll :t wU1 almpq cite 

\he \hr•• main object.1.Yes. rirst. - t.o provide aut.llen\lo lntorMUon tor polic7 

makers, to apprise them ot the realities of the 111\enat.lonal. altut.lon of the 

war making capabilities and vulneI"abllities of t'onip CDUll\ri.• 1 and' of the 

SECRET 
• 

intent.ions of thoee countries with reapect t.o war. .;ieoond - to ellm1.nate the 

element ot surprise from an act of aggression by another count.I)'. Third - to 

provide uniqua in!ormation ••••ntial to the successful prosecution and vital 

t.o a ahort.ening ot the period of hostilit.iea. Row, th• background. of cOlllllDications intelligence, wh1oh 1• baaed upon t.he science of crypta11alyai•, fo?'Dl.liJ 

a veey intereating hidto17. It 18 inoJLtric&.bly bound up with the history of 

a17ptograptv. The two are but 01>posita 1'acee of the au. coin. Prognee 1D 

one inevitably leads to progreas in the other. Bence, whUe 1117 talk is to be 

clevot.ad largely to cey~a1• &nd co1nrnunications intelligence, I will have 

to deal also with cryptograptq and ooUIDLUlicc.tioru; 11ecurit7 to a certain extent. 

Mow, becauae of the secrec)' or cloak or silence which ot'!ioial.J.y surroamda the 

whole field of cr,yptology and eapeciall.1 cr,ypt.anaqtics, it 1• obvious that 

authentic information with reference to the background and development ot the 

science in foreign countries la quite sparse, and although art.er "orld i\ar II 

we le&med much regarding this field of work by our eneur 1 eecuritq rulea pre --

vent Ill' saying very auch about th•. I can onq give a fairly good background 

ot U •S• actiYi ties, and even tJien I will not be able to a uy ve.17 much about 

Maty activities, because I don't know vaey nuch about. that background ru'ld preter not. t.o give 8.1\V informatiun that I can't. document. In 81\Y case. I ui.ght 

aq at thia point that our rela.tiona with the N&'V)' in the earl.¥ da711 were au.ch 

u to preclude 11\Y knowing vel"1 mah about what t.i197 were doing, and t.he aam 

vice Yeraa. In t.tle courae of' .11\Y talk I will give illustrationa, J~ of wblch 

torm pert of rq own experience. MDae•t;y would dictate their oai.~siou, but beoauae of their possible interest. I will uae them and will here and now make a 

aeneral apology tor the U88 or the personal pronoun. 

-4-

-~~ .. t-4'L k t·~ I 

'. -·-4 

• 
- - --- - 

., 

• 

go back t.o t.he dawn ot the invention ot writing, and her·e I show a.r, instance 

ot cipher in the Bible. In Jeremiah 2.5126 occurs the expression "And the king 

or Sheahaah snail drink after th•. II Also in .Jere11dah. .~.11, £or DI.any I MIV' 

years that word "Sheshach" r8Jll81ned a .111ate17. There ~1as no such place. lil.t 

then ao•body dis\!overed that if you write the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew 

alplus.bet in two rov1B, eleven and ele"Ven, you. set up a substitution al}ilabet 

whereby 7ou can replace the letters by equiv11lent.s. For e.x.ample, "she" ia 

:re pres en ea by "beth'' .or vice versa, so that "Shuhach," translates "babel 11

1 

"Bal>Jlon. 11 The vowels had t.o be aupp.l.ieu. Incidentally, Daniel., who was the 

fir•t psychoanalyst, waa also t.he t'irst cr,yptana]¥st. I say psychoanalyst 

becau.ae 7ou nmember how he interpreted .Nebuchadnezaar•s dre<.lJDS. .Nebucbadneasar 

had a dream, and when he woke up he col.Win•t remeaber 1t. He called tor hi• 

sorcerers ~:nd asked th•• to int.erpret the dream. They askeu him what dream, 

and· he •aid, "Well, I don 1 t r .... ber l t, bu.t that'• 7ou.r job, to find out and 

then interpret 1 t." That was a pretty good assi~el1t., and tiwy failed. Thq 

had a nasty habit o! chopping your head ot'f in those aa111 11" you tailed, so 

t.h97 got Daniel and he, b;y SOM •ans - the record doesn•t show Just how - waa 

able to recomt.ruct the dream and then interpret it. The some 7~an later 

llebuchadneasar•a son, Belahassar, ••• giTing a teut, and during t.he courae 

ot the tuast a hand appeared on the wall behind the aandl.eatick and wrote a 

mes••£•, and Belshazzar was very 11DJ.ah upset and called tor h1a sootha&Jers and 

so on, but th91 couldn't reat it. The mseage aaid, ._ mene t.ekel uphBl"•in·" 

Well, Daniel was called in u.nd apparently auoceecled 1n deciphering t.h1a JD11!.1"c. ~e, 

and the interpretation was "Kene - GcN iath numbered thy kingdom and finisl:c-.h .. 
. ;.;;. 

ft.. ' 

1t.. Tek•l - lbcMl art, weighed in the bal.AM• and toUlld want.ia&. up.arain, or .. .r&t.hel' Paree, the Jlble ill 11Xief1n1t.• • 'ftt1 k1n&4"111 :.hall be GiYJ.dec:i am giftll 

to \he l(edea and 1-'eniana. • 

ti' 

The au.t. ia an Uluatr&Uon of the eurllHt. oi,Pier aevice ;:.aJAt.o17 reconla, 

whieh 1• the •pit.al•• used b7 U. anciu\ Gneka. The7 had a baton or qllnder ot wOOd around which t.l'leJ wrapped 1pirall,y a piece of parchmnt., and tbq 

wrote t.he Mt.sage acrosa and took the piece or pi.rohment t.hen ana •at it t.o 

or •1llnder, would be able \o recorut.ruot. the MHap. 'nlie diagram, 1no1-

ct.nt.alq, ill mt correct. Tb• writing wu aom aloog the ttdgu of the pu-chMnt.. Inc1dent&liy, the baton which the lllropaa tield marshall carries aa -

. ot the inllignlaa of riis hi.ta ott1oe deri"f•• from. t.hia instrument. 

Cuaar, or ooUl"ae, 1a •ll known in hlatory to haY• used c17ptogrl1lh7, 

a w17 ala)de •thcd, no doubt., became all he did was to replace each letter 

br the om that. wae fourth fl"Olll it. in the alphabet. Cicero was the invent.or 

ot what is now oalled short hand. ff• had a slave by t.he nam ot Tero who 

wrote tor Cicero his reoor.1a and ao OD in 'lerl'onean not.ea, aa t.h91 e:r-e called. 

The beginnia,,s et moc.iern or;yptograpti7 are to be tound in Venie• in t.ha. 

Papal at.ates about 1400. I ahow mxt. an al.i;Gabe\ ot t.t. period of 1400 wtd.eb 

ia ut.•rutirlg merel.J becat&S• it. obowa Ula\ ln U..• earq Qq• t.he1 alre&dJ 

bad a naopi.Uon of t.he weakneae ot •hat. ••. eall. dlt&l• •·•DMlpbabetic 

••blU\ution. A eoluU.on, ot ~·• .la accompU1lnd "1' ·t....-1u. I dont\ . . 

have to go into that. I \bink ell ot roa •' - J»ln\ llaw had •ome contac\ 

'fti\.n that. sort. ot t.h1ng. a&t. bere ia a Mt.heel •I-&\...,.._ U. ....i. f.N't'lenciu bJ hc..V'i.ag the hi~h treq1umt. let.t.v• r•..--- "1 a ml.U.pl.loltw ot 
,_' 

REF ID:A66417 .. . • • -- . ·. .. ·e ·SEC~ET ot cbaraat.ers. Row, tJl• earllu\ ,,. .. , t.hat. U. worU PM••••• on 'his AbJae\ of c17ptanal;r81• la that. whlah waa 11r1tten b7 a lieappolltan whoae nam 

••• S1eo Simonetti. It was wr1t\en 1n 1474• H• describes the .method• ot a.iviDg aimple ciphers, no doa.bt., but. in a TU')' clear and concise form. The first 

I 

book, utAneln treaU.e on c17ptography is that by a Germn abbot nrumd Trit.hen1ue, who wrote his mo~t.al work in l.5Jl. H• planmd to write four 

volwaea, but. he quit with th• third one beca.uae somhow or other he ~ot charged 

with beillg 1n league wit.h th• Devil, and they 'bwlll•d hi• booka, as a matter ot 

fact. We are going t.o JWIP a •&18 now to aume ea.pl.. tl'Ollt history. There 

ia a cipher alphabet and a7et.em. ued bJ' 11aJ7, ~een ot Scots, in th• period 

l.54.5, or thereabouts. 'l'h•n ••• an I~Han orypt.o&n.pber wnose w wu ~ort.a 

who wro\• a book published in 15'.3, and in it he ahned certain typa ot &lpll&-

beta wh.loh have come down in h1ato17 now a11 Porta•• alpbabek. That's an uaaple, t.ak•n not. rrom hi• book but it •how• one alphabet with key let.t.era. a or 

b, &DOtblr alpaabet wl'h 1DIJ i.tten c or d. I don•t want to go into exa.c~ 

bow tho•• 1<91' i.ti.n an ued, bat it ia auttioient to •87 that even to thh 

clq the Porta alphabets are oocuional.lJ' encountered. Inoident.al..q, Porta w .. 

qdt.e a tell.ow. Then are lota ot people who refer to hh 'book bllt. bav• never 

read it.. I took the trouble to baYe it translated to see Just what he did sq. 

and he wu probabJ..y 1 in 1111 opinlon, the greateet ot the old cryptographa.ra • 

Ino1.dental.q. aJ.ao he wu the lnnnt.or of what. .. know aa the camara obacura, 

th• ,Pl"Opnltol' of on.I" .elem ~ru. I t.h1nk al.lo h• wu the earliest of tl'Je 

•n to 80ln a a79tmn of .key a11betJ..t.11Uo11.- wt.re the key ia changini• con3t.ant11· Port.a•• table was actll&ll1 ued in ot.t1o1al. eoneapondeaoe. l'bat; 18 a 

~W. ot a \able that. v.tts !ouna &mzt& the atate J)'lpera ot QIM-. Elizabeth•• 
• 

time, oo..ud.cating with t.he Ulbu•ador to Spain. 

'lb• nut allde I show 1a U. •o-callect figenere aqun or V1genere table, 

• •et. ot tnnt.y-milt alphabet.. all di.splaoed atep by step with the plain tut. 

lett.en at the t.pp and the k97 lett.ers at the •iue, and the Mthod ot using t. 

to taJll a k., word and the equivalent change in each alphabet according to the 

uzmer in which the ke7 chqea. low• Vigenere alao has an interest to me becaue alt.hough he is credit.eel wit.h having invented that aquan, he never said 

he did, never ude &l\Y auch ola1ma. That's a picture ot it. u it appears 1n 

hi• book. and it goes considerabll bayond what the ordinary references say aboat. 

bia table. I won•t go into those differencea. 'Z'b.,•re technical and perhaps 

ot no great. interest to WI todq. 

'l'ha next cryptographer I 111ah t.o mention ia a 1'ranchma.11, Franooia Viet.a, 

u emminant mathematician, founder ot modem algebra. In 1S89 he beca~" Counaeler of parliament at Tours and t.hen Pri'VJ' Coun.seler. .-ihil• in that. job he 

di8covered the key to a Spani.ah o1pber of more t.han SOC characters, t:nd tl~en 

all the Spanieh dispi•t.ohea tallin& into 1''remb hand• were easily reed. Phillip 

II of Spain waa ac convinced of the safe\y o! hie cipher that n'1•n he round 

t.be French were aware or the oont;ent• ot ale lett•ra to the Netherlanas, he 

ecapl.ained t.o the Pope Uwlt the 1''rench were using •orc•ry against him. There ia 

another uampte. lleJ•e are the alphabet.a al1U a •llding ca1·e1 whieh could be 

ehift.ed ap and down w fJ• used u a Ghqing U, • a Mthed ot ohenging U.. 1-7 • 

119n 1• another called the two aqLt&re cipher, two alphabet. aitJler, li81ng ooordinat.es again, but there 1a one complete alphabet. wid ther 1a another ori•• am 

the aoorcU.riates are useci t.o represent 1iho.se i.tten. That wu actuall.¥ ued 

1n Charle• I time, 1627, conamicating with lranM and rlaadere. 
I waat to J1111p now \o th• "noluUona17 War period 1n U .s. h1at.0J7. !he 

&l)'llt6118 uaod b7 ttw .l.,.icana and by the ~1tiah •an almost identical. In 

one ease, in tact, the1 used t.he sa• code book. lt appears that there Y~as an 

American whoa• name wa11J Lovell who was th• cipher ex.pert. ot Con&reaa who Jrian&&ed 

t.o dec1vher near~ all, 1f not. all, ot the BritJ.ah code musat!•• intercepted 

bJ thl .Americana. The nut chart _show.:J a pict.u.n ot a eode or eyll .... 1 aa 

we oall it, Wied by Thallaa Jefferson. 'l!1is syllabary 18 constr.ictad on a twopart. principl•. Thi• 18 a aeoUon ol the deooaing volume. Iou will note 

that. the rmaerical groups are in comecutJ.ve orde.r wt their mean.Lv.os are at. 

random. 'lh•1 bave no alphabetical order at. all. It aimpl.y means that in the 

encoding aeotiun the worua an 1n alphabetical order, am their equivalents are 

1n randoa order, a s;yut.em wbioh even toclq seea extenalve ue. Jefferson waas 

an all-arou.nd genius, anJ I shall have something to sq about. him and c17pt.o-

,.p1or a lltU• bit later on, I bope. Here•• an intereating slide ahr..nving a 

p1«1t.U"e ot a letter whioh la known aa the ~mdict. Arnold indecipheroble \Naaouble Ca1r L9tter, whioh -bu •••r been decirJiored. It. reade, "l have bought, 

a aow aad oalt from \.ien. John .Jo••ph a.u·leson, n and so forth. '1be reason that 

it. hun•t be•n deciphered 11 that t.here 1an•t enqb ol it to form the basia tor 

a aolat1on. I am going to sa7 a few word.a about lgyptiu hiero~phiaa tor the 

reason that I tJ'link that that represent.a t.he -.r.t. landmark in the hiat.or.v ot 

017p\Ognphy. About. 1021 a Jrencban, ChapoUo, at.anl.94 U. world by beginnin& to ptlblUh translation& of AgypUan hJAro&lJpbica • f,.-li,a ia a μiCtLll"fJ of 

the ioaat.\a o>t.one, Egyptian hierowpbiaa decoded t.o .iWJpUan a.ad then Latin, 

and. it wu bJ Malllt ot t.h18 imcript.ion that, t-n1• •U t~ •olYect. I\. repre-

••nt.ed a OJ7'ptana]¥tic probl~m. In the hieroaJ3phica Uaen are thlltga tba\ •• 

"..,_ ~ -..; - .... t-·,,. .. -;~ 

.. . ... __ ., t c--r-
• REF ID:A66417. 

SECRET 

oal.l oU'touch••, Here.are aom 

t• eumplu. Thia waa on an obeliak, and th1a one wu •1111pected ot repneent.ing tho nam Cleos-tra, Gnd l auppoae t.he reason !or suspecting :Lt we.a the 

repitition here ot two characters at a proper d11taaa• to represent 1.he two 

•'• of Cleopatra. By taking the Yarious cart.ouches~ writ.ina the'll ou1. caMtulq, 

studying them on the baeis that this was Cleopatra, it turns out that. b;r taking the letters aJJd subatitut.lng 1ta equiYalmat and putting them in the proper 

plaoe•, bit bJ bit Champollo waa ablAt to establiab other names, like PtoJ.enr 

and Alexander and. so on. 'l'hat 1a the ;11ay in which the hosetta <)tone and Egypt• 

1an bierogli'phica wers fin~ re~d. It was very fortunate that the ~arJ.7 

atudiu on £gyptolor.v had .not realized that the Egyptians ueea cry···t.o ;ra~. 

Som of their writings are pot on1" hierogcyphic, but th8y are also cryptograpuc, and this is an example ot eub•titu.tion. That character in place ot 

this one meam to i>pulc. Iou see the finger poirsti.Qg to the mouth, a.11.Ci so on. 

Jlow I - aoina to Jwap t.o t.he ••ri•AD ))9riod ot the "'1vU l'tar OJ" tJw 

War :eet.w .. n the 3ta~es. Here 1a a picture ot a cipher device used b;y" Contede.rate Aftll captured at Yiolalburg, one ot J1LY t.reasurea. '1'he •thod of 11-.:e ot 

t.hia 18 a cylinder covered ttit.h a sheet ot paper bearing alpha.bets, th• 

ftgenere table, in other words, a pointer that you could elide and a t.:10mb 

knob 7ou ociuld t.um the alphabet acoording to the ke7 lettera. 

There 18 one person 1 puaed over in gettin& to the Ciyll 1.:ar per:.od. EdIU' Allan Poe in 1842 or thereabouts kindled an int.ereat in cryptograpl y by 

hi.a at.orJ ot "Th• Gold BJ&" and by a couple ot art.ioles in journals de1. llng 

with c17ptography. Here is a picture of e. MN&ge, authentic, which ~~as sent 

by fr .. iclent. Uncoln to Gen. Burnside, and it•a veey 1dmple. It reacia thia 

~ 

SEC RF,";. 
... I· 

, . 

, .. 

~· 

•-, or coura•, but 1t 1• :read it. backwuda, •It J. aoul.d be ill a boa\ ott 

Aquia Creek at. tlal'k tmaorrow, W41Clne•dq, ••eid.ng, collld 7ou. wit,hout. lncoaven1enoe ... t me cind p&H an homo or two •1th •?" Signed A. Linooln. I think 

the J>r•ident was kidUiD& a bit.. T1lia is a photograph of a pa.E,;o or t.wo from 

U. code book and d.l1h9r •11t•m. usec:l by the lederw. They bad what is called 

toclq a rot1te ciphei-,, that. ia, 7011 bad a 11at.rix wit.h 1ud1oationa ol rout.e. 

Hen'• how 1011 write the ••••&• 1n, the !int worcl, eecond, t.hir4, iourt.h, 

firth, aht.h and ao forth,· uad then tE.ke 1t out. acaording to another rout.a. 

And bu·e t.h• thing is eom.pl1cat8" by the UH ot arbitrary equivalents for the 

nuaea of 1.aportant people. President.•( tJw u.s. ia repreeenteu by A;Jam or 

Aaia. It had. two •qu.i'Yalente, 70\l •••· Here are soae of the .L'amous "lamea ot 

ottlcera of that period.. I have with me todq tbe coaplete set. ot bor>ks used 

bJ" t.h• i'ederal .Al'll\Y dur1.ng that period, and after '1111 talk tho1e ot you who 

wllh 1111 OOIH up and examilae it, together with certain ot.her exhibit.s. Next. 

ia a picture ot a JDAaage aent. to General Grant. in that rout.e cipher. I shall 

Dot take ti• to raad that. The.re i• an example of a type ot aecret v;riU.ng 

Ulp].oJed b7 t.be French in tba i'ranoo-Prussian 11ar. It consisted ot cude 

pui- writ.ten out from a code book. You remember that. in the Siege (>f Faria 

th91 • ..,. oomplet.e~ cut ott, and the message was then pbotographeu <lc:·wn, and 

it was the tirst end earliest. e.urAf>le that I kDow of or 111.cro wd..Uog.•ed t• 

m1llta17 purpose• - photo.:;rapheei aowa and aent. O\lt 07 MUI ot oarriel' pigeon, 

and th1• ia • aow or one ot the •umiJl••· 

Aft.er t.he Civil har or i~ar Bet.ween the ~t.aw •• ue of •J7ptographJ la 

t.ba unit.ad States milit.a17 ai'i'airs went. int.o a. dealJ.lw tor a long peri.od ot 

peace, anu wae broken onl,J brief4' by the Spaiah U.rican War. '1'he '·II" hpa.rt. .. 

-' published a aode cal.lea 1tCod• t.o Inaar• .iecrec;v of Telegraun in 1185 

SECRET 
l bl.e•d on a small oo-roJ.al eocte, alaoat word tor word. l'• •orey J don't 

haw a oopy or that with •• In the .:ipaniah Alllerioan War \here was very llttla 017pt.ography. They used that code which had no secrecy whetever > but then 

there was no such thi!lt~ ns radio. In 1899 the Chief Jignal Vfficer llldertook 

the preparatio~1 of a suitable code. Econ~ was stressed - the ~liic " "'ifllal 

O!f'ioer personally did all the work. In 1902 the cipher ot the '"'ar uepart.ment. 

was publiahea hy the hdjutant General. In 1906 a revision of that vms publishe1J 1 

and in 1915 a completely new code 1 War Depcartment Telegrap:i ~ode nus !'lblished 

nnd printea by a cor;;mercial house in Cleveland. .~. come now to the orL1 ":ar 

I paz·ioa .~ith Hertz 1.s . iacovor.y of these ::Jo-called Hertzian waves alll.l Mr.rcon1 •s 

practical demonst.1·atiu;. or signalling by \'irelessj a new era in military communi..:ations w&.s usheruu in1 am also a new era in cr,yptolog;1;. fhe iir:a t ~id• 

uaage or wireless, or roaio, as it soon came to be cal.lea 1 was in hvl' ld :0ar 

I, but developments in cryptographJ laggea a bit, as we shall see. 

First, I will discl.ll:is the tactical use of cipher systeJllS, becaus 3 these 

were used 1n preference t.o code s;ptem, whioh cam later. Here is a !lioture 

ot a cipier s7stem useu ·by the Hll8s18IUI. .illothin& but. the Vigenare s7ntem all 

onr again, but using numbers instead or letters. Here ia a case invC1lvine a 

aet ot 7 or 8 alphabets used tor substitution. °'hia waa the dllci,ohed.ng 

table. The mxt one is a picture of a !ront cipher s7at.em, a trana:,osj tlon 

117at.em, the kq colWl:tn:J 'being here and in addition cert.a1n disturbing element.a 

by taking o!! the letters in aiagonala. And that i• a pictm-e or the qstem used 

"1' tb9 Italian &1"11\V in World War I. Again1 it ia "~ a variation of t.he 

Vigenen system. And here is a sy3tem usea by the V.rmana, innnt•d by tl1em., 

or real.ly, I shouhi say, it. waa a com!Jination or two aethod• put toe~!ther in a 

-12-
'ffl7 oleYer •&J• le aalled it. the ABSGBI cipber_becauae t.he cipher tut. con1l1t.ed uclua1Yely ot thoae let.tare. An alJiiabe\ in here arranged according 

to 10• kqing order with the coordina.te1 ABSGB.X, 7ou enciphered your meseage 

by subat1t.uUng the coordinatu with the latt.era u 7ou •e• here. Th• letter 

r 1a repn1ent.ed by Band 10 forth, and t.h.n ;you write a kQ" developed trom the 

ke7 word over your X'• and A'• and ao forth and take the let.term out in colwana 

according to the key order. That v.aa a brbnd mw t.hing in llillt817 attain 

and oaued no ena of heaaaahes unt.11 it \las aiscoverea Just how the molut.ion 

could be achieYed. In that case 1 the •'-'l.1t.1on wu not a general aolution bn 

depended upon 1pecial instances, and I don't huve t.he tim to go into that.. 

That cipher wu used by the German high cOlllllUIDd anci aonaequent.ly ao•om aoon 

diacoYered t.bat. 7ou made a chart baaed upon the DWlb•r of .ABSGBI. •••&&U 

intercepted, •hJ 7ou aould disa1Yer certain thinga about the tactlaal ait.uat.ion 

ar1'1 e1peoiail1' about. what 181.ght. happen. Thia is a chart which we got up in the 

I.Bl bued upon the ABSGBX intercept. This, gent.l ... n, 1- the first illutrat.ion that I know of in hillt.017 ot traffic anaqsia, trattio intelligence. 'l'm 

~ •lid• gl.Yea a picture ot the sort. of thing that. we pat out, a bullet.in 

that 1re Jl'lt out when the ABSGBX maa11t;.es Wf1re rel'.d, ana t.:1ere are a set ot -• 

•••• trm HoYember 20, l'Jl.8. or courae the war wu over, but thia giTee ve17 

iaportant intol'll&tion about the withdrawal of 11e1-.on•a U"ll\Y• There 1a the 

German te.xt and there i• the t.raulation, an aut.bmt.io ••••ge. //'the lriti1h 

and Americans uaed a cipher known es tile Pla,tair oipher, inmted allegedl.J 

by Lord Leon Pla7tair, bu\ be didn't invent. it - Sir Charle• Weat1t.OD• innnted 

it. Th• •thou of enciphe.l'Mnt ia to have a k97 word. Ulen the net of the let.-

ten or the a.Lphabet., uw it 7ou ""anted to enoi;:;h•r •at• the eq"1'Yalent. wu 

-ll-

·~. 
llftt• IV diaaonala, ud ao on. tt.re 1a an example ot a •••&&• enoipberecl. 

In t.ho•• d&1•1 1914., that wu n&anl•d ae pret.t7 bot. atutt. In tact., an of.f1aer 

ot 'Ua• AMrioan Al"IV later bee- Chief iitignal Officer, JlaJ• a.n. Moborm, 

•rot.• a llttl• treat.1•• ~bliahed la 1914 in whioh h• dealt with thi8 Plqtair 

oipber qatu, BDd t.h• tit.le of hie work ia "All .AdTuoed Problem in C17'ptography. • Todq our ... t. ele•ntary atudmta are g1nn thing• of tbat sort. t.o 

aolT•• 'Jhe Briti•h A.1'19 propoeed a a1Jla•r deri.o• ill World liar I, and th97 Jaad 

unutaotured a great 1D1DJ ot the• and du tributed thouanda • and thq propo11ed 

to the 're•b and th• A.mriaane that th91 u• the •- thing tor taoUcal coaawd.cationa. but. it was never put. to ua• tor reuona that l hope to tell 7w 

lat.er. 

low. I'd like to •&7 a tn words about oode and oode a7atema used. I 

think 7ou all know that a ood• a19tea 1a •impq a •ort. o! dioUonar,y in whioh 

the word•• pbruu and aent.enc .. are repruent.able bJ arbltn.r,r groupa ot let.-

ten. Here 1• a page troa a o~roial tele&rapb or oowrcial cable COllJlU9 • • 

oodebook t.bat. th97 ofter to their out.omen. to11•ll not.ice that. •aob ot t.bllae 

aocle grG&,119 dittera from •Ye17 other code group tv" at l ... t. two lettera. We 

•all that the two-letter dittennti&l. The reason i• thati U an error i• .-de 

in tranamha1on, the llklihood ot mald.J>& t.wo erro1·a in U.. .... group 1a no\ 

Marq ae great u making a •iD&l• error. and their •thoda of correct.ing auto-

•Uulq a group it 1t. hu a •ingl• error 1n 1\. low, •ode booda Bad aod• 

are Md• a111ted t.o all kiladl ot buliwa. TheJ an •peoialJ.Md or gemralt •ed, 

liJat a ahippin& code, or a code tor the aut...:»tJ.ft lnd-'r,1, ad •o on. 1lae 

next one ill tb• highl.J apeoiallsed cocl•• Iou lmolr, t.hen are ••nain people 

who belie'N til'aq and implicit~ 1n the power of healing b7 augge•tion and 
REF ID:A66417 

• :;;..-, ~ '~.l?f:·T 9 

, _.,, t...... .. ,. ··' T 

and what not., and here 1a a picture ot a cod.• book put. out. bJ a gmU.un who 

wu a proteaaioaal MD in that. field.. tou•ll notio• t!aat; the purpoa• of 1\ wu, 

ot coune, that. it 7ou went. on a t.rip and 7ou. lt&nt.ed. t.o comult. 7ou.r pract.1-

Uoner JOtl could send him a •Hage and tell hlra what. 7ou t.ho~t, 7011 were autferiqg troa. Of cou1·ae, 7ou t.bo11ght you were eu.!i'eri.IJi from thia, t.h&t. or tae 

other t.hing. It. wal' ingll•h ana 1''renah, am 7ou wou.ld aimplJ repreaent. 7our 

go\ up this aode was pretty well versed in the intricaciea or co<le and coaamioat.iom difticul.tie•, becawse t.heee code grou.1>11 differed b7 at. leut. \hr•• let.-

t,era each, am t.he reuon, ot co\U"!9e, is that it would be a pl'11Jtt1 serious 

thine 1t 1°" aent a Msaag• •&Jin& that 7ou were -.f'tering from ao- but. go\ 

treated for ooD'YUl.81ona. That would be pretty touah• 

Prior to World War I the ue. of code books tor t.aetical purpoau waa tJioU&ht. 

to be illpracticable, largeq because ot the quaUon ot large scale reproducUon of oode boods. on 0011prold.e•;, I don•t. think t.he7 thought. t.oo mu.ch about, 

the po.aibillties o! aolving code, but. aar].J in 1916 thl ~rmane began t.o uae 

i'ield Code, am the Allies •oon followed suit. I had alid•• to show you piet.urea 0£ pages ot the code books o! the variou. belllgerant,a, but. I huve ubibit.a and t.hose who wol1ld like to 1:1ea what th91 were like are welcoa to COM 

u.p art.er t.hia talk anc1 ua•1n• t.bu.. The onJ.,, one t.hat. I real.11 woula like t.o 

•hOll 1a om that. will &1•• 10" a picture ot •.11terican iaadequaq in *urld har 

I !or code work. ·r111a 1• •t.hent1o - I didn't make it. u.p - I touai 1\. in t.h• 

record.a. It.1 s a code got.t.en oat. by tlw 52nd .lntantr;y ~&acl• nt.ed. 11 April 

• 

l'l.I and it. is what we called \he bueba:l.l code. U 1ou •mt.eel t.o •• ld.ll, 

•\rike 01.1t., baae on ball, hit. "1 pitch ball, and so tort..b - TU"J el~t.B17. 
·_,I · §4 '? • -~\....,·I' I J I 

low I am OOld.ng to a Y•J7 intvNt.1.D& example of *orld War I period, a cipher 

•saaga whioh was taimn !l'OJI a Garan •P.Y in the United States, and ha waa sentenced to death. The ••••&• waa fwnd on his person, end that's a picture or 

the coda gro11oa, an..i a.ft.er some weeks it was deciphered by the code aolvirlf» 

organizations in ~~uhington, KI-8, •• it waa called. Here ~~ the Ger r.an t.e>..t., 

and this is what it said, "Th• Imperial ~onaular oi'ficiala 01· t.ha Rapu.blic of 

Mexico strictq eecrat the bearer of thh is a ellbject oi' the Er..opire anc:t tr-c.iv.i. 

ae a Russian under tt. nam of llaYlo Bavarte. Ha is a Genaan a . .,t~nt.n And so 

forth. Hie sentence was comm.ted to Ure impri.sonment, and he was out in a 

7ear. Here 1s a 11easage which is pro~bl.y ti. IJIQlllt. tamo1&a Mus~;e in i::17,l)tanal.7t.1a histo17 to uate. '1'hia 1a tt.. ··•••~• whiall brought the United ~t.at.ee 

into World War I on Lhe sicia oi" Britaia. In 1915-16 it . as -very muct1 eatenu-oatch-can aa to whiah aiua the Americana ware going t.o join. Ciu1· ~ritieh 

friends and l.<1t.er allies did certain t.h!ni .. s t.bat we uidn1t. liko, and therE. ~aa 

a good deal or talk about it, but this Jll8~•&g•, 111olvea by the .drltia~1, brouab\ 

u in. lt. waa the ;;;traw that broke th• canwl•• baok. It. 1a known aa the ZiaM:nur. telegram. It went to thl German legation 1n -.Uoo Cit.y Irom Count ton 

Bemst.adt, the Ger;.tan ambassador 1n Washington. The method or ;;i-.>lution I won•t 

to into. The handling of the cue .-Jho>.a how aetute ciiploutically our friend• 

were in bringing th8 A•riaana in by M1.1na ot t.bat •••a&•• Iler• is the tranelat.iun or t.ho t.:·iing. It wu iJllportant becaua a t.'l•J were &Oing to reauma the 

unreat.rict.ad submarine •~ar.rara and. thia, dealing wi\h a deal wit..'1 llexico, wu 

the at.raw that. broke \,he ..:amel•• back. People in the .W.dctle West were ve17 

luke warm toward the ii.Jea of ,.,ar, but when tJw7 began talking about. giving baok 

-l.6-

5 l~e~r:J 
• 

•• go\ 1nt.• Vie war. Mere l• 111 ex••p1- ot ••lar \fpe ot code •• •o1Yed1 

thia t.1.M bJ t.hl United state• group ill Wuhingt.an, a aabot;age •••&&• talld.ag 

about who wu reliable and what th., ehould do, and that .figured. in a long, long 

trial betore t.he I ----- ciu. "ommis•ion in which the ~rmam ••r• charged 

wi\h aert.ain act•-o! eabot.age, notablJ th8 lingaman tire md Lhe lQ.bak l'oa 

aplosion, and it resulted in a deoi1ion in .faYOr of the United Stat.ea, olalaanta, so• $40,,ooo,ooo. This 1B a ••saa• in aeon\ ink that .figured in t.• 

Blaak Toa ~ ... , a page troa the ilu.ebook *&uine in whioh there wu aacret. 

ink writJ.ng 1Dlloribing on U. ,.. .. ot o• atcr,. 

law I com to a cue 1n which I wu 1u'YOl.Yed. ID l.91S, no, ill 1916-17 

the 0.l'llUUI firumaed a larp meber ot Hindu in t.beir at.tupt.m to at.ir up a 

rebellion in India, t.he idea being to came ao llllOh trouble in India that 1t. 

would draw out British troop1 from the ._eat.era front, and t.be•• B1Ddua wen 

mgoUat.ing tor the purobua of 81'118 and •ee>n1Uon in t.he Uni\ed o:it.ata Uld 

aendiag it OYer t.o !Ddia. Here 1a one page ot a lone, ••Yen or eight. page ••-

aap that wu int.eraepted bet.ween the Hindu. in the Ullit.ed St.at.a and hl• chiet 

in Swit. .. rland. The •••age co•i•t.ed of groupm ot tigurea whiah were int.e:aaparaed with worda. I recognised 1mmediat.al.J that. th1m rapraaented the page ot 

a book, thls ~ line number and thie the letter 1n the line, and all I needed 

... the book, but, or oou1·ae, t.lw •uage u .•• 1t aidn•t •&J sh&\ t.ha book ••• , 

110 I had t.o go ahead alll t.17 to •OlYe it.. '.Chia waa aolYed, and I'll mhow 7ou 

ney br1ef'11 the met.hod.. Ali I said, there were words, plain tut worue, inter-

•peread, and. I would •ka a pa•. Hare, tor e..umple •form day, soJ11Stning, 

wit.h, eo•t.hing.n I uaumd t.bat. th1a would be \he wOl'd •a...S.t.U.,• and that. 

•ant. t.hat. on pa.::;e 65, t.ha lovUI Um, the second letter in t.he lJ.m wu a c. 

-17- 5 EC RE T 
.... I ' 

well, t.he third hap~,-ened t.o be o, and the fourth .. Jl anu t.he !1.t'tn an », 

but the aixt.h was not indicated, arxt so on. Well, bJ' substituting aom ot theae 

guessu in their proper poait1or1111 and t.abul1ttions or \his sort, I roun;.:; that 

tnis word oommi.ttee cs.me from ttw word conmunicatJ.on on page 65. Then this 

word is "At.tent.ion," and so on. Ami by working back and 1'01-th, bullu~IJ.li..~ up 

the pages in the book and bulluing up the message - om hel.ped the ot.hez- - and 

I final~ came to the conclusion t.hat. it was a book de&ling ;.-.it.h tho hi.-. t.or7 

of German pollt.ica.l philosophy or what not, am I hunted and huntf..d :n'li hunted. 

I finall.1' taund the h•lok, all right. It was Price Collier ta Qerma!\y &nd tlw 

Germana. This •.:;snge figured in a trial out in Se.ii "ranciscu ,j~1E'lre:1 l.he1·il were 

about a hundred am five Hindus on trial simultamou•lJ• One of the Hindus 

turned stat•'• evidence anu got. himelt in bad .itli the othBrs. Thuy wurc 

searched eveey day before they cam into the court, i>ut. OP• ciay, t.he day after 

I testified, one Hindu managed to secret.a a e.,'lln in hill cloth• and durirfi> t.be 

miut o! the proceedinE;S .Jhot. tho Hin..iu. w\hO htid t.urnad a I.al.a' s evhience' whereupon the United $tat.ea .Marshall, a great. bic.. r~llori1 .Ji~ fdet. i'ov at.andin& in 

t.h• be.ck oi' the court drew hi• woapon ami shot the ri1·st. Hindu d.e"1. '1'hq 

were both dead rl611t there within two or t.hreca aeconda. That'• tlie vta:f that 

trial endea up dlaUJaticall.1'. 

I•m going to pass that ou up. Th-.it !i; .ure4 in the oil scan.ial in the 

dqe ot 1924. I .mn eovemwent witne:su :.11 i.h&.t cao:.e, solved the i.1easar,ea and 

showed some ot the racte that lead t.o Mr. Fall•a gointc to prison, the ~ecretar,y 

of tlw Interior. 

Ti ie nam rwmers in t.r1oae days uaed sOM ve17 good cod•• and ci )'}her• • Hero 

is a part.iaular case where a meaeage waa enciphered by takinl.; oode groups out 

or om book, transferrin~ the code number for that group into another book and 

::' t:C R_ET-
• 

then ad41ng a constant value t.o those nwlbera, and thia was the meaaage. All 

I bad to do w..i.s to !ind the booka. 

There were some interesting t.bings, worr..i.118 on t.h• job we .... oul.d get mea-

•a&•• trom various ;,ovenuuent agencies to .iJOlY•· "'ere is une that came to t.be 

Whlt.• Hou• aaJ sut to .:»eont. senice. It was addresaed. t" the President and 

had t.hh stuak ill anu after this f ~W"e and all it waa wu it 7ou read it. back·-

ward• ana alternate letters it ~a7s "Did you ever bite a lemou? 0 

lMow I am ~oing to jump t.u the questi~n ot cipher c.evices bec&Ul'lf' t!1ey 

repreaent. the .mou9l'Jl trend. I•ve already mentioned to yoll the eifr.ct of the 

invent.ion and distribution of raaio and its eftect eapecialll upon cryptology. 

Tratfia in large quantities bee ... ava.ilable tor intaroertlon and ~itudy, and 

benae iapronment in cryptogr•Pw had to come. It cam slowly but surely. Ia 

connect.ion with theoretical ad'Y&llces came inYentions ot cr,yptographic devices 

aDI. •ohinea. 'fne brief :iatory or these 1'111 t.here!ore be WJeful. 'lna.t is a 

pioture ot the earliest c:r;ypto~raphic device on record, except for the spital.&6. 

'fhim 1a takan tro.111 a book by an ItaJ..1.an nam.ed Alberti publl:ihad in 14 70 n·u is 

Jut a aipber wheel. one revolving concentricall.1 upon the other ;jO tht.t you 

ooulci ohange the relat.ionahip or the alph1abet.. '.l:niu wheel is 2·epresenteu alao 

in the port.a book• a.na. bJ the W&1, l have a COPJ of' th• Qriginal edition ot 

porta with the ci,lile1· wheel in place a.nu in working order. 'Ihis Hc.s ,i11blished 

in 1S63• lhe, uidn1 t have any ch.1.l.Ciren in t.hoae u~a, obv1oua4, or otherwia• 

t.m•• tniQp wouldn•t be bbl·•· 

I know it takes a long tim to aet. a patent. t.hroup the patent ot'fice, bat 

.Alberti'• deYice 'h&S !iualJ.¥ patented in 1865, the iDYctor ha. ·pening to the 

the Qbiet .;ignal O.ft'icar o:f t.he Al'IQ" at that time, .14ajor ~.r. It •'uiS u.e 8-
. . 

t.b1ng uecl bz tm United Statu "l'IQ' 1n the period 1910 \o 191'. 'l'ben 1• a 

aore r•cent. iaven\ion of t.hl •ae thing. The patent office coosn•t helve good. 

aoces• ~ lit.erat.ure on the •ubject, 30 ever.y once in a while a t.~ that. 1• 

.. oJ.d as the hills gets through t.he patent o!fice. Jfow we come to a device, 

I ment.ioned that the Brit1ah proposed a cipher device tor use on the Rest.em 

Front in World lfar I, am a little bit of h1sto17 of that is intareating. Here 

is a picture ot a dmce invented bJ' Sir Chcirles Wheat.staue, the e:nminent 

Brit.ieh math•r.t!cian, phJsici•t and electrical engineer. 'lbe principle 1a a 

little different from the preceding one. i:.ie had an alphabet of 27 charaatera 

and an inner alphabet ot 26, with an eccentrio mot.ion cepenil.ng upon the latt.ara that you were act~ goinf; to enci~1her. "1th this he.rd, you see, 7°" 

go arcund t'1h way, and the fourth revolution, tor MM.ple, it the latter B 

i• rapreaented by E on the next revolution B would be repreaeatad b7 the nex5 

letters, which hap~>ens to be a victor. .Now the Brit.i•h took that b&aic iuvention, and 7ou•.l.l notic• that the first sli<.ie bad tba alphabet. on the wt.aid.• 

1n normal order. t'fhat they dld was to adc:i tJie idea ot a alud. alphc..bet on t.b.• 

eutaide. !be7 changed the tom ot the device it.self, but. the a17ptggraphio 

pr.lnoiple ie 1dent1aal. Th91 had a great niiuiy ol th••• aanui'act.ured. I wu 

at. that ti• woztci:ng at the Riwrbank Laboratories, am t.his t.hing bad. b._ 

approYeci by t.he .Brittsn, the French and the "•ricam ill 8'1.rope. It wu •at 

to Wuhingtou, B(lprovco there b7 the MI-8 people, ud •o•boq t.hen ad.d" •ell, 

letta ••• that this fellow out in "1dcago think.I abo11t. it. 1 •o t.hey sent. • a 

aet of ti Ye teet messages in t.h!a deYi.ce. A i.l I Im•• wu it. wu bued upon 

Wheatstone ;:irinciples, lln:i 11\f apl07ar came to me one d.q Uld g&ft • the•• t1Ye 

messages, each mesease 35 letters long only. He said, "~ wat. JOU \o •olYe \hi• 

~· ' 

.. ,. 
• f 

t.hing." I a aid' "a.it I oan It •olve azvt.ll~ •• •hort .. t.hla. I have ot.her 

tuh to tr;." R• auid, "!ou.ng man, on the laet dq or e&ch mont.h you get a 

litt..le green piece of p&per wit.h ~ uame in the l011er· l~t limd comer. It 

Y':Jll woul.AJ like t.o continue receiving those, you will ilt.art ""1·k ~i:·..:iere ri.,;;ht. 

awq." I said, nlea, air." ~ell, b7 hocus pocus v1hioh I .won •t. go into, l 

auoceaaed in reconstrucUng what I t.10Llgbt was the baoi.> .ror tne mi.Jd.rlfl, of thee• 

letters in l're1·e. 'l'he word on which it ~as based was th" woru 11 ciphar," und I 

thought, "W•J.l, thoze 1~ no wq of i·econtJt.:ru.ating this. 11 At. t.hat time I haun•t 

invented t.ha 1 ·rincif'..le. I later did. l'here wae notltlng to ® but t17 to 

guess what tni.::1 might. be, by trial and e1·1·or, and J. tried on t.b.1.u bast.. I! a 

tall.av~ i•&S .1'ooli.8h enough to uae a word likl' cipher au tne u~ais iur 1nixing one, 

h•'d be like~ to uao an &88ociat.a wora tor the basis fo1· mWng the ot.hers1 

and l tried every word ln nw mi.no associated 1;it.h the l\Onl cii>her, one after 

the other, end it took minute•. Then i'ln~-11.;-.• I e.xhau::teu ;,i;y tu..1o.urt.~, and Mra. 

FriedJDan, wi.o was JI\\' rit~ht hand man at the time, wa~~ sitt.ing li1 dnuther part 

of the room, and I said, "llisabet.h, wilJ 7ou atop 1fh11t you '1·e duin?. and do 

ua goin6 to ;jay a word to JOiJ. 1 and I want yo·.i to C.J•te bac'.t ut .11u 1.ith the 11.rat. 

word t.hat come~ to your mind.." She said, "Shoot." I "''"'id• 11Ciphur." S.w 

aaia nJIB.chinu. n J.'ha t waa it. In about ten minut.es Yi6 lliiu .racuns tructeu tbl 

alphabet ~u solved Lhe •~•at ea. 1he tirat •sser,o said, "This aipber 1• 

ablol11t.ely indeci,>heJ:·cible." '.he sent the solution to Wa.ahi11t1,t.on, ·~ord e:;e1t to 

" Lon.i1.:u1, and when I ~ ot. t.o Jr.El in Fri.nee I waan•t Yel')' well llke•l b,y uur SL·it,i•h 

triem•• That. Wheat.at.one prinDipl.e 1a attributed to ->s.r Cbarlee, but. not long 

aao b3 sheer acsciJent l aa. acroaa this device, it'• in our auseu.:P now, made 

-21-

-~ t \...; ~ l: , .,,, ... ' 
b7 a Major 1-i~ WadewOl"\h, wbo wu &id• to U..ral Green of liewluU.011&17 

faM, and it. bean on it. - thi• u a ve17 poor picture • tile date lBl?, while 

Wheat•t.one devised his and d.eacribed 1n 1810. I com .- to a cipher all•&•cil1' 

inyent,ad. bJ' a Frenchman, Sazarie, callect a aipber 0711.nder. 'Ibis conabt1 ot 

a abaft on whiob are mounted cliacs whioh can be lll"l'qed in k.,ing order, eaah 

d.1.sc ha.Ying a ditterent. al•bet. on it. You line up the letters ot ;,our plaiD 

t.u.t. •seage "Jeauis ---'---' I am indec1,nerabl•," and tor 7our cipher 

ecpd.Yalent. you can take arq om of the other twan\7-tlY• horizont~l llnea. Loob 

like an excellent prinoiple, mt. quite readiq aolvabl• th .. e de.ya. l'he principle, however, waa not invented by ~zarie; it waa invented bJ our OWD Thoma 

Jefferson, and there ia a pic\ure of hi8 deacript.ion ot a thing cal.led the whMl 

ci):her, e.x.aat.J..y the aue principle. I had an int.e:reat.i»G Lime with that. in 

conmctJ.on with t.he de!initiYe Mldiilonal ahecJm aDd wcrka being P'&bliahed now 

at. Princeton. In 1915-16 a United oitatea &l'llll ot naer bJ the nam ot Hitt. 1nyented again that. aeme principle, this UM not in the .ton. ot diaca, bu.t al.iding et.rips, 70ll eee, and thb is the original modal. Ara. Hitt cue to lU.Yerb&nk, wi\h thia thing aDi •aid it wu pret.t.1 hot. •t.utt. mu she pu.t. up a ahallen&• aeeaage, and I aolved the ohallenge -.eage b7 hooua poau. I thougllt. t.o 

.... u, "Well, t.hia lady' beautiful am cbaraina. and 80 tort.h, bu\ she doean•t 

know .mah aboat. c17ptograpbJ. Wbat. kind ot a k97 would ah• 'be likell t.o ue 

tor mixiDB up the order ot \be at.rip? Well, ahe .S.ght .. the WN 'liYW'Nnk 

Laborat.oriea.u That. wae l\1 1n 1918 that •- pli.DGiple wu adop\ed 'bJ' the 

United State• Al'lll1 ~ignal \iOI',., \hen it. 18, t.he 11-94. tleYioe. Tw.a, as 701& 

•••, h n4xed alphabet.a 1 JOG can take th• ott and. ,., tbla • 1n _, order 7011 

pleue, exactq the aam prlnoiple. We used that !or quit.• a DUllber ot 7ean 

·; ti#..._... 
• REF ID:A66417 • 

1!' ~·pt "'"'1 ti\_ - ,.__ ,: t i( '-"'• .. '"' ' 

with aome aucceaa. It wu not produoeci in time, however, t.o be LWed in ~•orlcl 

W1&r l. 

This, t:'.i;;ntlemen, is a. pict.w·e ot t.ne VE.I",)' i.i1·.:3t. • .;IG::.'vT or one-t..i..l1e ~~pe 

c17ptographic transllli:Jaion JDl.Clline, pr.oduced bJ t.be A'llil ~om .. .an.y ia lJli', too 

here is anoUier ke.vi.D& tape, buth d.ii'fareut., t.heir laops, t.>ieir •.iif!ei-antial 

Qiaaet.era. Ti.ds one 1a a thouanu chai·actm·• in ~t.h and t.he oLher 999. 

Iou at.art. t.hem. out at a give point, a'1just the poai Uo.lllj. "'hose t.m point• 

won•t coae together again until 7ou have anoipbered 9901000 characters. A 

pretty good prinai~a.J.., bllt, again, on a chaliange, tbis was after I came h<.lck, wu 

demobilised and then back to CbicagLi to the RiYerbank Laboratorie:J, on B chal.• 

lenge, this wa:i .s11ppoeed to be abaolutel3 indecipherable, said ao in writing 

b,r a letter sign8'.I b;y' tlw utrector or Aid.l.1taJ7 lntelllgtnce, but .L ,ya.s r.ble 

to eol'Y• tb• thin& without having the tc.pe;3,. "ithwt. knowing haw loll( they 

were, or anything. There i:s another intereating eolut:Lon, but I h.::ven tt tha 

t.iM to go into it.. 

Thia 1.s a picture of a new type ot cryptographic machine. A gentleman 

by the name ot iiebron ou.t in .;alittiJuia CWlle forth in about. 1922-~) ;~ith a 

keyboard, rotur., a comut.ato.r •witch kD:i eomutat.or realJ.¥, the curnmt frODI 

t.h• UJ'boarl.i dep1 e.;aio& goin& in t.hia aide, a rs..a oomt.ator going tiirough 

a wheel .bez·e, they a-.it.ohlld th~t: circd.te 1 oOld.ng ou.t.. and goiDt, ti,rvu.gh a 

\Jpew*1'8r. 110h t.hat. uabi.rae hou. oul.J om roMI'. In a'bo&&t t.hr•• or .tour 

7ean, art.er coila'oCJration •1th t.he Hav,y, he cam e>u.t w1\b a tlYe wlaeel. acblne, 

fiye pont.1ona1 yuu aee, Mil th .. e 0.111! the t.ypea ot MOl'll that. he used, 

.. 

. • 
..-------------- - -

' . e _. ~--~~r~~~ 7 • ~-··; 

pret.~ hign aeauritr. the lav -. aboat. tio acioP' t.be•• t.~.•. 1he.r had a 

0011\ru\ tor t151000.00. Ciod, bow that. bl\ •I I dldn1t. •Tift baT• a dollar 

tor that. •oz·t ot t.h1Dg. W•ll, thttr aeked • what at.Out. it., and .L said, "I'll 

stud¥ it.• I oaae over and 1 eat before thi3 thing for aboaat s1x weeks before 

I had a reall.J t,-Ood idea. So 1 went over to t.bl Oblef ot the section, and I 

said, •1 think I can •oln MBs•g•e," and he eaid, "Show me." I ea i.o, n.AU 

right." He said, "What do 7ou want.." I said, •i want. ta ••••f:.a• eet up 

on 7our machine.n He gave • th• ten ... aageit 1 and 1 solved the ttiing. It 

was a cW"ioua thing. I wu gett.in& d1·esaed to go 011t1 of course, it. took 

weeks or making dist.ribu.,lons and tinding JJW •811 arowui. I ha.a one asaiatant. 

at the t.11118 - he was a yeteran, u-priae fight.er, cauliflower ears and all, 

am he wasn't. .muah help eu.P' in typing. I got \o a point where i.t .&. oouU. 

onll solve or i·ead - I had .nduced th••• 1 • .llll088 and .mllliom ot al[ilabeta 

to a place where I had one llm of about. J.8 letters. J.t J. ccx.Wi aolv& t.hat 

I would have a •t.art, and J. went home that eYeaiJJ& from work, ana 1 had a 

picture ot thia one line, and all I knew was that. t.he f'int, t.he aevent.n, 

the ninth am el.event.ii wen t.he •&119 letten; the eeoond, the tNelvt.11, and 

t.t1e aightoeut.n were the ••• letteru. ill I lmn was the let.ten that wen 

ident.ical. As J.. 111u getting dreseed to go out t.o a part'i' that niEbt., fiddllllc 

with llW' bow tie, it sw:ldenq anned on lll8. lhe phru• that. weul.d tit waa 

"The President. of' U. Unit..ed Stat.ea." 'A)aat, wu 1\1 The nut day I c._ in 

and in a couple of ~ I ha4ed the Nav,r a aoluU.OD.J tJlq ld.llAd the order. 

The .f'irm. went. to piecea, th9 l.aTator and pr•id-' of the til'I& wound up in 

sui Quen\i.n !or a coupl.e ot 19ua because he aol.d •took tJaat. weat t.o abou\ 

tour dollar3 B ~hare on t.he baaia that a ~il:vy ol'der was ooailtg thl'ougb, and 

when the Navy orlier uion•t com t.brollgh, the at.oak dropped to about 12.00 a 

-·- ... 
.. 

part. of tho st.istu .m1.1 :..W.d it !ur til~.w. 'i'ho~ a~dn't llkt: tha.t., JO t.huy 1·Llt 

him in l.he hOOS960U • 

This is a picture of the, first ciphe1· macidne invented aai i>uilt in 

Europe, calleu thu Eui~ma, C<1mmo1·clu Fni.gn.a. Here a1·e the rotors, you. aee, 

rotors st.a;, ~a they lit)it u-p. You position the sf! t in .. a a~oo1\1i11L to k911D._ 

letters. 1.• . .-, also in ~rope after th&.t tillll! there .:01·e other inv•~Htors. 

}fere is a mac!llne called the Crehowe which .~a:; .1elct <: s ~dn.:. a 'Vecy c ampllcat.ea anu tiii'.ficlll.t. t.ii11t•. - nobody ooulu aolve it. rlere is a Ger .. iaD pl'O!e:in.an. per:r:u.tati•.:im and colfi.binat1ons tho1·e 'here. lo'J. could h•·v~ evory.-'oc13 in 

the ·..-;orld provieleu -.ith a c.~1ci.ine am a key nnd r:cbody »l!-H.' \,ould ha'lc the 

aame key, and so on. :·.ell, gentlemen, the nUllber or pcr-,lJ.ti Lions a1w combinatlons that a 1:;1ven cipher system aftorus, J.i~e "Th~ ~ J :,i;L... !. Ji;'l(. in 

the Jriring," h<.ivc n• thing to do with t.he case, ~ at lo~st very Utt.le. It 

all de. ends upon }1ow t •ose perrr11ta.t.ion!'I antl combina.ti".>ns ru·o b.1,1!1:. :r.y ccypt.ographically. Here i.:;1 a ; .• icture or a ..iwed~.sh m.ar.ht1111 of about tb~ su;: .... pl;:.dod, 

keyboard_, light ban.-, ~:ith i·otor:; 1 a little differ·ent ~pe o.t' :rot.c..r in that 

ciwe. 01· course, tJ;e light. bank was slow. ~o~ had to sit dcwn sr.c c"'p~· lJ7 

hand anJ sv on, so t.he inventor of this machine h"okeu it up with an illotctric .hemingt1Ju tv-pewrlter, and that r.cis the first mod.el or a print.int; cipher 

machine. He later lllOd.ii'iecJ it so as i:.o havo the printing mec: 1an1om a elfoontaineU. in the c:r,yptograph. and that's a picture of the bo.x. itaell' from the 

out.aicle, and t.he1·e L .:: 'ict.ure et the 1Dte.rnal workings. ·J:nere is the J<97board. 
. . 

pins tlat 7CM& oould JMt la ..a .- etteoU•• po•iUoa like on our ooll'Yerie 

11-209. thei•• pin. drift a oertain leYur here whioh ariv .. t.he a1t.uh.lnc 

oomtat.ora which are in here, •Iii 7ou. aou.lci al.so •wit.cm aro~ \.hts ei'teata 

of the oomtaton. Here h the i:rint.1111 •olWli••· Thia •tJl• 70.a•ll J"eGO&-

nize aa beir.g ••ry eild.lar \o \b• •\71- in \119 Comat.er ll--209. 1t prin Yd 

on a ._,•P9· 

Of course, in those da..v• oonsider~hle thought b•&an t.o l.>.o <J&v\lt..l to th• 

enoipherment of telet..Jpe coammicaticn•, and thia W&d 1 uide from. t.hat 1802 

aohine that. I •bowed 7ou,, thia "u the tirut.. of. the tolat..,vpe ail*ez· at.t.MhIHllt.•, an 1DTent.1on ot Col. ran. .. ~t.t., who retind traa the ~ and Joiaed. 

the 18\ema.UOIMll. TeJ.ophone-hlegraph Ccmi.paDJ and clew~ himaeli' tor t.wo or 

tlar• 1•an to producln& thie \hiQg. '1'hia iifU l11.t&U.,, tJ~re•s the int.orml. 

•ohanlu. lt. had U;ing wheel.II whim attect.ed t.he banu of t.be t.elef.7pe 

alaarao\er. th••• wheel.a ware ot ditterent.t.al diameter-a. lhi1:1 une baQ lOl. 

q long period, but the leac\h of the periocl, again, llke t.be birua that. •1111 

1n the apri.ng, ba• little to do with t.ha cue. '1':bat t.h!ag wu put. iu.\o \eat 

WI&&• in the State Depart..at., and thq oalled apon the War ~part..B to 

malw a aeovi'7 nalut1on. l wu u~ed t.o t.m Job, a 1 hlld a int.ez"M~ 

time with thie. The Stat.• l>epar\llellt. IJll\ up a ••ri•• of ..... ~··· ihey were 

et••ped in at. a oert.ain hour. 10100 o1olook in t.be •min&, i.t.•a -.v 1 and. 

abDut. 10130 t.lw oblef of t.he State Depar\1119 '°_.ntoaUw ..Ued m ancl 

•aid, "'Jbe aohina is out of crdv • ..,..,. 7-. oan t1x it..• l eaid 1 "I'll be 

ap \here iu a !t? ..... .inu.tu.n l ellpped. a piece of pnper in If' pocllet1 and 

I. , ,f"-: x l \., i. . ,-.. -..., 
. -· 

wh• J got. 11p tmn, he •aid, •l•a aorr.r. I tried to eato!1 7w.1 but 7oai had 

al.naQ left. It.11 -~ 1ga1n, ao I won•t trouble 1011.• 1 •aid• •1\Y t.ba 

wq, I b&Ye a quutiun t.o uk about. th.Gae M1aagea. • tie 1-diatell got. suspleioum ad a.keu, "What. do 7011 want. to knmT• And I •aid• ••Y• you. got \be 

plain tu.t. t.o t.hoee ••• .... lwre'l• And he cinw bl.melt ., el•~r, md he 

a:iid, "l'le-el. 1 7••." I aucl, "llhen an tllq?• le said, "In t.rur.t. aate ever 

ta.re.• I sa.U,, •Well, I•ll ait. mre. 1011. • ower \o t.h• aate 8lld dig oa.' 

mes•M•• iu. 7. 1 •ul. to uk a qaeatlon about 1t..• Very nluct.ant17 he go' 

"'• opeull t.n. au·e, pul»d oat. -••&• lo. 71 am said, "What. 1e 1t. you w1at 

\o kllow'l" I pull•Q o.at 11r pl.eoe ot paper, and I a&ld, "11.U, doe• it aq -• 

eni:i l Had h1a \oho wllole -•aae· la pnaptq aat down on the- floor. 'l'ha\ 

waa ul;t JS nd.nut.c.s or ao alt.er it. had been l'ffeiY9d. ~h9 Ift CoapeDJ IH11-d 

\he ATM' Qorrq 8J>¥ · at.udyiug ta oocie, the J.'IH Compay, anl later on I•ll aq 

a word or two abou~ the Im c..--,, who ala o t.r1•d \heir hands at it and 

'fall.eel. °'he reason is tbat wit.boat. 017pt.ographio and •IJ'pt.anal.Jtic gu1.Jance 

nobody can inTent. a thi:&i8 that. 1a going \o atand up uul•:r Cr:Jpt.Anaqt.ic at.tack. 

Thi• la Uonverter Jl.-2.0J •uieh we ado.P'ed. a .S.ed.lah innnUon. 4t. 1a 

• 

iwet.'1 •ood• 1be gill¥ thing we caa aoro•• a\ that t.1- tor our t1el4 ua•, 

119n are k"l'in& wheel.a. Here u a val•• •hl•b i. atteat.ed • t.ha klJ)'ing whHla 

•\ \oo aeRN when 7ou. hav• t.wo or •N •••&gu in t.he a- aet. 

', 

•, 

'-• ta. rest. of the UM I wo\lld like \o clno\.e \e a bl"ief di..,•don ot 

•l'J"9Ml7t.ie gadg•t.J'J. Thia is a pia\ure ot, ·'° IQ' kaowledp, tile tirat. oqptau.i,u.c ald, o:1o:net...il'l6 l gtJ\ 1ilP a\ aiverbank war back 1n 1916• 1 think 1' wu, 
' ' ' ' 

---------=-~~-------------- ........... 

a pair et &JM• pla'81 wl'h a\l"lpe Ull p.Wu. &rHY•. lou eoWA al.14• Ua-

\bin&• •P a.Iii 4owa \o alip lat.tera ad l:lt.llQ t.hu. for what. nat.. I .1on't. knaw 

wJtr t.h• hell I put dottnthe Unltect .Sta'Hm lar '-oUege. I had no relaUon.• wlti1 

UlM, t.:u.t. it. wa, nice t.o haad t.tw. • present, •o I did \hat. I 1ta.de it wlt.h 

IV mn hamb. "rt.la ... a wheel wlt.h rubber lat.t.en \hat. I oolll.cl UT&Dt:e in 

~· ord.c I pleaeeJ.. Tnq were removable, ti•t•'• another Yi• 0£ the thing, 

am here 'a "' Mi hole bunoh o.l' t.hem pit. \oget.her tor whatever purpoises you want. 

~'.W, £&·o;.i tbat. elr.J'~ al.a.rt, ht•ve ao• a grea\ 1iM17 ve17 int.ereat.ing developmnt,. Hu·• i• ~ p.1QV.w.·• t>l a t.hing ciat.eCl "•\obel' )0, 1934, 11here J. aant a 

....-andum \u ~apt.o;_n ~ &8'l ii8,.jor "kin., nm '-liJ.et 0 ignai Ottlcar,, in 11J11oh 

I made eo• nu.ar.~s. you c.ao ... •om t.ear d.rope or -.be blood on t.hJ.a thin&• ~ 

1 WU ukJ.na !or a llt.t.k. W.t ot •UIO' to cet •o• Dll ....td.m.s. I said, "Pl.eCo )'OUr \ltalloiJ\ t.o get t.'iia UN.a tor •• U :you do, we can really begin to 

d6 JrOl'\h...,hUe ceyptw'MllfU.o •"Ii'-" •ell. t.i. pl• wu nocesatul - we go\ 11,,. 

Ben•• a .(>ictllN o! pu1. et "the convaa\, 7ou •••.1 t..M l2tb ot ~er. It. 

onlJ too;... a month. .Ana MJ:'e la what we were gett.1.Dg, i.nd ••• th••• pdces • 

. lhen I Ul1nk ot t.h~ mi::Jaiun11 ot dollars whieh we •Piil' in World Ttar J.I on thla 

eort. ot thiris. I am ama:1o.:l. that i1'Um au.oh lt.Mly beginniD&• ahou.l:c hawe co• 

Uaa\ gnat e11t.abl laht.iunt.. Na 1e a l'OOm_, J•t. om leng wing in our headquio-

\..-a durlac t,be war, with tabul.&'1.Dg ••M.M17, hen, Jut. one after \he othor, 

kbwalatina ::um aohinn to 4o apedal ,..,.... speeial Jobi. 

'JO\I Imo• t.ha plat.are tt. average peraon baa ot a 017pt.ana]1'at. Re•s a 

lona-halr. He bu t.hiok apaot.a!!!l•• mad whiabra and ol'\llba in t.hea md ao on 

alMi btt go.. !J1to a '1-!ur;i!lle wi\h hi.Melt and pnt.t7 aoon be c-• up with • 
I 1 to t 

• 

REF ID:A66417 •. _sEcRE·r 

amwer. ~ll, .u.e.\t"S:'"'tir· trpa thl '1.otv• tl»n fl'J•· · '"1~•1• and coa- .. . . 

mn.11at.1om latel.Uc..,• 1a bi& buel••• nw., aoa 1 ,...\ \11 aa., a word or 

t.wo about. t.bat. sort al thing. Cl'J'pt.aLiai,aia ol n:oderQ. 11s._eu · Aa.a Deen taoili• 

t.at.ed, it not -4• PH•ible, by the 1.130 &m.d np.!-li(,..at.iona ol 1peoial c17pt,-

analJUo aicie, inol.wil.Dg the us• ot high- epeec:I maohin.u7 of the ~pa pictured . . 

here, dtudard, also moelltiea~ ot tho•e aaoh1DN • but. mgre impwt.utl3 'li>J 

t.ba lJaTention and deTttloi-a' ot elect.ronic1 ..-1•t17. •• I •dd 'Mtore, the 

number of pemutat.iona, Nell, ·-I'll get. t.g t.b&t in j\&St a llOMnt. 'It. nuaber 

of permutaUona :Jnd coJlbinatlont in it.self .lan.•t t.oo significant. n.•e what. 

th91 a.re basically. In modem c17pt.&nalys1s •hat 7ou .are up against ii a ~reat. 

.multiplicity or hypotheae~ ~hGt 1R11•t be tested out, ~ne aftsr tne otner, unt.11 

... 

you tim the correct. one. Thia can be done l'IO; e !aail-1 by t.ileae !ti&.chinea abd 

. high •JM'•d aid •s co:nb1n•d ,11:lt.h at.a\utlaa.l nethods, ·I want. to a now ;,rou wtia.t. 

•Oii!' ot the1a look like. I ahO'••d '30'.J. a tat.;.U..atin.; aect~ua. H•r• is jut one 

· gadget; which w• call a aschU. dnlpherJ.ns gadget,. 'J:u:t;•a a e;ecial.t".-d ~ua1 

bu\ J01l knCM ~t-a.t you t.l"y to do in ': eryrt,~\~tiO pr.ct.ici°" oei&;.er i~ wi\h a 

in people duplicate what t.hous~• e.f people on 1.n. ena, aid.e iosi·e '"i'• It. 

and eo on. Th91 all 11~ int.a one ~e, •md )"O~ cu onlJ baY• a certain nwa-

"r ot peopl• to read \hose ..... ,~$ am pl'OC••• t.h•. ·If JOU b.a~~ t.b1is k.•.)' I . . 

\bm't ~s.t becW11&1 a P~• ct produc~ line ueolpblr.irJ&, H 'We devi.tfeQ epeoi9l 

. 'l ' . 

'achia• t.o take the l\~ .. &e• and. dec1Jlher t.bem.. This may nGt have a~ reaea-

. 'blanc• whateoeTer to tho •n91Q' •1 c17ptographic machine, bll\ ii.~ s an analoeue, 

it. duplicates •h•\ their uohi• dfNB, am at a. bigb r•te ef speed. So th1Jt•.-s 

a pictve ot suoh a device• There h a tabLt!<'ltor, atallehiN ~blalator with a 
. . . .,, • 

apecial at.tachlllent drna.t bJ .. our own engineer.a aa1oep~bl• ·Oi t11ilat •• call 

doing nbru\e torce" o.pe.catione, where you ;ire t.eyi.ng to eolve a thing on the 

buis ot repetition. ..-ei1, i! you've r.ot 1111.::..:U .. ow1 au.• nd.lliuns or- .letters, t.111 

loca.t.ion ot thoae· repetit.iona ia a prett~ la':.UI·ioue t.~lng i.S.: ~ul.4 ha\'e to do 

it by band, so we speeded it. ·up. A uchine ot t.hia kiIW will loc&t.• tho.• 

npeti t,ions, :uq, in ou-t•n t.houaandth o! the tlme t.na t. .Lt.. wo..Ull take to do 1\ 

bJ han...... Here i.:? a specialized machine, agidn a tabul&t.Q.1" 1 wit.h an attachment 

another ll8;3aa.ge in orue1· to fina certain similrtritie• 01· perhaps cert:\in ciittel"enc aa, and it does it uutolliltieal.l.y. 'l'hese rel.81s ar·e ~••t up acoording to 

oert.ain ~ircuitr.r, a1Xi yotJ start. the -.c:U.nt,· a."ld low aJ1Cl octhold, it produces 

a printed reoord ot the •saage tDi t 7ou get. 

Here ia a awauine which l persona~ call "Itodiu. " llodin was t.hs creat. 

Tbis machine thini<s. ~hat. it. doe• is,, you. i:;ive it .. Ct11·t.ain n..i.mbar or h1pot.hesecJ aw 7011 tel..1. it., 11low, you exuine theee hypot.hcsses and oornn u; w~ .. th ar: 

that. an.I if it. comes to a contradiction it s•y.- 1 •Me.1.11 t.ha.1.•a rw good; I'll 

go b&ck and take 'U;J the nut c.ne." And so o:i. Or» a!ter tne otno1· at a high 

rate o! speea 1 an electronic speed. ·that'• only one email eect.io.n ui the tning. 

Well, wetve &Ot le.Ct here a few ndnut~s in 1~11ioh I .mo\il.u ~'by som.ct.ning 

about the cuu·e~t ero.!J~oyment. a.nd manner of employment. Iou S<de~ .i 1 ve otlvot&li 

two hours tu t&lld.ug, r;.bout the baokgroimQ. am c:evclo,pttiellt 6J1'i hca\'"n't 11aid. 

azv~1int about t.he manner o.r eapl.oy.neat.. nell, we cc~a ais..:uH that unuer 

yariou.s beadings, but it ia obY1olia. froa the disclosures o! Pearl H~bor that 

\b• mnner of eapl01mmt. 1n lorla •ar II lll8t. have been Ysry etriaaciou. l 

' ' 

...... 
• I ti f' • ~ . wiah I bad th• U• t.e r-.G J'Oll t.be whole of \be Me.rsball-Dewey correepoml••• 

that this article in !J:!! was basea upon, but I think that what I a:n going t.v 

•BY next i.. perhaps a li tt.le bit D1D;r·e important. l'be interce· lL:I or. 01 foreign 

communicnticIIB un~ ~ubMequent pz~cessing requires the services of numaro~s 

0011a1nicatic.n.J a.r.J other trainacl per•onnel, In order that t~ri i:fl'o•lucl. .:;a;,· be 

_.t 1L.'leful opt·1".!.t.lo, .ally ana not. m4:1·e~ hlat.orioall.y interesting, the interception of t"re in!..n-cept traffic has got to be tran.'lmitted r.ost e~qlEditivud.iy 

to processin~ <:ant~:cs, and att.r processing the re~ult. must. be nz·o;.1l1+,1.y trans-

.mitted t.o tha ~llC•j)lC lrfhO ttV<ilUkte it from. an intelllsence point O! vit.W and 

to oth"r intr;l.l:l.gctl\!.;. ptDuionnel and in soma cases where it. raakes s difte1·snca,, 

a ireat. difi'cz·en.::e - ..>aco.no perhaps - t.ranaait.t.ed direct to operational comanal.J"st.s BnC other hi"bJ .. J ~tlllea personnel, .U.itacy aDJ civilian, is theretore quite obtlo·J'3. It taka.; c1 large or~~anisation. In 1939 or 1.,.0 t.he tot.ali-..7 

of personnel in the Anv a.nu ~a."y aevoted to thie work wa::: about. JuO. In 1945 

•• had 371000. That eivea you an ide&. what it t.alcl!ls, asicle from ltd.Jllona and 

million~ of uo..i.l:.r:;; f•)!' e.q,ui:·rr.trnt, both ooaaomicatlons equi:·ment <>rid this type 

ot equir-ment. th,..i.. I 111 t;iv& 1ou & litt.l.e •t.ory about. So• of the ceyptan~-

tic and communi<-1 t.iurl.tJ int.elligence processes can be accomplished , n t.he !iel· .. 

to meet certain ;:.;nEJ!li&t.e naeas o! field t.aotioal i:o~.ms.nde.ra, and ... ·:es~ h::;.ve 

been pJ-ovided tor •'Y each oi. the three st'lrvieec 1.n oI'der to meet Sllf!cial needs 

in this cate:;ory. B.o.': t~ cou1mmicaticns intelligence p:·oce.;.:Jlng ;;..s nssentiallJ' 

eoaplex and n laz-c~ · ctivit.y., &1.1:i much of it can be done ~ell onzy ut 1:.a ;or., 

large processing F:!..~n!.d wi~ere Uie limited number of hichly skHle.:t per:::o··,nal 

,~c-
4 c • _.. • 

can be concent.rat~d alli very •pecial specialized oryptanal.ytJ.c machinery can 

be in.stal.i.eu and .maint.ainad. You see, we have to have & concen·~r~tion of the 

i~rso!.i.:.el. Ther«t are on]J a lim1 tad nwnof' r·. Iou can 1 t finu peo >le trtdnerl 

• 

in 1ihis field in civil life bocaus a t.here is no need for an activity of 

crJ>1•tw-11UJ•i& iu aom.erca or inou.st.17, and .then war coma we don't have a pool 

or i..rkineJ pe:r·~urJ.UeJ.. in civil llle from which t.o draw t<.1 augment our l'oraa5. 

we•ve get. tc tu:e 'basica.Ll.J intelligent people with good back12;rounn.ii <o.nU t:;ood. 

N~n,, I wau1. to aay a i'ew worus about th• Yery great im.portl'.nce of co"rdi.nation cf ~110.Uidcation int.elligeace actiYitiea with the general. intelligence 

ar.a ~.:.cticLo.L Qi t.1.us.t.ion. lmre 7ou •ve got t.o have certain cover met.>i.oda • For 

1.&le, 11!1en a decision bas been aade to take act.ion b&sed upon comJK1;n1cl9tiom 

1ntellige11ca, 6t. careful effort lllltlt be made t.o insure that the action cannot 

be utt.ributeu tu cormunicet.iom intelli~encc i::lcr.e. Otherwise 7t:1u uUl lclll 

the goose tt.c::. t la~tJ the pclden •!'&• Wt en '008s:lble, acUon mt111t a.l•w&1'8 be prececied by sllit.aL:.le reconnaiaanc• or· other deceptive methods. tor· ;;~.am.p.i.e, it 

there is a oonvoy vut. in t.he middle ot thl'l ocean end auddency it iil attacked 

b7' ail', ~o ciueat.iou . ..i.ght. "ell rise:; "Well, how the hell aid tt1e;,r kno1'I we 

were 011t here?,, !O'I ee~, you mk• COYer tor. t.bat. Auother aspe c!. of coordination bet.ween oparatluns am CommunicaUons intelligence 13 to he :·ont.ion~u. 

The 001111Ulic.at.iu1.ia intelligent• "f"°.Pl• 11~011la be aar1tul]'7 orient Jd to t,ive 

opt.1- cOTorarJu of operations in P.&"Ogre13. There are Just so many facilities 

and people c.evot.ed "° cryptanaqtio st11di-s in conaunications intalligence 

work. There's Ju.it. s1.1 :aany available,· and then•s a great. deal o! tra11·10, a11 

- r ~ ... 
r-------------- --

eaormu 111Dunt.. onll n mah of 1\ aan 'be proo••••d• lou.1Ye got. \o neglec\ 

\he ·res\. ~"Jell, i\1s esaer¢1.al,, 'there.tore, t.hat the cr,ptanal.Jtic and con.mUD.1.• 

oat10111 intelligence people be abl'eaat. of the eu.rrent si t.u.&tion ~o thAt they'll 

1Qlow where t.o pKt t.heir med.•Llll effort. ''heir knowledge of the tEctlcel si.tu• 

at.ion is alao essential to a ,Ja"Gper int.erpretation ot aert.ain rutE>l'i E:l.s. lt•s 

import.ant. to correlate the communications intel.llgence work with operations 

because U in emberanoe our airoraft. knock out radio s t.at.1n•is, thf' ve~, euoce11 of that operation bas repercussions upon co::"Sllunicatloru:: inteU!cence. Yc.·• 

•••, knock1Dg those out male•• 4n&Yailable to \18 a lot of t.1•af1'1c, so that. has 

and t1~st is th11t tllese code e;ystems and cipher Q"&t.ema are usually world--wide 

o:r o.ree.-wide' in dietribution, and if you don• t, oot>rd1nat.t) ~;cul· O!"<t•l o.ti1.•11:; with 

yc.ur CI so as to cover ur your source o! in.formation, thPr~ :-::~·J be ~msi·j_d-:JnCJ 

ot ooapromlee v1hich l'ioula have tar-reacaing conaeqt1ences. Yi.>u .:ee, ~ con11!U\hder 

who gets some or this ~1tufl atld aeaka a. u..lnor ar.i.vil!lta~e '..Jy i...:i.n,r;, lt. in om 

locality, may tJeprive other co.1111.ancJers in otr.ier are<!s 01 uiuch gz-eater ~dvan-

\age it' yoJ. aon•t compruai.te t.he sour~e o! in1'011Re.t1on, Jo '1hile kno...,ledge 

ana uperie.nce point \o the mc•Hi\7 oJ. eA.3•loit.ing every ;>osaible aavantag9 

t.'bat. the .situat.ion affor .s when 1ou. get. tnis etu.f'r, and the tem}Jt.ation ie, ot 

cou.rse, ~ei-y great in t.lte heat. ot 'bat.t.Le t.o ua• thl material whenever it u 

available, naverthele&• t.riu o.ttea ~ leM t.o carele.a.-,mH in its use ;:.rl:ich 

awy lead t.o jeoparai.S.ng the sovce. <;1 cc,.urse, U&e .full H1lu.e of O!->: .. mi.micat.1ona intelligence caanot be realised unle:.;s operatior•l W:le ie rnaQe or :it. 

Jlgwever, when actlon 1a OOLlhmnlated based upon .uah intelli6e11C·.!, the p•:>..;si-
_,.. .. _,.. ·. -:· •· .. 

t 

against llillt&17 advantag .. \o be &•1nad. Jd.nor advantage• never elone are 

- eu!!ieient poum tor riaking the 1«>11s or t.he source. 

well, gent.1•111811 1 it'• 10100 o'clook. 1•111. sorry t.hat. ~.e ...io:i't have any 

time t.o an•wer questions right. here. I \relcom you to &a1J.ne the exhibits 

and pe;rhapa it I can answer a qu•t.iou while you are doin,s i ~, l .vill be glad 

to do that. Thank you Ye!')' .mlCh tor yo~r co~rte~y and 7olll' attention. 

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