.. 

:: ~:: . 1,,.-;- .... , - - ...-_~r --

'·REF 

·- '!.· ' ~ 

.(, ... "- Jo ... -· .. . ...... 

. 

. l ;~.' ,, 

. ,. 

. .. ,. .. , .. 1 

.. .i.,; r'' ID: AEl-2 87 4 ,, ' 

-- -:~ .... -~ 

.. 

·.!. 

t ......... 

:: ~:.:. ~~ : __ -

t"pproved for Release by NSA on 12-20-2013 pursuant to E. 0. 1352B 

.. _"':-.. 

•,' 

.. ,,,,..-\. ..... .,. . 
R:lt"H" Tn · A6? 8 7 4Silde 1 

Instances of cipher""M-,.he""1U.l5le~ ~ere..TJ1.iah 25~26 and 

' 51:41 (circa 650 B.C 

(Incidentally - Daniel was early psychoanalyst 

(Nebauchadnezzar1 s dreams) and first cryptanalyst. 

(Belshazzar and the handwriting on the banquet-hall 

wall) 

Mene - God hath numbered thy kingdom and finished it. 

Tekel - Thou art l-reighed in the balances and found 

wanting. 

Upharsin) Thy kingdom shall be divided and given to 

Peres ) the Medes and Persians. 

(OVER) 
But I wantto aE!FyoH)g~fl 4o the fact 

that the use of cryptography- goes back mu.ch further 

than 650 'B .C. - it was used even by the ancient 

Egyptians.(Explain) 

., 
REF ID:A62874 

The acytale of the anoiant La.cad.a=or.i=..'"ls - an examPie at a tnmsposi-tion ci:pher. 

ffJrigin of European Field Marshal's baton -- one of the insignia of his high office ,;J 
REF ID : A62 8 7 4>LIDE 1 

Cryptography and cryptanalysis go back to the dawn 

or the invention or writing, but w won't have time here 

to go back quite that far, even though the story is very 

interesting. But I mu.at tell you right off that these 

two subjects, cryptography and cryptanalysis, are, of 

course, very closely related - in fact, they may be 

regarded as the two races of the same coin. (Explain) 
· Lic%mm um -...... --......... 

REF ID : A62 8 7 4 FOR SLIDE 3.1 

Example of runes and runic writing (with WFF) 

Liane means "secrettt. Used b7 Germanic peoples from 

3rd aentm-y' A.D. and in England through the period ot 

Anglo-Saxons. Used as magical signs, secret writing 

and especiaJ.l.7 for inscriptions. OriAzi obscure but 

probabl.7 from Greek and La.tin letters.J 
Examples or cipher al~lrtis~ ~MC' 

syllabaries used centuries ago: _ 

1. Employed by Charlemagne (768-814 A.D.) 

2. Used in England during reign of Alfred (871-899) 

J. Ogam writing of ancient Ireland 

4. Ogam-l.ike alphabet used by Charles I,, 1646 to 

Marquis or Worcester. 

S. Marquis o£ Worcester•s cipher (the so-called 

"Clock Cipher") 

Cardinal Wolsey 1 Vienna, 1S24 

Sir Thos. Smith, Paris, 1S6J 

Sir Thos. Chaloner,, Maarid, 1561 

Sir Edw. Stafford, Madrid, 1)86 
. SL:rnE 4.10 

An early Italian ciph~ph~t: ~i&." 'M>m Mantua. 

/!Jeginnings of modem cryptograph7 were "in Venice, - in the Papal States, about 1400. Earliest MSS 

ot Gabriel Lavinde (1380717 

/Sicco Simonetta - earliest treatise on cryptanalysis 

- - or cryptograph7 in the world (147417 

IJ!se or variants indicates also some knowledge of 

principles o.t solution by frequency of occurrence.ii 
l L w.1&1.-j (-w.t"a...i~-iStmE .lSl ~·c:twe. - TRI'lHEMIUS - Earliest bo~~~Qi: ~4h7 ( S1'mANC5m'i1PHIA) 

""o.< MEISTER says T. plalllled 4 books,; T. finished first on 

March 27, lSOO; second on April 20 same year. 

"Dann war er bekanntJ.ich in den Verdacht der Zauberei 

geraten, und so hatte er die Arbeit mit dem dritten 

Buch abgebrochen, das Kein Termin des Abschlusses 

mehr angibt ••• 11 

''~mE SHOWS: The Tri thamian Oath • 

... 
REF ID:A62874 

Porta• s Table, from his book, De f"wrtivis literarum 

notis, vulgo de ziferJ.s, Nap!es, 1-563. -

,lieapolitan mathematician, inventor of camera obscura;J 

.l'larliest solver of ke;yed mul. tipl.e-alphabets according 

to Memel.sohn, but I think Alberti did it first - WFFJ 
REF ID:A62874 5 

\ '!he Vigenere !I!able as it usualq sneers in 

the literature. 
stiri'i s.1 

' REF ID:A6287~ The Vigenere table as it appaars in Vig~~re•s own book, 

Traicte des chiffres, ou secretes mani.eres d' escrire•, 

Paris, 1S86. 

/Jige.n8re did not invent the square1 and never claimed 

he did -- ti:rst one "to publish it. Was probably 

invented b7 Alberti or some early c.eyptographers 

employad by Papal States. Bellaso first suggested 

ke-:r!.7 I 

(Will jump directly tc C & c of American Revolutionary 

pericd.}' 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR PE~ 8~62 8 7 4 

used by Americans ar ....... j B::i .. ishi 

Amer.i. cans:- British: - (a.Simple 1D.omoal.ph.sub. (a.Monoal.phabetic sub. 

(b.MonoalPb.with variants (b.Vigenere with repeat 

Ciphers ( by use of long key ( 1ng key 

( sentence a la Franklin ( c .Grilles 

(c.Vigenere with repeating 

key 

(a.Dictl.onari.es • 

Codes (b.Keybook using lft>lds 

( c. Syllabar:i.e s 

( Secret inks 

( Grilles 

(a.Dictionaries 

( l}Entick 1 s 

( 2}Bailey-•s 

(b.Small alph. 1-part 

( codes or 600-700 

( items & code n~s _ (OVER) 
~om. book such as 

REF ID : A6f o:Bl!ckstone • - page 

( · line, no. ·of wrds 

( in line. 

British used code names. In CUilton ·Papers followiJJg 

are founh ~a ..... d 1.f.j.et ') 

.Alllerican Genel'al.s - Apostles (Washington = James .... ~ (Sullivan= Matthew) I• t.J 11e~ : 

Philad'1phia • cl81"11Salem 

Detroit •Alexandria. 

Delaware • Red sea· 

Susquehanna • jord.an 

Indians • Pharisees 

Congress • Synagogue 
REF ID:A62874 

One of the cipher le tter-5 sent by BmlediGt Arnold to 

Sir Henry Clinton:- lS JulJr 1780 

"If I point_out a plan of cooperation bytibich S(ir) 

H(enry) (Clinton) shall possess himselt of West 

Point, the ·garrison, etc. etc., twant;y thousand 

poll!Jds Sterling I think will be a cheap purchase 

tor an object of so much inp>rtance.n 

(For full text see typewritten sheet accomp&IJ1ing 

plate 6.S.) 
REF ID :·A62 8 7 4 

Treason against Washington. 

Arnold lays / a trap for Washington. 
LECTURE--NOTE- REF ID : A62 8 °WR SLIDE 6.8 

9 The Benedict Arn.old indecipherable Treasonable 

Cow Letter" 

Here's an interesting slide showing a picture of 

a letter which was written by Benedict Arnold, of 

early Colonial infamy. He even was :willing· to 

see that his commander-in-chief, WaShington, was 

captured by giving the British information like this 
Example_9f use of a mask or grille b7 British in 

American Revolution -- but also used b;y Americans 

and particularly' by Benedict Arnold. 

Text of this example: "You will have beard Dr.Sir 

I doubt not onq before that can have reached J'OU 

that Sir J, Hon is gone from hence. The rebels 

imagine that he is gcme to the 7 , b7 this time. 

However he has filled Qhesapeake W with aurptize 

• and terror ••• etc •11 
LOVELL, Jaars 

StmE 231 

REF ID:A62874 

Congress• cipher expert who managed to decipher nearly 

all,· if not all, of British'. code mnsages intercepted by 

the .Am.aria ans. n 

Philad~ Sep. 21, 1780 

Sir: 

You once sent som papers to Congress mich no om 

about you could decypher. Should such be the case with 

some you have laf.el.y forwarded I presume that the 1'ltSul.t 

o:t my pains, herewith sent, ld.11 be useful to you. I 

took the papers out of' Congress, and I do not think it 

necessary to let it be known here 'What my success has 

been in· the attempt. For it appears to DB that the 

(OVER) 
Enemy make onJ.7 sucp •e11:EP: 1i6i-2'~f41er men the,y 

meet with misfortune, La.a :uJA.kss a. difi'sI"enca in pesi tion 

only to the same alpha;oet7 am there.tore if no talk of . Discover,- is made bJ: 111e llere or by your Family you mq 

be in chance to draw Benefit this campaign from my last 

Night• s watc-hing. 

I am Sir with much respect 

Your !rieni 

James Lovell 

(THE END) 
StiriE 6.31 

REF ID:A62874 

Extract trom encoding section,, Jefferson s7llabary. 
REF ID:A62874 

Dland.ol frontispiece (a cr.yptographer at work)°h193j 

His assistant -- early model WAF (.WAC. )(vJA-IE.) 
¥ 

- I "" • I • - , 

~ .... .. ... _ .. __ ......... J-~ 

-- J'CYPtian B:lero~.f • :W.u~~~OD • 

1821. 
. 

 \ 

REF ID: A62 f.$4§L:fuE'4:0 ' 

Cbampollion, Jean Francois 

/!Be~ide himself (when he had discovered the secret 

of the cartouches) Champollion left the apartment 

where he lived, ••• and ran to the libra17 of the 

Institute where his brother was working. •I did it" 

he shouted, throwing some sheets of paper on the 

table, and tell into an apatq which was to last 

five long days. 11 --I know how it feels but it never 

lasted five dqs with meJ•WFO' 
..... _____ .. _ 

IIQTURE _ -

-· --· -· --· ... 

REF ID : A6h ;iJPI ,.l 

The Rosetta Stone 

.Dforbert Weiner in Qxben!etica calla decipherment 

of Egyptian bierogl.7Ph1C?~ the greatest achievement 

in cryptanal.7t1ca. Champollion 1 s first decipherments in 1821.J 
Slide ~.2 h'~ ... - .J • '- RE'F- rn-:A62B74 ... - -- · 

Ca.rtoucliea-f'ram the Rosetta Stone aDd. tl1e Obeliak 

trm Philae. 

('Die bottom one was BUQected to represent 

CLEOPR!RA. Bote the repeated Qlllbol, the BIRD, 

:ror the two A• s of CLEOPATRA.) - -
REF ID:A62874 4.3 

Top cartouche - which is the middle one of preceding 

slide --- suspected to represent PTOLEMY. 

Middle cartouche - which is the bottom one of preceding 

slide -- suspected to represent CLEOPATRA. 

Bottom cartouche - the letters and unknowns of 

KL??P???? 
REF ID:A62874 4.5 

PTOLEMY and ALEXANDER 
rjfiffiii --

REF ID : A62.8-J_4 ____ _ iur SI.IDE 4.6 

Cryptogi'aphic hierogl1phice from Drioton 

/fo4er to confirmatol'J' evidence ot ear~ invention 

of Cl'J'Ptosrapq -- with writing itaelfJ 
REF ID:A62874 4 

The Michigan Cryptographic Papyrus. 
AFTER st:m:z 4 'Poe. 

Edgar Allan ate ~~e !~oh~~J,_ied interest 

in cr11>tograph7 b7 his stcry "The Gold Bug"' and 

a couple ot essays and stcries on ciphers and 

deciphering. 
REF TT'l:A62874 

Cipher device used by tha Cvr2°aara.~ A75rv11 during the 

Civil War. Captured at Mobile in 186S. 

/lothing but the old Vigenere cipher with repeating 

- key. Many messages intercepted and deciphered by 

Federal.s 11 who had a f'ew skilled operators. Ads in 

Richmond papers tor persons skilled in deciphering 

shows the Confederates lacld.ng.J 
REF ID:A62874 

Federal Arrq Route Ciphm= 

( Compl.e12 set w.i. th me - invite -eadets to see 

exhibits.) 
StmE 10 

REF ID:A62874 

Example of a message in Federal Army Boute Cipher - a message to Grant from General Halleck in Washington. 
REF ID:A62874 

Cryptographic message i:Hippilaed to have been sent by 

President Lincoln to General Burnside. 

/lf.ead backwards: "I:f' I should be 1.n a boat o:f't Aquia 

- Creek at dark tomorrow, Wednesday evening, could you 

without inconvenience meet me am pass an hour or two 

with me? (Signed) A. Unco'J.:!i/ 

[Possible explanation of Pres. - distrust of Fed. , systems since he was getting decrypts;J 
SL!6~ ·214 & 21S 

REF ID:A62874 

Period of decl me after Civtl w~-

·:z. ~ War Department Code of 188$ - copied from Slater• s {~I~ 

!elegraphic Code of 1870. .J 

~ ~ W"Do9 v..o.J- ::....., ~ 

Spanish-American War - 168$ code with simple additi.ve~r,) . . . 
LECTURE NO-TE REF ID : A62 B ff'R SLIDE 157 

Colonel George Fabyan 

How I came to be a cryptologist -- Riverbank Laboratories. Departments of Genetics, Ciphers, Acoustics. 

World War I in progress since 1915. U. S. position. 

Fabyan's foresight - U.S. had no cryptologic bureau. 

Contact with Government Departments. School for 

training. 
LECTURE NOTE 

Renaissance of interest in U.S. A. 

Colonel Parker Hitt 

Butd:lespite his knowledge 

WDTC 1915 -
REF ID:A62874 160 

· We begin study of military cryptology after contact 

established with Captain Parker Hitt, (whose Manual 

for the solution of Military Ciphers became ouTtextbook). 
REF ID:A62874 212 

-- Title page or •Manual for the solution or military 

ciphers" by Parker Hitt, 1916 
LECTURE REF ID : A 62.:fi9-1JI SLIDE 159 

Major General J. 0. Mauborgne 

/L As Major in 19ZO head of Research and EngineerTng Division of OCSigO, gave real impetus to RIED 

in cryptographic field. 

Z. His contact with Riverbank brings knowledge of 

Hitt's device and:he got some ideas as to alphabets 

and form. 

3. He has some test messages set up in his 

alphabets:J' 
LECTURE NOTE REF ID : A62 8 fj>R SLIDE Zl3 

Mauborgne's pamphlet on solution of PLAYFAIR 

cipher system. 
REF ID:A62874 

One or the ciphers used 'bJ" the Hindu conspirators -

1916-17. 
SL:tri! 34 

REF ID:A62874 

Solution of the Hindu letter. 
stmt 28 

RE;F ID:A62874 

The Zilllme:rmarm telegram 

/'i'he telegram which bl"Ollght America into the war on 

- the Allied side, World War I. Many reasons tor 

t.i'rl:nking we lllight go in on the side of the Germans 

and' had they been more astute d_!plomatical.17, it 

might have turned out that wayJ,.7 
st:mi ·29 . 

'R:lt"F TD : 71,;2B7 4 

The Zimmermann telegram i:::;'d.sciPli~:iatt5y t..1w British 

Room 40 O.B •. 

nHere is a translation o£ the thing. It was important 

because the message said the Germans were going to resume 

unrestricted submarine warfare and this part, here, dealing with Mexico, was the straw that broke the camel.•s 

back. People in the Middle West were very lukewa:nn 

toward the idea of our getting into the War - on either 

side - but when the Germans began talking about returning 

to Mexico Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, that was something else again. So we got into the war within a couple 

of weeks after the Bri ti.sh gave us 8nd: established the 

(OVER) 
• 

autbentici ty of the trmgpi..011:et: A.tB<f ~mann 

telegram." 

(How the Zimmemann telegram was deciphered makes a 

tascina ting story in itself' and shows how a:s-tute use 

was made by the British of this telegram. German 

amazement am· embarrassment. Question of fIPY work 

etc. in Maxi.co. British covered up the trail. 

emellently&) 
. LECTURE NOTE REF ID :-AEfalBHE 25 

The Waberski cryptogram 

11Now I am coming to a very interesting example of the 

use of ciphers by German agents in the World War I 

pericxi. Here is a cipher message which was found on 

a German spy in the Unit,ed States soon after he eras sed 

the Mexican border into Texas. After sone weeks it 

was deciphered by G-2•s code-solving organization in 

Washington, MI-8, as it was called. 

Text on next card 
LECTURE NOTE REF ID : A~.fIDE Z5. l 

The Waberski message. 

Here is the deciphered German text, and this is 

what it said: "To the Imperial Consular officials of the 

Republic of Mexico. Strictly secret! The bearer of this 

is a subject of the Empire who travels as a Russian 

under the name of Pablo Waberski. He is a German 

agent. 11 And so forth. The Court sentenced him to be 

shot; President Wilson commuted the sentence to life 

imprisonment; and he was out of the pokey after only 

one year.111 
R:lt"H" rn : A,;? 8 7 4 

One of the classes CT stui!"'ent o?!'icers at the 

Riverbank S-chool of Cryptagraphy,, 1917-16. 

g:Jot so immersat in crypt I used it eve17Where 

possible - cipher suppers etc.J 

.. 
LECTURE REF ID : A6l.&lf/LIDE 48 

Original Wheatstone cipher device (invented and 

described inll8'J9). 

(Fir st improvement on the Alberti disk. ) 
REF ID :A62874 49 

Modified Wheatstone 
REF ID:A62874 

I go overseas- to G-2, A-6, GHQ, 

Importance or invention and developnent or radio 

in comnnmica tions, especially mill tar;y. 
LECTURE NOTE REF rn?l~ffi lZ 

Transposition cipher system used by the French Army 

in. World War I. Copied from a German book on cryptography (Fig. l) -- and correct. 
LECTURE NOTE REF ID : A~"f3+IDE 13 

Cipher system used by the Italian Army in World War I. 

A simple numerical equivalent of the Vigenere table 

and system. 
The Playtair Cipher -

stml!!-23 

REF ID:A62874 

/Jhis cipher was 1JS.ed. by- the Br! ti.sh and Americans, 

and was thought to be •hot stuttn in 1914. Solution 

was described in Mauborgne• s ttAn advanced problem 

in cryptography." 

Cipher allegedly invented b7 Playfiar, but he did not 

do it -- rather Wheatstone. Wheatstone is credited 

with haVi.ng invented "the electrical. bridge, but he 

did not do it - rather Christ;y.J 
SL!OE lJ.i 

REF ID:A6287~ 

The German ADFGVX cipher system, used by the German 

High Command duri'ltg World war I. 

/First new system used by them. Invented by putting - together two well-lmown stfsps;J 
Stiti! 11 

REF ID:A62874 

Cipher system U"Sed b7 the ~buHdiW.5 in Wo~ld war I 

(from a book by the Austrian cryptologist, Andreas 

Figl) 

/R:l.suse ot this cryptographic system (or failure tD 

- use) cost the Russians the defeat at Tannenberg!] 

Importance ot that defeat. 

~O~So- hn°"".·~k W0tt- l';}..cfo 
Stn)ES 19-22 

REF ID:A62874 

Prior td World War I andJ in tactJ tor the first two 

years of World War I code was thought to be impractical 

for mill tary- f'ield or tactical use. But the OermanS' 

began to use code late in 1916J and the Allies followed 

suit. Question at reproduction then as it is tod.81'. 

Field Codes in W I - 111.11 show only one example in 

slides -- the German type of KRUSA code. Exhibits 

can be examined later. 
LECTURE REF ID : A6~~! ~LIDE 16 

An example of a commercial code. 

(Call attention to Z-letter difference. All kinds, 

suited and specially constructed for general or specific 

businesses and industries, such as leather, steel, 

automotive, shipping, etc.) 
LECTURE REF ID : A62 8 f~R SLIDE 17 

Chinese official telegraphic code. 

" 

Pack of running 

dogs 

"destruction" 
LE-CTURE REF ID : A62 8 7'iOR SLIDE 18 

A highly specialized "commercial code" 

Call attention to 3-letter difference: 

YGATA - COMA 

YGKRO - DELIRIUM TREMENS 

YGCIB - CONSTIPATION 

YGMAN - DIARRHEA 
An early AEF Code in World War I 

/in indication or how poorly prepared we were 

- for OOMSFi:.J 
REF ID: A62874 216 

. Title page of War De~nt Telegraph Code 1915 I 
- - REF ID~ A62 8 7 f)R SLIDI 19 

Two-part tactical code used by French ArDW" in World 

War I. The code groups were then enciphered! 
- - Jt>Ii -5L1Di 22 

REF ID : A62 ff7 4 

.......... ---- LEQTURE 

British Arm.Y Field Code, World War I 

IJ. two-step process. How we got copy -- Relations 

with British were not close. For that matter, 

relations with French 1n these matters were not 

too cJ.ose either. Bow we learned of ground intercept..! 
ICRU 676 x 3 1928 (1) 

KRUS 676 

KRUSA '200ii ( 2) 

676 

~ (3) 

CExhibite of all these with ms;f 
FOR SLIDE 24 

REF ID:A62874 

One of the American field codes 1 World War I 

LRiver series for tbe First Army; Lake Series for 

the Second Army J 
stitii 14.1 

REF ID:A6287~ nspecial Code Sectl.on Rspu~~ oy G-2, A-6, GHQ, AEF 

20 Nov 1918. 

/I crypt "bulletin" from the ADFGVX cipher. This toms 

- a good example or Special Intelligence in World War I.:.7 
REF ID:A62874 

One of the earliest examples of traffic anal7sis 

and traffic intelligence - based on study of 

traffic in ADFGVX messages. 
LECTURE- REF ID : A6M/LIDE 133 

Back in. Washington - MI-8 was working. 

Officers of M. I. -8 in World War I. 

(Point out Manly who solved the Waberski telegram. 

Practically all professors at universities---shows 

that ideas as to caliber of intellect required were 

good and recognition of fact that no pool from which 

to draw trained personnel because there is no 

civilian occupational specialty of the same nature.) 
LECTURE REF ID : A62J!llf' .fLIDE 149 

The s.1.s. eta.tr in 1935 

LCal.l attention ~ the vault door -- when we worked 

in great secre07.J 
REF ID:A62674 ZZ9 

Marshall - Dewey Letters 
REF ID:A62874 

.. .. LEC T~URE~··N--CJr~E---=='='=-~ SLIDEl.SO 

Magic Machine 
REF ID:A62874 

Collange, Gabriel de 

(His photo matches the mental picture the average 

laJJ118.r1 has of a cr,yptanal:yst. ) 

The veil of secrec7 has produced an air- or 1117ste17. 

Before the World War II, it was possible to do much 

processing merel.7 with pencil am paper. Now cryptanalytic lfDrk is a veey big b'Usiness -- complex:, expensive~ but pays big d!Vidends. 
ID : A.df_fjLIDE 131 

~ ryptanalysis of modern systems has been facilitated 

by the invention, development, and application of 

special cryptanalytic aids by way of machines. The 

nature of the problem - not merely the number of / 

permutations and combinations but the type is more 

important -- the question of testing out multiplicity 

of assumptions and hypotheses, commonly by 

statistical methods. 

High-speed testing is secret! 

-Earliest cryptanalytic devices at Riverbank. 

Laboratories.