16-3227 

In re Thomas R. Heavey 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A 

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY 

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN 

CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE 

EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION 

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON 

ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held 

at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New 

York, on the 25th day of January, two thousand eighteen. 

 

PRESENT: RORBERT A. KATZMANN, 

 Chief Judge, 

ROBERT D. SACK, 

PETER W. HALL, 

 Circuit Judges.

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IN RE: THOMAS R. HEAVEY, No. 16-3227 

 Debtor. 

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JOHN S. PEREIRA, as chapter 7 trustee for the Estate of 

Thomas R. Heavey, 

Trustee-Appellant, 

 

v. 

397 REALTY LLC, 

 Creditor-Appellee. 

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For Appellant: JOHN P. CAMPO, Akerman LLP, 

New York City, New York. 

For Appellee: DAVID H. SINGER, David H. 

Singer & Associates, P.C., New 

York City, New York. 
2

 Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District 

of New York (Cogan, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, 

AND DECREED that the judgment entered on August 17, 2016, is AFFIRMED. 

Trustee-Appellant John S. Pereira, as chapter 7 trustee (the “Trustee”) for the estate 

of Thomas R. Heavey (“Heavey”), appeals from the district court’s decision reversing, in 

part, a decision by the bankruptcy court finding that Creditor-Appellee 397 Realty LLC’s 

(“397 Realty”) post-petition actions violated the automatic stay pursuant to 11 U.S.C. 

§ 362(a)(4). Before the bankruptcy court, the Trustee moved for summary judgment 

asserting that 397 Realty violated the automatic stay when 397 Realty’s counsel “contacted 

the Kings County Clerk” to inquire why 397 Realty’s timely filed but inexplicably 

undocketed lien extension order did not appear on the Kings County Clerk’s docket. 

App’x at 126, ¶ 17. 

“When a bankruptcy appeal reaches us after district court review of the bankruptcy 

court order, our review of the bankruptcy court order is plenary. In undertaking this 

plenary review, we independently review the factual determinations and legal conclusions 

of the bankruptcy court, evaluating the bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions de novo and 

its factual findings for clear error.” In re N. New England Tel. Operations LLC, 795 F.3d 

343, 346 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). In so doing, we 

assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and record of prior proceedings, which we 

reference only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm the district court’s decision. 
3

The bankruptcy court found that 397 Realty’s inquiry to the Kings County Clerk 

resulted in the post-petition docketing of a lien against estate property and constituted a 

sanctionable violation of 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(4)’s automatic stay of “any act to create, 

perfect, or enforce any lien against property of the estate.” The district court disagreed, 

holding that a creditor violates § 362(a)(4) only if it is “reasonably foreseeable” that its act 

will result in the creation, perfection, or enforcement of a lien against property of the estate. 

App’x at 534. Because it was not reasonably foreseeable that the Kings County Clerk 

would act on 397 Realty’s inquiry by docketing the extension order, the district court held 

that 397 Realty’s inquiry did not violate the automatic stay. 

This case, however, does not turn on reasonable foreseeability. 397 Realty’s 

reflexive response did not violate the automatic stay because it was not an act to create, 

perfect, or enforce a lien against Heavey’s property. Pursuant to the automatic stay 

provision, the filing of a bankruptcy petition “operates as a stay of . . . any act to create, 

perfect, or enforce any lien against property of the estate.” 11 U.S.C. § 362(a)(4). While 

the adjective “any” suggests that Section 362(a)(4) paints with a broad brush, the statute 

also contains the descriptive infinitives “to create, perfect, or enforce.” These infinitives 

describe the types of “acts” that the automatic stay prohibits. In other words, only acts to 

create, perfect, or enforce a lien against property of the estate violate the automatic stay. 

Based on the facts that formed the basis of the Trustee’s motion for summary 

judgment, 397 Realty’s counsel merely asked the Kings County Clerk what happened to 

his timely filed extension order. On the facts before us, there is no indication that 397 
4

Realty demanded that the Kings County Clerk correct its mistake, nor is there any evidence 

to suggest that 397 Realty engaged in anything more than a simple factfinding inquiry. 

Section 362(a)(4) does not prohibit all acts which coincidentally set in motion the creation, 

perfection, or enforcement of a lien. Rather, the prohibited, and thus compensable, act 

must be an act to create, to perfect, or to enforce a lien. Because 397 Realty engaged only 

in factfinding and did not attempt to create, perfect, or enforce its lien, 397 Realty did not 

violate the automatic stay. 

In urging otherwise, the Trustee cites In Re Parr Meadows Racing Ass’n, 880 F.2d 

1540 (2d Cir. 1989), for the proposition that a violation of the stay “need not even be an 

‘act’ at all, but can be triggered without any action by the lienholder.” Appellant’s Br. at 9. 

The facts of In Re Parr Meadows Racing Ass’n are distinguishable from the case at hand. 

Tax liens in favor of government entities that arise by operation of law are sui generis, 

carrying with them their own treatment and exemptions as government interests under 

Section 362. See 11 U.S.C. § 362(b). Furthermore, our holding there rested on our 

conclusion that the tax liens “did not come passively into being ‘by operation of law’; 

rather, they were created and perfected as a direct result of the county’s assessment and 

taxation process, which consists of several ‘affirmative acts’ by county, town, and school 

district officers, administrators, and agents.” In Re Parr Meadows Racing Ass’n, 880 

F.2d at 1545. Accordingly, In Re Parr Meadows Racing Ass’n does not upset our 

conclusion that 397 Realty did not take an affirmative act to create, perfect, or enforce a 

lien against Heavey’s property. 
5

We have considered the Trustee’s remaining arguments on appeal and find them to 

be without merit. We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. 

 FOR THE COURT: 

 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk