f 

' 

REF ID:A7041f e 

- Patented May 1 1928 ... T" 1,667,780 _,, -

UNITED ST A TES PATENT OFFICE ... .._ l - f 

..... JOSJlPH GRASSI OF LONDON~ ENGLAN}> ., 

.... -.1 .,...,,. .... lL.. --~ 3... """' ~ <t - """" - APPARA.XUS FO~ dODIN'G ANJJ DECODING MESSAGES - ._ "'- t ~ ~ ....... "' 

f.Pplic ti n :Ill l M. y 21 11}23 S i l N s4o 546 nd in G t B it in 1 ~ 1 i'L22 

I _,.. f-,t.. .. "'; '\. .._ -~"t"\ .;-u 1. 

1 h~.pi im ent.:an 1 C'l•uc.., to ippi1 'l( ll"I for ui,e mo1111tt~l .on a bpmclle sud1 d1'3cs 01 pufleys 

in £01J.~ng unc1. l<'c.oclm~ lllCi$'ltgcc; and p10 h nm~ tli<' lcitu a11anged rn their per1ph 

'i<les 111 'lrl nratu., of c:mnple consh nctJon by N 1c!... or' on their oHk fa cc; n<'ar thur p<'r1ph 

the n <; of "luch 'l worrl mav be iead1ly erils ac; he1emnft<'l <lescubcd 60 

r ti u;1sJ?O cd mto-'l coue\} ow C''lpa.bk of pro The im ent10n "ill he more readily under 

nunc1'ltlon fo1 tr an mtc; 1011 b~ telcgr'lph ... too I Lv r<'f<'rence to the accompanymg 

k.tt1.1 h k.i hone~ lno tclcnstmg or other th 1 \\ mgs 'In 1 follo" mg descr1phon 

lll.~'lns T11~ clcvlC'C!' permit.., of a. m1Hhttlde I ig 1 1s 'l drn.gr'lmm'ltic \ 1ew 11luc;tiatmg 

o( d1.fl'u c..ni con~lm1'lhons to 1:,n e d1.fferent the rel1tn e arrangC'mrnt of letteu, m adJa aCJ 

10 code wo1ds {or the bamc:. ougmal \rnrd a cent columnc;; 

CQ). teypOb.clmglJ trrthged apparatnc:; at the Jl tg 2 I a f1ont cle\llhon Ol one .form of 

olhc1 rnd of nh1ch th m .,e1J_gP is sent seiv apphr'ttns emhod,mg the inve.nhon 

mg to decode tμ<. messttge Thus the ougi 1< lg 3 1b a irle <.>le' a.hon pat tl~ m section 

Un) \\ 014 C'llJl~O( Ue lScerf'llilC 1 from the Of the COUStruchon sh.own In rlg 2 70 

l:i code WOlcl unle7'> the pa"'fhrnhr cQde lS I JO' 4 1 'l f1 nt <'lernt10n o.f a modified 

kuo,,IJ, tvt e of appnr'ltus 

The 1m eJtlI.P.ll U,lllbl t ('c;;c;rnh'lllJ man ar I 1..., is m c.nd '1e\\ thereof 

J.a.ngemeni of lc:UP m tlle i >1 m of a column t ig G Jc;; a 'e1 hrnl c10 s s<'chonal '1ew of 

011 ,llJl Cil~lk~ h'ln 1 01 <'1UI\ lC'nt a number th<. <.oru.ti nct1on !=.ho\\ u m 1 igc. 4 and 5 the 75 

20 Qt pU£b c9Iuinnc<l pol~tls lC'Plb fu1 m'l.hcd ad lmc of SC'cflon bung t1k<'n through the cen 

JU Lablc. lJl iela.tion to one 'lnother hach te1 of ihe dist 'lncl c;howulg a pr~icrred wav 

colmnn c::.ont llI}S two or mote complete al of mOLml.mg ihe same 

phctbd::. of kUllb airaugC' l lll 'alletl SC l 1g 7 IS fi ClOSS bCchonnl nc\\ 1llustlatml:-

qu nces "m<l. th<' or1g111'll word it is desired rn dd ul on~ of the splndlt mountmgs so 

Z.'J to ho.n pose into coclc form 1s spelfod across rig 8 is 11. plan v1c.w of a further modi 

iht. ~olumn ha' 1ng on~ letter Qf each col fiecl type of uppar 'ltus 

u:ncn 'lncl thr s;o1.rc _Pond mg cocle word ap 1 ig l is a s1cle ck \'"'thon of the apparatus 

]:>.cu!> at a pr ecT<.tc.rmmNl clu.t mce a" 'lV from h "n m I'lg 8 

ilie pomt \\here the. 011,.....11'1'\l wbrd appea1c;; r1g io is 'l plan Hew sho"ml-. a modified H'5 

10 s11.1d couc "ore}.. 'llbQ Jmvmt:> a lettu of <'nch 'lll u1g<'mrnt of the <.onstruchon ~own m 

colunrn ll1'lt 1 t 1 fJ.Y thnt for c' cry letter I 1gc; 8 a,n~l 9 

m..:r.J 11lg 111 tl1e 011t-m'll "or l the1e is 'l clc.fi I 11=, 11 is a 1<lc el.Dv11t1pn of t11e c.onstruc 

mt<' lettu on t11L '>fillle C'Ohmm ( tetu'lJl~ 't t 1011 t.hO\\ 11 m f1,.... 10 

dtflurnt lettu)~" 1nch en e'3 to m'tke 11Jl the Rcfu rmg to I'tgm<' 1 of tlu ... dutwwgs 90 

35 colk "01.) 1'h~ c 1Jgrnal "01d L found t~ I!:> lll<'r<'h ...,nes 'in e'\Ullipl<' of m arian~e 

f10.1;1.1 the cqlic )\01 l m c;1m11,.'l1 fish1on 'lnu m<'nL of lctlus arnl <.t>lunms (o iender th<' lJl 

m 01 }ft to fa 1hlut<' th1 Jestrlpbon the '<'ItlJ.On clc'l1 

"OHl "l11d1 u; k{10\\n whelhe1 th1.. origmal In thtb 'IC\\ the bp'lCC'E> 01 c,1ght wmdow 

01 co<lc \\OH!~ w111><'111 .. 1em'lft.e1 ie{C'rred to ~ ~ tlnou~h "luch ihC' kno\\11 md unl~nown 115 

40 ,.., th<' 1 nown \\ord an<l tf1C' "orcl to I e 'tS- woi<l 'lte mdJ.C'llt I <tie Q.o"n <l.1sposC'cl c;1IC11 

ci;iJ. l1nnul th<' re from 'lb- t'fle 'unlo1own "mcl J.1c,tanu~ n '' 'l \ from oni.i '1nolhe1 that th1..1 c 

lh~ 1pp't a{usm1J f1tH!'ltfnrahb, ofbC't l'! t romt)l<'ic 'llph'lb£'t of h.,.enl.) ix letterS" 

pornl.~i:J>l'O\J {eel 'llOUn l ihl <.0lumns for the 011 e'l h column 1 1 b~ween them 'rhe 

fouuatiop nllCl 1 <''l ling ot the kno,vn <tnd ep 1r if al1 l .i,Letb o~ t lr1p cl1ffc1 from onC' In 1 

45 w1Jmoj\ll \\OCd.b 1e9_J"Pcind~ an~ ptin of mother m thc1r .J!qnen('e of letters and e<tch 

"luch U\'l\ be u eel cl1 U11... ame t1iue for th~ h.b 'ln Jrt1l~'\ nurube1 01 kev to Identify it 

fo11uat10n o~ tl).t. Jmm\ 11 "01c1 'lml t\1e r<'ad a.ml as t}J.e E.t11pc, Jn'l) be interchanged each 

lllb of lhl Ullk\lOWll Wotil ~(' JlCCtt' eJy g1v fh Ip h'l<; 'lll mcl<'...: nun~Let <;O that 'ln.} par 

lllf:, d11im ent \e~ comL1111hons "1thout hcula1 one \11 l~ bt. dete1mlnccl Thu on the ll 

liO ch u1t,,mg the pos1i1on of. the columns < r C'\:llt'm.~ IdL hand c;tr1p rons1d<.>J;"mg the up 

alphabet l'C't' sp ~I,) 2 is the numP1 al 1'1 Lhe fir t fig 

lhe 11pp'l1ntus <'mployed for c.J.rrymg out lir<' '1z: l Qf wh1ch lll hl 'tt s the partu.ular 

the m'\'"enhon consists either of a numbe1 P..f !:.trip -ind tht. .,e.c.,on<l fit-trure v1~ ~ oi said 

"-n<llcss strip o[ bmtable material arra.ngeu number the pai:ticulQ.r alphabet on that strip Jut 

55 c;i<le Ll s1cle and adJUSt'lbly mQ1mted or a said numer'll 12 conE.!1,Lu.tm1,, whn.t will be 

pluu1lity of d1E>c wheels or pulleys rotatnbly teuncd 'la I ev It is to be uncle1!:.tood that 

"'!' y J'~ I 

...... 

..... ..J..L_ .... ..... 
oj 

REF .. 

"' ~ 

166"7780 I'" 

,. ,, 

- ~ - --- -...... } ...... 1f <.>ach .... t11p 01 bmd 1 h ul (oni 1lph'lbds uh1 11nng<.>me1!_!" of ::.el::. 'lnll 'l]ph'tbdc.,, on 

th<.>Lcon 1t \\oultl he cqmppcd \\Ith .four I..e'\-c; the llccodmg m'fchmc 1s m 'l~IC<'m<.>nt 'H1.h 

Mch kc.} be mg nrrnngcd m the &p'lcc behccn -that by whic.h the" 01cl w 1c; ougmall~ coclccl 

the. adJ 1cc>nt al_ph'lliet 'lncl the '1Iphabet num rrhe npp u atus 'll the ckcodmg encl ma) be 

6 bc1etl c.onsecutn<.>ly 1 2 3, 4th.cc ;nmμei:uls set ~~th tl~origi11'1l hy comm1m1c'1Lmg the '10 

uemg phced nt the ught of b\ o dI_g1ts tho pn1 ticul.ir mde" 01 I..ey nu.mheu. m use> 

left tl1g1t hemg the one mchcntmg 1.he :17-um rhe remnmmg_ llgureS" of the d\:'1" mg 11 

bu of the sl.up on "h1ch the ulph'tbets were lui:.l.ro.l.c n1 mus forms of app111 ttus con 

1 pphed Fo1 mst.J.nce 'lS nbo' e pornl.ed 01.1t, sh ucted m 'lCCord;mLC "U;h.f,!!d ~nc91 poi 'lt 

10 the kc..,\ 12 sho" n m J11g 1 would J.11d1c.nte mg the m\ enhon...,. _ '15 

that I.he <-h 1p "ns numherecl 1 'lnd the 'liph'l One npp10\ eel. consh JLCllon 9f .npp'lt 'ltus 

bet numbe1ed 2 I 1ke,v1se the numC'ral 13 emJJoQ.ym~ the unenho11 J.Ei sho\\n m FJ.g 

on nid stup \\oulu 1mhc'ltc aiph'lbet num lirc,s 2 and 3, Lew.g ftont cle' at1on nntl }_1'11 t 

be1 3 'lnd stJ ip nnmbe1 1 nnd so on !lC..Ct10nal c:1d~ c~ 'tho!\ r<.>o:;pectn c~ Tlus 

us Conc:1de1m~ 1.be c:econd nml th1rcl c:t11ps conslu1rtion emPJovs a numb<'r of en.dlcss Bil 

from the left, 1t \\Ill h< ol,lc;c1•c.1.l that the bnntls c9nstituttn_g the,btr1ps.m Ii1~1e I on. 

'o"eh a1e cqmd1<-tanth c:p'lccd 1p'ltl 1•01 "hu~h _the Iette~_n1e 'ltia,ngcll Thl C:'lltl 

e:\.'lrnplc> '1 numbc>1 of 'O\\ els nught oc.cnpv OJ1p'lrnt'us campuses n f1 'lmc conshl.utc1l Ly 

consecutnc> c:p ices p1m 1dccl n 'o"el m tbc side p1cmb<.>rii 3 ':i qncJ. c10ss."mrmbc1c; 4, -1 

20 known \\Olll gnes '1 conec:pondmg 'o"el m 'I,~'lns,e1se rq~ 5 a1e vitmgul nenr 1.he re 8"1 

the tJnl..!10w11 \"\"Olli fhe c:paces 2 'lle ar bpcctne endr:. of Qw f1'\1}.1e<1, ancl rolfcrr:. 6 'lIC 

rnngccl such a d1 ... t mc:.e 1p u t th tl "lu n n rohtably mow11.Qd thc)l!on I I}llles~ L'lnds 

'O\\ el 'lppc'lt son one sf11p tluonp:h one spnce 1 1 ate C''tt ru:id o~)'l1d 10lleJ§,_nncl lhe &p'lccs 

2 n 'o"el 'tic:o '1ppea1s m ihe otbe1 c:pare .fot the known n1ul unl..n°'rn \\QlW. •uc 

211 on the same i:.l11p 1hc. Ult<' npphcc; to cDn fo1m.<.>d bcb.cen,:Sp'lcetl p'lm;i o.f h \ni:.,e,1.s~ 'lO 

~onnntc: As an e"'i:nmplt lhc \\(>l<,I. "fhc" is h·p:s 7~ 1 C'lch {wo fornqng .sight \\JnUO\\S 

spelled m the upper ap'lce 'ln<l _gn c.c; the 01 ~rnm<'c; tx11-mn~seh o:C the HJ.O\:_'lhle Jncm 

wo1d "somo" (m U11.s pn1hcul'lr mc:t mce), Leis or bandc; t}1r9ugh wluch the code notes 

m the lowe1 sp'lce, \\luch μ; c'lp'lLle of pro and mcfex symbols of thq m~c..." memb~1l> \Vlll 

10 nunci'lhon Both the •o"elo; nncl thp. con nppc1r lp'lc}1 ~·ur or bn1::i 7 1s c:;h~lnhh 11"1 

son'lnts nre ·uranged in n i:.pcc1'1Ih r'llcn moq:r,t.tecl on t le ,&.cl~ member::i of lhe f£.rl'mc 

lated or<l.e1 so t11'lt all tht. letters m the UlJ. bJ extension-parts the1cof J n:qmng m 101i1p 

known wordfij 'Ylll always ue utfl'.crent ftom tudmaI groo,es ~;. 8 lJl fh~sall\ <-1fle mell\. 

the corrcspondmg Iettci.s m the known f.,1,1s 1 j;._ sm~1lar ll\tl\ngemenJ:. ma' be £m 

si; words ,.. ~ ~ t.. mc:hecl at ~:.i.ch ~e of tlw <j,_9.v1cc 'I he cml ino 

bmce the alphabets on a smgk strip c>nch l~s b'lnds 1, 1 lll!:l) Le o.f rnbbe1 l.'lpe or an" 

ho.Ye a d1iic>rent sequence of letlc.rc:, tlw code otqei des1recl lll'lter1'll pnrl mav be ma~l~ 

ma) be 'lltercd b\ tnrnmg 'll\\ one 01 morn ndJ11c:tnb1c 't'3 lo tcTJc:ion LJ mon_nimg one 

c;tr1pc; so th'lt 'lnothcr nlph'lh<'t <;omcs mto .o.f the rodr:; 5 111. ~lots 'lnd < m1>lO.} m0 yf'lils 

40 use 'lnd, If 1.lie 'lq 'ln"ements of lettcis on 9 !) pn otcd to the> fiamc 'lnd furmsl\~<l "11.h 10, 

'•u 1011.S ... t11pc: e'lC'h dtffc>r f10m ol)e 'lnOthu 'tltern'ltn e noicJ~ .fo1 p1 ec;c:m.,,. 'lg um.t i.,•ml 

th~ code mn' be tltc1cll u\ rnt<'rch'ln~m~ the 1011, gn ml, 'l l:.h~tdung efl'lc.! to j.ho ~IJ.,IP"' 

bh1pc: Th'lt IS to 8'1' 1t l'-> po<,SJ.bl<.> Ill ll i.\..nolll<'l ('Oll,l~<'I~t !011111>] '1ppa1 tlur:; roi - prncticul 'lncl eo.sy \\ 'lY to .contwuouc:;lv cnir\ mg oul the~m <'ni1on \.& ho\\ n m l! 1.,.. 

411 change combmations of keys f91 J?'lth n ord mes 4) 5, 6 anll 1 1 1rnl emplo\.., 1 nmnhe1 of 110 

of a mcsc:nge, \Hthout changmg once the re 1hsc-, JO 10 h'l' 1p.g_ the lt.Uc>1-. ~umccl on then .. 

spcct1l"e poc:1hons of columns and aiph'lbci.., per1phc1 v, 'l'llfl cl1c;cs Le1P.a mtlq>c>ndcnth 

F01 ln"'tancc> with (om o.lphahcts to a col 10int'lblv motmtr,s.l QJl t. c:pmdlC' 11 1' tgm c _ 

1mm one Im.fl nt his c;hc;posal tw<.>lve llr~er 4 Jc; 'l fi;put ')C\\: mcl ql10wc: th1 1 c:pmtlle 11 

150 ent cmpbmnhons of Im\ s winch one (!!ln use C'lt llC.\l b} b<'anngs m c:l u11lq11lc: 1'2 '11. e'lc11 11 

m any "'eqnenC'C that may be pre airangecl o;f. 1ti; e.nt.lo: F1g.u.1 e 5 l"I 'ln ernl \IC\\ tllC'I ( 0 r 

with 'l. coi rcc:pondent The abl>olutc differ Jf1gme 6 is 'l r1~ sectim,i 1.h1 ough the cen 

ence from one a,nother 9:£ the translations ire of jhc discs v11l 1

§{10\\s \ p1efeucd meth 

iesultmg :£1om these b-rehQ combmi1hons of ou of m9tm.tmg ~me 'lh'lt 1io to S.'l.y twl 

511 k<.>vc:, can be proved b"\ ti mspoc;1nb the &'lrne discs arc le' oiuhh mo11nlc1l on 'l- ::.lLe' <' ..13 i"hlf 

"known" '~ord m eacl1 of the t" ehc c:o01b1 flanged nt e'lch eJ.111, one> o_f s1tul iln1l_g~~ 14 ot 

n'thons of ke1 c: antl b\ cQmpnr1son it will both bcmg dehch1blc> 1fus. 1i1 Jngcmcnt 

be founcl thot the re ullmg tweh e "un permits enc;\ UlO:CJ hon () r the <hr:.u, m1.o po 

kno\\n' ''"ollls will h'l'C Q.11 of the conso c;1hon as <l'lmc '@rpl 1cc1l en "Gloe 1n1.o posl 

oo n'lntsd1ffercnt f19moncnnothg1 'lh.u;c;ofu1 ito_n,, the spmd~ 1\. bem0 c,1mph passc1l 

ns I nQwn hns ne\.er J;>ee,11 effected before and i}u ough the o:lcc"fc lQ 'lntl the '6en1 m_gS m 

msures absolute secrecy Thus the device is tht. stn.ml~r<J_s l2 ~ - capable of a vac:t number of differ<.>nt codes, Whc..n the known "oul has be~n fot med, 

and the code word if picked up can onlJ be the discs ar~ rq_t".11.ted en :Qlqe m order to as 

GIS transposed to the origmal word i:£ the parhc certam the unkno\\n word, and m order to 130 T'"' ~ -

~ 

- ..... ... -., 

t -.. - .. 
t 

f 

... 

... 

rieta~n fl1e d~scs \n f.he<l t<'ia.t1on, 1Qcf-t.o eμ 

SUI e usml?j t h1., lOll e<.t 'IT pft11.tiei. or n <;1 nglo 

~s~\i tl1e 1ollo\\ 1nb mec'liams:rn 1:::. 'l.licdf',Vb rat~ ~ 

5 T"o boc;S<'s earh ha\ mg a nutnber of , .... racJ1ql arm~ rn 'lre re\olublv mounted on the 

spindle, one on each c;·ui<>, on the outer sides 

0£ the d1~c1:: anll the icspccti'\ e 'l'rlhs a'rh 

co'l.me'clctI 'lClO§S 'U.} c,pmdl<'c, l'i One of ..,'lICl 

IO spmdles is constituted h~ a c;pht tube 18, 

hmg-edl.} nro1mted fo onl! of the nnns 16 .fO 

as tQ "Le capable of swmgm~ a" av frotil. thr 

periphery 0£ tlie J1c;cs and is 'tc'J.apted to l'e 

eh'\ e 't spindle l'l ac; seen rn F1g111e 'l 

18 w.h1ch is a c::ro~_ge.chou. U1e:rcthrbugh Saul 

'\ spmclk 10 lb fur111c;h<'1l "1th 11 1ong1tm1rn'll 

1ce,) 2h "ludl kin ptOJ<..cb, lh1 oug11 ih<' slit 

... 1h q1c tube., anc'l ""aul kc:\ 1.c:; arl.aptecl to e'n a.Jc lh gtoo'\"C!S "20 Oil t11~ pc11phcr1 of lh1., 

20 is~S. TtJ.at ~"" t..o aa.} bctttcC'n the ad1aceot 

etters oi aa~11 1.hsc~ 't fr'l'n~ u c,e ~fo6~'e 20 

is fotme~J and 'lt th(' dn1s1011 01' thl alph'I. 

l.Jet,s Oll. e'lc)1 cl1sc t)1c1 l ll> J)I 0\ 1dul 'l pro 

-j~ctufg p1h 21 t11C' nrrnn,~Nmut hung ..,uch 

-i5 Wiint 't"I the J.ec,1r;C(l lettc>r ~Qn the 'I C.."PU.I n c ~ ~s al.e dohSt?fotneh 'lrtanec rt m poc:;1hon 

tie~ ate Iock~Ci by pnc.lunt-o the c,prn,lfo 11 

).fl.tq. the tu.bq its kev 20 engaging in the 

ltl'ob' (ii; M a~Jacent the letters the proJcct 

10 m«. 'fn'tl.s 21 of tlw unlocked cli~cc,, l>v con 

tactmg WHh 'the sp'Indle 10, p're\ e.Il.tmg saul 

\μifoc'kec'J. 41scs :q1at..u1g a complete r<?"1 olu 

t!on, ll.1ld cions!!<{ulfut1y pre'\ ontmg the etto 

nj:lous pa!ls'lng f1oin dfl.e alphabet ihto an 

1., other alphabet while smd sp1ndle 1s in po - Sit1on 

In use., tne known "01d 1s fo'lmed a1o'tlg t~1e eJ.1:,e ot tJte ~it)(Uc 20, anil the ·un.lmO\\n 

i10l'J reli.tl 61F al9n1:, lh1., cclge of one 6f t1ie 

411 dthei;.,pp1tidl<'s 17 

A sun1;ler con~budbdn ot 1ppal.i.tus cm 

bbdj"ln'J' the lll\ent10n IS sllO\\Il lJl T1_g111e$ 8 

a'ncl 9 bJ;J.DO' 'l plan ancl edge \le\\ '.r0$pe<' 'h'\'~h Su~.flp11aHl'.!ns c..omp1fS~b It !J'lc;<:! 22 

4:; 11k\H\-g a spllulk !tS un -«luch uc conu~ntu 

c~lly inom\l<'ll 'I J1hn tht' of chscs 21 of 

%1 y'mg d1'1.meters the la1 0 cst Lel'na at the 

~vtto!f!. ~o Jl1'lt part or ono d1 c O"\ e'r9.np::. till. M~e of the tl.1sc abo\c 1t forming tn cffclt 

.,o -a 11111 !U on winch lette1s at() roi mt?il or 

l\WaYi~ed 't' tch utn is-fm med '(nth tlu. 

)Mtnte )llJJl~pet of let terr;:,, "h'Ich 'll e ug wtetl 

to ieglc:;ter 

in "'Figures 10 tnn 11 lS bhO~ :ti 11 lllOUillt' l 

55 hon of the 1ast aesi:il'ibcd constructloh,, Fig 

f\,te lt{ bemg an ele' at1011 alll1 F1gt1re 111 ct 

t 1cal se<;\tQn through lufo x-:r tlu i:eof rhe 

discs 25 aro of equ:al dinm:ctcib a ri a11~cd m 

c:tag~ered rQlat1on, each !Jem,,, pn otect to a 

60 sti. 111, 26 anj the shuts nm &o 11.irb.~ged thnt 

th<.. yn ots a\-e E!lt1ltchst'lntly c:paced 'tp'ltt so 

t:fiat a. crescent shaped part of 'ln undc1 

nE!'b.th disc }J'ro)Mts on one s1Je mer the 

edge 0£ the disc above The discs are ar 

615 i angeu on each of their sides v.1th letters 

- - ... ... 

r,:r ,.--;. ~ - ,..._ ... '!in ~>i ... 

tle!Q.'r the1t pet1p'h'ertes sa'J.d letters bemg at 

ia'b.&cC! ih suc-11 a ma:hfiet that the 011g1n'tl 

V.6r'"){ 1c; C'ompociN] b~ the 1J.e'ttc1s 0'11 't11e ClLS 

cell.'t shaped p'roject1ons sti.c'h as ms on on~ 

htde1 the coil~ '' o.t:d l.l'>'Peat1'1lg on 'Lhe !3rtt11 "10 ~ar sha.pcd p'i"OJeCtmg Pa.its 21)b of 'the arMs 

Oh the':i'i othc'r Sidcs The Strnts 26 a1e q1cM 

togefhqr bv meaM qf a suppot't 27 hfl'I mg a 

part ~8 wlnch e'.i.lc1t clcs th~m ah<l r1g1dly 

holds them p.1 poc.,-ftion tmtil 'rtll'fl'l.'l.'red to 'bb ~5 

released ~or Jnte1chanhmg The strut::. 26 

and supp01 t 27 hre fol'Itl.ed 'Wtth ape1 tlttr~s 

ena.hlmg the letters on the discg to be seen 

t herPthrougl1 

Witl1 a dcv1cc o'.f ~his c;haractcr con.st1 ue'ted 'ftlo 

0£ ten chskci as c:ho" n m F10'S 4 I) and '6 

and ~ach disk lu.t."t'tng iour aii)habcts on its 

p(l't'1pl1~'r' it 1s obuous that the mstrntnt?nt 

"O'llld <..ontain ten "CL::. of four alphab~ls 

each tl\t're bemh four keys anrl fot:1tv a1pha ltfs 

bet.small With four keys twehe difforent 

ke) com'bin,ations may be founbd far tthe 

formul1on o.f the Imo\\ n wor<l nnd. the r~ad 

mg' o'f the unkno\\ n wot d and 1'f une Wl'.>lli 

of th.C' o.r:rlmo.r.} language "~c C'Ocled lll 1:1ach lf1o 

o [ t'he h d' b com!Jinntions of I eys o'f one 

c,m~lc pos1i1on of the m~rmneni, ':Li '' oulll 

Le £omid that i.hc resttltl:hg 'I:\\ ch e code 

words '' ould ha V'e all t!he cdrflcspo'tld'Ing coo 

S-O"lani.s chff't'l'ent from one an<:>tfie1 n,11d from r5 

th<.. co11 ~}Jdndmg consonant& 'In. the.. 011g1'1lal 

woHl, anJ the.. co1 r<l~ohclmg 'owe ls •m tfh.e 

1 no\\ n !ihcl t11e unknov. n 'WOTd "' ouhl ne\ er 

be the Slime The a'r'.t u11ge1M"n't of ui"Sks, 

alphabets and keys 1S veiy 1:1hh)?le and is (l)b !JOO 

ta1ned as 'follo~ "S "-

The first 'letter spaC!e o-f each alphabet car 

r11..s i'Vle> sepa'mtc d1g1t~ t1he IJ.c..'ft <.hg1t f1o'm 

na11ght to nl'ne 1'l'lrbelll1ng 't111C chsl nmtil<:lor 

,\ lulc the right 1hg?t from 'n'lnght to lou'r i'n iro .. 

n1c'ttc,>s thC' 'nmh1)<'1 nf the nlphahtit on the 

Ll1bl, fo1 mbin'l'lce flt "oulct -,hl'>'V\ thnt lJJcJe 

c'h::.I numht t " 1t<i 'l uflcl th~ alp'habct 'flltltlbo1 

" tci l 'lml c,1n<-1., ihr alphabC'l.., t.lC C! t<'h ilr<lk 

ire l111ii1bNt!d co1H!C'l\1tn 1?1\ 1 2 '3 and 4 rt IS I LO 

ncC'es::.ar~ to know cml'v 0".11C' hev of a1i, poc:1 

hon df the mstrum~t ih o'J't!lu to ac;ce'.l 

i'lm the 1 ematmhg lcey"I a't 'the snmc pd!niron 

It w1ll t.1ms be sel'ln that by ~mplo-v1hg a 

p](...tll .i.ngecl sequence of the t\\ ch c coon bi 11 1 "i 

nations of ke~ s it is only net.e!:isa.t v to lmO\\ 

one h.ey anil to IeJ..fbtct the m~h utul't1l 111 

th lt kc~ rn order to ptti. all the other kers 

anl],__!tll lhe,. l" ~h c lte.} wmhmJliIOIJ,b a.l..,o m I cgister lt'ady for Operatmg \\ tthout boflher I 0 

i'n~ about ttn) other mrlrcat10n 

Thns "ith the fot!f alrih 11.ets of llus fl.I? 

r:i..tr.i.tus the same kno"Wn '(\01cl mn'V ho found 

rn key 1 and the tuiknov<.n '"o:rcl re td rn Jcevs 2 3 and 4 'the same knO'\\n 'fV01<l be.mg 1 

!01 tn<!U..m '.key 2 ahd t be unkno"' n ""tirtl t'elid 

in 1.e) s 1, 3 and 4 the S't'.!'ne kb.o\\ h word 

formec1l m 1.cy 3 and the fib.known !Wo:t'd 

read m keys 1, 2 and 4, and when the same 

1 nown word is £orm~cl ;m key 4 the unknown 130 

~ - I - - -i. .... ,... .... ~ .,--. .. 

;!~.l- .1.fl''l-t'\ ,.,, .s + .}- - .. -"4'cA-t.;:.-~ It' .. _ ... _.il"l::i! 

--..:i.-- ...A.-~ i... ..,. 11:r ....... .,.,,..._....,...~i'llH -_.-.P--- lF-c.,. ~Jlor;....-°"31--~~ ~ -. '--:M --\. ... ., "' "'"'" ..f...-:.r ..... ~ ..-1..... 6 t. JA 

.... •""' w:-w " :;Jr." r• -i~ 

~ - ""... ., - 'fl l' ~-=:.!:._..,,,,. ..

 .- -•flt.-- J. a,.,..-" ~_A~ 
...... 

REF ... ID:A7041f r-

.... ' ' 

- . • . .,. ,_ .... 

.... . - I 

~ 

'\.M.. ~ 

~ ~ - _.I "" .._ 

\'\"01u is re'l.cl m kcyR l, 2 U.\111 i.thcr<;py r.ro- "il.Qllla\l\ 'l co,n~'lnt LQ ~notJ.1el but <3,iJie1-

' 1dmt~ t\veh e coclc word$ h'lung no simlla-c 't!J;i.t consonant. ia.-thc .,.otJ1~~r alphabet or al- GI 

itv whate,e1 one with the otl\er o:i: with th .. e :i;>lulbetc;, s9 th'!tbr e~'lch kQ_own, wb1d,a coc.1~ or1gmnl word, w..1,thou~ reCJ,mpng any mtei- \\01cl nm) a)bo Jn .. formed c.1.mt..1.rnrng ,!in 

I chnngmg of the cohu,uns or maying th"m c<Jual :number 1. vowels nnc.l consommts ns ? 

d ls .f I -r 1'1'. i I I • ' • ,. \ I "·· I .. for\va1 s or backwarc r-or the:. purv.ose. o t ie illOWn yro1 J 1 • 1 , • --... 

chnngmg keJ S1 uc;mg one sfogk pos1hon of .... .J t:q. 'l <;oQ.hm 'lTI<l lleC..,.O~\m$' 'lpp.}t 'l.tUS 70 , ,. 

the lppnrn~ns only Th11s , tlie~c- t,, eJYe Jl).e'lns fo1 !Q.rm¥1g known. "Ollis at c.~\.ln.1~ _ ~ ... combmatxons of keys of one sp1gle positron pos1t1011-. tcr0Sf>JJ1e 'lppnralnc;, '111e1~by un10 of tho 'lp}1'lratus :rJl'lY be ~mploye<l m \any lmo\\n ''01q::. nutQmah<;,itl,l.y 1ppl'nr 'lt other~ tsequence c er:;1red Vf!lllg a. cl1ff~rent cpmhvla- pos1t10n'il•c::'lHl n!:_enns co~1pnsing 'l l~\U.~~),i~Y tion for each, wo,r<.l,o~ .. tlu .. Jll~~sage... H of, plph wets ant[ l pl11r'lbfy of, ke)r:;, p.ncl 76 

I chrn;i. - ' I """ I I 1, ~ ' t !f"- 11\enns ei'nplo1 mg, a. l1. ti.r'~rl'\\J: 'xomb1r.;nh,s>Jl. 

1 ~\r1rn at us fo1 hanc_;fori11111g },nown of "l.lp'h tbt,ts l<>J...e'lch ]e!_t~ ,(IJ l!. \'°rd_ >1¥d 

111 wo1ds m,to cotlo. ~{J.cls nnd, vice \ei~a, "Om- fo1 l"l<'h '\Ot•f _JL cldfeubl combm'lhon of ...... "\. " .. ... "' -,.iq s'N _,.. } rt ' 51i.-

p1 ismg " s<'i 1cs: o mQ' .1ble mu,t""-2 mn11.er::. Iw:\ s • h , «'"" , : 1 ...; "P't" • t 1 :1 -, .. .: • 

d1~poscd tums,e1 ... c1) of s~\~l nmt<.1 the ,13ur- b ,In ,.1 cocfo1g .md l1ccol mg apparat!li; so 

face or 1>'lch \nut bcmg dJYHlccl rnto ll pin- IllC"l\\lC., io1 fot.mmg knp\111 ,'' OJ,ds a\ c:.el t~m - iaht~· of nlphaq,c::t !>p ICC!> and rnje1 H'J).mg pos1honc., acrnss 11ie .1pp'lrQ.rns, w}l~ieb~ un20 cnphon spacec;, <''lCh .i.lphabct r:;Jl'lCe hqvmg known "'ordr:; :ltili)mahca1l~ <tppear o.t ot'~ei , theicon the c}l'l;ractc1s,.of a ccmplet<' t1pha- pos1ho_nc;, sa1tl D1Mns c.6tb.pusmg a plural1tv 

bet a1rangccl m nbno11n 11 c;equence, the Ill- or J>i:p'J.lule~ Jll~Crdt'lngcupJe1 cqltupn~, SRI~ 81 

- rangement of tho ch'lr }.dPf~, o:f thr 1 ~spe('- colpmns bc1:pg_ IQdcpendel!.!Jy 1:p.o,•n}l~e htfd ~ _ tne 'l.lph'lbets bemg lldYJ?1e11I f,!9H,L,@ch n<l]u'-tnhle idt~<'l) Co each, othcn, e~c11 ., • _ 

ZIS othe1, thG~YO\\el<. occtu4ng m)onu 11Iphal,iet c.olmn.n ha, mg ~-phnahl..} p{ .1Ipflllbets n1- L , 

of l'aclt mut occupyrng sp'lcc.., coucspoudm~ i mgcd 111 in uh!,>!o}r<'n lrn,Ef_o.ntl c,'lSlf '1lp"l.mw1th t.hc spaces OC<;up1cd by the YO\\e}c; or pefj,_,.CQlllpllS~ng t~ventj-Sn: lettcrs,aJlU ;I.)).fCl,,- 00 

the othe1 alphabets of tlll' s'ln1e.. up1t 1 ~11 lfC'1 Y~ning c'lpl t01,1 spneec; betwlien tl~a 'llJ1)1'lbPt:o, 

ent YO\\cls occurmg upo:p. thL co11e~pondm~ till' fottc1c; of t~.respechve Ei1plmbet$ being 

ao \OWel spaces of the rcspcctn e alphnLclc; o.t ll1Jtc1cntlv a1'1 m~ccl relative fo,~ncl,\ ot:P,~r, 

e'leh umt and c1Ps1gnntmg cl1'lracters ap- lhe sam~ !jequen~e of ~onson'll).l§ nnd T'O\\elb 

pearmg upon the cnphon sk'accs ·.. bei.ng mo.mtamecl foi i!f )lie ,,alpb.'l?e~ ~of 95 

2 For codmg and d.ccQtlmg npp'lrntuc; a one coj\nt1n1 "11.]1 t,he s~quen~e JP. s;~h. columt havmg 't S.].Ufac.e diY1dcd lnto ,a plu- unm thfr~rc,nt f~Qm tl1at m th .. e pt.her-. .. 

33 rahty o.f 'llphnbct sp.ices p.n~l mten emng _ 6 A.pp u 1tμs for. cotJ.mg amt P,cc:od1p.g 

caption :01)a.ces, each tlphabet space ha' ing secret mesi::,ages ~nsfsting of a phua],\ty .~f 

t.heicon Om ch i..iac.ters of a complete nlph.t- colnmm .. ,tdJustnWe tq one nnptlwr anq 1p.tcr- 100 

bet urnng~d Jll abnou1ial sequence, tho n1- cha.n~c'lulc with ench oihe1,, eac)t cofornn 

rnngement of thc_~h1uac1;.e1 s o.f the ico;p<'c- contnn1mg 'l pttlr thty o~ '!)ph'lbclc; \v}tere40 inc 'llphnbcts of !;'ll<.l mut l>emi:r 1liil'P1l'nt bJ the l)nown "Q'i.dc, may ho fq~m~<l and t111,e 

f1um each pU1er, vq\\els oc~mrmg m Q,na nnk.Q..own wpn1$:_1co,μ, across ~n!1 ,<:9lu~ric;, n 

'llph..1.bct of c tch 1m1~ qpcupymg 'IE_ U:lS co1- <'ttti_h cohunn cc~,n~uning n 'plu13hty of alpha- 105 

l"<'">pomlmg with the F-p tccs oc.cup1ecl h\ the beU., thf:) sp'lcmg of tl~~ \O)\E'lh. 11,1, bJ,l tlio 

'o"elb of 1.ho otheJ, 'llphabe.i1:> of S'll<l 11,111t, ali:ibabels ucl11'gtt•rrgtl.lar, si1cl1 iriegul,111ly 

45 d11Tc1enl 'O\Yels 0CC\1.rr111g 1111on the coqu- :Demg d1ffci;enf b..oin c::i.c;h cql1191i1 but bl!lli- _ 

f.poritlmg \Owe} $p11Cl'S. of iJt9 lc;.'~p<'clnc lar mall the a]pJ1abets of tho SQDJ.~ ~o1ll,lllllc; alph'lbetc;, 'llplubct d~ign.atrng ~h'l1 'lc..t111s 'l .App'lintns "f01 coli.ll{g •ioncl (~9Ro<tmg i\o 

.ippM1mp: upon the <'Ipllon i;p1c.ec::, 'lnll 11111t J>ec1ct inessages l!bnc;tbtlng qC'1L1r1ura11tyLo.f 

loc.atmg rh'll \cle1i;. _.i.ppl''lrmg ypon tltl' C'lp- colnmrn. ac.1Jus1.jble ~o one nnotl~.r :.M,,,I lt\-

60 i 10n i::-p..tl.es """¥ ~ ,, • , ~ tr1 s:lmn.J!eabl~ ~JJ.J1 <;'l<'h Q~~e~, enc;h <;olm1}n ", 

3 ~\pp u ..ti us fo1 ~odmg tl.ld .. de~o11iug t..Pntn111,u1g a pluruht.} s>f alphabet::. whereb, 

secret u1es<.ages -coust<.tmg of Q. plm 1ht' of ll\e howll \\.Q.I'\1§. 1ll'lJ be fo1mccl l,\Dd the 115 

columnc:: 'ld111~i1tlile to ont> 'luofl!eJ 'lp\! )Jt· nnkni'mn \\Olds ~acl 'lcro$i; .111 co1t1JJ!~~' ea~J1 

tC'u .. l,i'ln~enblc., w1(b e.lcl} othl'J <'nch rolnmn cQlJJnm cpnl umng 'l plm 'llit \ pi nlpJm~cf~, 

65 lOn1.ammg 'l plm'llitJ of tlph th.ct::. ''heie- Hie \O\\els .unll ~on'>Om,mt~ \\liu,h n1c~ ;t\-

U\ lhc 'IJmO\\ll" ~\QI d .!. 'll! bJ:i io,i.nll'd anrl iarigecl m spC'CI~ly c t1rnhit..rl OJ.111.\.. ~ whl'r(j?- ... 

tho "nnl-.nO\rn" "oHl ('aJ1 be rP id ac1 QC!S 'lll hy 'lll the }~tle1BI_ m the; t\1t}.,nv" n \\.OH( aj- 120. 

co'lumnc.., ch u ndu17c.d by th,\s th'll c~cg £_ol- )vays cl1ffe1 ~1 OJ,P. (he f!;O\l~l101111~ng lctl.et'l:i 

unm of lcUus 10d;tc'J.tci). op ihc..wlum~ con- ln the kno,\n }\Q.ra , - ~ ;:,_. ... 

eo tmn:o a plm'lhty o:f alphabets so p.111Jnged In te~tunon~ whe1cof l ho.'c affi-s:~ my 

that C''lch ,·owel of an p.lph tbct nlw~ys coirc- signature h~rctoJius 0th clay Qf l\lny1 f023 

It 

l , 

? • 

\ 

J 

sponds to another but different "YO'Y~l o.f .... , ~ • , .... :..... .. _ !~ ~';;,_-;, 

another alphabet of the 1>amp cplumn, ~nd ~,..., _JO~:JtPif'g~;A.~SI1 'la: .:.. ~· _ 

I 4 "''t:'<• 1 

• "' "'"' A ~ J J(~ "';)I 11 '( fv• : '.i ., 

1 I -t 11'1 I ~ ' t I I ! "J ., (f J 'I f I ..ct 1 f' '* .1 ~I • p1'" .. ;. f' ~I _J ., ~ ! ,' "' ~ ......,, - - lo ... ~ .......... 

- .. ~,,.. 't.... ... - ~ ~ 

_... 

"1" 

t ,,p • .... ~ 

. :""' ,-..... - _, -

~ 

- .. ~ 
REF ID :A70411 e 

May 1, 1928. 1,667,780 

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J GRASSI 

APPARATUS FOR CODING AND DECODING MESSAGES 

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Filed May 21, 1923 3 Sheets-ShePt l 

//Y J"L?./YToe 

Jos~PH Gehss1 

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REF ID:A70411 

May l, 1928 1,667,780 

J GRASSI 

APPARATUS FOR CODING AND DECODING MESSAGES 

Filed May 21, 1923 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 

A _f,/f ~ 

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..16 i..-- ls: ~ ~ 12 :r t--

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REF ID :A70411 e 

May 1, 1928. 1,667,780 

J GRASSI 

APPARATUS FOR CODING AND DECODING MESSAGES 

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