FAA-S-8081-XX

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Administration

AUTHORIZED 

INSTRUCTOR 

Airman Certification Standards

Date TBD

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE

Washington, DC 20591
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

FAA-S-8081-XX ii

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Airman Testing Standards 

Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125 developed this Airman Certification 

Standards (ACS) document with the assistance of the aviation community. The FAA gratefully 

acknowledges the valuable support from the many individuals and organizations who contributed their 

time and expertise to assist in this endeavor.

AVAILABILITY

This ACS is available for download from www.faa.gov. Please send comments regarding this document 

to AFS630comments@faa.gov. 
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

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FOREWORD

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has published the Authorized Instructor Airman Certification 

Standards (ACS) document to communicate the aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and risk 

management standards for authorized instructor certification. This ACS incorporates and supersedes the 

previous Practical Test Standards (PTS).

The FAA views the ACS as the foundation of its transition to a more integrated and systematic approach 

to airman certification. The ACS is part of the safety management system (SMS) framework that the FAA 

uses to mitigate risks associated with airman certification training and testing. Specifically, the ACS, 

associated guidance, and test item bank question components of the airman certification system are 

constructed around the four functional components of an SMS: 

 Safety Policy that defines and describes aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and risk 

management as integrated components of the airman certification system;

 Safety Risk Management processes through which internal and external stakeholders identify and 

evaluate regulatory changes, safety recommendations, or other factors that require modification 

of airman testing and training materials;

 Safety Assurance processes to ensure the prompt and appropriate incorporation of changes 

arising from new regulations and safety recommendations; and 

 Safety Promotion in the form of ongoing engagement with both external stakeholders (e.g., the 

aviation training industry) and FAA policy divisions.

In this connection, the FAA gratefully acknowledges and deeply appreciates the many hours that aviation 

training experts throughout the industry have contributed to the development of this ACS, along with the 

associated guidance and a more systematic approach to knowledge test question development. This kind 

of collaboration, a hallmark of a robust safety culture, strengthens and enhances aviation safety at every 

level of the airman certification system.

John S. Duncan

Acting Director, Flight Standards Service
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................................ ii

AVAILABILITY............................................................................................................................................... ii

FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................... iv

INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................vii

Airman Certification Standards Concept .............................................................................................vii

Using the ACS.....................................................................................................................................vii

Organization .......................................................................................................................................viii

FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING (FOI) TASKS...................................................................................1

A. Learning Process............................................................................................................................1

B. Human Behavior and Effective Communication.............................................................................2

C. Teaching Process...........................................................................................................................3

D. Teaching Methods ..........................................................................................................................4

E. Assessment....................................................................................................................................5

F. Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities.....................................................................6

SECTION 1: GROUND INSTRUCTOR ......................................................................................................7

Completion Standards..........................................................................................................................7

A. Basic Ground Instructor (BGI)........................................................................................................7

B. Advanced Ground Instructor (AGI).................................................................................................7

C. Instrument Ground Instructor (IGI) .................................................................................................7

D. ACS System Reference Matrix.......................................................................................................7

SECTION 2: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ AIRPLANE....................................................................................9

Completion Standards..........................................................................................................................9

A. Knowledge Test..............................................................................................................................9

B. Practical Test..................................................................................................................................9

C. ACS System Reference Matrix.......................................................................................................9

Areas of Operation .............................................................................................................................12

I. Technical Subject Areas ................................................................................................................12

A. Principles of Flight ........................................................................................................................12

B. 14 CFR and Publications..............................................................................................................13

C. Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements...........................................................................14

II. Preflight Preparation ......................................................................................................................15

A. Certificates and Documents .........................................................................................................15

III. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in Flight............................................................16

A. Maneuver Lesson.........................................................................................................................16
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IV. Fundamentals of Flight...................................................................................................................17

A. Straight-and-Level Flight ..............................................................................................................17

B. Level Turns...................................................................................................................................18

C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns.............................................................................................19

D. Straight Descents and Descending Turns....................................................................................20

V. Slow Flight, Stalls, and Spins.........................................................................................................21

A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight ..................................................................................................21

B. Power-On Stalls (Proficiency) ......................................................................................................22

C. Power-Off Stalls (Proficiency) ......................................................................................................23

D. Cross-Controlled Stalls.................................................................................................................24

E. Elevator Trim Stalls (Demonstration) ...........................................................................................25

F. Secondary Stalls (Demonstration)................................................................................................26

G. Spins.............................................................................................................................................27

H. Accelerated Maneuver Stalls (Demonstration).............................................................................28

SECTION 3: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ INSTRUMENT AIRPLANE AND HELICOPTER .........................29

Completion Standards........................................................................................................................29

A. Knowledge Test............................................................................................................................29

B. Practical Test................................................................................................................................29

C. ACS System Reference Matrix.....................................................................................................29

Areas of Operation .............................................................................................................................29

SECTION 4: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ ROTORCRAFT HELICOPTER ...................................................31

Completion Standards........................................................................................................................31

A. Knowledge Test............................................................................................................................31

B. Practical Test................................................................................................................................31

C. ACS System Reference Matrix.....................................................................................................31

Areas of Operation .............................................................................................................................31

SECTION 5: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ GLIDER .......................................................................................33

Completion Standards........................................................................................................................33

A. Knowledge Test............................................................................................................................33

B. Practical Test................................................................................................................................33

C. ACS System Reference Matrix.....................................................................................................33

Areas of Operation .............................................................................................................................33
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SECTION 6: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ SPORT PILOT.............................................................................35

Completion Standards........................................................................................................................35

A. Knowledge Test............................................................................................................................35

B. Practical Test................................................................................................................................35

C. ACS System Reference Matrix.....................................................................................................35

Areas of Operation .............................................................................................................................35

APPENDIX 1: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST.................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Description..............................................................................................................1-1

Knowledge Tests for Instructor Certificates and Ratings ..................................................................1-1

Knowledge Test Instructor Certificate/Rating Matrix .........................................................................1-2

Eligibility Requirements .....................................................................................................................1-3

Knowledge Test Centers ...................................................................................................................1-3

Knowledge Test Registration ............................................................................................................1-3

Test Authorization..............................................................................................................................1-3

Knowledge Test Procedures and Tips ..............................................................................................1-3

FAA Knowledge Test Question Coding.............................................................................................1-5

Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations .......................................1-5

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct.........................................................................................1-5

Airman Knowledge Test Report ........................................................................................................1-6

APPENDIX 2: THE PRACTICAL TEST ....................................................................................................2-1

Conduct of the Practical Test ............................................................................................................2-1

Use of Checklists...............................................................................................................................2-1

Use of Distractions ............................................................................................................................2-1

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls.................................................................................................2-2

Stall and Spin Awareness .................................................................................................................2-2

Possible Outcomes of the Practical Test ..........................................................................................2-2

Prerequisites for the Test ..................................................................................................................2-3

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test ....................................................................2-4

Instructor Responsibilities .................................................................................................................2-5

Evaluator Responsibilities .................................................................................................................2-5

APPENDIX 3: ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLES .............................................................................3-1

APPENDIX 4: INSTRUCTOR RENEWAL OR REINSTATEMENT ..........................................................4-1

Renewal or Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor – Single Engine Airplane ......................................4-2

Renewal or Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor – Multiengine Airplane ..........................................4-3

APPENDIX 5: REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................5-1

APPENDIX 6: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...............................................................................6-1
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INTRODUCTION

Airman Certification Standards Concept

The aviation instructor plays a critical role in the safety of the National Airspace System (NAS). 

Accordingly, the goal of the certification process for instructors is to ensure the instructor-applicant is 

ready to teach the knowledge and skills consistent with the privileges of the certificate or rating to be 

exercised and prepare the learner to safely manage the risks of flight as pilot-in-command. In fulfilling its 

responsibilities for the airman certification process, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Flight 

Standards Service (AFS) plans, develops, and maintains materials related to airman certification training 

and testing. 

Historically, these materials have included several components. The FAA knowledge test measures 

mastery of the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 

CFR) part 61. The Practical Test Standards (PTS) defined the acceptable parameters of flight proficiency 

in the Areas of Operation listed in 14 CFR part 61. FAA handbooks (FAA-H-8083-XX series), computer 

testing supplements (FAA-CT-8080-XX series), and other materials provide guidance to applicants, 

instructors, and evaluators on aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and risk management. 

The FAA recognizes that safe operations in today's complex NAS require a more systematic integration of

aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency standards, and risk management. The FAA further recognizes 

the need to more clearly calibrate knowledge, skills, and risk management according to the level of the

certificate or rating. To that end, the FAA drew upon the expertise of organizations and individuals across 

the aviation and training community to develop the Airman Certification Standards (ACS). The ACS 

incorporates and supersedes the PTS.

NOTE: As used in this ACS, an evaluator is any person authorized to conduct airman testing (e.g., an

FAA aviation safety inspector, designated pilot examiner, or other individual authorized to conduct a

practical test.

Using the ACS

The ACS consists of Areas of Operation arranged in a logical sequence. For example Section 2 

(Airplane) begins with Technical Subject Areas, followed by Preflight Preparation, Preflight Lesson on a 

Maneuver to be Performed in Flight, and Fundamentals of Flight. The final Area of Operation in the 

Authorized Instructor ACS for airplane is Slow Flight, Stalls, and Spins. Each Area of Operation includes 

Tasks appropriate to that Area of Operation. 

Each Task begins with an Objective stating what the applicant should know and/or do. The ACS then 

lists the aeronautical knowledge, skills, and risk management elements relevant to the specific Task, 

along with the conditions and standards for acceptable performance. The ACS uses Notes to emphasize 

special considerations. The ACS uses the terms "will" and "must" to convey directive (mandatory) 

information. The terms "should" and "may" denote items that are recommended but not required. 

NOTE: Where an abbreviation(s) within parentheses immediately follows the name of a Task, the

abbreviation(s) refer to the category and/or class aircraft appropriate to that Task (e.g., ASEL, AMEL, 

ASES, AMES). The absence of a class indicates the Task is for all classes of aircraft referenced in that 

Section of the ACS.

Each Task in the ACS is coded according to a scheme that includes four elements. For example:

IA.I.B.K6:

IA = Applicable ACS Applicable ACS and Section denoting Aircraft category (Instructor, Airplane, 

which is Section 2 of this document)

I = Area of Operation (Technical Subject Areas)

B = Task (14 CFR and Publications)

K6 = Knowledge Task Element 6 (Flight information publications)
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Knowledge test questions are mapped to the ACS codes, which replace the previous system of “Learning 

Statement Codes.” Because the airman knowledge test report will list an ACS code that correlates to a 

specific Task Element for a given Area of Operation and Task, remedial instruction and re-testing will be 

specific, targeted, and based on specified learning criteria. Similarly, a Notice of Disapproval for the 

practical test will use the ACS codes to identify the deficient task element(s).

The applicant must pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test. The practical test is 

conducted in accordance with the ACS that is current as of the date of the test. The applicant must pass 

the oral portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion. The oral portion of the practical 

test allows the evaluator to determine whether the applicant is sufficiently prepared to advance to the 

flight portion of the practical test. The evaluator must assess the applicant on all of the Skill elements of 

each Task included in each Area of Operation of the ACS unless otherwise noted. The evaluator must 

also assess at least one Knowledge element and one Risk Management element of all of the Tasks in 

each Area of Operation, focusing on any task element(s) the applicant missed on the knowledge exam. 

The evaluator administering the practical test has the discretion to combine tasks/elements as 

appropriate to testing scenarios.

The purpose of the Authorized Instructor ACS is to define the acceptable performance standards for

instructional knowledge and skill, including the Fundamentals of Instructing (FOI) concepts listed in 14 

CFR part 61. It is important for the instructor-applicant to understand that the FOI portion of the 

Authorized Instructor ACS stresses practical application of effective instructional concepts and 

techniques. For example, the Authorized Instructor ACS uses the term plan of action to describe the 

expectation that for any given Task, a competent instructor can develop and execute a flexible 

instructional plan of action to teach the knowledge, skill, and risk management requirements for that Task. 

Where appropriate to the Task, the instructional plan of action should incorporate realistic scenarios that 

require the learner to correctly apply and/or correlate the target knowledge, skill, and risk management 

elements to specific circumstances.

Organization

The Authorized Instructor ACS includes sections that define the acceptable standards for knowledge, 

skills, and risk management in the aeronautical proficiency tasks unique to a particular instructor 

certificate or rating. 

Instructor-Applicants, instructors, and evaluators need to understand that the Authorized Instructor ACS is 

not a stand-alone document. Rather, it is to be used in conjunction with the pilot certificate level or rating 

ACS for which the instructor-applicant seeks authorization to provide instruction. Therefore, in addition to 

mastery of the knowledge and skills defined in the Authorized Instructor ACS, the instructor-applicant 

must demonstrate instructional competence with the Tasks in the ACS for the appropriate certificate level

or rating, to include analyzing and correcting common learner errors. 

Since the Fundamentals of Instructing (FOI) Area of Operation is foundational to each particular 

instructor certificate or rating, FOI tasks are incorporated as a stand-alone Area of Operation at the 

beginning of this ACS, which will be referenced in each certificate/rating ACS System Reference Matrix. 

The FAA encourages applicants and instructors to use the ACS to measure progress during training, and 

as a reference to ensure the applicant is adequately prepared for the knowledge and practical tests. The 

FAA will revise the ACS as circumstances require.
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Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Fundamentals of Instructing Tasks

1 FAA-S-8081-XX

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FUNDAMENTALS OF INSTRUCTING (FOI) TASKS 

Task A. Learning Process

Reference FAA-H-8083-9

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements of the 

learning process and that the applicant can apply that knowledge when performing the 

duties of a certificated flight instructor.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Definitions of learning and practical examples that demonstrate 

when learning has taken place. AI.FOI.A.K1

2. Various learning theories and their individual applications in flight 

instruction. AI.FOI.A.K2

3. Higher order thinking skills and their importance to pilots. AI.FOI.A.K3

4. Scenario-based training as it relates to learning higher order thinking 

skills. AI.FOI.A.K4

5. How learners acquire skill knowledge and how to encourage the 

acquisition process. AI.FOI.A.K5

6. Types of practice and the practical uses of each during flight training. AI.FOI.A.K6

7. Helping learners develop applied skills during flight training to: AI.FOI.A.K7

a. Incorporate multitasking. AI.FOI.A.K7a

b. Retain focus during distractions and interruptions. AI.FOI.A.K7b

c. Avoid fixation and inattention. AI.FOI.A.K7c

8. How to recognize and identify learner errors during flight training. AI.FOI.A.K8

9. Learner motivation in the learning process and instructor 

responsibilities regarding motivating learners to foster learning. AI.FOI.A.K9

10. Learning styles and their impact on effective instruction. AI.FOI.A.K10

11. Learner memory, retention, forgetting and associated learning 

challenges, and promoting retention of information. AI.FOI.A.K11

12. Transfer of learning in ground, simulation, and flight instruction 

activities. AI.FOI.A.K12

13. Consequences of: AI.FOI.A.K13

a. Faulty instruction. AI.FOI.A.K13a

b. Unmotivated learners. AI.FOI.A.K13b

c. Instruction not delivered on learner’s level of understanding. AI.FOI.A.K13c

d. Failing to recognize and correct learner errors. AI.FOI.A.K13d

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Provide instruction to the evaluator in a manner that demonstrates 

an operational understanding of the learning process. AI.FOI.A.S1

2. Present material in such a way as to encourage the development of 

higher order thinking skills. AI.FOI.A.S2

3. Adapt lesson delivery and/or content to account for differences in 

learning styles and abilities. AI.FOI.A.S3

4. Recognize and identify types and causes of learner errors during 

training. AI.FOI.A.S4

5. Explain the process of moving a learner through the levels of 

learning during a course of training. AI.FOI.A.S5

6. Use positive motivation during instructional activities. AI.FOI.A.S6

7. Explain positive and negative transfers of learning. AI.FOI.A.S7

8. Explain the qualities of effective training scenarios. AI.FOI.A.S8
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Fundamentals of Instructing Tasks

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Task B. Human Behavior and Effective Communication

Reference FAA-H-8083-9

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements of 

human behavior and effective communication and how these impact effective teaching 

and learning.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. The influence of personality types and their effect on the instructorlearner relationship. AI.FOI.B.K1

2. Human needs and their influence on motivation. AI.FOI.B.K2

3. Human Factors and how they positively or negatively affect learning. AI.FOI.B.K3

4. How to counter learner defense mechanisms. AI.FOI.B.K4

5. Human motivation and what affects it. AI.FOI.B.K5

6. Normal and abnormal emotional reactions that may be displayed by 

the learner. AI.FOI.B.K6

7. The basic elements of communication. AI.FOI.B.K7

8. The barriers to effective communication and how to avoid them. AI.FOI.B.K8

9. Effective instructional communication techniques and the 

consequences of poor instructional communication techniques. AI.FOI.B.K9

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Give specific examples of how human needs could influence a 

learner’s motivation. AI.FOI.B.S1

2. Give specific examples of how to counter defense mechanisms that 

a learner may use. AI.FOI.B.S2

3. Explain what an instructor can do to positively affect learner 

motivation. AI.FOI.B.S3

4. Explain what actions an instructor can do that will negatively affect 

learner motivation. AI.FOI.B.S4

5. Explain the normal emotional reactions that are a part of human 

behavior. AI.FOI.B.S5

6. Explain how to handle abnormal learner reactions. AI.FOI.B.S6

7. Explains the basic elements of communication. AI.FOI.B.S7

8. Give specific examples of barriers to effective communication, the 

consequences of them and how to avoid them. AI.FOI.B.S8

9. Demonstrates effective instructional communication techniques 

during all activities. AI.FOI.B.S9
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Fundamentals of Instructing Tasks

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Task C. Teaching Process

Reference FAA-H-8083-9

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements of the 

teaching process.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Essential teaching skills as they apply to personal strengths and 

weaknesses. AI.FOI.C.K1

2. Preparation of a lesson for a ground or flight instructional period. AI.FOI.C.K2

3. Various presentation methods and the ability to implement the 

appropriate method given the topic, learner, and available teaching 

aids. 

AI.FOI.C.K3

4. How to guide a learner through self-critique and assessment. AI.FOI.C.K4

5. Scenario-based delivery methods. AI.FOI.C.K5

6. The consequences of failing to: AI.FOI.C.K6

a. Be aware of human behavior. AI.FOI.C.K6a

b. Comprehend the learning process. AI.FOI.C.K6b

c. Use methods of communication most effective and efficient for 

the learner. AI.FOI.C.K6c

d. Be flexible in the teaching process as it pertains to learner 

personality and learning differences. AI.FOI.C.K6d

e. Assess and teach the “why” and the “how” behind the “what” of 

learner performance. AI.FOI.C.K6e

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Use a well-rounded approach to teaching delivery methods by 

utilizing personal strengths while improving weaknesses. AI.FOI.C.S1

2. Organize a lesson flow to engage the learner and make the learner 

an active participant in the learning process. AI.FOI.C.S2

3. Choose a delivery method that is best suited for the learner based 

on an understanding of known learning tendencies. AI.FOI.C.S3

4. Recognize if the learner has truly learned the presented material by 

a change in behavior or philosophy. AI.FOI.C.S4

5. Not only assess basic topic knowledge and skill, but also the 

underlying causal factors and related elements, and then address 

them in a way the learner understands.

AI.FOI.C.S5

6. Construct a realistic scenario that is multi-faceted and integrates 

numerous subject areas to evaluate a learner’s understanding of all 

content. 

AI.FOI.C.S6
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Fundamentals of Instructing Tasks

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Task D. Teaching Methods

Reference FAA-H-8083-9

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements of the 

various methods of teaching information and skills and applies these methods 

appropriately in instructional situations.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. The different training delivery methods for ground and flight 

instruction by describing appropriate use of lecture, guided 

discussion, problem-based learning (including scenario based 

training, collaborative problem solving, and case study),electronicbased learning, cooperative or group learning, and demonstrationperformance. 

AI.FOI.D.K1

2. Why it may be appropriate to incorporate more than one delivery 

method in an instructional session. AI.FOI.D.K2

3. How the organization of teaching materials may affect learner 

learning. AI.FOI.D.K3

4. The use of proper and correct source materials and the 

positive/negative value of developing supplementary material when 

preparing lessons. 

AI.FOI.D.K4

5. The use of instructional aids and training technologies appropriate to 

each method. AI.FOI.D.K5

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Prepare a plan of action to incorporate appropriate teaching 

methods and supporting materials for an assigned ACS task 

applicable to the instructor-applicant’s certificate level, for the 

following situations:

AI.FOI.D.S1

a. Aeronautical knowledge ground lesson applicable for a 

classroom. AI.FOI.D.S1a

b. Maneuver ground lesson for an individual pilot in training. AI.FOI.D.S1b

c. Maneuver introduction for a flight lesson. AI.FOI.D.S1c

2. Utilize materials developed in lesson preparation to demonstrate and 

teach information and skills to the evaluator. AI.FOI.D.S2
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Fundamentals of Instructing Tasks

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Task E. Assessment

Reference FAA-H-8083-9

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge and skills associated with 

instructional assessment.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of the elements of 

assessment by describing and explaining:

1. The purpose and characteristics of an effective critique. AI.FOI.E.K1

2. Different methods of conducting a critique. AI.FOI.E.K2

3. “Ground rules” for conducting a critique. AI.FOI.E.K3

4. Assessment techniques that ensure the learner can properly apply 

the material or procedure that was presented. AI.FOI.E.K4

5. How to review and evaluate learner performance. AI.FOI.E.K5

6. Traditional assessment vs. authentic assessment. AI.FOI.E.K6

7. Characteristics of effective oral questions. AI.FOI.E.K7

8. Oral questions to be avoided. AI.FOI.E.K8

9. How to respond to learner questions. AI.FOI.E.K9

10. Characteristics of effective written tests. AI.FOI.E.K10

11. How to develop effective written tests. AI.FOI.E.K11

12. Characteristics and uses of performance tests. AI.FOI.E.K12

13. Principles of collaborative assessment (or learner-centered 

grading (LCG)). AI.FOI.E.K13

14. The consequences of: AI.FOI.E.K14

a. Ineffective critiques. AI.FOI.E.K14a

b. Improper timing of critiques. AI.FOI.E.K14b

c. Improper venue for conducting critiques. AI.FOI.E.K14c

d. Use of improper types of questioning/tests. AI.FOI.E.K14d

e. Improper answers to learner questions. AI.FOI.E.K14e

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Conduct an effective learner-centered critique. AI.FOI.E.S1

2. Apply different techniques for critiquing. AI.FOI.E.S2

3. Apply “ground rules” for conducting a critique. AI.FOI.E.S3

4. Conduct effective oral questioning. AI.FOI.E.S4

5. Respond to learner questioning. AI.FOI.E.S5

6. Create an effective written test. AI.FOI.E.S6

7. Select the appropriate method of assessment. AI.FOI.E.S7

8. Differentiate between different testing techniques to obtain a given 

result. AI.FOI.E.S8

9. Apply techniques of collaborative assessment. AI.FOI.E.S9
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Fundamentals of Instructing Tasks

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Task F. Flight Instructor Characteristics and Responsibilities

Reference FAA-H-8083-9

Objective To determine that the applicant fully comprehends the flight instructor’s responsibilities 

and exhibits the professional characteristics associated with effective instruction.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of the instructor’s 

responsibilities by describing and explaining how to:

1. Provide effective instruction and help learners gain knowledge and 

skill. AI.FOI.F.K1

2. Emphasize the positive. AI.FOI.F.K2

3. Be prepared for each instructional activity and make learners’ best 

interests their top priority. AI.FOI.F.K3

4. Prepare pilots in training to exceed the published minimum 

standards of performance. AI.FOI.F.K4

5. Incorporate the highest standards of safe operations and risk 

management in all instructional and student pilot solo activity. AI.FOI.F.K5

6. Evaluate the learner’s piloting ability. AI.FOI.F.K6

7. Supervise student pilot solo activity. AI.FOI.F.K7

8. Prepare pilots they are training to become responsible members of 

the aviation community and to exercise effective aeronautical 

decision making, risk management, situational awareness and SRM 

when using their privileges as pilot in command. 

AI.FOI.F.K8

9. Minimize learner frustrations. AI.FOI.F.K9

10. Recommend applicants for knowledge and practical tests. AI.FOI.F.K10

11. Conduct specialized training, evaluate proficiency, and grant 

privileges through endorsements as authorized by regulations. AI.FOI.F.K11

12. Maintain and advance personal professional knowledge and skills. AI.FOI.F.K12

13. Identify and appropriately deal with seriously abnormal learners. AI.FOI.F.K13

14. Develop an adaptable plan of action with appropriate scenario(s). AI.FOI.F.K14

15. Exhibit the characteristics of a professional flight instructor. AI.FOI.F.K15

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Recognize the differences between individual learners and adapt 

instruction that helps each to learn. AI.FOI.F.S1

2. Clearly define objectives, standards and assessment methods. AI.FOI.F.S2

3. Evaluate performance against standards. AI.FOI.F.S3

4. Effectively and constructively critique learners’ performance. AI.FOI.F.S4

5. Instill aeronautical decision making, risk management, situational 

awareness and SRM habits that progressively grow and transfer to 

the pilot in training. 

AI.FOI.F.S5

6. Instill in the pilot in training a sense of personal responsibility for the 

aviation community, their passengers and persons and property on 

the ground. 

AI.FOI.F.S6

7. Exhibit the highest standards of safe operations and risk 

management in all instructional activities. AI.FOI.F.S7

8. Teach a lesson using the plan of action. AI.FOI.F.S8
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Ground Instructor

7 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

SECTION 1: GROUND INSTRUCTOR

Completion Standards

A. Basic Ground Instructor (BGI)

(1) Pass the Fundamentals of Instructing (FOI) Knowledge Test (if required), which is comprised of 

questions from the FOI Tasks.

(2) Pass the BGI Knowledge Test, which is comprised of questions developed from the Knowledge 

elements of Tasks contained in the Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, and Private Pilot ACS

documents.

B. Advanced Ground Instructor (AGI)

(1) Pass the FOI Knowledge Test (if required), which is comprised of questions from the Tasks.

(2) Pass the AGI Knowledge Test, which is comprised of questions developed from the Knowledge 

elements of Tasks contained in the Sport Pilot, Recreational Pilot, Private Pilot and Commercial 

Pilot ACS documents.

C. Instrument Ground Instructor (IGI)

(1) Pass the FOI Knowledge Test (if required), which is comprised of questions from the FOI Tasks

in this Section.

(2) Pass the IGI Knowledge Test, which is comprised of questions developed from the Knowledge 

elements of Tasks contained in the Instrument Rating ACS.

D. ACS System Reference Matrix

The ACS System Reference Matrix below includes the appropriate ACS document reference for each 

Task required for the FOI Knowledge Test. 

GROUND INSTRUCTOR (SECTION 1) ACS TASK ACS AI ACS REFERENCE (TASK)

Fundamentals of Instructing

Learning Process AI-FOI A. Learning Process

Human Behavior & Effective Communication AI-FOI B. Human Behavior & Effective Communication

Teaching Process AI-FOI C. Teaching Process

Teaching Methods AI-FOI D. Teaching Methods

Assessment AI-FOI E. Assessment

Flight Instructor Characteristics & Responsibilities AI-FOI F. Flight Instructor Characteristics &

Responsibilities

Legend:

AI-FOI Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards: Fundamentals of Instructing (FOI) Tasks
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 1: Ground Instructor

FAA-S-8081-XX 8

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Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

9 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

SECTION 2: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ AIRPLANE

Completion Standards

A. Knowledge Test

(1) Pass the appropriate Knowledge Test.

B. Practical Test

(1) To determine that the instructor-applicant can:

(a) Demonstrate instructional competence in the tasks;

(b) Facilitate the learning of subject material;

(c) Explain and demonstrate the maneuvers;

(d) Exemplify risk management skills;

(e) Promote professionalism; and

(f) Analyze and correct common learner errors.

C. ACS System Reference Matrix

The Flight Instructor – Airplane section of the Authorized Instructor ACS is intended to be used in 

conjunction with the Commercial Pilot ACS document or the Private Pilot ACS document appropriate for 

certain Tasks. The ACS System Reference Matrix below sets forth the ACS document references for 

each Task required by the Flight Instructor-Airplane ACS. The Tasks identified in bold italicized 

typeface are Tasks described in this Section 2 of the Flight Instructor-Airplane ACS. For all other Tasks, 

reference the applicable ACS document or section listed in the ACS System Reference Matrix.

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ AIRPLANE (SECTION 2)

ACS TASK ACS ACS REFERENCE (TASK)

Fundamentals of Instructing

Learning Process AI-FOI A. Learning Process

Human Behavior & Effective Communication AI-FOI B. Human Behavior & Effective 

Communication

Teaching Process AI-FOI C. Teaching Process

Teaching Methods AI-FOI D. Teaching Methods

Assessment AI-FOI E. Assessment

Flight Instructor Characteristics & Responsibilities AI-FOI F. Flight Instructor Characteristics &

Responsibilities

I. Technical Subject Areas

A. Principles of Flight AI-IA ‒

B. 14 CFR & Publications AI-IA ‒

C. Logbook Entries & Certificate Endorsements AI-IA ‒

Aeromedical Factors, Visual Scanning, Collision 

Avoidance

COM I.H. Human Factors

Navigation & Flight Planning COM I.D. Cross-Country Flight Planning 

Airplane Flight Controls & Operation of Systems PVT I.G. Operation of Systems

Airplane Performance, Limitations, Weight & Balance COM I.F. Performance & Limitations

Night Operations PVT X.A. Night Preparation

High Altitude Operations-Supplemental Oxygen COM X.A. Supplemental Oxygen

High Altitude Operations-Pressurization COM X.B. Pressurization

National Airspace System COM I.E. National Airspace System

Navigation Systems & Radar Services COM VI.B. Navigation Systems & Radar Services

Water & Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, 

Maritime Rules & Aids to Marine Navigation (ASES, 

AMES)

COM I.I. Water & Seaplane Characteristics, 

Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules & Aids to 

Marine Navigation (ASES, AMES)
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 

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140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ AIRPLANE (SECTION 2)

ACS TASK ACS ACS REFERENCE (TASK)

II. Preflight Preparation

A. Certificates & Documents AI-IA ‒

Weather Information COM I.C. Weather Information

Airworthiness Requirements COM I.B. Airworthiness Requirements

III. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in Flight

A. Maneuver Lesson AI-IA ‒

Preflight Procedures

Preflight Assessment COM II.A. Preflight Assessment

Cockpit Management COM II.B. Cockpit Management

Engine Starting COM II.C. Engine Starting

Taxiing, Airport Signs, Markings, Lighting & Runway 

Incursion Avoidance

COM II.D. Taxiing (ASEL, AMEL)

Taxiing & Sailing (ASES, AMES) COM II.E. Taxiing & Sailing (ASES, AMES)

Before Takeoff Check COM II.F. Before Takeoff Check

Airport and Seaplane Base Operations

Radio Communications & ATC Light Signals COM III.A. Radio Communications & ATC Light 

Signals

Traffic Patterns COM III.B. Traffic Patterns

Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds

Normal Takeoff & Climb COM IV.A. Normal Takeoff & Climb

Normal Approach & Landing COM IV.B. Normal Approach & Landing

Soft-Field Takeoff & Climb COM IV.C. Soft-Field Takeoff & Climb (ASEL)

Soft-Field Approach & Landing COM IV.D. Soft-Field Approach & Landing (ASEL)

Short-Field Takeoff & Maximum Performance Climb 

(ASEL, AMEL)

COM IV.E. Short-Field Takeoff & Maximum 

Performance Climb (ASEL, AMEL)

Short Field Approach & Landing (ASEL, AMEL) COM IV.F. Short Field Approach & Landing (ASEL, 

AMEL)

Confined Area Takeoff & Maximum Performance 

Climb (ASES, AMES)

COM IV.G. Confined Area Takeoff & Maximum 

Performance Climb (ASES, AMES)

Confined Area Approach & Landing (ASES, AMES) COM IV.H. Confined Area Approach & Landing (ASES, 

AMES)

Glassy Water Takeoff & Climb (ASES, AMES) COM IV.I. Glassy Water Takeoff & Climb (ASES, 

AMES)

Glassy Water Approach & Landing (ASES, AMES) COM IV.J. Glassy Water Approach & Landing (ASES, 

AMES)

Rough Water Takeoff & Climb (ASES, AMES) COM IV.K. Rough Water Takeoff & Climb (ASES, 

AMES)

Rough Water Approach & Landing (ASES, AMES) COM IV.L. Rough Water Approach & Landing (ASES, 

AMES)

Go-Around/Rejected Landing COM IV.M. Go-Around/Rejected Landing

Forward Slip to a Landing PVT IV.G. Forward Slip to a Landing

Power-Off 180°Accuracy Approach & Landing COM IV.M. Power-Off 180° Accuracy Approach &

Landing

IV. Fundamentals of Flight

A. Straight-and-Level Flight AI-IA ‒

B. Level Turns AI-IA ‒

C. Straight Climbs & Climbing Turns AI-IA ‒

D. Straight Descents & Descending Turns AI-IA ‒

Performance Maneuvers

Steep Turns COM V.A. Steep Turns

Steep Spiral COM V.B. Steep Spiral

Chandelles COM V.B. Chandelles

Lazy Eights COM V.C. Lazy Eights

Ground Reference Maneuvers

Ground Reference Maneuvers PVT V.B. Ground Reference Maneuvers

Eights on Pylons COM V.A. Eights on Pylons
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ AIRPLANE (SECTION 2)

ACS TASK ACS ACS REFERENCE (TASK)

V. Slow Flight, Stalls & Spins

A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight AI-IA ‒

B. Power-On Stalls (Proficiency) AI-IA ‒

C. Power-Off Stalls (Proficiency) AI-IA ‒

D. Cross-controlled Stalls (Demonstration) AI-IA ‒

E. Elevator Trim Stalls (Demonstration) AI-IA ‒

F. Secondary Stalls (Demonstration) AI-IA ‒

G. Spins AI-IA ‒

H. Accelerated Maneuver Stalls (Demonstration) AI-IA ‒

Basic Instrument Maneuvers

Straight-and-Level Flight PVT VIII.A.Straight-and-Level Flight

Constant Airspeed Climbs PVT VIII.B.Constant Airspeed Climbs

Constant Airspeed Descents PVT VIII.C.Constant Airspeed Descents

Turns to Headings PVT VIII.D.Turns to Headings

Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes PVT VIII.E.Recovery from Unusual Flight Attitudes

Emergency Procedures

Power Failure at Altitude (Simulated) COM VIII.A.Power Failure at Altitude (Simulated)

Emergency Descent COM VIII.B.Emergency Descent

Systems & Equipment Malfunctions COM VIII.C.Systems & Equipment Malfunctions

Emergency Equipment & Survival Gear COM VIII.D.Emergency Equipment & Survival Gear

Multiengine Operations

[To be developed.]

Postflight Procedures

Parking & Securing COM XI.A. Parking & Securing

Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures (ASES, AMES) COM XI.B. Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures (ASES, 

AMES)

Legend:

AI-FOI Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards: Fundamentals of Instructing (FOI) Tasks

AI-IA Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane (Section 2)

COM Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

PVT Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

[Flight Instructor Multiengine Airplane Tasks will be developed and incorporated in Section 2 of this ACS 

prior to publication.]
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 

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140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Areas of Operation

I. Technical Subject Areas

Task A. Principles of Flight

Reference FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in, and has the ability

to; effectively teach the elements of aerodynamics appropriate for the level of instructor 

certificate sought.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge by describing and 

explaining:

1. Airfoil design characteristics. IA.I.A.K1

2. Airplane stability, maneuverability and controllability. IA.I.A.K2

3. Turning tendency (e.g., torque, p-factor, spiraling slipstream, and 

gyroscopic precession). IA.I.A.K3

4. Forces acting on an airplane. IA.I.A.K4

5. Load factors in airplane design. IA.I.A.K5

6. Wingtip vortices and precautions to be taken. IA.I.A.K6

7. The risk to pilots of not understanding the basic aerodynamic principles 

of flight. IA.I.A.K7

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the instructional ability to:

1. Effectively deliver pilot-oriented instruction to a simulated pilot in 

training (evaluator) on one of the following topics: IA.I.A.S1

a. Airfoil design characteristics. IA.I.A.S1a

b. Airplane stability, maneuverability and controllability. IA.I.A.S1b

c. Turning tendency (e.g., torque, p-factor, spiraling slipstream, and 

gyroscopic precession). IA.I.A.S1c

d. Forces acting on an airplane. IA.I.A.S1d

e. Load factor. IA.I.A.S1e

f. Wingtip vortices: source and impact. IA.I.A.S1f
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

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Task B. 14 CFR and Publications

Reference 14 CFR parts 1, 61, 91; NTSB part 830; FAA-H-8083-25; AC 00-2; AIM; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in and has the ability to 

effectively teach the appropriate elements of the Federal Aviation Regulations and 

essential publications.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge by describing and 

explaining the purpose, how to access, how to determine currency, and 

general content category of:

1. 14 CFR parts 1, 61, and 91. IA.I.B.K1

2. NTSB part 830. IA.I.B.K2

3. Advisory Circulars. IA.I.B.K3

4. Airman Certification Standards. IA.I.B.K4

5. Pilot’s Operating Handbooks or FAA-approved airplane flight manuals. IA.I.B.K5

6. Flight information publications. IA.I.B.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the instructional ability to:

1. Deliver instruction to a simulated pilot in training (evaluator) on what a 

pilot needs to know about item a. and at least one other of the following: IA.I.B.S1

a. 14 CFR parts 1, 61, and 91. IA.I.B.S1a

b. NTSB part 830. IA.I.B.S1b

c. Advisory Circulars. IA.I.B.S1c

d. Airman Certification Standards. IA.I.B.S1d

e. Pilot’s Operating Handbooks (POH)/FAA-approved Airplane Flight 

Manuals (AFM).

IA.I.B.S1.e

f. Flight information publications (e.g., Aeronautical Information Manual 

(AIM) and Airport and Facilities Directory (AF/D). 

IA.I.B.S1f
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 

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140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Logbook Entries and Certificate Endorsements

Reference 14 CFR parts 61; AC 61-65

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements and 

has the ability to effectively teach the appropriate aspects of logbook entries and 

certificates endorsements.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge of the elements of 

logbook entries and certificate endorsements by describing:

1. Required logbook entries for instruction given. IA.I.C.K1

2. Required student pilot certificate endorsements and appropriate 

logbook entries. IA.I.C.K2

3. Other required pilot logbook endorsements (e.g., tailwheel, high 

performance).

IA.I.C.K3

4. Preparation of a recommendation for a pilot practical test, including 

appropriate logbook entry and electronic forms for: IA.I.C.K4

a. Initial pilot certification. IA.I.C.K4a

b. Additional pilot certification. IA.I.C.K4b

c. Additional aircraft qualification. IA.I.C.K4c

5. Required endorsement of a pilot logbook for the satisfactory completion 

of the required FAA flight review. IA.I.C.K5

6. Required flight instructor records. IA.I.C.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Prepare simulated logbook entries and/or certificate endorsements 

required for at least two of the following scenarios: IA.I.C.S1

a. Student pilot first solo. IA.I.C.S1a

b. First lesson with student pilot introducing straight and level, level 

turns, descents and climbs. IA.I.C.S1b

c. Recommendation for knowledge test. IA.I.C.S1c

d. Recommendation for practical test. IA.I.C.S1d

e. Satisfactory flight review. IA.I.C.S1e
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

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140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

II. Preflight Preparation

Task A. Certificates and Documents

Reference 14 CFR parts 23, 39, 43, 61, 67, 91; FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; Commercial Pilot ‒ 

Airplane ACS, Private Pilot ‒ Airplane ACS; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements and 

has the ability to effectively teach a pilot-in-training the appropriate elements of 

certificates and documents.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge of the elements of 

pilot and aircraft certificates and documents by describing:

1. The training requirements for the issuance of a recreational, private, 

and commercial pilot certificate. IA.II.A.K1

2. The privileges and limitations of pilot certificates and ratings at sport, 

recreational, private, and commercial levels. IA.II.A.K2

3. Class and duration of medical certificates. IA.II.A.K3

4. Recent pilot flight experience requirements. IA.II.A.K4

5. Required entries in pilot logbook or flight record. IA.II.A.K5

6. Certificates and documents used to determine whether an airplane 

meets airworthiness requirements. IA.II.A.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to develop scenarios for 

teaching the required knowledge of certificates and documents involving 

the following:

1. Meeting minimum training requirements for a sport, recreational, 

private, or commercial pilot certificate application. IA.II.A.S1

2. Acting as pilot-in-command without passengers. IA.II.A.S2

3. Acting as pilot-in-command with passengers. IA.II.A.S3
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 

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140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

III. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in Flight

Task A. Maneuver Lesson

Reference FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-9, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; Commercial Pilot ‒ 

Airplane ACS, Private Pilot ‒ Airplane ACS; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements and 

has the ability to effectively teach a pilot-in-training the appropriate elements of a 

maneuver task from this ACS selected by the evaluator.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge of the elements of the 

selected maneuver task from this ACS by:

1. Stating the purpose of the maneuver. IA.III.A.K1

2. Giving an accurate, comprehensive oral description including the 

elements of the maneuver and the common learner errors associated 

with it. 

IA.III.A.K2

3. Describing the desired outcome(s), including completion standards. IA.III.A.K3

4. Describing possible risks when performing this maneuver and 

recommended mitigation strategies. IA.III.A.K4

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to orally present, using 

instructional aids when appropriate, the elements of the selected 

maneuver task by:

1. Explaining why the maneuver is important to master. IA.III.A.S1

2. Breaking down the maneuver into basic, understandable elements. IA.III.A.S2

3. Explaining how the pilot-in-training will know when the maneuver is 

performed correctly. IA.III.A.S3

4. Describing possible flawed outcomes; how to analyze the errors and 

avoid them in future practice. IA.III.A.S4
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

17 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

IV. Fundamentals of Flight

Task A. Straight-and-Level Flight

Reference FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; Private Pilot ‒ Airplane ACS

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with straight-and-level flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge of straight-and-level 

flight by describing:

1. Purpose of the maneuver. IA.IV.A.K1

2. Basic elements of the maneuver. IA.IV.A.K2

3. Desired outcome. IA.IV.A.K3

4. Flight control and trim use. IA.IV.A.K4

5. The pilot’s visual references when performing the maneuver. IA.IV.A.K5

6. Common errors performing the maneuver. IA.IV.A.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain straight and level flight. IA.IV.A.S1

2. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to straight and 

level flight. IA.IV.A.S2

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Distractions impacting navigation, unintended airspace incursions, and 

proximity to terrain. IA.IV.A.R1

2. Collision avoidance. IA.IV.A.R2
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 

FAA-S-8081-XX 18

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Level Turns

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; Private Pilot ‒ Airplane ACS

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with level turns.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge of level turns by 

describing:

1. Purpose of the maneuver. IA.IV.B.K1

2. Basic elements of the maneuver. IA.IV.B.K2

3. Desired outcome. IA.IV.B.K3

4. Flight control and trim use. IA.IV.B.K4

5. The pilot’s visual references when performing the maneuver. IA.IV.B.K5

6. Common errors performing the maneuver. IA.IV.B.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain level turns. IA.IV.B.S1

2. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to level turns. IA.IV.B.S2

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Distractions impacting navigation, unintended airspace incursions, and 

proximity to terrain. IA.IV.B.R1

2. Collision avoidance. IA.IV.B.R2
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

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140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Straight Climbs and Climbing Turns

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; Private Pilot ‒ Airplane ACS

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with straight climbs and climbing turns.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge of straight climbs and 

climbing turns by describing:

1. Purpose of the maneuver. IA.IV.C.K1

2. Basic elements of the maneuver. IA.IV.C.K2

3. Desired outcome. IA.IV.C.K3

4. Flight control and trim use. IA.IV.C.K4

5. The pilot’s visual references when performing the maneuver. IA.IV.C.K5

6. Common errors performing the maneuver. IA.IV.C.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain straight climbs and climbing 

turns. IA.IV.C.S1

2. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to straight climbs 

and climbing turns. IA.IV.C.S2

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Distractions impacting navigation, unintended airspace incursions, and 

proximity to terrain. IA.IV.C.R1

2. Collision avoidance. IA.IV.C.R2
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 

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140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task D. Straight Descents and Descending Turns

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; Private Pilot ‒ Airplane ACS

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with straight descents and descending turns.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge of straight descents 

and descending turns by describing:

1. Purpose of the maneuver. IA.IV.D.K1

2. Basic elements of the maneuver. IA.IV.D.K2

3. Desired outcome. IA.IV.D.K3

4. Flight control and trim use. IA.IV.D.K4

5. The pilot’s visual references when performing the maneuver. IA.IV.D.K5

6. Common errors performing the maneuver. IA.IV.D.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain straight descents and 

descending turns. IA.IV.D.S1

2. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to straight 

descents and descending turns. IA.IV.D.S2

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Distractions impacting navigation, unintended airspace incursions, and 

proximity to terrain. IA.IV.D.R1

2. Collision avoidance. IA.IV.D.R2
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

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140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

V. Slow Flight, Stalls, and Spins 

Task A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight 

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane ACS, Private Pilot ‒ Airplane ACS; 

POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with maneuvering during slow flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge by describing:

1. The slow flight maneuver relative to a critical real-life situation, i.e. goarounds, short field approach and landing, etc. IA.V.A.K1

2. Relationship between angle of attack (AOA), airspeed, load factor, 

aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. IA.V.A.K2

3. Relationship of configuration, weight, center of gravity, maneuvering 

loads, angle of bank, and power to flight characteristics and 

controllability. 

IA.V.A.K3

4. Recognizing and responding appropriately to all indications of high 

angle of attack to include aircraft performance indications, airframe 

buffet, and stall warning systems. 

IA.V.A.K4

5. The difference between AOA and aircraft attitude during all flight 

conditions and how it relates to aircraft performance. IA.V.A.K5

6. How environmental elements affect aircraft performance. IA.V.A.K6

7. Performance of the maneuver with selected landing gear and flap 

configurations in straight-and-level flight and level turns. IA.V.A.K7

8. Importance of the 1,500 foot above ground level (AGL) minimum 

altitude. IA.V.A.K8

9. Specified airspeed for the maneuver. IA.V.A.K9

10. Coordination of flight controls. IA.V.A.K10

11. Trim technique. IA.V.A.K11

12. Reestablishment of cruise flight. IA.V.A.K12

13. Common errors related to maneuvering during slow flight. IA.V.A.K13

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Select an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower 

than 1,500 feet AGL. IA.V.A.S1

2. Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in 

angle of attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would 

result in an immediate stall. 

IA.V.A.S2

3. Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and 

descents with landing gear and flap configurations specified by the 

evaluator. 

IA.V.A.S3

4. Divide attention between airplane control, and orientation while 

pointing-out the control feel and other cockpit sensations. IA.V.A.S4

5. Maintain the specified altitude, ±50 feet; specified heading, ±10°; 

airspeed, +5/-0 knots; and specified angle of bank, ±5°. IA.V.A.S5

6. Analyze and correct simulated common errors. IA.V.A.S6

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, aircraft 

configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. IA.V.A.R1

2. Recognition and response to indications of high angle of attack, to 

include aircraft performance indications such as airframe buffet and 

artificial warning systems such as a stall horn. 

IA.V.A.R2

3. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. IA.V.A.R3

4. Collision avoidance. IA.V.A.R4
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 

FAA-S-8081-XX 22

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Power-On Stalls (Proficiency)

Reference FAA-H-8083-9

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with power-on stalls.

NOTE: In some high performance airplanes, the power setting may have to be reduced 

below the practical test standards guideline power setting to prevent excessively high 

pitch attitudes (greater than 30° nose up).

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding by describing:

1. Aerodynamics of power-on stalls. IA.V.B.K1

2. Relationship of various factors such as landing gear and flap 

configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, and bank angle to 

stall speed. 

IA.V.B.K2

3. Flight situations where unintentional power-on stalls may occur. IA.V.B.K3

4. Entry technique and minimum entry altitude. IA.V.B.K4

5. Performance of power-on stalls in climbing flight (straight or turning). IA.V.B.K5

6. Coordination of flight controls. IA.V.B.K6

7. Recognition of the first indications of power-on stalls. IA.V.B.K7

8. Recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude. IA.V.B.K8

9. Common errors related to power-on stalls. IA.V.B.K9

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain imminent and full power-on 

stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear 

and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint. 

IA.V.B.S1

2. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain proper stall recovery 

techniques promptly after a full stall has occurred. IA.V.B.S2

3. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to power-on 

stalls, in climbing flight (straight or turning), with selected landing gear 

and flap configurations. 

IA.V.B.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, 

load factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. IA.V.B.R1

2. Recognition and response to indications of high angle of attack, to 

include aircraft performance indications such as airframe buffet and 

artificial warning systems such as a stall horn.

IA.V.B.R2

3. Uncoordinated flight. IA.V.B.R3

4. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. IA.V.B.R4

5. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the 

consequences of failing to implement these actions IA.V.B.R5

6. Avoiding accelerated stalls. IA.V.B.R6

7. Collision avoidance. IA.V.B.R7
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

23 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Power-Off Stalls (Proficiency)

Reference FAA-H-8083-3

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with Power-Off Stalls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge by describing:

1. Aerodynamics of power-off stalls. IA.V.C.K1

2. Relationship of various factors such as landing gear and flap 

configuration, weight, center of gravity, load factor, and bank angle to 

stall speed. 

IA.V.C.K2

3. Flight situations where unintentional power-off stalls may occur. IA.V.C.K3

4. Entry technique and minimum entry altitude. IA.V.C.K4

5. Performance of power-off stalls in descending flight (straight or turning). IA.V.C.K5

6. Coordination of flight controls. IA.V.C.K6

7. Recognition of the first indications of power-off stalls. IA.V.C.K7

8. Recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude. IA.V.C.K8

9. Common errors related to power-off stalls. IA.V.C.K9

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain imminent and full power-off 

stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing 

gear and flap configurations, from an instructional standpoint. 

IA.V.C.S1

2. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain proper stall recovery 

techniques promptly after a full stall has occurred. IA.V.C.S2

3. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to power-off 

stalls, in descending flight (straight or turning), with selected landing 

gear and flap configurations. 

IA.V.C.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, 

load factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. IA.V.C.R1

2. Recognition and response to indications of high angle of attack, to 

include aircraft performance indications such as airframe buffet and 

artificial warning systems such as a stall horn.

IA.V.C.R2

3. Uncoordinated flight. IA.V.C.R3

4. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. IA.V.C.R4

5. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the 

consequences of failing to implement these actions. 

IA.V.C.R5

6. Collision avoidance. IA.V.C.R6
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 

FAA-S-8081-XX 24

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task D. Cross-Controlled Stalls

Reference FAA-H-8083-9

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with cross-controlled stalls.

Knowledge

1. The applicant demonstrates understanding by describing:

2. Aerodynamics of cross-controlled stalls. IA.V.D.K1

3. Effects of crossed controls in gliding or reduced airspeed descending 

turns. IA.V.D.K2

4. Flight situations where unintentional cross-controlled stalls may occur. IA.V.D.K3

5. Entry technique and minimum entry altitude. IA.V.D.K4

6. Recognition of cross-controlled stalls. IA.V.D.K5

7. Recovery technique and minimum recovery altitude. IA.V.D.K6

8. Common errors related to cross-controlled stalls. IA.V.D.K7

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain a cross-controlled stall in a 

specified configuration. IA.V.D.S1

2. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain proper stall recovery 

techniques promptly after a full stall has occurred. IA.V.D.S2

3. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to a crosscontrolled stall in a specified configuration. IA.V.D.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, 

load factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. IA.V.D.R1

2. Recognition and response to indications of high angle of attack, to 

include aircraft performance indications such as airframe buffet and 

artificial warning systems such as a stall horn.

IA.V.D.R2

3. Uncoordinated flight. IA.V.D.R3

4. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. IA.V.D.R4

5. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the 

consequences of failing to implement these actions. IA.V.D.R5

6. Collision avoidance. IA.V.D.R6
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

25 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task E. Elevator Trim Stalls (Demonstration)

Reference FAA-H-8083-9

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with Elevator Trim Stalls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding by describing:

1. Aerodynamics of elevator trim stalls. IA.V.E.K1

2. Hazards of inadequate control pressures to compensate for thrust, 

torque, and up-elevator trim during go-around and other related 

maneuvers. 

IA.V.E.K2

3. Flight situations where elevator trim stalls could occur. IA.V.E.K3

4. Entry procedure and minimum entry altitude. IA.V.E.K4

5. Recognition of elevator trims stalls. IA.V.E.K5

6. Importance of recovering from an elevator trim stall immediately upon 

recognition. IA.V.E.K6

7. Common errors related to elevator trim stalls. IA.V.E.K7

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain elevator trim stalls, in selected 

landing gear and flap configurations. IA.V.E.S1

2. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain proper stall recovery 

techniques promptly after a full stall has occurred. IA.V.E.S2

3. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to elevator trim 

stalls in selected landing gear and flap configurations. IA.V.E.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, 

load factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. IA.V.E.R1

2. Recognition and response to indications of high angle of attack, to 

include aircraft performance indications such as airframe buffet and 

artificial warning systems such as a stall horn.

IA.V.E.R2

3. Uncoordinated flight. IA.V.E.R3

4. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. IA.V.E.R4

5. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the 

consequences of failing to implement these actions. IA.V.E.R5

6. Collision avoidance. IA.V.E.R6
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 

FAA-S-8081-XX 26

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task F. Secondary Stalls (Demonstration)

Reference FAA-H-8083-9

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with Secondary Stalls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding by describing:

1. Aerodynamics of secondary stalls. IA.V.F.K1

2. Flight situations where secondary stalls may occur. IA.V.F.K2

3. Hazards of secondary stalls during normal stall or spin recovery. IA.V.F.K3

4. Entry procedure and minimum entry altitude. IA.V.F.K4

5. Recognition of a secondary stall. IA.V.F.K5

6. Recovery procedure and minimum recovery altitude. IA.V.F.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain secondary stalls, in selected 

landing gear and flap configurations. IA.V.F.S1

2. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain proper stall recovery 

techniques after a secondary stall has occurred. IA.V.F.S2

3. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to secondary 

stalls in selected landing gear and flap configurations. IA.V.F.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, 

load factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. IA.V.F.R1

2. Recognition and response to indications of high angle of attack, to 

include aircraft performance indications such as airframe buffet and 

artificial warning systems such as a stall horn.

IA.V.F.R2

3. Uncoordinated flight. IA.V.F.R3

4. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. IA.V.F.R4

5. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the 

consequences of failing to implement these actions. IA.V.F.R5

6. Collision avoidance. IA.V.F.R6
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

27 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task G. Spins

Reference FAA-H-8083-3

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills 

and risk management associated with spins.

NOTE: At the discretion of the examiner, a logbook record attesting applicant 

instructional competency in spin entries, spins, and spin recoveries may be accepted in 

lieu of this Task. The flight instructor who conducted the spin instruction must certify the 

logbook record.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding by describing:

1. Anxiety factors associated with spin instruction. IA.V.G.K1

2. Aerodynamics of spins. IA.V.G.K2

3. The four phases of spins. IA.V.G.K3

4. Airplanes approved for the spin maneuver based on airworthiness 

category and type certificate. IA.V.G.K4

5. Relationship of various factors such as configuration, weight, center of 

gravity, and control coordination to spins. IA.V.G.K5

6. Flight situations where unintentional spins may occur. IA.V.G.K6

7. How to recognize and recover from imminent, unintentional spins. IA.V.G.K7

8. Entry procedure and minimum entry altitude for intentional spins. IA.V.G.K8

9. Control procedure to maintain a stabilized spin. IA.V.G.K9

10. Orientation during a spin. IA.V.G.K10

11. Which instrument(s) are reliable for determining the direction of spin 

to affect recovery and which are not. IA.V.G.K11

12. Recovery procedure and minimum recovery altitude for intentional 

spins. IA.V.G.K12

13. Effects of inappropriate recovery control inputs. IA.V.G.K13

14. Common errors related to performing spins. IA.V.G.K14

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain a spin. IA.V.G.S1

2. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain proper spin recovery 

procedures. IA.V.G.S2

3. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to spins. IA.V.G.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, 

load factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. IA.V.G.R1

2. Recognition and response to indications of high angle of attack, to 

include aircraft performance indications such as airframe buffet and 

artificial warning systems such as a stall horn.

IA.V.G.R2

3. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. IA.V.G.R3

4. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the 

consequences of failing to implement these actions. 

IA.V.G.R4

5. Uncoordinated flight. IA.V.G.R5

6. Hazards associated with the improper application of flight control inputs 

during the spin recovery. IA.V.G.R6
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 2: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 

FAA-S-8081-XX 28

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Task H. Accelerated Maneuver Stalls (Demonstration)

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; Private Pilot ‒ Airplane ACS; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits instructional competence in the elements, skills, 

and risk management associated with demonstrating accelerated maneuver stalls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding by describing:

Aerodynamics of accelerated maneuver stalls in various aircraft 

configurations and attitudes. 

IA.V.H.K1

1. The maneuver in relation to realistic flight scenarios. IA.V.H.K2

2. Circumstances that can lead to an inadvertent spin. IA.V.H.K3

3. Flight situations where accelerated stalls could occur. IA.V.H.K4

4. Approach to stall and full stall indications. IA.V.H.K5

5. Aircraft inputs required to maintain heading or bank angle. IA.V.H.K6

6. Efficient stall recovery procedure. IA.V.H.K7

7. Importance of establishing the correct aircraft configuration during the 

recovery process and the consequences of failing to do so, as 

applicable. 

IA.V.H.K8

8. Hazards of accelerated stalls during stall or spin recovery. IA.V.H.K9

9. Entry procedure and minimum entry altitude. IA.V.H.K10

10. Recognition of the accelerated stall. IA.V.H.K11

11. Recovery procedure and minimum recovery altitude. IA.V.H.K12

Skills

The applicant demonstrates instructional ability to:

1. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain accelerated maneuver stall. IA.V.H.S1

2. Demonstrate and simultaneously explain proper stall recovery 

techniques promptly after an accelerated stall has occurred. IA.V.H.S2

3. Analyze and correct simulated common errors related to accelerated 

stalls. IA.V.H.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, 

load factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. IA.V.H.R1

2. Recognition and response to indications of high angle of attack, to 

include aircraft performance indications such as airframe buffet and 

artificial warning systems such as a stall horn.

IA.V.H.R2

3. Uncoordinated flight. IA.V.H.R3

4. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. IA.V.H.R4

5. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the 

consequences of failing to implement these actions. IA.V.H.R5

6. Scenarios during which an accelerated stall can occur. IA.V.H.R6

7. Inadvertent stall/spin entry. IA.V.H.R7
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 3: Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Airplane & Helicopter

29 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

SECTION 3: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ INSTRUMENT AIRPLANE AND HELICOPTER

Completion Standards

A. Knowledge Test

(1) Pass the appropriate Knowledge Test.

B. Practical Test

(1) To determine that the instructor-applicant can:

(a) Demonstrate instructional competence in the tasks;

(b) Facilitate the learning of subject material;

(c) Explain and demonstrate the maneuvers;

(d) Exemplify risk management skills;

(e) Promote professionalism; and

(f) Analyze and correct common student errors found in the Instrument Rating ACS. 

C. ACS System Reference Matrix

[To be developed and published in conjunction with the Instrument Rating ACS.]

Areas of Operation

[To be developed and published in conjunction with the Instrument Rating ACS.]
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 3: Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Airplane and Helicopter

FAA-S-8081-XX 30

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Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 4: Flight Instructor ‒ Rotorcraft Helicopter

31 FAA-S-8081-XX

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SECTION 4: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ ROTORCRAFT HELICOPTER

Completion Standards

A. Knowledge Test

(1) Pass the appropriate Knowledge Test.

B. Practical Test

(1) To determine that the instructor-applicant can:

(a) Demonstrate instructional competence in the tasks;

(b) Facilitate the learning of subject material;

(c) Explain and demonstrate the maneuvers;

(d) Exemplify risk management skills;

(e) Promote professionalism; and

(f) Analyze and correct common student errors found in the Commercial Pilot ‒ Rotorcraft 

(Helicopter and Gyroplane). 

C. ACS System Reference Matrix

[To be developed and published in conjunction with the Private Pilot ACS for Rotorcraft and the 

Commercial Pilot ACS for Rotorcraft.]

Areas of Operation

[To be developed and published in conjunction with the Private Pilot ACS for Rotorcraft and the 

Commercial Pilot ACS for Rotorcraft.]
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 4: Flight Instructor ‒ Rotorcraft Helicopter

FAA-S-8081-XX 32

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Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 5: Flight Instructor ‒ Glider

33 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

SECTION 5: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ GLIDER

Completion Standards

A. Knowledge Test

(1) Pass the appropriate Knowledge Test.

B. Practical Test

(1) To determine that the instructor-applicant can:

(a) Demonstrate instructional competence in the tasks;

(b) Facilitate the learning of subject material;

(c) Explain and demonstrate the maneuvers; 

(d) Exemplify risk management skills;

(e) Promote professionalism; and

(f) Analyze and correct common student errors found in the Commercial Pilot ‒ Glider ACS, and 

the Areas of Operation in this ACS:

I. Fundamentals of Instructing

II. Technical Subject Areas (ACS System Reference)

III. Preflight Preparation

IV. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in Flight

V. Fundamentals of Flight

VI. Slow Flight, Stalls, and Spins

C. ACS System Reference Matrix

[To be developed and published in conjunction with the Private Pilot ACS for Glider and the 

Commercial Pilot ACS for Glider.]

Areas of Operation

[To be developed and published in conjunction with the Private Pilot ACS for Glider and the 

Commercial Pilot ACS for Glider.]
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 5: Flight Instructor ‒ Glider

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Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 6: Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Pilot

35 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

SECTION 6: FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR ‒ SPORT PILOT

Completion Standards

A. Knowledge Test

(1) Pass the appropriate Knowledge Test.

B. Practical Test

(1) To determine that the instructor-applicant can:

(a) Demonstrate instructional competence in the tasks;

(b) Facilitate the learning of subject material;

(c) Explain and demonstrate the maneuvers; 

(d) Exemplify risk management skills;

(e) Promote professionalism; and

(f) Analyze and correct common student errors found in the Sport Pilot ACS (appropriate 

exceptions/additions for category & class), and the following Areas of Operation in this ACS:

I. Fundamentals of Instructing

II. Technical Subject Areas (ACS System Reference)

IV. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to be Performed in Flight

C. ACS System Reference Matrix

[To be developed and published in conjunction with the Sport Pilot ACS.]

Areas of Operation

[To be developed and published in conjunction with the Sport Pilot ACS.]
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Section 6: Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Pilot

FAA-S-8081-XX 36

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Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 1: The Knowledge Test 

1-1 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

APPENDIX 1: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST

The knowledge test is an important part of the airman certification process. The instructor-applicant must 

pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test.

Knowledge Test Description

The knowledge test consists of objective, multiple-choice questions. There is a single correct response for 

each test question. Each test question is independent of other questions. A correct response to one 

question does not depend upon, or influence, the correct response to another.

Knowledge Tests for Instructor Certificates and Ratings

Code Title Questions Time

FOI Fundamentals of Instructing 50 1.5

MCI Military Competency Instructor 125 3.0

Ground Instructor

BGI Basic Ground Instructor 80 2.5

AGI Advanced Ground Instructor 100 2.5

IGI Instrument Ground Instructor 50 2.5

Airplane

FIA Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane 100 2.5

AFA Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane-Added Rating 25 1.0

FII Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Airplane 50 2.5

AIF Flight instructor ‒ Instrument Airplane ‒ Added Rating 25 1.0

Helicopter

FRH Flight Instructor ‒ Rotorcraft Helicopter 100 2.5

HFA Flight Instructor ‒ Helicopter-Added Rating 25 1.0

FIH Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Helicopter 50 2.5

HIF Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Helicopter ‒ Added Rating 25 1.0

Gyroplane

FRG Flight Instructor ‒ Gyroplane 100 2.5

GFA Flight Instructor ‒ Gyroplane ‒ Added Rating 25 1.0

Glider

FIG Flight Instructor ‒ Glider 100 2.5

AFG Flight Instructor ‒ Glider ‒ Added Rating 25 1.0

Sport Pilot

SIA Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Airplane 70 2.5

SIB Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Balloon 70 2.5

SIG Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Glider 70 2.5

SIL Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Lighter-Than-Air (Airship) 70 2.5

SIP Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Powered Parachute 70 2.5

SIW Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Weight-Shift-Control 70 2.5

SIY Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Gyroplane 70 2.5
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 1: The Knowledge Test 

FAA-S-8081-XX 1-2

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

Knowledge Test Instructor Certificate/Rating Matrix

The required Knowledge Test(s) for the Instructor Certificate or Rating sought are also determined by the 

Instructor Certificate/Rating(s) held by the instructor-applicant. 

* The instructor-applicant does not have to take the FOI test if he or she meets the requirements of 14 CFR 61.183, or 14 CFR 61.73.

** Flight Instructors with Sport Pilot Rating seeking additional category/class privileges comply with the requirements of 14 CFR 

61.419(a).

NOTE: The Military Competency Instructor (MCI) Knowledge Test incorporates the FOI, CFI, and CFII 

knowledge areas in a single test. As long as the instructor-applicant meets the requirements of 14 CFR 

61.73 and passes the MCI knowledge test, the evaluator may issue the appropriate instructor ratings.

Legend:

AFA Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane-Added Rating HFA Flight Instructor ‒ Helicopter-Added Rating

AFG Flight Instructor ‒ Glider ‒ Added Rating HIF Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Helicopter ‒ Added Rating

AGI Advanced Ground Instructor IA Instrument Airplane

AIF Flight instructor ‒ Instrument Airplane ‒ Added Rating IGI Instrument Ground Instructor

AME Airplane Multiengine IH Instrument Helicopter

ASE Airplane Single Engine RG Rotorcraft Gyroplane

BGI Basic Ground Instructor RH Rotorcraft Helicopter

FIA Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane SIA Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Airplane

FIG Flight Instructor ‒ Glider SIB Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Balloon

FIH Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Helicopter SIG Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Glider

FII Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Airplane SIL Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Lighter-Than-Air (Airship)

FRG Flight Instructor ‒ Gyroplane SIP Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Powered Parachute

G Glider SIW Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Weight-Shift-Control

GFA Flight Instructor ‒ Gyroplane ‒ Added Rating SIY Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Gyroplane
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 1: The Knowledge Test 

1-3 FAA-S-8081-XX

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Eligibility Requirements

For information concerning eligibility for Ground Instructor or Flight Instructor certification, please refer to:

 Medical Certificates (Flight Instructor only): Requirement and Duration: 14 CFR 61.23 

 Knowledge Test: Prerequisites and Passing Grades: 14 CFR 61.35

 Eligibility: 14 CFR 61.183, 61.185, 61.187, 61.213, 61.405

Knowledge Test Centers

The FAA authorizes hundreds of knowledge testing center locations that offer a full range of airman 

knowledge tests. For information on authorized testing centers and to register for the knowledge test, 

contact one of the providers listed at www.faa.gov. 

Knowledge Test Registration

When you contact a knowledge testing center to register for a test, please be prepared to select a test 

date, choose a testing center, and make financial arrangements for test payment when you call. You may 

register for test(s) several weeks in advance, and you may cancel in accordance with the testing center’s 

cancellation policy. 

Test Authorization

In order to take a Ground Instructor or Flight Instructor knowledge test, you must provide proper 

identification. To verify your eligibility to take a Flight Instructor test, you must also provide a statement or 

logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the applicant completed an applicable 

ground training on the fundamentals of instructing listed in 14 CFR 61.185 appropriate to the required 

knowledge test or home study course and is prepared for the knowledge test (14 CFR 61.35, 61.183(d), 

61.309).

Acceptable forms of retest authorization for ALL Ground Instructor/Flight Instructor knowledge tests:

 Original failed, passing, or expired Airman Knowledge Test Report, provided the applicant still 

has the test report in his or her possession.

NOTE: If the applicant no longer possesses the original test report, he or she may present an 

‘expired test/credit’ letter issued by AFS-760.

 An applicant retesting AFTER FAILURE is required to submit the applicable test report indicating 

failure, along with an endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave the applicant the 

required additional training. The endorsement must certify that the applicant is competent to pass 

the test. The test proctor must retain the original failed test report presented as authorization and 

attach it to the applicable sign-in/out log.

Knowledge Test Procedures and Tips

Before starting the actual test, the testing center will provide an opportunity to practice navigating through 

the test. This practice or tutorial session may include sample questions to familiarize the applicant with 

the look and feel of the software. (e.g., selecting an answer, marking a question for later review, 

monitoring time remaining for the test, and other features of the testing software).

The applicant may use the following aids, reference materials, and test materials, as long as the material 

does not include actual test questions or answers:
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Acceptable Materials Unacceptable Materials Notes

Supplement book provided by 

proctor

Written materials that are

handwritten, printed, or 

electronic

Testing centers may provide 

calculators and/or deny the 

use of personal calculators

All models of aviation-oriented 

calculators or small electronic 

calculators that perform only 

arithmetic functions

Electronic calculators 

incorporating permanent or 

continuous type memory circuits 

without erasure capability

Unit Member (proctor) may 

prohibit the use of your 

calculator if he or she is 

unable to determine the 

calculator’s erasure capability

Calculators with simple 

programmable memories, which 

allow addition to, subtraction from, or 

retrieval of one number from the 

memory; or simple functions, such 

as square root and percentages

Magnetic cards, magnetic tapes, 

modules, computer chips, or any 

other device upon which prewritten programs or information 

related to the test can be stored 

and retrieved

Printouts of data must be 

surrendered at the completion 

of the test if the calculator 

incorporates this design 

feature.

Scales, straightedges, protractors, 

plotters, navigation computers, blank 

log sheets, holding pattern entry 

aids, and electronic or mechanical 

calculators that are directly related to 

the test

Dictionaries Before, and upon completion 

of the test, while in the 

presence of the Unit Member, 

actuate the ON/OFF switch or 

RESET button, and perform 

any other function that ensures 

erasure of any data stored in 

memory circuits

Manufacturer’s permanently 

inscribed instructions on the front 

and back of such aids, e.g., 

formulas, conversions, regulations, 

signals, weather data, holding 

pattern diagrams, frequencies, 

weight and balance formulas, and air 

traffic control procedures

Any booklet or manual 

containing instructions related to 

use of test aids

Unit Member makes the final 

determination regarding aids, 

reference materials, and test 

materials 

When taking a knowledge test, please keep the following points in mind:

 Carefully read the instructions provided with the test.

 Answer each question in accordance with the latest regulations and guidance publications.

 Read each question carefully before looking at the answer options. You should clearly 

understand the problem before trying to solve it.

 After formulating a response, determine which answer option corresponds with your answer. The 

answer you choose should completely solve the problem.

 Remember that only one answer is complete and correct. The other possible answers are either 

incomplete or erroneous. 

 If a certain question is difficult for you, mark it for review and return to it after you have answered 

the less difficult questions. This procedure will enable you to use the available time to maximum 

advantage.

 When solving a calculation problem, be sure to read all the associated notes. 

 For questions involving use of a graph, you may request a printed copy that you can mark in 

computing your answer. This copy and all other notes and paperwork must be given to the testing 

center upon completion of the test.
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FAA Knowledge Test Question Coding

Each Task in the Airman Certification Standard includes an Airman Certification Standards (ACS) code. 

This ACS code is displayed on the airman test report to indicate what task element was proven deficient 

on the Knowledge Exam. Instructors can then provide remedial training in the deficient areas and 

evaluators can re-test this element during the practical exam. 

The ACS coding consists of 4 elements. For example: this code is deciphered as follows: 

IA.I.B.K6:

IA = Applicable ACS Applicable ACS and Section denoting Aircraft category (Instructor, Airplane, 

which is Section 2 of this document)

I = Area of Operation (Technical Subject Areas)

B = Task (14 CFR and Publications)

K6 = Knowledge Task Element 6 (Flight information publications)

Every question is correlated to a specific ACS Task/Element. This coding methodology will be useful to all 

involved with airman certification―the applicant, the evaluator, and the flight instructor. It indicates what 

test subjects (tasks) were satisfactorily passed and what tasks need to be reviewed prior to the practical 

test. 

Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations

An applicant with a learning or reading disability may request approval from AFS-630 through the local 

Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) or International Field Office/International Field Unit (IFO/IFU) to 

take an airman knowledge test using one of the three options listed below, in preferential order:

Option 1: Use current testing facilities and procedures whenever possible.

Option 2: Use a self-contained, electronic device which pronounces and displays typed-in words (e.g., 

the Franklin Speaking Wordmaster®) to facilitate the testing process.

NOTE: The device should consist of an electronic thesaurus that audibly pronounces typed-in words and 

presents them on a display screen. The device should also have a built-in headphone jack in order to 

avoid disturbing others during testing.

Option 3: Request the proctor's assistance in reading specific words or terms from the test questions 

and/or supplement book. To prevent compromising the testing process, the proctor must be an individual 

with no aviation background or expertise. The proctor may provide reading assistance only (i.e., no 

explanation of words or terms). When an applicant requests this option, the FSDO or IFO/IFU inspector 

must contact the Airman Testing Standards Branch (AFS-630) for assistance in selecting the test site and 

assisting the proctor. Before approving any option, the FSDO or IFO/IFU inspector must advise the 

applicant of the regulatory certification requirement to be able to read, write, speak, and understand the 

English language.

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct

Computer testing centers must follow strict security procedures to avoid test compromise in accordance 

with FAA Order 8080.6 (as amended), Conduct of Airman Knowledge Tests. Testing centers will 

terminate a test any time the test proctor suspects an occurrence of cheating.

The FAA will conduct an investigation of the incident. If the investigation determines that cheating or 

unauthorized conduct occurred, any airman certificate or rating the applicant holds may be revoked. In 

addition, the applicant may be prohibited from applying for or taking any test for a certificate or rating 

under 14 CFR part 61 for a period of one year.
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Airman Knowledge Test Report

Immediately upon completion of the knowledge test, the applicant receives a printed Airman Knowledge 

Test Report documenting the score with the testing center's raised, embossed seal. The applicant must 

retain the original Airman Knowledge Test Report. The instructor must provide instruction in each area of 

deficiency and provide a logbook endorsement certifying that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory 

knowledge in each area. When taking the practical test, the applicant must present the original Airman 

Knowledge Test Report to the evaluator, who is required to assess the noted areas of deficiency during 

the oral portion of the practical test.

An Airman Knowledge Test Report expires 24-calendar months from the month the applicant completes 

the knowledge test. If the Airman Knowledge Test Report expires before completion of the practical test, 

the applicant must retake the knowledge test.

To obtain a duplicate Airman Knowledge Test Report due to loss or destruction of the original, the 

applicant can send a signed request accompanied by a check or money order for $1.00, payable to the 

FAA to:

Federal Aviation Administration

Airmen Certification Branch, AFS-760

P.O. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, OK 73125
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APPENDIX 2: THE PRACTICAL TEST

The evaluator must conduct the practical test in accordance with this ACS. The evaluator must assess 

the instructor-applicant on the Skill elements of all Tasks in each Area of Operation in the applicable 

Section of the Authorized Instructor ACS (and referenced pilot ACS document(s), as applicable) unless 

otherwise noted. The evaluator should also assess at least one Knowledge element and one Risk 

Management element in each Area of Operation, with special focus on any task element(s) the instructorapplicant missed on the knowledge exam.

NOTE: The instructor-applicant must pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test, and the 

instructor-applicant must pass the oral portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion.

For an instructor-applicant who holds a flight instructor certificate and seeks an additional flight instructor 

certificate or rating, the examiner shall evaluate that instructor-applicant in the Areas of Operation and 

Tasks listed in the applicable Section of the Authorized Instructor ACS (and referenced pilot ACS 

document(s), as applicable). Please note, however, that the evaluator has the discretion to evaluate the 

applicant’s competence in the remaining Areas of Operation and Tasks.

Conduct of the Practical Test

The evaluator must develop a written Plan of Action to conduct the practical test, which includes all 

required Areas of Operation and Tasks. The Plan of Action will include a scenario that evaluates as many 

of the required Areas of Operation and Tasks as possible. As the scenario unfolds during the test, the 

examiner will interject problems and emergencies the instructor-applicant must manage.

The evaluator has the discretion and flexibility to change the Plan of Action in order to accommodate 

unexpected situations as they arise. The evaluator will evaluate any selected Task in its entirety. The 

evaluator may elect to suspend a scenario and then resume the scenario in order to assess certain tasks.

If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety, the 

evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver.

Use of Checklists

Throughout the practical test, the instructor-applicant is evaluated on the use of an approved 

manufacturer’s checklist or equivalent.

NOTE: If there is no published manufacturer's checklist, the instructor-applicant may use the appropriate 

FAA handbook or equivalent checklist.

Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should 

determine whether the instructor-applicant appropriately divides attention and uses proper visual 

scanning. In some situations, reading the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, 

the evaluator should assess the instructor-applicant's performance of published or recommended 

immediate action "memory" items along with his or her review of the appropriate checklist once conditions 

permit.

Use of Distractions

Research and accident analysis indicate that pilot distraction during critical phases of flight is a factor in 

many accidents. The evaluator will cause realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical test 

in order to evaluate the instructor-applicant's ability to use and maintain proper control technique while 

dividing attention both inside and/or outside the cockpit.
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Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

There must always be a clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, the pilots 

involved should conduct a briefing that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls. 

The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots:

 When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, he or she will say, "You 

have the flight controls."

 The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, "I have the flight controls."

 The first pilot again says, "You have the flight controls."

Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence during 

the practical test. The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the 

exchange has occurred. There must never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.

Stall and Spin Awareness

During flight training and testing, the instructor-applicant and the instructor or evaluator must always 

recognize and avoid operations that could lead to an inadvertent stall or spin.

Possible Outcomes of the Practical Test

There are three possible outcomes of the practical test: (1) satisfactory, (2) unsatisfactory, or (3) 

discontinuance.

Satisfactory

Satisfactory performance requires the instructor-applicant to:

 Perform the Tasks specified in the Areas of Operation for the flight instructor certificate or rating 

sought within the approved standards;

 Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft by performing each Task successfully;

 Demonstrate proficiency and competency in accordance with the approved standards;

 Demonstrate sound judgment and exercise aeronautical decision-making/risk management;

 Demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type certificated for single-pilot operations.

Satisfactory performance will result in the issuance of a temporary certificate.

NOTE: The tolerances listed in the ACS represent the performance expected in good flying conditions. 

Unsatisfactory

If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the instructor-applicant does not meet the standards for any Task, the 

instructor-applicant fails the Task and associated Area of Operation, the test is unsatisfactory, and the 

examiner issues a Notice of Disapproval. When the examiner issues a Notice of Disapproval, he or she 

shall list the Area of Operation in which the instructor-applicant did not meet the standard. The Notice of 

Disapproval must also list the Area(s) of Operation not tested, and the number of practical test failures.

The examiner or the instructor-applicant may end the test if the instructor-applicant fails a Task. The 

examiner may continue the test only with the consent of the instructor-applicant, and the instructorapplicant is entitled to credit for only those Areas of Operation and the associated Tasks performed 

satisfactorily. Though not required, the examiner has discretion to reevaluate any Task, including those 

previously passed, during the retest.
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Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include:

 Any action or lack of action by the instructor-applicant that requires corrective intervention by the 

examiner to maintain safe flight.

 Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while 

performing maneuvers.

 Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Skill elements of the Task.

 Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded.

 Failure to exercise Risk Management.

NOTE: If a performance standard is not definitively established for a Task element it should not be 

used as the basis for a judgment of unsatisfactory. Instead, perceived deficiencies in areas without 

specific performance parameters should be provided as feedback to the instructor-applicant’s 

instructor(s) and/or flight school(s) to focus more on those areas in the future. In addition, the 

perceived deficiencies should be highlighted during the practical exam debrief to encourage the 

applicant to work on attempting to further incorporate those skills into their airmanship.

Discontinuance

When it is necessary to discontinue a practical test for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance 

(e.g., equipment failure, weather, illness), the evaluator returns all the test paperwork to the instructorapplicant. The evaluator must prepare, sign, and issue a Letter of Discontinuance that lists those Areas of 

Operation the instructor-applicant successfully completed and the time remaining to complete the test. 

The evaluator should advise the instructor-applicant to present the Letter of Discontinuance to the 

evaluator when the practical test resumes in order to receive credit for the items successfully completed. 

The Letter of Discontinuance becomes part of the instructor-applicant's certification file.

Prerequisites for the Test

In accordance with 14 CFR part 61, an applicant for a Flight Instructor Practical Test must:

 Be at least 18 years of age. (14 CFR 61.183(a), 61.403(a))

 Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language as detailed in AC 60-28. (14 

CFR 61.183(b), 61.403(b))

 Hold either a commercial pilot certificate or airline transport pilot certificate with an aircraft 

category and class rating that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought and an 

instrument rating, or privileges on that person's pilot certificate that are appropriate to the flight 

instructor rating sought, if applying for: (i) a flight instructor certificate with an airplane category 

and single-engine class rating; (ii) a flight instructor certificate with an airplane category and 

multiengine class rating; (iii) a flight instructor certificate with a powered-lift rating; or a flight 

instructor certificate with an instrument rating. (14 CFR 61.183(c))

 Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor on the fundamentals of instructing 

listed in 14 CFR 61.185 appropriate to the required knowledge test. (14 CFR 61.183(d))

 Pass a knowledge test on the areas listed in 14 CFR 61.185(a)(1), unless the applicant holds a 

flight instructor certificate or ground instructor certificate issued under this part; holds a teacher's 

certificate issued by a State, county, city, or municipality that authorizes the person to teach at an 

educational level of the 7th grade or higher; or Is employed as a teacher at an accredited college 

or university. (14 CFR 61.183(e))

 Pass a knowledge test on the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in 14 CFR 61.185(a)(2) and 

(a)(3) that are appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought. (14 CFR 61.183(f))

 Receive a logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor on the areas of operation listed in 

14 CFR 61.187(b) appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought. (14 CFR 61.183(g))
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 Pass the required practical test that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought in an 

aircraft that is representative of the category and class of aircraft for the aircraft rating sought; or 

in a flight simulator or approved flight training device that is representative of the category and 

class of aircraft for the rating sought, and used in accordance with a course at a training center 

certificated under 14 CFR part 142. (14 CFR 61.183(h))

 Log at least 15 hours as pilot in command in the category and class of aircraft that is appropriate 

to the flight instructor rating sought. (14 CFR 61.183(j))

 Comply with the appropriate sections of 14 CFR part 61 that apply to the flight instructor rating 

sought. (14 CFR 61.183(k))

 For a flight instructor certificate with an airplane or a glider rating: (1) Receive a logbook 

endorsement from an authorized instructor indicating that the applicant is competent and 

possesses instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery 

procedures after providing the applicant with flight training in those training areas in an airplane or 

glider, as appropriate, that is certificated for spins; and (2) Demonstrate instructional proficiency 

in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery procedures. However, upon presentation 

of the endorsement specified above, an examiner may accept that endorsement as satisfactory 

evidence of instructional proficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin recovery 

procedures for the practical test, provided that the practical test is not a retest as a result of the 

applicant failing the previous test for deficiencies in the knowledge or skill of stall awareness, spin 

entry, spins, or spin recovery instructional procedures. If the retest is a result of deficiencies in the 

ability of an applicant to demonstrate knowledge or skill of stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or 

spin recovery instructional procedures, the examiner must test the person on stall awareness, 

spin entry, spins, and spin recovery instructional procedures in an airplane or glider, as 

appropriate, that is certificated for spins. (14 CFR 61.183(i))

 For a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating, hold at least a sport pilot certificate with 

category and class ratings or privileges, as applicable, that are appropriate to the flight instructor 

privileges sought. (14 CFR 61.403(c))

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test

The aircraft the instructor-applicant uses for the practical test must:

 Be the appropriate category, class and type (if applicable) for which the instructor-applicant is 

applying for a flight instructor certificate or rating. (14 CFR 61.45(a)(1)(i))

 Be of U.S. registry or, at the examiner's discretion, foreign or military registry if it meets the 

requirements of 14 CFR 61.45(a)(2). (14 CFR 61.45(a))

 Have a standard airworthiness certificate or special airworthiness certificate in the limited, 

primary, or light-sport category. (14 CFR 61.45(a)(1)(ii)) 

Note: At the discretion of the examiner, the instructor-applicant may furnish an aircraft that meets 

the requirements of 14 CFR 61.45(a)(2). (14 CFR 61.45(a)(2))

 Have the equipment for each area of operation required for the practical test; no prescribed 

operating limitations that prohibit its use in any of the areas of operation required for the practical 

test; at least two pilot stations with adequate visibility for each person to operate the aircraft safely 

(except as provided in 14 CFR 61.45 (e) and (f)); and cockpit and outside visibility adequate to 

evaluate the performance of the instructor-applicant. (14 CFR 61.45(b)(1))

 Have engine power controls and flight controls that are easily reached and operable in a 

conventional manner by both pilots (except for lighter-than-air aircraft, and a glider without an 

engine) unless the examiner determines that the practical test can be conducted safely in the 

aircraft without the controls easily reached by the examiner. (14 CFR 61.45(c))

 Be capable of performing all appropriate Tasks for the flight instructor certificate/rating sought 
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 For airplanes:

o A complex airplane must be used to demonstrate the takeoff, landing, and emergency 

procedures. 

o A complex landplane is one having retractable landing gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch 

propeller. 

o A complex seaplane is one having flaps, floats, and controllable pitch propeller. 

o Airplanes with a full authority digital engine control (FADEC) system are considered to have a 

controllable pitch propeller. 

o If an instructor-applicant holds an Airplane Multiengine Instructor Rating, they are not 

required to use a complex airplane for an added Airplane Single Engine instructor class 

rating.

Note: Providing the initial practical test was completed in a complex airplane, the renewal or 

reinstatement of the flight instructor certificate may be performed in a non-complex airplane, at 

the discretion of the examiner.

Instructor Responsibilities

Instructors are responsible for training the instructor-applicant to acceptable standards in knowledge, 

skills, and risk management elements/procedures in all the required Tasks.

Evaluator Responsibilities

The evaluator who conducts the practical test is responsible for determining the instructor-applicant 

meets the acceptable standards of aeronautical knowledge, skills, and risk management for each Task 

listed/referenced in the appropriate Section of the Authorized Instructor ACS (and the applicable pilot 

ACS document(s)).

The evaluator must test at least one item in each of the Knowledge and Risk Management elements for 

every Task, emphasizing the topics (if any) the applicant missed on the Knowledge Test. The evaluator 

must test each item in the Skills elements unless otherwise noted in the Task.

Instructor-applicants must complete the oral portion of the practical test before the flight portion; however, 

oral questioning will continue throughout the flight. To the greatest extent practicable, evaluators shall test 

the instructor-applicant’s ability to apply and correlate information, and only use rote questions when 

appropriate for the material being tested.

If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome is uncertain, the evaluator may 

require the instructor-applicant to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. The FAA made this provision 

in the interest of fairness, but it does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repetition of an 

unsatisfactory task is permitted during the practical test.

On multiengine practical tests, where the failure of the most critical engine after liftoff is required, the 

instructor-applicant and examiner must give consideration to local atmospheric conditions, terrain, and 

type of aircraft used. However, the failure of an engine shall not be simulated until attaining at least 

VSSE/VXSE/VYSE and at an altitude not lower than 400 feet AGL.

During simulated engine failures on multiengine practical tests, after simulated feathering of the propeller, 

the engine shall be set to zero thrust. The examiner shall require the instructor-applicant to 

simultaneously demonstrate and explain procedures for landing with a simulated-feathered propeller with 

the engine set to zero thrust. The examiner must not simulate any conditions that may jeopardize 

safe flight or result in possible damage to the aircraft.

The evaluator will assess the instructor-applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance 

procedures throughout the entire test.
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Appendix 3: Additional Rating Task Tables

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APPENDIX 3: ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLES

The following tables describe the required Areas of Operation and Tasks for addition of a rating to a Flight 

Instructor Certificate.

[To be developed and published in conjunction with each additional Section of the Authorized Instructor 

ACS and the accompanying pilot ACS document.]
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 3: Additional Rating Task Tables

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Appendix 4: Instructor Renewal or Reinstatement

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APPENDIX 4: INSTRUCTOR RENEWAL OR REINSTATEMENT

An instructor may renew an unexpired, or reinstate an expired, flight instructor certificate by passing the 

practical test for any of the valid or expired flight instructor ratings held by the instructor-applicant. 

The instructor-applicant who seeks renewal or reinstatement does not have to take a knowledge test. 

However, he or she will be evaluated on the practical application of the Fundamentals if Instructing (FOI) 

Tasks in the Authorized Instructor ACS and the risk management elements for each Task in the 

appropriate pilot ACS document(s). The instructor-applicant is not required to test in a complex airplane if 

using an airplane to renew or reinstate the flight instructor certificate.

Renewing or reinstating any of the flight instructor ratings on a valid or expired flight instructor certificate 

will renew or reinstate all flight instructor ratings on that certificate.

On the practical test, the evaluator will assess the instructor-applicant on the Tasks listed (in each of the 

Areas of Operation of the appropriate ACS) in the applicable Table in this Appendix. 

NOTE: The Renewal or Reinstatement of one rating on a Flight Instructor Certificate renews or reinstates 

all privileges existing on the certificate. (14 CFR part 61, section 61.197 and section 61.199)
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Appendix 4: Instructor Renewal or Reinstatement

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Renewal or Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor – Single Engine Airplane

Required Area of Operation Number of Tasks

I. Technical Subject Areas

 Logbook Entries & Certificate 

Endorsements (AI-IA Task I.C.); and

 1 other Task

II. Preflight Preparation 1 Task

III. Preflight Lesson on a Maneuver to 

be Performed in Flight 1 Task

Preflight Procedures  Taxiing (ASEL)(CA.II.D); and

 1 other Task 

Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds  2 Takeoffs; and 

 2 Landings

Performance Maneuvers 1 Task

Ground Reference Maneuvers 1 Task

V. Slow Flight, Stalls & Spins 2 Tasks

Emergency Procedures 1 Task

Postflight Procedures 1 Task

Legend:

CA Commercial Pilot Airman Certification Standards ‒ Airplane

AI-IA Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards: Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane (Section 2)
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 4: Instructor Renewal or Reinstatement

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Renewal or Reinstatement of a Flight Instructor – Multiengine Airplane

[To be developed and incorporated in Appendix 4 of this ACS prior to publication.]
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Appendix 4: Instructor Renewal or Reinstatement

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[Additional Renewal/Reinstatement tables to be developed and published in conjunction with each 

additional Section of the Authorized Instructor ACS and the accompanying pilot ACS document.]
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 5: References

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APPENDIX 5: REFERENCES

This ACS is based on the following 14 CFR parts, FAA guidance documents, manufacturer’s publications, 

and other documents.

14 CFR part 1 Definition and Abbreviations 

14 CFR part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter 

Category Airplanes 

14 CFR part 39 Airworthiness Directives

14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration

14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors

14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification

14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules

49 CFR (NTSB) part 

830

Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents or Incidents and Overdue 

Aircraft, and Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Records 

AC 00-2 Storage and Distribution of Aeronautical Supplies 

AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight and Ground Instructors 

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

POH/AFM Pilot’s Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Aircraft Flight Manual

FAA-H-8083-3 Airplane Flying Handbook

FAA-H-8083-9 Aviation Instructor’s Handbook

FAA-H-8083-23 Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations 

Handbook

FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

TBD Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards (COM ACS)

TBD Private Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards (PVT ACS)

NOTE: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed above. The current 

edition of all FAA publications can be found at www.faa.gov.
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 5: References

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Appendix 6: Abbreviations & Acronyms 

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140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

APPENDIX 6: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this ACS.

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations

AC Advisory Circular

ACS Airman Certification Standards

AFA Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane-Added Rating

AFG Flight Instructor ‒ Glider ‒ Added Rating

AFM Airplane Flight Manual 

AFS Flight Standards Service

AGI Advanced Ground Instructor

AGL Above Ground Level

AIF Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Airplane ‒ Added Rating

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

AME Airplane Multiengine

AOA Angle of Attack

ASE Airplane Single Engine

BGI Basic Ground Instructor

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FADEC Full Authority Digital Engine Control

FIA Flight Instructor ‒ Airplane

FIG Flight Instructor ‒ Glider

FIH Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Helicopter

FII Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Airplane

FOI Fundamentals of Instructing

FRG Flight Instructor ‒ Gyroplane

FRH Flight Instructor ‒ Rotorcraft Helicopter

FSDO Flight Standards District Office

G Glider

GFA Flight Instructor ‒ Gyroplane ‒ Added Rating

HFA Flight Instructor ‒ Helicopter‒ Added Rating

HIF Flight Instructor ‒ Instrument Helicopter ‒ Added Rating

IA Instrument Airplane

IFO International Field Office

IFU International Field Unit

IGI Instrument Ground Instructor

IH Instrument Helicopter

IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions

LCG Learner-Centered Grading

MCI Military Competency Instructor

NAS National Airspace System

NTSB National Transportation Safety Board

POH Pilot’s Operating Handbook

PTS Practical Test Standards

RG Rotorcraft Gyroplane

RH Rotorcraft Helicopter

SIA Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Airplane

SIB Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Balloon

SIG Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Glider

SIL Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Lighter-Than-Air (Airship)

SIP Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Powered Parachute

SIW Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Weight-Shift-Control

SIY Flight Instructor ‒ Sport Gyroplane

SMS Safety Management System
Authorized Instructor Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 6: Abbreviations & Acronyms 

FAA-S-8081-XX 6-2

140624 Authorized Instructor ACS DRAFT vFR

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