THIRD DIVISION

MILLER, P. J.,

MCFADDEN and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

November 15, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A16A1233. THE STATE v. CLAY.

MCMILLIAN, Judge.

The State appealsthe trial court’s order granting Henry FranklinClay’s motion

to suppress the results of a state-administered chemical blood test, arguing that the

trial court erred in finding that Clay did not voluntarily consent to the test. For the

reasons that follow, we agree and reverse. 

“On appeal from a ruling on a motion to suppress, we construe the evidence

most favorably to affirming the trial court’sfactual findings and judgment.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) Jacobs v. State, __ Ga. App. __ (Case No. A16A1115,

decided Sept. 29, 2016). “[T]he trial court’s decision with regard to questions of fact

and credibility must be accepted unless clearly erroneous.” (Citation and punctuation
omitted.) Id. However, “[t]he trial court’s application of the law to undisputed facts

is subject to de novo review.” Id. 

So viewed, the record shows that between 2:00 a.m. and 3:00 a.m. on March

14, 2015, a Savannah-Chatham Metropolitan police officer responded to a call

regarding a motor vehicle accident. Upon arrival at the scene of the accident, the

officer discovered that a vehicle driven by Clay had apparently “t-boned” a stalled

vehicle that had run out of gas while attempting to make a left-hand turn onto Old

Montgomery Road from East Montgomery Crossroads. The officer located Clay

inside his vehicle, and when Clay complained of pain in his shoulder, the officer

called for EMS assistance.1

While waiting on EMS to arrive, the officer observed that Clay smelled very

strongly of an alcoholic beverage, that his words were slurred, and that his eyes were

glassy. Clay admitted that he had been drinking that evening, although his answers

regarding when and how much he had consumed changed throughout the

conversation. When EMS arrived, the officer noticed that Clay was unsteady on his

feet as he climbed into the back of the ambulance. Once Clay was seated in the

ambulance, he declined to have EMS treat him for any injuries. 

1

 There is no video recording of the encounter between the officer and Clay. 

2
Based on her observations, the officer determined that she should administer

field sobriety testing on Clay to determine if he was intoxicated. Clay consented to

the testing, but due to the weather and road conditions, the officer decided to forego

the one-leg stand and walk-and-turn tests and only conducted the horizontal gaze

nystagmus test. Because she noted that Clay had a lack of smooth pursuit in both

eyes, nystagmus at maximumdeviation in both eyes, and the onset of nystagmus prior

to 45 degrees, the officer believed that Clay was under the influence of alcohol to the

point that he was unsafe to operate a motor vehicle. She then asked Clay if he would

consent to a preliminary breath test on scene, and he agreed. Based on those results,

Clay was placed under arrest.

2

After his arrest, the officer immediately read Clay the Georgia implied consent

warning for suspects over the age of 21 – based on the date of birth provided on his

drivers license.3In response, Clay stated, “so you’re going to draw my blood, all

2

 Clay was not placed in handcuffs at this time. 

3 Georgia’s implied consent notice for suspects over 21 is found in OCGA §

40-5-67.1 (b) (2) and states: 

Georgia law requires you to submit to state[-]administered chemical

tests of your blood, breath, urine, or other bodily substances for the

purpose of determining if you are under the influence of alcohol or

drugs. If you refuse this testing, your Georgia driver’s license or

3
right, I’ll submit.” Before drawing his blood, EMS personnel asked Clay if he

consented and he said yes. Clay then signed an electronic consent form provided by

EMS.4 The EMS personnel proceeded to withdraw Clay’s blood without incident.

Clay was later charged with driving under the influence of alcohol (per se)5

and

driving under the influence of alcohol (less safe).6

privilege to drive on the highways of this state will be suspended for a

minimum period of one year. Your refusal to submit to the required

testing may be offered into evidence against you at trial. If you submit

to testing and the resultsindicate an alcohol concentration of 0.08 grams

or more, your Georgia driver’s license or privilege to drive on the

highways of this state may be suspended for a minimum period of one

year. After first submitting to the required state tests, you are entitled to

additional chemical tests of your blood, breath, urine, or other bodily

substances at your own expense and from qualified personnel of your

own choosing. Will you submit to the state[-]administered chemical tests

of your (designate which tests) under the implied consent law?

4 On appeal, Clay argues that the trial court excluded evidence that the EMS

personnel also obtained his consent. However, the record shows that the trial court

excluded a print out of the electronically signed consent form, but also stated, “but

I have heard [the officer’s] testimony about what she saw and what she heard, so I

will take that into consideration.” 

5

 See OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (5).

6

 See OCGA § 40-6-391 (a) (1). 

4
Prior to trial, Clay moved to suppress the results of the state-administered

chemical blood test. At the motion hearing, the State presented the testimony of the

arresting officer, who testified that throughout the encounter with Clay,she spoke in

a calm tone of voice and was not threatening or violent. She did not observe anything

that led her to believe that Clay was unable to make a decision on his own. The

officer also testified that Clay never attempted to withdraw his consent and that Clay

orally consented to the EMS personnel’s request to take his blood and that he signed

a separate consent form. 

In its December 31, 2015 order granting Clay’s motion to suppress, the trial

court noted that Clay agreed to submit to the blood test and that he was not threatened

in any way and did not show any physical resistance. Nonetheless, the trial court

determined that there is “nothing in the totality of circumstances, and taking into

consideration that a suspect could feel concerned about refusing because of the

possibility of losing a limited permit, among other reasons, to suggest that the

defendant did anything more than acquiesce to the blood draw.” The trial court

further found that “there was no apparent additional conversation or interaction with

regard to the test to indicate that actual consent was sought or given,” such that

5
Clay’s consent wasinsufficient pursuant to Williams v. State, 296 Ga. 817 (771 SE2d

373) (2015). This appeal followed. 

TheFourth Amendment of the United StatesConstitution and Article I, Section

I, Paragraph XIII of the Georgia Constitution protect an individual’s right to be free

fromunreasonable search and seizures, including the compelled withdrawal of blood.

See Williams, 296 Ga. at 819. Thus, the warrantless extraction of blood is presumed

to be invalid, subject only to a few specifically established exceptions. Id. Here, the

State invokes the consent exception to the warrant requirement. “Historically, we

considered a defendant’s affirmative response to the reading of the implied consent

notice assufficient to allow a search of his or her bodily fluids withoutfurther inquiry

into the validity of the defendant’s consent.” (Citations omitted.) Kendrick v. State,

335 Ga. App. 766, 769 (782 SE2d 842) (2016). However, in Williams, our Supreme

Court rejected a rule automatically equating an affirmative response to Georgia’s

implied consent notice with actual consent to a search within the meaning of the

Fourth Amendment. 296 Ga. at 819. “Instead, courts must now conduct a case-bycase analysis, considering the totality of the circumstances.” Kendrick, 335 Ga. App.

at 769.

6
In conducting a totality of the circumstances analysis, Georgia courts have

considered a variety of facts. “A consent to search will normally be held voluntary if

the totality of the circumstancesfailsto show that the officers used fear, intimidation,

threat of physical punishment, or lengthy detention to obtain the consent.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) Jacobs, __ Ga. App. at ___. And a “defendant’s affirmative

response to the implied consent notice may itself be sufficient evidence of actual and

voluntary consent, absent reason to believe the response was involuntary.” (Citation

omitted.) Id. (defendant’s failure to express an objection to the test or change his

mind is also evidence of actual consent). 

In this case, the trial court found that Clay “was not threatened in any[ way]

and did not show any physical resistance,” and we find ample evidence in the record

to support this conclusion. However, the trial court further found that “a suspect

could feel concerned about refusing [the test] because of the possibility of losing a

limited permit” to support its conclusion that Clay only acquiesced to the blood draw.

(Emphasissupplied.) But nothing in the record supportsthat Clay ever expressed any

concern or even considered the possibility of losing his driving privileges during this

encounter. Although it is appropriate for the trial court to consider “whether a

reasonable person would feel free to decline the officers’ request,” nothing in our

7
jurisprudence allows the trial court to speculate about how a hypothetical (and

possibly unreasonable) suspect might feel under the circumstances. See State v.

Williams, 337 Ga. App. 791, 796 (788 SE2d 860) (2016) (citation and punctuation

omitted). 

Moreover, our Court has recently declined to find that the reading of the

implied consent notice is coercive in and of itself because “there is no unlawful

coercion where, as here, the officer merely informs the arrestee of the permissible

range of sanctions that the State may ultimately be authorized to impose.” (Citation

and punctuation omitted.) State v. Young, __ Ga. App. __ (Case No. A16A1435,

decided Nov. 2, 2016). See also Gutierrez v. State, 228 Ga. App. 458, 460 (2) (491

SE2d 898) (1997). This is consistent with the United States Supreme Court’s recent

pronouncement in this area in Birchfield v. North Dakota, 579 U.S. __ , (VI) (136 SCt

2160, 195 LE2d 560) (2016), which struck down state statutes making it a crime to

refuse to submit to a blood test. Birchfield made it clear that the Court is approving

of “the general concept of implied-consent laws that impose civil penalties and

evidentiary consequences on motorists who refuse to comply.” Id. at ___. See also

Missouri v. McNeely, __ U.S. __ (133 SCt 1552, 185 LE2d 696) (2013). Accordingly,

8
the trial court erred as a matter of law in placing any weight on what a hypothetical

suspect might feel about how a refusal could affect his driving privileges. 

And with respect to the trial court’s finding that “there was no apparent

additional conversation or interaction with regard to the test to indicate that actual

consent was sought or given,” not only is this finding questionable in light of the

officer’s testimony that EMS personnel obtained Clay’s consent, both orally and in

writing, we find no support in our case law that requiresthe State to provide evidence

of any such additional conversation or interaction to demonstrate actual consent.

7 As

this Court has recently explained, “[w]e do not read Williams’ rejection of a per se

rule of consent under the implied consent statute as authorizing us to replace it with

its opposite – that is, a per se rule that the State must always show more than consent

under the implied consentstatute.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) State v. Reid,

337 Ga. App. 77, 78 (786 SE2d 694) (2016) (reversing trial court’s grant of motion

7 We are unpersuaded byClay’s argument on appeal that because he responded

to the officer’s implied consent notice with “I’ll submit” and did not use the word

“consent,” he merely acquiesced to the request. We specifically note that Georgia’s

implied consent statute ends with the question, “Will you submit to the state[-

]administered chemical tests of your (designate which tests) under the implied

consent law?” (Emphasissupplied.) OCGA § 40-5-67.1 (b) (2). That Clay listened to

the statutory advisement and responded using the same verbiage does not dispose of

the issue of whether Clay voluntarily consented or acquiesced; under Williams, we

must consider the totality of the circumstances. 

9
to suppress where there was no evidence defendant’s consent was anything but free

and voluntary). Accordingly, where there is no evidence that Clay’s consent was

anything but free and voluntary, the trial court erred in granting the motion to

suppress. See Young, __ Ga. App. at __ (reversing grant of motion to suppress

because State met its burden of proving defendant voluntarily consented to test where

she immediately verbally agreed to submit and there is no evidence of coercive

circumstances that would undercut voluntariness of her consent). See also State v.

Domenge-Delhoyo, 338 Ga. App. 439, 447 (1) (790 SE2d 139) (2016) (physical

precedent only). 

Judgment reversed. Miller, P. J., and McFadden, J., concur.

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