• 

REF ID:A40684 

10 § 131 GENERAL l\ULITAR7 LAW Subt A 

Notes of Decisions 

I Hl&to•lral 

The Depn'"tment of l\ ar [11ow De1>art 

irent uf Defense] v. as created \uth u 

prlnLipal off ~er • 11ereln to he c.alled the. 

i:.ecretary foi.• tile llepartmeut of \\ ar 

[110\\ "let'ret.ir~ • D .. '"ense] • by .A<.t Ang 

7 li'ID c 7 ! :Jt_' 49 In re lle1111e:i 

1839 38 L "l :?3G ..:"il 113 Pet 230 259 10 

L l!.ll 138 flee 11!"' lS;ili 7 Op Att) Oen 

453 461 

§ 132. Sea.I 

The Sec1etary of Defense shall have a seal for the Depa1 tment of 

Defense The design of the seal 1s subJect to approval by the Pi es1-

dent Judicial notice shall be taken of the seal 

Added Pub L 87-651, Title II, § 202, Sept 7, 1962, 76 Stat 517 

Historical Note 

Lech•l•tne HlstorJ' For leglslnthe 1962 ti "I Code C'ong nml Aclm 'ews ,, 

h1storJ' and purpose of Pub L 87-631, see 2-156 

Library References 

Armed Ser\ lce:11 ~ CJ S Army and 1\nvy II 1 4. et seq 

.. § 133. Secretary of Defense appomtment; powers and d~­

ties; delegation by 

(a) There is- a Secretary of Defense, who is the head oi the Department of Defense, appointed from c1v1han hfe bv the President, 

by and with the advice and consent of the Senate A person may 

not be appointed as Secretary of Defense within 10 years aft.er rehef from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular component of an armed force 

(b) The Secretary 1s the principal assistant to the President m 

all matters relating to the Department of Defense SubJect. to the 

direction of the President and to this title and section 401 oi title 

50 .. he has authority, dnection, and control ovei the Department of 

Defense 

(c) The Secretary shall report annually m writing to th<' P1esident and the Congress on the expenditures, work, and accomplish· 

ments of the Department of Defense during the period covered by 

the report, together w1th-

(1) a report from each mihtary department on the expenditures, ~ork, and accomplishments of that department, 

(2) itemized statements showing the savings of pubhc funds, 

and the ehmmations of unnecessary duplications, made under 

section 125 of this title, 

(3) a report from the Reserve Forces Policy Board on the reserve programs of the Depa1 tment of Defense, including a re26 

roved for Release b 

I 

~ .J 

t 

l 

! 

.. 

t 

... 

I: 

t t' 

L 

t'!. 

~ 

' 

Ch 4 Df~~ t - view of the e\ •

1< 

573, 837, 861, f :i .. 

- sei ve off1cei s, :a.: ~ h r,?: (4) sue rec11-i. 

(d) Unle~s speci~t' without ue • .,g rehe .J 

functions or duties, 01 

the aid of, such pe1so 1 

Defense as be may des1 

Added Pub L, 87-651, T 

Dl'1Pgatlon of J 11 nctlons 

tile I're•ndPnt umlcr 'ar1ou~ 

L&ted lo the l::,e<.r<..tary of 

l!.x Ord l\o 106.ll Jul) 1 

4759 as amended h) Lx ( 

AUL 4 1966 31 r R 10601 

10001 l• eb 27 19511 21 r 

Ord '-o 11300 Jn11 22 19tltl 

n II set out as uotes u ndl'l 

Title 3 The !'resident 

Emergency Prcparedne5 

It or asslgnmen~ of certain e 

A.111111al rate or ba~k < omp 

rnent Ori.nnuatlon 1.11u 

'atltmat "le<.ur1t) AgPrev 

\\fthMl811dlll11' RlllJRf'<' 

'ntlono I lleCeuge 

Re.ports to Cont. reaMl011al 

duty of Read) Reaor• 

Armed Services~ 

c 

Ae<.eptanee ilc. .. 1g11ahon n 

('ost l11for11111f11111 rep01 ts 

Fc111nl 01,1111rl umt\ J'rogr1 

1' orc1g11 tux 1 Plief 111·uii:11111 

1101101 ary ll\\ nrds lu .irl\ 

lug i.ce 32 Cl! U 2-1-1 l 

O\erseas De1,1endcnls Si:-h 

lbtration see 3.! CFR 

RtnndardK i>f ronduc t Cn 

s2 ci-n 7,i11 e1 <ir11 

"lubserlphon ser\ •<.<' of <1• 

2891 et seq 

Trial by foreign eou1 ts 

etc poheY and prot 
.. Subl' Ji' ...... 

• "' ,'by \lt Aug 

111 I rt' f[Pflllt'll 

13 1'1 t :?JO :?jl) 10 

1-..;-; 7 Or• Att, I "" 

Department of 

al by the Presi-

; 5tat 517 

1111 .Adm '\ews 11 

''Y H l 4 et seq 

'lwers and duad of the Dethe President, 

A person may 

E'ars c1.fter re-

.r compoPresident in 

:mbJect to the ~ 

>n 401 of title 

>epartment of 

to the Presid accomphsh1d covered by 

the expendiment, 

pubhc funds, 

made unde1 

rd on the reludmg a ie-

----

~ 

l 

' ! 

' 

J 

I 

j 

I 

f 

l 

l 

t 

~ 

i 

f 

t 

t 

l 

1 

l .. 

' 

~ 

• • 

REF ID:A40684 

Ch 4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 10 § 133 

view of the effectiveneu of chapters 51, 837, 361, 363 549, 

573, 837, 861, and 863 of th1q title, as far aq they apply to ieser\ e officers, and 

( 4) such recommendations as he considers appropriate ~ .,. (d) Unless o.,pec1fically prohib *,ed by law, the Secretary may, 

without bemg reheved of his iespons1b1hty, perform any of his 

functions or duties, or exercise any of his powe1s through, or with 

the aid of, such persons m, or organizations of, the Department of 

Defense cts be may designate 

Added Pub L 87-651, Title II,§ 202, Sept 7, 1962, 76 Stat 617 

Hlstor!oal Note 

n .. i .. catlon of Funrtlom• ru11lt1on11 of 1•n1rdness ttmltlons to lhe ~eeretnr) of 

the President 11111ler 'arlou .. soc tlons deie Dl'fense see Parts 1 4 and 30 <>f Fx 

gated to the Secretary of llefense see Ord No 11400 Oct 28 1069 Si F n 17567 

Ex Ord llio 1062l Ju\;i. l 105:> 20 1' R set out as a note under section 2292 of 

i759 as amend1.d h) Jo x Ord '\o ll:?M thP Appendix to Tltle 50 Wu and JI.a 

Aug i 1966 31 FR 10601 Fx Ord 'o "tlo1111l Defense 

10661 Joeb 27 19:16 21 r n l'll'i Fx 

Ord '\o 11390 Jun 22 1068 3J i, Jl SU LeirlHlatlvr lll•tory I or lt>g1slatlve 

nil set out as notes under section 301 of hlstor> anll purpose of Pub L 87-bl>l see 

~=~=--~.=~-m:;_°"{ ;,7Q ;~~~~fl~\ 01'0H ~ 0~~~~~ ~ Annual rnte uf b11sl<' c.om11e11satlou of Sec.retary see sectlou 1131:! of .rltle 5 Go\ern ~ \ ,...., ry ment Orga111z11tlu11 aml J 11111loyee11 v \\ -t,; _ [ 

'atlonal 

"lthst1111d1111,. 

<;e~urlt) Agenc.y 

suh~er 

em11loyment 

(d) of this sec.tion 

delegation 

see 

of 

seetlo11 

autllorlly 

833 of 

tor 

Title 

terminating 

50 '' ar 

not 

and 

· 

~ 

.fZ ~ 

"'/ 

'\ahonal lleft'1n1e tV 

Reports to Co11grt's~hmal Committees p111lcles and pro<.edures on recall to aethe 

dut) of Ready Reserve members see section 673 of this title 

Library lteferences 

Armed Servlees e::>4 CJ S Army and 1'avy H 1 4 et seq 

Code of Federal ltegula.tions 

A<'Ceptanee de111gnat11m and rt'<'elpt or srr\ Ice of prm.ess see 32 CFR 2571 et seq 

Cost lnforrnahon reports 11111•lil11blllt:> and sco1ie see 32 CFil 250 1 et ee11 

Jo •1ual 0111>0rt11nlty l'r111.ram 1•olll'y of as~urlng l'Ollll>llRm e see 32 crn JOI 1 ct seq 

l-ure-1g11 tax relief 1>ru1.ra111 i>nllcy an1i Sl.'l>pe see 3:? Cl< n 2111et11eq 

Honorer) award" t11 1>r1vate l'ahzens and 01ga11lzaho11>1 pollcv and 11<.ope establish 

In&, >1ee 32 Clo R 2H 1 et seq 

O\erseas Dependents Sl11ool SJ stem 1111111.y tor organlvalmn operation and admln 

lstratlon see :U CFR 69 1 et se11 

~tandards of condult for military and ehlllau 11ersonnel !l.avy Department see 

32 crn 7:?1 1 et t1e•1 

.,ubscr111ho11 11er\l1't' of d1rl'l.h\es l11stru<.Uons and lndexc.11 to the publl1. Sl'e 32 CFR 

289 1 et se(1 

Trial by foreign 1.ourts treatment In forrlgn 11rlso1111 of U S military personnel 

ete policy and 1•rocel111res see 32 Clo R 151 1 et seq 

27 

,_ 

.-
REF ID:A40684 
REF ID :A40684 

'II. • 
REF ID:A40684 

-------------------~-- - -- - -- --- -

.__,__ __________________ ------- -

·------------------------~ -

·---------------------~----~~-
·~ - ,p-? .. ,-

REF ID:A40684 

18 § 797 CRIMES Ch 37 

§ 797. Pubhcahon and sale of photographs of defroise mstalla.hono; 

On and -i£ler thn tv dav::. fiorrl the date upon which the P1es1dent 

defines any Hbl nuhtary or navc>I installation or equipment as 

being within the category conternp1ated under section 795 of this 

title, whoeve1 reproduces, publishes, sells, or gives away any 

photograph, sketch, picture, drawing, map, 01 graphical 1epiese11tat1on of the vital m1hbry or naval installations or equipment so 

defined, without first obtaining perT111ss1on of the commanding officer of the m1htary or nav-il posi, camp, or station concerned, or 

lugher authority, unless such photograph, sketch, picture, diawmg, 

map, or graphical representation has clearly md1cated the1 eon that 

1t has been cen~p1ed by the proper m1htary or naval autholltl-, sh.tll 

be fined not mor.e than $1,000 01 1mpnsoned not more th-in one 

)ear, or both June 25, 1948, c 64i, 62 Stat 738 

Llbl'llol'J' referenees Wnr and Nahonal IleConse ~S C ;r S \Vnr and N'.ihonnl 

Defense I Ob 

:H:istorleal anil Rev:ls:lon Notes 

ltouser s Nute. Based on B<-Ctions 4!.i 

and 45b ot Title 50 USC 1!>10 ed "ar 

and Nabonnl lJcreuse (;fpn 12 1938 c .? 

H 1 3 52 Stat 3) 

Punlshme-nt provision ot sectlon 45 of 

Title 60, USC llHO ed \\ar and l\a 

tlonnl Defense ls repeated '\\ ords •up 

on conviction lH .. rL deleted as surplus 

age slnee pu11l1:1bmcn~ cannot be imposed 

until a conviction ls secured 

Minor changes wero made fJl pllra~e 

olog:r 80th Congress ponse Report :ho 

3M 

Canal ?'one. Appllc!ll.bllit:r or Sl'Ctlon to. 

Canal .fone, sco sccUon l4 o! this Ulle 

§ 798. Disclosure of Classified Information 1 

(a) \Vhoe\--er kno\\mgly and willfully communicates, furmshes. 

transmits, or othenvise makes available to an unauthorized person. 

or pubhshes, or uses in any manne-r pre3ud1c1al Lo the safety or interest of the United Stat~s or for the benefit" of any foreign government to the detriment of the United States any class1f1ed mformation- ' 

(1) concerning the nature, preparatio11, oi use oi any code, 

cipher, or cryptographic system of the UmLed States or any 

foreign government, or 

(2) concernmg the design, construction, USI', maintenance, or 

repall' of any device, apparatus, 01 appliance used or prepared 

or planned for use by the United States or any fore1gn government for cryptograph.m or ,commumeation mtelhgence purposes, 

or 

(3) concermrur the communtcat1on mtelhgence activ1Lles o.( 

the United States or any foreign government, or 

440 ~ ... -

' 

I 

Ch 31 

( 

fro• 

the '1 Shall 

• ten l e'lL 

(b) }. 

The t 

the t1m~ secu1ih.~ 

Agenc)i 

The t 

m the1J,~ of secre 

used for• 

Cc\nCe, or 

The te1 

cion 01 pe 

faction, p 

w1thm a 

any perso 

foreign co 

United St· 

The te1r 

methods u 

mg of infc.. 

tt!'nded ree 

•The te1.11 

w}uch, is 

set forth I 

the head o• 

which 1s e 

mum cation 

(c) Notl 

lawful de11 

m1tLee of 

States of!' 

c 1655, § 24 

:I.So enact<>• I 

Canal Zo" 

to C'amal Zon 

( 

r 

• I 

I 

' 

........ ··~·f-• .. 
I 

1 " 

Ch 37 

a1-f defense mv. h1ch the Piesulrnt 

1011 or equipment as 

sPction 795 of this 

or gives away any 

!,'"r'lph1cal ieprebenh-

::ins or equipment <10 

he comm.mdmg off1-

tat1on concerned, or 

ch, picture, clra\\ mg. 

11.hcated the1eon that 

1aval autho11h, bhc11l 

not more than one 

~8 

CJ S \Var and '\ 111 >11'1' 

es 

111nc11t r'lnn(lt b.i 1111posc•l 

"n is secured 

s were made la phroqengress House n .. port ""o 

4.pr>llrahlhty or section tc> 

srctlfJn H or th1s htle 

1 umcates, fu1 m.s)les, 

1nauthorized person, 

to the safety or many foreign go\ ernclao;s1f1ed mfouna01 use of any code, 

mted States or 'tny 

•se, maintenance, or 

ce used or prep'lred 

any foreign govemtelhgence purposes, 

1gence act1v1hes of , or 

REF ID:A40684 

u 

(h 37 ESPIONAGE AND CENSORSHIP 18 § 798 

(-1) obb.med hy the p1ocesses of commumcnt1on mtelhgence 

f1om the commumcat1on<1 of any foreign go\ernment. knowing 

the same to Jut\ e been obt'lmed bf such processesSh.1ll be fmed not more than $10,0"? 01 impusoneil n.ot more than 

te11 ) cal s, 01 both 

(b) As used m subsection (a) of th•s section-

[ 

The term "classified mformabon" means mformabon which, aQ 

the tune of a '\riolat1on of this section, is, for reasons of national 

seem 1ty, specifically designated by a Umted States Government 

\gcnc3 for hm1ted or restricted dissemination or distubuhon, 

The terms "code," "cipher," and "cryptographic system" mclude 

m their rneamngs, m addition to their usual meanings, any method 

of secret wntmg nnd any mechanical or electucal device or method 

u~ed fo1 the pu1pose of disguising 01 concealmg the contents, s1gmf1-

<'ance, or meamngs of commuincatious, 

The term ''foreign gove1nment" mcludes m its meanmg any percion 01 pe1sons actmg or purportmg to act for or on behalf of any 

faction, party, department, agency, bureau, or rn1htary force of or 

\\ 1thm a foreign country, or for or on behalf of any government or 

any person or persons purportmg to act as a government within a 

foreign country, whether or not such government is recogmzed by the 

lJ mted States, 

@

The term "comm-;;mcation mtelhgence" ~eans all procedures a~d thods used m the mtercepbon of commnmcabons and the obtamg of mforlJlabon from such communications by other than the mnded recipients, 

The term "unauthorized person" means any person who, or agency 

\\ b1ch, is not authorized to receive mformabon of the categories 

set forth m subsection (a) of this section, by the President, or by 

the head of a department or agency of the Umted States Government 

''h1ch is exp1essly designated by the President to engage m commum.:!atlon mtelhgence act1v1ties for the Umted States 

(c) Not.hmg m tlus section shall proh1b1t the furmshmg, upon 

},\wful demand, of information to any regularly consU.tuted committee of the Senate or House of Representatives of the United 

States of Amer1c'l, or 3omL comtmttee thereof Added Oct 31, J 951, 

c 655, § 24('l), 65 Stat 719 

1 So enacted See second section '198 enacted on June 30 1953, set out. below 

llistorlcal :Note 

c .. nal 7one Apph!'llblhty of section Leglslathe !llstor:r For lPglsl'ltlve his 

to> Cam.ii fone see section U of this title. tor) an<l p11rpoqo of Act Oct 31 1001, see JD;n U S Code Cong 11nd Adrn r-ews, p 

!!;;i8. 

441 

' l 

1 

l 
I . 

REF ID:A40684 

18 § 798 CRIMES Ch 3i 

C. oss Refe:::i<inces 

Ilio;closura ot • l'l'l'l1f1e.J lnform'ltlon b.:; Uo,-br11me11t officer or emp'o.:ree see section 'i'l.~( b) (d) or Titlt. 51> \\'Ir 1111d 11.ntlonnl Dt.f~nse. 

redrrnl retlrernLnt bLner1ti. !orfl.'ltnre u11on conviction or offenses described under 

this Se<"tlon see- S•>ction 2282 or Title 5 Execut!\e Depnrtments and Government Offl 

ct'rs nnd Fm11lo;vL'<-S 

'rtcr'lns ben• rit'I forfeiture upon con1"1Lhon under this section see 11ect1011 ::505 

ot ~itle 38 VctLr 111s JleneCits 

Notes of lJec1111ons 

I ibro.ry rl'rerrn~es 

"nr noel '\'lhon'll n, r. ll'<C C=>-l'l 

CJ' S "nr nnd Nnhon'll Defense I 5G 

l Conshtuhon"ll aatea-nard• 

The N.itlonnl Sl'curit:y .4.l't former sPc 

hon 171 et seq or Title 5 and the Arme<l 

Serv:lee Procurement .Art sertlon 2301 et 

seq of 'l'ltle IO together with this sl'C.' 

tion making it 11 crime to commnnlrnte 

intelUgence lnformntlon to unnutborlzcil 

persons nnd section 'iS3 of Title 'iO ma!. 

mg U a crime fur ofilcer or employee ot 

Umted St:itu1 to eomm11111catc elnsslfie1I 

ln!ormntioll to U(,C!'lltS Of foreign g<>Hrn 

ments or Communist ori.nnl1111hons do no .111t11orlze Department or Dl!'!onse to ere 

nte Industrial aecurl~y clen nnce program 

under which a..tlected person11 11111y lo'fl. 

their jobs nnd m11y be rcstramed 1n fol 

Jc"" Ing their chosen professions on bas1, 

of tact dcterml1111tlona conccr11111g tlte1r 

fitness for clear'lnce m11de in proccccJmg~ 

In l\ l1Jch they are denied lr11dlt1011al pro 

CLdur11l saft.g1111rds of con!rontnhon nncJ 

cl'Oss exnmmatlon Oreene v l\fclllro .. .App D C.1009 70 S Ct 1400 360 US 4U 

3 J T.ld :?<1 1377 

§ 798. Temporary e::\..tens1ou of section 794 1 

The pro\ isions of section 794 of this title, as amended and extended by section l(a) (29) of the Eme1gency Powe1s Contmuabon 

Act (66 St«t 333), as further amended by Pubhc Law 12, E1ght~­

th1rd Congress, m addition to commg into full force and effect in 

time of war shall remam m full force and effect until sut months 

after the termmation of the national emergency proclaimed by the 

President on Decembe1 16, 1950 (Proc 2912, 3 C F R , 1950 Supp • 

p 71), or such earher date as ma.Jo be prescribed by concurrent resolution of the Congress, and acts which would give 2 ise to legal conse. 

quences and penalties under seehon 794 when performed dunng a 

state of war shall give nse to the same legal consequences and 

pen'llties when they are performed during the period above pro-

"\ tded for A~ded June 30, 1953, c 175, § 4, 67 Sf.at 133 

1 So enacted See first section 'IDB enacted on Oct. 31, 1001 set ont above 

Jlf.stor1eal l\Tots 

Rerer ... ncl's m Text Se<.tlon l(:i) (:?9) 

ot the rmergency l'o\\ers Contln11'\tlon 

A.ct (66 Stnt 333) ns further amended b.:; 

Public Lnw I:? I:ighty third Congres" 

referred to 111 the text wns formerly Sl't 

out as 11 note under section 791 of thl'I 

title 1111d " 'IS repealed b:y section 'i 

of A.ct June 30 10;:;::. 

Proc. 2012 3 c I' n 1950 Supp I JI 'il 

rPferred to lo the text ls nn Mroneous 

citation It should rerer to l'roc 2'll4-

which fs set out as a note 1nececllng sec- tion 1 of Appendix to Tltle 50 '\ .ir and 

1' ntlonaJ Defense. 

Canal Zone. Applicablllt;v or section to 

Cnnal Zone, 11ee secUon 14 of this title. 

Lei:l•lat1Ye Jilstorirt li'Ol' Jeglslath e history and pu1pose ot Act June 30 l!l'i3, see lfl.'13 US Code Cong and Adm 1'c'lu 

p Ii10 

442 

.... ._ .. , -~-

I 

I 

I 

I 

Ch 39 

§ 799. 

Whoe\(.r 

to , iolate a1 

tor of thP ~ 

protection o 

cihty, or pa1 

vehicle, or t= 

todY of the 

equipment 11 

the Admuu:s 

shall be fm 

one ~ea1, OL 

July 29, 190 

Llbrar.r rore-

.consplrnc;v I 12 

Codltkatlon 

sub sec ( c) ot 

568. "! ubsocs ( are classlfle1l t 

The Public I:Xen 

(d) of secUon 

U14 of this tit 

30& ls ell•sslf1e1 

'2 

CHAPTEl 

Sec 

83L Defm1• 

832 Transi: a gen 

833 ?.Ia1ku 

1 arb• 

831 Regul· 

835 Ad mm 

836 Tiani.1 

837 E:x:plo 

foin 

per· 

ll)GO Amrndrn 

8, 1060 'ii St 

Dnngt.rous Ar 

in the elinptcr 

active mnterl 

~"\-<. ..,,,,. 
' . .. • 

l • • 

-

REF ID:A40684 

count aud not to coneptraey count. es11eciall:r where court had alread;r charged adequately on attempt count. ld 

!ll Que.tJo.ns fol' Jury In prosecution for consplrac:r to violate 

this section forbidding conspiracJ' to 

transmit illformatlon • relating to the na· tlonsl def1mse • whether doeuments de 

tendant conspired to transmit were of 

au<'h character was for jur:r u

2 

B132v Drummond C.A..N Y l~ 3M F d 

certiorari denied S6 S Ct. 1116$, 3&l U S 

1013 16 L Ed 2d 1031.t..... rehearing denied 

87 S Ct. 21, 3b5 U fl ziw, lT LJ!ld.2d 126 

.Fact that scientlsta• opinions were Jn 

conflict: wlth opinion of electrical engl neer as to accuracy ot schematic drawing of atomic bomb introduced. in evldenee 

in espionage prosecuiloll did not establish 

that engineer a opinion was false as enflneez'a credlbJUty was tor Ju:r,J' and no for panel ot ex_llerta Sobel£ v U s,, DC NY 11161 2114 F Supp M9 afllrmea 

818 F 2d 67~ certiorari denied 88 S Ct 

'180, 889 U fl 1051..i. 19 L Ed 2d &!¥, rehear 

ing denied 88 S .,.;t 1023, 390 U 111 977, 19 

LEd 2d lltn' 

lib BarmJeq or preJudlclal ~ 

\l' here there was no showing that Soviet Govl'rnme11t would lla'l'e waived dlplo matlc fnimunlt.v trom compulaor7 proceaa 

to teatl!J: hi a U.nJted States court for 

three diplomatic pPrBunnel Clede.red to be 

persona non gm.ta even .It diplomata had remainecl in the United States. defendants 1n prosecution for conspiracy to 

gather and deliver defense intorn1atlon to a forel8'1l government were not prej- udiced by the United States declaring dip- lomats to be pe:rsona non grata U S v Butenko C.A.N .r 11167 384 F 2d liM va cated on otber groanda 81) S Ct. 961 394 

u s. 165 22 L.Ed.2d 176 rehearing denied 89 S Ct 1177 39-i U fl 939 22 L Ed 

2d 4'r.1, on remand 318 Ii' Supp 66. 

24. Sentene&-Oenera'IJT 

Defendant convicted on two counts, ono ehar1nng thaf: defendant conspired with 

empiOyee o:r :foreign embassy to transmit 

information relating to national defense 

to foreign government, and second count 

charging that defendant and same em ploree and other 'persona conspired to 

obtain natlo11al de.reuse inf'ormatfoa was properly sentenced to consecubve eenten 

t'ea on e4Ch count. Boecketihaupt v U 

S C.A Va 1968, 892 Ji' .2d 24 certiorari de 

nled 89 S Ct 1112, 383 U 8.. 896, 21 L Ed 

2d 1'11 

llS. - ()onectlon Fact that district court waa under In 

correct impJ:eBa1on In 1973 that defend11.11t 

had p1eadfid gulley to crlmea in addition 

to crlr» Qf conspiracy to com.mlt eaplo naee ti.id not operate to undermine valid! 

ty 1>:!1 IJ.efendant'a lOM &+.itence tor crime nor did court's lncorl'f:<it assessment of 

l!'lft-ndiuit•a m.otloii tor (.Orrectlon or re ductl'"u ot seaten<.-e as being untimel7 aenre to underml.lie J!l'QVlon11 valldltY 

Tnom[l8on v U fl , C.A;N Y 1973, 48' F 2"4 

9-22 ' ~ 

n Btl71-

Where F B l. 11;1g of lntenlew which waa m"arked tor hientlfie11.Uon and glvm to detenae ccn1nsel in prosecatlon for coa spJrac;;r to violate thhi section wae not la trodu~d ln evidence,. and clefendant neve contended at trial th11.i he had beea 

denied hla eoastttutlonal rlg'ht of access to 

counsel, so that_ government was denied 

opportunlt:r to off~ the log into evidence, 

to avoid J>et1alisinlf the SOl'ernment for 

failfng to reapond at trial to a contention 

permltte-l t& be :ra.laed tor tlrat time on appeal, Court ot Appeals would e:s:erclse 

Jts po\ver to consider the exhibit marked 

tor ldent.ltfctttlon U l!I v Drummond, C.A NY 1065, 3M JI' .2d 132, certlorarl deNA1Jf ~:e.::.i~ :fi111~l 8710

"G'ct16tf. ~ U S 892 lT L.E:d.24 128". ' _ 

Fact that wltneaa• acl1ematlc drawing aQd deacrl,ptlve teat1mon7 of atomic bomb were not Qclentlflcally complete and ae curate did'. not render wltnea&' testllnon:v 

in espionage prosectttlon ao Incredible 118 

to entitle convi&.'ted espionage a~nt to 

post-couv•cttcn relief Sollell v U S"' 

DC N Y 1007 2M F Supp 579 attirmeu 

378 F ~ .874, certiorari denied 88 8 Ct. 

780 389 U a 1051 19 L Jild 2d &i3, re hearing- denied 88 B Ct J021S; 300 U S D'l7, 

19 LEd.2d 1197 J t: '" ~ • 

Person convicted as sp:r wu not en titled to riost conviction relief b-et.ause 

llChematlc :clrawJng Introduced In esplo n&ge: trial was not ao complctel7 ac curate a11 to enable forefgll power to con struet atomic botDh :from. ilrawlng Id 

-~"' .J:.~~ ... "'w. ,. """... .... 

§ '198 D cl f CJ lfled T-• ti > ~- ~f -!:- - - - ,.,._~- - JS osure o ass .uu.ormn on ,:-;. :::. .. ... 1 ,,. t. r' 

c:-:·;-;~;;;;-:~ez to Notes 2 A Prf;llJQJnAry newasiaper would J.QJanCtion"" not be prelbnlnarl ~ "~ ..H!stortca . ments 1 IT enjoined trom publishing certain gov - __ ,, fDJunctlon 1' _,_ ernment documents relating to Vietnam ~...! and the Tonkin Gu.It lracldent on buls of 

L H •-to-'-• docn-e-•- -~ •, • appUcatlon ot tbla section where there ... .. • .,... - ..... was no nasonablo Jlkellhood of govel'u Thia section did not have applleatlon to ment successtull;r proving wmtur belief 01' proscribe pnblleatlon of h1storl<'al doe- that Inrormatton to he puflllsl1ed could be 

uments pertaining to the war In Vietnam used to lnJ~ or th& United. States or and the Tonkin Gulf Incident. U S v ad\antan o.t a117 foreign nation U S 

New York TJmes Co. D C N Y lW_. 328 v New York Times Co D.C NY lll'll 328 

F Supp 324:. renianded 44!& Jt !d Dff re- F Sup_p m remanded 44.4 l.l'2d 5U re versed, on ofher grounds and remanded 91 \erfff!d on otller _grounds and ftmRnded 

fl.Ct. 2.1.fO 403 U S 7l3 .29 L Ed 2d 822. 91 S Ct, 2140, 4o.1 US. 'Jl3. 29 J,,Ed 2d 822 

168 

• r>- "I Z'"".'.t.."'.r- f;..~ .:-tJ';r-lt. .Jo;.. I! -.:. 

~.,.~·~Ill- ,..:!',:( !S--u~.;,,. 

,. .... ,;;; ~·J -;W>'t5.~~ ..... ~- - .. ~'Y, ~ t "'"";( t;::S. ""i r-". ,_ ,_ i. .. -:_~ vt' t I -s _- C" 

.... _,;.#WO ... ~ k" .#' 

1'-t ... i:tr~,. ...... 

"'I-I• .. 

,.-,... f;.-> - .... " ttl'- '...- "t.,, s; ; ; ,...L. ... .. ~' ;:i:, (1- $ 

t,F ~ s.. _..,._,,.'>~ .. r p.-t ... 

' -"",~'r-"'~./' :II- "\( f'"' ?' j. A...;-.d ... 

- G -' 

CHAP'! 

~ Deflnltlons. 832 Tnnsportatlon ot 

active materials , and other dange. 833. Marking packageail sl'f"fls and other 

197& Amodmen~ P11 

XI I ll06(b} (2) Oct 

000. struck out Item s:ri' 

§ 881 Deflnl.tton 

~ Tran•fer of :Function• 

powers and duties ot the nzerce Commls1uon and 

me1Dbera ottlees and of 

latlng generally to expJ~ 

dangerous articles Ullll 

'°) 

,wt.§ SSS. Tre.nsport• 

agents, and other clan 

~ ...... !~ " ..-.£ ...... 

Transporta.tlon ot billiard 

it seq , 31rl 1 et. seq 

~ ~ ' 

§ 884 Begula.tions ~-. ;.,.analn of Punc:tlons. 

J!.Owera and duties or commerce ComJDIBBlon ,. man membeES offices t~ereot relating generalJ;r and other dangerous artl<" 

.ectlon were transferred to 

the. Secretar7 of Trauapor L 89-670 Oct. 15 l~ which created the Deparl JJorta.tlon See llCCUon lll:lc 

tie 49, 'J.ransportatlon 

- .. - t?t~ t!. 

_,Supplement•~ Xnde· 

'.).:.labUltJ' within Hc:tlon 1.:: _ 

~ .... ..... a. ... '" .;lc----- ~ • ~ t 

s. - \Vlth otli.er: Jaws 

New York sta~ute requlrl warning on outillde o1 a a dangerous article Mc" 

Vehicle and '?:attic Law 

81lbds 1 3, dld not so. con eral law, as to• regulation 11blpme.nt of daugerous Jn 

make state statnte lnvalld 

of requirement in state eta 

Jation be a knowing one atatuto 11 proRcrlblng knowl 

People v Transamt.rlcan 

~c'l'2T 1= l'< ~9s 2: ~fd Ct 

90 s ct 87', 398 u s 939, 24 

:McKinney's NY Vehicle 

Law, I 380 subd (3), Nb portatfon ot dnni;Groua t'» 

section covert; san1e matt 

co11fUcl Peo v Carbo'l 

y S 2d 4.08 M lsc 2d 762. 

o aesul&tlons-Gencrall:r 

The Commission a sat" 

providing that 111 freight. " 

Cd loaded tank car must. • 11ext to any car placarded flammable poison gas freight train as one or coupled wlth one or 11101 

dlspla;vlng markers dld 1 train whlch wu uot; dlsp 

..s us \:ii"I~""' 

1 

t 
•ill 11<.e 

.:: "": v 

~-'? -

u ogn go\ u n ml'n 1 ... 

oH 1gn goH.t nmeut 

•I< 1gn go\ et nment~ 

of foreign go\ t 1nnu11t 

fo1 ( 1gn go\ ernment 

( ndb n.111011 

t1011 

1 orl•1gn n LI 1011 

n 1tion 

1g-erent nal1on 

Ch t:> 

uc;1te to vessel i:. dep l tu1e 

for false c;t.itlments 

111 aid of neutrnht~ 

.l certam countries 

n<l na1cotics to Pnc1f•c J-.1 mds. 

(II) GR 'ltnt /;GI " .... b r('[ll' tlLcl sec. 

ti> r..flC<.t the. r•1•e'll 

rnmt>nt ... 

or con<1ul.u officer 01 'lttache, 

o.... ore1.im go\ e1nment\\1thout 

'I: •, sh·lll be fmed not mote 

1.n 1 tPn \ ea1 "• 01 both June 

-f>VJSIOll Notes 

\hnor clumt..t<1 ln 1 hr'lqealogy \\ere 

~<le SOth C1m1.re~K 11< u~e rc1>ort No 

H 

< 1111"ll Znne ,\(>phi 1111111"<' ilf i:ri tlon in. 

111 11 /01111 r.c.e .... ctl "' H u( tli s title 

1e11co& 

,,nsul or offlu r~ '-LL •C< 1 n 015 of this 

111 ti of thh1 title. 

tl11~ title 

I 

f 

i 

f 

l 

l 

l 

l 

I 

REF ID:A40684 

<h 45 FORI~IGN RELATIONS 18 § 952 

Notes of Decis1ous 

( on>hlufhm 1hty 1 f • 

( o11str11C"hon "•Iii ot11ar l 1ws 1 2 

) \UltlU"t' f 

1nd1t"t11u. ut , 

Jur1•il1("hon .J 

\LDllO 4 

J 1h<'•~• rt'Crl'l"nces 

IntLrlt'ltlnn 11 1 '1" ~IO :?I 

c J'S IntLrn lt1011'll l 1t\\ I J:? 

1 Coni.btutlonallt,-

.. 

Ttils ~11•cho11 rt'qntung prior 11ohfit''l 

non to S<t'rc>tnr.:r or St tl~ l•cfur< nctmg 

15 agent for foreign goH r11111• ut con 

1~mpl'ltcs no future erlmlnnl nctn LtJ' nml 

•• not unconshtutlonnl bcC'lllSC \11c1den 

1.in:r it mlgllt be nrpllc'lhlc to om. "lbout 

I> be crlmm'llly enA"'l!l'l'd U S v :Mel 

1.h D c Ill 1061 103 r 'lu Pl• 'iSG. 

• conatr111 hon with other Jaws 

There 111 no iucon~lstcnt'y hLt\\ c>t'n tins 

•ectton nnd S<t'tlon 61:? or !lllle 22 m'lkmg 

1t cruulnnl oll'Lnsc :Cor n person blcom1 mg nacnt or :Corclgn rr1nC!lp ti to t tll to 

r,gl~trr \\1th AttornPY <'t>nl'ral l S v 

)(cicl.h D C 1111qo1 1113 I ..,upp ~6 

• Jurl~tllcbon 

'L SC A Const Art 3 § :? l'I :? 1nvlng 

<.upremc Court orlgmnl nn1l C'CllUE'l\O 

nrlsdlctloo m procecdmgs ng·unst nm 

11as~ndors or other public 11111m1tL rs of 

(orc11.n nnt•on~ hud no apphc'ltlon tn 

oheu dcfeud1nt in 1•rosec11'1011 for con 

•piracy to Holnte tlus se<.tlon and l't'Pt1on 

i~ of tbls title relating to gntherlng nnd 

transmitting defense iuformallon where 

thP 111 r. n1ln11t woo; on emplo)Pc of the 

UlllfPd ~'llJOllS he l\orJ..P1l C'CdU~IH.I) Jn 

no111l11>lo1n'lt'c c1pnclty nud he "ns 1111t 

C'hr.•hl~ to •ccLne 1rn1l 1l1J not c-nl1 r 

1 mtc1l Sl11ti .. on AmC'r1C'lll tll1>l11m 1t1c ,,Rll llllt onl) on IHIR1l111IOR1'1IJC \)~11 .. 

l.. '> , \ldl 1..11 11 C '- l lJ<aU 1'10 1 '>0111 

bi 

4 'l"l\110 

Tho 1•roper \ cnuP to try 'l 'lol 1tor 11r 

formc>r &!'("t1on bill 11r T1tl<' n.? \\llS in tho 

d•~tr1ct '' ht'ro tl11 ddt'mlont nctt'd 'l'I 

n~nt ••fthonl J1a\lng 1,hcn 11r1or 11otir1 

Clltlon to Ille Srt'r• l'lr\ or <:t ttc T S \ 

Dut'rl. DC\\ I~ 1'>l1 J8 1 ..,111•1• JIJO 

G Imllc.lmcnt 

llllllctmcnl'< cl1'lr1,111.., l!11tt 1!1 fP111l 111ts 

cons111red lo trnnsm!L fnCorm1tllon rclotrng to nntlonnl 1lc.f<.11'!e '11111 1"011sp1rrrl lo 

r.tt 1s agents or nnol11er nnhon '11tbo11t 

111lor notUic1tllon to 'lecr1..t 'lr) of <,talc 

"oultl not. bo dismissed on grouml thnt 

l 1mtc1l 'IL..tlcs placed defc11dn11ts nllc,.c<l 

cocon"pm1lors wlto were prospeclhe \\ll 

nu&c~, be) oncl juu .. dlctfon ot court 

\\ 1tllout notice lo defc11d1mts whc1 e 

thc>rc \\ 'lS no proof Of supprl!llqJon Of I'\ I 

<1<-nu 1 r C\ <lJ.l t'"t1~tP11< e t lu roof U c; \ 

l goru\ I I C '\ Y IJM :?:J.? l 'lllJ•P iJ.? 

G Euil<.nr., 

l \ hlencc Sllqf'1111Nl COil\ lcllon of COii• 

E'lllr'lCl to \Joint<. :Co1mcr 61.'Ctlun GOl nr 

!title :?:? \\Juell mnde 1l n crune nt•L to r<'gLStcr \U(h the Secrcl..'1 "Y or Stille 1r 

oite 1:1 nctmg 'lS nn ng1.11t or n fo1l'11m 

i.o•ern111u1l U $ ~ 111.'lnc C' C" ,\ ' Y 

1'14:i l:>t I 'cl 813 ccrtmr..t I cl<'nh 11 Cl> 

s cc 01;; 3!!8 u s 833 llO J 1•,1 irnc; 

§ 952. D1plomatlc codes and correspo11dencc 

Whoe'\.er, by virtue of his employment by the Umlcd St.1tcs, obt.,111-; 

f1om another 01 has or has h'ld custody of 01 accec;~ to, any off1c1 11 

c11plomnf.Ic code 01 any m"ltter p1 epnred 111 any i.uch code, or ~Ju ch 

pu1ports to 11'\\ e been p1ep'11ed m 'lnv c;uch code, 'lncl without '1Ul'101-

1zation 01 competent autho11ty, w11lfully pubhshes 01 furnishes to 

nnothe1 "l.llV such co le 01 mritter, 01 any matte1 which was obtamecl 

\\ hde m the p1 occss of ti '1nsm1s~1011 bet\\ een any foi eign government nnd its d1plomnt1<, m1c;s1on m th~ Umlcd Shies, shall be fmecl 

not mo1e than $10,000 01 1mp11sonecl not mo1e th.111 ten 3ea1", or 

both June 25, 1948, c 645 G2 Sht 743 

Llbrar) relt'rcnces Unltt>cl Stntcs ~ CJ' S t.111tccl '3!1 tcs U GO OJ 

509 

- - l ii RUiii il•••d n1i11t6 t ':f' t III <i6WG 

/ 
• 

REF ID:A40684 

----------·----

18 §952 CRIMES Ch 4j 

Historical a:u.d Revision Notes 

Uc U•• rs Z,.ufp r'ls..d on section 1~ 

••t 11111. -- U q c 1

1

110 c>rl , ror11g11 J?c>l 

1ums 1n1l Jnh1<t111r"'! (June IO 1033 c 

ljj" 4" <l;l'l.t ]!!!?} 

'\lmor cl1 1nge.'I o! pl1rns!'oloi,7 were 

n'tde SOth Congress Ilou'lc l?Lport ?<.o 

ulH 

C1os• References 

Cl 1~q111 'II lnfonnntlon 

Di..closure b;y Government official penalty fur &Le section 783(b), (d) or '11th. 511 

"nr and ?liatlonal Detens!" 

I>u1t.losurct ot see section 'illS of thu1 btle. 

§ 953. Prn•a.te correspondence with foreign governments 

Any citizen of the United States, wherever he may be, who, without authority of the Umted States, directly or indirectly commences 

or carues on any coriespondence •or intercourse \Vith any foreign 

government or any officer or agent thereof, with intent to influence 

the measures or conduct of any foreign government or of any officer 

or agent thereof, m relation to any disputes or controversies with 

the Umted States, or to defeat the measures of the Umted States, 

shall be fined not more th'ln $5,000 or imprisoned not more than three 

years, or both 

This section shall not 'lbri.dge the right of a citizen to apply, lum. 

self or his agent, to any foie1gn government or the agents thereof for 

redress of any mJury \\ h1ch he may have sustained from such gov. 

ernment or an.} of its agent:. or subJects June 25, 1948, c 645, 62 

Stat 744 

Jlistor1cal and :S.evlslou Notes 

lk»l,.ers• lloofe. Base<l on Title 18 US 

C 19-iO ell I 5 (l\lllr 4 lll09i c 321 § 5 

..;; Slnt 1088 [dt.rived from RS f 53:l,;J 

.Apr 22 1932 e 126, 47 Stat 132) 

The rt.fer, nee to nay clt1z• n or resident 

"iclnn tile :lnrls•llctlon of the United 

St 1tes not duly authorized •\\ho counsels 111h h•s or nssu1t11 in such corre 

sp.md .. nc~ \\ lth such Intent wa<; omlttNl 

ns uun• ressnry In '••'W or dLfm1tio11 or 

I rmu1>'ll in SL'Ction 2 

'\fnndator;r punishment provl::don was 

rephrased In tile alternative. 

Minor clmngea of arrnngp;ment and In 

pllraseolog;r "ere mnde. 80th Congress 

House Report No 30:l 

Canal .Zone Appllcnblllty ot section to 

C'\1111 .tone see BLCtlon H ot this title. 

Notes of Declslon.s 

(' Pnl"rally : 

Con&tr11chou l 

ltccoi:-ulhon or 'mmri.u•ts 3 

L1 br'\l'y referc.-nces 

Jut• rn 1tion'll Lnw (l:::::>lO 18 

CJ '3 Internntlonnl Lnw I 111 

1 Constn1cUon. 

Any 'lmblgult;v In this chapter sl1ould 

be resolved In favor ot lenlt.Y '\Vnldron 

v British l'Ltroleum. Co , D C N Y lf)CU 

231 r Supp 72. 

2 Generally 

C1hzena ot tl1e United St.fltl"q are for 

hlddea b7 this secllon to cau;v on cor 

510 

f Ch 45 

rcsponrience or lntr 

e1gn go;ernm,.nt 

fh1ence Its mensur. 

tlon to nny rllsr• 

"itll U1e l. mt"d 'I• 

Jnto1m1tion C.ert('1 

<;up11 !?.IS 

:l Recoi;11lbon of 

lt "'IS deter111i11 

p11nfph'lhle by fm 

unde1 Urnt portion 

§ 954. F'l 

Whoever, in 

fo1 cign go\. crn 

makes any unt 

before any per 

which the aff1r 

used to mflue• 

ment, or of an 

inJury of the 1 

any measu1e o• 

agency the1 eot 

not more than 

June 25, 1948, 1 

Be,111e.r 11 """te 

of Tl~le 22 l' SC 

t1011a nni1 Interc11 

30 Tltlo "nr I 1 

JOIO c. 'i2 § 6, 'i 

llf'lnrI'<tory rum 

rcpllrns!'d in tbo 

"ords <le'>'\rll 

added to ehmm'lt ... 

Jurh;d1~llon or r 

L!'ttcrs "r1tlog 

of th!>. l•tll.. 

J lbr .. ry IC"INOR('" 

Intern 1tlon'll I 

CJ <:; Intcro'ltl• 

J l\ IUull:r &.'l•i ' 

Wllfully nnd J.r 

sl 1to11,.11t undl'r I 
REF ID:A40684 

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