FOURTH DIVISION

ELLINGTON, P. J.,

BRANCH and MERCIER, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

November 15, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A16A0945. THE MAYOR AND ALDERMEN OF THE CITY OF

GARDEN CITY v. HARRIS et al.

ELLINGTON, Presiding Judge.

Willie and Kristy Harris, individually and on behalf of their minor daughter,

Riley Harris, sued The Mayor and Aldermen of the City of Garden City, Georgia (the

“City”) seeking to recover damages arising from injuries Riley suffered when, while

attending a youth football game at a stadium owned and operated by the City, she fell

through the bleachers. The City moved for summary judgment on the grounds, inter

alia, that it was immune from liability under the Recreational Property Act, OCGA

§ 51-3-20 et seq. (the “RPA”), because the stadium was available to the public for

recreational purposes. The trial court denied the City’s motion, finding that, because

the stadium was not open to the general public at no charge, the RPA did not protect
the City from liability. This Court granted the City’s application for leave to file an

interlocutory appeal. For the reasonsset forth below, we agree with the trial court and

affirm.

On appeal from the grant of summary judgment, we construe the

evidence most favorably towardsthe nonmoving party, who is given the

benefit of all reasonable doubts and possible inferences. The party

opposing summary judgment is not required to produce evidence

demanding judgment for it, but is only required to present evidence that

raises a genuine issue of material fact. Our review of the grant or denial

of a motion for summary judgment is de novo.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Nguyen v. Southwestern Emergency Physicians,

P.C., 298 Ga. 75, 82 (3) (779 SE2d 334) (2015).

So viewed, the record shows that on November 10, 2012, the Harris family,

includingWillie and KristyHarris and their daughter, Riley, attended a youth football

game at the Garden City Stadium, a facility owned and maintained by the City. The

only entrance to the stadium, which was surrounded by a gate on which was placed

a “no trespassing sign,” was through a gate adjacent to the ticket booth. Spectators

over the age of six were charged an admission fee in the amount of $2 for an adult

and $1 for a student. The Harrises paid the fee for themselves and one of their older

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children. As Riley and her sister were then six years old, they were admitted without

charge. 

During the game, Riley and her siblings left their seats on the upper section of

the stadium’s bleachers to visit the concession stand. Riley bought a pickle and

walked back toward her seat. As she was walking across the bleachers, she slipped

and fell between the bench seats and to ground below, suffering injury. 

The Harrises, individually and on behalf of Riley, filed this personal injury

action against the City asserting claims for premises liability, negligence, and

negligence per se. The City moved for summary judgment on the ground that, among

other things, it was shielded from liability by the RPA. The trial court denied the

City’s motion, but certified its order for immediate review. 

The City contends that the trial court erred in ruling that the RPA did not bar

the Harrises’s claims. “The purpose of [the RPA] is to encourage owners of land to

make land and water areas available to the public for recreational purposes by

limiting the owners’ liability toward persons entering thereon for recreational

purposes.” OCGA § 51-3-20. Under the RPA, except as provided in OCGA § 51-3-

25, “an owner of land owes no duty of care to keep the premises safe for entry or use

by others for recreational purposes or to give any warning of a dangerous condition,

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use, structure, or activity on the premises to persons entering for recreational

purposes.” OCGA § 51-3-22. Further, except as provided in OCGA § 51-3-25, 

an owner of land who either directly or indirectly invites or permits

without charge any person to use the property for recreational purposes

does not thereby: (1) Extend any assurance that the premises are safe for

any purpose; (2) Confer upon such person the legal status of an invitee

or licensee to whom a duty of care is owed; or (3) Assume responsibility

for or incur liability for any injury to person or property caused by an act

of omission of such persons.

OCGA § 51-3-23. As relevant here, the charge exception to the RPA, OCGA § 51-3-

25 (2), provides that “[n]othing in this article limits in any way any liability which

otherwise exists . . . [f]or injury suffered in any case when the owner of land charges

the person or persons who enter or go on the land for the recreational use thereof[.]” 

Generally, “whether the RPA applies to limit the liability of the owner of a

certain property at a certain time is a question of law for the trial court.” (Punctuation

and footnote omitted.) Ga. Dept. of Transp. v. Thompson, 270 Ga. App. 265, 267 (1)

(606 SE2d 323) (2004). Here, the parties agree that the spectators at the football

game, including the Harris family, were using the stadium for a recreational purpose

within the meaning of the RPA. See Spivey v. City of Baxley, 210 Ga. App. 772, 774-

775 (437 SE2d 623) (1993) (The RPA applied to spectators at an athletic event when

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no admission charge was imposed.). At issue is whether the charge exception to the

RPA, OCGA § 51-3-25 (2), nevertheless precluded application of the RPA under the

facts of this case. The City contends that the charge exception applies only to a guest

who is charged to enter the property and that, as it is undisputed that Riley was not

assessed a fee to enter the stadium, the charge exception does not bar the City’s

immunity under the RPA. The City further contendsthat its collection of nominalfees

from the other entrants was not a disqualifying charge for purposes of the RPA. 

We first address whether the fee imposed by the City to accessthe stadium was

a charge for purposes of the RPA. Under the RPA, a “charge” is defined as “the

admission price or fee asked in return for invitation or permission to enter or go upon

the land.” OCGA § 51-3-21 (1). Although the amount was nominal, the City

nevertheless required members of the public to pay to enter the stadium, and so the

fee imposed falls squarely within the statutory definition of a “charge.” The City

argues that its collection of “incidental revenue from the recreational area” does not

deprive it of the protection of the RPA. While we have found that some fees paid by

users of recreational property do not constitute a “charge” under the RPA, in those

cases the payment of the fee was not, as here, a requirement for entry onto the facility

where the injury occurred. See, e.g., South Gwinnett Athletic Assn. v. Nash, 220 Ga.

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App. 116, 117-118 (1) (469 SE2d 276) (1996) (The RPA provided immunity from

liability for injuries suffered by a person who entered a ballpark free of charge as a

spectator. The charge exception did not apply as a result of the little league

registration fee imposed by the defendant where the fee was used to provide teams

the necessities of playing in the league, including uniforms and umpires, and so did

not constitute an “admission price or fee” for entry onto the land.); Quick v. Stone

Mountain Mem. Assn., 204 Ga. App. 598, 599 (420 SE2d 36) (1992) (RPA provided

immunity for appellant’s claims as her “alleged injuries resulted from her general

recreational usage of the park premises, for which no fee was charged, rather than

from the use of any of the facilities for which a fee was charged.”) (citation and

punctuation omitted); Hogue v. Stone Mountain Mem. Assn., 183 Ga. App. 378, 380

(1) (358 SE2d 852) (1987) (A fee for a permit to use a vehicle in the park was not an

admission price for entry onto land and, therefore, not a charge for the recreational

use of the park.). The City also argues that the fees it collected from use of the

stadium were used to defray the maintenance cost of the facility, and that it was not

in the business of recreation or entertainment. The charge exception, however,

specifically contemplatesthat it applies when the owner chargesfor “the recreational

use” of the land, without reference to whether the owner was in the business of

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recreation or was otherwise seeking to profit from the fee. OCGA § 51-3-25.

Accordingly, we find the City’s reliance on authorities distinguishing between the

commercial and recreational use of property, and which do not rely on the application

of the charge exception to the RPA, to be unpersuasive. See, e.g., Cedeno v.

Lockwood, Inc., 250 Ga. 799, 801-802 (2) (301 SE2d 265) (1983), disapproved in

part on other grounds, AtlantaComm. forthe Olympic Games, Inc. v. Hawthorne, 278

Ga. 116, 118 (1) n. 3 (598 SE2d 471) (2004) (“[T]he fact that no fee is charged does

not assure applicability of the [RPA],” such that, if the public is invited onto the

property to further the business interests of the owner, such as the sale of food,

merchandise, or services, the side benefit to the public in the form of recreation does

not shield the owner from liability.). Rather, we conclude that the admission fee

charged by the City for entrance into the stadium was a charge within the meaning of

the RPA.

The City further contends that, because Riley entered the stadium without

payment of an admission fee, it did not owe her a duty of care that is due an invitee

or licensee. The City points out that, under the RPA, “an owner of land who either

directly or indirectly invites or permits without charge any person to use the property

for recreational purposes does not thereby . . . [c]onfer upon such person the legal

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status of an invitee or licensee to whom a duty of care is owed.” (Emphasissupplied.)

OCGA § 51-3-23 (2). It follows, the City argues, the RPA was satisfied and

immunized the City against the Harrises’ claims.

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Notwithstanding the City’ssuggested construction of OCGA § 51-3-23 (2), an

owner is not entitled under the RPA to immunity from liability “[f]or injury suffered

1 Even if OCGA § 51-3-23 was notsubject to OCGA § 51-3-25, we would find

the City’s reading of OCGA § 51-3-23 to be unpersuasive. The City argues that the

Legislature, by use of the words “any person” in the opening paragraph of OCGA §

51-3-23, and “such person” and “such persons,” in Subsections (2) and (3),

respectively, tied the reduction in liability afforded to the landowner to the individual

person permitted onto the premises without charge. However, the statute provides

benefitsto the landowner not only under Subsection (2) and (3), but under Subsection

(1), so that “an owner of land who either directly or indirectly invites or permits

without charge any person to use the property for recreational purposes does not

thereby . . . (1) Extend any assurance that the premises are safe for any purpose[.]”

OCGA § 51-3-23 (1). Thus, Subsection (1) provides a broad reduction in liability that

is not limited to any specific person. If “any person,” for purposes of OCGA § 51-3-

23, refers to an individual person, then by offering free admission to a subset of

persons invited on the property the landowner would be entitled to the protections of

OCGA § 51-3-23 (1) regardless of whether the injured party paid or did not pay for

admission. The City’s suggested interpretation of OCGA § 51-3-23 runs afoul of the

rules of construction which require us to avoid creating a contradiction or absurdity

when construing a statute. See, e.g., Judicial Council of Ga. v. Brown and Gallo,

LLC, 288 Ga. 294, 297 (702 SE2d 894) (2010) (“[T]he golden rule of statutory

construction requires usto follow the literal language of the statute unlessit produces

contradiction, absurdity, or such an inconvenience as to insure that the legislature

meant something else.”) (citation and punctuation omitted). 

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in any case when the owner of land charges the person or persons who enter or go on

the land for the recreational use thereof[.]” (Emphasis supplied.) OCGA § 51-3-25

(2). Thus, “[a]s a prerequisite to immunity under the RPA, the owner cannot charge

a fee for admission to the property.” (Emphasissupplied.) Cedeno v. Lockwood, Inc.,

250 Ga. at 801 (2) (citing OCGA § 51-3-25). In other words, “the RPA applies where

the property is open to the public for recreational purposes and the owner does not

charge an admission fee.” (Citation omitted.) Gayle v. Frank Callen Boys & Girls

Club, 322 Ga. App. 412, 414 (745 SE2d 695) (2013). See Martin v. Dempsey Funeral

Svcs.. of Ga., Inc., 319 Ga. App. 343, 345 (1) (735 SE2d 59) (2012) (“By its plain

terms, the RPA requires that the property be used for recreational purposes without

charge.”) (citation omitted); Edmondson v. BrooksCounty Bd. ofEduc., 205 Ga. App.

662 (423 SE2d 413) (1992) (“The [RPA] applies if the landowner does not charge a

fee for admission and if the property is open to the public for recreational purposes”)

(citation omitted). 

Here, notwithstanding that the City chose not to charge very young children,

including Riley, to enter the facility, the stadium was not open to the public without

charge. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court correctly denied the City’s

motion for summary judgment.

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Judgment affirmed. Branch and Mercier, JJ., concur.

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