IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 12-60555

SARBPREET SINGH,

Petitioner, 

v.

ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

Respondent.

Petitions for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

BIA No. A077 855 561

Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and JOLLY and SMITH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

Sarbpreet Singh, a native and citizen of India, was ordered removed from 

the United States. He petitions for review of three decisions by the Board of 

Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing his appeals and denying certain 

motions. 

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

Singh entered the United States in 1999 and was granted asylum. In 

2009, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) terminated asylum 

* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not 

be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH 

CIR. R. 47.5.4.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

January 9, 2014

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

 

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because it concluded that Singh had procured asylum through fraud. 

Accordingly, DHS commenced removal proceedings in 2010. On October 27,

2010, based on Singh’s pleadings the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) sustained a

charge of removal brought pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B) (alien present 

in violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act) but deferred its 

consideration of another charge brought pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(A) 

(alien inadmissible at the time of entry) until it heard evidence relevant to 

Singh’s allegedly fraudulent asylum application. On November 22, 2011, the 

IJ sustained the charge of removal under § 1227(a)(1)(A) concluding that Singh

had fraudulently obtained asylum. In the same decision, the IJ denied Singh’s 

applications for adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a) and for a waiver 

of inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(i). The IJ ordered Singh’s removal to 

India. Singh filed a motion to reconsider the IJ’s decision instead of filing a 

timely appeal. He claimed that there were a number of legal and factual errors 

in the IJ’s decision, submitted additional evidence, and asserted ineffective 

assistance of his former counsel. On January 5, 2012, the IJ denied the motion 

to reconsider and construed part of Singh’s motion as a motion to reopen based 

on ineffective assistance of counsel. The IJ denied this constructive motion to 

reopen because Singh had failed to comply with the procedures necessary to 

assert a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Singh appealed both the 

November and January decisions to the BIA.

On June 18, 2012, the BIA issued two separate orders denying Singh’s 

appeals. In one order (“first BIA order”), the BIA dismissed Singh’s timely 

appeal of the IJ’s January decision. The BIA determined that the IJ properly 

denied Singh’s motion to reconsider because: 1) Singh did not identify any 

factual or legal errors; 2) the IJ properly applied the REAL ID Act, Pub. L. No. 

109–13, 119 Stat. 231 (2005), to Singh’s applications; and 3) there was no clear 

error in the IJ’s credibility determination. Further, the BIA concluded that the 

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IJ properly construed part of the motion as a motion to reopen and affirmed 

the IJ’s decision because Singh had not complied with the requirements for 

alleging an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. In the other June 18, 2012 

order (“second BIA order”), the BIA dismissed Singh’s appeal of the IJ’s 

November decision because Singh’s appeal was untimely. The BIA declined to 

consider Singh’s appeal pursuant to its discretionary authority in 8 C.F.R. § 

1003.1(c) because of Singh’s strategic decision to file a motion to reconsider and 

not a timely appeal. In that same order, the BIA also denied Singh’s motion 

to reopen filed with the BIA based on his former counsel’s ineffective assistance 

of counsel. The BIA construed the motion as a motion to remand and denied 

it because Singh had not complied with the procedural requirements for 

asserting an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. 

On July 17, 2012, Singh petitioned this court to review the BIA’s 

decisions and filed a motion to reconsider and reopen with the BIA. The BIA 

denied this motion on September 24, 2012. Singh petitioned for review of this 

decision and we consolidated that petition with the instant case.

DISCUSSION

A. The September 24, 2012 BIA Decision

Singh asserts in a footnote in his briefing that he seeks review of the 

BIA’s September 24, 2012 decision. However, Singh cites no legal authority 

and provides no analysis regarding this specific BIA decision. Therefore, he 

has abandoned this argument. See United States v. Torres-Aguilar, 352 F.3d 

934, 936 n.2 (5th Cir. 2003) (stating that brief mention of an argument in a 

footnote without legal or factual analysis constitutes waiver of an issue).

B. The IJ’s November Decision

Singh concedes that he filed an untimely appeal of the IJ’s November 

decision to the BIA. He has not raised any challenge to that part of the second

BIA order; therefore, he has wilfully abandoned any challenge that he might 

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have made. Soadjede v. Ashcroft, 324 F.3d 830, 833 (5th Cir. 2003). Singh only 

seeks review of the denial of his motion to reconsider and constructive motion 

to reopen in the first BIA order and the denial of his motion to reopen in the 

second BIA order. This court may properly consider these arguments, subject 

to the jurisdictional challenges discussed in the next section. See HernandezDominguez v. Holder, No. 12-60713, 2013 WL 3722172, at *1 (5th Cir. July 17, 

2013) (per curiam) (unpublished) (holding that, despite numerous challenges 

to the underlying denial of his application, where petitioner only petitioned for 

review of the denial of the motion to reopen, the court only had jurisdiction to 

address that denial).

C. The Motion to Reconsider and to Reopen

1. Jurisdiction

As an initial matter, the government argues that this court lacks 

jurisdiction to review the denial of these motions in the first BIA order and in 

the second BIA order because of the discretionary nature of the underlying 

proceedings. We review questions of jurisdiction de novo. Hadwani v. 

Gonzales, 445 F.3d 798, 800 (5th Cir. 2006). 

In the underlying proceedings, Singh sought adjustment of status and a 

waiver of inadmissibility in addition to challenging the charge of removal 

brought against him. These forms of relief—adjustment of status and waiver 

of inadmissibility—are discretionary and shielded from judicial review 

pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i), except to the extent petitioner raises 

constitutional claims or questions of law. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). 

Because this court lacks jurisdiction to review these discretionary decisions, 

this court also lacks jurisdiction to review a denial of a motion to reopen or to

reconsider these discretionary decisions. Assaad v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 471, 

474–75 (5th Cir. 2004); Rodriguez v. Ashcroft, 253 F.3d 797, 800 (5th Cir. 2001). 

To the extent Singh seeks review of these decisions and fails to raise any 

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questions of law or constitutional claims, his petition is dismissed. However, 

Singh also contends that these denials were in error with respect to the 

determination that Singh was removable under § 1227(a)(1)(A), which is not a 

discretionary decision. Therefore, we have jurisdiction to consider the denials 

of these motions to the extent they challenged the determination that Singh 

was deportable under § 1227(a)(1)(A) and raised any constitutional issues or 

questions of law. See, e.g., Nolos v. Holder, 611 F.3d 279, 281 (5th Cir. 2010) 

(“We also have jurisdiction to review the BIA’s denial of [petitioner’s] motions 

to reopen and reconsider.” (citation omitted)); Zhao v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 295, 

303 (5th Cir. 2005) (holding that we have jurisdiction to consider denials of 

motions to reopen or reconsider by the BIA). 

2. Standard of Review

We review the denial of a motion to reconsider or to reopen by the BIA 

under a “highly deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” Zhao, 404 F.3d at

303 (citation omitted); see also Gatamba v. Holder, 485 F. App’x 690, 691 (5th 

Cir. 2012) (per curiam) (unpublished). As long as the decision is not 

“capricious, racially invidious, utterly without foundation in the evidence, or 

otherwise so irrational that it is arbitrary rather than the result of any 

perceptible rational approach[]” the decision will stand, even if erroneous. 

Lemus v. Holder, 488 F. App’x 882, 883 (5th Cir. 2012) (per curiam) 

(unpublished) (quoting Zhao, 404 F.3d at 304). The same standard of review 

applies to a motion filed by an alien seeking consideration of new evidence 

whether the BIA considers it a motion to remand or a motion to reopen. Htwe 

v. Holder, 355 F. App’x 812, 815 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (unpublished)

(citing Ramchandani v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 337, 340 n.6 (5th Cir. 2005)). We 

generally only consider the BIA’s decision; however, we will consider the 

underlying decision of the IJ if it impacted the BIA’s determination. OntunezTursios v. Ashcroft, 303 F.3d 341, 348 (5th Cir. 2002). 

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3. The First BIA Order

Singh contends that the BIA, in affirming the IJ’s decision, concluded 

incorrectly that he had not identified any factual and legal errors made by the 

IJ in his motion to reconsider. The IJ supported the conclusion that Singh was 

removable pursuant to § 1227(a)(1)(A) largely with the evidence of the U.S. 

Citizenship and Immigration Services’ (“USCIS”) investigation into Singh’s 

asylum application and Singh’s inability to call USCIS’s determination into 

question. The IJ also relied in part on his adverse credibility finding against 

Singh. Singh’s briefing and motion to reconsider challenged the adverse 

credibility finding. The BIA reviewed Singh’s testimony, agreed that there 

were significant inconsistencies, and concluded that the record supported the 

finding. The BIA’s decision cannot be said to be irrational, arbitrary, or 

capricious; therefore, there was no abuse of discretion in denying the motion to 

reconsider to the extent Singh challenged the charge of removal.1

The BIA also concluded that the REAL ID Act properly applied to Singh’s 

application for adjustment of status. To the extent Singh seeks review of this

question of law we have jurisdiction. The REAL ID Act’s credibility framework 

found in 8 U.S.C. § 1229a applies to “[a]pplications for relief from removal” 

made on or after May 11, 2005. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(4). An application is made 

on the date it is initially filed and includes “applications for asylum, 

withholding, and other relief from removal.” S-B-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 42, 43 (B.I.A. 

2006) (quoting REAL ID Act, § 101(h)(2), 119 Stat. at 305). Singh filed his 

application to adjust status on September 15, 2011; therefore, the REAL ID 

1 Although the BIA decision does not explicitly address the determination that Singh 

was deportable and refers to his “applications for relief[,]” given our highly deferential 

standard, we decline to find an abuse of discretion. The BIA considered Petitioner’s 

arguments and these arguments attacked only a small component of the IJ’s determination 

that Petitioner was deportable. 

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Act’s credibility framework properly applied to his application for discretionary 

relief. 

Singh submitted additional evidence with his motion to reconsider, 

which the IJ and BIA construed as a motion to reopen. Singh did not show 

that the evidence was unavailable at the time of the hearing; instead, Singh 

alleged that the ineffective assistance of his former counsel prevented him from 

utilizing this evidence. We have jurisdiction to the extent that Singh presents

a constitutional claim.2 See Gutierrez-Morales v. Homan, 461 F.3d 605, 609

(5th Cir. 2006) (“Accordingly, as [petitioner] presents a constitutional claim of 

ineffective assistance of counsel, we have jurisdiction to review it on the 

merits.”); see also Mai, 473 F.3d at 164. The IJ and BIA concluded that Singh 

had not complied with the procedural requirements set forth in Lozada, 19 I.

& N. Dec. 637, 639 (B.I.A. 1988)3 for motions to reopen based on ineffective 

assistance of counsel. Notably, Singh had not submitted evidence that his 

former counsel was aware of the allegations against him or evidence that Singh 

2 We have recognized that “[a]lthough an alien has no Sixth Amendment right to 

effective counsel during removal proceedings . . . this court has repeatedly assumed without 

deciding that an alien’s claim of ineffective assistance may implicate due process concerns 

under the Fifth Amendment.” Mai v. Gonzales, 473 F.3d 162, 165 (5th Cir. 2006) (citations 

omitted); see also Lisanuork-Ferede v. Holder, No. 12-60448, 2013 WL 5924860, at *1 (5th 

Cir. May 22, 2013) (per curiam) (unpublished). We need not resolve the nature and extent of 

the due process right in this case, particularly as the BIA has recognized and developed 

procedures for addressing such a claim. See Mai, 473 F.3d at 165.

3 Lozada requires that a motion based upon a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel 

be: 1) supported by an affidavit by the aggrieved respondent attesting to the relevant facts; 

2) counsel must be informed of the allegations and have an opportunity to respond and any 

response or report of counsel’s failure to respond should be submitted; and 3) if the actions 

involve a violation of ethical responsibilities the motion should reflect whether a complaint 

was filed with disciplinary authorities, and if not, why not. Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 639. 

We have previously recognized that although “[t]he Lozada framework has been questioned 

[it] remains good law.” Pawka v. Holder, 395 F. App’x 111, 111 n.1 (5th Cir. 2010) (per 

curiam) (unpublished) (noting that the BIA overruled portions of Lozada in Compean, 24 I. 

& N. Dec. 710, 725–27 (B.I.A. 2009), but the BIA vacated this decision in Compean, 25 I. & 

N. Dec. 1, 3 (B.I.A. 2009), which instructed that pre-Compean standards, including Lozada, 

apply to all pending and future motions to reopen based upon ineffective assistance of 

counsel). 

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had filed a complaint with the appropriate disciplinary authority. We have 

previously recognized that “the general application of the Lozada rules is not 

an abuse of discretion.” Lara v. Trominski, 216 F.3d 487, 498 (5th Cir. 2000). 

Nor was there an abuse of discretion by the BIA in applying Lozada given the

lack of evidence of Singh’s compliance with Lozada. See id.

4. The Second BIA Order

Similarly, Singh filed a separate motion with the BIA to reopen the 

proceedings based on ineffective assistance of his former counsel. Singh 

supported this claim with additional evidence. This evidence included a 

grievance form submitted to the Texas State Bar and copies of e-mail 

conversations between Singh and his former counsel, in which Singh posed the 

filing of this claim as a hypothetical and asked for advice on how to proceed. 

We have jurisdiction to the extent that Singh presents a constitutional claim. 

Gutierrez-Morales, 461 F.3d at 609; Mai, 473 F.3d at 164. The BIA construed 

this as a motion to remand and determined that even considering this new 

evidence it was not enough to comply with Lozada’s requirements. Although 

the additional evidence expressed Singh’s dissatisfaction with his former

counsel, it did not demonstrate that Singh’s former counsel had been notified 

of the allegations against him or that he had an opportunity to respond. This 

application of Lozada was not irrational, arbitrary, or utterly without 

foundation; therefore, there was no abuse of discretion by the BIA in denying 

this motion. See Lara, 216 F.3d at 498–99; see also Shan Fu Cui v. Holder, 

347 F. App’x 101, 103–04 (5th Cir. 2009) (per curiam) (unpublished).

Having determined that the BIA did not abuse its discretion in denying 

either of Singh’s motions raising claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, we 

need not reach the merits of these claims.

CONCLUSION

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For the above reasons, we DISMISS in part and DENY in part Singh’s 

petition for review of the BIA’s decisions.

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