REF ID:A44772 

THE SATURDAY EVENING POST 

r ..... , •• r ............... ... . 

·GENERALLY speaking, it may be Mid that a _ oode mellSllge is one in which the letters, syl-

·. lables, words or 11enteaces of the original text 

are represented by arbitrary ai~llll-nHually lettel'll or 

Jleurea-11d tbal a cipher m-1111 is 0J1e in whieh 

lho l1•t.l.el" ur groups or lettens of tllu original text are 

·· ths trn11spoaed or represented by arbitrary signs. 

-'ihe-tyt>eS or cipher we dealt with in Military 

lntelligeneo a.re too nu1nerous to mention in any-

-thing but a 11eieutilie t.reatise on cryptography. 

However, it is a sale generalization that all ciphers 

· ia.to b·o types: 1ubstit.ution and tmlll!lpositio11. 

SingltH.lphahet-substitution eiphel'll are of the 

Bug tyJ>e and are easily deciphered even by 

tears. The next variety in diftlonlty is the 

· phabet-aubstitution cipher. While I was 

:pniani.zing the American Black Chamber, directJy 

.after we .entl!l'lld the war, the Preeident sent a mi&- ..-n &e RU11ia headed by George Creel. By that time 

1llJ. eode Dll!llll&llU flled with the cable companies were 

-eoming1.o my desk in · 

. the da,y'a routine. 

Volmln's Brror 

""lril"lt. CREEL WBB 

lVJ. uainramultiplealphabet substitution 

. .so simple of 1olution 

'ihat hia secret diapa'&ohea were uaed u 

elementary examples 

in the wining ol student \ltVJltOJll'!IPhers. . It was 1fri&·type of 

:ilipher, too, of which 

·volt&ire expre11ed the • inn. that peraons 

· rho bon.ated of their 

· • ty to read seeret 

.meHarea without 

knowing the key 11\"0rd 

and the syBtem· employed were mountebanb and liar&, to the ll&llU! dllgle8 .,.. men 

who miidit preteild to 

unlientand a bmgimge 

unknown· to them. 

_·Voltaire WDB wrong. 

.. 

. But the multi11le-cilpbabet cipher lends iti.olf 

to many diMeult runus or suh1titutio11, sutb as 

periodicmulti11lonlpl111be1s producod bywbiJels, 

disks, and other meehanieal deviCl!ll. Soml' 11roduee a cipher which, lo tbe eye, doe1-11ot l'l'J oeu.t 

for as DULny as 4,000,000.000 letters. M"thematieal rormulu, however, will reveal re.r.etitions in all ronnsor.ubstitutionciphel'li in which 

attempt is made to concl!GI these repetitions. 

All are soluble. The only indecipherable code or · cipbor .is one in whicb there are no repetitions 

to conceal-a method recommended by the 

American Black Chamber to the United Sta.tea 

Government to aupeniede its antiquated. syate11111, hut, unrortu1mtely, never adopted. 

A tra.Jlllpoaition ci11her is, of courae, one in 

which the letters ol the original te."lt are dilllLl'-

mnged by a prearrnnged diagram. Therearealao 

infinite varietiea or combbmtion ~ubstitutiontranapo1ition ci11l1el'll. The great ci11her genius 

or the Freneh. Capt. OeorRe1 Painvin, "·hom I 

knew and studied under in Franee, w1111 the lirat 

to aolve tl1e famous ADFOVX German 

1ubstitution-tram1po1dtion cipher which the enemy put into use a few d&y11 before the 

long-heralded olrenRive of .tbe spring or 1918. 

While Jn London studyiiig under the British, 

I had the good luck to aolve a combination 

subatitutio11-transp0Mition cipher which had 

been recommended for use by the Britiah Army 

on the 1re11t.ern front. 

The moat famoua cipher document in American 

history is the Pablo Waberaki identification card-

& transpoaition cipher. Early in February, 1018, 

Colonel Vo.n Deman rang for me and told mo to report to him at once. Without eomment he handed 

me 11 sheet of ordinary •Titill&' paJJ111' on •·hich was 

t)11e.d tl1e following: 

aearaat11pk 

lrae11leaa 

aaaeearlbt 

l11a11rn•egl 

kol1nlzd11a 

lll11kt11aale 

ll1daaelak11 

eazadebpea 

nea11urara 

a 111 a a rd a a o' 

eat1rabebo 

alaaraprga 

errreob•l• 

eerlgblbre 

anal 

aalllelbbbD 

nklazaalaa 

bteur••••• 

••nbtanron 

a11ebrkbpaa 

tlebaeaera 

at1111a1uecd 

bbll•••••• 

zel1Dea1•or 

drgaurrlect 

etruaaeloa 

aeauteaalr 

eallktaubdt 

lltr1ua11111 

11ersda11ann 

ebneabappb 

ealnaouaal 

dtdrzbeauk 

taaeclsd1t 

tllnoleaeen 

okdko11ead11 

1tnouzkda1 

eodb1ca1aa 

e1ra111aaap 

11atpaatl•• 

naaautedea 

ooltdt1oelo 

eel1ar11••• 

Cel•••' •· "· "•• O.••• 

There was neither addreaa non llignature-nothill&' 

but a jumble or letters bearing the date January 

15, 19111. 

I had been with the War Department now for 

nearly eight montha, and tl1ough thou..001 of code 

aud eipber doou1ne11ts 1111 well u IMlcret-ink letters 

had paa1ed through my bands, I still always felt the 

thrill or the myatery of tho unknown when Jl.•jumble 

of letters met my eye. And aside from this I well 

knH- that Colonel Van Deman did 11,pt 11o11k DJB to_ 

him peno1111lly unle11 he had somo£hing out of the 

ol.'dbmry to diseUBB. 

Readlq Wllben.tl~ D-tl& .l'ente11u 

I TOOK it for granted that this \\-as an important cipher, but I could not know that I was holdill&' 

in my hand a document that would be reapoDSi.ble 

for the death aentenee or a daring German 1p;v. 

"·What do you make of itP" Van Deman asked. 

.· 

"It loob like oipher 

and not code to me," 

I replied. "There are 

long sequenoea of eonson an la suoh as 

'llhmppb' in the 880-

ondline, and 'snbtnnrend td r z b' in the 

fourth ·line. Usually 

code rroupa arefonnecl 

by oombinationa or 

vowels and oonaoD&Dtl. Yea, I'm quite 

sure this ia cipher • 

Would yo& mind telliDC 1111! the IOUl'e8 of 

them-.-whereit 

ea.me rromP" 

"Ha.ve you ever ...,. heanl of Pablo Waber-

..,.. ski F" he uked. 

"Notagreatdealnothing except that ha is aupeoted ot being 011e of the moat 

dangeroua German 

11pies opera\ill&' aen>11 

the Mexiean. border." 

IC.•tl••N •• 

"-'44.1 
Hf 

REF ID:A44772 

THB SR.TUR.DAY ~V~J!IJNG, .POST 

(C.•tl•• ... ,..,. ..... la) 

Booial Democral.R, who will be called 

upon to m&ke lll"e""t 1o.oriftcea for ftnanoial reform, and wboae rcuon for supporting him iB not solidarity with his 

program, but the fear of 110D1ething wonie. 

Above all, Chu.oellor Bruening iB 

prassed for tiu10. In 1932 the Garman 

people, under r.he conatitulion, must 

hold th\ predidential and Pruuian 

lltate elaotiomi. The prelidential election might be 11ovoided by the p!Lll8llg8 

ol a 11peqial law making Hindenburg pl'llllident for 'ifa. Such a move baa 

been proposed. But it is dill\oult to - how the OODBtitution can be circumvented or altered to postpone the Prusllian electuma. And unless the situation 

uotabl,y Jmprovea before then, these 

electiona may throw the republic into 

the bitt.erelt inner conflict of itll history. The German nation will oerta.inb" 

emerge from this or any of.her conftict, 

but it iB by no means eertain that the 

German Republic will do BO. 

Chancellor Bruening bas believed 

fzom the beginning that if the Fuoiat 

Nazia can be held in check for a few 

months they will diaintegrate, tbrOugb 

inaction, from the laok of any genuine 

inner oohellicm in their ranb, and 

Mrq f,lt&I 

through the 1tupidity of their demagogic leadenhip. The chancellor is 

shrewd and 11iae, and recent event& indicate that his presumption is correct. 

German Jl'asoism appaa.rs to be Bp]ittiug 

iuto two campa-reaotionmy chauvini1t11 and radical nationaliste of almOBt 

communi1tic tandanciall. 

Meanwhile, however, the cbanCBllor 

dafend1 the democracy by the only 

means o.vu.ilable. He repeatedly invokes special powen for the pn!llidant, 

using Paragraph 48 of the constitution to do so-a public admilllion that the 

atata is serioualy menaced. From a practioal point of view his action, u the 

supporter of law and order, .-ms unavoidable. 

But it iB obvioully dangerous to 

defend republican democracy by llUlpaiiding it. When the republican government UBUlllllll dictatorial powel'll for 

the 1aka of avoiding a diotat.orahip 

of the republic'• enemies, it loaee mor- ally, however much. it may pin 

1trategioally. 

The Gennan Republic i1 definitely 

challenged, and it is not, I think, 

rhetorical. to 11a7that1931 iB itll arit.ieal 

~· Bdltar'1 N--Tbloll tlle llillt "6--llir 

-~ 

CJJ!PJ8JIE!RS 

W"- The "Orerl-.I Dom" u ln-

...Uod,, rhae, In dla1 c:onanunl17, will alu m mpnlaadon thoraughlyequippecl aad 

m-fully lady CD llHWllC nopomlbilily 

lar kil •dllfactory openlion at 111 dma. 

Por ten ,.... The-a-head Door" - via 1- clcmon1tnhd chat It u 1llOftl 

than a name. Five thoouand uleo and 

oenlce men help CD bop aur pleqe of 

Eal.th -"Our lnrerest la n. 'Ouorlieacl · Dwr' doa nor lftminare Ullda die,..,. i..c -in-"""' tllCTeafr.." 'Ihe"OwlrhDllDaor,•mrcen,an.....,.. 

n...,.. u .candanl for the modem piqe, 

opel'lllm everywhere with the •me ef£orCo • 1-eue. Correct englnnrln1obonc1t con1trualon, faithful oe"lce mean that the man who ln1n111 The "OverhDll Door" 

oecu-natonly a TRULY MODERN p 

nae c1oor 1n every -pec1 but hu at bu 

command a natlon-wlcle 1.i.. oervlcealert, ellident, entbu1lutlc. Thae u an OverliadDoorCompanylnyonrcammunlty-e.prtooerveyau. Maywe111pply70U 

with their mme udacldrea topthcrwltb 

a mpr ol oar attnctlve cataloaue No. Iii 1 

OVERHEAD DOOR CORPORATION .,,,,...". H...r-r Otir, 1...i-.,. U.S. A. . -laC ....... l>l' 

O..rli ... DMr c:..,.., of C.nu-. Li•lted, Toronto, 3, OnlDrlo 

"Wall, we arreeted him OD the borderafawdayaago. Nothingwufound OD hia )>8lllOD but this Blip of pa.per. 

And since be is traveling on a Rulllian 

)lallllport, we shall be unable to hold 

him, even though we know that be iB a German llPY, unlBBB this cipher con- tains iuoriminal.ing evidence." Be 

panaed and looked me squarely in the 

eyes. "Yardley, I want tbi1 m-.e 

deciphered," he ll&id in an inoisiva 

voice. "I am depending upon the 

eleverneaa and ingenuity of M:I-8. 

Don't oome baek until you can bring 

me the dacipberment"-and be curtly 

dismill88d ma. Only on one other oeelllion bad I ever IBBD Van Deman, u1ually so even t.empered, quite BO exercised over a cipher mllllllage. Several montbB earlier 

ha bad given me a spy lllll8ll8g9 and 

almollt demanded a decipherment by 

the nm morning. I bad worked on it 

all night and, buing my opinion on llOientiflo analyaia, bad told him the 

document wu not a cipher but a fraud, 

or, &11 111111 called it, a fake cipher. Van 

Deman was very impatient at my re- port, but in the faoa of oriAciam I 

maintained that the memage wu a pure fraud and bad beenoonatruotad by 

110111eone who simply sat before a typewriter and pecked out a jumble of lettBl'll. 

Van Deman'• aeeret operator wu plainly dillcusted with both me and 

my .report, but at my insiltanoa oon- -ted to give the two principals in the eaae a llBV8l'e OnJlllMlxamination. As a renlt. $bey eonf81Bed t.bat they bad 

made up the cipher out of pure malioa 

in order to implico.te a third penon. 

Tbti BUBpaot Wiii roJBllllBd from jail, and 

from that day no report from MI-8 Wiii 

ever queationed. ExparienOBB of t.hia type, however, 

led to one very grave dilftcult:y-it llOOl1 became a tradition that MI-8 

eould decipher a11ytbing1 and this 

often plaoed as in an awkward Jicht. I 

wondered bow suocessrul we should be on the \Vabeniki cipher. 

I hurried through the oorridorll to 

the photoatat room and bad six oopioa 

of the document. made; then rasbed 

upstain to my olftoa with the negativea 

•till damp from their chemical bath. 

Since I WBI al1'eady convinced that I 

knew tho type of ciphor 111111 bad to deal 

with, I distributed the aiJc: copies to difrarent olerka with instructions to 

prepare the preliminary work. 

To the experieneed oryptogmpber 

thi1 meuagewould appear offhand to be a tranaposition cipher writtim in Ger-- man. A student of cryptogiaphy would 

arrive o.t tbia ooneluaiotr. by the following anal:ysia: ,. • 

The first 1tap is to discover how 

often each letter occurs in the cipher 

by making a frequency table. A normal 

language frequency is shown-that ill, 

the lettBl'll A, E, I, N, R, S, T ooour moat often, which is to be axpaot.ecl in 

Spanish, Engliah and German. Sinoa 

the cipher wu found on a Garman, 

crossing from a Spanillh-apaaking oonn- try into the United States, it iB fair to 

1111wne1bat it is writtea in one of tbBBe 

langwigea. But which one? 

\Ve immediately discard Spaniah, for 

this mmaage contains twelve K'1; • letter which dOBB not occur in that 

language. .Aaide from this, Q is very 

common in Spjl.llish, and there are no Q'a here. Is it in English? Zand Kare unaommon in English, and in thiB 

message Z OOCIU'll ten timea, K twelve 

timBB. \Ve diareganl Engliah. 

That laavea German, but to make more certain, w, make a llOientifto 

oomparison, reducing ~e Wabenki 

frequenoy table to• basis of 200 lettan 

and superimposing it on a normal · German frequeney table which bu 

been reduced from a count of 10,000 

1ettBl'll to a basis of 200 lettBl'll. Thay 

chaok oiosw. It iB a German tranaposition cip:ber. 

Bow doif one go about deciphering a transposition cipher? If, in the 

spring of 1918, you bad -.rcbed the 

librariaa of the world you would not have diloovered BO muoh as one word 

that would give you tho 1-t idea how 

to o.ttaok such a problem. Even the 

pamphlet. uaed by the United States 

Army for instruction in Cl1dm and oi.-

pbOl'll would have given you no clBWL 

This ~ wh;at I meant earlier when I 

. , 
REF ID:A44772 

THB S.STUR.DAY BVBNING POST 145 

made the statement that the erypt.og- American troops in 1916, the publioarapher, in order t.o bo BUCOellful, must tionol.theZimmermann-Carranzanote, 

make his own diseoveriel; there is PO in whieh the German Minister for 

beaten path to follow. Foreign .AJfaire promised Mexioo the 

Now, in German, the letter C is al- at.ates of Texns, New Mexioo and Ariways follot1-ed by the letter B or K, zona if she doelared war apinst the 

neepl in a few rare words and proper United States. 

aaines. If you fuat t1Tite a. message in Me.'l:ieo was openly pro-German. Our 

German and then disarrange the letters own spies who had been sent int.o Mexb\• a formula, it. follOWll that the lct.t.ers ico reported that. bundreda or Oerma.n oi all the digmphs CH and CK are dis- · re&er\•iat.s who 8ed acrosa tho border at turbedordisarrangedinthe1amema11- the decla.ration of war were recruiting .aer. And if you oan discover a method and drilling Mexican troops; and that ror matching up correctly all the C's high Gennan officials, such as Jahnke, 

with their afl\nity H's or K's, you have the chief of Gennan Seeret Service, Von 

made a long stride in the solution of the Eckhardt, the German Minister, and 

ml!Sl8P· the German Consul General to Mex-

"l'he seientiflo n1et.hod as developed ico, were extremely friendly with Presby l\11-8 for auoh a problem is llrst the ident Carranza and pursued their opertabulating of the number of letters in atiom openly. 

the .cipher mBllll80 that separate each Our agentB reported that German 

C and each H or K. The message, spy plaDB were of a most. ambitioua 

therefore, was turned over t.o clerka t.o nature-destruction at the opportune aompile these atatisties. momont of the Tampico oil fields: ea- tablislunent of a wireleu station for 

direct oommunication with Berlin, with 

the knowledge and oo6pemtion of General Carranza; atirring up atrikea int.ho 

United St.atez through the I. W. W.; 

fomenting discontent among the Nogroea in the South, who, at the proper 

moment, were to start a aeriea of maaaacrea; deztruotion of war induakiez in the Uni'8d States; and every 

other conceivable phase of wartime 

espionage. 

Was it po11ible, I wondered, that 

German eryptographen had not made 

this diaoovery? Evidently not, for the 

Wabenki cipher was, without queatioa, & transposition cipher. Perhapa 

"it 11'1111 a double tnmapoaitionl Ob, 

well, the charta being prepared would 

'811 the at.ory. 

While thia preliminary work was being done, I t1"11Dt down t.o BBB the omeer w.bo had charge of the Southern Department, for I wished t.o leam more about Waber&ki. The solution of a problem. is often poBBible only when one knows all the eirc11D111tanoea under 

which the cipher measge Wiii intereepted. . The oftlcer handed me a large iile to 

.read, and was extremely exeited wben 

I told him that we were working on the 

Waberzki cipher and that thBnl was a · fair cha.nee of our being able to nad it, evan though the mBZB11C9 waa not very 

loq. 

To understand the importance that 

o1Baiala attaehed to the \Vaberski caae, one must keep in mind the ancient and 

print.a feud betwBCD President Wilaon 

and President Carra.nza of Mexico, the 

punitive expodition into Muico of 

We W818, of coune, deciphering all 

the Mexican Oovermnent'• diplomat.io 

cipher telegrams, which gave us a fair 

pictW'8 of the attitude of General 

Carranza t.oward the United States. 

That our own spies were not emgge11-

ating matt.era may be g)BIDllll from the 

Nauen llUlllllllgeil. . 

.JI M'e1.rqe Prom ClutCouul General 

That Vo.a Eckhardt, the CODBul 

General and Jahnke were not.only am- bitious but ruthltllll in their aot.ivitiez 

may be 1unniaecl from the following, 

which ia a tr&Dllation of a German 

eipher mBB811ge, deciphered by Ml-8, 

aent by the German Conaul General in 

Mexico to all German OODBUIB a few 

weeks aUer the Armistice. A copy of 

the cipher meauge wu BBDt to MI-8 

A PA•-t ef l'••I• W'• .. r•W• OrClf11•I ,._ ....... ,_ .... , ..... ,, ...... ,. ...... 

BURKE SO·SO AGAINST THE PIED> 

:· 

saved on an average 

·of3'A strokes a· roun~ 

No "bunk" in this-no "wewish-it-were-true." Only 

facts! At the Elks Country Club 

tournament at Pt. Wayne, Ind., 

48 golfers played their usual ball 

the first 9 boles in the morning. 

In the afternoon, on the same 

9, they used the Burke 50/50. 

The Tournament Committee 

analyzed the scores and found 

.. > 

·. 

that two golfers scored the same . • . 

........................... ~--,,.,,,: the afternoon, and 34 111,,./ 11 · • · 1, , 

tollll of 109 s1roju wh• they 4" •. • ..., 1 ~ : 1!"'1-! the Burke 50/~0I :. ,. - ~ ilj~ ; 

Tbss means (averaging all 48 ... · · ·-· ..• .._ .,. ... «#.•··· J" • .,.,.~-~ players for a full round) a sav· •Ni¢•t --rr kb!i•,,,.,.,,,wu ·~·­ • I/ ke d b n. Bl* c:..m,. cw ., ,.,, .. _ 1911., -.. 1ngof5"' stro saroan w en .....,_..,,,T ____ _ the Burke 50/50 was used! r-4q7-- . 

This rellUlt (confirmed in sev- • 

) 1iru COOllSll i1'no lleMlp. Wirb 1 leagch eral other tournaments is all the of 6565 ,...ti and • par 11, i1 11 • Hftftl 

more striking when you realize tat of p1117iag 1bilii:y u well u of golf 

that the Burke 50/50 costs ball qaaliqr. . Of die 41 pll,er1 la rhe IODr1111mear, only 'Oc. It proves that you 21 lhoc beuer rb111 !IC). The faa dun 1be 

can score better and yet save ..... IO/IO- able io help r11- au. ~-- IL IL ball A gotfen red.- cbclr IClara-uul u uum n to n OD your costs. roa know, 11 11 far mon dll&cuk 10 me 

......,---~··-~ u• 1cme1nmaiag&omao1a !ICI duia lhoM ....... ho..,,,.,._...,_. _ _.,, nmalag Oftr 100-.makes die -uk of 

..a• ..t w ""' .. ,_, __ ....,_ rbi1 WIC - Ill die more -bble. 

THB BUllKI! GOLi! CO. Newul; Ohio • 

.- -
I.fl 

GLOVER'S 15 

l!!!'!l!!!!ii!Y...~!!!f!ll GUARANTEED 

REMOVES DANDRUFF 

.... 

==:::.=.:~"\='M=-~= OLOYll"S ............ , ......... ... ... --.OU>'IR'S--olloo ...... u ......... llapplftll ........... "' ..... llcocfd ............. a. .... ...,. .. .. wllh•odroL 

MAISAGI-,. - •- 1.,. 

~Y.~n...::::: ~ ="'~-..: ............ Tltli_plla•addHlaHI 

-....... _.. .. -..... ·---.... 

: · .. GLOVERS·.· . : . Imperial - .• ~ :· MANGE MEDICINE : :-.. .. ntE-.. C-MllT-·el· 

.... Sco/p-- ... Cl.AY QUIVER CO.. 1•11. •• ·--- -.. -..... 

BIG BUSINESS OPPORTUNrtV 

iJDl-IAC llACllW IAINID -.-11 0111 n:AL ... c11 ......... ~,!~ on ..... .,.....-~ 

~ ................................ ........... ~..!!_a.U•lliillRC1...-1MHU. ....... '9dtM~ 

iiifiDQC.la=..'1:ir~;=.-;:: 

-·· •.•••.•... ;.~1 · .. · -~~~ .... 

REF ID:A44772 

7'BB S.R.7'UR.D.llY BVBNINC P087" Ill a, P. INI 

by a •PY I placed in •he Mexican Telli- Bheet of writ.ing paper containinc this 1 

graph Olllce in ltlexieo City 1hortly aeriell of t.en·loltter groups ot letten wu 2 

aoba 117 ·1cbe 711 abei 

enpa H elnr 74 uaab 

alter I arrived at tho War College, for found on hi11 person. However, since II odet 39 a a er '75 rder 

the purpo141 of stealing oopiea of Gel'-. our autho:itiea already had report.a of 4 man diplomatio and OOJ111Ular code and his aet.ivitiea, he wu kept. under e1oae 5 

ttal 40 nder '16 aas• ndbe 41 ngge • 77 verl 

cipher mesaages from the .Mexican gun.rd. 6 

'relegraph Company filea. The tr&DB- L returned to MI-8 with no llJJIAll • : 

arbe 42 ktvo' 78 naal 

tzla 43 Ucb 79 a lat 

lated messap followa: oonoern, for I understood better the 9 Pi- 5ref11Dy and iminediately \um important"e of the WaherRki dooument. 10 without remainder, and destroy the uhea Van Dem.an had placed the issue 11 or, all papm eonnooted with the war, the aqua.rely ill the hand1 of MI-8. · 12 preaorvatioii of which ii not ablolutely Wheo I retumed, a great deal of 111 n__,., eapec_iiilly papen POW in Yl?Ur progrelll' had already been made. All 14 

baadll or reaelnq JOU hereafter which the neoe•~ary 1tatistie1 had been pre- 15 

ubli 

pea a 4'4 

45 

eh re 80 aanr 81181 81 ekal 

k•BX 46 nkom 82 a nan auar 47 atde 83 lea• 

akon 48 in ha 84 ntpu lkop 49 a alb 85 ob en hoer 110 neok 88 on al 

eleg Ill .1 .. t. 87 ante have to .do with the Secret Berviee and red -d ---• '--- the aerviee of the repreaentativea of our pa ar, .'''n"f"" cryptogra:p111m1, un- 16 

General Stair and Admiralty Std [stric'" der the ~tion of ~pt~ ,Manly, 17 eat ailenee conceralng the esistenee and were bu:Wy engaged m p1eomg th!! 18 

ista 112 

bena 1111 

beh 88 ans• ntau 89 aerl 

blow 54 el ab 90 1••• 

activity of tbeae reprea1111tatlvea ia to be llUllllllP together. 19 

olMerved now and for all future time, even 20 

bzua 55 a end 91 lcbe 

ndzu 116 bbU 92 oder 

art.er lhe ooaeluaion of peace) which might Brwaltlq Down ,,,_ Clpl&er 21 

be aompromiliag or llV1lll unpluant for 2 2 

Ullkt 11'1 aaue 911 acba 

eiide 58 peao 94 Pk OD 

111 If they came to the knowledp of our The Wabenki cipher had been re- 23 

enemie1, who are still endeavoring to ob- typed and' each letter given a number; 24 

raam 119 punk 95 rd•• au la 60 be rd 96 nkta 

talu pogelllion of IUllh papen. h 25 

Lilt1, ftlliaten, aoeount1, reaeipta, ao- t us: 26 

deiil 61 ardt 97 vorz aber 62 98 8DllD 

count boolc1, eto., are eapeciall7 ineluded • e o f n a t u p . t 27 

la them papen, aa well aa aamapondence 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 28 

with thhl Embaasy by letter and teJesraph 2 9 

utun Bil 

akla 64 

eang 

at.ea 99 see a eboe 100 la•l 

on the 1Ubjeck mentionod. Our frequen.oy table already tellB ua 3 o 

Cipher boob, ooclea and cipher keys that there are Blteen. C'a and twenty 111 

and direotiou that are •till in u1111 are •· H's. All the C's were underlined in red a 2 

cept.edfortbepre-t,andmo1tpa.rtioular and all the H'a in blue, BO that the eye 1111 

attention m1111t be paid to keeping them in could readily fln.d them. They were H 

ablloluto ufeiy. 

nbl• 6B 

npnn 66 

and! 101 •d• aaro 102 eul 

leru 67 rise 103 nea raat 68 ieae 104 baa 

•tr• 69 bant 105 tau eand 70 terl 106 naa 

Pleue report in writing , 11 claiN the ez- then typed on another eheet of paper H 

eoution of thil ozdeno far aa it relatw to together with their letter numberll; H 

&••• 71 b•rs 107 ndt 

&••a '12 tnlh 108 rep 

papon llO'tl' on band, and then. barn thi1 thua: 

-11ed order for bumiag, which, ."for H H H H H H H 

,fort-hwreferonee, Iherewithdeaipateu 14 17 52 S6 69 71 162 

PQR, and &ho oontentl of which, toptber H H H H H H H 

wi~ t:hi• designation, you will P.. 172 181 193 217 253 264 307 

l'tll.amJnm01ory. H B H H H H C 

!Biped h,y the Garman Conni Genml) . 309 367 373 378 396 398 85 

Geoeral Churohill, who waa Direotor 

of Military Intelligence at the time we received this meaage, made the following comment. about ita deoiphermat: 

Referring to the deoipborm1111t of doou· ment PQR wbieh waa preacmted lo me 

yusterday morning, I desire to m:pnia 

omoiall.r mr appieeiatlon of &he paimtak- iar alrill wbieh haa resulted in the 1uf11l decipherment ol thil vitally Important . dooument. It i1 an achiln-emen& worthy 

of the high standard whioh MI.a bu 

always maintained. 

Pme lllCJINll my appreciation lo all 

ollloen and elorb who have -tribnt.ed to thi1 11110mL Funllh \hem a OOJ11 of 

c c c c c c c 

1119 146 199 201 260 288 270 

c c c c c c c 

290 29& 319 331 333 381 387 

Now, aa alread,- explamed, our problem is to find the mathematical formula 

that the Germans used in disn.rranging 

the original text. And Binee in Germi.m 

the letter C is nea.rly always followed 

by Hor K-only the digraph CH will be 

colllidered in this problem, as the anal· 

7sis or CK will not be lltlcessary-it we 1ubtract the letter numbers of all the 

C'a from the letter numbers of all the 

H's, we should flod a oommon faetor, 

uni- the oipher ia a grille, or double ... tra1111poaition. 

The foregoing is without queation Let us, .therefore, take this flnt 1tep 

this Jetter. 

the m01t. frank and open dooument and BOO whether the resultant. figures 

trea.tinc on the mbject. or espionage, ex- indicate the type of cipher we are dealoepting one Soviet •PY document, that · ing with. . . I have ever ROD. I am alwaya am.uaed · The dista.n- between the C'1 and at the lranlmOBB with which diplomata H's ean be graphically ehown by writexprelll themBelvea in searet-eode tele- ing the H's and their letter numbera 

grams, and their childlike faith that a in a horizontal column, and the C's 

cipher or a eode ean keep their ut.i:non with their letter numbeni in a var- aeoretl from peyin.r eyea. tioal .oolumn, on aro&HOOtion paper. 

.• lC~pl,.. 7'1116 011 Walrer•.W· • 

By mbt.raoting eaoh figure in the ver- tioal oolumn from each flrure in the 

horizontal oolumn, we arrive at the 

In retioapect, it is no wonder that dist.rmoe, or number of letten, between 

my superiors were oonoerned. about ea.eh C and eaoh H. 

the cipher dooument found on Pablo In oaaea . where the H number is 

Waberaki, for Mexioo was full ot spiel muller than the C number it will flrat 

operatiq1Mll'Ols the border and, BO the be D-l'J'. to add 424, the number 

report.a read, Pablo Wabersld W.. the of letters, in. the· DH11111ge, to the H 

JllOllt dangerous of them all. There were number before mbtractinr; thua in the oven report.a from the British, who BUB- flrat ease H-14 plus 424 equals H-438, 

peoted him of heinr respomible for the minua C-85 equal& 353. 

Blaek Tom explosion in New York By oarefully examininc this ohart we Barbor in July, 1916. fln.d that the 8gure 108 is common to 

Pablo Wabenki, ID the roporta allthelineaexoeptflve. Thiscanhanlly 

'ltated, entered t.lae United Stat.Oii at be a ooiileidenoe. If not., it meana that 

Nogalea,Arizona,on Februaryl, 1918, the formula naed by the Germana in 

traveliar on a RUB8ian ]Jlllllport. He · diaarranring the original mOllll&p has 

wu not aware that our aeoret apnts in separated each C from it.a H by 108 

Mexioo bad reported his aetivitiel and lettera. . wu aurpriaed when arreated as he We now retype the original aipher cruued. the border. meaage in vertical oolumna of 108 letHe waa 1"Ulhed to the Military Intel- ten and see whether such an arranplipnee ollleer at the aamp of the 35th ment throws any ol thme C's and H'• 

Infantry and sarahed. Nothing but a qether. 

It doeajoin the dirra.ph CH in eight 

inatanoea-SCHA in Line 1, ICHE in 

Lin.e37, LICH in Line43, EICH in Line 

M, USCH in Line 74, CHEN in Line 85, 

ICHE in Line 01 and SCHU in Line 93. 

OurflntrearrangementhBBaooounted 

for eight of the 1lfteei;i C's in the cipher, 

which ia 111uoh better tJum we could 

have hoped for. Moreover, we deteot 

many oommon German syllables, and 

here a.nd t.bme either German woJda or parts of German wonia. 

In Line 58, in partioular, we find a word not German, butSpanieh-PESO, 

.meaning "dollar" in lllJexioo, and the 

mOIJllDll'! wu 1111uggled across tho Mu:-

iean border. Do not forget that what we began with Wa. llo more than a meaninglOll jumble of vowels a.nd eon- BODanta bea.rinr no resamblance to any Janguoce. 

It llCOlllll oertain. that we are on the 

right track, thourh it is hard to believe 

that Ml-8 is oleverer than the Ger- man cryptographers, who IUl'Oly ca.n- nothave discovered a method oraoJving 

traa1poaitio11 oiphen, or they would never have reoommended suoh a 11)'1-

tem.. Let U1 be fair, however, to Ger- man oryptogra.phera. Perhapa German 

ollloiala are like our own and do not take t.he reaommendatiom or orypt.orraphers very aerioualy. 

7'Ae Trail Get. Wanner 

Let ua see if we oan plaoe the re- maining aeven C'a. In Line 60, C is 

followed by K; CK i1 a. very common 

Oerman dirraph. 

C; Line 78, is followed by I in the 

four-letter p0up N A C I. Thia is mo1t 

unusual, because in pure Genna.a. the 

letter I never followa C. Have we made an error? Perhap11 the copyist baa made an error, or the Gemum who enciphered 

the m-.e. II not, and we are on the 

rirht track, N A C I must. be a rroup 

of letter. fiom. a foreign word. We already ld.ve noted the Spaoiah word 

PESO. Perhapa NACI is the beginning 

ot the Spaniah word NACIONAL-

"nat.ional." Thia Hlllllll re&IOll8.ble, far 

in Line 86 we flnd ONAL. 

There are digraph& CH jp C-333, 

H-17 and ca87, H•71. If the linea in 

whioh thaio digraphl ooour are brought 

(C.•fl••d - ·~ 148) 
REF ID:A44772 

THE S.RTURDAY EVENING ·posr 

. ~. • ::--=· ;. 

~~···. ·,'./ ;:. ·i" .. -. • ,/: 

~~~~~{,''. ·: '. < •• / .... :~.~t.i.~~-~~i~:: , ',.,. 1' ._ .....,.• • r~ T 

(C:••tl•••• ,,.. ...... , ... , togother, we ha"e PESCHENA and 

UTSCHERG. 

\Vo are now well a.long in the solution 

of this document. Here and there we aee words and pnrtll of words, and are tempted to try io join np the lines, but 

we must proceed cautiously. For if the 

eipher reveals nny important information· a.bout ~b!o Waberski, the 101-

pectod •PJ:, we inay need ma.thematioa). • •••• ,.- .. '! :·: .: :;.· : • • , ....... •••• ,·:_..,; .: proof that we have arrived at the cor- ·'-" . , ...... ,.""~ ..., ... ~ .. ~ ... " ... "··1·1." •• 

· .. : ... ~--; \_·. ·:\. /:::·,~-~:·· .. ·~- :~·t. .~ reotsolution.Asidefrom thisitisalwaya 

,·, ~'" .. " ! f I • <. • • .. • " - :'I : ·1 f. . . . . J· 

-: " :. aafer and often quicker to attempt to discover the un:lerQ-ing system. Once 

this is diaoovered, all tho letters of the 

cipher will fall into their proper places. 

Let us examine again the eight-letter 

group UTSCHERG that v.'11 have just 

plaeed togother. Do these lett.en atiggest a German word? By prefacing the 

lotlA!rB DE wo have the German word 

for Oerma.n-DEUTSCHER (0). Let 

us, tbererore, tum to our chart and 

1ea.reh for a group ending in DE. The I

flrat one we find is in Line 47-BTDE. 

, ... ~-·-'-::·:...:-.. :-: ~ _. . t :. .. r ..... ,.,.-· ~·:;--~i:~1~ .... :,:-.~;:. ;,~·'&·. . i. . . l/ ~ -.J', 1 .. r 1 • ,.:'L .. ......1 ,. f & - "' "'•';• I\ ,.. .... 

·:~'.~L,.>:·:·>-.; ....... :~.~ ~.2::·". :: ·. · ....::_.Jo::· ..,., '\.~~~, .. · 

.

r ~.-.~~~- :_~:/~-.·" -~· <ti:" ... .'<_·;-.·.{~~-·:.:·: .. ~ · · .$: . . ' ....... . ~ ., I " .. t, / . Easy-wearing, nne· ooli:ing, Its ~ • tj•~'r,. . . . 

quality insuring a long life of rug· J \,..._ ,. . 

1 ged 1ervlce-thl1 J&M spike-soled I ...... ,.. · · ·golf shoe. is a splendid choice. • ·~·.,; -=-'' 

! Send for booklet of J&M ltyhu. t " ' ,:' • ',j I f Sold by leading dealers-price1, · · '. ;. . ~ ! 

t $12.50 ta $35.00. · · .:._.- •"' :.;;1 . ~ 

!·JOHNSTON & MURPHY .:~·v:··~.·.;·:· ~a~':.~~-•MY. I 42 Llncaln St., Newark,· N. j. , ._, ... ~'$Mas ... ' •_.""! ... • 'I 

; JOHNSTON & l\'IURPDY 

i SHOES FOR 1'1EN i 

A putt 1aved - a hole won - a 1troke 

leaa. All the re1ult of an accurate 

chip Bhat from off the green. The real 

thrill of the game is in "chipping 

them up dead." Any golfer can csecute tbcBC cri11p. accurate, eatiafying 

shots with tho Beckley-Bal1ton Stroke 

Saver Chipper. 

Tbe -plate ""' o( 

Short Came lron11 

l'uuer, Appro•cla 

Cleelc, Clalpper, 

AfeMie-Nlbllek, Mbliclr. AD have oquue 

gripe lor confidence 

and eon1htenc7 in 

pla1ing ahort ap• 

proaehn. v-.... t17 

thae club. f'mo ten 

m.,.. under aur .,. • ..., 

anleetol--. 

Aak JGllr ..... far 

delaO. ol. thill .... ... 

write ua and - wiU .... ,..... him--· 

l'lnlsAlq an .IJU·NlllAt Job 

By plaeing these Jetton before our eight-letter group we have [ST) DEUTSCHER (0). Do the1e lett.en 11111P1t 

another word-either one ending with 

ST or another beginning with G? It 

loob u il we have gone as far as we aan. Suppose we atnrtat another place. 

Tam back to the chart and aea.rch 

for a familiar word. Do we :8nd a. line 

that BUggelltB a word r How about Line 

10-IGIEX? TheletterXisveryun- common in any language. For this reason we Bhould be able to goe11a a word from the combination KMEX. 

Pablo Waberski hlUI been arrested 111 

he crossed tlie border from Mexico. 

MEX certainly suggest& the German 

word for Mexioo-MEXIKO. Let us see if v.-e ean find a line beginning with 

IKO. This we :8nd in Line 13-IKOP. 

Pla.cing these two groupa together, we now have (K) MEXIKO [P). Can you 

think of a. word en.ding in K that might 

precede the word MEXIKor How 

about REPUBLIK MEXIKO? Let UI try this. 

In Line 8 we 8nd UBLI and in Line 

108 we find REP. By plaoing these in 

their proper order, we now have REPUBLIK MEXIKO (P). Doell the lett.er P auggeat a word T II not, we 1hall · 

have to begin all over ap.in. 

Belen doing .!:f. however, let us summarize the and groupa we have brought together and aee if we can dillCIOV81' a ll)'ltem. The followiq 

table givea the lines in which the groups 

of letters have been discovered and the 

intervals or number of lines between 

the combination of groupa: r.1••• ..,. ......... 71-811 NACIOl!llAL I 0-17 PBICBBNA I D-71 UTICllBRG I 'i7-U-71 [ST) DEVTBCBBB [GJ IH 10-11 IKJ MBXIKO IPJ I 108-8-10-11 BBP11BLIK MBXIKO IPJ H-8 

In order to follow the next analyai1, 

it. will be necessary to undemand what 

is meant by the word. "internla." 

Take the flrat CILIO, for example. We 

found NACI in Line 78 and ONAL in 

Lino 86. The interval between Linea 78 

and 86 is eight. In the last eue we found REP in Line 108, UBLI in Line 

8, KMEX in Line 10, IKOP in Line 13. 

From Line 108 to Line 8 the interval 

is eight; from Line 8 to Line 10 the 

interval la two; from Line 10 to Line 

13 the interval is three. Tho intervals, 

then, are eight-two-three. 

This doelln't ll8lllD a great deal to work 

with, but not.e the intervals aixteeneight between the lines in whioh we dilaovered (ST) DEUTSCHER (O]. Note 

Mtq p, 1'181 

also the intorvals between the lines 

of REPUBLIK MEXIKO [P)-eighttwo-three. Theae two groups give 01 

the eequenoes-sixteen-eightandeighttwo-three. Since the figure eight is re- peated in both sequences, let us drop 

oight in one of them and join them to- gether. We now have the aequence 

mt.eon-eight-two-three. Let us. therefore, take (BT) DEUTSCHER (G). interval sixteen-eight, and join to it the 

lines in intervals two-three. , .. The laat four letters of [ST] DEUTSCHER [G) we find in Line 71. Now, 

beginning with Line 71 and counting 

forward two lines, the next interval, we find EHEI, Line 73. The Dl!Jtt interval 

i1 three; 80 the next line should be 76. 

Here wo find MAGE. Let us now ioin 

EHEI MAGE to (ST) DEUTSCHER 

(0). Thia gives us (ST] DEUTSCHER 

OEHEIM (AGE). 

·GEHEIMI Beoretl DEUTSCHER 

GEHEIMI German secretl German aecret what? The last three Iott.en are AGE. Ia it poaaible this stands for 

AGENT? German aecret agent! 

Yu. We Ind it in Line M. [ST) 

DEUTSCHER OEHEIM AGENT 

(PU]: German secret agent. 

The word AGENT gives us the next 1equen-eight, whieh, in tum, alter 

following the 1a111e analyais, givea ua the remainder of the sequence. We now 

havetheentire aequence-Bixteen-eighttwo-three-eight-twelve-eight-eleven. 

Traoing the entire cipher miluage 

backward and forward by using flrla 

aequellllO, the message falls into twelve 

IOOtiona, all havi,ng the 1ame sequence. 

It take1 MI-' all night to decipher 

the complete ID8Sllag9, as followB: 

An Die Kaiall'ZicUn Kouular-BIAlmln 

I• Der R.-puhlii: Mmto Pullie 

Blrnnebi• A uarw,/ufl(/uricMn/ 

Derinliallertlw.aid rinrcicA.11..,.Aeripr tlM un.111' d8m 1111111om pablo ..ibcraW •la ,... .. rrid pu..tc,,,. ial d8utaclw rellrilftllf8ll& 

p11...W allaaU icla 6iU.Pila• aq,C aiuuclln 

ac1&11111 ullll &riafand ... ,...,..,.,.,. to .. - a,,. 

aucla all/ -za..,.. bis n rin CaUNnd ,..- oro llllCMmllZ wnuclaiAna und lriiu t/llU-

,.,.,,am1U .. _diae raaadlacM/I all hit111lal'llllllliclae UpacAn alnlllcnden p1111t& 

Vax EclUBD'I' 0

It wu daylight before the m_,a 

wu completely deoiphcred and trallllated. It wa11 too late to telephone Van 

Deman. Aside from this, I hesitated to telephone the fact that the \Vaberaki 

dooument had been solved. Since it WBB Sunday, he would not be at the 

oJlloe before ten o'clock. The reault had 

produoed too much excitement for 

Bleep; 80 there seemed nothing to do 

but wait for him. 

Gootl Ne111• for tAe CAie{ 

I tried to appear calm when Colonel 

Van Deman entered ms olloe. He 

aeemecl a bit aurpriaed when he fonnd me waitiq. 

"What'• on your mind, Yardley?" 

be asked .. he sat down at ma desk. 

"I have a very important dooument 

for you," I began, and I think my 

voice trembled & bit; "but I stated to telephone you-the mesaage aeemed 

too importallt to telephone." 

He made ao comment and I handed 

him a translation of tho Wabenld 

cipher. . 

To the Imperial Connlar Authodtlal 

iD th8 Rapublio of Mmdeo 

SRia\17 Saanltl 

The bearer of thia la a aubj•t ol the 

Empin who tnvei. u • llullllim under 

the name of Pablo Wabenki. He ill a German -t apnt. . Pi.- fumillh him, OD requeat, protmt;lon lllld lllli8'll.noe, allO lldvanae him cm 

~ .. -.:ii-
REF ID:A44772 

THB SllTURD.llY BVBNINO POST 

4DllUll1CI up to one 'bOlllUld i- of 

M'mcican gold and llCIDd his oodCJ Wlegralll8 

kl thi8 ombauy u olllcial eomular di• 

patohoa. Voir EeuRDl' 

Van Doman read the translat.ion over and over again. He leaned ba.ek 

in his chair. 

·~ moat amazing document," he 

aid. "It ought to hang Waberaki." 

Then: "What kind of cipher wa1 it?" 

"Here is the Oennan from which we made a translation," I began, handing 

him the German text. "It ia a. German 

transposition cipher. The addn!llll, signature and the mea1111p iteelC were first 

11T.itten in Oenn:m. and then by a prearranged dingraJU the letters 11-ere 

mixed up. Our problem WllS to diacover 

the formula by which the letters were disarranged." .. Ha\"9 J'OU discovered the diapam P" 11 YeL" 

"Pleaae offer my sincere congratulations to the personnel of Ml-8," he 

said. "U for no other reaaon, the deaipherment of thi1 document juatifiee 

;rour bureau." 

For an hour or more we cliBOUl88d the 

decipherment of the \Vaberaki docu1DB11t, and the fealibJlity, now that we 

had d.iaeovered the Oerman eapionage 

method of identifying their 118Cr&t 

apnta, of drafting identification eiphlll'll 

lllong the line of the Waberaki cipher 

for uae by our own apnta in Mexico, BO 

that tliey eould J10118 88 German spiea. On February aixteenth Pablo \Va.ber- m. manuled and under heaV)' &"IUIZll, 

was taken by train to San Antonio, and 

from there to the military pri10n ai 

l!'ort Sam Hou1t-0n. Though oarelully 

guarded while incarcerated here and 

awaiting trial, Waberaki composed a 

cipher me119aP and attempted oto have 

it 1muggled out or priBOn. It 11-as intercepted and soot to l\'ll-8 for decipher- ment. 

It was addreued to Seflor K. 

Tanuseh, Calle Tacuba 81, Mexico. 

D. F. Tho trauslation reada: 

Nead my notebook, which I left in Mr. 

Pqlaaeh's mfe. V ory neeenary. The 

addreu, Sellor 11!11118 Andrada, Box 681, 

Sau Aat.onio, is abllol11t.ely ll&fe, and it will 

be delivmod to me in --'- I have for1Qtten oort.ain ll&Dlllll and addreeses which 

I need in Older to ahow &be people here 

that I am innocent. Need IDODllY· 

Waberaki obvioualy reoogojzed that 

be waa in a desperate posit.ion. 

In the hope of intercepting the reply, our authorities mailed the cipher Dlll9" 

111119. But no ana11-er ever ca.me. Finally, in August, 1918, Pablo 

Waberaki, whole real name wu Lather 

Witcke, wa.a tried before military ClOUrt on the charge of being a. German spy. 

The trial luted two days. He wa.sfound 

guilty and the :iourt llC!lltenced him to 

be hanged by the aeok uatil dead. 

The failure of Pablo Waberaki, like 

that of many other spies, wu due to the &kill of MI-8. All our skill inareued, our power aa an organization was not 

only to &11ect the lire of a liagle penon 

but waa also to Bbape the deciaiou of 

pvermnent.a. 

THE EVROJPESN JLOW•PIIUCB 

MYTJHJ , __ ,,.., 

40} 

for "elevator" givel an erroneous idea. It is next to imPCJ11111"ble to be aerved 

The ll'rench - is a tiny little quickly in a Paria restaurant, and here 

.,..e usually large enough for only two no fault abould be folllld with the 

JlllftODI, working automat.ioally and French; a good mea.1 eannot be preaneping at unail'a pace. Custom pre- pared and served quiokcy-, or appreaaribea that one must not ride down in aiated if gobbled hurriedly. In the good 

it, aa it might get overtaxed, and even restaunmta the service is faultlees, but 

aid ladiee at the top 1loor docilely waUr: in the cheap restaurants and eafOs, 

down the eight filghta. · where frequently the waiters pay feee 

The rental of my apartment-one for the privilege of working and BO try 

IOOJll, bath and kit.eben, well fur.. to aerve aa many tables a.a poui.ble, the 

Dished-wu about forty.five dollan a dolaya a.re nerve-l'&Oking. 

month, and this Wiii low. In New On the aubjeot or the French mesl 

York, fairly well located, it would eost there is much to be aaid, and not a few 

double, at leaat, but in Chicago I have 1peaial little myths to be dispelled. - its equivalent for sixty-five dol- Unquestionably Paris reigns supreme Ian; in other ci&iea, lor Jess. However, in the realm of cookery. Here are when I speak of American rentals I alao aerved up ph8118&Dtl, partridges, quail, mean American conditions and aervioe.· veniBOD, the finest of wild game, Biz. 

It costl money to heat a large aput.. zling in their golden juices; plump 

ment house adequately, to inst&ll and chickens cooked with trutllea in great 

operate good elevator&, to maintain an COPJMll" kettlee, bursting forth, juicy 

adequate stair of employee; all these and tender, to welcome the ftrat aa.res1 are added to American zentala, and it of the fork; aavory meats bo&king ill tho Jack or them which helps to keep luxuriously iu rich gravies; delicate 

French rentals low and make& them ftlh from m&ny wat.in amothered under 

appear IO very much cheaper than our blanket& of Bhrimpa, mW1881s and own. creamy saneee; ftaky tarta brimful of 

The olement1 or comfort, aonven- luaoioua fruita; marvelou1 t:rlpu lam- . ienee and time are 10 often ignored in iog over spirit lamps; desaerta that are other phaaea or Paris life that detailed aymphonies and poema. H81'9, indeed, 

GOID.parison with America on a priee is food for kiup. But, alas, our prince 

basis ii frequently impou.ible. The on thirty dollara a. week, it is not for 

Amerioa.n, in America, demll.Dda aerv- you I 

iae, and the American store, bank, One ean dine in Paria for thirt.y...b: 

reataurant or business house hastens to eanta and again for ten dollars, aa I 

provido it u an -.itial, and then ban done, and will find that prioe 

adda the COBt as a matter or course. In makes the same di1ference 88 in the 

Paril the service is poorer, the cost is Stat.ea. No miraclea of cuisine ean be 

leea. The F.renah. have not the ·- expooted in the low-priced r811taurant, 

idea about time meaning money aa we and those \\"ho must live on forty dolhave, and it ii only the faot that. the Iara a week or thereabouta will be Jim. 

.American ia in a holiday mood that. ited largely to this type. But the 

keeps him from being driven to frenr.y Frenoh are good cooks-there is no at the beginning by the tirelOuie de!aya denying that-and aould take .i- ll'! meets everywhere. leather and make it palatable. Oft.en, 

eel think this 

mo4ern yeast is 

DELICIOUS!". 

Y cast Foam Tablets set 

new standards for purity, 

pleasant taste, easy-to-cat form, 

and beneficial efFects 

.. Gone for good-e.11 the old objeetiODB to 

yeutl For NOW you can get it In a form 

you'll find not only agreeable and convenient, butactuallydelicloUB-Y-IFoam 

Tablela. 

Thill ;veaat fa pure )'8118t-and nothing 

""' yeast. And pure ye88t, aueb aa this, is 

the rioheat known natural food BOUrce of 

the-tial Vitamina-''B" and "G". 

Yeut Foam Tablets are 8lllly and pleu- ant to 111Yallow-or DB moat people prefer, 

to chew like candy. Yeast Foam Tablets 

uedeh¥drated and sterilized, whieh means 

(1) they keep indefinitely without J.oai or 

potency and (2) they can not cauae gu or 

fermentation. Thq ue the ideal type of 

yeast for all ape: from tiny inianta to 

the elderly. 

By reuon of purity, uniformity and 

potency, this yeut haa beeome the Btand· 

ud for VitamJn atudia1 u conducted by 

the U. S. Government and leadini Ameri- can uni\'el'llitiea. 

Eat Yeut Foam Tablet.a, the lllOdlrn 

yeast, for akin and eomplaion dilorden. 

digestiveandintestinalclisturbancea, underwei1ht, run down and nervoua eonditiona. 

Ten clay bottle ~ta but 60 eta. at your 

drur store. Thia yeast made and guaranteed by The World's Largest Makers of 

Dry Yeast, the Nortb"'8t.ern Yeut Company, Chicago. 

149 

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' 't.(.;...,..J;; 

. 'i-'=-~ 

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• i' ~, 

ON THE AIR 

EV8l7 Tuesday Aftemoon Irma 

1:80 to 8:00, Ealtcra Dar!ifM 

B•ri•I TiN, the melodlo1111 

"Yellll: Ji\Jamera H over NBCW.JZ Blue Network Stations 

a.ad ID 1applament111F atlom 

lram meat to -i. 

SJND POR. PR.El SAMPLB 

NO!ttRWl&tiDDI YBA8'l' Co. 

1760 N. Aabla.ad Avmue, Cblclp,IIL 

Pl8M aend free amJ11e a.ad 

delcdptlve alraular. 

&a .. 

N.,,.___·----------~ 

Addnu---------------
REF ID:A44772 

llO TBB SJITUR.DAY BVBNING Pos,-

"· 

' ' 

. '· 

. ·.·· 

Extra Money 

is the 

Sweetest Money 

.in the World! 

in cheap nataurantll, the meat one gets 

starts ouL no better than that, but., 

with the aid or uuee1 and gravios, may 

heeorne an object for lip Bma.cking by 

thetiuulithasrunthegainutofFrench 

cooking t.eohnic. , At thia point, for reason• which will 

presently appear not BO irrelevnu.t, I 

am reminded or a beautiful Fninch girl 

whom I met 80011 after I got to Pari•. 

At that tiJne my knowledge or French wu what the charitably mindl'd might 

call inexpert., and I gathered from what 

the young lady waa 1aying that sbe 

loved honn. Being a Kentuckian by 

birth and loving horses myaelf, I immediately felt here n oommon bond. 

"Yea," 1he continued, "and I love it 

beat raw, run through a rrrinder with 

Olliona and brerui crumbs." 

Now, really, there is not.bing wrong 

with horse meat. Alter a time one gets 

med to the idea. Evorywhere there are horse-meat butcher shops. and the poor 

French families oat it conatantly. Actually, horse meat is pn1ferred by 

ma.ny, and ii prescribed for invalids 

and children. But JDOBt Americana 

would shudder at the thought of eating 

it. They eerta.inly would refWl8 to eat 

it in the States. And yet muy of them must know that in the very cheap rw- taurants and biatl'llll what they get in 

their stew. and goulaehea ii frequently horse meat and not beef. 

lnrega.rd to French restaurant prices, 

if one first t.akea a trip to the stores and 

markets and aacerts.ins the OOBG of raw foods, it becom• obvious at once that no marYell of economy can he expected in French mealB. Meat, butter, eggs, 

lour, bread, fruit and etaple foods of 

all kinda COit, on the average, almost 88 much in Paris aa in New York, and are higher than in many other American 

cities. The French oanning industry, 

-pt for peaa a.ad hon d'CB1lV1'1111, laga 

behind our own, to the point that · ...................................................... Amerioan canned fruit.a, vegetablea and 

The Cunis Publishing Company other edibl• are BOid everywhere in 

4Z2 lnclepeadeace Sqaaie. Paris and France, and at prioea from 

Phlliulelphi.,Penlll)'lwaaJa liO to 100 per oent higher than in the 

Uni'8cl States. Cooking with a can opener turns out to be an upenaive · · JllOClllllll in Paris, and o1rers no salva- .N---·~p;;;;o·;;;.d·---·--·-""'- t.ion to poor young newly-weda. In the 

end, Amerioana in Paris, 88 well aB · ............................................... ---·--·.. muy average French couples, Ind it 

more -nomia&I. to eat in reat&uiants. CiJ' ............... - .............. -.. - ... .S-........... -.. R aw • f o o d ...................................................... P.J"!aea being high, 

1t is only the laot 

of aheap labor 

and lower over- JsN'T it the truth? 

Can you imagine anything head which 

sweeter right now than a pocket makell it pOBBible 

fullofcxttadollars?Forwouldn't for French read taurants to offer they be just the ollars which any uvinga at all 

would enable you to pay for a under American 

.vacation? Buy a complete new priceB. Al it ii, 

outfit? Pcrhapsaradio? Orany f: :'1!°':°:::r. 

one of a dozen other things you prices in Paris 

could quickly name? and in American 

The business of this column is =:: dlr?~~: to tell you how you can make be found; and it 

'l I 1 will c..une 88 an- cxtra money, cas1 y, p casant y, othrll' surprise to 

whenever and wherever you meaytohearthat 

wish. Nocxpcnscorobligation. the good tableTh fi th. d ' J d'hOte restauh 

c rst mg to doad1ds ct us l"&Dts in Paris are 

where dinnen, rfa i:ornpria, are aarvecl 

for as low a~ thirty-Ive oents, but theae 

e:mnot be recommended BB consistent 

fares for deliei•W stomachs. Very few 

good restaurant«, fewer proportion• 

ately than in Ne'I\· York, nowofl'er tabled'h6te dinners. 

To those 11eeustomed to tabled'h6te meals in America, it will he diftleult to Ind in Paris anything to equal 

the wholeson111 lfty and sixty eent lunaheona otreMCI anywhere in our tea rooms; nor, for that matter,"doea Paris 

offer anything hatter or cheaper for the 

quality than C1•ar dollar dinners, which, 

if not BO aavory perhapa as French 

meals, aro apt to he much beta for 

the digestion. 

Those looking for cheaper meall can Ind them in New York u well aa in 

Paria. Right on Fifth Avenue, in one or a chain of many stores, ean he obtained the following meal: Soup, two 1au1111ge11, two rolla and butter, pie &nd 

cotree-all for twenty-11.ve oents I And no tip! 

Throughout the Eaat Sideand in foreign seotions of New York, one Cl&D get aeven-oourse dinners for 88 low as fifty 

cents, and a fairly good dinner, with 

muaio thrown in free, for lllM!llty-lve eenta. 

"But I wouldn't think of eating In 

"those m91111Y plaeea I" many a New 

Yorker will aay. It ii preaiaely in such 

placea that he ii quite ecmt.ent to eat in 

Paris. For what is meuy in New York 

oft.en becomes atmoaphfre over there. 

The ditrerenee ii that, whereas here the 

cheap reBtaurantB, cofl'eepotB, oafeteria luuches aud lullch wagons can euily he diatiuguiahed 88 such, in Paris 

all reBtaurants look more or le8ll the 

11&m.e, with" their sidewalk tablea and 

potted ferns. But one ca.n't fool one'• 

stomach. :MOBt of the AmerioaWI I 

know who have been eating in those 

marvelously cheap French reataurants are carrying around, at the end of a :year, little bottlea, capsuleB, boxes of 

pills and powdera, which they J11J,rtake 

of 1urreptitiously before or after meals. 

The part tl1at wine and liqueura play 

in det.ermining prioea of French meals ca.n hardly be ignored •. Every French restaurant loob to its wine card to 

bring in fat prollta, to the extent that if 

wine and drinb were eliminated there 

iB no doubt that it would have to raise 

prices. A oompariaon between Amerioan and Paris reataurant prioet cannot be mads without CODBidering thia 

....... --~,..-----

.1#191 P,IP:SI 

point. Indeed, except for teetotaleni, 

when the wiiie check ii added up with 

the dinner check, the coat or the Paris 

dinner often will be found greater than 

the one at home. 

Glancing merely at the pri(9 oppollite the diahcl, one get.a the deceptive 

impression that French restaurant prieea an1 lower than they really are. Even the cheapeBt reat.awantB cha.rgo a_, of six or eight cents for tho 

bread and napkin. And here French 

economy 1111serla itself. What, pay each 

time for a napkin? or course not! So, 

in the humble little reataurantB, the 

patron ii given the privilege of keeping 

hia napkin for 88 many moall 1111 he 

lik'es. A rnck with numbered pigeonholes is provided for the purpose. 

. The ftrat time I W88 aware or thia waa when I sat down at a table and aaw a fat couple come in and get their napkin• from the raek. They t.ook -ts oppoeite me and unfolded the napkina. 

They compared them studiously, and 

there waa a debate 88 to which belonged to which. Finally a triumphant 

amile lit up the face or the woman. "VailAI" lhe exclaimed. "Thia one ii mine. Here are the rnspberry staina 

I left on it the last time I" 

To get back to the menu. Butter ii 

Ulm, ice and lomon are extra. Potatoes, 1ide dishes and veget&bleB an1 not comlllOD]y served with meat orders, 88 

at hOlllll. Catchup and prepared 

---if available-are extra. And it 

ii almoiit imperative to order wine or mineral water. I have before me a menu from a cheap reataurant on the Avenue des 

Gobelina. An order of beef tongue ii 

twenty eents, roast veal ii twenty-two 

aents, pot rout ii twenty oents and a pork chop ia twenty-five aentB. But 

try 88 hard 88 one might, it ii impoallible to figure out a [limple cJ.inner for 

le8ll than eeventy-11.ve cents. It ii the little items in the day's ~thatfoolAmericanaintothinking Paris prices are BO low. Tui fares are about nine oents a mile during the 

day, but double up aft.er eleven at night, bringing them somewhere near the New York llgwe. Street C&1'll and 

bu.. operate on the zone basil, start- ing at two oent1. The 1ubway fare is 

four cents, ftrllt-clalll, but one ma,:r 

forget that for Ive cent.a In New York one ca.n ride 11.ve 

times 88 far and 

three times aa. 

fut. .After mid· 

night the sub· 

ways and almoat 

all Btreet a&l'll and 

lnmBB atop run- ninc, and one is 

forced to take 

t.uis. 

Haircuts in the 

•Vl!l'llP lhop aN 

twenty eents, and 

manicures the 

1ame. Beautyparlor rates, t.lie 

girll report, are unbelievably low. 

h 001ts only 

1evenliy-two 

aents to get a suit 

cleaned and 

preuecl, but fort;,y oents just to get it Jmllled; a diaerepanay which 

do11n't Hem 

alaar. . 

ave your name an rcss so raN and rapidly 

we can tell you all about it. 1 di1&ppearing. 

That's why we've provided a I They linger on in 

handy coupon the itudent aec- • fiionl and labol'- ......... f9r •••t. I• IA• OldH ,.,..,. d ..... F9• 111-r tll• rail ... IC:.•tl••..r•• 1 r1' quarter1,. c,.,,,.. - ,. ......... ,._ ••d ,.,...... ··-....... 0•• ,,,, hplAJ