IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-1335

Filed November 8, 2023

CLIFFORD BERT SMILEY,

Applicant-Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF IOWA,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County,

Monica Zrinyi Ackley, Judge.

An applicant appeals the denial of his application for postconviction relief. 

AFFIRMED.

Thomas Hurd of Law Office of Thomas Hurd PLC, Des Moines, for 

appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Nicholas E. Siefert, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Considered by Schumacher, P.J., and Chicchelly and Buller, JJ.
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BULLER, Judge.

Clifford Smiley appeals the denial of his application for postconviction relief. 

He claims he would not have pled guilty but for erroneous advice from his trial 

counsel. Bypassing concerns about error preservation, we find Smiley failed to 

prove a reasonable probability he would have demanded a trial. We affirm.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

By all accounts, Smiley stabbed his estranged wife in April 2018. She 

survived and was prepared to testify against him. Multiple witnesses saw Smiley 

stab her, and the stabbing was captured on video. Medical experts were also

prepared to testify that the injuries were life-threatening and to recount admissions 

Smiley made about attempting to kill his wife. Police officers documented other

admissions by Smiley, including: “you don’t need to worry about [my wife] 

anymore, she’s dead, I killed her.” 

Smiley was arrested and ultimately charged with six indictable offenses, the 

most serious of which was attempt to commit murder, a class “B” forcible felony in 

violation of Iowa Code section 707.11(1) (2017). In total, Smiley faced up to fiftytwo years in prison with a 70% mandatory minimum on the twenty-five-year 

sentence for the forcible felony. 

The State’s final offer was for Smiley to plead guilty to one count of attempt 

to commit murder. If he did so, the remaining five counts (totaling an additional 

twenty-seven years of sentencing exposure) would be dismissed. Two plea 

hearings were held, the second of which was completed and resulted in a plea.

During the first plea hearing, Smiley’s counsel made an erroneous remark 

suggesting that earned- or good-time credit would apply toward the 70% 
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mandatory minimum. See Iowa Code ch. 903A (regulating earned-time credit). 

Following this remark, the parties met in chambers. After conferring with counsel, 

Smiley confirmed he wanted to go ahead with the guilty plea. In open court, the 

district judge twice correctly advised Smiley during a lengthy plea colloquy that the 

twenty-five-year sentence carried a 70% mandatory minimum before parole 

eligibility. During other portions of the colloquy, Smiley’s counsel represented to 

the court that he had investigated defenses, including diminished responsibility and 

intoxication, and the defenses were either not viable or legally unavailable. Smiley 

admitted attacking his wife and agreed the video showed him stabbing her. But 

the attempted plea hearing ended soon after when Smiley resisted some of the 

court’s questions on the intent element for attempt to commit murder. 

After this, Smiley entered into a written plea agreement with the State. A

second plea hearing was held about ten days after the first. The agreement was 

substantially similar, except Smiley would plead guilty pursuant to North Carolina 

v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 37–38 (1970), conceding the strength of the State’s 

evidence but not admitting guilt. The court again correctly recited the 70% 

mandatory minimum, both in remarks opening the hearing and in colloquy with 

Smiley. The court also expressly clarified that the minimum “does not mean that 

there’s a guarantee that you would get parole after 70%, but you would be eligible 

and could be considered at that time.” 

At the second plea hearing, Smiley’s counsel again represented that there 

were no viable defenses other than a general denial. And Smiley again agreed 

that there was evidence he stabbed his wife. Specifically, the court asked Smiley 

whether he agreed there was evidence he stabbed his wife and told her: “Nobody 
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can have you if I can’t. Nobody can.” Smiley agreed his wife would testify to that 

effect and there was strong evidence in the record of his actual guilt. 

When the court asked Smiley to explain why he was choosing to plead 

guilty, Smiley explained he knew this was the best deal the State would offer and

that

if I don’t take this plea, the State is going to give me all these charges

. . . you know what I mean, if I don’t accept this plea. So I might as 

well take it and try to, you know, maybe hope for a prayer that one 

day I might be able to get out and let them try to bake me with all 

these other charges that I know I may be not—I’m responsible for in 

order—you know, like escape from custody. 

Smiley also told the court he knew he had nothing to gain by going to trial. The 

court agreed, finding Smiley obtained a “significant benefit” by reducing his 

sentencing exposure from more than fifty years to twenty-five years. 

In allocution just before judgment was imposed, Smiley acknowledged that 

he would be incarcerated for at least seventeen years:

I treasure God, and I’ve now—she have gave me opportunity [sic] to 

find myself and to go—and to at least go and become an advocate 

of women’s rights behind bars for the next seventeen years or 

however long. I just want everybody to know that that is not who I 

am. This one incident has taken the rest of my life, but I will also 

dedicate the rest of my life to make sure that every individual in that 

jail and whatever I end up knows that this is not something that a 

man supposed to do.

(Emphasis added.) The court sentenced Smiley to twenty-five years in prison, with 

a 70% mandatory minimum before parole eligibility.

Smiley applied for postconviction relief in 2019, and the district court denied 

relief after trial. This appeal follows.
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II. Preservation of Error

The State contests error preservation. While Smiley argued the plea-advice 

issue he pursues on appeal at his postconviction trial, the State urges that the 

district court did not rule on that issue explicitly. The district court entered a sevenpage ruling addressing Smiley’s claims as to actual innocence, specific intent, and 

diminished responsibility. The State is correct that the court did not expressly 

address plea advice. However, the district court denied the application based “on 

the argued grounds asserted at trial.” And the transcript indicates Smiley testified 

to, and his lawyer argued, the issue during trial. 

We recognize Smiley failed to plead this issue in his application for 

postconviction relief. But the district judge ruled during trial that the issue was the 

proper subject of testimony and avowed her intent to “render a decision on all 

matters raised,” whether they were properly pled or not. We are reluctant to disturb 

this ruling absent a cross-appeal. 

Although a close call, we elect to bypass the State’s error-preservation 

concern and proceed to the merits.

III. Standard of Review

“We generally review a district court’s denial of an application for 

postconviction relief for errors at law.” Doss v. State, 961 N.W.2d 701, 709 

(Iowa 2021). But a postconviction relief “application alleging ineffective assistance 

of counsel raises a constitutional claim, and we review postconviction proceedings 

that raise constitutional infirmities de novo.” Sothman v. State, 967 

N.W.2d 512, 522 (Iowa 2021) (cleaned up) (citation omitted). Under this standard 

of review, “we give deference to the district court’s findings, especially on credibility 
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issues. However, we are not bound by those findings.” State v. McCoy, 692 

N.W.2d 6, 21 (Iowa 2005).

In his brief, Smiley argues for a remand based on the concluding paragraph 

of the district court’s order, which reads: “The court hereby finds that [Smiley] has 

not established by clear and convincing evidence that there is merit to his postconviction relief application on the argued grounds asserted at trial.” We find the 

statement about “clear and convincing evidence” is a non-prejudicial error. The 

district court earlier in its ruling correctly identified the burden as “by a 

preponderance of the evidence” and analyzed the evidence accordingly. See 

Osborn v. State, 573 N.W.2d 917, 922 (Iowa 1998) (“[A] postconviction applicant 

has the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that counsel was 

ineffective.”). We discern no prejudice to Smiley with this errant sentence, 

particularly given that he must rely on the same sentence’s imprecise language to 

preserve error for us to reach the merits of his claim.

IV. Discussion

Smiley’s claim on appeal is that he received ineffective assistance due to 

advice his attorney gave him regarding parole eligibility. To establish ineffective 

assistance of counsel, Smiley faces the familiar burden to prove that his attorney 

breached an essential duty and that he was prejudiced by that breach. Irving v. 

State, 533 N.W.2d 538, 540 (Iowa 1995). “To establish the first element of the 

test, the defendant must overcome the presumption that the counsel was 

competent and demonstrate that, when considering the totality of the 

circumstances, the counsel’s performance was not within the normal range of 

competency.” Id. On the second element, prejudice in the context of a guilty plea
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means “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, [the defendant or 

postconviction applicant] would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted 

on going to trial.” Doss, 961 N.W.2d at 709 (citation omitted); Hill v. Lockhart, 474 

U.S. 52, 57–59 (1985). 

In assessing prejudice, we weigh the benefit of the bargain a criminal 

defendant received by pleading guilty against any evidence he would have 

withdrawn his plea and demanded a trial had he known of the alleged error. See 

State v. Hallock, 765 N.W.2d 598, 606 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). In conducting this 

review, “the applicant’s assertions that he or she would not have accepted the plea 

agreement and would not have pled guilty is judged in the context of the strength 

of the State’s case or the advantages to the applicant of the plea agreement.” 

Boschert v. State, No. 13-0009, 2013 WL 6405468, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 5, 

2013); see Sothman, 967 N.W.2d at 526.

Although we doubt Smiley carried his burden to prove breach in light of the 

court’s repeated correct statements on parole eligibility, we elect to resolve this 

appeal on the prejudice prong. Smiley reduced his sentencing exposure by more 

than half, from fifty-two years to twenty-five. Based on the minutes of testimony

and plea-hearing transcripts, the evidence of Smiley’s guilt was strong, if not 

overwhelming. Smiley confirmed this when he admitted at the plea hearing he had 

nothing to gain by going to trial.

We weigh this strong evidence against Smiley’s testimony at the 

postconviction trial that “[t]here is no way [he] would have entered that plea” if he 

knew the minimum was seventeen-and-a-half years instead of thirteen (based on 

application of earned- and good-time credit). Like the postconviction court, we do 
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not find Smiley’s testimony credible. We do not believe he would have insisted on 

trial over this potential four-and-a-half-year difference. Given Smiley’s lack of 

credibility, the four-and-a-half-year difference, and the fact he traded what he 

believed to be a functional life sentence for one after which he believed he could 

live to see release, he cannot prove he would have demanded a trial when his guilt 

was all but certain. See Hallock, 765 N.W.2d at 606; Boschert, 2013 WL 6405468, 

at *4. 

V. Disposition

We find Smiley failed to carry his burden to prove ineffective assistance and 

affirm the denial of postconviction relief.

AFFIRMED.