PERC Ban among Dry Cleaners LeadsPERC Ban among Dry Cleaners Leadsto 1-Bromopropane Exposures withBromopropane Exposures withAlternative “Green” SolventAlternative “Green” SolventJames BlandoJames Blando1, Don Schill, Don Schill1,PaulinaPaulinaDe La CruzDe La Cruz2n Zhang, Lin Zhang2m, JiZhang21New Jersey Department of Health and SeniorNew Jersey Department of Health and SeniorServicesServices2UMDNJ School of PublicUMDNJ School of PublicHealth10/16/0910/16/09Background: RegulatoryBackground: Regulatory•NJDEP and several other states consider ban onNJDEP and several other states consider ban onPERC in dry cleaningPERC in dry cleaning–Incorporated into plan for compliance withIncorporated into plan for compliance withCAA titleCAA title–Ozone Depleting SubstancesOzone Depleting Substances–Air Toxics issueAir Toxics issue•Products containing 1Products containing 1-bromopropane arebromopropane aremarketed to dry cleaning industry asmarketed to dry cleaning industry as“green”, “organic”, and “non“green”, “organic”, and “non-hazardous”hazardous”•Users assume that “green” means “nonUsers assume that “green” means “non-toxic”Background: 1Background: 1-BP•Unregulated chemicalUnregulated chemical•Non-ozone depletingozone depleting–EPA SNAP programEPA SNAP program•Already used in degreasing, metalAlready used in degreasing, metalworking, solvent for resins/wax/fats, andworking, solvent for resins/wax/fats, andspray adhesive operationsspray adhesive operations•Use increasing, 3% growth per yearUse increasing, 3% growth per year–4.5 million pounds used in US in 20004.5 million pounds used in US in 2000•Estimate that when PERC ban occurs,Estimate that when PERC ban occurs,there will be 1500 dry cleaners in NJ thatthere will be 1500 dry cleaners in NJ thatwill convert their machineswill convert their machinesEconomic DriversEconomic Drivers•1-BP products are “drain and drop”BP products are “drain and drop”•1-BP is cheapest capital investmentBP is cheapest capital investmentalternative if PERC is bannedalternative if PERC is banned•1-BP conversion costs are less than 5 K;BP conversion costs are less than 5 K;whereas a new nonwhereas a new non-PERC machine is >PERC machine is >40 K capital investment40 K capital investment•1-BP solvent products are approximatelyBP solvent products are approximately$45 gallon versus PERC at $16 gallon ($6$45 gallon versus PERC at $16 gallon ($6gallon product plus $10 disposal)gallon product plus $10 disposal)Background: Health EffectsBackground: Health Effects•Limited health effect testing exists for 1Limited health effect testing exists for 1-BP•Several animal toxicity studiesSeveral animal toxicity studies•No epidemiologyNo epidemiology•Several clinical case series existSeveral clinical case series exist•Past studies raised concerns about 2Past studies raised concerns about 2-BP;which lead to substitution with 1which lead to substitution with 1-BP.•InfamousInfamousdibromochloropropanedibromochloropropane(DBCP)cases of male infertility among pesticidecases of male infertility among pesticideproduction workers in the late 70’sproduction workers in the late 70’sBackground: Health EffectsBackground: Health Effects•Several Case SeriesSeveral Case Series–Metal workers, degreasers, 1Metal workers, degreasers, 1-BP production,BP production,spray adhesive users in furniture makingspray adhesive users in furniture making–Similar presentation in emergency care:Similar presentation in emergency care:•headache, nausea,headache, nausea,subacutesubacutespasticspasticparaparesisparaparesis(i.e. weakness) with distal sensory loss, loss of(i.e. weakness) with distal sensory loss, loss ofbalance, unsteady gait while walking, numbness,balance, unsteady gait while walking, numbness,and dizzinessand dizziness•Long lasting effects including falling, havingLong lasting effects including falling, havingdifficulty walking, pain, and showing signs ofdifficulty walking, pain, and showing signs ofpermanent nerve damage affecting their lowerpermanent nerve damage affecting their lowerextremitiesextremitiesBackground: Health EffectsBackground: Health Effects•Animal Toxicity StudiesAnimal Toxicity Studies•Inhalation studiesInhalation studies–Neurological effects including nerve damage, limbNeurological effects including nerve damage, limbweaknessweakness–Reproductive effects including abnormal sperm andReproductive effects including abnormal sperm andreduced sperm countsreduced sperm counts–NTP reports reproNTP reports reprotoxstudies by WIL Research Labsstudies by WIL Research LabsandIchiharaIchiharaet al found sperm abnormalities afteret al found sperm abnormalities afteracute inhalation exposures at ~400acute inhalation exposures at ~400ppmnose onlynose onlyexposureexposure•Dermal route?Dermal route?Index CaseIndex Case•male dry cleaner reports to EDmale dry cleaner reports to ED–Sxheadache, nausea, dizziness, slight tremors, andheadache, nausea, dizziness, slight tremors, andmalaise in February 2008malaise in February 2008–Conversion of PERC machine to 1Conversion of PERC machine to 1-BP containingBP containingsolventssolvents•Cleaning machine, manually charging 50Cleaning machine, manually charging 50–60 gallons60 gallonsthrough front hatchthrough front hatch•Neglected to change machine settings from PERCNeglected to change machine settings from PERC–Needed Lower steam pressure (1/10Needed Lower steam pressure (1/10th) to evaporator of still) to evaporator of still–Needed higher water flow to condenserNeeded higher water flow to condenser–Had leaky valveHad leaky valve•Noted degreaser in Pennsylvania also severelyNoted degreaser in Pennsylvania also severelyand permanently disabled by use of 1and permanently disabled by use of 1-BPInvestigationInvestigation•Visited 5 different dry cleaning operators usingVisited 5 different dry cleaning operators using1-BP solventsBP solvents–Small shops with 1Small shops with 1–4 workers4 workers•Collected personal and area samplesCollected personal and area samples•Evaluated ventilationEvaluated ventilation–Hot-wire anemometerwire anemometer–Smoke tubeSmoke tube•Recorded Video Exposure Monitoring (Recorded Video Exposure Monitoring (VEMs)footagefootage•Data-logged PID measurements for VEMlogged PID measurements for VEM•Benchmarked against ACGIH TLV of 10Benchmarked against ACGIH TLV of 10ppmAir Sampling and AnalysisAir Sampling and Analysis•NIOSH method 1025NIOSH method 1025–Sampling at 200 cc/minSampling at 200 cc/min–Media–SolidSorbentSorbenttube (SKCtube (SKCAnasorbAnasorbCSC 100/50 mg)CSC 100/50 mg)–Analysis by GCAnalysis by GC-FID; capillary columnFID; capillary column–Method partially validatedMethod partially validated–Modification to separate 1Modification to separate 1-BP from 2BP from 2-BP; oven temp was 150°CBP; oven temp was 150°Cand programmed temp ramp of 15°C/minand programmed temp ramp of 15°C/•Video Exposure Monitoring (VEM)Video Exposure Monitoring (VEM)sychronizessychronizesvideo with real time TVAvideo with real time TVAPhoto-ionization detector (PID)ionization detector (PID)–Calibrated to isobutylene because permeation tube of 1Calibrated to isobutylene because permeation tube of 1-BP notavailableavailableArea SamplesArea Samples58 ‘3rdgenDrycleaningmachineNote: Ceiling 9 ‘highPick up /WaitingareaFront counterX17.64 ppmvX16.79 ppmvX35.12 ppmvX21.84 ppmv20’Personal Exposure DataPersonal Exposure DataShopJob Title9/22/082/9/093/16/093/23/09Operator54.5542.1318.7712.71Clerk12.8221.858.3111.31OperatorX41.64XX2ClerkX 0.65 XXOperatorX0.24ND0.353SeamstressX ND XXND = not detected (<0.002 mg per Anasorbtube)X = not sampledNote: results in ppmfor 1-BP as 8-hour TWAsExposure ResultsExposure Results•ACGIH TLV for 1ACGIH TLV for 1-BP = 10BP = 10ppm•Exposures to operators ranged from nonExposures to operators ranged from non-detectto 54ppmfor 8 hour time weighted averagefor 8 hour time weighted average•Exposures to clerks ranged from nonExposures to clerks ranged from non-detect todetect to22ppmfor 8 hour time weighted averagefor 8 hour time weighted average•Variable pattern of exposureVariable pattern of exposure–coefficient of variationcoefficient of variation•personal breathing zone samples (111%)personal breathing zone samples (111%)•area samples (100%)area samples (100%)•machine operators (103%)machine operators (103%)•clerks (89%)clerks (89%)•Two factor ANOVATwo factor ANOVA–job title & shop werejob title & shop weresignificant (p=0.04); date was not significantsignificant (p=0.04); date was not significantDeterminants of ExposureDeterminants of Exposure•Effort and planning to reduce exposuresEffort and planning to reduce exposures–Higher exposures were in more typical shops;Higher exposures were in more typical shops;lower exposures were recorded in model shoplower exposures were recorded in model shop•Frequency of “cooking” and “charging” machineFrequency of “cooking” and “charging” machineimportant determinants of exposureimportant determinants of exposure•% stabilizer important in volatility of solvent% stabilizer important in volatility of solvent•Gasket types affect leak ratesGasket types affect leak rates–1-BP damages natural rubber,BP damages natural rubber,Vitoninitially thoughtinitially thoughtto be good but now questioned, Teflon seems toto be good but now questioned, Teflon seems toperform the best in the fieldperform the best in the field•What job tasks result in the worstWhat job tasks result in the worstexposures?exposures?01002003004005006007008009001000 7: 37:57 7: 44:29 7: 51:03 7: 57:39 8: 04:10 8: 10:44 8: 18:33 8: 28:33 8: 35:07 8: 41:40 8: 48:16 8: 54:52 9: 01:25 9: 07:56 9: 19:09 9: 29:39 9: 37:54 9: 45:51 9: 53:20

1 0 : 01:10 1 0 : 10:20 1 0 : 24:23 1 0 : 32:29 1 0 : 39:33 1 0 : 46:15 1 0 : 53:12 1 1 : 00:12 1 1 : 06:43 1 1 : 13:15 1 1 : 19:48 1 1 : 26:21 1 1 : 32:57 1 1 : 39:32 1 1 : 46:08 1 1 : 52:39 1 1 : 59:11 1 2 : 05:42 1 2 : 13:23TIME

ppm5gal.ofDrySolvloadedthrough machine door1st loadremoved2nd loadremoved3rd loadremoved4th loadremoved5th loadremoved6th loadremoved7th loadremoved9th loadremovedmachinedooropenedduringwashcycle toaddgarment8th loadremovedTVA-1000PIDMeasurementsofOrganicVaporTask EvaluationTask Evaluation•Solvent loading of machine results in highSolvent loading of machine results in highair levels of 1air levels of 1-BP•Unloading machine and interruptingUnloading machine and interruptingmachine cycle also causes spikes in airmachine cycle also causes spikes in airconcentrationsconcentrations–Our ventilation survey found that Gen3 machines had less thanOur ventilation survey found that Gen3 machines had less than100 fpm air flow at hatch even with fugitive control fan operati100 fpm air flow at hatch even with fugitive control fan operating.In some cases, fan stopped when door was opened.In some cases, fan stopped when door was opened.•NIOSH engineering team looking into LEV foront doorNIOSH engineering team looking into LEV forfront doorhatch•NJDEP looking to moveoperators to Gen4 machinesNJDEP looking to moveoperators to Gen4 machinesAdditional ConcernsAdditional Concerns•Education and outreach needed.Education and outreach needed.–Many operators think that “green” andMany operators think that “green” and“organic” means non“organic” means non-toxic.–Many state environmental programs areMany state environmental programs aremoving toward wider 1moving toward wider 1-BP use.BP use.•Literature and index case suggests thatLiterature and index case suggests thatthere are potential neurological andthere are potential neurological andreproductive hazards.reproductive hazards.Current StatusCurrent Status•MMWR published on index dry cleaner case &MMWR published on index dry cleaner case °reaser casedegreaser case•Additional publications in progressAdditional publications in progress•NJDEP grant program to assist dry cleaners inNJDEP grant program to assist dry cleaners inconversion from Gen3 to Gen4 can not be usedconversion from Gen3 to Gen4 can not be usedfor machines that will use 1for machines that will use 1-BP containingBP containingsolvents.solvents.•PERC ban has been delayed for five yearsPERC ban has been delayed for five years(2014 for co(2014 for co-located; 2025 for stand alonelocated; 2025 for stand alonecleaners).cleaners).•NIOSH investigating engineering controlsNIOSH investigating engineering controlsContact InfoContact Info•JimBlando–E-mail:james.blando@doh.state.nj.usjames.blando@doh.state.nj.us–Phone: (609)777Phone: (609)777-3039•MMWR on index dry cleaner case & degreaserMMWR on index dry cleaner case & degreasercase–http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm574http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5748a2.htm8a2.htm•Journal article development will be gearedJournal article development will be gearedtowards Journal of the Air and Wastetowards Journal of the Air and WasteManagement AssociationManagement Association