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3526 
REF ID:A273646 

(Translation ot Austrian Patent # 62,927) 

Ottomar Fedor Bamberg and Edmund Weinhold, both at Laibaok 

(Austria-Hungary) 

Device for Encipherm.ent and Decipherment of :U.essages, Telegrams, 

and the like. 

Additional patent pertaining to patent 62,926 

Applied for 9 October 1912. Patented since 15 August 1913. 

Not Valid after 14 August 1928 

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * • * * 

The object ot this invention is a further developaent or the 

invention registered under (Austrian) patent No. 62,926 concerning a 

device for encipherm.ent and decipherment of messages, telegr811ls, and 

the like. It has reference to a special development of the commutator 

introduced in the electrical circuits between the two 1i7J>ewriters. The 

essence of the invention lies in the fact that the basic connections, 

corresponding to the various cipher-keys! can be varied by means of 

special contact-holders which may be placed in the commutato7. The 

connections between circuit-contact points within the contact-holder 

correspond to a particular cipher-key and it is obvious that a large 

number of contact-points permit an immense amount of variations in 

connections. Accordingl7, a large number of such interchangeable contactholders Call be made, and by the introduction Of these in the COillllUtator, 

the set-up for encipherment and decipherment necessarily depends upon a 

g1T•a oipher-key. 

In the illustration a model ot the device is represented. Fig. I 

shows it ae seen tram below. 

On base 1 in which is inserted sleeve 2 tor cable 3, three bolts 4 

- 1 -
, REF ID:A273646 

are provided on which the circular plate 5 with appropriate holes has 

been placed and can be fastened by means of wing-nut 6. This circular 

plate 5 carries circuit contact-points 7 and 8 arranged in two concentric 

circles. These are pressed against contact-springs 9 and~O ot plate 1, 

by means or fastening plate 5 by Wing-nut 6. The individual circuits 

which correspond in IlUllber to the number of letters. figures e.nd s;ymbols 

are connected with terminals 11 and lead from here·to terminals 10, while 

springs 9 are connected with the individual wires from cable ,3. B7 means 

ot a rendOlll connection of terminals 7 of the it1ner circle with individual 

terminals of the outer circle or disk 5, different combinations can be 

formed, each of which corresponds to a particular cipher-key, Disk 5 is 

provided with a cover-plate !2 to conceal the ll8llller in which the current 

is conducted between terminals 7 and 8. BQlt~ 4, as shown in Fig. I, have 

been arranged &81Jlllletrically in order to prevent incorrect fastening of 

disk 5 on base l, and by this means DU.stakes in the selection or the cipherkey- can be avoided. In lieu of employing three bolts, a random number of 

asymmetrically arranged bolts may be used. Cover-plate 12 has been mounted 

on disk 5 by introducing sleeves 13 with the ai~ of screwsl.4. 

In accordance with the number of' symbols on the typewriters used, any 

combinations desired can be made by selective connection of individual 

contact points 7 and 8 or disk 5, and in accordance with the number of 

possible combinations a corresponding number or disks can be manufactured 

as contact-holders and suitably ma?'ked with appropriate identif'ying symbols. 

Each one of these combinations correspond.sto a particular cipher-key, and 

upon rasteniog a contact-holder corisesponding to a given cipher-key to the 

base, the encipherm.ent or decipherment with the correct key must necessarily 

follow. 
REF ID:A273646 

Patent-Claims 

1. Device for encipherment and decipherment of mes~ages, telegrall1S, etc., in accordanwe with Patent No. 62,696 characterized by the 

fact that for each cipher-key a particular contact-holder to be inserted 

in the commutator has been provided, tor which the connections between 

the circuit contact-points correspond to the respective cipher-key. 

2. Model of the device in accordance with claim l characterized 

by the fact that below the base a circular plate is insertably arranged 

carrying two concentric circles or eA~,.points for conducting current 

through the individual circuits, each contact point of the inner circle 

being connected with a contact point of the outer circle at random. 

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OTIOMAR FEDOR BAMBEW; u~n ElHIC~D WEI~JJOLD, 

BEIDE I~ LAIBACH. 

Elartchtuna zum Chiffrleren und Dechiffrieren von Schriftstticken, Depeschen und dgl. 

Zusatzpatent zum Patente Nr. 62926. 

Angemeldet am 9. Olrtober 1912. - Beginn <ler Patentdauer: 15. August 1913. 

Langste mogliche Dauer: 14. August 1928. 

Der Gegenstand der \·orliegenden Erfindung lteziPht sid1 als weiten• A u~hildung der durch 

Patent Nr. 62926 geschiitzten Erfindung. hetrctYrml Einriehtung zmn ('hiHrit>ren u111l J)p<·hiffriPren 

von Schriftstiicken, Depeschen und dgl. au{ Pine l>Psondere Ausgcstaltung des in diP t•lcktrischen 

Verbindungsleitungen der heiden :-\chreibniaschi11f'n zwisel1e11grschaltPtell Fnu;dialters und 

5 besteht das Wesen der Erfindung clarin, dal~ 1LiP ,·erschiedenen ( 'hiff Prnschlii88Pln entsprechende 

Grundschaltung und mithin der ('hiffernsdiliissel <lurch lwsondf'n' in <lie CmschaltPinrichtung 

einsetzbare Kontakttriiger. aligeiin<lert. wer<len kann. I>ie \'erbindung der Stromanschlul.lstellen 

untereinander in diesen Kontakttriigern entspricht je Pinem hesunderen ( 'hiffernschliis8el und 

Jal.It sich leicht einsehen, dal.l die grol.le Anzahl \'on Kont.aktstellen ei1w Cnzahl \'on \'ariationen 

10 in den \' erbindungen zuliil.lt, so <lal.l <lement~prechen<l eine grollc Anzahl Hlll derartigen auswechselbaren Kontakttriigern gehil<let werden kann, <lurch 1lerrn EinRetzen in die t:'mschalteeinrichtung die Chiffrier- und Dechiffriernirrichtung zwangneise einem hestimmten Chiffernschliissel unterworfen wird. 

In der Zeichnung ist eine beispielsweisc Ausfiihrung.~form des Erfin<lungsgegenstan<les 

15 dargestellt, und zeigt Fig. I in l:nteransicht hzw. :-\chuitt nach .-t-B der Fig. 2 eine heispielsweise 

Ausfiihmngsform, wiihrend Fig. 2 einen ~chnitt nach ('-D der Fig. 1 veranschaulicht. 

An der Grundplatte 1, in welche die Fiihrungshiilse :! liir <las Zuleitungskabel J eingesetzt 

ist, sind drei Bolzen 4 vorgesehen, auf welche die mit passenden Lochern versehene ringformige 

Platte 5 aufgesetzt und vermittelst Fliigelmuttern fi befestigt "·er<len kann. Diese ringformige 

20 Platte 5 triigt in zwei zueinander konzentrischen Kreisen angeordnete :O:tromanschlullstellen 7 

bzw} 8, welche beim Festziehen <ler Platte .) <lurch die Fliigelmuttern 6 an die Kontaktfedern 9 

und 10 der Platte 1 angeprellt wer<len. Die einzelnen Stromkreise, wt>lche ihrcr Zahl nach der 

Zahl der Buchstaben, Ziffern und dgl. Zeichen entsprechen, werden an die Klemmen 11 angeschlossen, fiihren von <liesen zu den Klemmen 10, wiihrend die Federn 9 mit den einzelnen 

25 Leitungen des Kabels 3 verbunden sind. Durch wahlweise Verbin<lung der Klemrnen 7 des inneren 

.Kreises mit einzelnen Klemmen 8 des auUeren Kreises iler Platte /i !assen sich entsprechende 

Kombinationen bilden, von welchen eine jede Kombination einem besonderen Chiffrenschliissel 

entspricht. Die Platte 5 ist vermittelst einer Deckplatte 12 ahgeschlossen, welche die Art der 

Stromfiihrung zwischen den Klemmen 7 und 8 verdeckt. Die Bolzen .J sin<l, wie Fig. 1 zeigt, 

30 unsymmetrisch angeordnet, um ein unrichtiges Befestigen der Platte 5 an der Grundplatte 1 

auszuschliellen, wodurch Fehler in der Wahl des Chiffrenschliissels ausgeschlossen werden. Statt 

der Verwendung von drei Bolzen kann eine beliebige Anzahl unsymmetrisch angeordneter Bolzen 

verwendet werden. Die Deckplatte 12 ist unter Zwischenschaltung von Hiilsen 13 vermittelst 

Schrauben 14 an der Platte 5 befestigt. 

35 Entsprechend der Anzahl der Zeichen der verwendeten typographischen Maschine konnen 

beliebige Kombinationen durch wahlweise Verbindung der Einzelanschlul.lstellen 7 und 8 der 

Platte 5 gebildet werden und konnen entsprechend der Anzahl der moglichen Kombinationen 

ebensoviele Platten als Kontakttriiger hergestellt und entsprechend bezeichnet werden. Eine 

jede dieser Kombinationen entspricht einem besonderen Chiffrenschlii!!llel und braucht lediglich 

40 der dem angegebenen Chiffrenschliissel entsprechen<le Kontakttriiger an der Grundplatte befestigt 

zu werden, worauf das Chiffrieren oder Dechiffrieren zwangsweise mit dem richtigen Schliissel 

erfolgen mull. 

PATENT-ANSPRfJCHE: 

1. Einrichtung zum Chiffrieren und Dechiffrieren von Schriftstiicken, Depeschen oder dgl. 

nach Patent Nr. 62926, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dall fiir jeden Chiffernschliissel ein besonderer in 

45 den Umschalter einBetzbarer Kontakttrager vorgesehen ist, bei welchem die Verbindung der 

Stromanschlullstellen untereinander dem jeweiligen Chifiernschliissel entspricht. 

2. Ausfiihrungsform der Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch geke1111Zeichnet, dall unterhalb der Grundplatte.eine ringfOrmige Platte einsetzbar angeordnet ist, die in zwei konzentrischen 

Kreiaen angeordnete Kontaktstellen zur Zu- und Alileit.ung der Einzelstromkreise triigt, wobei 

50 je eine Kontaktstelle des inneren Kreises mit einer Kontaktstelle des aul.leren Kreises wahlweiae 

verbunden ist. ,i 

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N~ 62927. 

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1,138,832. 

REF ID:A273646 

O. F. BAMBERG & E. WEINHOLD. 

WRITING MACHINE. 

APPLICATIOll FILED MAY 29, 1913, 

Patented May 11, 1915. 2 SHEETS-SHEET 2. 

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0&077Za7.._p Zia.???/~~ 

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A~rAfY 

rHE NORRIS PETERS CO., PHOTO-LlTHO., WASHINGTON, D. C. 
REF ID:A273646 

O. F. BAMBERG & E. WEINHOLD. 

WRITING MACHINE. 

APPLICATION FILED MAY 29, 1913. 

1,138,832. Patented May 11, 1915. 2 SHEETS-SHEET J, 

8 

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UNITED STATES P .A.TENT OFFICE. 

OTTOMAR FEDOR BAMBERG AND EDMUND WEINHOLD, OF LAIBACH, AUSTBIAHUNQARY. 

WRITING-MACHINE. 

. 1,138,832. Specification of Letters Patent. Patented May 11, 1915 . 

Application filed May 29, 1913. Serial No. 770,797. 

To all whom it may concern: 

Be it known that we, Orro:M:AR FEDOR 

BAMBERG and EDMU~D WEINHOLD, subjects 

of the Emperor of Austria-Hungary, resid5 ing at Laibach, Austria-Hungary, have invented new and useful Improvements in 

Writing-Machines, of which the following 

is a specification. 

This invention relates to a device for con10 necting together two machines such as typewriting machines in such a way that messages may be transmitted in cipher and may 

be deciphered in a simple and convenient 

manner. The apparatus is preferably ar15 ranged to be operated electrically by the 

use of transmitting and receiving typewriting machines of a known kind, the arrangement being such that the depression of 

a kev in the transmitter machine closes a 

20 circu1t which operates one of the receiving 

typewriter keys by electromagnetic means . 

According to this invention a switch is 

provided which may be set in a number of 

different positions so that the circuit connec25 tions may be varied either for a whole 

message, or in different parts of a message 

as may be required. The switch positively 

controls the connections and eliminates all 

possible errors both in the conversion of 

30 messages into cipher, and in the subsequent 

deciphering. 

A further object of the invention consists 

in the fact, that the cipher-code may be varied by special contact holders or disks, each 

35 of which comprises a special cipher-code. 

These disks may be placed in the switch so 

that a great number of variations in the 

combinations may be obtained in such a 

manner that ciphering or deciphering al40 ways proceeds with the proper key. 

A switch suitable for use according to 

this invention, for changing over the electrical connections between two typing machines is illustrated in the accompanying 

4S drawings . Figure 1 shows the switch in plan. Fig. 

2 shows it in side elevation partly in section. Fig. 3 shows a modified form of the 

switch and Fig. 4 a section on the line 

60 C-D o:f Fig. 3. 

In the construction shown in the drawings two cables 1 and 2 are provided each 

containing a number of conductors, and 

serving to connect together the various 

55 members of two typing machines of any 

suitable type capable of operating with 

electrical transmission from one to the 

other; the construction is such that on the 

operation of a key of one machine, a particular type lever of the other machine is 60 

operated through one of the conducting connections as will be well understood. The 

separate conductors of the cable 1 are connected at their ends to terminals 3 of a 

fixed disk 4, while the conductors of the 66 

other cable 2 are connected to the terminals 

5 of a disk 6 which is arranged to turn relatfrely to the disk 4. Onlv one conductor of 

each cable is indicated in Fig. 2 and the 

connections are omitted in Fig. 1, but it 70 

will be obvious how they may be arranged. 

The disk 6 is mounted to turn on a hollow 

shaft 7 through which the cable 1 passes, 

and on which the disk 4 is fixed. A spring 

9 presses the disk 6 upward, and a handle 75 

8 is provided to facilitate the turning of 

the disk. The disk 6 has a number of projections 10 adapted to engage with notches 

formed at 11 in the downwardly turned 

edge of the fixed disk 4; the disk 6 can be so 

turned to bring the projections 10 into engagement with any of the notches, the engagement being insured by the spring 9 

pressing the disk upward. On the disk 6, 

preferably in line with the handle 8, an in- ss 

dex mark 12 is provided, while on the surface of the disk 4 close to the respective 

terminals 3, numbers or other suitable characters are marked in order to show in conjunction with the index mark 12 the setting 90 

of the disk 6. 

If the mark 12 is set to the zero position 

as shown in Fig. 1, then for example the 

same type levers of both machines mav be 

connected together, so that on the operation 9S 

of the keys of the one machine, the correct 

types are' operated on the second machine. 

If, however, a despatch is to be transmitted 

in cipher the disk 6 is set to a position in 

which the mark 12 is opposite some num- 100 

ber, for instance the number 6 on the disk 

4, according to the code or key of the ciphered message. The conductors in the 

cable leading from one machine to the terminals 5 on the disk 6 are then connected lOS 

through the contacts and terminals 3 with 

other conductors of the other machine so 

that when the kevs of the transmitting machine are operated. different types in the receiving machine from those in the transmit- 110 

ting machine will be caused to operate, depending upon the position of the disk 61 
'l 

· REF ID : A2 7 3-6.f:6 

1,138,832 

so that the ciphering of the text is effected 

automatically without the possibility of errors. The deciphering is effected in an analogous manner, by using the device with 

5 the disk set to a corresponding position and 

transmitting the code message in the reverse direction so that the code letters will 

be reconverted into the original letters in 

another machine, thus reproducing the ori10 ginal text of the despatch. 

By connecting the conductors to the contacts in va.rious ways, a great number of different variations in the ciphering can be introduced, and a number of contact disks inay 

15 be arranged in a series in order to give combined ciphering effects which will render deciphering more difficult or practically impossible by unauthorized persons not having 

..... ....,.,.._eorkey. 

O According to the construction shown in 

Figs. 3 and 4 a bed plate 13 including the 

sleeve 14 for the cable 1 is provided with 

three bolts 15, cooperating with corresponding holes of a second circular plate or disk 

25 16 which may he attached to this bed plate 

by means of thumb-nuts 17. On this disk 16 

are arranged in two concentric circles the 

circuit contacts 18, 19, which when the disk 

16 is rigidly attached to the plate 13 by 

30 means of the thumb-nuts are pressed against 

the contact springs 20, 21 of the plate 13. 

The several circuit wires the number of 

which is equal to that of the letters, numerals or ciphers used, a.re connected to a ter35 minal plate 22 fixed in the plate 13 and to 

the springs 21, while the springs 20 are connected with the conductors of the cable 1. 

By suitably connecting the contacts 18 of 

the inner circle with the said contacts 19 of 

40 the outer circle of the plate 16 there may be 

formed different combinations. each of 

which corresponds to a special cipher-code. 

The disk 16 is provided with a cover-plate 

23 to conceal the manner in which the cur45 rent runs bet.ween the contacts 18 and 19. 

The bolts 15 are not symmetrically arranged 

as shown in Fig. 3, so that the plate 16 cannot he wrongly fastened to the bed plate. 

Instead of using three bolts, as shown, there 

50 naturally may be employed any other number of unsymmetrically arranged bolts. 

Sleeves 24 hold the cover plate in necessary 

distance from the disk 16. 

According to the number of ciphers of the 

55 typographic machine used, there may be 

formed any number of combinations by a 

suitable connection of the contacts 18, rn·, of 

t.he disk 16, and according to this possible 

number of combinat.ions just as many plates 

60 or disks may be arranged as there are suitably marked contacts-holders. Each combination corresponds to a special cipher-code 

and it is only necessary to fasten that contact holder to the plate which corresponds 

to the given cipher-code or key, to cipher or 65 

decipher with the proper key. 

The contacts or terminals need not necessa.rily be arranged on circular disks but 

other suitably formed contact carrying _ 

membe,rs may be pro·vided with means for 70 

adjusting them relatively to one another for 

the purpose of obtaining the corresponding 

connecting positions. 

Having thus described our invention, 

what we claim as new and desire to secure 75 

by Letters Pa.tent is:-

1. A device for use in changing over the 

operative connections between two type machines for the purpose of transmitting messages in cipher and for deciphering the so 

same, comprising two contact carriers the 

one formed with a. notched surface and the 

other with projections adapted to engage 

the notches, means for normally pressing the 

projections into the notches, and connections 85 

from said contact carriers leading to the two 

type machines from one of which messages 

are to be transmitted to the other. 

2. A device for use in changing over the 

operative connections between two type ma- 9 o 

chines for the purpose of transmitting messages in cipher and for deciphering the 

same, comprising two contact carriers the 

one formed with a notched surface and the 

other with projections adapted to engage the 95 

notches. a spring pressing the one contact 

carrier into engagement with the other, indications on the one contact carrier adapted 

to show the setting position in conjunction 

with a mark on the other, and connections 100 

from said contact carriers leading to the two 

type machines from one of which messages 

are to be transmitted to the other. 

3. A device for use in changing over the 

operative connections between two type ma· 105 

chines for the purpose of transmitting messages in cipher and for deciphering the 

same, comprising two contact carriers, a hollo>v axle ca.rrying the one contact carrier, 

around which axle the other contact carrier no 

is revolnble, means for Jocking the revoluble 

contact carrier in any one of a number of positions relative to the other contact carrier. a 

cahle of conductors passed through the ho,1-

low axle to the contact carrier fixed thereon, l15 

and a second cable of conductors connected 

to said revolnble contact carrier, said cables 

leading to the type machines to be connected. 

In testimony whereof we have signed our 

names to this specification in the presence o:f 120 

two subscribing witnesses. _ 

OTTOMAR FEDOR BA~fBERG. 

EDMUND WEINHOLD. 

Witnesses: 

AUGUST FUGGER, 

.r osEF BAUER. 

Copies ot this patent may be obtained for :live cents each, by addressin~ tl1e "Com111issiolier ot Patents, 

Washington, D. C." 

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E. H. HEBERN 

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE 

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CIYPTOGIAPHIO ICAOHtNI 

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1,881,857 

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REF ID:A273646 

June 7, 1932. 

790 

E. H. HEBERN 

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE 

Filed May 17, 1927 

786 

1,861,857 

12 Sheets-Sheet 12 

INVENTOR 

6~%.~~ BY 

~.,,8,,~ ATTORNEY 

-

= 
REF ID:A273646 

Patented June 7, 1932 1 861 857 ' ' ' 

\l 

J 

'(\ 

\j 

UNITED ST A TES PA TENT OFFICE 

EDWARD H. HEBERN, OF OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNOR TO INTERNATIONAL CODE 

MACHINE COMPANY, OF RENO, NEVADA, A CORPORATION OF NEVADA 

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE 

Application filed May 17, 1927. Serial No. 192,074. 

This invention is an improvement of the 

invention set forth in my ropending application Serial No. 675,898 .U'iled Nov. 20, 1923, 

which has matnred into Patent No. 1,683,072, 

G dated Sept. 4, 1928. 

My invention relates to the art of secret 

writing; and provides a new system for transforming language messages into decodable 

secret code, an improved device for accomrn plishing the system, and a highly-refined electric codin~ machine. 

The obJect of my coding system, device or 

machine is to guard the secrecy of code message:,;. To the layman, one crypt is as uninH\ telligible as another, but to the relatively few 

cryptographic experts whose profession is the 

deciphering of secret codes, no secret of past 

systems, devices or machines has permanently resisted a determined and prolonged effort 

"C at discovery. 

It is an object of my invention to provicle a 

mechanism and a practical system for coding 

and decoding absolutely or practically undecipherable cr.YPtograms. 5 It is an obJect of my invention to attain a 

high ratio of complexity of code to complexity of the mechanism and system :for forming 

and decoding messages in said code. J.t is an 

object of my invention to introduce a new 

ao order of complexity of code into the C'ryptographic art. 

It is an object of my invention detPrmineclly to break up the vulnerab~~quences, rep- . etitions and recurrences heretS'Iore discovera5 able in code messages by experts bent on deeiphering said messages. It is an object of 

my invention to break up these sequences, 

repetitions, and recurrences accorcling to a 

definite system, whereby the coding and de40 coding operations are simplified. 

It is an object of my invention to combine 

a number of relatively simple c:ode-forming 

plans to produce a maximum resultant com45 plexity, ( e. g. a complexity determined by an 

exponential :function of said number of 

plans). It is an object of my invention to substantially exhaust the code-changing possibilities of the combination o:f plans. It is a 

further object o:f my invention to permit an<l 

oo provide a maximum :freedom of choice in each 

of these plans, in their relation to one anothPr, in the manner of their combination or 

composition, in the method of their use, or 

in any one of these choices alone or in combination. It is an object of my invention to 1111 

permit the use of absolutely random relations 

and plans or sequences. It is an object of my 

invention to permit the code-forming plans 

to be arranged in any order. It is a further 

ohjt•ct of my invention to permit the plans to eo 

be transposed. It is an oLject of my invention 

to permit the use 0£ less than all the possible 

plans or sequences. It is an object 0£ my invention to permit bodily displacement of any 

plan or secpience to any starting position 0£ tllJ 

use. 

It is an object of my invention to provide 

one and the preferred generic device for acC'ornplishing the system of my invention, and 

it is a further object of my invention to pro- 70 

vide a highly practical type of commercial 

maehine especially adapted to the system of 

my invention. · 

This machine is so constructe<l that it operates from a constantly changing group of dif- Tl 

fcrenUy mixed up alphabets, the number of 

alphabets used being practically unlimited 

and only one letter called a primary letter is 

used from any alphabet. 

Coding machines have been designed and 80 

lmilt. but all have suffered from the very serious llandicap of inflexibility of code, so that, 

(barring the very few simple selections of 

starting positions placed at the option of a 

pair of correspondents using the machine of Sii 

the prior art), once the construction of th is 

machine had been obtained by a cyptographic 

Pxpert it was a rP1atively simple matter for 

him to decipher any message coded thereby. 

It is one object of my invention to provide OO 

an improved system and maC'hine which can 

eode a message undecipherable by any expert, 

no mattE>r how familiar he may be with the 

construction and operation of the system and 

machine. It is an object of my invention to 96 

provide a maximum range of selection of different key and. starting conditions :for the 

option of correspondents using the machine. 

As a further safeguard I have provided means 

for guarding the secre{'.y of the key condi- 101.1 

ill 

!ljl 

I ':. 

., 
REF ID:A273646 

2 1,861,Bln 

tions of any machine, so that diseovery even 

of the starting conditions agreed upon between correspondents wonlrl bP useless to a 

cryptographer who was cqnipJW<l with a simir; larly constructed coding machi1w: it bt'ing an 

important characteristic of the machines of 

my invention that lack of correspondence in 

two machines of anv one of the manifold 

adjustable key conclitions p1·ovilled in eaeh, 

10 will make it impossible to decode on one machine, a message coded on the other. 

In the design of an improved coding machine I han1 striven for simplicity, compactness, ease arnl foolproofness in opention, as 

15 well as for durability aml low l'ost. 

In the working of my mal'hine, certain 

movements are entailP<1, and it is an object of 

my invention to provide special structures for 

respectively permitting, controlling, and pro20 ducing this motion, ancl I have :-triYen for 

certain advantageous clrnracteristics of thes·'~ 

structures; which features will appear m· b{' 

suggested as the description procet'ds. 

Having selected the dectric c·orling ma25 chine as set forth in a nmnbcr of prior putents issued independently and jointly to me, 

I have set out to improYe this snperior type 

of machine in a thoroughgoing manner-. 

Many of the improvenwnts ur0 not speci30 fically referred to in the "o1Jjcet:-; of inwntion"; the body of tlw specificnt ion lwing relied upon to imply the~;e many objel·b. 

Other and ancillary objects of my inYrntion will be set forth or s~1ggested by the fol35 lowing description of my invention or in tbe 

use thereof. Certain objects of my invention 

are attainable with the nse of less than all 

its advantageous featnres, anc1 ·with modifirations and pernrntations within its mir\·iew. I 

40 desire not to be circumscrihe<l fwrnncl the 

reasonable limits of the claims finnll~, detl'l'-

mining my invention. . Throughont this description I have consistently nsrd the term "decipher" in connec45 tion with the attrmpts of unauthorized persons to break the code, in contradistinction 

to the term "decode", which refers to the interprt'tation of the co<le message by authorized persons. The di"tinction is arbitrary 

50 and has been made merely for convenience. 

Devices and systems in the art of cryptography may gmerally be divided into two 

classes; one relying upon such simple tricks 

as writing messages bnckward, adding dum· 

3.;.l my symbols and like confusing expedients; 

and the other involving some thoroughgoing 

plan of introducing complexity, such for example, as that o:f the Vig:enere* cryptographic 

table. As soon as the trick is clisc.overed in 

GG the former class, the message may be deciphered in the same manner in which it would 

be decoded. In the latter class however, deciphering must follo\v l! less direct plan, 

(J,j Lo~:i. Langle-"('ryptngraphy," Constable and Co. Ltl1. 

such as that involving letter-frequency probabilities. My invention belong to the latter 

class, and it is to be emphasized that modifications thereof by such tricks as are contained within the first-mentioned class are 70 

mere permutations within the purview of my 

invention. "'Where my system, for example, 

calls for a. certain continuity or sequence, the 

introduction of some such trick to break the 

continuity or sequence must reasonably be 75 

interpreted as not without the scope of my 

sv:-,tem. It i,.; to be expected that someone 

inay desire to complicate the system of my 

invention by simply combining it with some 

well-known system of the latter dass above 80 

defined. I desire to be protected from the 

infringer who would thus adopt my invention and attempt to make it behind some 

other cryptographic system. A thorough 

mastery of the matters taught by II\,V inven- 85 

tion and the description thereof will suggest 

countless such modifications within its purview, and any interpretation of the clnims 

to my invt>ntion should therefore rest upon 

a similar mastery of the matters herein 110 

taught, and upon. an understanding of the 

fact that mrn;t of the past efforts in cryptography were directed to precisely such oonfusing combinations and modifications of 

well-known systems, in an effort to outguess 95 

crytographic experts. It is to be emph~­

sized that, unlike such confusing complications and modifications, my invention entails 

the production of a complex co<le which does 

not become decipherable when the details of 

the coding system or machine are guessed or 

disclosed. 

100 

Referring to the drawings: 

Figure 1 is a top plan vi~w 0£ the e~mental machine of my invention; Fig. :3 is a bottom plan thereof; and Fig. 2 is a vertical diametral section of the elemental machine in 

its carrying case. Fig. 4 is a repre~-entative 

wiring diagram of the elemental machine 

simplified by showing only three of the 

twcnly-six circuits. 

Fig. 5 is a top plan viev> of the fiv,~-whe<>l 

indicating oo<le machine or portable multicoder of my invention. The top fla.nge on 

each side wall of the machine has been broken 

away to cfoiclose certain parts thereunder. 

Fig. 6 is a vertical median longitudinal section of the machine with it.s middle code 

wheel removed. The plane of section is indicated by a line 6-6 in Fig. 5. Figs. 5 and 

6 taken together constitute 'a re.presentation 

(showing only two of the twenty-six circuits) of the electric wiring or the machine. 

Fig. 7 is a right side elevation of the machine 

as viewed in the direction of arrow 7 in Fig. 

5. Fig. 8 is a skeleton perspective of the 

code-wheel-actuitting dogs and associated 

mechanism as viewed in the direeti<>n of 

arrow 8 in Fig. 5. Fig. 9 is a perspective t"kl· 

106 

110 

111 

llO 

llfJ 

131t 
REF ID:A273646 

1,861,8~7 3 

tail of two dogging pins removed from the 

assembly of Fig. 8. 

The upper half of Fig. 10 is a diametral 

section longitudinally througl~ the eo~e5 wheel unit common to both the five-wheel m-

<licating and recording machines. The plane 

of section is transverse of and inclined relative to either machine as a whole, and is repi·esented by lines 10-10 in Figs. G and 11. 

10 Fig. 10, taken as a whole, is a wiring dia-

<rram of the frrn-wheel recording code ma-

~hine showing only two complete circu~ts. Fia. 11 is a vertical approximately median 

section analogous to Fig. 6, of the five-wheel 

lo recordi'n<r code machine. The plane of section, which is indicated by a line 11-11 in 

Fig. 12, is displaced slight~y to show the 

mi1klle code wh0el and associated dog mechan: sm in true elevation. Fig. 12 is a top plan 

20 view of the machine with its cover and typebuffer bars removed. Fig. 13 is a sectional 

plan directed down upon the bas~ po~ti~n <~f 

the machine. The plane of section 1s mdicated by a line 13-13 in Fig. 11. In Fig. 

26 13 amnilar sections of the commutator brushretaining plate have been broken away to 

show the commutator beneath. 

Fio·. H is essentially a right side elevation 

of tl~ machine with the cover removed and 

30 ln:-:P frame broken away by a vertical section 

longitudinally through the base frame n~ar 

ihe right side ther_eof. The p~ane. of section 

is represented by Imes 14-14 m Figs. 13 and 

17. Fi•r. 15 is a fragmentary enlargement of 

35 a left-l~and portion of Fig. 14 with certain 

parts cut away to sho~ the electr:cal ~.witch 

features associated with the keys. Fig. 16 

is a fragmentary perspec.tive view of the k~yboard housing and associated parts, but with 

40 the keys removed. Fig. 17 is a vertical transYerse section of the machine through the rear 

portion thereof and diametr · cally through 

the type-actuating mechanism. The plan~ of 

sedion is indicated by lines 17-17 m Figs. 

45 11 and 12. Fig. 18 is a fragmentary left 

side elevation, in the <Lre~tion of arrow .18 

in Fig. 12, of the rear port10n of the mach!ne 

with type superstructure removed, showrng 

the me.chanism for driving and splitting the 

50 printed tap~. Fig. 19 :s a. fragmenta.ry sect ion on the hne 19-19 of Fig. 18 showmg the 

five-character spacer of the driving mechanism. Fia. 20 is a fragmentary plan of the 

spacer sh~wn in Fig. 18. Fig. 21 is a skele155 ton front elevation of the revers:ng lever antl 

linka<re associated therewith for making the 

vario~s adjustments provided when shifting 

l1etween coding and decoding operation. 

Fi<!. ~2 is a plan of a sample printed tape 

60 as it 'leaves the type mechan:sm; and in line 

with each code letter thereof, is given the 

character alphabet sequence of the machine 

at the instant said code letter is printed; to 

indicate that the entire sequence is changed 65 after each character is printed. 

Midget coder (Elemental commutator reversing code machine) 

I will first describe the features of my invention which I have incorporated in simplest form in the midget coder illustrated by 70 

Figs. 1to4. 

..:~I! encasi11g member 1 is simply a packing 

case to vrovjde for transporting this elemeutal device of my invention, and forms no 

part thereof. It is illustrated t? e1~phasize 75 

the fact that this elemental machrne is a completn working device as it stands; eve~1 

though it forms a relatively small sub~01nb1-

nation of tht~ more ebborate final mult1-coder 

forms of my invention later to be described 80 

in detail. 

A cylindrical metal base frame 2, has a 

perimetrically arranged plmality of standan1 (flashlight bulb) electric sockets formed, 

Lv depressions 6 on a circumference near the 85 

p~'ripllcry, .nits top end ~va~l 8. The depressions, and the bulbs 12 withm the!11, are covered by plane lenses 10, each havmg a cha~·­

actPr Pt<·hed tlwreon. The characters are, m 

t11i~ ease, letters oi: the English alphabet, and 90 

sud1 number>' and other characters as are 

found convenient to transmit in code messa•,es. The lenses are held in metal frames 

Llc,..,eacli having a positioning tab 16 project-

:ng beyond and below its body. A sh~llow 91< 

c<1tmtc>rbore at the top of each depress10n G 

r<>cei ves the lens with its frame, and a further 

sliO'ht depression beyond the counterbore at 

on~ ]Joint receives the l'ositioning tab 16 of 

the lens frame. Cap screws 18 are screwed 

into the top wall 8 between each pair of lenses 

to elnmp them in posit.on. The cap screws 

ma v be loosPned at anv time and the lenses 

shifted to any desired position, as one means 

of altering the code. . 

1 n radial line with each character-bearmg 

lenses 10 is a pesh button 20, and means are 

prnvidP1l whereby pressure upon. any push 

bntton, will cause response of a Lght under 

011p of the eharader-bearing lenses. Thus, 

for example, if the pnsh button adjacent the 

len:-> 1 'l'arinir "H" character were pressed, a 

light urnlr>r "L" lens might light so that "L" 

arn1 "H" characters would be related so that 

one was the code symbol for the other. Thus 

"L" miaht be designated by "H" or "H" 

might b~ designated by "L", and the el?ctric 

wiri1w between the two characters constitutes 

a designated interconnection therebetween. 

These wiring connections between the push 

buttons 20 and the bulbs 12 are such that any 

given push-button is not necessarily in series 

with the bulb adjacent thereto. As the descnpt10n . . procec cl s, tl 1e su b . scnp t s a , , " " "b" 

"c", etc., to "z", will be used after the n~mber 

of anv element in the structure to designate 

its position relative to any given arbitrary 

positioning of the language characters. Thus 

lOb would designate the lens having the 

character B etched thereon, while 20b would 

100 

105 

llf' 

l!Li 

12C 

123 
:1 

REF ID:A273646 

4 1,8'11,.817 

designate the adjacent push-button in radial 

line therewith. Obviously the number of 

characters is not limited to the twenty-six 

letters of the English alphabet, for numerals, 

6 signs, and word-space designations might be 

added. In fact, as will be explained later 

the use of a code symbol to represent wor(l 

spaces constitutes an important feature of 

my invention, and ~while I have preferred to 

10 utilize the infrequently-used letter "Z" for 

that purpose, it wonld be possible to add a 

twenty-seventh symbol for that purpose. 

The wiring connections will be explained 

first with reference to the wiring diagram 

15 (Fig. 4), in which but three character positions are shown instead of the total twentysix for a complete alphabet. The bulbs 12e. 

12i, and 12t each have onr terminal grounded 

to the frame of the machine, and a dry-cell 

20 battery 22 has its negative terminal grounded 

to the same frame. The battery 22 has its 

positive terminal connected, throngh the electrically parallel set of push-button switches 

20e, 20i, and 20t, to a set of (push-button) 

26 commutator brushes 24e, 24i and 24t. one in 

series ·with each pnsh lJutton. Tht; set of 

(bulb) commutator hrnshes 26e, 26i and 26t 

are insulated from the push-button commutator brushes, so that they may be connectNl 

30 thereto only through the channels determined 

by a commutator 28 arranged to contact 'vith 

the two sets of brushes. The commutator is 

wired, (see commutator wires 40 plus cross 

wires 36), to connect the push-buttons to 

3li bulbs out of line therewith, so that the language character marking any push button 

may be transformed into a code eharactrr 

illumined by a bulb electrically connected 

therewith. The commutator 28 is of insulat40 ing makrial provided with an outer annulns 

of (bulb) contacts 30, one for each lmlb 

brush 26; and an inner annulus of (pushhntton) contacts 32, one for each pn~h-button 

brush 24. ·wiring within the commntator 

45 eonnects each contact 30 with some (any) one 

contact 32. 

Fig. 4 represents the commutator in neutral position; it being understood that in operation the commutator would have to have 

50 its contacts touching the commutator brushes. Assume the rommutator to have been 

turned clockwise through a slight angle to 

bring contact 30e under brush 24e. This will 

also bring every other brush into contact 

55 with its correspondingly characterized contaet. This will arbitrarily be termed a "coding position" of tlw con1mutator. In this 

position and with the wiring illnstrated by 

Fig. 4, (which wiring is arbitrary and purely 

60 illustrative), it would be possilile to transform the word "tie", for example, into code 

by pressing push buttons 20t, 20i and 20e 

successively. This would cause the lights 

12e, 12t, and 12i to light up in succession; 

65 spielling "eti" which woald be the code for 

"tie". Of course with twenty-six different 

characters instead of only three, the possible 

complications betwoon code and language 

characters become correspondingly multi· 

plied. 10 

Having already described the means (and 

one commutator position and sample operation) for coding, I shall next describe the 

means for decoding, after which the means 

for reversing from one function to other will 76" 

become. apparent. 

Positioned in the same annuli of the commutator as the (forward) contacts 30 and 

32, are two other interspaced series of exactly similar (reverse) contacts 30' and 32', all Bel 

the same distance in the same direction from 

their corresponding contacts 30 and 32 so 

that when the commutator 28 is rotated 

slightly counterclockwise, the contacts 30' 

and 32' will lie under the brushes in the posi- f!li. 

tions formerly occupied by the contacts 30 

anrl 32. This counterclockwise position will 

henceforth be referrC'd to as the '"decode" or 

reverse position, in contradistinction to the 

forward or "code" position. Each set of DO 

four commutator contacts 30, 32, 30' and 32' 

is <lesignate\l by a single code or language 

eharaC'ter; e. g., the set designated by charac 

ter "E" is 30e, 32e, 30' e, and 32' e, but it will 

later be shown that this designation is a pure- 91'J 

l,v arbitrary one, since the commutator is rotatable with respect tu the character-bearing 

lenses 10. 

'When the commntator is in "code position'' the contacts 30' and 32' are inopera- 100 

1 ive so far as contact with the brushes is concerned, and when in "decode position" the 

contacts 30 and 32 are similarly ino.perative. 

These contacts however, remain in circuit, by 

reason of pairs of cross-wires 36 permanently 106 

connecting the contact 30 of each set to its 

radially acljaeent contact 32' in the same set, 

and connecting the contact 30' of each set 

to itR radially adjacent contact 32. Thus 

contact 30e is connected in series with con- nt 

tact 32' e, contact 30' e in series with 32e. 30i 

with 32'i, etc. These cross-connected contacts fnndion as a reversing switch so that 

if pressing push button 20tccauses bulb 12e 

to light when the commutator is in "code po- llll 

sition", then wiwn the comrrmtator is rotated 

throngh the slight angle to "decode position", 

pressing push hntton 20e will cause bulb 12t 

to light. To decode the code word "eti", it 

is necessarv to merely press the push but- ISO 

tons in radial line with the letters "E", "T", 

"I". on the fouses, when the commutator is 

in <kcode position. and the bulbs 12t, 12i and 

12e will light successively; spelling the word 

"tie". lft 

The designating interconnections for use 

<luring coding operation, though they incorporate elements in common with the inverse 

designating interconnections for decoding 

operation, are truly alternative thereto. It Uf 
REF ID:A273646 

1,861,Sln s 

is this use of alternative intercom1ections 

which permits either set of interconnections 

to be connected at random between the characters. It will be noted that by reason of 

3 the rever:-ing commutator many elements of 

the inter{'onnections are made to serve a do11-

ble :function; the electric current being sent 

through these elements in opposite directions during coding and decoding operations. · Hl All the wires 40 are in circuit in either code 

or decode position of the COHimutator, and 

the only elements which go into disuse arc 

certain of the cross-wires 36. Dy thi8 expedient a great deal of mechanical anc1 elec16 trical complexity is avoided. 

The code and decode positions of the commutator have been designated arbitrarily arnl 

may he interchanged in use; the important 

ronsideration being merely to shift from one ~ i position to the other so as to reverse the circuits when changing from coding to decoding 

operation. 

So far it has been pointed out that the 

character-bearing lenses may be interchanged ·:~ to change the code, and that the designation 

of co<le anrl decode positions may be arbitrarily interchanged. Either of these expedients, open to the owner of a coding machine, 

may lw ntilizecl to entirely change the code so 

.o.n as to make the unauthorized deciphering of 

the code more difficult. 

To further complicate the code, means are 

provided for shifting the incidence of the 

designating interconnections between charactrrs to change, not only the code, but the code 

sequence as well. By code sequence is meant 

the order in which letters of the code alphabet 

follow ea eh other. This is illustrated in Fig. 

22, wherein no discoverable sequence persists 

~'· through the several code alphabets arranged 

one above the other to the left of the mes- ~age-bea ring tape 700. Shifting the incidence of said interconnections does more thall 

boclily change the relation of the code al4'. phabet to the language alphabet; it mixes 

up the order or sequence in which the code 

ldters follow each other. In the midget 

ender this shift of incidence is accomplished 

by rotating the commntntor 28 (beyond the 

1.1 1 range of shift from code to decode position), 

to hring different sets of contacts under each 

given set of brnshes. Thus for example, in 

Fig. 4, the commutator might be rotated 

thro11gh 120 degrees to brin-g contacts 30e 

: .. -; :m(l 32e 1mrler brushes 26t and 24t. It is contemplate<l that the commutator will be rotated after a specifiable number (preferably only one) of push-buttons have been 

depressed, so that the code will not repeat ,.. it~elf each time a civen character is coded. 

The selection of initial commntator position and of the interval, c1irection and amount 

of movement is then open to selection and 

change by the owner of the machine. Thus ,,,~ he might elect to start coding with the contacts 30e and 32e in radial line with the bulb 

12t, and to rotate three (or preferably only 

one), full spaces counterclockwise after each 

letter has been coded. To decode, it would 

then be neceRsary to set the machirte to with- 70 in a fractional space of the same initial position to attain the "decode position" nearest 

thereto; i. e. with the contacts 30' e and 32' e 

in radial line with the bulb 12t; and to rot ate three (or one) full spaces counterclock- 75 wise, as uefo:·c, after each letter has been 

decoded. 

Considering the wiring -0f the machine in 

its broader sense ns constituting designating 

interconnections l.Jetween characters. it will 81 be appreciatetl that each designating interconnection is broken np into relatively movable ( s0e movable commutator) parts or 

links. Thus 0aeh commutator wire 40 taken 

with its appropriate cross-wire 36 constitutes 85 

a link snpported by the cornmntator disk and 

movable therewith relative to the code and 

language characters, whereby the incidence 

of the transitory or changeable designating 

interconnections between characters may be 90 

shifted. And it should be noted that any of 

said wires 40 plns 36 may be connected to 

any character by merely rotating the commutator. Statement that the commntator 

contacts are arranged in rings is relied npon, 95 

to imply the fact that the movable links of 

the designating interconnections are arranged circularly, i.e. perimetrically, so that 

anv link nrnv be moved to anv character. 

in the commutator described in my prior 100 

Patent, 1,510,441 of Sept. 30, 1924, and therein termed "code wheel", it was necessarv that 

the two sets of commutator contacts be connected inversely in comp1ementary pairs in 

order to permit inYersion from coding to de- 105 

coding operation. Thns, for example, if 

character -H- contact in one ring of contacts where connected to charader -Y-in 

the other ring, then character Hin said other 

ring, wonld have to be connected to char- 110 

acter Y in said one rinf!. The commutator 

of my present inYention is not so limited, 

and I have proYided means for reversing 

either way from coding to decoding operation. This is an important feature of the 115 

pref*'nt case, aml, since it is incorporated in 

the commutator 28. I shall henceforth term 

this, and all other commutators inclurli.ng 

the reversing feature, "reversing commutators". It will be underf'tood, however, 120 

that reversing commutators may have other 

functions in addition to that of reversing 

the electric circuits. 

Relating the foregoing explanation of Fig. 

4 to Figs. 1, 2, and 3: 125 

The commiitator 28 is in general an inverted-dish-shaped body of insu~ating material and o:f an outside major diameter equal 

to the inside diameter of the cylindrical base 

frame 2. The bottom of the base frame is 130 
REF ID:A273646 

6 1,861,81)7 

open, to permit .i..nsertio11-0f the conlfilutator, 

and a plurality of cap serews 42, in the 

k>wer portion of the casing 2, project from 

the inside cylindrical face thereof to retain 

3 the commutator journaled within the casing. 

The battery 22 is conveniently carried within the dish<id portion of the commutator by 

.a metal saddle 44. The saddle is secured to 

the COilnmufuttor by bolts 46, is in e1eotrical 

rn cont.act with the negative te1·111inal of the 

ha.ttery, a.n.d is grounde\l to the frame 

through a resilient metallic brush ·18 clamped 

at one end by one of the bolt" 46, an<l ha.ving 

its other end sprung up into eontad with 

15 tJ1e under surf~e of the top en<l wall 8 of the 

metaJ frame. 

The annuli of contacts 30 and 32 (iHdu<]-

ing contacts 30' and 32') are clearly shown 

arranged in two c<mcentric rings JJear the 

.20 periphery Qf the commutator. There are 

four contacts foi· ead1 of the twenty-six 

character Sl(laces of the machine. The· contacts are simply boltR pressed into complementa.ry eounterborecl holes in the commu25 ta tor, with the tops (lf tlrnir heads (or nutH) 

ground off flush with th.e uppei· snrfacc of 

the commutator. The lower ends of the bolts 

constitute terminals projecting belmv the 

commutator to receive the contact washet·s 

JO 52, for the cross-wires 36. 

As an aid to interchange of t€rminals, bus 

bars 54 tak-e the place of washeri,; in the inner 

ring of .conta.cts 32 aml 82' and thei,;e bus 

bars are provided at their inwardly extend-

~>5 oo ends with contad screws 56 to receive the 

terminal prongs of the commutator 1\·ires 40. 

This provisi-011 for interchange of terminals 

provi<les imother means by whieh the code 

arrangements of the machine may IJe altered 

..i.u to suit any correspondents. By n:ierely shifting the wires 40, the code relations of the 

machine may Le entirely changed to confuse 

the unauthorized p€rson attem ptiug to de-

<Ji pher a. code. 

45 It should be noted that, from an electrical 

standpoint the wires 40 could as well be connect.ed between the outer ring of contacts 30 

and 30' (because of the cross-cannecting 

wires 36), or they oould be connected be-

;:;o tween the cont~ts 30 and 32. or between the 

contads 30' and 32'. 1Vhere ·connection is to 

be made to the outer ring of conta.cts it will 

be found desiral:>le to use longer bolts for 

these outer conta.cts, and to use axially elon-

:;:; gated washers 52 therefor, to support the 

wires 40 in spaced relati-0n below the inner 

rillg' -0f contact termiMls. 

The commutator brushes 24 and 26 are retained above the commutator in a.n annular 

V; brush-retaining block 60 of insulating material non-rotatably pressed into the casing 

2. The brushes 26 are capped spiral contact 

springs carried in loose holes, one beneath 

each bulb 12, and in contact with the posiH:> tive terminal thereof; the negative bulb termirutls being .grounded to the frame of the 

machine through their sockets in the metal 

top wall 8. 

The brushes 24 are elongated pins having 

the push buttons 2-0 pressed upon their upper ';cl 

ends, so that the push-button switches 24-32 

or 24-32' ar.e intimately associated with the 

reversing -commutator in this elemental machine.· The push buttons are retained by 

flanges 66 on the pins 24. The push buttons 75 

exten<l up th.cough holes in the top wall 8 of 

.th(' casing and are urged upward by spiral 

springs 68 surrounding the Lrushes 24 between the push buttons 20 and the brushretaining block 60. co 

An annular metal contact ring 70 having 

an inne.r diameter slightly foss than that of 

the insulating block 60, has a ring of holes 

registering with the brushes 24, and is interposed bet.veen the block 60 and the springs ~'.) 

68 to CQnnect the brushes 24 to too positive 

terminal of the batterv. A resilient metallic 

contact brush 72 is supported at one end by 

a bolt 71 through the insulating material of 

the commutator and has its other end sprung 00 

ont into contact with the metal ring 70. A 

spring clip 73 is clamped against the positi.-e terminal of the battery 22 by the other 

0nd of bolt 71 a,nd so ~ompletes the circuits 

from the Lattery through the push buttons 95 

and conunutator to the bulbs, and back 

through the frame to the battery. 

The mean,'> for rotating the commutator 

consists of a hub 74 bolted to the top of the 

commutator and pz·ojecting up through a 100 

ecutml hole in the top wall 8 of the casing. 

A trans\·erse hole in the top -0f the hub receives a rod 76 which constitutes a doubleended crank arm and is retained by an axial 

screw 78 in the hub. The crank arm 76 also 100 

constitutes an index pointer having one end 

distiuguishecl from the other end by a mark 

80. When the rod is directly over any one 

lens:, the commutator is in "coding position" 

for the character etched on said lens. The ~l1) 

half-spaces for "decoding position" are 

marked by the cap screws 18. 

To the severa.l means for complicating 

codes so-far irnmtioned as possible with this 

midget coder. hvo others mav be added. rn; 

Either end of the crank arm 76~ may be designated the index pointer~ and the angular 

relation -0£ the hub 7 4 to its commutator may 

be altered at will by merely loosening the ~t 

screw 78, turning the hub to a new position, :t::c. 

and t1ghtening the set screw. 

The midget coder could be used to code 

and decode mes.sages even without its electrical features by merely allowing one end 

of the inflex pointN to designate the code of . ~~ 

the character under the other end of the 

movable pointer. In this case the index 

pointer would constitute a designating interconnection between the two characters 

under its opposite ends. Conversely, the 
REF ID:A273646 

1,861,867 !7 

coder might be operated without the rotatable code-changing feature o:f the commutator by never rotating the commutator. 

These apparently obvious methods o:f use arc 

5 pointed ont as indicative of the wi<le range 

of choice open to correspondents using this 

cryptographic machine. 

It is, througho11t, one ob,ieet of my invention to provide a machine which the operator 

10 may use ill a variety of different way:-; to foil 

the unauthorized person who would decipher 

the eode; so that no amount of familiarity 

with the construction of the Hebern coding 

machines in general, or with any partienlar 

15 coding machine of this class, or even sueh 

inside formation as the lmowledge of the 

particular wiring and starting position usetl 

on a particular machine, would be effective to 

permanently destroy secrecy. The operators 

20 of the code machine could foil such u11anthorizecl spying by merely agreeing to change 

the wiring, starting position, arrangen1ent of 

lenses, hub position, or interval and amount 

of commutator movement during coding. 

25 There arc so many possible combinations and 

permutations or complications of this sort 

open to the operator that he can make it practically a hopeless task to attempt to guess the 

particular combinations, permutations, and 

30 complieations whfoh are used by any particular correspondents. These combinations, 

permutations, and complications will he1~ce­

:forth be referred to as the "key and startmg 

conditions'\ since, when they are all known, 

35 the key to decoding the code messages is had. 

"Key conditions'' refer to such features as 

the commutator wiring, and arrangement of 

lenses which are ordinarily not altered <luring the coding and decoding operations; 

40 while "starting conditions" refer to such features as the initial position of the irnlex 

pointer, and are reset after each message. 

There is, however, no rigid distinction between the two, for what one pair of corre45 spomlents may consider a key condition, another pair will alter after each operation. 

Moreover, in the more ad vancec1 designs of 

mv invention now to be described, it Lccomes p1~acticable to relegate formerly important 

liO 1:-;tarting conditions to the sphere of iufrequent1y altered key conditions. 

"J:h!ltiple commutator code machines ( rnwltieoders) 

65 The simple and inexpensive midget corler 

performs its functions to even better advantages than prior costly highly complex picees 

of cryptographic mechanism heretofore used, 

and is intended for use wherever code is used 

60 on any bnt a large scale; but where a large 

amo1;nt o:f code message :from a given machine is obtainable by an unauthorized person he may employ means, such as tables of 

letter frequencies and the like, for decipher65 ing the code. The midget coder is equipped 

to combat snL"b means of deciphering, only 

by :frequently changing the key conditions 

and by excessively complicating the matter 

which the operator has to remember when 

l'odi11g arn1 (lecodinμ: the message. I have 70 

provided automatic means, independent of 

the personal equation, in my multi-code machines for continnally changing the key or 

:-;tarting rnnditions in a highly complex 

fashion, aml tl1ese in turn are provided with 75 

a hierarchy of key and starting conditions 

subject to 1:-;e)echm by an operator. 

The more complex· (multi-code) machines 

of my invention incorporate the reversing 

l'Ommutator of the midget machine. In these 80 

multi-coders, nnxiliary means are provided 

for altering the code circuits so that codeehanging rotation of the reversing commutator becomes of re la ti vely less importance, 

and is relai11cd merely as an adjustment by 85 

which the kcv conditions of the machine mav 

lJe alten'!l. In the mnlti-cocle machines, tl1e 

wires -±0, instea,l of being direct-connected bet ween the commutator contacts, as in Fig. 4, 

have auxiliary m<.'ans for altering code cir- 90 

cuits interposed in series therewith. 

The auxiliary code-changing means, Figs. 

5, 6, I, 8, 9 and 10, is formed by auxiliary 

(code-wheel) commutators 82, each having 

two rings of coutacts 84 and 86, on opposite 05 

radial faces thereof, and analogous respectively to the contacts 30 and 32 of the reversing commutator. Each contact 84 on one 

side of a code-wheel commutator is connecterl 

by a wire 88, com;tituting a link in a designat- 100 

ing interconnection, to some (any) one contact 86 on the other siae. The code-wheel 

commutators do not embody the reversing 

feature, and therefore have no need for an 

interposed ring of decoding contacts anal- 105 

ogous to 30' and 32'. Instead of :four contacts per character as in the commutator 28, 

each code-wheel commutator 82 requires only 

two contacts per character, or a total of fiftytwo contacts for the English alphabet. The 110 

code-wheel commutators are modifications of 

the code-wheels described in Patent 1,510,441, 

Sept. 30, 1924, to E. H. Hebern. From an 

electrical standpoint the only essential difference is that in this early patent it was essen- 115 

tial to operation of the device that the commutator contacts on opposite sides of the code 

wheel be reciprocally connected by the commutator wires; so that if a wire connecte•l 

contact "H" on the left side, to contact "Y" 120 

on the right side, a complementary wire was 

required to connect "Y" on the left side, to 

"H" on the right side. Otherwise the machine would not decode. In the present invention however, the contacts on one side of 125 

the wheel may be connected absolutely at 

random to the contacts on the other side. The 

reversing commutator :feature permits decor1-

ing regardless of this arrangement o:f wires 

in the code wheel commutators. The code l:JO 
REF ID:A273646 

•wheel commutatars constitute rotatable sup- ·Means are previded for:interconnectingthe 

1 iports :for the groups o:f links or.wires 881whieh '· code~wheel commutators. for rotation, so that 

·theyi embody~ and .will at times be rc:ferre\l <the elamental!key ·cm1ditions may be auto-

~ to,1merely as supports, and at other times, matica:Uy.altered. The code ·wheels are inter5 .more speeifkally,·as code-wheels. connected so t?at:: after one has moved ,J 

JTo: adapt' the 1 reversing commutator 28, 1 :through a certam number :o:f steps, a second 

· sho.wn -in ·Figs .. 2 to 4, to the complex ma- one will move a predetermined amount; a:fter 

chines; each. wire 40 .o:f the former is in part the second has mo'\1ed through a certain munirepla~d in• the latter by two: leads or links her of steps a third will move a predeter1 10 40' and 40'', sho,v.n:i1i Figs:5, G and 10, so that ·mined a1nount;. and so on. The code wheels. 1L 

rthe .anxiliary eode-changing (code-wheel).· are interconnected to movefo progressive noncommutators may be connected in serie_s there- recurrent sncN:lssion. In the ideal application 

''With. The orig:inal terminal connechons re- o:f thi8 type of·movement each code wheel is 

· ma:in unchanged· so that any rmirs of wires .placed-successively in every possible position 

, 15 40' and 40" if connected in series, 'vould be relruti'Ve to every .ot<hm'code"'wn6et;1:0-exhu11st so 

equivalent to the wjre 40 of the first embocli- ithe possible·tbrtuons paths therethrough be-

·,ment. The wires 40' and 40" are connected ·tween ea1'1h character. 1As will be explained 

in· series: through' a plurality o:f co(le-wheel later, the preferred type of relative movement 

commutators. The end of each wire 40':re- is that in which each code wheel is adv:mcerl 

"20 mote· from commutator 28 tC'rminates in a one step aftev the.wheel.or next higher spe€d 85 

oommnta1lor brush 90 (Fig. 10) over the cou- has completed the·major portion of.its r.~lutacts 86 on one :face o:f the cmfo-whe?l con~; · ti~arid b~f?,.r:gjt . .!iJ!~fo..i:eptrat itself. 

mutator, and the other end of each wire 40 In tliC7eteinentaJ machme, the code sequence 

remote from commutator 28 terminates iH a will beg-in• to repPat ·itself a:fter· twenty-six 

' l5. similar commutator brush 92 over: the con- · operations· (turning' throu~h one 'vhole com-· 90 

tacts 84:on the ·other fa~e of the code wheels. mutwfor space after f'!aCh character has been 

By rotating· a code-wheel commutator be- ('oded)' unleRR the key conrlitions are changer} 

tween 'the brt~'lhes 84 and 86, .iust as the. n·- by the operator. In the five-code-whPel ma-

. versing commutator 28 in' the midget··nia- chines so :far described. 'it has been calculated 

:uo chine had het'nrotatcd throngh whole :-:pa{·cs, · that a code sequence will not· repeat itself' 95 

the code may be changed 1dnring operatioll ·within twenty-six-to-the~fifth-power, opera-

. o:fthe m~rlti-code machineR j1is! as it hn1.l l~en · tions;, after ,~hich each possibility o:f change 

111ltered m the elemental or nndget •mnchme. Of anv final kev condition by the operator will 

'~~..s-·so. far ·described,· the complex. ~achin_es procli1ce anoth~r ll,881,3i6 Reqnences. 

I 35· me'rely embody one added key ('Ornht10n ( ''111. In the multi-code machincR as described so· 100 

. ·udjustable rotation of the reversing comnrn- ; :far, the·f!esignating interconnections are split 

tator) \ oveII the clement~! machine. ·into several irlifferent -grrn1ps. each sirprJorte(l 

Iw ih~ complex maehmes, employment of by one commutator, and movable with respect. 

but ia· smgle code1-.wheel comnrntntor wonl<l to one·· another as"well as to the characters 

'40 fail to E>xploit the fullest· advantage: necT1iing they interconnect. ·Where the interconnec- 105 

from the more adrnnced design. Actuall,v, tionR in the mid~t coder each had but a sin-

, -five ccide-wheelcommufatorn a.n~ employe'1 m g]e movable link; those in the nrnltr-code maseries, each between a pair of brushes. ·For chines have a plurality o:f movable links arconveni~nce, these ~ode-wheel commutator:.; ranged, perimetrically in· groups, and each 

~ 45 and their brnshes·w1ll be nnmberf'rl from lHt movable rehtive' to the other links o:f its ) '" 

'·ta right by _snbscrip~s. Thus, rc'rerrirrgfo tl'.e series; arid means are provided for moving 

·upper porl10n o:f Frg. 10, commutator 82,. rn each of these ~roups s1wcessively to snbstanpluc\i(] between brushes 90, and 921; brushes ti ally exhanRt the possihlC' incidences o:f .the 92 ;~re connected to brushes 90"; commutator linkages. .. 

l 50 82" ·rn placed between 'brnshes·90? nnd 92~ (not The more efabornte'<levice of mv invention 11" 

shown); and ~o on. . . will first be·<lescribcd in detail a~ applil'd to 

'~rt the•clrawmgs these subscripts w~ll be,ap- an indicating code machine, and will later 

phed ~o the code wheels. and to ·rerta.mr~pre- be flescriwd in its ·mo:st advanced form aR n 

sentative elements associated therew~th, It lw- recm;din<Y code machine 

.\55 'ing understood th11t· thev arc applicable to I th '~ 1 · , F' · r: 6 ,.., 8 9 1 t} ; 120 

· 1 t :f ·d· ct" l _ · t l 'tl n e c raw1ngs,, igs. ,), , 1, , an1 1e 

every e emen. o , or l'I'e v· associa ~( w:1 · l, h lf f F" 10 · I"fi 11 

each' separate code wheel. It shoul<l lx~ upp?r a 0 .

1g .. · ~re unqua 1 ec ! repre~ 

noted that the number o:f key conditions is si:mtive of ~he md1cat111g ?o~lc ma~h1.ne _first 

grent1y extenfled, by these auxiliary com::irn- ~o b~ descnbe~. In ~e~c-rib_mg tlus md1ca~~. _ ; liO ta tors, for each commutator 82 mny be wired mg co~e machme hm\ e' ?r, m:frequent re~~r . 12<> 

r1ifferently; may be bodily inverted in the ma- ence will be made to spec1fi~d portions of] ig. 

ehine, or may have its wiring changed at will, 1,1 and the lower hal:f of Fig. 10, where the~r 

and each may be rotated to a different posi- figures show elements common to both·mult1-

. tirm nud mav'be connected for rotntion in di:f- code machines, to better advantage· than do 

as i ,ferent.sequence. Figs. 5 to 9. inclusive. '. 130 
REF ID:A273646 

1,861,857 9 

! 

Portable multi-coder (five code-wheel indioating reversing code machine) (see Figs. 

5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) 

A substantially rectangular metal base6 frame 100 has a pair of upstanding me~al 

supporting walls 102 bolted. thereto. at 1ts 

opposite sides at its back portion, a_nd i~ p_rovided with a front superframe of msurntmg 

material for housing the pnsh-bu_ttons and 

19 indicating lights. The front portion of ~he 

base frame is without a top \Vall, to provide 

a rectanO'ular opening; ·which opening is then 

covered by the insulating base plate 106 of 

the front superframe. "\bove the -front part 

16 of the base plate 106 is the inverted box-like 

push-bntton housing 108, forming the front 

portion of the front superframe. The rectangular opening of the housi.ng is enlarged 

for a slight distance above its bottom to re2r ceive the horizontal metal push-button contact plate 110 which is secured to the housinO' by bolts 112. The plate 110, and the t_op 

oft,he housing, are provided with a plurabty 

of aligned holes to receive push-buttons 114. 

2;. The push buttons arc metal pins each provided with an annular flange 116; the upper 

surface of which is adapted to bear against 

the top of the housing to retain the push 

buttons. A coil spring 118 surrounds each I :w pin between the flange lHl and the plate 110 

I

• to hold the push buttons in raised position. 

Caps 120. of insulating material top the push 

-

·_ buttons, :lncl each cap \s provided with a dif- , ferent language or code character printed 

:.;;, thereon; in this case being merely the English alphabet arranged as in an o:dinary 

= typewriter. Fixed metal contact prns 1~2 

11

1

11 

are received by openings :formed for them m 

the insulating base plate 106, and one be4ll neath each push button pin: "'When any pus_h 

: button is depressed upon its contact 122, it 

I 

~ 

I 

I 

~ 

45 

completes a circuit which •:ill later ?e described as including one of a plmahty of 

electric light bulbs 124. 

The buibs 124 are housed in a box-like bulb 

housing 126 which forms the ~ear part of t}1e 

front superframe. The _housm.g 126 has its 

bottom resting upon an msulatrng plate 128, 

which in turn rests upon the base plate 106. 

Ell The housing 126 has a p~m~lity of 

1 

deprc;;-

sions to receive the electric light bn,bs, and 

the depressions are cove~ed by a two-ply 

translucent plate 132 havmg language and 

code characters printed thereon, one abo".e 

rn each depression. The translncent plate is 

covered by a metal retaining pl~te 13± having openings above each depress10n to reveal 

the illumined characters. Bolts 136 secure 

:it, the plate 134 to the housing. A met~l plate 

138 closing the bottom of the housmg has 

standard screw sockets formed therein for 

the bulbs. The plate constitutes the negati>:e 

contact terminal for all the bulbs. The pos1-

ti.i ti ve terminal of each bnlb is contacted by one 

of a plurality of capped springs 140 similar 

to the springs 26 aforedescribed,_ an~ gui~ed 

in holes through the plate 126 m line with 

the bulb sockets. Contact pins 142, exactly 

similar to the pins 122, are also provided in 70 

the plate 106; one in line with each bulb and 

in contact with each spring. 

The electrical connections between these 

two sets of pins 122 and 142; i. e. between the 

pllsh buttons and bulbs; will next be de- 75 

scribed. 

A dry cell battery 144~ having_ a positi".e 

tnminal 146 and a negative termmal 148, is 

conveniently retained by a pair of insulated 

clips against the side wall 102. The plate 110, 80 

forming one terminal o:f each push button 

switch, is connected to the positive battery 

terminal 146 by a wire 152. Each complementary push-button switch terminal 122 is 

connected by one o:f the wires 154 to one of 85 

the reversing-commutator brushes 156 annularly arranged upon a brush-retaining disk 

158; of insulating material. The disk 

158 closes a circular opening in the top o:f the 

rear part of the base frame 100, and is secured 

to the top of the rim 160, surrounding this 

opening, by bolts 162. The brushes 156 are 

flat brass springs slightly convexed at their 

outer lower ends and secured at their inner 

ends to the disk 158 by bolts 164 through the 

disk. The projecting upper ends of bolts 164 

serve for attachment of the terminals of wires 

154 from the push-button switches. The 

brush-retaining disk 158 is provided with an 

annular depression below the free ends of the 

resilient brushes to permit them to spring. 

Concentric to and within the ring of brushes 

156 is a second annulus of exactly similar 

brushes 166 similarly secured by bolts 164. 

·wires 168 lead one from each of these latter 

brushes to each of the contact pins 142 o:f the 

positive bulb terminals. ·wires 170 and 171, 

lead from the negative bulb terminal plate 

90 

95 

l&O 

105 

138 through a master switch 294-296, Fig. 

7, t~ the negative terminal 148 of the dry cell. 110 

The master switch may, for present purposes, 

be assumed always to be closed, so that the 

only gap to a complete circuit from the push 

buttons to the bulbs, lies between the two 

rings of commutator brushes 156 and 166. 115 

The circuit connecting the brushes of these 

two rings will next be described. 

The circular opening in the rear part of the 

main frame 100 is counterbored at its top to 

rotatably receive the reversing-commytator 120 

disk 28' with its upper ~mr£ace flush with the 

rim 160, and therefore touching the brushretaining disk 158. A circnlar opening in 

the disk 28' is journaled upon an annular 

flanae 174 depending from the disk 158. The 125 

corn~nutator contacts 176, 178 and 176', 178', 

(Figs. 6 and 10) are, in all essen~ial ~e~pects, 

like the contacts 30, 32, and 30 , 3,2 in the 

analogous commutator 2_8 of th~~lementalmachine, and they are similarly JOmed by cross 130 

i 

·. !JI' 11• 

i:: 

Ii 

! ~ 

,j 

·! 

1i 

1! 

q 

i 1; 

:; 

.: 
ii 

i' 

-

REF ID:A273646 

10 1,861,857 

wires 36' to constitute, with their brushes 

156 and 166, a reversing switch permitting 

change from coding to decoding position. 

A reversing lever is provided for shifting 

11 the commutator 28'. A disc-shaped plate 

182 has its rim bolted to the bottom of the n~versing commutator near the periphery 

thereof, by an annulus of bolts 184; and the 

reversing lever 186 is pivoted at its inner end 

J.O to the center of plate 182 by a pin 188. The 

outer end of the lever extends along the bottom of the machine to the front thereo-f and 

terminates rn a shift handle 190. The 

threaded bolt holes 192 in which the bolts 

lo 184 are received, are continued through the 

rim of plate 182 to receive a thumb scJ·ew 19"1 

passing through a hole in the lever 186. 

When the thumb screw is removed the reversiug commutator 28' may be rotated to any dezo sired position, just as the analogous commutator 28 may bt\ to alter the codC'. For 

convenience, the shift lever 186 is provided, 

so that when once adjusted to desired position, the reversing commutator may lw 

2;; shifted from code to decode position without 

inverting the machine. Though the commutator might conceivably be rotated, ns by 

ratchet means or the like, after each character 

had been coded, it is not deemed necessary to 

:rn do this, in view of the auxiliary code-changillg means now to be described. 

Instead of interconnecting the reversing 

commutator contacts as in the elemental machine, directly by fixed wires 40, one for each 

:;:; pair of contacts 32 (Fig. 4) ; separate wires 

40' or 40" from each contact 176. (or other 

of the four contacts 176, 176', 178, 178' of 

eac.h set), in the complex machines lead to opposi 1€ brushes 90 and 92 of the code-wheel 

.;o commutators 82, (Fig. 10). The brushes 90 

and 92 are similar in all respects to the resilient flat brass brushes 15G. and are bolted to 

the inside face of oval brush-retaining plates 

200 by bolts 202 which form the terminals 

.1;; :for wires 40' or 40" from the reversing commutator 28'. These plates 200 are groo.-ed 

annularly to permit the brushes to spring. !. central opening in each plate 200 receivrs 

a shaft 204, and journaled on this shaft, with 

50 their radial faces bearing between the inside 

faces of each pair of brush-retaining plates 

200, are the rotatable codf'-wheel commutators. Ea.ch code-wheel commutator is a 

wide-rimmed metal spider 82 (Fig. 10), hav55 ing an opposed pair of annular similar insulating plates 208 clamped together upon 

opposite sides of and including the narrow 

spider web, by a ring of bolts (not shown), 

just within the rim of the spider. The com60 11,mtator contacts 84 and 86 are bolts each extending through one of the plates 208 and 

having tbf'ir heads flush with the outer face 

of the plate to form an annulus o:f contacts 

on each side of the code-wheel commutator. 

86 The threaded ends of the> contacts 84 and 8fi 

project slightly beyond the inside faces of 

their plates 208 to receive bus-bars 214 similar to the bus-bars 54 in commutator 28. Annular insulating plates 216 separate the bushars from the spider. Commutator wires 88 

each have one end connected to a bus bar on 'it 

one side of the commutator, and f'xtend to 

some (any) other bus bar on the other side 

of the spider, so that each contact 84 on one 

side of the commutator• is connected, h .. ~.-.e 

Ii~ in the series making up each~- f6 

ifo m mterconnection, to a contact 86 on the 

otner side oflhe commutator; ana, jus"t as i'n 

the. reversing commutators previously described, these commutator wirf's may be 

shifted at will to alter the circuits through 8tl 

the commutator. 

As has been mentioned, there are actually 

fivf' rotatable code-wheel commutators, but 

«ach is identical, in its constructional aspects, 

to that aforedescribed, and each is included bii 

betwef'n a pair of similar brush-retaining 

plates 200. In all but the two end brush-retaining plates, the brushes 90 and 92 on opposite sides of a given plate are connected di- n~qy in series by the simple expedient of re- 110 

tnmrng both of them in common by a single 

row of bolts 202. The end plates, of course, 

ha Ye brushes only on one face thereof; which 

brnshes are direct-comwctcd to the wires 40' 

aw1 40" to a llCl from the reversing commuta- !I.' 

tor 28'. 

The assembly of code-wheel commutators 

a11d brush-retaining plates is secured between a pair of similar cnrvi-angnlar flat 

metal plates 220, somewhat similar in outline 

to oval plates 200, by two rods 222 passina 

thrm1gh aligned holes in opposite apexes of 

ench platf' 200 and 220, and threaded at their 

ends to receiYe the retaining bolts 224. The 

100 

1 ,, lo~ Jolts 224 urge the plates together, and a plurality of metal sleeves 22G, one between each 

of the brush-retaining plates 200, hold the 

phtrs rigidly in spaced rf'lation to rotatably 

l'Pccive the code-wheel commutators. The 

plates 220 have a central opening to receive llu 

the shaft 204 upon which the code wheel 

eommntators are journal0<l. vVhen the shaft 

204 is removed the code wheels are held in 

the code wheel unit only by the pressure 

of the resilient commutator brushes and may 

he removed, inverted, or interchanged. · 

lla 

As an example of one modification of the 

code wh2el set-np it has been snggested that 

one of the end brush-retaining plates 200 

he omitted from the code-wheel unit, and b• 

that the wires 40' (or 40") then be connected fixedly to the ring 208 of commutator contacts on one side of the code wheel 

821 (or 820). The fact that the contacts are 

actually bolts, adapts them readily to the 

modified function of terminal screws clamping the wires 40' (or 40"). The wires 40' 

(or 40") need be long enough to permit only 

one full revolution of the code wheel 821 131.1 

4. 

5 

c 

(j 
REF ID:A273646 

1,861,81>'1 11 

(or 825 ) in either direction, and of course - this end code wheel would be rotated no :further than the wires would permit. It will 

readily be appreciated why the illustrated 

6 set-np is preferred to the modification here 

described. The main object of suggesting 

this modification is to emphasize the :fact 

that; considering the wires 40' (or 40"), as 

one set of links in the designating inter-

-IO connections between characters: there is no 

inherent reason ivhy the inci cl'ence of any 

given link may not be alter0d (as by moving only one end of said link, while keeping the other encl fixed, relative to the rest 

15 of the interconnection). In other words, it 

is desired to indicate that the incidence of 

an interconnection may be altered by altering the incidence of a link thereof, as well 

as by bodily moving said link. Movement 

2o of the code-wheel corn1m1tator 821 (or 82,,) 

in the suggested modification wonk! shift 

only one end of each wire 40' (or 40") attached thereto; whereas movement of the 

commutator 822 for exa:nple, would bodily 

25 shift both ends of tlw links defined by the 

commutator wires 882 thereof. 

Means are provided to yielclingly resist 

rotation of the code wheel commutators relative to the assembly of plates 200 which 

M supports them; so that the assembly may 

be rotated while only certain specified code 

wheels are held, to cause their advancement 

relative to the 'brush retaining plates 200. 

A shaft 228 (Fig. 11) similar to the rods ~r. 222, is bolted between angular apexes of end 

plates 220. Forked crank arms 230, one £or 

each corle wheel, arc jonrnilled on th0 shaft 

228, and a roller 232 is pinned in each arm 

with its peripbery adaptcrl to bear npon the 

"L notched rim of the code wheel above it. Adjustable springs 234 nrge the arms with their 

rollers against the rims of the code wheels 

to resist their free relative rotation. The 

springs are fixed at one end to the free endFS 

45 of arms 230. and at the other end to a rod 

23G pnrallel to and in front o:f the shaft 228, 

and similarly secured to the encl plates 220. 

The entire code wheel assembly between 

and including the end plates 220. constitutes 

5'.l a "code-wheel unit," which is jonrnalerl for 

oscillation in the machine. Means (see Figs. 

5, 6 and 7) are provided for rocking the 

code wheel unit about its axis. The end 

plates 220 each haYe outwardly extending 

r::; hubs 250 concentric to the code wheel shaft 

204. Each hub 250 is jonrna!ed in a bearing 252 in each side walls 102 of the machine, so that the entire code wheel unit is 

pivotally supported in the machine. A rock 

C°: shaft 254 is journaled in the side walls 102 

parnllel Lo and below the code wheel unit, 

and a pair of crank arms 25(i pinned to the 

rock shaft is pivotally connected to a pair 

of connecting rods 258, which in t11rn are 

03 pivoted abaxially to the end plates 220 o:f 

the code wheel unit bv bolts 260. The shaft 

2fi4 extends beyond the side walls 102 and 

an operating le'\'er 262 extending to the front 

of the machine, is keyed to one projecting 

end of the shaft 254. ·when the operating 70 

lever is depressed, the entire code wheel unit 

i:: rotatecl thro11gh not less than one twentysixth of a revolution. An arm 264 pinned 

to each projecting end of the shaft 254 is 

connected by adjustable springs 26G, to the 75 

side wall 102. The adjustable springs 266 

resist depression of the operating lever and 

r,_,st01e the unit to normal position upon the 

release of said lever. 

1\feans are provi<led for holding selected BO, 

code wheels ttgainst rotation in one direction /' 

as the rest of the code whee: unit oscillates, to/' 

cause their advancement relative to the unit. . 

Depressions 2G7. in the midperiphery of ' 

each code-wheel commntator forms its rim 85 

into a cog wheel. Ratchet dogs 268, one for · each code wheel, are journaled on a shaft 270 \ j

1 -

(Fig. 8) externling between the side walls 102, l w· 

and parallel to and behind the code-wheel --~ 

unit. The active noses o:f the dogs extend ~_:,-,~:.~_-·_··· ·. · 

1

. 

over to contact with the cogged portion of the ' r 

t;ur:face of their respective code wheels, and ; i \, 

are beve'ed to rermit free rotation of the I 

code wheels in response to clepression of tht~ 

operating level-',jl62, ~vhile preventing their DIS 

rot:ttion ( relafrn~ to the machine as a whole) 

as the cocle wheel nnit is rotated back by the 

"Pring 2GG. The (logs 268 tliereby cause the 

code-wheel commutators to he advanced relative to their brushes. Adjustable springs 272 100 

conDPct depencliug lu&~ 274 on each of the 

dogs, to a fixed bar 2 ({) extending between 

the end walls 102. The springs 272 tend to 

lll'g·e the dop:s 268 into active contact with 

the cog"~e<l rims of the code whee1s. A plate 105 

277 parallels the bar 276 nnd exk!llls forward 

almost into a,butment with the lngs 27 4 of the 

dogs to limit movement thereof when a code 

wheel is removed. 

Means are provided to hold certain of the 

dogs 268 ont of contact with the code wheels 

at certain times to permit determined nonsynchronous rotation o:f the code wheel commutators. Adjacl'nt each ratchet dog 268 is 

a cam-follower dog 278 of somewhat simi1ar 

shape to the dogs 268, and similarly pivoted 

on the shaft 270. The follower dog has a 

cam-roller 280 pivoted to its rounded nose 

anJ projecting into contnct with its code 

wheel along the uncoggerl surface near the 120 

edge thereof, so that it is not influenced by 

the code wheel at each denrPssion 267 in the 

mid-periphery of the ri~n. In each code 

wheel, one o:f the depressions, 267' extends 

entirely across the rim o:f the wheel and there- 125 

fore into the range of the follower clog 278. 

Springs 272 are provided for the dogs 278, 

and are hamessed exactly as for the <logs 268, 

to urge them toward their respective code~ 

wheels. The characters A, B, C; etc. printed 130 

'~ 
I 

REF ID:A273646 -

tz 

on t:ihe code wheels are arbitrarily chosen for 

convenience in designating starting key conditions and bear no relation to language or 

code alphabet relations. Index marks 269 

· 11 are printed on the plates 200 to aid in setting 

the code wheels to starting position. (See 

Fig. 5.) 

It will be noted that each code-,vheel has a 

ratchet and also a cam :for causing and con10 trolling code-wheel commutator advancement. In this respect they differ from the 

construction of the code wheel in my earlier 

Patent #1.510A41, aforementioned. 

vVhat I believe is a novel type of control 

• mechanism has been provided between the 

ratchet c1?£.S.~i:\ncl the. .. £o.llo.wer~.dogs to .. ,hQld. 

fllerafChet dogs inac~ive. at all timl,:)s. l,:)~G.£:Pt~ 

ihg when one of the rollers 280 rides into a 

~~QD'J~67'. Fourpualml bars·~·;;, 

18 28411 , 284.n and 28L111 , (subscripts arbitrarily 

chosen) arranged in au arc concentric to the 

dog shaft 270, are pivoted at their rounded 

ends in pairs of aligned holes in the opposite 

11 side walls 102 of the machine frame. In each 

bar 284, Figs. 8 and 9. ten squared holes are 

:formed, one abov<> rind dir<>cted toward each 

dog 268 and 278; and any of the forty holes 

thus provided, are adapted to receive one of 

80 a total of preferably eight square-headed 

dogging pins 286. The bars are recessed rectangularly abovernch ho~eto accommodate the 

heads of pins 286. Each dogging pin is long 

enongh to project appreciably be~ow the bar 

31 into one of a series of four notches formed 

along the back face of each dog 268 and 278 

and it is contemplated that each bar 284 will 

carry two dogging pins; one cooperating 

with a dog 268 and one with a dog 278. The 

'8 notches in the dogs 268 and 278 provide teeth 

adapted respectively to be acted upon by, am1 

to act upon, the dogging pins 286. The active ( nnbeveled) faces 288, of the teeth in 

follower dogs 278, face away from the code 

" wheel unit so that the dogging pins bearing 

thereon will be affected when a roller 280 

rides into a depression 267' on any code wheel. 

The active :faces 290, of the teeth in ratchet 

dogs 268, face toward the code wheel unit so 

60 that the dogging pins bearing thereon may 

hold the ratchet dogs, against the action of 

springs 272, out of contact with the code 

wheels. The notches are large enough to permit free play of the dogging pim> in a direc115 tion away from the active faces 288 and 290. 

When the roller 280 rides up out of notch 

267', it raises the cam-follower doJ!.21.S.. The 

active face 288 of one of the noteli'eSin the 

follower dog, moves the dogging pin cooperGD ating therewith, causing the bar 28f in which 

it is carried to rock back with its second dogging pin against the active face 290 of one of 

the notches in the ratchet dog 268~ thereby 

moving the ratchet clog, against the action of 

ISli its spring 272, out of contact with the cogged 

surface of its code wheel. Each time one 

of the c.ode wheels has rotat~d a full revGlution to bring its noteh. 261' under the roller 

280. the associated code wheel of next lower 

speed is moved ahead one notch. 

The projecting tips of the dogging pins 286 'TO 

are cut away from one side to leave an active 

central dogging:face. When the pin is placed 

with its dogging face forward toward the 

code wheels. it is operative upon the teeth in 

the cam follower dog 278, and when turned '15 

through 180° to place its dogging face backward, it is operative upon the ratchet clog 268. 

The squared beads of the pins 286 (Fig. 9) 

are offset (longitudinally of the bars 284) 

relative to the main axis of the pins, to permit 80 

close enough juxtaposition of the pins. Between each pair of holes in each bar 284 is a 

threaded hole adapted to receive a cap screw 

292 for clamping any pin, or pair of pins, in 

place. 85 

Due to the involved character of the structure, Fig. 8 has been made fragmentary to 

completely illustrate only one or two control 

trains through the bars 284. It is feasible 

however to completely describe the operation 90 

w_ith one ~ample arrangement of the dogging 

pms 286 rn the bars 284 by the use of sub- I 

scripts. Subscripts 1 to 5 after any reference character will designate juxtaposition to -•=. ___ code wheels 821 , to 825 ; subscripts a, [3, y, and 95 

A, will designate juxtaposition to bars 284a, 

to 28411 ; and subscripts R or F will designate i 

juxtaposition respectively to ratchet dogs 268 -=~ 

or to follower dogs 278. Thus, :for example, 

286Ry2 designates a. dogging pin in bar 2841' 100 

projecting into a notch in ratchet dog 2682 

bearing one code wheel 822 As a sample 

arrangement, take pins 286F/l1, 286RP2, 286F72, 

2S6R')'3, 286Faa, 286RA5t 2.86F .. 5 and 286R<r4• ~0;) 

These dogging pin positions have been tabulated as follows: 

$=1 1 82, I s2. 823 s2, 821 

---1-i284m I 286R 286F :; 

.s 

>ti -1-- 2Mp 286F I 286R il< 

·~ "" --;;;;-i---i~ 286R 

~ --------- i:i I 

284• ' 286F 286R 

Referring to the above table it will be noted 

that the ratchet dog 2681 bearing on code 

wheel 821 has no dogging pin 268 cooperating with it to hold it out of contact with its 

code wheel. This means that with the selected dogging pin arrangement, code-changing 

commutator wheel 821 will be continuouslv 

rotated one step each time the code wheel 

unit rocks. Once each revolution, the notch 

2671 ' will roll under the cam follower dog 

278i, causing the dogging pin 286 F/lt (see table) in contact therewith to release its bar 

110 

l'.CO 

125 ii 

J ") 
REF ID:A273646 

1,861,8157 13 

284/l with dogging pin 286Rt12 so that a ratchet dog 2682 will be allowed to contact code 

wheel 822 to advance it one notch or one 

twenty-sixth of a revolution. When code 

6 wheel 822 has rotated this way, through a complete revolution, it causes wheel 823 (see table) to advance one step. After each complete revolution of wheel 828 this way, wheel 

825 is advanced, and so on, automatically in 

10 progressive non-recurrent succession, until a 

, number of changes of code has been accomplished \vhich is measnred by the nnmber of 

letters in the alphabet raised to the power of 

the number of code wheels provided. 

16 In this machine. with the described arrangement of pins 286, the number of alisolutely automatically controlled code changes 

involving no shift of key or starting conditions nor adjustment of any kind is twenty20 six raised to the fifth power (265 ) or 

11.9X106 independent and absolutely automatically controlled changes of code relation, 

lacking anv regular recurrence, and based 

npon a. pul.·ely mechanical plan having no 

25 relation to which letters are coded. 

Commercially, the machine is supplied with 

more than eight dogging pins in order that 

certain of the code wheels may be held inoperative if desired by the users. This opens a 

30 whole new range of selective key conditions, 

for if a third dogging pin 286 is inserted in 

any one bar 284, in line with a second cam 

follower dog, obviously one of the code wheels 

will be controlled, not by a single cam follower dog, bnt by two said clogs, and will be 

advanced but very infrequently. Similarly, 

by logical extension, any one or more code 

wheels may control or be controlled by any 

one or more other code wheels; or by using 

40 enough clogging pins, may be prevented from 

advancing; or by using less than two dogging 

pins in one bar, certain wheels may he moved 

continuously. In short, the bars 284 and 

movable dogi:!ing pins 286 provide adjust4;; ments permitting practically every conceivable arrangement and rt>lation of code 

wheel driYPs. "\Vhilr. in preferred form, my 

invention specifit>s the afore.described arrangement using eight dogging pins, the other 

Ul possible combinations of code wheel movement might lie tabnlated, and ench will be 

found to prodnce a different specific coding 

system. It wonld be inexpedient to describe 

e:wh of these svstems in detail. and I have 

i5ii chosen the mm:~ concise exposition; viz. to 

explain how thPse systems are attained. The 

ma('hine of my invention mriy in fact, be <'Onsidered a hasiP formnla for deriving new 

rndin,q systems; thr particular solutions oi 

Go the formnla lwing aernrnplishrnl liy substituting dogging pins 286 in the various holes provided in the bars 284. 

In a(ldition to those ana11gem0nts of dogging pins which produce nPW eoding systems, 

t.Li there are of course, many different ways in 

which each system may be applied to the five 

code wheels. In fact, with the single system 

described as preferred, and using two dogging pins in each bar 284, there are 120* 

possible arrangements of these pairs of dog- 70 

ging pins. This figure will be nsed in the following sample calculation of the number of 

chaDges of key conditions provided by my 

machine. The number of these possible 

changes and the ease with which they may be 75 

made practicnlly insures the ability to maintDin secrecy of cocle even though the construction and manner of operation of this type of 

corling mnchine lw rommon knowledge'. 

The adjnstability of these dogging pins SO 

prnvides selective means for altering the norrnnl movement of any, or any combination, of 

the code wheels. Thus the relative speeds 

may be altered at will, and the speed of any 

wheel may be varied from a stand-still to 85 

maximum speed. 

Aside from the aforedescribed means for 

driving and adjusting the code wheels, ant 

one of thE'm may be rotated by hand (due to 

the fact that the ratchet mechanisms are posi- 90 

ti 1·e ip only one direction), and thus the phase 

relat10n of the code wheels may be adjusted, 

and the wheels may be reset to any starting 

position. 

There are 265 different possible starting Dii 

positions of rotation for the combined five 

c~de wheels. In addition to the 120 dogging 

prn arrangements there are 120* possible relative arrangementR of the five interchangea_ble code wheels in the machine (i. e. positrnns of earh of the five groups of links relative to the designating interconnections) ; and 

:for each of these 120 positional arrangements 

tlwrP arp 25 pof's1ble arrangements between 

normal and invert positions of the five code 

wbeels. So far we have 120X265 X120X25 

or m'er right trillion possible changes. Th~ arhitrary designation of code and decode 

positions may be interchanged, thus doubling the possible number of changes to 

120x265 x120 x 25 x 2. There are twenty-six 

different key positions of the reversing commutator, making 120 x 265 X 120 X 25 X 2 X 26 

possible changes, or a total of 284 trillion, 

(2.84X lOH) changes securable by simple adjustment. In addition, there are a practically 

infinite number of changes of wiring possible 

100 

105 

in the combination of six commutators (five 

code-wheels, and one reversing commutator). 

It is intended however, that changes of wiring 

be resorted to only in unusual circumstances, 

for the more simple adjustments provided in 

the strudure of the machine, should be ample 

for all ordinary purposes. -----------------------

llO 

115 

120 

125 

*Thi" figurE'. is ~ost easlly understood by considering that the doggmg pms may control the relative speed of five rlift'e' Pnt codP wheels In different combinations, See 

Lanl-(ie-"Cryptographv" (Constable anrl Co. Ltd. r,ondon puhli~hers) page rn6 ·for pos;;lble arrangement~ of flv~ ' 

elements. 
I 

i 

:\ 

1\ ~' l. l 

REF ID:A273646 

14 1,861,857 

A pair o:f corresponding machines must the power-driven recording machine next to 

have their six commutators respectively be described. In other words, by proper 

identically wired and positioned in order for attention to the "key conditions" of the maone to decode a message coded on the other. chines, either multiple-commutator machine 

G Assuming two machines are thus identically might he used to decode a message coded on TO 

wired, and have their reversing commutntors the elemental machine or vice versa; and 

identically positioned, then a sample "final similarly the two types of multiple commukey" condition, known to both correspond- tator machines might be used complemenents and serving as the starting position for tarily. Thus, for example, an excessive 

10 coding or decoding. might be: number of dogging pins 286 might be in- 11 Order of code wheels left to right: fi, 2. 1, serted into the bars 284 in the multi-code ma3, 4; code wheel #1 inverted, all others nor- chine so that only one code-wheel would be 

mal. Starting positions of code wheels left rotated. This multi-code machine would 

to right: Y, B, A, C, X. Dog positions: as then oprrate normally on the simple system 

15 per above table. Reversing lever in "code generally used in operating the midget 80 

position" :for coding; "decode" for decorlin;r. coder. Then by proper selection of the wirThe machines must be set to thes<> "final ing and starting positions in the two makey" conditions at each starting pm;ition of chines, they conlrl be uRed complementarily. 

coding and of decoding; and if any "key 

20 condition" whatsoever, on either machine is Auto-multi-codewriter (fi;.·e-1flheel recording 

changed, a corresponding C'hange mnst also lw code ma.chine) SG 

made in the other machine. For C'onwn- In the final form of mv invention I have 

ience in !"etting the code wheels to starting retained the advantageous features of the 

position, the aligned index marks 269 haYe aforedesC'ribed multi-coder. some in conZ5 been printed on the top edge of e:1ch oval siderably refined form. and to them I have 90 

plate 200. added a number of improvements. Through-

·~~; The master switch 294--296, heretoforr out, however. I have retained the essential 

J, re:ferred to, consists of a platinum C'ontnct features of the simpler device. The descrip-

. ·. 294 (Fig. 7) C'onnected by the wire 171 to the tion which is to follow assumes a knowledge 

3lt negative terminal 148 of the dry cell battery of these essential features as described. I 95 

and supported in an insulating damp 298 have. throughout the design of this final form 

bolted to the rock-shaft arm 264. An up- of my invention. striven to provide a mastanding contact 296 is bolted against an chine which does its own thinking (as by 

insulating plate and to the side wall 102 in mechanical and electrical auto-controlling 

35 the path of the contact 294. and is connected interconnections) so that errors introduced 100 

by the wire 170 to the negative bnlb terminal through the "personal equation" are reduced 

plate 138. T.hJ§ .. ,§3;VJJcgjs,J.;,].Q~ . ..RJJJx_~htn to a minimum. . the main. oper.atmg_. lever 262 is fnlly · r1c- In broad terms, the five-wheel recording Iiressed_,_~.Jl1e m~:::WialCa:te.· 'code machine would correspond to a five4o OiiTj'1Ti{in. Since the code wheel advance is wheel indicating code machine arranged for 105 

~cally accomplit;;hed upon rrleasr of power operation, and having its electric bulbs 

the lever 262, the operation of this mnJti- displaced by novel printing mechanism. 

code machine is not dependent upon the oper- Featurrs of novelty relating to both of these 

ator's memory to advance the code wheels. generally drfinerl modifications of the previ45 The five-whePl indicating cod~ machinP i.• ons device, will he explained, both as inher0nt 110 

of comparatiYely small size aml light wei~hL in the mechanism aml arrangement, and as 

and may be carried about in a packing case auxiliarv thereto. < 

in much the same way as a portable type- A lmse-frame casting 400. of generally recwriter would be. A pair of horizontal lugs t'mgnlar plan, has depending foot lugs 402, 

GO 300 project inwardly from the bilCk of the one at each corner, an upwardly-directed lla 

bottom of the base frame to form feet. and front keyboard base 406, a.nd perimetral 

are each provided with rubber seating pails walls 408 having a flat upper seating face 

302. A vertical hole centrally throu.t;!h rach adapted to receive an encasing cover 412. 

lug extends up through the top of the base The cover 412 is hinged at 414 to the back 

55 :frame 100 to receive the thumb-screws :10-l of the base frame. ancl has a pair of ;.:ockets 120 

for clamping the machine within a portable formed in its front rim to engage with lockcase, (not shown). It is intmdecl that the ing bolts 416. The locking bolts are honserl 

case be of closed handbag type and be pro- in lugs 418 upstanding from the base frame 

vided with a lock. so that the code wheels may and are each slotted at their inner ends to 

GO not be open to general inspection when tl;e form yokes for the upper ends of actuating 125 

machine is not in use. cranks 420 attached hy pivot pins 422. The 

The two portable machines of my inven- actmi.ting cranks are pinned to a lateral sh:ift 

tion, which I have so far described mav be 424 (Fig. rn) journaled in the base frame, 

used complementarily by a single pair of and actuat€d by an appropriate "Yale" or 

M correspondents, or either may be usPd with other standard lock 426, operated by a key 13 ... 

··. 
428. When the C(}Ver is locked the ma.chine 

cannot be operated and the secret code-wheel 

commutator wiring is ·hidden. 

'.fhe machine is provided with a typewriter6 like keyboa;rd. Rising :from the front part 

of the base-frame 400 is a keyboard hon-sing 

eomprising a ge~raHy dome-shruped caRting 

430 (Fig. Hl) having side walls 432, flanged 

at their bases to seat upon the side walls of 

to the base frame, and attached thereto lw 

screws 434. The operating keys are pivotally supported by a key-hearing shaft 436 supported at its ends by aligned holes in opposite side walls 432. 

10 Journaled on the shaft 436, aI'e a plurality 

of separate type-writer-like switch-act1rnting 

keys 4:38 (Figs. 11, 12, 14 and 15) analogons 

to the push buttons 20 and 120 respectively 

of the two machines·afore<lescribed. and each 

2o distinguished by a different langua_ge or code 

character embossed on the finger tab thereof, 

and hereinafter differentiated by these cha-racters as -subscripts; e. I!· 438°a, 438b, etc. 

Each key is a vertical strip journaled at its 

·'..! rear end on the shaft 436 with its axis horizo11tal. A11 upstamLng ear at its front end 

carries the finger tab. A depending ear near 

its :front. ('Fig. 15), terminates in a rearwardly extending horizontally flatt€n('cl 

:;o hook 442, to the top oi which is fixed first 

an insulating tab 444, and then one·end of' a 

resilient flat brass conductor 446. The other 

end of each conductor 446 is fixed to a single 

-insulating plate 448. Push button contact 

:J;, tabs 450 and 452, one on the condurtor 446 

and one beneath it on the plate 448. mak<' 

eaC'h key 438 control a push-button switch 

450-452. The contact tab 452 is n bolt ex-

'tending thPOugh 'the imiu'latin~ plate, and 

4\; eom;titutes directly one terminal of the pnshhutton switch. The other switch terminal 

450' is formed bv f.he bolt which secnres the 

resilient condnctor 446 to the plate 448. Th(' 

washer 453 about each bolt 450' i~ merelv a 

-tJ spacer between the members 446 and 448.' 

The contacts 450--452 are held nnrnrnlJy 

sAparated and the keys are held in raised pr;-

sition by adjustable springs 454, (Fi!Z. 11). 

The spring-s ha-ve their lower ends h()(ike<l 

GO through holes provided for them in thr keys, 

and at their upper ends are held by l<mg 

threaded screw hooks 450 slidahle through 

holes provi(led for them in the top of honsing 

430. The effective length of thr ~:crew hooks, 

;,.:; and therefore tlrn spring tension. may b<' arl1

.insted by the thumb nut;;; 457 for each screw 

hook. The thumb nuts abut against the top 

.. of housing 430. This type of spring adjn,,t60 ment·using a long adjustable bolt-hook at one 

j spring attachment has been standarilizccl 

{ throughout my machine, and will hereinafter 

j be referred to simply as an adjustahle spring. 

M 

i Upward 

depending 

movement 

flanges 

of 

4:56 

the 

and 

k~ 

4&8 extending 

REF ID:A273646 

fiirom one side to the other of the housing 430, 

Fig. 16. 

Means are provided for adjusting the normal distance between contacts 450 and 452. 

The insul~t1· ng

1

·dplate 448 su

1

1;portii:g the

1 

con- ,h 

tacts 452, is te at each enc oy a p1rnter arm 

45~ (Fig. 16). The arms 458' are pivoted at 

460 to side walls 102' rising from the base 

frame 400 immediately behind the walls 432 

of keyboard housing: 430. The forwardly II 

extending portion of arms 458' which snp- ' 

port the plate 448, are provided with arcuate 

,;lots 462. A screw 464 (Figs. 13 and 14) in 

each lug 418 upstanding from the front part 

of the baf'e frame, has its shank extending 80 

through the arcuate slot 462 so that its head 

is adapted to clamp the arm 458' in adjusted 

position to adjust the height of contacts 452. 

A spacer bar 459 is provided ancl positioned as in an ordinary type-writer. It is m 

carried at the end of a pair of arms 461, (Fig. 

16) one at either side of the housing 430 just 

inside of the walls 432 therpof. The arms 

461 are fixed to a shaft 4G3 journaled in the 

walls 432 para:llrl to ancl behind the main 'fi 

key-bearing shaft 436. :N'o .separate code 

connection is employed for the spacer. Instead, a hook 465 is screwed to the spacer bar 

with its end hooked over key 438z (Fig. 12), 

so that the code oi the infrequently used let- illi 

ter ''Z" is charged with designating the 

spaces between words; it being inadvisable 

to spac~ the code letters into blocks equal in 

length to the worcls coded, for this gives a 1 

clew to guessing certain words for deciplwr- tOf 

ing the code. It may be found convenient to i 

provide a plurality of screw holes in the l 

hook 465 and bar 459 so that the hook may / 

be attached in different positions to engage : 

different keys. ·ao5 

Whereas, in the machines aforedescribe<l, 

('losinir of a push but.ton switch actnate<l an 

indicating light; in this recording machine, 

type-writer mechanism is provided instead. 

and will now be described. The typewriter iHO 

sub-frame is an annular hollow nietal casting 474, having four apertured supporting 

ears 476 projecting radially from its lower 

circumferential surface. These ears are sec11red by bolts to four vertical posts 478 ris- 115 

ing from the base frame 400 at its rear portion. An L-sectioned metal ring 480. concentric to the casting 474. rests with its rim 

upon the casting·. and carries the circle of 

two alphabets of type bars. ·120 

Each type bar 482 or 483 is pivoted in a 

yoked lug 484 which is bolted to the plate 480. 

The type bars are arranged in two aligned cccentri.c semi-circles of equal diameter so 

that any two type bars 482 from the Ian- 1!6 

guage alphabet semi-circle and 483 from the 

code alphabet semi-circle, may be operated 

simultaneonsl,Y to print their letters one directly above the other on a paper tape 700 

The terms language alphabet semi-circle and 130 
,, 

REF ID:A273646 

16 1,861,857 

code alphabet semi-circle are not mutually 

exclusive. It will be shown that (as in the 

shift from coding to decoding operation) 

either may print either code or language 

'ioli characters. The type bars are of bell-cranklever shape, and each has a hole formed in 

its outer end to rceeiw one hooked end of 

one of a plurality of stiff vertical actuating 

wires 486. 'Vhen any w1re 486 is pushed up, 

10 the type bar attached thereto is actuated. 

Electromagnets are provided for pushing 

the type-lever actuating wires 486 up, and 

weight is utilized to retnrn their type levers 

to inoperative position. The annular cast15 ing 474 has a ring of holes in its top surface 

to receive a pluralitv of cylindrical armatures 488, one for e·ach type-bar-actuating 

wire 486. Each armature has a transverse 

hole at its top to receiYe the lower hook end 

. 2e of the wire 486, and has its lower end projecting considerably below the annular casting 474 and provided with a heavy brass collar 490. The weight of the bar and its collar combined, are sufficient to normally hold 

H the type bars up in inoperative position. A 

pair of semicircular felt-lined buffer bars 

492 limit upward movement of the type bars~ 

and are ri~)'.idly supported by vertical posts 

494 rising from and bolted to the top snrSQ face of the casting 47 4. 

Electro-magnet coils are provided for impelling the type levers. Each armature 488 is 

loosely surrounded by a magnet coil 496 for 

the language alphabet, or 497 for the code al86 phabet, retained within the hollmY casting 

474 by a Lody of solidified sealing wax 498. 

(See Fig. 11.) Vvhen any coil is cnergized 

the armature is pulled up suddenly, causing 

the corresponding type bar to be actuated. 

40 The incrtia o:J' the parts provirles the light 

hammer-like blow desirable for clear printing. The major portion of each armature 488 

is iron or soft steel, but coupled to the top 

of the iron portion is a brass or other non46 magnet portion 488', which extends down 

about as far as the middle of its coil 496 or 

497 when the keys are in inoperative position. The purpose of this is to increase the 

magnet efficiency, since the pull on an iron 

50 core is greater when the core is half-way out 

of the coil than when it extends the full 

length thereof. 

The wiring connections between the two 

(language aiid code) sets of type actuatin~ 

55 magnets and the push button switches controlling them will be described separately in 

orcler before the detailed description of typeprinter auxiliaries is gone into. 

The magnet coil terminals are all carried 

60 by two some;,Yhat O'imilar centrally apertnre(l 

insulating plates 499 and 500 (Fig. 11) positioned horizontally one above the other, and 

bolted to rm imvar<lly extending bottom 

flange 502 of the casting 47 4. Integral spacer 

61.i lugs 504 on the plate 500 hold the two plates 

separated. One terminal of each languagealphabet coil 496 is connected to a single 

metal contact plate 506 in the upper plate 

499 by short leads 507, (Figs. 10 and 11), and 

the other terminal thereof is· connected by 70 

short leads 509 to a semicircle of contacts 508 

in the lower plate 500. The terminals 508 

(of the language alphabet coils only), are 

connected each by a separate wire 510 through 

a wire 511, Fig. 10, directly to one terminal 'lli 

4;3~ of the push button switch. The contact ring 506, common to the other lead of the 

coils, is connected by a wire 512 (through 

power magnets 548, normally closed switch 

556 and fnse block 558, not affecting the 80 

present consideration,) directly to one lead 

514 of n, standard electric light plug 515 or 

other source of current for the entire machine. The other lead 516, of the source of 

current is connected (through the fuse block 86 

558, switch 556, and circuit breaker 294' -

296' not affecting the present consideration,) 

directly to the other terminal 450' 0£ the 

pnsh-button switch, thus completing the circuit through the language alphabet type- 90 

actuating coils. 

The charncter on every type bar of the language semi-circle 482 corresponds identically 

to. the character labeled on the key 438 electncally connected therewith; so that when- 95 

ever a key 438 is depressed, its corresponding 

type in the lan;~uage alphabet semicircle 482 

will print just as in a non-cryptographic 

Plectric typewritklr. The electrical connections for operating the code alphabet semi- JOO 

circle 483 of type bars to simultaneously print 

the code characters, will next be described. 

One terminal of each code alphabet coil 497 

(Fi gs. 10 and 11) is connected by a. short 

lead 517 to the common contact ring 506; 10:5 

which, as aforedescribed, is connected 

(thron12:h the source of current) to one terminal '150' of the push button switches. The 

leads 519 from the other terminal of each 

coil 497 clo rnit lead directly to the other 110 

terminal 0£ a definite and particular switch, 

lmt are connected to their switches through 

a series of commutators next to be described. 

The leads 519 are connected to a semi-circle 

of separate contacts 521 in the plafo 500. llJ 

Each contact 521 is connected by a short 

wire directly to the inner ring of reversing 

commutator brnshes 166 now t.o be described. 

Axially bt'.neath the annular coil-housing 

c·asting 474, is an opening in the base frame ~20 

400 which is idPntical in all respects both 

struetural1y and fnndionally to the circular 

opening in the hase frame 0£ the portable 

nrnlti-cocler aforedescribecl. The opening is 

similarly closed by a commutator-brush=re- lL 

tnining plate 158 snperposed above a rotatable reversing commutator 28'. These parts 

are all identical to the corresponding parts 

of the portable multi-coder and therefore 

will be referred to by the same reference 
I 

I 

REF ID:A273646 

1,861,857 17 

characters heretofore used in defining said 

parts, and will not be described again. 

A feature of the reversing commutator not 

previously described in detail has been clearly illustrated in Fig. 13 and will now be dell scribe11 a8 applicable to both multi-code machines. The rim 160, upon which the commutator-brush-retaining plate 158 seats, is 

diYided off into twenty-six equal spaces each 

10 designated by one language character A, B, 

C . . . Y etc. and corresponding to one set 

of commutator contacts. The plate 158 

above it, has a radially pointed notch 523 

through which the character8 are viRible one 

at a time as the commutator is rotated to 15 change its initial or "key" position. The key 

position can he altered by sight and without the necessity for gness-work and trial, 

by this means. In Fig. 13 positions of the 

20 (commutator-brush-retaining) plate 158 have 

been broken away to disclose the rim 160 and 

commutator 28' therebeneath. 

A cylindrical guard 525 (Fig. 11) encompasses most of the space between the revers25 ing-commutator brush-retaining plate and 

the lower contact plate 500, to protect the 

wires between them from the ring of moving 

magnet armatures. An annular flange at the 

bottom of the guard is bolted against spacer 

30 lugs 527 and to the periphery of the brushretaining plate 158. 

Reverting to the electrical connection of 

the code-alphabet magnets 497 through the 

reversing commutator (Fig. 10) : it will be 

35 recalled that one lead from each code magnet 

497 has been traced to the contact ring 506 

which connects it through thr source of current to one contact bus bar 4150' of each pushbutton switch 450~4i'i2 operated by the keys 

40 438; and that the other contacts 452 of each 

switch are connected by a wire 511 to the 

outer ring of reversing· l'ommutator-brushes 

156. It has also been reciterl that the inner 

ring of reversing commutator-brnshes H\6 is 

41l eonnected by wir<'s 51D to the other lead from 

each code-alphabet mag-net L197. In order to 

complete a circuit through the coils 49i when 

a key 438 is depres~ed, it is nPcessary me.rely 

to electrically connect the br11shcs rnG o:f t11P 

50 inner ring to the brushes lf!G of the onter 

ring by means of the reversing commutator 

28'; but just as in the aforedescribed fivewheel-im1icating code machine, the commutator circuits have cocle-changinl! commutator 

55 wheels 82 interposed in them. The electrical 

details in both cases are identical. \Vires 40' 

and 40" lead efl'ectivel v from contacts 176 

and 178' o:f the revero,in"g commutator to opposite sides of the code wheel unit which 

60 continnally changes the circuits. (Fig. 10 

actually represents wires 40' connect<:d to contacts 17()' and 178 instead of to contacts 176 

and 178'; but since the contacts are crossconnected by wires 36', the effect is identical.) 

65 In operation, each time a key 438 is depressed, the current flowing throngh its tortuous circuit including the several commutators, 

energizes one of the coils 497 which causes a 

type bar :from the code alphabet semicircle 

to print upon the paper tape 700. This ac- 'IO 

tion oecurs simnltPneously with tlw aforedescribecl action of the type bar from the 

language alphabet semicircle, so that the code 

and language characters are printed adjacent 

to each other on the tape, and may be com- '15 

pared, as shown at the left of Fig. 22. To 

chan!!e from coding to decoding operation it 

i8 merely necessary to shift the reversing lever 

186 as in tlw incliPntin'! code machine and to 

reset to the initial "key conditions". so 

It will be noted that the circuits which 

operate the type levers 482~ of the fanguage 

alphabet semicircle, are relatively short and 

direct with few impermanent contarts. as 

compared to the tortuous circuits which oper- 88 

ate the type levPrs 483 of the code alphabet 

semicircle. The Alectrical resistances of the 

circuits are therefore dissimilar, and since it 

is desired to operate them all from a single 

current source, means are provided to bal- 90 

ance the system so that the type levers 483 

will be impelled by the same amount of force 

as type levers 482. To this end, the stiff wires 

486 attaching the type levers 482 o:f the 

language semi-circle to the>ir armatures 488 95 

are made slightly shorter than those connecting the type levers 483 to the rode semicircle; with the result that the former armatures are raised slightly above their central 

position of maximum efficiency in their coils 100 

"19G, and are therefore moved without excessive force by the higher voltage of their low 

resistance circuits. 

It will he recalled that in coding a language 

message, the spacer bar 459 was permitted to 105 

actuate the key 438z. In decoding then, a 

"Z" would print between each word of the 

decoded message. To obviate any possible 

confusion from this source, means have been 

provided for locking the type lever 482z of 110 

the code alphabet semiC'irrle whrn decoding, 

to space the decoded words exactly as they 

were spaced in the original message. A lever 

529 (Figs. 11 and 21) is pivoted by a bolting 

pin 531 to the rear wall 540 of a box 534 rising 116 

from the base :frame 400, and has its top 

broadened hook-encl extending over the collar 

490z of the armature 488z which actuates the 

type bar 482z of the cor1e alphabet semicircle. (It should be noted, to avoid mis- 120 

understanding, that when decoding, the 

"language alphabet semicircle." copies, not the 

language message. but the code message, just 

as it is struck on the keys of the machine by 

an operator wishing to interpret the code mes- 125 

sage; and that the "code alphabet semicircle" 

then simultaneously prints the language message.) The leYer 529 holds the armature 488z 

and causes a space to he left when the code 

(in this case "decode") equivalent of language 180 

I• 

ii 

II 

1: 

\ 

l 

r 

I 
j 

\

. ; 

J 

;/ 

REF ID:A273646 

18 1,861,867 

letter "Z" is struck. The collar 490z is adjustable longitudinally of the armature, and 

by means of a set scrnw 533, it may be clamped 

in raised position to incapacitate the "Z'' type 

3 bar when coding as well as deconling, or 

may be lowered to totally inoperative position. (See Fig. 21.) 

The lever 529 is connected operati rnly with 

the reversing lever 186, so that thE>. shift from 

10 code to decode position of the reversing lever 

causes the type bar 482z to he i1wapacitated. 

The linkage is diagrammed in Fig. 21; the 

lever 186 being distorted slightly therein to 

clarify the showing. Pivoted to the revers15 ing lever 186 by a bolt 535, is a long rod 

537 extending transversely of the marhinc 

and pivotally attached by a bolt 5:39 to the (Jcpending arm of lever ;)29, which is of bellcrank shape. ·when the reversing lever is 

20 moved to the left into "decode" position, it 

causes the lever 529 to abut against the collar 

490z on armature 488z. 

It is anticipated that other characters than 

"Z" might be used as the spacer, and provi211 sion has been made for screwing the hook 4<iG 

to different parts of the spacer bar 459 to engage a key other than key 438z. Two split 

collars 561, one of whirh is shown in Fig. 21, 

are furnished with each machine, and if de30 sired one may be clamped about the base of 

any armature 488 of either the code or language semi-circle, to incapacitate the type har 

connected thereto. The split collar 561 abuts 

against the bottom of the coil when energy is 

311 applied to the coil, an<l therefore the armature is held against movement. ·when the 

split collar is used on the language type bar 

482z for example, the language message reach; 

normally with a blank space wherever a "Z" 

40 would otherwise occur. The nature of the 

message will invariably indicate when the infrequently used letter "Z" should be actually 

read into the message. 

The code wheel unit is supported, as befor0, 

45 by side walls 102' modified but very slightly 

from the side walls 102. aml bolted to the base 

frame 400 just behind 'the keyboard housing 

430. The code wheel unit, inclusive of the entire dog action for advancing the code wheel 

50 commutators. is exactlv the same as in the 

five-wheel indicating c<\de machines, bnt the 

linkage and mechanism for rocking the code 

wheel unit is modified to replrwe manna] 

operation by power operation. A lug 518 

56 (Figs. 12 and 14), is attached arentricnlly to 

each end plate 220 of the code wlwd unit by 

the bolts 224 which assemble the unit, said 

bolts engaging laterally direcied lrnse extensions 519 of the lugs. The ln!!s 518 externl 

60 outward to the sides of the machine, ancl each 

has a connecting rod 520 pivoted at one crnl 

to the outer end thereof by a bolt G22. The 

other ends of the connecting rods 520 are 

pivoted to the upper extremities of substan0.:> tially T-shaped rock levers 524 by bolts 526. 

The rock levers in turn, are pivoted to tlw 

forward outwardly flanged extensions 528 of 

each side wall 102' by pivot bolts 530. The 

long arm of each T-shaped lever 524 extend;, 

horizontally back along either side of the ma- 'iO 

chine and has a counterweight 5B2 holted to 

its end to urge the code wheel unit to normal 

position. The axes of the bolts 526 and 5:30 

are relatively close together to provide a eonsioerable leverage for the counterweights. ,

45 Eubber-topped bim1pers 532' are screwed into 

the base frame beneath each counterweight. 

Means are provided for rocking the code 

wheel unit against the action of the counterweights. A metal box 534 bolted to the bot- so 

tom- of the base frame 400, beneath the code 

wheel unit, has eight holes formed horizontally through its two spaced parallel front 

walls 536 and 538, and eight holes aligned 

therewith in its rear wall 540. to slidablv re- 85 

ceive magnet armatures 542., (Figs. ll and 

13.) Each magnet armature is slotted longitudinally at its front end to receive pusher 

bars 544 pinned thereto, and all extending 

forward to a single transverse pusher rod IJO 

546. Each pusher bar has a hole formed 

transversely in its front end to rotatably receiYe the rod 546. The ends of the rod 54G 

are bolted to the lower extrem~ties of the Tshaped rocking levers 524, so that when the o.> 

armatures 542 are pulled back, the code wheel 

unit is rocked against the action of the cou!lterweights. Magnet coils 548 loosely surround each armature, and are retained brtween the walls 538 and 540 within the box wu 

534 by a bed of sealing wax 550 (Fig. 11). 

Bumpers 551 (Figs. 13 and 14) similar to the 

bumpers 532', are screwed into the front 'vall 

536 one at each side of the box 534 and bPhind the depending leg of the T-shaped ro<"k- 105 

ing levers 524 to stop their upward movement. 

-Wires connect the coils 548 in series, arnl 

the series of coils is connected in series with 

the type-actuating magnets (see Fig. 10) ; so 110 

that when any type is actuated, the power 

magnets 548 are also operated to advance the 

code wheels. The wire 512 from the contact ring 506 common to all the type-actuating coils, connects to one terminal of the 115 

;;;eries of magnets 548; and a wire 554 leads 

from the other terminal thereof, through the 

switch 556 and fuse 558 to the lead 514 of 

the source of current. 

In ~1?.~.rntilln~ _)Y)le11 any key 438 is. .de- l20 

p1:esBea; tlie language type I-ever 48'2 corresponding thereto is actuated, a type· lever 

483 selected by the coding feature of the machine is simultaneously actuated, and at the 

same time the code wheel unit is rooked for- J25 

ward so that upon its release the counter- ~ 

weights will advance one or more code wheels \ 

to alter the c<lde sequence. Attention is directeato"'Uie' compam flat set-up secured by 

the use of a plurality of power magnets 548. 13'.l 

2• 

4 

4 
REF ID:A273646 

.• ' 

'·' 

19 

The swikh 556 is placed i;1 series with the abutting relation with the hook-ended consource of current to render the entire machine tact-separating bar 586. ·when any key 438 

inoperative when not in use. The :fuses 558, is depressed, the bell-crank lever 596 is 

in series with the switch, are an added pro- rocked, causing the finger 608 to move bar 

8 tectivefeature. Means, analo~ous to theTM- 586 against the action of its spring 588, and 'TO 

ter switch 29~g.fili.Q.f the.amredes.G.ri~d,~-·v thus allowing the breaker contacts 560-562 

dttne, ana -distinct from the push button/ to contact slightly after the push button conswitches 450-452, are provided for making{ tads 450-452. The machine does not start 

and breaking the entire series circuit at eadlflto operate until the breaker-points 560-562 

10 operation of the machine. Connected in sc- contact. 15 

ries with the lead 516 of the source of current Means arc provided for separating the 

is a. switch 560-562 (Fig. 15), the platinum breaker points as soon as the electro-magnets 

contact 560 of which is connech~d to the wire of the machine have functioned, and without 

516, and the contact 562 of which is con- regard to the position of the operating keys 

tis 11ected Ly a wire 563 to the push button bus- 438. The trigw~r 606 is notched at its front so 

bar 450'. The contacts 560 and 562 are each upper corner to form the vertical shoulder 

carried in separate cap nnts 564 retained in 610 adapted to abut against the end of bar 

vertical brackets 566 and 568 by terminal 586, and the horizontal ledge 612 adapted to 

screws 570 passing loosely through holes in alrnt agai"st the bottom of the bar 586. An 

20 the brackets and separated therefrom by in- adjustable spring 614, connecting a depend- 83 

sulating washers 572. The screw heads and ing vertical finger 616 of the pivoted trigger, 

cap nuts are also separated from the brackets to the bell-crank on which it is pivoted, urges 

by insulating washers. The bracket 566, car- the ledge 612 to its limiting position up 

rying contact 560 is secured by a bolt 576 to against the bar i586. tVhen the trigger is 

25 the frontal side of a bracket 578 bolted to the rotated a,!rninst the action of its spring 614 90 

side wall 432 of the keyboard housing (Fig. tbe vt~rtical shoulder 610 is drawn below the 

16). The bracket 578 has a horizontal shelf level of the abutting bar 586, allowing the 

580 and a parallel roof 582 integral there- bar to snap back and separate the contacts. 

with. The bracket 568, (Fig. 15), carrying A vertical finger 618 rises from the trigger 

ao contact 562. is L-shaped and has its horizontal into the path of a tripper dog 620 on the 95 

arm 584 slidahly retained under the roof 582 linkage which rocks the code-wheel un'it. 

by a bar 586 independently slidable between The tripper clog is bolted to connecting rod 

the Lottom of the arm 584 and the top of 520 (Fig. 14) in position to actuate the trigshelf 580. A hook 587 on the end of bar ger when the code wheel unit is rocked far36 586 engages the end of arm 584 to hold the thest from normal position; i. e. with its 10" 

eontact 562 away from contact 560, and a counter weights 532 up. Actuation of the 

relatively strong adjustable spring 588 is trigger GOG opens the switch 560-562. 

connected between the hook ended bar 586 An electric condenser 622 (Fig. 10), of 

and the side wall 102', for this purpose. A standard constrHction, is connected across the 

40 stop 590, clamped to a flange of the keyboard breaker switch 5()0-562 to reduce arcing 105 

housing by a bolt 591, limits moveme-nt of the thereof. The condenser is strapped to a 

bracket 568 under influence of spring 588. A bracket 624 rising from the rear of base frame 

\< lslot 593 in the stop plate permits adjustment at one side thereof. A similar bracket 626 

of its position. An adjustable relatively at the other side of the base frame carries 

41i weak spring 592 between the brackets\ 566 the standard fuse block 558 in which the fuses 110 

and 568 serves to move the contacts together are retained. 

when the spring 588 is rendered ineffective. The paper tape 700 on which the code and 

In order that the breaker contacts 560--f562 language messages are printed one above the 

may close after any of the push-button icon- other, is fed from a roll 700' supported in the 

50 tacts 450-452 close, means are providE'd for transverse diametral nlane of the annular 115 

moving the hook ended har 586 against the type housing 474 (Fig: 17). The housing is 

action of its spring 588. A rod,W4 (Figs. undercut on one side to accommodate the 

15 and Hi) extending across .the machine un- roll; this being permitted by the absence of 

derneath and aga.im;tthEikeys 438, is bolted type elPdro-nrnglil'ts in thi,; space between 

55 at its ends to the front ends of levers 596, the two type semicircles. The roll is jour- 120 

and 598. Each lever has a collar 600 at its nalecl on a removable pin 702 connecting the 

rear end, which is pinned to a shaft 602 jom- upper extremities of a pair of spaced bracknaled at its ends in the side walls 432 of the ets 704, one on either side of the roll. The 

keyboard housing. The lever 596 on one bracket;; are connected at a point just beyond 

GU side of the machine is of bell-crank shape the circnmference of the roll by a second pin 125 

with a vertical arm 604 rising above its fol- 706, and a third pin 708 pivots them at their 

crum shaft 602. Pivoted to the top of the lower extremities within a yoke 710 bolted to 

arm 604, but normally held immovable with a pedestal 712 rising :from the base frame 

respect thereto, is a trigger 606 having a hori- 400. ·when the cover 412 of the machine is 

65 zontal finger 608 projecting forward into removed the roll-retaining brackets may be 180 
I 

REF ID:A273646 

20 1,861,857 

swung out until the heel portion of the 

brackets 704 rests upon the rim of the base 

frame. The tape 700 is led up from the roll 

and over a horizontal metal guide strip 714 

G bolted to the top of the type-supporting ring 

480. The plate 714 guides the tape under 

the centers of the two type semicircles. 

Means are provided for feeding the tape 

and for splitting it into its code and fangnage 

10 componentR. A pair of upstamling cars 71G 

on opposite sides of the guide strip 714 arc 

connected by a pivot pin 718, having a yoked 

lever 720 pivoted thereon. The yoked enrl 

722, of lever 720, extends horizontally above 

15 and beyond the guide strip and carrif's a 

stepped feed roller 724 (Figs. 12, 17 and 18), 

pinned to a shaft 726 journaled therein. The 

bottom of the roller is level with the tape 700, 

and the step 728 of changing diameter oc20 curs sharply in line with the center of the tape. 

A spring 730 (Fig. 17), connects the onter 

e~d of lever 720, through an opening provided therefor in the top surface of sub-frame 

4 7 4, to a radial bracket 732 bolted to the lo~wer 

25 rim of the sub-frame. The spring urges roller 724 upon the paper tape and against a 

complementary stepped shearing feed roller 

734. The rolJer 734 is pinned to a Jong drive 

shaft 736 which is journaled at one <:'ml in a 

30 pair of ears 738 depending from each side of 

the gnide strip 714 beyond the end thereof. 

The other en<l of drive shaft 736 is journaled 

in a vertical bracket 740 bolted to the top 

of side wall 102' of the machine. Enmeshed 

35 gears 742 and 744 are pinned to the ends of 

the roller shafts 726 and 736. A hand wheel 

746 on the end of the drive shaft 736 nrovides for manual advance of the tape. The 

rollers not only advance the tape, bnt due to 

40 their st~pped eontour, they split it to assnre 

separation of the language reeord from the 

code message; both of which ri.re printed, in 

adjacency for checking, on the same tape. 

Means are provided for rotating the drive 

45 shaft 736 step-by-step to advance the tape one 

Jetter at a time. A ratchet wlwel 748 (Figs. 

] 8. 19 and 20) is bolted to a disk 750 having 

a rollnr 752 pinned to the drive shaft 736 

near its forward end. A rocking lever 754 is 

50 journnlcd on colhr 752 and pivotally carries 

a ratchrt dog 75() nrged into operative relation to the rakhet wheel 748 by a spring 758. 

The rocking lever is actuafod by a vertical 

55 arm 760 bolte<l to a peripheral lug 762 on the 

side of one end plate 220 of the co<le wheel 

unit. so that normnlly, each time the code 

wheel unit roelrn, the ratchet wheel 748 is 

:idnrnred one tooth. The ends of the vertical 

cc a rm 760 n re a loose fit on the bolting pins 

which p'vot it. Since its movemrnt is slight, 

the loose pins allow sufficient play to com: 

pensate for its slight arcuate deviation from 

straight line motion. An idler dog 766 pivG;.i oted to the Learing bracket 740 and urged toward the ratchet Ly a spring 768, insures 

against retrogression of the ratchet wheel. 

Mt-ans are provided for advancing the tape 

two letter spaces at certain times to separate 

the code letters into groups. An integral 70 

bracket 770 projects from the bearing bracket 740~ and pivotally carries the cam-follower 

lernr 77'2 having its end bear:ng on disk 750 

and urged toward said disk by a spring 774. 

The rear or top face of the cam-follower lever 75 

is itrnlf a cam; being provided with a hump 

77G in th(~ way 0:£ a pin 778 projecting from 

the nose of the ratchet dog 756. Normally the 

ratchet dog is (hagged back over two teeth 

of the ratchet wheel 748, but is temporarily 80 

held clear of the ratchet teeth by the hump 

770 so that it only bites one tooth on its retur:-: stroke. In order that it may bite the 

two teeth on every fifth return stroke, to space 

the code into groups of five characters, the 85 

disk '150 is provided with a depression 780 

opposite every sixth ratchet tooth. Since the 

rdchet is bolted to the disk, it rotates with 

it, and when a depression 780 rides under the 

cam-follffwer lever 772, the hump 776 is de- 90 

pressed below the path of pin 778. and the 

ratchet advances two spaces. · 

"\YhPn a message is being decoded it is desirable to alter the regular five-letter spacing 

of the message into normal word spacing. 95 

Two means are prov:cled for this purpose. 

The first consists 0:£ the aforedescribed (see 

Fig. 21) means for holding the type lever 

482.z inoperative to leave a blank space each 

time the code of "Z" is decoded. The second 100 

consists of means for incapacitating the fiveletter spacer. Pivoted to the bracket 740 is a 

lever 7S2 having its operative end 784 protruding under the arm 78G of cam-follower 

lever 772 so that when the lever 782 is rocked 105 

. t will abut against the cam-follower lever 

and prevent its recession into the depressions 780. The lever 78'2 is actuated by a connecting rod 787 pivoted at its lower end to a 

crank 788 (Fig. 21). The crank 788 is pinned 110 

io a longitudinal shaft /DO journaled in 

spaced lugs 792 (Fig. 13) on the s:des 0:£ the 

pmvcr coil housing box 534. The shaft 790 is 

connected to the i·eversing lever 186 by the 

connecting rod 537, which actuates the "Z" 115 

type clamping lever 529 aforedescribed. The 

rod 537 (Fig. 21) is extended to the side of the 

machine and is pivoted at its end to a depending crank 794 on the shaft 790. 

The tape is held tense by a roller 796 (Figs. 120 

17, 12 and 14) at the receiving end of the 

guide strip 714. The roller is journaled in 

a yoked lever 797 similar to lever 720 and 

similarly pivoted between upstanding ears 

of the guide strip. The lever 7!.l7 has its voked 1~5 

portion extended and connected by adjustable springs 798 to horizontal ears 799 0:£ the 

guide strip. The springs urge the roller toward the guide strip and upon the paper 

tape 700. l:i0 
.... 

~ 

ii 

iii 

i 

I 

= 

~ 

I .... 

-

REF ID:A273646 

. 21 1,861,867 

A typewriter ink-ribbon 800 is led over 

transversely across the middle of the guide 

strip 714 and over the paper tape 700; the 

flanges of the guid~ strip being broken _away 

at the middle for its passage. The ribbon 6 800 is carried on two opposed similar reels 

802 aml 80± (Figs. 11,_12 and 17), with.in the 

annulus of the typewriter frame and shght~y 

below and on opposite.sides of the gui~e str1~ 

714. The reels arc Journaled on prns 80G 10 bolted to a vertical plate 80:-l. The plate has 

a threaded hole near its bottom (Ree Fig. 17) 

adapted to screw onto the _threaded end o( a 

supporting tube 810, and 1s locked ~y a pm 

15 812 spaced from the tube and extendm&" from 

the typewriter frame through a hole m th? 

plate 808. The threaded end of the yin 812 

jg screwed into a threaded hole prov1d(>d for 

it in the type lever supporting ring 48~J. The 

20 tube 810 is projected through a m?-ial hole 

in the annular sub-frame 474 and 1s lo(·ked 

therein by a round nut 8~9 engaging w~th a 

threaded portion of the pipe .. The nut is retain<:>cl betwecm the outer vertical face of the 

'·" snb-framc 474, and a spaced vertical flange · ' 811 integral therewith. The purpose of this 

type of retention is to permit the tube 810_ to 

he moved slightly in or out to_ adjust the ribbon position; the nut 809 bemg knurled to 

: ~ permit this adjustment by hand. Whei:i the 

center of the ribbon 800 becomeR excessively 

worn, it may be moved laterally ~lightly to 

present either unused edge portion to th3 

type. 

::;ri Means are provided for longitn?-inally 

feeding the ribbon 800. Integral w1th the 

hub of each reel 802 and 804, is a gear 814 

and 816 respectively. The two gears however, are spaced at different distances from 

.:.o the bodies of their reels, so as to be out of 

line with each other. The pinion 818 for selectivelv driving either gear, is pinned to the 

end of a shaft 820 journaled in the tnbe 810 

and slidable axially therein to engage the 

45 pinion 818 with either gear. A locking pin 

822 is urged against the shaft by a sp~mg 

824-, hoth housed in a cup 826 screwed mto 

a threaded opening in the tube wall. Two 

annular V-grooves in the shaft 8~0, coop~rt:J ate with the pin 822 to tend to retarn the pmion in mesh with either gear. A lmnrlerl 

handwheel 832 (Figs. 17 and 18) pinned to 

the outer end of the shaft permits it to he 

moved in or out, and permits its rotation, by 

f.~ hand. 

Automatic means are provided for rotating shaft 820 to move the inking r~hbon. Integral with the hand-wheel 832, is a ratchet 

8M. The ratchet-operating dog 836 is jour60 naled on a pin 838 bolted to a rocking lever 

840, and is urged toward the ratchet by a 

spring 842 extending to an arm of the lever 

840. ThP lever 840 is pinned to a rock shaft 

844 which is journaled in a bearing 846 dell:i pending from and bolted to the outside of the 

casting 474 by an integral plate 848. The 

rock shaft is driven through a crank 850 

pinned to its inner end and p!voted to a connecting rod 852 bolted acentncally to the end 

plate 220 of the code wheel unit. Each time '10 

the code wheel unit rocks it ad,'anees the 

ratchet 834 an<l moves the inking ribbon, in 

one direction or the other depending on 

whether the pinion 818 is in mesh with gear 

814 or gear 816. Retrogressjo~ _of the ratcb- TIS 

et 834 is preYenteLl by an auxiliary dog 854 

pivoted to the plate 848 and urge? toward 

the ratchet by a spring 856 between it and the 

plate. 

General 80 

In attempting to deciph~r a co.de mess~ge 

the cryptographic exp~rt 1s eqmppe~ w_ith 

tables of letter frequencies so that, m viewrng 

a message he may expect 11.4% of "E"s, 

7.7% of "A"s, 5.1 % of "D"s, 0.3% o~ "Z"s, 85 

etc., and if the message is in code and is long 

enough to reasonably meet these probab.le 

percentages, he will be able to set up c~rtarn 

"Equations of probability" to:vard dec1phe.r- 90 ing the code. If the code Is arranged m 

normal word length he can set up other equations of probability involving the one letter 

words "A" "I" and "0" the percentages of ' ,J h" l ' w ,. "t " "'t" two-letter worus w ic i are is , , o , I , 115 etc., the percentages of three-letter words, of 

four-letter words, and so on. Other possible 

equations of probability are also open to the 

expert, and, by combining th~m all, and by a 

process of trial and error he is enabled to decipher the code. These experts have become 

so skilled, that up to the time of the production of the Hebern coding machine, no code 

was con::iidered invulnerable. Even where 

the code was continually changed after each 

letter had been coded, and throu~hout an entire alphabet the experts were able to set up 

tables and equations ' of "secon d . ar1es " w h" ic l l 

could be relied upon to recur every tw~ntysix or other ascertainable number of tunes. 

The Hebern multiple commutator machines 

break up these secondaries into "tertiaries", 

the tertiaries again into a fourth power, arnl 

so on; until the code becomes too complex to 

be deciphered by any mea1~s known to cryptographic experts. By spacmg the letters mto 

blocks of five, and by using a changing code 

sequence to designate the sr:aces . between 

words this other clew to dec1phermg messages hy word lengths is definitely cl~sed to 

the cryptographic expert, and the machme becomes a safe vehicle for such secrecy as may 

be essential to the conduct of business, legal 

or ,.., crovernmental affairs of a confidential 

nature. 

System of coding 

From the standpoint of undecipherability, 

the ideal method of coding messages would 

be to select each code character or symbol at 

random and according to no system whatso100 

105 

no 

115 

120 

125 

ii 

/! ,I 

f 

I! i[ 

ii 

! 
.~ 

J 

l 

" 

~ 

I 

fi 

j, 

1 

!' 

I 

I 

f: 

i 

I 

I 

REF ID:A273646 

1,861,867 

ever, but such a code message would be undecodable as well as undecipherable, and so 

would be useless. The code must follow some 

system. It has been well known that if a cod~ 

5 ing system could be sufficiently complicated, 

the code produced thereby would effectively 

be undecipherable, but in the past such codes 

have not been evolved because they were, 

from a standpoint of practicability, un<lecod10 able. Cryptographic experts have in the past 

made good the boast that any message which 

could be decoded, could also be deciphered. 

The Hebern system will be seen to incor~ 

porate practically unlimited complexity to 

15 make the code undecipherable aud in such 

a way as to not affect llecoclability. The 

very essence of cryptography is modification of existing cipher, and for this reason 

it is desired that modifications and slight 

20 permutations from the system herein taught 

be regarded as within the purview of mv invention if they can be referred to as following the general outline of the Hebem system herein set forth in one o:f its specific 

25 :forms; it being evident of course, that certain steps and features of the system o:f my 

invention might be eliminated without doing 

violence to all the objects of my invention. 

The system of my invention will be de30 scribed in steps each explainell with reference either to some known system of coding, 

or with reference to the coding ma.chines 

aforedescribed. 

My system of coding is based upon relat35 inrr lanrrnage characters of a language alphabet to ~ode svmbols of a code alphabet so 

that at a given time a definite relation exists between the alphabets. Each langnage 

character is repre~ented or drsignated by 

40 some code svmbol and vir:e versa, so that messages spelled out in language or in eode may 

be transcribed respectively into code or language eqnirnlE'nt by atteEding to thesE' 'le:iignations. Thns we might write our langwige 

45 and code alphabets one above the other aR 

follows: 

fj(} 

and the lines between the two alphabets may 

be utilized to designate the characters. They 

then constitute design'.lting interconnections, 

and to transform any character into its code 

55 equivalent it is necesroary merely to follnw the 

designating interconnection from th ;s character to the symbol in the co.1e ~dphahet 

which it designates. The fact that the code 

symbols and language characters are both 

60 letters of the English alphabet neecl not affect the present discussion. They might as 

well be any language characters and any 

symbols. This first step in my system may 

be summarized as that of designating each 

65 language character by a co<le symbol so that 

the code alphabet is related in a certain (primary) relation to the language alphabet. A 

system which went no further than this first 

8tep is readily decipherable by tables of letter frequencies. (K g. in ordinary uncoded 70 

messages we should expect to find 11.4% of 

"E"s, 7.7% of "A"s, 5.1 % of "D"s, 0.3'/a of 

"Z"s, etc., and therefore the code character 

which recurs most frequently we should expect to represent "E", that which occurs 7"5 

about eight times per hundred lettern, would 

most probably represent "A", and so on.) 

A valuable provision of the improved system of my invention is that these designating 

interconnections are not limited in inciLlence 80 

but may be selected to connect any pairs of 

characters at random. This constitutes an 

improvement over the system followed by the 

earlier code machine of my invention, (described in Patent 1,510,441) in which the 85 

characters were connected invertly in pairs. 

Connection of the characters at random involves more than merely avoiding a reciprocal or complementary relation between the 

characters of the two alphabets. In this 90 

random arrangement there is no special sequential relation between the code and language alphabets. In other words a random 

sequence exists between the alphabets. This 

is a decided improvement over the Vigenere 95 

cryptographic table, in which the code and 

language alphabets have the same fixed sequence and merely are bodily displaced relative to one another. The importance of this 

feature will be appreciated more fully m 

view of the second step of the improved sy8-

tem of my invention. 

100 

The second step of my system is to continually change the relation between the two 

alphabets so as to change the character designations. The relation is changed according to a definite plan, and this plan involves 

moving, not merely one alphabet relative to 

the other, but simultaneously moving the 

<le8igna ting interconnections relative to both 

alphabets. This changes the sequence between the alphabets. It will be observed that 

the plan of code-change, while dependent 

upon the character of movement of the designating interconnections, is also dependent 

upon their arrangement, so that the plan 

may be changed by altering the effective incidence of the interconnections or by altering the character of their movement. The 

random sequence existing between the alphabets makes my system as so-far describe<l, 

invulnerable to the method of deciphering 

which is most effective against the Vigenere 

code; viz. of blocking the code into columns 

twenty-six letters wide and applying the 

tables of letter frequencies on diagonal lines 

through the column. 

The features of the Hebern system so-far 

enumerated, are accomplished by the normal 

operation of the midget coder or elemental 

105 

110 

115 

120 

125 
REF ID:A273646 

1,861,8fS7 23 

machine, aforedescribed. The electric circuits cause the language and code characters 

to designate one another. The sequence of 

designation (primary sequence) is deterIi mined by the positioning of the characterbearing lenses 10. The designations are 

changed, according to a definite (primary) 

plan (or secondary sequence), by rotating the 

commutator through a step after each letter 

10 is coded. The secondary sequence is con - trolled by the random wiring of the commutator, (see wires 40) and is therefore a random sequence. Each new commutator position presents an interconnecting commutator 

15 wire having an entirely different incidence 

bearing no relation to that of the wire previously presented, to each pair of designating 

and designated characters. In the normal 

operation of the midget coder there are 

20 twenty-six possible different primary relations between alphabets attainable by rotating the reversing commutator, ancl involving 

no change whatever in the key conditions 

such as commutator wiring. 

25 As a -further feature of the Hebern system, and in order that the number of ccidc 

ehanges not be limited to twenty-six; the 

group of <lesignating interconnections are, in 

cffcct split down the middle to subdivide each 

30 interconnection into two links. These links 

are relatively movable so that each halfgroup of designating interconnections may 

he moved separately instead of only bodily 

moving the entire group of interconnections. 

35 Thus, for each position of one half the gro11p 

of connections there are twenty-six possible 

positions of the other half, making a total of 

twenty-six squared, or six hurnlred twentysix possible different code changrs. There 

40 are a nnmber of different ways in 'vhich these 

two half-gron]Js of interconnections might be 

moved. relative to one another and to the 

characters they interconnect; but, if decoding is to be accomplished, the movement must 

45 follow some definite plan. The Hebern system uses a plan adapted to exhaust, or at 

least to substantially exhaust, the potential 

six lrnndre<l seventy-six changes withont repetition. This may be accomplishefl by moY50 ing either one of the half-groups of connections (or both together) through approximately twenty-six spaces relative respectively to one (or both) of the alphabets; and then 

advancing the other half-group one space 

55 relative to one of the alphabets, (or relative 

to the other half-group). The same resnlt 

might be accomplished in other more complicated fashion, as for example, by moving 

Loth halves together twenty-six times, then 

80 one alone twenty-five times, and then both together again. The essential prescription is 

that the possible relative positions be substantially exhausted, substan6ally without 

rrpetitions or recnrrenceR such as won Id take 

65 plaf'e where the relative movements are not 

planned to avoid such recurrences. In short, 

the half-groups are moved in progressive 

non-recurrent succession. One half-group is 

moved continually (after each letter has been 

coded) and the other half-group is advanced 10 

one step after each twenty-six steps of the 

first half, until the six hundred and seventysix possible combinations have been exhausted. Thus, if tables of letter frequencies were 

to be used in deciphering code produced by ~3 

this system, they could be applied only to 

every six hundred and seventy-sixth letter 

therrof, and a tremendous volume of messages 

:vould need to be acquired by the unauthorized persons, to make these tables at all appli- so 

cable. 

~tctually, my system is not rigidly limited 

~o the 11se of enry last possible c_ornbination. 

fhus the use of only twenty-five or even 

twenty 01· less combinations out of every :::~ 

twenty-six russible combinations might be 

tok•rate(1 :o:o long as it does not vitiate the pnrpos0s of the present invention. The impor- b~nt qualification of 1;1y system i8 that it provides a code eomplex1ty measured not by the> 0(1 

snm, or even the multiple of the code-complil'ating groups p'·ovided: but increases as the 

exponential power of the number of such 

'.2;I'OUi)S or codc wheels. 'While calling for a 

system whieh does not necessarily exploit ~; 

<'\'er-y last potential positional combination, 

it is es..;ential to ei;:iphasize that any plan (or 

luck of plan) which permits recurrences of 

code every fractional portion of the potential maximum is foreign to the spirit of my '' i 

invention. This will he more clearlv anpreci atecl when it is understood, that"in ... final 

form my invention contemplates a system in 

whieh the (>:aid) group of interconnections 

is split, not i 11 halves, but into three, four, : :~ 

fo-e, or mon• parts, each of which is capable 

of movement, and each of which is moved 

at progressively longer intervals in "nonrncurrent" fashion. vVhereas the interconnections were capable of twenty-six square<l 11 '1 

( 262 ) potentially different changes, when 

split in half; they are capable of twentys1x enbed (2li3 ) changes when diYiderl into 

three parts; aDd so on to a number of chan!!es 

eqnal to the 1111111ber of letters in the alphabet 11 5 

raised to the power of the number of parts 

into which the connections have been split. 

But in order to realize the advantages of such 

subdivision it is essential that frequent recurrences and rc>petitions be avoided. Mv · -

plan makes possible a limitless number ~f 

changes, although I have found that in practice it is never necessary to use more than 

five subdivisions, giving 265 potential 

changes. ~~:~ 

Recurrences of code sequence in and of 

themselves are not essentiallv a weakness, 

providing that the recurrences have no partic11lar or discoverable sequence in the crypto- 1:00 gram. Recurrenres are possible with the 
1 

I 

I 

I 

REF ID:A273646 

24 1,se1,~~r 

. " 

Hebern system unless the interconnections 

are especially calculated to avoid them; but 

since these interconnections are purely random ones, they set up no particular sequence 

5 of recurrences. In fact if the Hebern system were carried far enough there would 

unavoidably be recurrences smce there are 

only about 4.07 X 1026 possible different sequences and displacements o:f twenty-six lct10 ters. (This may be calculated by the equation Wn=Wn~ X (n-1); where w,. is the number of different arrangements, for an alphabet 

of n letters; and where, when n==l, w=l.) 

Even if these 4.07 X 1026 changes were ex15 hausted there still would be no law of their 

recurrence in the Hebern system, and therefore no key to deciphering the code could be 

applied. 

The mechanistic features of the Hebern 

20 system have been explained on the basis of 

split groups of designating intereonnections. 

This expedient o:f splitting groups of interconnections is a valuable :feature of the 

Hebern system, but, m broadest terms the 

25 system transcends any such expedient, and 

constitutes a plan of selection of syml;ols for 

coding messages. The plan is: to• relate a 

code alphabet in some seqnential relation to 

a language alphabet, and to change this relrr30 tion and sequence, (preferably after each 

letter has been coded) aceording to a definite 

(primary) plan, or secondary seque11ce, which 

in turn is changed (preferably after twentysix letters have been coded), according to a 

35 definite (secondary) plan, or tertiary sequence, and so on to a h1erarehy of plans or 

seqnences, each of which comes into action 

when, and not until, the one below it is nearly exhausted. 

· o This system is exemplified by the portable 

mnlti-coders of my invention, where each 

language character on the oporating pushbutton keyboard would, at any instant, be 

1lesignated by some code character on the 

''.:s imlicating light board; it being necessary 

merely to depress the operating lever 2G~, 

and then to press each rrnsh button successivel;y without releasing the lever 2G2, to 1liscover the relative sequence between the code 

50 and language alphabets at that time. This 

relative sequence is altered, each time code 

wheel 821 (which has been arbitrarily assumed 

as the constantly-rotating wheel) is advanced, 

according to the (~;econdary) seqnence de55 term!necl by the wiring of this code-wheel 

commutat<ir 821 • But after code wheel 821 

has a(1vanced twenty-six spaces, the (secondary) sequence determined by it, is changed, 

by the arlvancement of code wheel 822 , ac60 cording to the (tertiary) sequence determined by the wiring of this code wheel 822 ; 

and so on to a fourth, fifth, and sixth sequence, each o:f which is determined by the 

wiring o:f one of the (differently wired) code 

65 wheel commutators. And it will be noted 

that the sequences are changed in progressive succession lacking any fixed order of 

recurrence, as the code wheels are moved in 

prugre·;;sivc non-recurrent succession, so that 

each higher seqm'nce affects the sequence '11> 

snbordinate to it when, and not until the subordinate set:uence is nearly exhausted. Each 

of these sequences or plans of change of code 

is determined both by the wiring and movenumt o:f the code wheels, and since each code 76 

wheel is ditl'erentlv wired and is moved at a 

different periodicity or speed, each o:f these 

sequences or plaus is different. The relative 

speeds determine the order of sequence or 

plan as between subordinate and higher ar- 80 

rangement in the hierarchy of plans, while 

the wiring o:f the code wheels determines the 

particular random plan for any given order 

o:f speed arrangement. In order to interchange these sequences or plans as between SS. 

higher am1 subordinate nature it is necessary 

merely to interchange the dogging pins 286 

to cause anv one o:f the five code wheels to be 

the con.~t:uitly rotatecl one, and to cause the 

other whe('ls to rotate respectively after each 90 

twenty - sixth, six - hundred seventy - sixth, 

se,·enteen thousand five hundred seventysixth, etc., letter has been coded. Or by adding or removing dog-ging pins, less than all 

the seq 11enc0s may be employed, or the 95 

coding system may be changed. The effect 

upon the system, of shifting any of the commutator wires to different terminals, is to 

replace the rarnlom sequence determined by 

the conmrntator affected, to some other ran- 100 

<lom sequence o:f the same order. Thus, for 

example, altering the wiring o:f code wheel 

~~ 1 without affecting its character o:f advancement from the case discussed above, 

would alter the secondary sequence deter- 105 

mined thereby to a different secondary sequence; and srncc the primary sequence is 

,.,ubordinate to the secondary sequence, it 

too, obviously~ would be altered. 

Tho effect of transposing the code wheels 110 

by inverting any of th£,rn or by interchanging them in position, is to alter the relation 

hetwern the movable links and the fixed links 

of the designating interconnections, and 

thereby in effect, to change the basic plan of 115 

eodc-chang:e to another basic plan o:f the 

f:ame order. 

The effect of setting the code wheels by 

hand to different starting positions is to alter 

tlwir phase relation independently o:f the 120 

(1ri \ ing mechaniRm, and thereby to alter the 

starting point of the cycle of the 11,8SI,B76 

code changes. 

The auto-multi-coder automatically :follows this system exemplified by the portable 125 

multi-coder, with the following :feature o:f 

refinement: 

In addition to designating the language 

characters by code symbols, the auto-multicoder provides for designating the spaces be- 130 

t 

s: 

s 

li 

5 lJ 

lJ 

0 

10 

p 

e 

0 

11 

g 

r. 

15 r 

c 

(' 

r 

l• 

20 ( 

c 

f 

I 

~·.; a 

11 

] 

4.1) 

4:; 

"\ \\\' 

". fC 

\ 

uO 

65 

t 

t 

( 

. 

< 
REF ID:A273646 

1,8&1,8&7 S28 

tween words, by code symbols sub~t to th'e port, arufse}ec~i•e means-.f<fr preve11ting nor- "'/'l. r. 

same code-complicating features as the other mal movement of a'.l'ly said support \friereby/ <~ ' 

symbols. In fact, for simplicity, one of th~ the numbe~:ntl selection of driven suppo~ 

language .characters i"1 arbitrarily nsed to des- may be v e . l\t will. .. 

5 ignate word-spaces, and it, in turn, is des- 3. In a . graphic machine comprising To 

ignated by code symbols. Thus the grouping t1 pln~alit;r of language find code symbols, tmd 

of the Rymbols in a message coded to my im· like des1gnati~g-interconnections. between 

proved system, cannot form a clue to deciph- said symbols; said interconnections being 1111 

ering the code. similarly divicl.e_d up to provide :i. series of 

10 In the Hebern system, th~ rules of cha~ge relatively mo\'able portions with correspond- '/& 

of code are purely mechamcal ones bearing ing said port.ions arranged in groups, a 1nov- /,1 

no relation whatever to the particular Ian- ab1e support for each of said groups, driv- v t) 

guage letters or the order in which they may ing means adapted to move each support, 

be arranged in a mess11.g:e. Decoding may be an<l seJ.ective mram: fat :prfi.eDtjng 11wmal 

15 readily accomplished according to these me- mwme2t of any one or more supports where- 80 

chanical rtlles, whereas known systems o:f de- by any particμlar support or supports may 

ciphering cannot be applied to non-recur- be driven, as desired. . . rent code solely according to such complicat- 4. In a cryptographic machine comprising 

ing mechanical rules without regard to the a plurality of language and code symbols; and 

20 (probable) original letters and their (prob- like designating-interconnections between ~1' able) arrangement in the message which the said symbols; said interconnections. being fl,ll 

cryptographic expert attempts to reconstruct similarly divided up to provide a seties of 

:from the given jumble of code symbols. Thus relatively monble portions with correspond-

! have· accomplished by object of providing ing said portions arranged in groups, a mov- ~!5 a cryptographic system for conRtrncting un- able support for each o:f said groups, driving fm 

decipherable code messages which may read- means for m&"ting said su1,:morts at <k,firfjtti 

ily be decoded. rjldt;ie sfitijds, iiJ.iJ Sfilecfifi._m,'2.!ll§]QLVa_ryWhile the most stress has been laid upon 1

8

"4$ ~hHs.rel'.a~h:e -~. Jml':~<.me.--ci,JJJQ!~ / _, tables of letter frequencies in this ex:plana- rpport ~l"l tion, it is recognized that this is ~ut one of o.-Inll'~ryt-0graphic machine comprising ii~ the deVices open to cryptographic experts a plurality of language and code symbols, 

in deciphering codes. The device is fairly and like designating-interconnection berepresentative however, anrl suffices to exem- tween said symbols; said interconnections be- ,. plHy the manner in which sufficient com- ing all similarly divided up to pro'Vide a se- ~.'t plication o:f a code can make the usual meth- ries of relatively movable port~ons with cor- rtm 

ods of attack ineffective. By utilizing a hier- responding said portions arranged in 

archy of RequenceR, the Rebern system make~ groups, a mo-vable S.filtl!_Ql"t.Jor e_a.cli of said 

:my known deciphering devi~e too !n~i.reet to group~~s :for movings~-\ , .j be of any value. And there JR no bmit to the ports at definite relative speeds, and selective f 'x(..A) 

40 amount of complication, obtainable by car- ..tiieans for varying the relative sp~ed of any JM .1 

rying the hierarchy of seqnences into higher \,one or more suppo~s from zero to maximu 

and higher powers. eed. _ 

I claim : . . . · , c me comprising 

1. In a cryptographic machine comprising a plurality of language and code symbols, llnd 

4;; a pJurality of ]angnage and code symbols, like designating-interconnections between llo 

and like designatin~-interconnections be- said symbol~; said interconnections being all ~ 

tween said symbols; said interconnections be- similarly divided up to. provide a series of '- .() 

() ing all similarly. divided up to provide a se- rela. tively movable portions.with correspond- " 

ries o:f relatively movable portions with cor- ing said portions arranged in groups, a move responding said portions arranged in groups, able support :for each of said groups; said 115 

a movable support for each of said groups, supports being transposable; driving means 

driving means adapted to move each support, adapted to 111ove each support, and selective 

and SfJecjw means for lr~enting normal means for altering~ normal movement o:f . movement o:f TesstTiari a o saia' supports less than all said supports. 

M whereby the number o:f driven supports may 7. In a crytographic machine comprising 120 

be varied at will. a plurality of language and code symbols, and 

2. In a cryptographic machine comprisinp: like designating-interconnections betwetin 

a plurality of language and code symbols, said symbols, said interconnections being all . , and like designating-interconnections be- similarly divided up to provide a series of _,,f 

60- !ween sa~d ~ymbols_; ~aid interconnec~ions be- ~elati~ely mo_vable portions.with cotrespond- 125~/ ,,(A 

mg all similarly divided Up to provide a Se- mg S!lld portlOilf' Hrranged 1Il groups, a IDOV· / vt/{/ 

ries of relatively movable portions with cor- able support for each of said groups; drivresponding said portions arranged in groups, ing means for moving said supports at defia movable support for each of said groups, nite relativ' :meeds; said driving meanSlll!=--

ff driving means adapted to move each sup- ing a.dapted to permit independent move- 1") 

,_ 

i 
-~~ REF ID:A273646 

t ~ .. ·~ 

'' <..... 

~. ·~~-~ ~ llm_ .e,nBt of a supp~-". to adJ0 ust·t ..... n_hase r\e·I,

8

a

6

-

1

,u

7 

"' vu, . ·~"). r. . · f?r rendering ce!-1-ain ratchet me~~_in,Qper.a- ~ .£ tion. between supports; and si;:J.eiifjve weains tive at perhm times. . .. "- -- ~ for altering the normal nmvefl;lent of less 15. In a cryptographic machine, a pluraltb:ith a:U said suppot "'9. - ";',"'*-= . "" ity of code-chan~g code wheels, ratchet 

G '""5. nr I etJpt~rnphic machin~-f'Qmprising means for revolvmg each code wheel, cam 7J 

a, plurality of language and code symbo1s, means adapte with each code 

and like designating-interconqections be- wheel, and trolling mean dapted to op- . 

tween said symbols; said interconnections eratively conne nd ratchet meansi· 

being all similarly divided up ·to provide for renderin~ certain ratchet means inoperaJO a series of relatively movable pqrtions with tive at certam times; said controlling means 7" 

corresponding said portions airranged in ~ng adiustgble to alter the operative congroups, a movable support for each of said nect10ns between sa~et and cam means. 

groups; driving means for moving said sup- 16. In a cryptographic machine, a pluralports at defi:pjte relatjye speeds; said sup- ity of code-changing code wheels, ratchet 

lG ports being transposable, and $Rid driving means for revolving each code wheel, cam f"so 

/.

,I . means. being adapted to permit independent means ada~e e with each code ·• 

v a movement of a support to adjust the phase wheel, and trollin me adapted to op- ' · relation between supports; and selgctjye eratively connect sa1 cam and ratchet means 

means for alterins; the normal movement of for rendering certain ratchet means inopera- ; 

90 Jess than all sa1<l' s;i~eo!.ts. . .· . tive at certain times; said controlling means 85 

.9: In a ~1'fdgrapfi1c machme, a plurality being adjustable to operatively connect dif- · of code-changing code wheels, m~ans for re- ferent.cam and ratchet means se~ly. 

volving one of said code whools,1 cam means 17. In a cryptographic machin , pluraladapted to revolve with said one.code wheel, ity of code-changing code wheels, ratchet 

0

21 mea,ns controlled by said cam for revolving a means for revolving each code wheel, cam 90 

~ond code wheel in determined relation to means adap J'.. .. with each coder!' '.,.~-' } ··id one code wheel, cam means adapted to wheel, an controllin m adapted to op- .. · re"volve with said second code wheel, means erativelv connec sa1 cam and ratchet means · '" : controlled by said last cam for revolving a for rendering certain ratchet means inopera- , . third code wheel in determined relation to tive at certain times; said controlling means 95 

¥ said second code wheel, and so on, for as being adjustable to operatively connect a 

'· many code wheels as may be provided. given ratchet means selectivtly to one or 

0 10. The structure as in claim 9, in which more cam means. 

the cam means are constituted by cam pro- 18. In a cryptographic machine, a plural-

.files formed on the code wheels. ity of code-changing code wheels, ratchet 100 

!

11. The structure as in claim 9, in which means for revolving each co<le wheel, cam 

e cam means are constituted qy cam pro- means adapted~f:Q~ with ~ach c0<le ;1.,. 

es formed on the code wheels, and in which wheel, and ooPtr2!J!n~m~ams adapted to op-/ ft · ,: ,«:· Z ti e code wheels are transposable.· eratively connect said cam and ratchet means i:· - ~J •V 12. The structure as i~ claim 9, in which for rendering certain ratehet means inopera- 105 

' , I (.• the cam means are constituted by cam pro- tive at certain times; said controlling means 

; • ' files formed on the code wheels, and in which being adjustable to operatively conned a · the code wheels are independently movable given cam means se_k2!ive!.J:. to one or more 

11, whereby their phase relation may be ad- ratchet means. ~· { ;J' 46 justed. 19. In a cryptographic machine, a plural- no ·~.Ni , 13. In a cryptographic machir]je, a plural- ity of code-changing code wheels, ratchet 

. .., ~\ ity of code-changing code wheels means for means for revolving each code wheel, cam 

\ revolving one of said code wheels, cam means means adapte with each code . \) 60 adapted to revolve with said one pode wheel, wheel, and ontrolling mea adapted to op- h 

ratchet means for revolving a 1'!0Cond code eratively con · and ratchet means 

wheel, means controlled by ·said cam for for rendering certain rakhPt means inoperarendering said ratchet means inoperative at tive at certain times: said controlling means 

certain times, cam means adapte4 to revolve being- adjustable to operativ(}ly connect any 

with said second code wheel; ra~het means given ratchet means selectively to one or 120 for revolving a third code wheel,. and means more cam means. · --- eontrolled by said last-included c(l.m for rendering said last-included ratchet means inop- 20. In a cryptoghaphic .machin0. a plurr 1-

erative at certain times, and so· on, for as ity of code-changing code wheels. ratchr~ ~' many code wheels as may be provirled~ means for revolving each code wheel, cam .,.1J --••II!: 14. In a cryptographic machin~; a plural- means adapt~ with each cocl 125 

ity of code-changing code wheels, ratchet wheel, and~ntrollind xnea'ils adapted to opmeans for revolving each code }Vheel, cam eratively connectsiiI2f'cam and ratchet means 

means adapte revolve with each code for rendering certain ratchet means inopcrn65 whe~l, an ontrolling mean adapted to ojl; tive at certain times; said controlling means 

erativel;y cp ratchet means being adjustable to operatively connect any 130 

. N 

- ~ 
REF ID:A273646 

~~861~867 ' 87 

given ca.m means to one or Dl()re ratchet and ont:rolling mea ' ~1j) ':l*efy connect. 

means. ing sa1 a1 fo owers for incapaci~ 

21. In· a cryptographic machine, a plural., tating certain ratrhet d gs at certain' times. 

ity of code-chan~ng code wheels, ratchet 28. In a cry_ptographic machine,.a pll_lrality ,, ~ means for· revolvi..ng each co4e w~ool, cam of code-changing code wheels havmg ratcbet ii) 

means · adaptesl-. .to....i:evolv.e.., with ch code teeth and cam profiles formed thereon, ra.tchet 

wheel, and ~ontrolling mea a a d to op- dogs cooperating with said teet · · ' 

er&tively ' oa het means ~aid heels, cam followers, a colltroll 1 

ior rendering certain ratche ans inopern- . ea operatively connecting sat ogs . to . J ~ ) 

:1:6 tive &t oertain times; said trolling means · followers ;.for incapacitating certain 1'/3 rf..r'L 

being adjustable to operat vely connect a ratchet dogs at certain times; said cont:rollin~ r 

given ratchet means selectively to any one or means being adjustable to sele.ctively shift · m<>N cam means. -- control of dift'e1ent dogs tO or from ahy fol- . 22. In a. cryptographic machine, it plural- lower. · 

'16 ity ·of code-changing code wheels, ratchet 29. In a cryptographic machine, a plurality '80 

means :for: revolving each code wheel, cam of code-ehangiJ\k code wheels having ra~het 

htea.ns. a,da~~-~y with eaeh, code teeth and cam pl'ofiles associated thel'ewith, 

whe~l, an 'controlli me d to op- a plurality of ra:tchet dogs and cam follower .) 

e~tively c~:mnec sa.1 cam a . ~t means dogs in operable combination. with said ~atch-r"r . :HI fpr rendermg c~rtam :ra~cli n.s mopera· et. teeth and CQm profiles, lmka~e ad1acent j{ .!). t:i:ue at cerla'in times; sa.:id trolling means said ~,ftftf'l~ments··'ft!!l!t~~.Jillld. ~, · bciiD.g adjustable to opera ·vely connect a saidt'mkage to both ratchetiih 4i ro-we~ / 

given cam ~ns selectiyely to any one or ~eby movement of the cam follo~r d~___./ 

more ntchet: tneans. contr61lr the-~ .. dogs. --·-_,,.,,. 215 . ·a8. In. a cryptog~aphic machine, a plural- 30. In a. crYi:>tographic machine, a plu~a1- 90 

1ty of coderchangmg code wheelsi ratchet ity of code-changing code wheels havmg 

means for revolving each code wheel, cam ratchet teeth and cam profiles assc:.iciated 

means adapt~.~JWl i each code therewith, a plural~ty of ratchet do!t8 n,"1d 

wheel,_ and .~ntrollmg m pted to op- cam follower dogs m operable combina-t10n 

30 eratively conneet'mtt ratcht>t means with said ratchet teeth and cam pri'>~les; ~- •,,1. · 

for rendering certain rat ~t means inopera- age ,adjncent said dogl'I, and elements adapte<J: ... /. ~ :Jf, 

tive a~,ce~·;ain·.tia .... , .d dJu~ingmeans !or to connect said linkage to both rawhet and \'.'. ( · 

selectrvely disc. mg said controllmg follower dogs 1\therebv movement ©f the :. ;!). { .. " 

means f. y cam means. 1 • :follower dogs dontrols the ratchet do~s. · · 

M . 24. Ia a cryptogyaphic machine, a plural- . ele~ents bei~,8'~9!.~s:wmes,;t .gjf~ oo 

1ty of 1lOOe-changmg c e wheels, ratchet ~-: ._, .~/' -::~ =-

means for revolving' ea wheel; cam ·~lfi"T:m"YfMia~&phie·tMehitrn; Ii pluralmeans ~ · · each code ity of code-changing- code wheels. means for 

wheel~ ontrolli adapted to op- effectin~ rotative displacements of all of said 

46 eratively conneetsa1 ca and ratchet means code wheels simultaneously, and ttttchet 

for rendering- certain rate et means inopera- means adapted to hold certain code wheels 

: tive at~,~~··~ . adj.usting me~nA imm<?vable at tertain times to cause relative · for selectively disconnect g said controllmg rotation of the code wheels. 

means from any . eans. . 32. In a t'ryt>tographic machine, a plural-

'f.f 25. In a cry,ptograph1c machine, a plnral- ity of code-changing code wheels. power- 110 

ity of code-changing co&. · eels having driven means for effecting rotative dispIMeratehet teeth aw cam p rmed thert'- men ts of all of said code wheels simultaneoti~-

o.nc, ratchet dogs coopei'a i · i h sai~- ly. and ratchet means adapted to hold c('r-

" to~. . . . aid wheels, c~ followers. ~.~fain code wh~els imm?vable at certain ti.mes 115 , H t~1~ ~9s opea.ttvel! eo~!~!~£ja~g said to cause relatrte rotation of the code wheels. d~~ to sa10 followers fo~ HJ.S&P3citatm~ cei:--. 33. In a cryptographic machine, a pluralt.a~tehei.d?gs ..!!.£ed;.m, ~me~. ity of code-changing code wheels, means.in-

: ~:6. I~ a. cr;vpwgraph1c ~chme, a plural- eluding a battery of electro-magnets for ~foll ity ?f ,invertible code-chan,r;mg code whee~" fecting rotative.displacements of all of said Mo 

h!iving ratchet teeth a.nd 9'~ .. ~~ P!M .. • les.£orm~ 1 code wheels :s1m. ultaneo.usly1 and ratchet 

th£lreoi:\, ratchet do.its co(,~ with sa.i<l means adapted to hold certam code wheels 

W6.t}l togli aid whepel~ ct. 1 ollowers,t~nd immovable at crrtain times to cause relative cOIQ.~ro ~ mea o el.\<' ive y connec mg t t• f th d h l _ Sftid i;l" . · olloweit f'?l' i~capacifiiti'n~, ro a 10n ° e co e w e~ s. . . , . . ft certain ratchet d_~ at certam .times. ... ·:" · . 34. In a crypto~aph1c machm,e, a. plur~l- Bu 

21,. fo•eryptogt!ftp?i'brma:dunEf,·anTimihtv it

1

y ~f code-cha.ngmg code whe£els

1

, means in-

~ intere~ge1tble code-changing eOde wheels c udmg a co~anar bat~ery ? e ectro-maghavjn,g ratchet teeth and cam profile8 formed nets :for .effecting rotativ~ displacements o{ . 

the:r~ .ratchet dogs cooperating with said all of said code wheels simultaneously, 11nd I 

_.., t~ ~,rotate sai<l wheels, cam :followers, mtch~ means adapted to hold -certain ci:>de /iDo 

I

i: :::-

~-:--

~­·-.,-

·~ 
REF ID:A273646 

28 1,861,81S7 

wheels inuno.Yable at certain times to cause 

relative rotation of the code wheelS. 

·35. In a cryptographic machine compris- ing 0; plurality of language and qode symbols 

5 and like designatihg interconnections between said ·symbols; said inter.connections 

being all similarly divided up to provide a 

series of relatively movable portions with . corresponding said portions a,rranged in 

IO groups, a common and movable support for 

said groups, and power-driven means for 

:a11•---moving said support. . i- · 36. In a cryptographic machine, a plural- . ity of electric circuits, character-designating 

rlli electro-responsive devices and. controlling 

switches therefor operatively oonnected in 

said circuits, a plurality of finger-keys for 

..... , .. tJ')_ actuating.said swi.tc~es, code-changing co~-

' .~~· . mutators mterposed m at least sonre· of said f : ·J 26 cirfUits, an electro-magnetic power unit con-

·~ . .~d in circuit with said com t s, and 

t ::·. iv'"'' ·CN means ae uate y sa1 power unit for inov- JM~~ ~v in sa' , at rs whereby change of , l ,-,_, · o e is automaticallyaccompli.shed. j;t ·> . . y. ).37. As a s~~combination., an electric .ke~-

l {I ;' .. · h?ard ·co~prismg a plurality. of keys, mdi1 

~ vidual -switches actuable. by said keys, a master switch actuable,by any of sa.id keys, ana 

I \ j . · a<l'liS'ti!m means for varying the relation of 

'\ \I ·· o th~ches wh~reby the master swi~ch arid 

an md'tv1dual switch may be actuated ni proper sequence by said keys. ' 

38. A cryptographic devise cpmprising a 

plurality of language ahd code eharacters, a 

35 directly-conditioned and an alternative inversely-conditioned set of transitory desig~ 

n:ating interconnections between said characters; said interconnections being each com~ 

posed of a series of relatively aovable por4o tions arranged in groups of one portion from 

each interconnection; a support' for each of 

said groups, and means for moving one of 

said su11J;lll.tts. to <::omplete eitliei alternative 

set'"Ofliiterconnections, whereby messages 45 which are coded through one set of interconnections are decodable through the other set; 

said one group being movable io shift any 

given portion to any interconnection of its 

set, whereby said interconnections are sur5o transposable to different characters. 

39. A cryptographic device comprising a 

plurality of language and code characters, 

a directly-conditioned and an alternative inversely-conditioned set of transitory desig61l nating interconnections between said characters; said interconnections being each composed of a series of relatively movable portions arranged in groups of one portion from 

each interconnection; a support for each of : .ti i'tO said groups, and means for moving one of 

l • said supports to complete eieftet iiltMrt!ltf~e 

set of interconnections, whereby messages 

which are coded through one set of intercon66 nections are decodable through the other set; 

said one group being movable to shift any 

given portion to any interconnection of its 

set, whereby said interconnections are surtransposable to different characters; driving 

means adapted to move· others of said sup- . ports; and selective means for alter~ng the .70 '. 

normal movement of less than all said last- : 

included supports. · 

40. A cryptographic device comprising a 

plurality of language and code characters, a 

directly-conditioned and an altern1ttive in- 711 

versely-conditioned set ransitory designating interconnectio w n said characters; said intercon ctio,!~ in ch composed of a series .. reliltfi · va; le portions arranged iifgfoups of one po· on from so 

each interconiiection; a support for each of 

said groups, and means for movin.e: one of : . said supports to complete either aiferrnit~e 

set of interconnections, whereby messages 

which are coded through one set of intercon- 85 : 

nections are decodable throu~~h the other set ; 

said one group being movable to 'shift any 

given portion to. any interconnection of its 

set, whereby said interconnections are surtransposable to different characters; driving 90 

means adapted to move others of said .supports; said last-included supports being 

transposable. 

41. A cryptographic device comprising a 

plurality of language and code characters, 96 

a directly-conditioned and an alternative inversely-conditioned set of transitory designating interconnections between said characters; said interconnections being each composed of a series of relatively movable por- 100 

tions arranged in groups of one portion from 

each interconnection; a support for each of 

said groups, and means JQr_It\.9~.Q;l}~Of 

sai(],_~u!>£orj;!L!o cofilplete either. alternative 

set of"lllterconnections, whereby messages 105 

which are coded if,..., g one set of interconne~tions are d d~b ~ro1!:4f!i}the ot~er set; 

said one gr p bei ~JI to shift any 

given port' n to any interconnection of its 

set, where y said interconnections are sur~ 110 

transposable to different characters; driving 

means adapted to move others of said supports; said last-included supports being 

transposable; and selective means for altering 

the normal movement of less than all said llS 

last-included supports. 

42. A cryptographic device comprising a 

plurality of language and code characters, a 

directly-conditioned and an alternative inversely-conditioned set of transitory desig- l20 ' 

nating interconnections between said characters; said intercon · ns being each composed of a serie~, r atively movable portions arranged"i'h wo f on ortion from 

each intercoi'neCtio 1 a for each of 125 

said groups, and means for movini one of 

said supports to comgJste either alterna.tive 

set o1 tnMI'tmnntrefaons, whereby messages 

which are coded through one set of interconnections are decodable through the other set; l3t 
REF ID:A273646 

1,Ml,$67 

said one group being mova.ble to shift any plete eithM said set of circuits whereby inesgiven portion to any interconnecticm. of its sages which are coded through <me set of 

set, whereby said interconnections are sur- ci~cuits are decodable throllgh the ?ther.set; 

transposable to dift'erent characters; driving said commutator brushes being penmetncal1 means adapted to move others of said sup- ly arranged, and said commutator being ro- fO 

ports; said driving means being adapted to tatable beyond the inverting ran~ to conpermit independent movement of a support nect nny given circuit of a set through any of 

t(} adjust the phase relation between sup- the different commutator sub-circuits, whereports. by said desi~ating interconnections ar6 

10 43. A cryptographic device comprising ti shiftable to different characters. II 

plurality of language and code characters, a 4t.ii In combination with a coding and dedirectly-conditioned and an alternative in- coding ma.chi~ including a typewrit~t-lik'6 

versely-conditioned set of transitoq <lesig- keyboard, a eypewriter-like spacer-bar, and 

nating interconnections between said charac- a plu:rality of code-symbol selectors, means 

H ters; said interconne9tions being each com- for connectinf; said spacer-bar. to a code-symposed of a series of Telatively movable por- bol selector whereby an actuation of ths spaetiJms arranged in groups of one portion from er bar is arranged to produce a complete and 

each interconnection; a support for each of correspondinf effect to that produeed by the 

said groups, and means for moving one of actuation ~er of sajil se)e-ctaJ:f: 

. said su~~ ta "ii~p'ifii #UhSf *'3rn~ve 47. In cOillli&n witli" a .coding and de- i6 

"\. set of mterconnect1ons, where y messages coding machine includin~ a type-writer-like 

which are ooded thro~gh one set of intercon- keyboard, a typewriter-like spacer-bar, and ., .I O 

nections are decodable'through the other set; a plurality of code-symbol selectors, and a.d- ,!,l 

said one group being movable to shift any justable means :for connect~ng said _spacer-/ _.,. · !5 given p6rtion to any interconnection o:f its bar tO anyone of a plurahty of said code' 90 

set, whereby said interconnections are sur- symbol selectors : 

transposable to different characters; driving 48. 4an attachment for a decoding. ma- ~ans adapted to move others of said sup- chine inc~ality o{ means for desports; said last-included supports being ignating different cOde characters, means 

19 trA11Sposable, and said driving means being adapted to incapadtate a character designaada.pted to permit independent movement o:f tor corresponding to a word space in the origa support to adjust the phase relation be- inal message; said means being arranged to 

tween supports; and selective means for al- be applied to any one of a plurality of destering the movement of less than all said ignators whereby different code characters 

tG last-included supports. may b8 ori~all1 utilized to represent word too 

44. A cryptographic machine comprising a spaces in prbducmg the coded message. 

plma.lity of langua.ge and code characters; 49. In a cryptographic machine involving 

a direotly-C(lnditioned set of electrical cir- similar electric typewriter mechanisms for 

cuits romtituting designating intel'ConMc- recording bClth language and code messages, 

41 tions between said characters; an alternative a. common source of energy for s11id mecha.- 10$\:! ~" 

l in'1lel'sely-conditioned set of electrical cir- nisms, and means equalizing the operating ! i~ i't cu.its constituting oppositely designating in- force of the different said typewriter Ill€ch11-

f!l ,'U teroonnections between said characters; a nisms as derived from said source of en-ergy. f' '' eommuta.tor incorporating a plurality of sub- 50. In combination with a recording code 

45 citcnits, and eommutat()r · brnshes, for con- machine having means for recording both 

neoting 11iU t • o 01 . · langllaO'e and co& messftges on a record tftpe, 

set th the commutator sitnultaneoS!s · ; means for sr,>litting said tape into its lR:ilgau~ · ' ommutator being rotatable to alte - and code components. 

ti'ff com lete either said· set of · nits 51. In cotnbination with a recording code ~11 w<h.ereby ~sagres: 'w ie are co, ed through machine having means for recordi.ng both U5 

{me set of ciromts are decodable through the language and cod~ messages on a record ta.pe, 

ether set. ' a pair of cMnplementary stepped roll-ers on 

45. A cryptographic machine comprising a opposite sides of said tape, means for urgplu:rality of language and code characters; a ing said rollers into shearing relation up0n 

55 direc~ly-~onditi?Jled ~et ?f electrical ?ircuits said tape, and mean~ for feeding sai!1 ta:~ lzb 

const1tutmg des1gnatmg mterconnect1ons be- ee~trally through said rollers to split said 

J. tween said characters; an alternative inverse- tape into it. s language and code compon'0nt rO ly-conditi<mea set of e1ectrica1 circuits con- messages. 

stit11ti11g 0~ly d~ating interconnec- 52. As a· subcombination of the structure 1\ ~ \", 

60 tions between id cha~; a commuta- claimed in claim 50, a shears comprising a H5 t \;<""' '.· 

far inc()l"porating a. plurality o:f !mb-c~rcuits, pair of c?mplementary stepped rollets · 

and c©mmut~r _brushe_s, for connectmg aU-·fressed ag&mst each oi?er. . \ 

the sepa,rate ~1rcmt~ o~.~~ . 63. In a crypt~raphie machine, a plural- \ 

the com.mut~"'Slfiiultan0ously; s~tid COIJ:l .. ity of _code-changmg_code wheels, means f&r i, I\ 

Ga mu.i&tf&!J>eiiig rotatable to a1ternative!Y,.et:>m- revolvmg one of sa,1d wheels, cam means 13 \1: •·: .. /J. /' ./' ·.·. 

(

. I - - - ~---- ----...... --~~>-""' 
.-

1 

REF ID:A273646 

'i.' 

39 - 1,SfU,867 

l 

l 

r 

l 

J 1.''AJ) ' ~ ; -I 1 

f {: ' 

• 

a.dapted to revolve with said ifirst wheel, and 

mea,ns controlled by said cam means operative against a'seoond said wheel to revolve 

the same in d~termined r.elation to said first 

G& wheel. - - 54. In a cryptographic machine, a pair ~f 

code"changing code ·wheels having ratchet 

gears and cam profiles operatively associated 

therewith, ratchet dogs operative against ()fo said ratchet gears to rotate the same, a cam 

follower in operable engagement with the 

cam profile of one of said wheels, and means 

operatively connecting the dog of the other 

said wheel with said follower whereby the 

15 disposal 0£. said follower controls the operative relation of said last dog to its l'atchet 

gear. 

55. In a cryptographic machine, a' rotatable code-wheel, a cam associated witih said ~ wheel for operation therewith, a second code-

"' wheel, a ratchet gear associated with said i' second wheel for rotating the same, a ratchet 

dog for operating said ratchet gear a.nd arranged for disposal in either operative or in- . '!6 operative relation to the gear, a cam follower · _ in operable association with said cam, and : 1

, · m~ans operatively connecting said doJ; wi.th 

: f'v\ .. ( 'r •/ said follower whereby. to contr.ol the said dis- ~ I ·, · . , . ., posal of the dog relative to said gear. . ! /. ' · :s~ . 56. In a cryptog~aphic machine, a plurali _ ity of code-changmg code wheels, electromagnetically operated means for oscillating 

all of said code wheels simultaneous!,-, and 

ratchet means adapted to hold certain code 

::;G wheels immovable at certain times ta cause 

relative advancement of the code wheels. 

57. In a cryptographic machine, rotatable 

code wheels, means for oscillating all Qf said 

code wheels simultaneously and eccentrically 

of their atres, and means operative to hold 

certain code wheels against rotation during 

said oscillation thereof to cause the relative 

advancement of a code wheel. · 

58. In a cryptographic machine, a plural15 ity of code and language characters; 1

plural 

means, responsive to electric circui~; for 

designating said characters; plural means 

designated by said characters for orning 

and closing electric circuits; a set o comso mutator brushes electrically connected, to the 

first-included said means; a set of conμnutator brushes electrically connected. to the second-included said means; a commutator haviiig one set of "forward" contacts for said 

55 first. brush set, a second set of "forward" contacts for said second brush set, and third and 

fourth sets of "reverse" contacts mqtually 

alternative to the contacts of the aforesaid 

contact sets; conductors for connecting any 

ao given "forward" contact of one set tJiereof 

to a "forward" contact of the other set thereof and for connecting any given . "reverse" 

contact of one set thereof to a "reverse" contact of the other set thereof; said commuH tator b.eing disposable to alternately position 

the "forward" and "reverse" ~t~ts,there.:. 

of in registration with the different ~ ·of 

brushes, whereby the circuits may be re!Versed 

to arid from coding and decoding operation 

of the cryptographic machine. , _ - 70 

59. In a cryptographic machine, a p,u.r:uJ~ 

ity of code and language characters; plural 

means, responsive to'electric circuits, fqr des- ~gnating said .characters; plural m~aM designated by said characters for opening. and 75 

closing electric circuits; a set of commuta~ 

t.Pr brushes electritally connected to tlie 

first-included said means; a set of commutator brushes electrically connected to ·the 

second-included said means; a commutator 

having one set of "forward" contacts for 

said first brush set, a second set of "furward" contacts for said second brush set, 

and third and fourth sets of "reverse" contacts mutually alternative to the contacts of 85 

the aforesaid contact sets; a set of wires 

connecting the "forward" contacts of the 

r 

first contact set to contacts of the third contact set; a set of wires connecting each "reverse" contact of the fourth contact set to 90 

its alternative "forwardn contact of the second contact set; wires connecting each wire 

of the ·first set to a wire of the second set 

thereof; said commutator being disposable 

to alternatively position the "forward" and 95 

"reverse" contacts thereof in registration 

with the different sets of brushes, whereby 

the circuits may be reversed to change to 

and from ·coding and decoding operation of 

the cryptographic machine. 100 

, 60. In a cryptographic machine, a plurality of code and language characters; plural 

means, r~ponsive to electric circuits, for designating said characters; plural means designated by said characters for opening and 105 

closing electric circuits; a set of commutator brushes electrically con-nected to the first-f'J" 

included said means; ,a. sej; of commutator 

brushes electrically con;nected t<> the secondincluded said means· a commutator having 110 

one set of "forward'r contacts for said first 

brush set, a second ~t of "forward" contacts fqr said second brush set, and third 

and fourth sets of "reverse" contaets mutually alternative to the contacts of the afore- 116 

said con~t sets; a set of wires connecting 

the "forward" contacts of the first contact 

set to conta~ts of the third contact set; a 

set of· wires .connecting ea~h_ "reierse" contact of the fourth contact set to its alterna- 120 

tive "forward" contact of the second contact 

set; ·wires connecting each wire of the first 

set to a wire of the second set thereof; said 

commutatiQr being disposable to alternatively 

position the "forward". and "reverse" con- 1~.; 

tacts thereof ,in registration with the different sets of_ brushes for reversing the circuits 

to change to and from ~oding and decoding 

operation. of.the cryptographic machine, or 

to shift each Bet of contacts to a new posi- 130 

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REF ID:A273646 

1,861,Bln 

tion relative to their brushes for changing 

the circuits without reversing them. 

61. In a cryptographic machine arranged {-,~ to produce and print coded and decoded mes- .=!!! sages with a plurality of symbols, means au-

: tomatically operative for printing different 

of said symbols in successive word spaces 

- of a eode message whereby they appear as -.- characters of the code message, and means • 1

:r ~ 10 automatically operative to reconvert said 

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20 

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space filling symbols of the coded message 

into spaces in a printed decoded message 

produced by the machine. 

In testimony whereof, I affix my signature. 

EDWARD H. HEBERN. 

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ELECTRIC CODE MA.CHINE 

1,683,072 . . 

Original Filed Nov. 20, 1923 4 Sh•ets-Sbeet l 

INVENTOR. 

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E. H.HEBERN 

ELECTRIC CODE MACHINE 

Original Filed Nov. 20, 1923 

1,683,072 

4 Sheets-Sheet 2 

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INVENTOR. 

Edward H. Hehern. 
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Patented Sept. ~' 1928 • 1,683,072· 

UNIT,ED STATES PATENT OFFICE. 

EDWARD H; HEBERN, OF OAXLAND, CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNo:e.; BY M:ESNE .A.SSIGlrKEN'M, TO INTERNATIONAL CODE MACHINE COMPANY, OF RENO, lrEVADA, A. COJJ,.. 

POBA.TION OJI' NEVADA. -

ELECTRIC CODE HACHINE. 

Application filed November 90, 1923, Serial lfo. 6'75,898. Renewed Kay 1'7, 191'7. 

My invention relates to an electric coding Figure 6 is a diagrammatic view illqstratand decoding machine having a plurality of ing the means for operating the code wheels; 

keys adayted to close a plurality of circuits Figure 7 is a wiring diagram of my maand havmg a plurality of rotatable circuit chine showing three code wheels; and . 6 chan~ers adapted to divert the current in said Figure 8 is a perspective view showing the 55 

circmts to some form of indicating means, ratchet operating means and the cooperation 

upon which the coded or decoded message is of the ratchets with the code wheel operating 

to appear. . ) fingers. 

One of the objects of the invention is to pro- Figure 9 is a perspective view of my code 

10 vide a machine in which return circuits are maclime. • eo 

provided and used in to the decoding of a ·My code machine comprises a casing 1 in 

"· - code message. which the various parts are enclosed. A pluAnother object of my invention is to pro- rality of key levers 2 project from the :front 

vide a machine in which the original and of the casing 1 and are journaled upon a key 

1() cipher letters are not in COIDJ?lementary pairs. rod 3, which is secured in the sides of the M 

Another object is to provide a machme in casing. Finger keys 4 are secured to the 

which a visible code or original message in- levers 2, upon which the letters of the alphadicating means is used. bet are formed in the arrangement ordinarily 

.Another object is to provide a machine employed on typewriters. · 20 with a plurality of rotatable wheels adapted A plurality of code wheels 7158, 75b, 75°, 754, 70 

to be moved at predetermined intervals mci- and 75e are Journaled upon a shaft 6, which 

dent to each operation of the machine to is removably secured in the bearings 49 supchange the code each time they are moved, ported by the sides of the casing 1. The conwhich wheels will decode the message when struction of these wheels is substantially 

2G the decoding circuits are u~d. similar to the wheel described in my co-~nd- 75 

Another object is to provide a.new and im- ing application Serial No. 457,419, filed 

proved coding system. March 31, 192li (Patent 1,510,441, Sept. 30, 

Further advantages and objects will be ap- 1924). Journa ed on the bearings 49 are the 

parent upon consideration of the detail de- ratchet wheels 5a, 5\ 5"', and 5d; each of which 

:m scription in connection with the accompany- is pro~ded with t'Yenty~six ratchet t.eeth. 66 80 ing drawings, in which one modification of and a circular cam.:.'formmg flange 67 havmg 

my invention is illustrated in its prefwred the major portion of its outer periphery even 

form, it being understood, however, that the with the outer parts of the teeth 66, and havinvention may be embodied. in other forms, ing the cam depressions 5e, 5r, 5g, and l)h 

35 and that I desire to cover the same broadly formed therein. ' These wheels cooperat.e es 

in any of its modifications. with the code wheels in a manner hereinafter . Referring to the drawings, in which corre- to be explained. The letters of the alphabet 

sponding reference numerals indicate like appear in regular order upon the peripheral 

parts throughout: _ portion of each ratchet wheel, one letter being 

40 Figure 1 is a :perspective view of my code written by each notch between the teeth 66. 90 

machme; · In place of the letter "Z" on each ratchet 

Figure 2 is a sectional view taken on line wh~l, a no~h 58 , 5r, 5g, .and 5h is pro'7~ed, 

2-2 of Fig. 1; which notch is the same size as the rema11?-"1g 

Figure 3 is a side elevation of one of the notches, but extends across the entire width 

45 code wheels· ·of the ratchet wheel so that each of· the es 

Figure 4 is a sectional view taken on line flanges 67 is thereby provided with one not.ch. 

4-4 of Fig. 3; · . Each of .the ratchet wheels is provided with 

Figure 5 shows a number of English and twenty-Slx coun!er-sunk r<?und notches. 69 

code alphabets for both positions of the con- adapted· to receive a portion; of. a SJ>~ 60 trol switch; pressed ball {not shown) earned m h~g 100 
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REF ID:A273646 

1,688,079 

70 carried in the side walls of the casing 1, 

'and by the stationary plates 71 mounted on 

the inner ends of the stationary bearings 49. 

The object of this arrangement is to hold the 

a ratchet wheels in the exacfrpositions desired. 

A plurality of pockets 1, twenty-six in 

number,, are formed in the peri:rhery of the 

'Wheels 75•, 75b, 75°, 754, and 75e, m which ap-

'lf.ear the letters of the alphabet from "a" to 

10 y'j a.nd a number in the last pocket, which 

is the number of the wheel, as diagrammaticaJ!y shown in Fig. 3. 

Certain of the code and ratchet wheels may 

be rotated as the keys . are successively de115 pressed in the following manner: . A bar 8 extends across the front of the 

machine under the keys 2 a:qd is secured at 

both ends to levers 9-9 which are journaled 

on the rod 3. Thus, as each key is depressed, 

20 it will engage the bar 8 and rock the forward 

ends of the levers 9 downwardly and the rear- , ward ends upwardly. A rod 10 extends between the levers 9 and ratchet dogs or fingers 

72•, 72b, 72°, 724, and 72e are loosely mounte.d 

25 upon the rod. These fingers are adapted to 

engage pockets 7, and as the levers 9 are 

rocked by the actuation of the keys 2, 9ie 

wheels 75•, 75b, 75°, 754 and 75e will be rotated 

step by step but at widely di:ff erent intervals. 

30 Each of springs 12•, 12b, 12e, 124 , and 126 is 

secured at one end to an adjusting screw 61 

carried by bar 62 extending between levers 

9-9, and at its other end to an arm 13•, l3b, 

13°, 134, and 13e of the fingers 72a, 72b, 72° 

ais 724 , and 728 , which springs urge the said 

fingers 72•, 72b, 72°, 724, and 728 forwardly 

into the pocket 7. 

The finger 11 h is loosely mounted on the rod 

10, and is at all times pushed forwardly by 

40 the spring 121 pulling upwardly on the lever 

131, fotmmg a part of the finger llh. E!\ch 

time anJI key is depressed, the finger llh rotates the ratchet wheel 54 for one notch. The fin~er 72° likewise rotates the code wheel 75° 

-'5 a similar distance, being pressed forwardly 

into the notches 7 of the code wheel 75° by 

the spring 12° pulling upwardly on the lever 

13° secured to the fiiiger 72°. Each time a 

key is depressed, therefore, the code wheel 75° 

150 and the ratchet wheel 54 rotate one notch and 

make one complete revolution when twentysix keys have been successively de.Pressed. · As soon as the finger 111

, which extends 

over the flange of the ratchet wheel 54 and 

615 over the teeth of the ratchet wheel 5°, is adjacent the notch 511 of the ratchet wheel 54, the 

finger enters the notch 5h, and orie of the 

twenty-six notches of the ratchet wheel 5°. 

The .fingers 11 t and 11 • are rigidly mounted 

GO on a common sleeve 65'. The spring 12• pulls 

the lever 13• upwardly, moving the finger 72• 

into engagement with one of the notches 7 

on the code wheel 75•, which .finger presses the 

detent 11 • forwardly, rocking the sleeve 63 on 

the rod 10, and moving the upper end of the 86 

.finger 11 t, carried by said Sleeve, into the 

notch 511 • Upon the depression of any key 

when the parts are in this position, the ratchet 

wheels 5° and 54 are rotated one step by the 

finger 11 t and the code wheels 75• and 75• 10 

are moved forwardly a similar distance, being 

actuated bY' the fingers 72° and 72•, respectively. It would, therefore, appear that the 

code wheel 75• and the ratchet wheel 5° rotate 

one complete revolution while the code wheel 75 

75° and the ratchet wheel 54 make twenty-six 

complete revolutions. . · "' 

The fingers 11 g and 68 are rigidly mounted 

on the rod 65 extending between the levers 

9-9 and located above the rod 10. The finger 80 

11 g is normally engaged by the flange 67 of 

the ratchet wheel 5°, which holds· the finger 

11° out of the notches on the ratchet wheel 5a, 

As long, therefore, as the flange 67 of the 

ratchet wheel 5° is in en¥agement with the 85 

finger llg, there is nothmg to actuate the 

ratchet wheel 5a, and the same is held stationary by the spring-pressed balls engaging the 

notches 69. The fingers 11° and 11a are rigidly mounted on a common slteve 64.., As soon 00 

as the finger llg is adjacent t e notch 5g, being 

the only notch in the flange, the finger 11 g 

moves forwardly by means of the sprmg 12-

pulling the arm 13• upwardly, thereby movmg the finger 72a into the pocket 7 of the code 95 

wheel 75a, The finger 72• presses against 

and moves the detent 11 a forwardly.,, rocking 

the sleeve 64 on the bar 10 in a clockwise direction. As the finger .11° is secured to the 

sleeve 64, the former is likewise moved for- 100 

wardly and engages the finger 68, rocking the 

same, together with the shaft 65 and finger 

llg. The finger lltJ now enters the notch 5g 

and the finger 11° enters one of the notches 

between the teeth 66 on the ratchet wheel 5a, ' 105 

The finger 72° is always pressed forwardly 

against the middle code wheel 75°. When the 

finger 11 g is in the notch 5g, the finger 11° is 

in one of the notches on the ratchet wheel 5•, 

and the finger 72° is in position to actuate the 110 

middle code wheel 75°. When the parts are 

in this position, if the operator presses any 

key 4, the ratchet wheels 5•, 5°, and 5d, together with the code wheels 75•, 75•, and 75° 

are actuated for the distance of one notch. 115 

It is, therefore, apparent that the ratchet 

wheel 5a and code wheel 75• are 1".0tated only 

one notch while the ratchet wheel 5° is being 

rotated for twenty-six notches or ·one complete revolution. Since, therefore, the ratchet 120 

wheel 5° moves only one notch while the 

ratchet wheel 54 moves twenty-six notches, 

and since the ratchet wheel 5a moves only one 

notch while the ratchet . wheel 5° moves 

twenty-six notches, the ratchet wheel 5a moves 125 

only one notch while the ratchet wheel 54 

makes 676 revolutions, which represents the 

successive depression of 17,576 'keys. 

" 

• 

• 
• 

• 

REF ID:A273646 

1,688,079 3 

The finger 114 is ~cured to a. rotatable 

sleeve 73 mounted on the shaft 65, which 

sleeve likewise carries an arm 7 4 normally 

pressed forward by the finger 72d. When the 

I notch 58 is adjacent the upper end of the finger Hd, the finger enters the notch, being 

pressed into it by means of the spring 124 , 

lever 1311, f!_nger 72~, arm 74, and rotatable 

sleeve 73. When the parts are in this posi10 tion, and any key is depressed, the code wheels 

75°, 75e, 75a, and 754, will move one notch in 

unison with the ratchet wheels 5a, 5b, 5c, and 

5d, it being understood that the upper end of 

finger 11 d extends over the flange 67 of the 

16 ratchet wheel 50. and over the teeth of the 

ratchet wheel 5b, so that when the finger Hd . is in the notch 5°, the said finger actuates both 

1 

of the ratchet wheels 5a and 5h, The ratchet 

wheel 5b is, therefore, rotated only one notch 

while the ratchet wheel 5a makes a complete· 

revolution or while the ratchet wheel 5d makes 

17,576 complete revolutions, which represents , the successive depression of 456,976 keys. 

The finger 11 e is secured on a sleeve 75 ro16 tatable on the sleeve 73. The sleeve also carries an arm 76, which is normally pressed forward by the finger 72h, the upper end of the 

finger 11 e normally resting against the periphery of the ·flange 67 of the ratchet whee] 

10 5b. When, however, it is adjacent the notch 

5r on the said flange, it is pressed into it by 

means of the spring 12\ lever 13b, finger 72h, 

arm 76, and sleeve 75. The upper end of finger 

12b now enters the notch 7 in the code wheel 

15 75b, If, when the parts are in this position, 

any key is depressed, the ratchet wheels 5b, 5", 

5°, and 5d, together with the code wheels 75b, 

750.,- 75e and 75° will move one notch. The 

parts can, however, be in this position only 

once upon a complete revolution, _ <>L Jhe 

ratchet wheel .. 51', "wlircli-wowcr represent 

456,976 revolutionc:; of the ratchet wheel 5d or 

the depression of 11,881,376 keys. · The five code wheels are thus moved progressively in non-recurrent succession to exhaust the possible relative rotative positions 

of the-code wheels. 

As heretofore stated, any of the code wheels 

may be removed, and as they are all of the 

10 same size, they may be replaced in any order 

or with the letters inverted. When some are 

inverted as are wheels 75a and 75° shown in 

Figure 1, the reversed wheels give an entirely new alphabet; and not a reversed primary 

11 alphabet. Hence, we have 10 X 8 X 6 X 4 X 2, or 

3,840 possible loca.tions of the code wheels, 

each of which -gives a different coding plan, . thereby providing 11,881,376 alpha.bets times 

3840, or 45,624,483,840 alphabets for the machine. In using both the direct and reverse 

currents, hereinafter to be explained, for 

sending as well as receiving, there would be a 

range of 2 X 45,624,483,840 alph,abets, which 

is equal to 91,248,967,680 complete alphabets~ 

which is the possible range of my machine for 

one set of wires. Of course the code wheels 

may be moved by hand to any one of 1~,881,376 starting positions for the contmued five code wheels. · . Of course, this arrangement can be varied 'lO 

in any suitable manner by a :(>roper arrangement of fingers, and coopera.tion between the 

various fingers .and detents. Of course, a more 

or less number of code wheels and ratchets 

could be used as desired without departing '15 

from the spirit of my invention. 

A spring 14 is- secured tO each of the levers 

2 and to an adjusting screw 15, which extends 

into the casing 1 and which holds said levers 

in their normal raised position. The code so 

wheels 75a, 75h; 75°, 75d and 75e are all identical to one another in their constructional details and are similar in construction, to the 

code wheel described in my prior Patent 

1,510,441, but are free of one important limi- 85 

tation imposed uvon the wiring details of the 

code wheel in this early patent; viz, that the 

contacts be connected mvertedly in pairs so 

"that if the "H" contact on one side of the code 

wheel were connected to the Y contact on the PO 

other side thereof, the Y contact on said one 

side was required to be connected to the "H" 

contact on said other side. In the code wheel 

of the present invention this inverted relation 

is unnecessary, and inspection of Fig. 3 dis- 95 

closes the random character of the interconnections. A further slight distinction re• 

sides in the placing, in the present invention, 

of the opposed contacts on opposite sides of 

the code wheel in axial alignment; the con- 100 

tacts being insulated from each other. Just 

as in the code wheel of the said prior patent 

however, there are 26contacts16 and 17 positioned on each side of the code wheel. A 

separate wire extends from each of the con- 105 

tacts 16, which may be termed .the incoming' 

contacts, through the wheel and each to a 

(any one) contact 17 on the opposite or outgoing side of the code wheel. The contact 17 

(ordinarily) represents a different letter no 

from the contact 16, as is clearly shown in 

Fig. 3. Ordinarily no two code wheels in any 

one machine will be wired exactly alike. - The similarity of the code wheel to an electric commutator is at once apparent. In fact l15 

each code wheel is a. commutator, and will be so~termed at times. 

Between ea.ch .imir of revolvable code 

wheels 5, is a stationary disk 18, which has 

26 contacts on each face thereof which touch 120 

the wheel contacts 16 and 17. · The contacts 1 

19 in the disk ·18 extend therethrou~h and 

conduct the current from one code wneel to 

the next. End plates 20 and 21 are positioned 

at the left and right ends respectively of 125 

the code wheel'> 5, through which the current 

is conducted to said code wheels. 26 contact.s 22 extend through the plate 20, and 

contacts ~ extend through the plate· 21 and 

bear agamst the contacts 16 and· 11. A sta- 130 
REF ID:A273646 

4 1,688,079 

tionary contact board 24, Fig. 7 is positioned arrives at the contact 22 on the plate 20. A 

in the casing 1 in any suitable manner and a circuit lead 28 is now energized and the curplurality of contacts 25 are positioned there- rent extends to a second contact 27, and thence 

in. These contacts are formed in pairs, one to a C contact 25 on the stationary board 24, 

5 set being in use while the other is idle, the from which a lead 34 carries it to a C light 

object of the two sets being to reverse the di- 35. This indicates that at this particular setrection of the current through the code ting the code letter of "B" is "C". 

wheels, (from left to right or right to left) In decoding, it is necessary to place the 

as will be described. board 26 in the other position. That is, if 

10 A movable contact board 26 is juxta- the message is sent in the "direct" position, 75 

positioned to the board 24, and has one set it must be decoded in the "reverse" position. 

of contacts therein adapted to cooperate with In the same manner, it can be ·followed 

either of the two ~ets of contacts. Leads 28 thruugh in "reverse" position, that is when 

extend from the various contacts 27 to the the C key is operated, the B light will shine. 

15 contacts 22 and 23. The board 26 is moved In Fig. 5 is shown a nnmber of examples so 

relative to the board 24 by means of a suit- in the alphabet sent in code in both "direct" 

able handle 29, which may project through and "reverse" position of board 26. Instead 

the casing 1 and the positipn of the contacts of using the light board 36, the switch 44 may 

therein may be indicated ; by a pointer 30, be operated to throw out the lights ~nd to 

20 which also may project through the casing operate an auxiliary typewriter, as disclosed 85 

and which pointstothelegcmd"Direct".or"Re- in my application Serial No. 675,951 filed 

verse", 'vhich may be marked on the casing.· November 20, 1923.. . Each of the key levers 2 is- adapted to enter Leads 46 extend from the switch 44 to the 

a knife switch 31 as it is depressed. ::'Leads 32 solenoids 47; which depress the key actuating 

2!'t extend from the switches 31 to the correspond- means 48. If desired, th\l tabulating mecha- 110 

ing contacts on the board 24 anq le'.lds :·rn arc nism 50 may be used. Leads 53 extend from 

tapped from the leads 32 and extend to the the leads 34 to various type armoperatingsolecorresponding duplicate contacts on the board noids 52. Leads 51 extend :from these sole24. That is, one lead extends to a "direct" noids to the switch 44. Thus, the type arm 

30 contact and the other to a "reverse" contact. is caused to print the code upon the ribbon. llr> 

Leads 34 extend from the direct conbcts 25 ItissometimesadvantageoustohavetheEngto the lights 35, which are set back of a panel lish immediately above the code, and this may 

36, in which are positioned the transparent be accomplished by a second set of solenoids 

windows 37, upon which the letters of the 54, which actuate type arms to print the Eng311 alphabet appear, and behind which the light lish on the ribbon. The leads 55 to these sole35 is placed to illuminate the letter. Leads noids extend to various switches 31, thus pro38 are tapped into the leads 34 and extend to ducing- the English message. 

lOC 

the "reverse" contacts 25. Thus, ettch light A hne 60 is formed along the ends 21 and 

is connected to both a "direct" and a "reverse" stationary disks 18, by which the code and 

40 contact. It is evident that the contact hoards ratchet. wheels are set in the starting posi- 105 

24 and 26 cooperate to form a multipole re- tion. In starting to code certain predeterversing switch for inverting the relati-on be- mined letters on the wheels 75a, 75b, 75°, 75\ 

tween all the characters simultaneously. The and 70°, must be in alignment with the line 

incorporation of this compact effective elec- 60 and the arrow 30 indicating either "direct" 

45 tric unit constituted &n important step in my or "reverse" position of the board must be 110 

invention. set. To decode, the same letters on the wheels 

A battery 39 supplies energy to the keys 2 75a, 75\ 75°, 75d and 7r1• must be brought in 

through a lead 40. The other terminal of alignment with the line 60, and the arrow 

said battery is joined by a lead 41 to a circuit 30 must indicate the opposite position of the 

50 breaker 42, such as the one described in my board 26 from that used in coding. 

co-pending case Serial No. 4fi7,419, above re- It is understood that the shaf(6 is removfcrred to, and a kad 43 extends from said able, and that the co<le wheels may be recircuit breaker to a three-way switch 44, and moved and interchanged or inverted to 

from said switch through leads 45 to the va- change their relative positions or to change 

55 rious lamps 35, thus completing the circuit. their direction of rotation. The relative roTo carry through one operation of the ma- tation or the periods o·f rotation of the code 

chine in direct ,posit.ion:- . wheels may he determinrd by the ratchets or 

If the key "b' is depressed, thus forming· certain of the wheels may be stationary at all 

contact with the swikh 31 and permitting the times, depending upon the will of the opertio current to flow through the lead 32 to the ator. The wiring of the wheels may be done 

"B" contact. 35 on the board 24, thence to the !entirely by the operator and the correspondcontact 27 and through the lead 28, the contact jing wheels of all machines in the hands of 

23 on the end plate 21, the current takes a 1£larties with whom communication is carried 

tortuous passage thrc11gh the code wheels 75", pn are necessarily of duplicate wiring and 

05 75b, 75°, 75d, and 7f>", and disks 18 and finally combination. 

115 

120 

125 

130 

• 
• 

" 

.. 

• 

-

REF ID:A273646 

1,888,078 s 

A pin 77 is carried by the bar 65, which tion the significance of the structural ele- ecs 

·pin projects through arcuate slots in the ments and combinations, of the preceding 

sleeves 73 ·and 75 and serves as a means to specific description will be explained. 

prevent displacement of the sleeves longitu- The alpha.bet characters on the keys 4 ~ dinally of the shaft 65, thereby insuring the and on the transparent windows 37 will· be 

correct positioning of the fingers in relation referred to respect~vely as language char- 70 

to the ratchet wheels 5• and 5b. acters and code ~mbols; it being appreciated 

While I have herein shown the preferred that the distinction between them is arbitrarembodiment of my invention, ld9 not~wish ily made for convenience, since the charac10 to limit myself-to the exact form' 'shown, but ters on the keys 4 become the code symbols · reserve the right to make all changes which when the machine is used to decode a mes- 75 

may fairly fall· within the scope of th.e ap- sage. The symbols and characters are the 

pended c1aims. ·-'"'·' essence of any cryptographic device, and the 

Devices and systems in the art of cryptog- purpose of cryptography is to establish mut- l 

J,j raphy may generally be divided into two ual relations between these characters and i 

classes; one relying upon such simple tricks symbols. My invention resides in the method 80 ~ 

as writing messages backward, adding and means for establishing these relations; ~ 

dummy symbols and like confusing expedi- and in the present instance I employ elec- ; 

en ts; and the other involving some thorough- trical desifeiating interconnections befween - 20 going plan of introducing complexity, such the characers kntt ~mbots f61 Mtis purpose. 

for example, as that of the Vigenere• Thus, referring to Fi8· 7, it is possible to 85 

Cryptography Table. As soon as the trick is trace a designating mterconnection from 

discovered in the former class, the messa8e tl)e character "B" on finger key 4 to the 

may be deciphered in the same manner m character "C" illumined by a bulb 35. This 

25 which it would be decoded. In the latter designating interconnection; traced from 

class however, deciphering must follow a the switch 31 to the bulb 35; is seen to in- 90 

less direct plan, such as t:ta.at involving letter- elude a wire 322 contacts 25 and 27 (of the 

frequency probabilities. My invent10n be- reversing switch 24-26),. wires 28 (leadlongs to the latter class, and it is to be em- ing to the code wheels), the series of sta-

:io phasized that modifications thereof by such tionary wires 19 between code wheels, and 

tricks as are contained within the first-men- mqvable wires (not numbered) carried by 95 

tioned class are mere permutations within the code wheels. Each of these separate elethe purview of my invention. Where my in- mental parts of the designating interconvention, for example, calls for a certain con- nections constitutes a link in a designating 

311 tinuity br sequence, the introduction of some interconnection, and it will be noted that the 

such trick to break the continuity or sequence links ~efWed by thencode-:wh~l wires are 100 

must reasonably be interpreted as not with- S6:1fta e relative to each oTherlffia-relative 

out the scope of my invention. It is to be tOthea0Sigilating 1nfurcori:Ilections·as a . expected that someone may desire to compli- whole. It is these shiftable links that con40 cate the device of my invention by simply trol the incidence of the designating inter- . combining it with some well-known device connections relative to the characters and lOIS 

of the latter class above defined. I desire to symbols; and it is the shiftable nature of 

be protected from the infringer who would these links which permits altering the rela-:. 

thus adopt my: invention and attempt to tion between the characters and symbols. l 

45 mask it behind some other cryptographic Each code-wheel constitutes a movable 

system. A thorough mastery of the matters support for a group of links and the links are 11 

taught by my invention and the description circularly (i. e. perimetrically) arranged in I 

thereof will suggest countless such modifica- these supports so that they may be shifted . , · tions within its purview, and any interpreta- simultaneously to a new· set of connections~ ! 

50 . tion of the claims to rny invention should The object of moving the comniutators in · ~ 

therefore rest upon a similar mastery of the progressive non-recurrent succession to ex- llf 

matters herein taught, and upon an under- haust the relative rotative positions is simstanding of the fact that mo~t of the past ef- pl;y to exhaust the ~ssible groupings of 

fprts in cryptography were directed to pre- links. Thus each movli.ble link is connected 

511 cisely such confusing combinations and modi- once and only once in the 11,881,376 dHferficat10ns of well-known systems, in an effort ent relative code wheel positions, to every 180 

to outguess cryptographic experts. It is to other possible series of links for any one 

be emphasized that, unless such confusing given arrangement of the code wheels and 

complica,tions and modifications, my inven• I wiring thereof. And it is to be emphasized , 60 tion entails the production of a complex code· that there are 3840 such oode wheel arrangewhich does not become decipherable when the ments, and a countless number. of different 1915 

details of the coding system or machine are -wiring-combinations. 

guessed or disclosed. . Revert~ to, the operation of the code 

In order to assist in evaluating my inven- machine: It will be recalled that one: code ,. 
REF ID:A273646 

6 

wheel is continuously rotated, so that if any a tertiary plan or sequence affecting the secone language character is repeatedly selected, ondary sequence. This second code wheel is 

as by depressing a single finger key time- advanced at a. relative speed such that the 

after-time; a different code letter will appear ~change of secondary sequence pccurs immedi1 each of the first twenty six times the key is ately prior to its exhaustion so that; on the '70 

depressed. If one, and only _one, code wheel one hand the entire secondary sequence is utilwere. rotated (or if all were advanced to- ized; and on the-other hand, avoidi.ne: recurgether or synchronously), the code letters rence of the secondary -sequence avoidS recurwould begin to repeat themselves in regular rence of code. It is of course possible to 

10 order the twenty seventh time the key . was change the plan of code-change without af- 711 

depressed, and this repetition would be in fecting the sequence of this plan, (as by conidentical alphabet sequences so that each .nectitjg the wires in the second cOde wheel in. 

twenty siXtn code letter of a given language proper fan-like relation), but it'is preferred 

character would be the same. With ·only: to utilize the more fundament&l tj'pe of 

11 one code wheel operating, the machine of cha.nde. Use of a third, fourth and fiftli code 80 

· my invention W()uld follow a certain cod.:: · whee11 introduces a hierarchy. of sequences 

ing sys~m obvio~sly i and this system. might each iielated similarly to the tertiary ~d secbe conCisely described as follows: · onda~ sequence. Each code wh~ IS a roThe language and code. alpha~~ts ~re re- tat~b~ s.UPP?rt for a gr.oup .of links of the 

IO lated to one another defimtely (m :this case des1~ating mterconnections. · s.; 

by designating interconnections. therebe- Sm' e each c w · ~ 'f. 

tween), and this relation is periodicall.Y feren two oft ~ hierarcpy: of plans 

changed· (each time the code wheel is ad- are 1 · tical. Since each code wheel is Wired 

vanced} according to a definite ylan. The at ra om and differently, each of the hier11 particular plan of. ch~ in this case; for archy of sequences of these plans is random uo. _ , example, being dependent up<m the charac- ·and • ·m~ar. . - . . ter of movemeJ?.t of· the c~de wheel. . As . Tr posm~ the code wheels by mverting 

stated so-far, this Sl'.~m will be recogmzed rch&ngmg an)' of them has the effect ~ 

. as th&t used in the Vi~ere Cryptof'aphic rin~ the incidence of the groups of 

80 ·Table (See Langie "CeyptogJ.'aphy Con~ lative to their interconnections and so D5 

stable & Co. Ltd. London), in which the plan or interchanges the plans of codeof change . of code is· dependent upon some chan to others of the same order. 

key WOl'.d for the table. The use of this Th combination of the hierarchy of plans . key word has the 'effect of bodily mo-ying fo a highly complex basiC plan of cliange 

81 a single code alphabet relative to the Ian- of co e and1 though arrived at by fairly sim- 100 

goage alphabet while ·re_taining .an invari- ple hap1cal rules, there is no simple forable sequence of letters in l~~ code 11.!J>habet. mula ating t~e basic p,lan to the co~e P.roThus the nature of. change m the Vigenere duce While it may he de®ded by this Sim· 

table is 4ependent solely upon the c~arac- P.le . hapi~QJ. rule; it .cannot be deciphe~, ·"° ter of this movement. In the m~chme of since here .is no relation between the baSic 101> 

my invention howe":~' another factor; viz, p~an nd the particular !etters as tl~ey .occl!r 

the commutator wiring, also affects the m th . message. Especial emphaSIS 1s dichange of code, and serves to alter the se- recte to the avoidance of recurrences of code 

que:qce as well as the bodily relation of the two in an but a tandom and purely accidental 

41 alphabets. In other words, the sequential . order ithin a total number of code changes no 

relation of the language and code Jetters is mea red" by the number, of letters in the alcbanged according to a definite plan. Where- , phab ', not merely multiplied by, but raised ·· as tb.e Vigenere ~e ce:n be deciphe. red by· to th power of, the. number of plans in the 

blocking tne message into' columns twenty:.. . hiera :hy. · . ' 

00 ~ letters wide' and ~ppl:ying tables of P}'Ob- Ha 'ng dea<;ribed my inv,,~tion, I· ~laim: 11 

able letter freque:qcies. along parallel lines1 1. a coding and dec~ng machme a . 

the ~de ~ormed by U.smg one code w~eel o:r plura ty of code wheels, ~ur&~ of ratdiet 

my m~chine b~ab UE the paralle!l.Sll} of w . means whereby t e .~~ WhAls th~·Imes and 18 more than twenty-Blx t1m.~. !Ire a uated and mea .. ns operativ~ly connect-

.II . as mvulnerablt? to attack by tables of letter' 1~ h of the r.atchet wheels With a Cbrre· 1. 

frequency. . With· only one code wheel how:. spo.n . code w~eel where~ one of the code, 8:v!!J the code· d~ rec~r at regular interv,ls. and o e of the ratchet :wheels is actuated o~y 

•· T.h .eeft'~~f~mploymgasecpn.dcod.ew\eel afte .. r .. other ratchet •heel~. s mad~ a co~- / /,_. '.·. 

JS .t.o penodi~lly ehange ~he plan of code- plete volq.tion. y_I:.. t,t,-ttf,.,a C':''t.' ~ r..;-f f '-.:/,..-.). 

eo chan~ accord.mg to .. definite rule, or secqnd- . . .~· ' a cooing and decodi, ~hine, " lu- 24' _ av\"1 . 

ary plan. ~f tlie C?de. and ~age. . le~ 'rah~. of code wheels, a· . . f ra ~ a"'Jd · . are ~ m a p:i:unary ~uen~e and thfi .·'Ith means whereby tlie ratcMt w are . · relation 18 changed aceor. ding tA) a deftni.. · · a step by step, and means operatively 

p.!an or secondary ~uence by, one eodct. · each of the ratchet wheels with..aWh'81, then the second cOde wheel .bAtrodu®a · : nding eode wheel whereby1>!Q5 olthe· 

... 

··~1··~ 
. \ . 

) 

.. 

/ 

J'.. 

t 

/ 
REF ID:A273646 

s 1,888,071 ---\ . . . ~ v) . sleeve, 8.. second finger ~eans whereby said plurality of ratchet and code wheel~, Jeans 

second fin~er is normaily pressed against said whereby the said wheels may be actuated step 

detent, said means including a rearwardly b~ step, each of said ratchet wheels being :pro- extending lever forming an extension of the v1ded with a plurality of teeth and a periphG said second fiDger, means whereby the last eral portion adjacent the teeth, said periph- 70 

mentioned lever is normally pulled up- eral portion being adapted to render inoperawardly, a ratchet wheel, means wherebY. said tive the operating means for one code and 

first finger is held μioperative ·until the one ratchet wheel until one o:f the ratchet 

ratchet wheel reaches a predetermined J.>OSi· wheels has reached a predetermined position. 

10 tion, and means whereby said rat;ehet wheel is. In a coding and:~.c.oding...uiacltjne, a 75 

is brought into said position, said first fin- plurality of tatc1iet ·an.a code Wh~s, means 

ger being adapted to actuate the ratchet whereby th'e--a1wL:w:h.eels-may be actuated · wheel one step when the parts are in.'88.id po.,. ~ep by s_tept ea~h of said ~atchet wheels be- ). . sition and the first mentioned lever is de- mg provided with a plurality of teeth and a 'j ( ; ~. 

115 pressed. · peri;eheral portion adjacent the teeth and ex- so - . · 

14. In a coding and decodin tenqm·tg. ~o the .outer perip~e.ral e?ges of .said1l . . lever, a. bar ·carried thereby, as 'd teeth, said penph&~l portion hem~ adapted~ if A 

f""'\.. bar, a detent and a finger ,carrie y said to ret1der moperative the operative means . '...I 

'""" ' sleevei a secon~ finger, means whereby s.aid for oii.e of the code wheels and one of the 

·\ 20 second finger is normally pressed forward ratcl~ wheels until one of the ratchet wheels 

/('\"' against said detent, said means including a has reJl,ched a /~determined .Position. - · f U rearwardly extending lever· forming a part 19. ;; a co and decoding machine, a 

of said. second finger, .an · in~ scre.w plura. ty "of ra et and code wheels, means 

y an~ sprmg means operativ y conp.e id where. y the said wh~els may be actuated s~ep 

. \21 ad3ustmg screw and said last' mentlone by sti, each of said ratchet . wheels being 110 . , Eer, a ratchet wheel, mean8 whereby said provi ed with a plurality of teeth and a ~ 

1 l' A I · mentioned finger is. held inopera.tiv$ peril> eral portion adjacent tqe teeth and ex- . , '-I ',: .til the r~~het wheel reaches a. predeter- tendi· 'toward the outer pt11-ipheral edB6s \ .. , · "- · mined position, and means whereby said of sai. teeth, said periphei:al ~rtion be1.ng; ' j ;- · . · \ · 80 ra~chet wheel is brought into said positic;m,. adapttd to render inoperative the operative D5 

~ said first finger being adapted to actuate·the means for one of the code wlieels and one of)~ 

l ratchet wheel one step when the parts are in the r.chet wheels until one o! the ra~het c/' ..... ,~ 

said position and the first mentioned lever is wheels has reached a predetemnned position,·~ A~ ,. ,. ,I 

dep!'essed. said '*'ripheral portion bein~ provided with f ~ · .,. 31 15. In a coding and decoding machine, a ~ ch, which notch per1lJlts the operative. 100 

'-. lever, a bar carried thereby, a sleeve on sajd nn!ln for th!3 rem. q.inin_g 1"!1. tchet.wheel a~d 

~ ~ bai:, a detent and a finger carried by said code heel to become effec'ti\'.:e when the said ' - sleeve? a s~on<;I finger, means whereby said opera ve mea~ is adjacent·~e said no~h .. '\..} second fin~r is normally pressed forward 20. . a coding a:nd decoding machine, a 

l,". · 40 against said detent, said means including a plura ty of ratchet and code wheels, means 105 

... rearwardl_y extendi.ng fever forming a _part where y the said wheels may be aet.uated step j ~ A 

of the said second fin~r ·spring means adapt- 'by ste , means adapted to hold said ratchet l t/ J ')~ · ed .to normally pull said last mentioned lever wheel against movement after having been . · .,· 

f i !\upwardly and said second finger forwardly;•.. actu~ .. .1 ea~h of said. r~tchet wb.,eels being . · 

1 . 'eOde wheel adapted to be enga~ by said provt Ci with a plurality of teetlr and a ll · ·· 

1 ' · second finger, IQeans whereby saiu fingers are .,perip :i:al portion adjacent the teeth. said , .. 1

. held inoperative until the ratchet wheel di~ being adapted to render inoperative 

reaches a predetermfued position, and means 'tlie o rative means for one code wheel and , whereby said ratchet wheel is brought into one r chet wheel until. one Q.f the ratchet ~- IO said position, said first finger being adapted whee has reached a predetermined J>!?sition •. 1.18 

to 

f!nger 

actuate 

to actuate 

the. ratchet 

the code 

wheel 

w.heel 

and 

one 

the 

st.eep 

second 

when plura 

21. 

ty 

a 

of 

~ 

r~lt;cliet and. and decodjnjr oode wlieels, macliine, means 

a r ·~. · the parts are in said position_ and the first where ~the sai~ wheels may be actuated step . .....___mentioned lever is depressed. -- - by , each of ~id . ratchet wheels_ being 

1.'lljr- 16. In a coding and decoding machine; a provi d with tsoe~ ~ pd a periph- l 

. plurality of code wheels, a plurality of iral p ion adJaceniGiiMb, Sa.id periph- ~ ... . · .. nt.gliet wheels, means where'FJJ OM bf tH8 ~!'Ill tion be~ng adapted to render.jno~ra- -~ .. .,. ' ratchet WheeTS and one of the code wheels are tlve operative me&JlS for one ~e wh~ actuated in unison while the rell)aining code and o ratchet wheel until one of the rarehet 

oo and ratchet wheels remain .stationary, and :whee hasreae}led a prede~ed ~tjt>n. 181 ··~ 

means whereby the last ment.1oned whee!s are .22. a coding and dOOodmg ·. mm._a a99h. ~' a 

moved oae. step when the first mepj;umed .,,pluta y of. ra;t.chet and code w~ JQeans . ratchet wheeJ · is actuated after havmg tr- . where y the S&Id wheels may be aetu.W ~p rived at a p:jecretermined position. by ste , each of said-ratchet wheel$ being pto- "-1'~ °" 17. In a COding and deCoding machine, a v1ded 1Vith twenty-sh: teeth, and a peripheral ISO \ft, jl '7- /r4,~,'j,. I # . . \Ip- ... 
REF ID:A273646 

' ) 

" 

1~ 
REF ID:A273646 

to 1,688,079 

to the operation of said key;s, means to con- bar, fin~er$ mounted. on said levers, said finduct the current from said switches to said gers bemg.adapted to engage said code wheer 

(!Ode wheels, and mee.ns whElreby each of said to rotate the same. 

conductor!) form a part of o. circuit when the 37. A coding and decoding machine com6 message is being coded and a part of another prising a series of keys, levers actuated by 711 J 

circuit when the message is being decoded. said Jieys, .switch me~ns actuated by said ~ 

32. A coding and decoding machine com- levers, a se. ries of rotatab)e code wh~els adapt- , J · 

prising a series of kevs, switch means·actu- ed to be traversed by an electric curre~t., .. ·· · ·. ated by said keys, a plurality of code wheels means to conduct the current from said ' ~. 

·~·/-.I 1.0 ·.a~ted to be traverAed by an electrical cu!- switches to said code wheels, code wheel op- .,l,AJ- . r }...1·· ~~ me~ns to _conduct the current from said erapng me.ans adapted to be ofura,ted by . ~ , \:Sw1 hes to said coie wheels, and means to e~lof saiq:ts compr1Si.ng a pm:;lity of 

• · \ , \ ~otate .a code wht;el one step incident to the means adapte o cause rotation step by step "~,.t· ' .,,, op.eration of. ~ny key, a second code wheel of the code wheels so that said means will l>- · 16 bemg rotated ~me notch only after the first caufJe the said code wheels to assume their 

' : ' code wheel has made a comp1ete revolution, a initial position only after one . of the code _ . ' '~ .third code wheel being rotated one notch only whtels has rotated as mahy times as the num-

; "(' ~~ after the second wheel has made a complete her of steps necessary to make a complete .. · ru revolution, and so on for as many code-wheels rev4>lution thereof raised. to the power equal ~o ttt~ may be employed. to l)he number of code wheels employed. sr. 

33. A coding and decoding machine oom- ~~· A co~ng and decod!ng machine com- X · prising a series of keys, switch means actu- pr1$ing a. series of keys,, switches operated by~'' 

· · ated by said keys, a plurality of code wheels sai«J keys, a plurality of code wheels having 

X adapted to be traversed by an electrical cur- ele~trical ~onnuctors"extendi~g therethrougn, ~· . · ¥,J ',:ent, means f9r conducting the current from . eac of said condbctors formmg a part of an " ~. , ,.1.: ~id ~wit~hes .to said code wheels when the ele trical circuit when ~ messa~ is !:>ein,g 

1-J \ .. f machme 1s bemg used for coding a message · co . · and a part of another electrical circuit i 

{·/\ ·. • and oth~r me.ans for co~ducting the current wh~n the message is being decoded, and \ r 

t • ; from said switches to said code wheels when mcfns o~ ~ fllid. bD for rotating a '\l' 30 the message is b~ing decoded, key levers ac- CO~ Wh~p oy step iD'Ci<1ent to ea.ch op- Da 

. ,. \\' tuated by the said keys, means actuated by eraJ;ion of the keys, and other code wheels at 

\; said key levers to actuate the code wheels prddetermined longer intervals. {k . step by step so that said means will cause'tbe ,. In a cryptographic device comprisin 

'' said cOde wheeis·to assume their initial posi- a ura.lity of language and code characters, 

x_ J\J 86 tion only after one of said code wheels has an designating interconnections between J 

;~t ..'( '\rotated as many times as the number of steps sa1icharacters; said interconnections being t ' ~'\. \.'_ ~ecessary to make a complete revolution. ea divided up into a series of relatively 

\, '-i"V thereof raised to the power equal to the num- shi able. members ar in groups; movber of code wheels employed. ab supports for s ups; ,means for 

84. A coding and decoding machine com- m~· "ng each of sa.i at relative prisi~ a. series of keys, switch means actu- s ds such that af r port has car-

( 

ated by said keys, a plurality of code wheels r1e its menprs. t than half nor ,., adapted to be tr4versed by an electric cur- m than 81!- ~i int rconnections, the SUJ>-

' rent, means to eonduet the <,mrrent from said po of ne:it lower speed moves one· of its 

j 4~witches to said code wheels, and a c~-in41.i me hers past one interco~tion. · {.1,. ~f/;lf ~atin,2ns adapted to be controlle ~v su . ~n a cryptographic device comprising a 

' . - --~ s. . opl ality_,of language a;nd code characters, 

t(,.1 "()v : 'ht tf,y( ....... A c~ing machine comprising!" series. an designat~ng·_ i.n~rconnectio~ betw~ (J ~ of keys SWitch means operated by said keys, • hem 

a plurality of code wheels, a stationa,rv ~rd .divided up into a series of relatr\' ~. ·~ 

~ ~ a plurality of direc~ conditioned con~ .. ' on .able members ar . . '. . • ov- r i 

1 said board, a plurality of reverse conditioned . . groups; means lor mov- 1 ·~·. 

. .· \· ·~!". ~ contacts o~ said ho. ard. ;, a movable eont_ac.t eac.. . of said· sU:ppo~. . at iela~ve s. pee_ds '· . · 1 

' · J't.' : "'· bQnd havmg contacts tliereon and ~ · that e~h member ~brought mto series ; ·. 1 ·~N" . Iii aa&pted to ~tact with either said direct wi . substanti.ally all ~ble combinationo/ 110 

\ z\ ·, contacts or said revers&contacts. · of embers.shtftf,t.ble relative thereto. . ~ \ - 36. A ~e maehine comprising a seri• of 1. ~n a cryptographic device oo .. tnprising·a k~, SWltch me8.QS operated by said ke'8, a plqra.hty of]ahgu~e and code eliaracters, .._,.. ~ plurality of code ~heels adapted to be trav- an.cl designating- ip:~reonnecti~ bet}'~n ol'ereed bj ~electrical current, mea. ns. to eon. - sa.1 characters; said in.terconnee.tions .tieiJW; UI ,., _i 

"

duct a current from said switches to t1aid ~a divided up into a series of relJt,tiveI~,.-~_:_ 

oode wheels, means to reverse the direction of sh· ble .. mem&rs arr~ in ~ar / 

.\

. ~· ·. the c~t thro':fah said code ·~.a..bar u. s; movable su. ppotts. fo·l'· .-ps; . - . under wd.kays a apt.ad t.o be dep__ wJien . m .. 1ls for moving each of said ··~ at · 1 II Ui"e k!zs are depressed, levers secu , iafcl rel tive sp~ds such that ~ft.er eacJI· ~ · , .r · ..... · ~ t/ 

l. . 
I 

I 

I REF ID:A273646 
REF ID:A273646 

l 

~-." \ 

12/ 1,888,079 ! 

· 52. In a cryptographic' device comprising speeds, and means for independently mov- 3h 

a plurality of language and~code characters, ing of said wheels to adjust their phase l''I"'"'·• · and designating interconnections between relation. , · said characters; said .interconnections bei:J!g . 55. In a cryptopaphic machine, a plural- i' . , ·t' . / i 

Jt~.r-: each divided up into a series of relatively 1ty of code-ch.angmg code wheels and means~ 1 f l · ! 

n A} ! shiftable members arranged perimetrically f?r ro. ta.ting said code w. heels at determinedlJ 36 .... ·. .~ . -.:.-, 1 .J' 1 in groups of one member from each inter- q1ff~t speeds such that each code wheel is · r 

\ \ connection, revolvable supports for ~d advanced one step after the code wheel of. it:, .r» " 

l

, 1 groupu, and means including cam-controlled next'higher speed has com leted not less thaat1' { . . ~{;~ --«L ratchet mechanism for revolving said sup- a half nor re than a f • . "' . . f 1 , 

ports. • grap 1c mac e, a plural- 40 l. 1 I \ 

, - 53. In a cryptographic device comprising ity o~ code-chang~ code wheels, means for (+ij· l 1 a plurality of language and code characters, rotatmg one of said code wheels, means for • ,li "" and designating intl,irconnections "between rotating a second code wheel one step per .. ·1. 

11 said characters; said interconnections being full ·revolution of said one code wheel, and. iil 

each divided up into a series of relatively meabs for rotating a third code wheel one U\J I • 

shiftable memoers arranged perimetrically step"'rr full revolμtion of said second code i·A''t _... in dissimilar groups of one member from each whe• . . . · ,Yt [ . , interconnection, revolvable sUpports for said 57, In a cryptographic ma.Chine, a plu. ral- t f· 

(.' . W IO groups; said supports being symmetrical an~ ity fJf code-cha~g code '!°heeh1, driving , I~ . 

) .(1.~ .. 1 1 alike to permit inversion and interchange m~ati.s for rotatmg one of said .ooc;le wheels1 '°. •·· , (r:~ ..:.~. :.j~l" j thereof; and cam-controlled ratchet mech_.,.· dnvln ..g 1;11eans controlled hI sa1d·.one "' .. heel!\ . ' ~ { ;, lf f anism adjusted to mov. ~ .. said su1morts at r~~ for i!<>tat~s; a secon~ Code wheel op.e st.ep per \)j'I!' :'l. ; 

: ~, · . t1ve s~e<r~-~¥cli-ll!a~~ ,!!Ven_~!'.t ~revolution of 88.ld one wheel, u4 ik'.iwig \ .. , 

II move8oiiJio~est~wfuTe-UiesupportofnRXt me~a. contr?lled by' said'-~ ...... :Jld .. w4tie.·l for I~.~· 

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Q ~ "'. . .. ity·. o~ code-~lian.gmg code ·' means for ' .. testimony w. hereof I dix '111 si~ture. '·.i JS·. /.IJ • t". ~~· < r~tatm~ sa1d,,~els relative . EDWARD!H. B'EBEPJJ. rr:· , 

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