Appendix A

I. Contaminant Comparison of C&D Wood to Traditional Fuels

A comparison of the various contaminants found in C&D wood was made with traditional fuels. 

This was done by comparing the 90% UPL (Upper Prediction Limit) of the contaminants for C&D 

wood with the maximum value reported for the traditional fuel. This method was chosen following 

the guidance of EPA, as stated in the rule preamble:

Given data for a particular traditional fuel, it makes intuitive sense to base the traditional 

fuel comparison value on the upper end of its statistical range. Anything less could result in 

‘‘traditional fuel’’ samples being considered solid waste if burned in the

very combustion units designed to burn them...(76 Fed Reg 80453)

Largely, it is seen for all contaminants, a comparable nature is shown between C&D and traditional 

fuels. However, from the two states that had readily available information regarding formaldehyde, 

this contaminant proved to be higher than what is reported for wood/biomass by EPA. A formal 

explanation for this occurrence and its subsequent comparison to traditional fuels is discussed 

further, below.

Also, it should be pointed out that the readily available data for a few states reported a 90% UPL 

higher than traditional fuels. This can be seen in New York’s fluoride data and Maine’s chromium 

data. In both cases, a more detailed comparison was followed. Once again, this was done following 

the guidance of EPA and its concept of comparing groups of contaminants. This was stated as 

follows:

While persons may satisfy the contaminant legitimacy criterion on a contaminant-bycontaminant basis, comparing groups of contaminants in the NHSM to similar groups in 

traditional fuels could also be appropriate, provided the grouped contaminants share 

physical and chemical properties that influence behavior in the combustion unit prior to the 

point where emissions occur. Volatility, the presence of specific elements, and compound 

structure are three such properties. (76 Fed Reg 80477)

The 90% UPL for the available New York fluoride data was 584.9 ppm, which is above the 

maximum value set forth by both wood/biomass (300 ppm) and coal (64 ppm). However, when 

combining fluoride with the other potential contaminant halogens, a comparable analysis is shown. 

The 90% UPL for halides in New York equates to 2122 ppm, which is significantly lower than 

maximum values for wood/biomass in both the OAQPS database and its literary sources, as well as 

the OAQPS maximum value for coal. As such, we believe these samples do show a comparable 

nature to traditional fuels. 

In the case of chromium in Maine, the 90% UPL for the readily available data was 352 ppm. This 

value is slightly higher than the maximum value reported for wood/biomass in the OAQPS database 

(340 ppm). On a contaminant-by-contaminant basis, we believe this satisfies the legitimacy criterion 

on its own and is comparable however; we also followed through with a contaminant grouping 

analysis. In this case, a grouping of total metals was analyzed. From the readily available metals data 
2

for the State of Maine, a 90% UPL of total metals yielded 427 ppm. This number is significantly 

lower than the total metals concentration reported by the OAQPS. Though, as seen in the attached 

tables, certain metals of generally high concentration (Manganese) were not included in the Maine 

dataset. As such, a comparison was then followed through analyzing the five metals in the Maine 

dataset with the same five metals in traditional fuels. When adding the maximum values of arsenic, 

chromium, lead, mercury and selenium for wood/biomass, the literary sources reported by EPA had 

a total maximum metals concentration of 479 ppm and the OAQPS dataset had a total maximum 

metals concentration 877.1 ppm. Both of these values are above the 90% UPL for total metals in the 

Maine dataset. We believe this gives further proof that the metals concentrations in Maine are indeed 

comparable to traditional fuels.

II. Comparability of Formaldehyde Levels In C&D Wood

The contaminant comparison set forth below shows formaldehyde levels in wood and biomass at a 

maximum of 27 ppm, no data on formaldehyde levels in coal, and formaldehyde levels in C&D 

wood at a maximum of 130 ppm. Despite these differences, we believe contaminant levels in C&D 

wood are comparable to coal and to wood and biomass. 

First, EPA allows groups of contaminants in the relevant traditional fuels to be compared to groups 

of contaminants in NHSM when making a contaminant comparison. Groupings are suggested in 

table 8 of EPA’s December 2011 proposed rule, but a party may use other technically reasonable 

approaches to groupings. 76 Fed. Reg. at 80477. We have chosen to group VOCs and SVOC 

together. According to EPA this grouping is technically reasonable because EPA groups volatile 

hydrocarbons and semi-volatile hydrocarbons when setting standards under the Clean Air Act. Id. 

We note that other than formaldehyde, which, if not an artifact of the test method,1 is likely in C&D 

wood from resinated wood, these other hazardous air pollutants have been tested and found below or 

near detection limits (see Minnesota data). When the PAH levels in coal are grouped with other 

VOCs and SVOC and compared to the levels of this contaminant grouping in C&D wood, as 

demonstrated in the attached Minnesota C&D data, the levels are comparable to coal. 

Second, based on process knowledge, we are aware of no sources of formaldehyde in processed 

C&D wood other than the formaldehyde found in clean cellulosic biomass and resinated wood.2 To 

the extent that formaldehyde is present in processed C&D wood from resinated wood products, it is 

a VOC from non-waste materials because EPA has clearly asserted in the initial rule and the revised 

rule that resinated wood that is combusted is not a waste and is proposing to codify that

determination in 40 C.F.R. Part 241. See 76 Fed. Reg. at 80483 and proposed 40 C.F.R. 241.4(a)(2). 

In support of the fuel content value of formaldehyde, EPA has asserted,

 

1

 These tests indicating formaldehyde in the range of 9.3 to 130 ppm in C&D wood were measured by EPA Method 

8315a. This method applies a dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization technique. The DNPH solution is acidic and 

reactive and is suspected to create formaldehyde, especially from bound formaldehyde in cured resins and potentially 

creates formaldehyde from wood sugars. Word, David, NCASI, personal communication to Karl Seltzer – Koogler and 

Associates, Inc., September 2012. 

2

 EPA agrees that combustors may rely on process knowledge when making contaminant comparisons. 76 Fed. Reg. at 

80477.
3

Resinated wood is highly valued within the wood products industry for its high fuel value 

relative to other wood fuels generated and burned at these facilities for energy recovery. 

Many facilities rely on mixing of these low moisture content wood materials with higher 

moisture materials. Resinated wood residuals are routinely transferred between either intraor inter- company facilities and used as either ‘‘furnish’’ (i.e., raw materials) or fuel at the 

receiving facilities. The material being transferred off-site is used and handled in the same 

manner that resinated wood residuals are used when generated on- site. In general, the 

motivation to use the resinated wood as a fuel, even with the slightly higher formaldehyde 

levels, predominates over the motivation to dispose of the formaldehyde. See American 

Petroleum Institute v. EPA, 216 F.3d 50, 58 (DC Cir. 2000) (in declaring reclaimed oily 

wastewater to be a waste, the EPA failed to explain why the discard motivation 

predominated the recycling motivation). Indeed, discard of the formaldehyde is a very 

distant second to the fuel product use of the resinated wood.

C&D wood should be considered a mixture of wood that EPA has already determined to be a nonwaste, and wood for which that determination is pending. Based on the contaminant analysis herein, 

EPA can determine that, for that component of C&D wood not already addressed by EPA’s nonwaste determination for resinated wood, the contaminant levels are comparable to traditional wood 

and biomass fuel and therefore C&D wood meets the contaminant comparison legitimacy criterion

whether or not it is combusted in a boiler that is designed to burn coal. 

Third, formaldehyde is an organic compound that is readily volatilized to become a VOC under 

standard temperature and pressure having a boiling point at -19 degree C. Traditional biomass 

includes numerous forms of organic compounds in a solid/liquid matrix that which can 

emit/volatilize minor fractions of VOCs including formaldehyde and other listed hazardous air 

pollutants under standard temperature and pressure. By increasing temperature and/or the pressure, 

but not to the point of combustion, traditional biomass can further release such VOCs in increasing 

fractions. Given the highly complex nature of the organic compounds which comprise traditional 

wood, identification of the series of chemical reactions or lack of reaction for this process continues 

to generate extensive research. Wood that is processed to create construction lumber wood, which 

eventually becomes C&D wood, must be dried. There is research indicating that virgin wood can 

generate significant amounts of VOCs through the drying process. 

EPA has data demonstrating that some traditional virgin wood does have VOCs within the wood 

itself, prior to drying, and that this amount can be as high as 20,000 ppm.3 In addition, there are 

ample data on the emissions of VOCs from the process of drying construction lumber wood. For 

example, according to scientists from Oregon State University, drying ponderosa pine wood, dryers 

emit between 1.6 and 3.0 pounds of VOCs per thousand board feet (mbf) (3330 lb4) or 480 to 900 

 

3

See EPA-HQ-RCRA-2008-0329-1866 (AF&PA data on organic contaminants in traditional fuel showing that Virginia 

pine can contain 2% turpentine, which is a VOC). Terpenes such as turpentine have the potential to form formaldehyde 

in the atmosphere. See Milota, Michael R., Emissions from Wood Drying, The science and the issues, Forest Products 

Journal, June 1, 2000, at 19, available at http://www.nrem.iastate.edu/class/assets/for486/ 

Readings/Emissions%20from%20Wood%20Drying.pdf. Thus, these VOCs can be grouped with formaldyde when 

considering contaminent levels. This approach is consistent with how EPA is proposing to address other potential 

presursors. See 76 Fed. Reg. at 80480. 

4

 AP-42, Appendix A, 40 lb/ft3 – based on density of pine, (1 mbf = 83.3 ft3)
4

part per million mass basis, depending on the temperature of the dryer.5 The corresponding amount 

of measured VOC hazardous air pollutants (study includes methanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 

propionaldehyde, and acrolein) from ponderosa pine wood dryers ranged from 0.0833 to 0.189 

lb/mbf (25 to 57 ppm mass basis). Similar measurements show clean wood dryers generating 0.96 

pounds per oven dried ton of methanol (i.e., 0.048 percent methanol per ton of dried wood).6 These 

are VOC HAPs that are no longer available to be released from the kiln-dried lumber which is 

source material for construction wood and eventually C&D wood. Accordingly, EPA could 

conclude that the VOC HAP levels in C&D wood are not in concentrations “not normally associated 

with virgin biomass material,” making C&D wood clean cellulosic biomass: a traditional fuel. See

40 C.F.R. 241.2. 

 

5

 Milota and Mosher, Emissions of hazardous air pollutants from lumber drying, Forest Products Journal, July/August 

2008, Vol. 58, No. 7/8, at 52. Available at http://www.deq.idaho.gov/media/591021-

milota_mosher_emissions_study.pdf

6

 EPA, AP-42, 5th edition, Table 10.6.3-3, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/final/c10s0603.pdf
III. C&D Wood Data (with coal data) 

Literary Sources1 OAQPS Databases1

Wood and Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal C&D Samples from Minnesota2

Compound Units

Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3

Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 7 0.17 0.59 0.36 0.58 (a)

Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 7 1.95 65.7 23.17 61.44 (a)

Beryllium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 7 0.008 0.008 0.008 *

Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 7 0.13 0.25 0.16 0.3 (a)

Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 7 3.01 73.2 27.4 70.24 (a)

Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 7 0.38 1.52 0.62 1.52 (c)

Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 7 8.8 96.8 33.1 85.9 (b)

Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 7 38.6 156 59.14 156 (c)

Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 7 0.015 0.049 0.03 0.05 (a)

Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 7 1.06 5.05 2.11 4.27 (b)

Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 7 0.27 0.31 0.28 0.31 (c)

Total Metals+

ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098.1 330.9 ND 2066.5 92.59 7 75.18 295.95 146.36 295.9 (c)

Bromine ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 6 7 6.14 7 (c)

Chlorine ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 7 90 130 102.14 125.6 (a)

Fluorine ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 7 5 25 16.57 25 (c)

Total Halogens+

ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 7 101 161 124.86 161.9 (a)

Formaldehyde** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 9.3 110 31.3 76.1 (b)

Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 12.05 15.2 13.8 15.47 (a)

Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 0.52 0.7 0.65 0.741 (a)

Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 80.57 81.44 81.14 81.61 (a)

Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 7 0.19 0.29 0.23 0.28 (a)

Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 7 0.01 0.021 0.02 0.022 (a)

HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 8033 8805 8487 8898 (a)

1

 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011.

2

 Minnesota. Sampling Occurred Between 8/13/2012 – 8/17/2012

3

 UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant.

Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level - Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level - Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do 

Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonparametric Statistics

* - Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed

** - See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehyde (pages 2-4)

HHV – High Heat Value

+

For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not 

totals across all samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not 

the summation of the values from separate sampling events.
6

Literary Sources1 OAQPS Databases1

Wood and Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal C&D Samples from Washington2

Compound Units

Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3

Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 10 0.6 16.6 4.47 11.3 (b)

Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 10 3.6 26.2 10.42 19.9 (a)

Beryllium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 10 0.03 0.17 0.088 0.2 (a)

Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 10 0.18 0.51 0.31 0.4 (a)

Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 10 5.51 46 16.27 34.6 (b)

Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 10 0.67 1.63 1.16 1.7 (a)

Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 10 3.8 26 10.60 20.1 (b)

Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 10 54.6 127 74.66 104.4 (b)

Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 10 0.019 0.143 0.06 0.1 (a)

Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 10 1.26 12.2 3.47 7.0 (b)

Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 3 0.60 0.6 0.60 *

Total Metals+

ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098.1 330.9 ND 2066.5 92.59 10 76.11 210.52 121.68 178.7 (a)

Bromine ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorine ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 10 179 1960 908.4 1725 (a)

Fluorine ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 4 37 47 43.25 **

Total Halogens+

ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 10 179 2007 925.7 1746 (a)

Formaldehyde*** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 29.0 130.0 61.1 108.4 (b)

Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 10 0.27 1.26 0.63 1.0 (a)

Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 10 0.14 0.731 0.49 0.7 (a)

HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 6820 7900 7271 7986 (a)

1

 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011.

2

 Washington. Sampling Occurred Between 3/21/2012 – 4/3/2012

3

 UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant.

Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level - Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level - Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do 

Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonparametric Statistics

* - Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed

** - Data set is too small to compute reliable statistics and estimates

*** - See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehyde (pages 2-4)

HHV – High Heat Value

+

For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not 

totals across all samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not 

the summation of the values from separate sampling events.
7

Literary 

Sources1 OAQPS Databases1

Wood and 

Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal

C&D Samples from Massachusetts2

Compound Units

Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3

Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 5 2 2 2.00 *

Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 60 0.94 220 63.72 187.8 (b)

Beryllium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 5 0.2 0.2 0.2 *

Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 30 0.39 0.41 0.4 0.4 (c)

Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 60 0.49 240 69.38 179 (c)

Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 5 0.78 0.8 0.79 0.8 (a)

Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 60 2 280 43.75 129 (c)

Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 5 31 80 57.8 91 (a)

Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 60 0.07 0.58 0.1 0.08 (a)

Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 5 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.99 (a)

Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 5 0.78 1.0 0.87 1.0 (a)

Total Metals+

ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098.1 330.9 ND 2066.5 92.59 60 8.01 466.4 182.4 460.3 (b)

Bromine ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorine ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 20 47 178 104.32 160.6 (a)

Fluorine ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 30 10 38 20.21 31.48 (b)

Total Halogens+

ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 30 13.3 194.6 89.75 175.2 (c)

Formaldehyde** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 30 9.12 31.9 18.2 25.31 (a)

Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 30 0.49 1.5 0.76 1.062 (b)

Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 30 0.08 0.21 0.11 0.16 (c)

Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 30 0.14 0.19 0.17 0.18 (c)

HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 30 5468 7713 6788.8 7483 (a)

1

 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011.

2

 Massachusetts. Sampling Occurred Between 4/2007 – 5/2007

3

 UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant.

Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level - Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level - Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do 

Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonparametric Statistics

* - Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed

** - See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehyde (pages 2-4)

HHV – High Heat Value

+

For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not 

totals across all samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not 

the summation of the values from separate sampling events.
8

Literary 

Sources1 OAQPS Databases1

Wood and 

Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal

C&D Samples from New York2

Compound Units

Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% 

UPL3

Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 -- -- -- -- --

Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 137 0.10 110.06 11.94 31.64 (b)

Beryllium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 -- -- -- -- --

Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 78 0.00 1.77 0.23 0.523 (c)

Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 139 0.20 127.01 23.47 58.44 (b)

Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 -- -- -- -- --

Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 139 0.4 261.4 26.23 63.52 (b)

Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 -- -- -- -- --

Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 61 0.005 0.31 0.09 0.24 (c)

Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 -- -- -- -- --

Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 -- -- -- -- --

Total Metals+

ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098 330.9 ND 2066.5 92.59 139 0.94 328 61.6 145 (b)

Bromine ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorine ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 138 145 9940 1097.7 1710 (c)

Fluorine ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 8 38 659 283.63 584.9 (a)

Total Halogens+

ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 138 145 9940 1113 1720 (c)

Formaldehyde** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 140 3.90 38.5 19.68 31.26 (b)

Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 140 1.37 20 6.11 10.84 (b)

Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 -- -- -- -- --

Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 139 0.02 0.288 0.10 0.191 (c)

HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 140 6662.7 11699 8408.87 9213 (c)

1

 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011.

2

 New York. Sampling Occurred Between 06/2002 – 05/2012. All values reported as Dry Basis.

3

 UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant.

Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level - Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level - Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do 

Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonparametric Statistics

* - Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed

** - See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehyde (pages 2-4)

HHV – High Heat Value

+

For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not 

totals across all samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not 

the summation of the values from separate sampling events.
9

Literary Sources1 OAQPS Databases1

Wood and Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal C&D Samples from Maine2

Compound Units

Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3

Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 -- -- -- -- --

Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 22 1.2 70.0 19.94 53.86 (b)

Beryllium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 -- -- -- -- --

Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 -- -- -- -- --

Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 15 2.0 311.0 82.13 352.4 (b)

Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 -- -- -- -- --

Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 35 2.0 451.0 126.8 312.4 (c)

Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 -- -- -- -- --

Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 14 0.04 0.27 0.14 0.31 (b)

Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 -- -- -- -- --

Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 15 0.4 1.3 0.76 1.11 (a)

Total Metals+

ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098.1 330.9 ND 2066.5 92.59 35 13.76 597 174.9 426.9 (b)

Bromine ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Chlorine ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 -- -- -- -- --

Fluorine ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 -- -- -- -- --

Total Halogens ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 -- -- -- -- --

Formaldehyde** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 -- -- -- -- --

Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 -- -- -- -- --

HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

1

 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011.

2

 Maine. Sampling Occurred Between 2001 – 2008. 

3

 UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant.

Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level - Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level - Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do 

Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonparametric Statistics

* - Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed

** - See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehyde (pages 2-4)

HHV – High Heat Value

+

For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not 

totals across all samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not 

the summation of the values from separate sampling events.
10

Literary 

Sources

1 OAQPS Databases1

Wood and 

Biomass Wood and Biomass Coal

Compilation of C&D All Datasets2

Compound Units

Min. Max Min. Max Avg. Min. Max Avg. No. Min. Max Avg. 90% UPL3

Antimony (Sb) ppm ND 26 ND 6.0 0.9 ND 6.9 1.7 22 0.17 16.6 2.6 6.942 (b)

Arsenic (As) ppm ND 6.8 ND 298 6.3 ND 174 8.2 236 0.10 220 26.12 67.06 (b)

Beryllium (Be) ppm -- -- ND 10 0.3 ND 206 1.9 22 0.008 0.2 0.088 0.2 (c)

Cadmium (Cd) ppm ND 3 ND 17 0.6 ND 19 0.6 125 0.00 1.773 0.27 0.401 (c)

Chromium (Cr) ppm ND 130 ND 340 5.9 ND 168 13.4 231 0.20 311 39.01 99.97 (b)

Cobalt (Co) ppm ND 24 ND 213 6.5 ND 25.2 6.9 22 0.38 1.63 0.9 1.527 (b)

Lead (Pb) ppm ND 340 ND 229 4.5 ND 148 8.7 251 0.4 451 44.01 103.1 (b)

Manganese (Mn) ppm 7.9 840 ND 15800 302 ND 512 26.2 22 31.0 156 65.89 103.6 (b)

Mercury (Hg) ppm ND 0.2 ND 1.1 0.03 ND 3.1 0.09 152 0.005 0.58 0.09 0.182 (c)

Nickel (Ni) ppm ND 540 ND 175 2.8 ND 730 21.5 22 0.98 12.2 2.47 4.789 (c)

Selenium (Se) ppm ND 2 ND 9.0 1.1 ND 74.3 3.4 30 0.27 1.3 0.65 1.0 (a)

Total Metals+

ppm 7.9 1912 ND 17098.1 330.9 ND 2066.5 92.59 251 0.94 597.0 111.0 278.2 (b)

Bromine ppm -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 6 7 6.14 7 (c)

Chlorine ppm ND 2600 ND 5400 259 ND 9080 992 175 47 9940 993 1640 (c)

Fluorine ppm ND 300 ND 128 32.4 ND 178 64.0 49 5 659 64.58 212.8 (c)

Total Halogens+

ppm ND 2900 ND 5528 291.4 ND 9258 1056 184 13.3 9940 889 1600 (c)

Formaldehyde** ppm 1.6 27.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- 17 9.3 130.0 48.84 107.4

Moisture wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 177 3.9 38.5 19.2 29.7 (b)

Ash wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 177 0.49 20 4.99 10.22 (c)

Volatile Matter wt % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 80.57 81.44 81.14 81.61 (a)

Nitrogen wt % 0.02 3.95 0.22 0.46 0.346 13.6 54.0 15.1 47 0.08 1.26 0.24 0.644 (c)

Sulfur wt % ND 0.87 ND 0.61 0.070 0.74 61.3 13.6 186 0.01 0.731 0.13 0.202 (c)

HHV Btu/lb -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 187 5468 11699 8091 9167 (c)

1

 EPA Letter "Contaminant Concentrations in Traditional Fuels: Tables for Comparison." November 29, 2011.

2

 Minnesota. Sampling Occurred Between 8/13/2012 – 8/17/2012; Washington. Sampling Occurred Between 3/21/2012 – 4/3/2012; Massachusetts. Sampling Occurred Between 

4/2007 – 5/2007; New York. Sampling Occurred Between 06/2002 – 05/2012; Maine. Sampling Occurred Between 2001 – 2008.

3

 UPL, or Upper Prediction Limit, based on the type of distribution that best fit the data for the contaminant.

Notes: (a) Data appear Normal at 5% Significance Level - Used Normal Statistics; (b) Data appear Lognormal at 5% Significance Level - Used Lognormal Statistics; (c) Data Do 

Not Follow a Discernable Distribution at 5% Significance Level - Used Nonparametric Statistics

* - Only one distinct observation value in the data set, resulting in "0" variance. Therefore, no statistical analysis can be performed

** - See above discussion of volatile organics from clean wood in comparison to C&D wood formaldehyde (pages 2-4)

HHV – High Heat Value

+

For C&D samples: Total Min., Total Max, Total Avg., and Total 90% UPL are the total minimum, maximum, average and UPL from individual sampling events, and are not 

totals across all samples. Thus, for example, the total maximum value for total metals will represent the maximum summation of values from a single sampling event, and are not 

the summation of the values from separate sampling events.