J-S38043-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN RE: ADOPTION OF T.S.

APPEAL OF: P.G., JR., NATURAL

FATHER

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IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 367 WDA 2018

Appeal from the Order Entered February 28, 2018

in the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County

Orphans’ Court at No(s): 44 Adopt 2017

BEFORE: BOWES, NICHOLS, and STRASSBURGER,* JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED JULY 20, 2018

P.G., Jr. (Father) appeals from the order entered February 28, 2018, in

the Court of Common Pleas of Fayette County, which terminated involuntarily

his parental rights to his minor son, T.S., born in May 2016. We affirm.

Child’s biological parents are Father and M.S. (Mother).1 Fayette

County Children and Youth Services (CYS) became involved at Child’s birth

because Mother tested positive for drugs. Mother was arrested four days after

Child’s birth for a parole violation, and she was incarcerated in the Allegheny

County Jail. At that time, she made arrangements with a friend to care for

Child upon his discharge from the hospital. Child was discharged two weeks

after his birth to that friend. However, two days later, that friend cancelled a

medical appointment for Child, and CYS obtained an order for emergency

protective custody of Child. Child was adjudicated dependent on May 25, ____________________________________________ * Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1

In November 2017, Mother voluntarily terminated her parental rights to

Child.
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2016, and was placed with his maternal grandmother, C.K., and step- grandfather. Child was not placed with Father because Father was

incarcerated.

Father is currently 37 years old and has a lengthy criminal history. He

has been in jail for all but 7 months since he was 19 years old. He is currently

serving a 2 1⁄2 to 5 year term of incarceration for robbery. His maximum

sentence expires on July 25, 2018.2

Upon Child’s adjudication, CYS caseworker, Leigh Ann David, sent a

family service plan (FSP) to Father. Father was required to, inter alia, “register

for and participate in and successfully complete parenting classes,” “[s]ubmit

to all requests for drug tests,” and “sign any and all releases for providers and

agencies that he’s been involved with for treatment.” N.T., 2/28/2018, at 5.

Father also had a series of goals to complete upon his release from

incarceration. According to CYS, Father was not cooperative with participating

in programs while incarcerated, has not responded to mail sent by CYS, and

has only sent one letter, in February 2017, to Child.

Thus, on May 26, 2017, CYS filed petitions to terminate the parental

rights to Child of both Mother and Father. A hearing was held initially on

____________________________________________

2 Father is serving the maximum due to his having left a halfway house without

permission upon being paroled initially.
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November 20, 2017.3 That hearing was continued until February 28, 2018.

At that hearing, the orphans’ court heard testimony from David, C.K., Father, and paternal grandmother.4

According to David, at the time of the hearing, Father had still not

participated in an approved parenting class while incarcerated. Days before

the hearing, David received a letter that Father had been participating in an

“inmate[-]run group” as of December 6, 2017. N.T., 2/28/2018, at 6. In

addition, Father had completed a number of “programs” prior to Child’s birth.

Id. David testified that Father had not signed any releases for records

regarding any mental health or drug treatment programs he may have

attended. Id. at 8. Furthermore, Father did not correspond with CYS when

requested.

Father testified that he regularly inquired of C.K. about Child’s welfare.

Father claimed he did not send any gifts to Child because C.K. did not respond

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3 That transcript is not part of the certified record. However, according to CYS,

“Father started to voluntarily terminate his parental rights on November 20,

2017, the same date that [M]other did. However, during his testimony,

[F]ather had a change of heart and the court permitted him to withdraw his

voluntary termination and to contest the matter.” CYS’s Brief at 4.

4 At both the hearing and on appeal, Child has been represented by a guardian

ad litem (GAL). The GAL agrees with the orphans’ court that “[t]ermination

of parental rights of [Father] is in the best interest of [Child].” GAL’s Brief at

6 (unnumbered). This Court has held that a child’s right to counsel pursuant

to 23 Pa.C.S. § 2313, is satisfied by a lawyer serving as a GAL if there is no

conflict between a child’s best and legal interests, which is the case when a

child is unable to express a preferred outcome. In re D.L.B., 166 A.3d 322,

329 (Pa. Super. 2017). Here, Child was not quite two years old at the time of

the hearing. Thus, there was no such conflict.
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to his letters. With regard to CYS, Father testified that he doesn’t “trust”

David. Id. at 29. He claimed that David “didn’t really like” him and “kept

trying to get [him] to sign over [his] rights voluntarily.” Id. Therefore, he

refused to correspond with her. Father also testified that he had successfully

completed drug and alcohol classes and had also completed “parenting classes

that you don’t receive a certificate from.” Id. at 31. Father also testified that

he had signed the releases. Id. at 33. Father acknowledged that he has not

“had a chance to even meet” Child yet, but believes that if his rights are not

terminated, he will “get to see [Child] more.” Id. at 33.

Additionally, C.K. testified about her relationship with Child. Child calls

her “Mum” and her husband, “DaDa.” Id. at 23. She maintains a good

relationship with paternal grandmother,5 and testified that if the orphans’

court permits her to adopt Child, she would still continue to maintain contact

with Father and his family.6 Id. at 24. Moreover, C.K. testified that Father

sent a letter to her in July 2016 where Father asked her to give Child to

paternal grandmother. Id. at 23.

Based on the foregoing, on February 28, 2018, the orphans’ court

entered a decree terminating Father’s parental rights to Child. Father timely

filed a notice of appeal along with a concise statement of errors complained

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5 Paternal grandmother also testified at the hearing and confirmed that she

and C.K. maintained a positive relationship.

6

In fact, C.K. testified that as “long as [Father is] clean and sober,” and even

while he is incarcerated, she would permit him to contact Child even if she

adopts Child. N.T., 2/28/2018, at 24, 25.
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of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i). The orphans’ court filed an

opinion on April 24, 2018.

On appeal, Father asks this Court to review whether the record contains

sufficient evidence to sustain CYS’s burden of proof. Father’s Brief at 3. We address this issue mindful of our standard of review.

The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases

requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact and

credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported

by the record. If the factual findings are supported, appellate

courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law

or abused its discretion. A decision may be reversed for an abuse

of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest

unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial

court’s decision, however, should not be reversed merely because

the record would support a different result. We have previously

emphasized our deference to trial courts that often have first-hand

observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings.

In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations and quotation marks

omitted).

Termination of parental rights is governed by Section 2511 of the

Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 2101-2938, which requires a bifurcated analysis.

Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party

seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing evidence

that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory grounds for

termination delineated in [subs]ection 2511(a). Only if the court

determines that the parent’s conduct warrants termination of his

or her parental rights does the court engage in the second part of

the analysis pursuant to [subs]ection 2511(b): determination of

the needs and welfare of the child .... In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted).
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In this case, the orphans’ court terminated Father’s parental rights

pursuant to subsections 2511(a)(2), (5), (8), and (b).7 We need only agree

with the court as to any one subsection of 2511(a) in order to affirm.8 In re

B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc). Here, we analyze

the court’s decision to terminate under subsection 2511(a)(2), which provides

as follows.

(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child may

be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following

grounds: ***

(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,

neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child

to be without essential parental care, control or

subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well- being and the conditions and causes of the incapacity, ____________________________________________

7 Father makes no effort to challenge the termination of his parental rights

pursuant to subsection 2511(b) in the argument section of his brief.

Therefore, we conclude that Father waived any challenge to subsection

2511(b), and we focus solely on subsection 2511(a). See In re M.Z.T.M.W., 163 A.3d 462, 465-66 (Pa. Super. 2017) (holding that the appellant waived

any challenge to subsections 2511(a)(2) and (5) by failing to develop an

argument in her brief, and by conceding that the agency presented clear and

convincing evidence).

8 We note that the orphans’ court erred by concluding that Father’s parental

rights could be terminated under subsections (a)(5) and (8). Both of these

subsections require that the subject child has “been removed from the care of

the parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement with an agency” in

order to be applicable. 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(5), (8). Because Child was never

in Father’s care due to his incarceration, and therefore was not removed from

Father’s care, his parental rights cannot be terminated under those

subsections. See In re C.S., 761 A.2d 1197, 1200 (Pa. Super. 2000) (en

banc) (concluding that termination was inappropriate under subsections

2511(a)(5) and (8) “because the record reflects that C.S. was never in [the

a]ppellant’s care and, therefore, could not have been removed from his care”).
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abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be

remedied by the parent.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2).

In order to terminate parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.[]

§ 2511(a)(2), the following three elements must be met: (1)

repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal; (2)

such incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal has caused the child to

be without essential parental care, control or subsistence

necessary for his physical or mental well-being; and (3) the

causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will

not be remedied.

In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1272 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation

omitted). “The grounds for termination due to parental incapacity that cannot

be remedied are not limited to affirmative misconduct. To the contrary, those

grounds may include acts of refusal as well as incapacity to perform parental

duties.” In re A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326, 337 (Pa. Super. 2002) (citations

omitted). We also bear in mind that our Supreme Court has clarified the

extent to which an orphans’ court may rely upon a parent’s incarceration when

terminating parental rights. In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817 (Pa. 2012).

It is now settled that “a parent’s incarceration is relevant to the [sub]section

(a)(2) analysis and, depending on the circumstances of the case, it may be

dispositive of a parent’s ability to provide the ‘essential parental care, control

or subsistence’ that the section contemplates.” In re A.D., 93 A.3d 888, 897

(Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted).

Father contends that even though “he failed to complete his goal plan,

he utilized the limited resources that were available at the prison and sought
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to maintain a bond with [Child] during his incarceration.” Father’s Brief at 15.

However, as the orphans’ court concludes, “[t]his case is deeper than just an

instance of an incarcerated parent.” Orphans’ Court Opinion, 4/24/2018, at 7.

Father has been imprisoned consistently for his entire adulthood. As

recounted by David at the hearing, Appellant pled guilty in 2002 to robbery of

a motor vehicle and was sentenced to 31⁄2 to 7 years of incarceration. N.T.,

2/28/2018, at 10. Since that time, he has either been convicted of or pled

guilty to receiving stolen property, fleeing, terroristic threats, simple assault,

intimidation of witnesses, theft, unauthorized use of a motor vehicle, and

accident involving death or injury. Id. at 11. His most recent charges,

possession of firearms and drug paraphernalia, occurred in 2013. Id. Moreover, as the orphans’ court points out, even when Father is released from

prison, he would not be prepared to parent Child.9

Upon release, Father would still have to find appropriate housing,

maintain employment, undergo mental health [evaluations], as

well as drug and alcohol evaluations, and complete parenting

classes. Given his recidivist record of crime and spending nearly

half of his life behind bars, [the orphans’ court] finds and so holds

that the best interest of [Child] is to not prolong permanency.

Orphans’ Court Opinion, 4/24/2018, at 4.

The orphans’ court’s conclusions are supported by the record, and we

discern no error or abuse of discretion. The record confirms that Father is

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9 At the hearing, Father essentially acknowledged that he is not interested in

parenting Child; rather, he “just want[s] to be in [Child’s] life.” N.T.,

2/28/2018, at 33. He testified that he is contesting CYS’s petition because he

believes if he “fight[s], [he will] get to see him more.” Id.
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incapable of parenting Child now and in the foreseeable future, and that Father

cannot or will not remedy his parental incapacity. Father has been

incarcerated almost continuously during his adult life. Father has never acted

as a parent for Child at any point in his life, and it is clear that Father will not

be able to act as Child’s parent at any point in the foreseeable future. As this

Court has stated, “a child’s life cannot be held in abeyance while a parent

attempts to attain the maturity necessary to assume parenting

responsibilities. The court cannot and will not subordinate indefinitely a child’s

need for permanence and stability to a parent’s claims of progress and hope

for the future.” In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 513 (Pa. Super.

2006). Moreover, the orphans’ court was well within its discretion when it

relied on Father’s repeated periods of incarceration, as well as his apparent

incorrigibility, as its principal reasons for terminating his parental rights. In

re Adoption of W.J.R., 952 A.2d 680, 687 (Pa. Super. 2008) (affirming trial

court’s determination that the father’s “repeated pattern of criminal activity

and his failure to comply with his FSP goals satisfies the requisites of

incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal of the parent”).

Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the orphans’ court did not

abuse its discretion by terminating Father’s parental rights to Child

involuntarily. Therefore, we affirm the court’s February 28, 2018 order.

Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 7/20/2018