REF ID:A273704 ,. 

This Document is the property of the .United States 

G6vernment and may not be used for other than 

official purposes. NSA/CSS Regulation No. 60-7 

10 December 1974 

Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 09-13-2013 pursuantto E .0. 1352\3 
REF ID:A273704 

··., 

From 1; 1e Cryplolopic History Collection 

Date · 7//tt-!Z_? - . ' ' . . . . =ll:d. ·-;~;, 
REF ID:A273704 

Index 

Introduction 

I !I D E X 

~. eo.t. 'f1H 

Pl'Uent. atatua o! product.ion 

o.~. ot Uteot.1.V'8ftNa 

•11ho inftAt;.ed 'Iba~· 

'!be QMeUoa of SMu:ritT 

~ 

Hebem Cipha lfacb1M 

lfaV Yard Model.a 

!be Man I ICM 

'Die Coat1"'1but.ion ~ tho Signal Co:ope 

!he Jlal'k II !CM 

nm Pilat. 1iodel 

Seo [IM Pilot. Madill 

1h1Z'd Pilot lfodel 

Altc-atiOM 

~ 

t.o Pl'oduct1on Model• 

ri.Mft01al Imeat.Mnt 

Bek !epai:r Faoil.1 t.1ea 

Cod• Wheel W1?'iDc 

Di.vibut.1.oa 

twe f8 Sat• Loakv 

Joint. Arrq laY7 Pollq re ECM 

Patent.a 

Deatruot.ioc 1n !MJ"PftC7 

Coaeltceioft 

l-a 

l 

l 

2 

2 

H 

,_., 

1-a 

' 10-14 

l.S-16 

17 

l8 

19 

19-2]. 

21-22 

22 

23 

23-24 

21r2' 

26 

26 

Zl-28 

28 

28 
~ 

In rrpl1 refer to lnitit<l• 

and No.. 

REF ID:A273704 

NAVY DEPARTMENT 

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF NAVAL OPERATIONS 

WASHINGTON 

&lbJt lliat.o17 ot mention aad OeTelo~ of the llU'k II ICM. 

l. The Mark II IOI ia 1a ~ direct line of nolution of the Het>ern Cipher •&OMn• an4 lf&l'k I EC11, and inegrporat.ea cr,.pWgraphic prlnoipl. .. aad 

..obanieal tMt.urea found in thee• Jl&Ohin... It.a de.elepaent. OOTer.d a period 

ot \went.7 ,....n (1921-1940, incl.) and wu apouored aatl timnee4 b7 the laYT 

Departaent. Our J'M01'da ahow cwHloi-ct. eoata u toU.OW. t 

h.chin• . • Yean I Total Coe\ 

I t 

Bebena Ciphv Kacibine9 I 1921-1932 (inol.) 1 I .s1 ,3'0.oo 

t t 

Waahiaghla Ji&TT Ya.rd llodela I 19~19'.0 (incl.) I 24,000.00 

I ' Kark I ECK (Teletn- Corp.) , 1931. , 50.ooo.oo 

I I 

KU'S II ECM: (Telet.tpe Coiep.) l 1931-1940 (inal.) l 122,ooo.oo 

f I 

MA l.921-19!,Q (incl.) l 125'.j6§.oo 

Thia repr•ea.t.a a dnel.ojWDt coat ot 8l.i&btJ.T OTeJ" $2' p_. aachin•, oa th• 

bui• o! the io.o6o Jilark II ~ now bull\ and. on order, or authorised. 

2. The pneent nat.u ot t.he K.ark II !CK a u toll.ou s 

St.&\ua t Jl&!l Machin .. I Aftl Kach.in• Total )l[achinM 

I I 

Dellnred \o date I 3,370 I l,180 I 4,550 

I I • DH on ora.r a .3,3«> I 642 4,on 

i • I 

Cclltr&O'U beiq negot.i&t.cl 1 • 1,488 t 1,488 

t s 

MAL I &,750 3.310 10,060 

The J.:nq obt.&illed it.a tint. )22 Bal.8 --b7 requiait.iona on ta. l'fa'YJ' Departaent.. 

Sub8equen~ J.n.T auhin .. were procured direoU, troa the TelRJP9 Corporation 

on indepmd~ coatraet.a. in compliance 'lfith BuShips 2nd Endorserr,ent, Serial 

1471, of 8 September 1941. 

-i· 
REF ID:A27"37ff4 

GECRElJ 

3. The Mark II ECK (CSP 888-8.89) was made effective as the Navy's primary 

cryptographic syatem, as follows: 

Atlantic Waters 

Joint Army-Navy 

Asiatic Waters 

Pacific Waters 

World Wide .. 

- . July 1, 1941 

August 1, 1941 

November 20,. 1941 

January 10, 1942 

January 10, 1942 

Tt\e Cell (modified ECM (c.5P 1600 and 1700) became effective between the U.S. and 

Canadian Navies on October 1, 1-943. It will become effective between the U.S. 

and British Navies about December 1, 1943, and fpr Combined (U.S.-British; ArmyNavy-Air Force) use about July 1, 1944. 

4. Secret; patent applications for the Mark II ECIL, being prepared by the 

Office of the Judge. Advocate General, include the following items: 

(a) Invented by Lieut. Comdr. Donald W. Seiler while serving at the 

Washington Navy Yard. 

(1) "Index Maze." 

{2) Circuits .(and resistances) for 115-volt DC, 115-volt AC, or 

2.4.-volt DC (battery) ope!ation - !!!-. option. 

(3) Phergeney Hand Drive Gear. 

(4) Automatie Word Spacer, wherein lfZ" is substituted for "space" 

and J'X" for "Z" upon eneipherment; and "space" prints as "space" 

and "Z" as "X" on decipherment. 

(5) ••zeroizer Switch." 

(b) InTented b Ca tain Lauranc.e F. Safford Na De artment. 

(c) 

1 "Stepping Circuits" with the grouping of end contacts in the 

"Stepping Maze" and in "Index Maze, 11 the utilization of 30 

out of .)2.. possible stepping combinations in the "Alphabet Maze, 11 

and any: variations thereof. 

(2) Three-way: "Plain-Encipher-Decipher" Gang Switch. 

(J) Code-wheel Setting Circuits (involving the "Zeroizer Switch"). 

(4) "ZeroiZ.:ing Circuits" (involving the "Zeroizer Switch"). 

Invented by the TeletYJ?E! Corporation. 

{l) Printer. -

(2) Triggering Action o! printer magnets and stepping magnets. 

(J) Circuits for "parallel operation." 

(4) Automatic Group Spacer. 

One essential feature (electric control ~means of the "S~in~ Maze") is 

covered by Secret Patent Application li.70~, "dated March 23, 193 , in -the name 

of W. F. Friedman and F. B. Rowlett, with complete assignment to the Secretary 

of War on April 2, 1936. Many of the details o.f the Mark II ECM were taken over 

bodily from the Mark I and are covered by Secret Patent Application #2JJ6040, 

dated 4 Kay 1938, or by various patents held by the Teletype Corporation. Other 

details were copied from the Hebern Cipher Machine. 

-2-
REF ID:A273704 

The Cj,\&fftion o! Security 

s. The quut.ion ot aecurit1 1a of lnPedj•t• importance bec&iae o! looe• 

t.alk th&\ ha.a bMn circulated 1n th• Na'"f7 Dep&r1:.IMat with conaequent leHening 

ot con.tidenc• 1n our priJ&arJ' cryptograj:bic ayat.ea. Th• c oocept. ot a "maohin• 

aol\1'\ion" haa not. beell acccapanied by the invCltion ot th• If.chin•." A atud,y 

ot the oryptogra.phio teat.urea ot' the llarlc II ECM expoaee the ta.l.l&ey o! thia 

t..h1nk1ng. 

6. It. wq be taken !or granted that the "bi&h-gn.de" ciphers o! AZl'f ujor 

power will ottv tr•mdoua reei.ri.anoe to ~oal attack; W<J that 

a cerl.ain uount. ot aiaua• and oocuion.al capture JllU8t h. urt.icipated. 

"HJ.&h-grade" .,..t.,. tall into tour cat.egoriu, in uceadin.c order of eecurl tr, .. tollon: 

I. Ciphera capable ot purel.J' anal.Ttio.al. aolut..ion without prior 

knowl~ ot the •T8t• and ld.thout. poueeeion ot 81'17 ot th• 

phJeical elAurlt.a. Sub9equent. 1olutiona become progHea1vel7 

tut.fl' aa "teomiqu•"' 1s develo~ until current mNH.gM can 

be ~ wit.h little dela;r. if• know the8• oiJ,tlera b7 our own 

MlutioM. W• &l.ao know that t.h• met.hoda o! solution "'°uld 

be t.ot..all7 1.ne.t!ect.ua.l a&ainet. the Vark II EQf or CCll. 

II. Cipban 'llboee kaJ1l are caJ)Qble ~r analytieal solution, under 

t.he condition that the 80.M ko7 is uned tor two mesaa.gea Md 

tbe general S1St• 1a known. Th• t: .S. Navy "One-Ti.M-Pad" and 

th• "T•l•t.tpe Scrambler" (CSP 151.5) fall in t.hia cate.&017. 

'fbe7 a.t!o.rd at.olut.• MCUrit7 PJ"?Yided duplication o! lce7 can 

be &Toidad. The Vark ll 30i and CCM do not h&Te this weaknea•. 

Ill. Cipher. ldloa• keys aan b'9 •olTed and MHagea rud, 11' given 

t'\lll knowledge o! th• a19t..1, poe•eeaion of the pbrllic.U 

•l...nu (but not th• U,-.), and an adequate number ot interoepUd .... &I... (R.epl.&oaaen1. of the compromi.sed elell!enta 

wo.Ud, ot aoune, c~~ blook aubeequent solution.a.) We 

h&Tii an ex.aapl• in a 1179t- whoa• •olution has t>.«l deecribed 

a.a "the li.te blood ot our wa.r et.tort." Th• CQl otttn<a far 

great.er aecurit;r under th•• conditione than th• a.hove ~:ratem: 

aolut.ion o! dail,r k.,.a would be a aatter ot week.a rather than 

houn, and sight well prOTe 1-po9a ible. ~ !lark II Eel! will 

wit.hat.And attack under thee• conditions. 

rv. Ciphera whioh cannot. be eolved, rega.rdleeo of oompromiae o! 

~io.al el...rt.a, 8Q lon6 u the dail,y kttys Are not captured. 

TM Wark II .!!:CM i.e the only current. eyat- ror which this can 

be guare.nteed. Th• liark I Ka: approx:Uaated this s4K!Urity in 

theoJ'7 but. other conaidfl"!ltioo.t1 lD&d• ite "pra.ctionl ~e-ourlty" 

i ... t.han t.JlAt o! the Cel4. 

-.3-
REF ID:A273704 

GECRE-U7. Th• uourit.r o! the Mark II EC'..t depen~ on the following !saturea, in 

combin&tioni 

(a) Suttici.rt. nuaber o! code whecsla in th• a.au to generate an a.atronoa1.a&l nusber ot "alphabet." and "•t.arting point.." Th• !1v.-.h•el mas• 

Of the ECJl and CCW giYU ll,88J.,J76 &lph.abeU for each &rrang•ent Of 

cod• wheel.a. A three-wheel sase, b7 ClOtltrs.st, g1 vu only 17, 576. 

(b) Use ot 10 reversible code wheel.a 1n & set instead o! & leaan n'WDber 

ot non-rnereibl• wheel.8. Thll £1Tn 967 ,600 poeaible wheel ord•n, 

u coapar9d with 12J !or & riTal •y•t..11 making "tri.Al-and-..rror11 

aolut.iona llipraoticable i! not impoeeibl•. Th• CCX alao ha. 10 

r..,..nible code wheel.a per aet. 

( o) Use of erratic •t•ppin.g of code wheels wte&d of "Jleter" or "modi!ied 

aeter" action to !Ull.1 exploi\ th• potentialiti.. ot th• Heb•rn "Yase," 

block & knmm method ot anai,tic&l aolution, and prevent Aahort-eut." 

aolutiom wit.h captured code whffu. 

( d) Stepping ot the a.lphabet. mu• controlled b1 an independent a ouroe. 

Thi• teat~ u r•trioted to the }(ark II EO&, th• obaclet• Jlark I Eel!, 

and an ex:perlaent.&l Sign&l Corpe Cipher Machine. 

(•) Uae of & multiplieity o! stepping action• (5,855), dependant eol~lz 

on th• kex, i.nlltead o! onl,r one aa 1n other .rnchine•. Thi.a !eatur• 

put.a th• liLark II ECM in a olaaa by ii.eel!. The onlJ" ccapetitor u the 

uperiaent.al Sig:IulJ. Corpa 111achine with 120 at.pping actione. 

(t) B.eplicatioA o! code-wheel •riJl-bot.h "e!teotiv•" and "resen•"-with 

pro.pt change o! code whee.a 1Jl C£a• o! known ccspro.miae, and periodic 

ohanp - juat t.o pla7 aa.!e. Thi.a i.s .m add.d faotor of ea!e-ty th&t 

•hould diop-9ll any lingering dO\Wt.a a.a to th• absolute nouritr ot our 

ECM ciphen. 

8. With regard to the cl&Ula advanced !or th• alleged neo~aity o! a plugboa.rd, th• following nidence ia ottered. in rebutt.&.l.1 

(a) Plug-boarda were given due conaideration and d.i.scJ.rded !or r•aaona of 

securit7 and rellabillt7 be!ore the tint pilot JOOdol had re£Ched the 

blu9-print. at&u. The aame effect was obtained in other Wll)"S. 

(b) Plug-boa.rd.a have not prevented the initial solutiona o! six different 

cipher ma.chines on 1'hiah uaed and have g:i:ven 10 llttl~ delay to 

•uhatKlu.ftt solutions thll.t the :1n!onn.ation wu rrred b.ot. K U.isplaced 

con!i!Mnc• 1n the plug-board b•gu.U~d th• invent.on into 11topping 

•hon of ~ally effective cryptographic JUtaaure•. 

( c) Th• increa.aed labor o! solution i.e parti.&11.r offset by the inconTenienc• to the ua•r9. 

( d) Errora in plugging ban led to direct ce«proin.ia• of the kay, t-0 aay 

nothing of the effect on reliabilit7 ot ooml2UniQ~~1ons. 

Th• diaa.dTant.ag .. o! the plug-board greatly outlfeigh 1ta ad.vantagea and ab~•nce 

o! a. plug-board ia a point of superiority !or th• lUu-k II :KCll. 

-4-
REF ID:A273704 

GECRElJ 

Hebem Cipher l4a.chil!!!. 

9. On 2 January 1923, a !3oard cunsisting o! Cowcander (now ,\dI;l.irlll) n. 5. 

Ingersoll, Co~er (now Vice Admiral) Ru81ell iilll.son, a.r.U lleu1.. Cottdr. 

(now Rear Adllliro.l) fl. W. Siiith awt to .tnveaU~a.t.e !And report on the ad.opt.ion 

ot Ule Hebern 1:1phor llachine \Jy the U.S. Ilavy. The Bo~ ex.a.mi11ed. aevoral 

aodela, including & 5-<.:o<le-wheel r.on;μrinUr.g machine and n one-wheel .n~hin• 

eleotriov.l.J.J' coupled to a star.d~d typewriter. The Eoartl reported: 

"Mr. Hebern, the inventor or tho 1!'..&ch.1.ne, has been in touch 

with the o!fioera o! the Code ar.d Signal .3ecW.on :..'or two years 

or mere, haa recaived '*lloouragsent. iro:a the Code dlld Sig.al 

S.otJ.on that. hia a&Ghine oight ultJ.&a.tel,;r be Of 5<.lb¥l UH to 

t.he Nav / and also haa received su"est.ions and as.1i1tanoe !rOIA 

th• N&VJ' Dep&rUaent that mad- it. po1a1ble tor h.1r.i t..o devel.op 

b1a whine troa one ol ver;r doubt.tul Houri ty to its preaent 

atate o! prac t.icaJ.. pcuri t.y."' 

10. Th• BoU'd N4.Qlll!•r.dad. t.h&t the rie~m llachine be not purcnaaed unloea 

turt.her iaproyementa were ,_de. nus Board a.leo recoalendt9d t.l1ut r.o sUtpe be 

taken to1'ards coupling tho cipher ruchin• with the tu.letn>e until. a •ati ... taotocy mach..ine had been developed. The reocmmendations ot the Board W1Cre 

appro•ed by the Secntary of' the H&VT on 18 JIJS\u~ 192J, a.r.d t.he Bw-ua.u ot 

ingineering waa directed "to lll&k• an agreement, or c:ontract, with the Hebern 

Electric Code Company, Inc., ot Oakland, California, to develop two electric 

printing cipher machin•o to fultull Navy requircant•." Thtl sum or 650,000.00 

wa• set up in Ute Bureau o! Engineering 1925 Irudget !or th• purchaa• ot 

eleetrie cipher maob1naa, provided th• pilot mod.els proved eatiefact.ocy. 

ll. The "91.lggttetiona and aui1t.ince !root the ~vy .Jepartment" re!erred t.o 

above larr;el7 came trom Mrs. i)riscoll (then 1'1.sa Agnee 1'eyer) who was servint; 

u technical aeeist.ant. t.o th• ut!icer-in-Chct.rg• o! the C<>c!e ztr.d Signal Section. 

12. T'ne p~•pt (dated 2 October 1922), report o! the Boaru (dtlt*<i 15 January 

l92J), am &pproval b7 See Nav (OP-20-G ltr. 90.<J-297:1, dated 18 JtlllUt1.l")' l92J) 

are tu~ oldest. ot.ricial ciocumenta on hand. \l4t also il&V• pamt>hleta iuued by 

t.he "if & H Patent :Jeveloμnent. Co.n 1n 19.20 and 1921, ohowint: the earlr onewheel deli•n1 machine, and by th• "Hebern Electric Code, .inc.," in 1925, s.howin& 

a. t.hree-wheel machl.ne aimi.lar to on• of tho print.er mc.xJ.els d@vesl.oped under 

the 1924 contruct. !~. Hebern h¥d been engaged 1n inventing oi.tiher maulUnea 

aince 1912. U.S. ?at...nt frl,l.4l,U55, dated 15 lilay 1915, covera a m~char.ical 

cipher a:achir.• ot hia invention. Th• !1r•t. electric cipher >nact11ne built by 

!Ar. Hebern (a. on-whelltl print.er) is now in the "luaeum.11 &t the C~ur.icaUcn 

.l!ln•x - a gi!t from. i..r. Hebern. 
REF ID:A273704 

GECREjJ-

~ ..... ·-

lJ. The •ubeequmt hist.oey of the develo;i::cent o! the 3leetric Cipher achi.n~ 

1n it.9 "Heb9m" •ta.&• 18 given in t.he tollowing ta.bul&t.ionz 

aCoat.l'&ot.:Nwaber oti 

Date : PfU!b!r ·:Machin• s 

1 Total t 

i Coat 

I 

3 AU&.I #6ll5' 

1924 ' 

I I 

I 

I 

Jul.T He 

1928 reoord 

I 

I 

7 Jun•• 11m; 1 

19):> I 

I 

I I 

I t 

t ' 

t 

I 

l 

a 

: 

r 

l .Feb. t g25436 

1932 

Oo\. No 

1939 1 record 

. . 

I 

t 

I 

t 

I 

1 

I 

2 

3l 

l 

2 

I 

:Double Tape 

1printer. 

1Power 

a operated. 

tDoubl• 

:t,n>nritar. 

tHend 

a operated. 

: (CSP 61'..Jt) 

:31zlclA 

r t.Jpewr iter. 

rHand • 

l 

: 

soperat.ed. r 

I (CSP 531+) t 

1.Sin&l• l i46' .500 

it.1'J)8W!"iter. ! 

rKand 1 

1operat.ed. 

s ( Ident.ical 

:with tho•• 

son Contract 

n11J798.) 

1(C:SP 534) 

:.Single 

: t.n-wz 1 ter. 

1Ponr 

a operated. 

I 

: 

r 

I 

l 

f 

I I 

z "CowneraiAl ii 1,.500 

s:iodel" • I 

I Con'Yert. ed to I 

sCSP ~.)4. 

sa.tt.cr 

:deli!'!Z· 

dlr, Hebern aubarltted t1110 or 

tthree d!.tterent model• under 

at.Ilia oont.ra.ot. but nono were 

• •attstaotory. Cont.r'lct. 

1oanoelled. on .3 !.larch 1927 

tbeeaua• ot non!ul!illment. 

1Kachinee t• tod. J anua.r;r - aApril 1929 by Navy Dept., 

1CINCUS, Cc:t!BATF!.T, and CCU 12. 

z 

t 

z~·'ilot model.a tested tr~ 

:J&maai"T - J\llle l?JO b7 ·~::; :'CJ 

rand Navy Dept. 

:Service tested in U.~. Flaet 

1Probl .. XIII (1932) and com1pletel,y "sold" the id~a o! 

1 eleot.l"ia a ipher .mclChin9fl to 

st.h• fleet. Th~se m:i.ehines 

: .. re recollect for "lt'"Odftmiz!!-

ztion" in 1936, ;..lfld roo&lnod 

tin •lll"rlce until 194.2. nwse 

Uno.chine• handlttd .ul. th• 

I important ll8H agM De t. ~n 

zth• NayY Dept. and ~i-!\Y,al_._.__ 

• ~..tt.:iche London.!~ .,ovuuwor 

;I9 Jll tO March l 9~ 1 1.nalus i va. 

1epr.!11.T Cont. Ltr. (~1cjr6-J(7,\ 

:dated 2J ~arch 19JJ adY1aed 

:~r "Th• •ubjact machine 

1hu been subjeoted to 

: t.horaugh test oiUld i• not. c nn-

: aidered suitable !or Hrv:lc• 

1use. n l.ir. Hebern wa.a not.:1 !isd 

s bT Bu.En& t.h&t the Havy hod no 

i !'urthor int.ereat ~"\ his :Ttac~ i. nit. 

s Purchased t.o supplement. U"le 

: , JO liebern machines still i:1 

: sorTi.ce. Thi' waa our la..Jt 

s t.r1UM1act.ion wit..~ 1:.r. iieb-:irn. 
REF ID:A273704 

U. 'nt• eh.ie! ditfiault.iea with the Heb4trn Cif'h-r M&chine were du• to 

aech&nic.t.l de!ici.nciu, parUoula.rly in t..he printer ani in t.he power drive. 

Th• eryptoiraphic !aature• wer.s capable o! 1.mprove1o16nt, but it lfae deoided 

in 1924 that the Na"'7 would £iv• Ur. Heb.rn no aore eugg•st.ioM which he 

could incorporate in machine• o!!•red !or ea.le to fo:re~n go·nrnment.a. It 

lf&8 panned to accept th• crypt.ographio !eatures "aa ia ard modi!y the 

.u.chinH !l!:!! delivery to give greater ~rent aecuri ty. Plans !or a 

.modi!ied meter action, TeT'J' ei.Jdl&r to wh&t 1a uaed tod6J" in certain !oreign 

cipher :aachinea, were prepared b,- aorael! in 1924 but never u,ed, due to nonacceptance o! Hebern'• earlier 11achinea. 

1.5. H.e~rn haa nev•r ~•ind adeqw.te reco~nae !or hie part in th• 

developcunt. o! ~ !lect.rio Cipher lilaohi.M. tie 1.a· the original inventor. 

He brought. hl.• machine to t?w at tent.ion o! the Xa-vr Departm~mt, built DUllll9rOU• 

.!IOdela, and b,r hl.1 p•rsnennee developed 1 t to the point where 1 t. almoS1t bec.ae 

a pract.ical aaohiM. Hebenl organized t.hre• or !our d.i.f'!erent eospaniH, 

which went ba.n.lcrupt 1n turn. He lived in poverty, ard during auch ot t.h1.a 

period waa aupported b7 hi.a wi.to who ran a boa.rd.ing house. lit;bern wes put in 

Jail a, irate atoclcholden and would hAve been much t.twr ott ~reonallr 1! 

he had not. invented ~ ECM or had not had &.n1 d•&J.ine• 'Id th t.M Mavy O.partz.ent. Ho..ver • Hebern nu no legal claiJil on the Governmerrt. becauis• in t.he 

opinion'r-e.Mer-1 ill J.A.G. Con!'. lt.r ~7/6B(8-25-W9) o! JO Sept. l<JJ2t-

•K•~rn h&.e ccntribut.ed eubat.&nUal improvements in th• 

ciphering art and •hi.ls bis ol&ilia are lind ted am aro believed 

not to be intJ"in«ed, yet. there are Hveral point~ o! fact. and 

la• th.at. J:lAY be ut"eed. Taking t.h• dec.ialona o! the court.a a.a 

a gu.1.d•, howe·ver J it. ia l:>eli.ved that a.nr Jecision on th• patent.a 

involved U.rtin ~Hebern "l,510,441, il,t>83,072, ar.d. tl,801,d57) 

would be in !aver o! the Government.. ic 

16. The !oll01dl'J8 1a quoted !roa OpNav Seri&l )10502 d4Utd 2 Ua,r 1931: 

•4. • ••••• It 1• net th• !unction o! a dirlaion o! the O!!iee o! !ta.val 

ap.rationa U> devel.op Qechan.108.l dnioee, and th• COO. &nd Signal Seat.ion 

na.. nei Uler the personnel. nor th• equipiMnt. to proae(:ut• t.he de~elopaent o! 

thl• oiphel"ing dnice beyond it.a present. point. '!be Bureau o! ~ineer:ing 

will be called upon in the tutur., LS in the put, to provide the fund.a !or 

th• develo)'.:a9nt work and t.he proour-.aent o! the m.achinea. lt ie th~n!ore 

d Hu-.i t.ha t the tlureau o! Enginff rini Uk• owr now from th• Code an:1 S1 gn.al 

s~tion all ph&ff• o! the work ot dnelopins and prco.iri.ng mechanical eipherir.g 

devic••. nu. llrOrk is o! & highJ.,y s~oiallsed nature, a.nd it h not expected 

that it ca.n. b• s.at.ia!utoril7 ~r!orsed axaept ey an o!!'lcer l';'hO 1a t.horoughJ.7 

t &m:1liar wi. th t.he subject o ! CJ7Pt&na.l.y'aia. " 

ic6. In order t.o proYi.d• tor tlM proper and pregre:saiv. developMnt of 

oecha.nical device• !or the ph.uee ot com£UniaaUona oited a.bove; naittl.¥, 

eecret oiphering and recogniUon .yet.ea.; the Chi•! ot Maval iJp.9r"btion• requeet.a 

that. th• Chief of Ule ~•au of ll<igin••rin« take OYer the cogni.s.ance ot t.he 

ae.c:h&nical dev•lo}Cent work cited aboT•." 

-7-
REF ID:A273704 

GECRElJ 

! 7.. In 1932, under the directive quoted in paragraph 8 above, the Bureau of 

Engineering (itadio Diviaion) undertook the dwelopHrit ot it.a own eleot.ric 

cipher zachine. Thia reeult.ed in the ao-called Anderson-Seiler llachine, which 

wu the protot.n:ie ot the Jiark I &CM. Instead ot out.ting cam contoun 1n the 

periph9?'7 ot the code llhHl.a u in the "mod1!1ed" ltai and CCM, ~. Seiler 

devised & e79t• ot control wheel.a with sliding pina equall7 apaced around the 

ria. Thia aw aechanha waa independentl.7 dneloped in Sweden and Uled in 

the "H.agel.1n Ceypt.ographer. rt Mr. .Soller a.lao devised a a.rat.• o! cont..rol 

t.ramtor through Bowden w1rea ao that. Ul'f pin whHl could control an.7 code 

wheel. The c17Pt-0graphic l'eatune ••re approved by the Code and 31&n&J, Sect.ioa 

and the MW &a.chine at.a.rt.d ·on thia bui.a. The print.er wu a standard 

i.rpewriteza, •trip~ ot nonue•nti&l. part.a, built into th• 111&chine, and operated 

b7 11olenoida placed under the lce7bo&z"d. The tinAl model wu bulkT. rather 

heavy, and very unreliable in operation. It. waa felt that thia AB.Chine h&d 

prolli.•e but. would require redesign b7 experienoed angineeni to improve ita 

operiition and adapt 1t to et.and&rd aanut'act.uring proceee98. In 193.J, the 

Telet.1P8 Corporation 1.ndioatod it. willingnea• to Wldertak• t.h• d..,eloi:-ent ot 

the Anderson-Seiler Uachlne, and th.a third phu• or 3Cl development 'lf&a begun. 

lf!, The ·,:foahington Navy Tard had prerloual.7 conatructsd two pilot. model.a ot a 

conteaplated Hail Adapter (C.SP 535), deaigned by 1179•1!, and teated t.hen 1n 1930 

on the two H•bem Ci.pher hchine• (CSP 534) purchMed in 1929. ;tihen the HCV• 

were oTerhaul.cl and "modemised" 1n 19')7 !Slld 19.38, an i.Jlproved steppin& action of 

Ha'lf7 deeign wu 1.nat&l.led ~ t.he ilaahingt.on Navy Tard. 'nll• •t.eppin& action wu 

deeigned by lar. Seiler and .,..11, jointl,r, and repreaented an illlproveunt and 

si.apll!ica.t.i.on ot CSP 5J~. Theae .llOderni.zed HCMa .. re reiaaud aa CSP 903 and 

uaed until 1942. It 1a un!'ort.una.te that thia line of developaent was departed 

!roe 1n the Anderson-deiler ~del, ua it. set th• Navy back a.bout. !'our 7ean. 

11. Kari.,. in 1938, pl&na -.re lU.de tor conversion or the Lla.rk I ECM to 

cryptogra~o equiY&lenoe wit.h the Marlc II by replaoing the "Internal Llechani.aa -

Mark I" (CSP 692) with "Internal Mechaniall - Marlie II" (CSP 961) and a minilllua 

ot other changa. i'lith a proapect.i"A proc~t program. ot lCXJ machine• • 

year, th• 187 Wark I .m&ehine• in service loomed very large. One mod.el of CSP 961 

WM aade b7 the i'faahington Navy Yard and one Mark I ECY waa converted before the 

second pilot. .aio~l of the Ua.rk II Eal h&d been delivered. Eventual.17 t.h• WRrk I 

ICMa were converted to Yark Ill HCll• (CSP l.127) :1.natead, tut. the experience and 

confidence ~ained in dee~g CSP 961 paid bis dividend.ts a !ew ,.are later when 

Mr. Sell er (by th& t time Lieut • Comdr. U • ;J • N. H.. ) wu called upon t.o work out a 

method wh•r•bJI" the .A1a.rican Ec.t Ml.d British Type "X" Machine could be convert.ed 

to a coc:mon cryptographic baaia. Thia ruult.ed in th• tollcnring .m.Achines ot hu 

deeigniECM Adapter - CSP 16oo - 3500 being built at ·Kuh.1.ngton ECM· Repair Shop 

Cell - c.:iP 1700 - 6.)1 ECUtl CODTerled b7 Wa.shingt.on ECM Repair Shop 14X" Adapter - CSP 1000 - Pilot 11.odll built. by ilaahington ECl.f Re:i:air Shop 

4SOO Adapt•n being made by Telet1P• Corp. 

The stepping o! the "raod.•mized" HOl (CSP 903) wa.s incorporated in th• aboYe 

11.&Chinea. This HIM at.epping action was origin.all7 cont•plat.ed for the 14&.rk II 

EOil but it waa not ado~ed becaWlle the electric control gan proad.1.s. ot quicker 

development and greater reliability, as well u higher security. 
REF ID:A273704 

GECRElJ 

~~. Th• Chief ot NaTal Operation.e appro?ed th• Andenon-.:;eiler :AiOdel on 

.aa .-.>ept.ember l9JJ, and reQ'1•ted that rtt,he Bureau ot ~ineering prooHd wit.h 

thia project. u rapid.17 u po.•ible." On 8 February 1934, Contidmti&l 

Coni.ract. HO• )4703/716ol wu neeot.iat.ed, oalllng for deliT•J7 of d.x pilot. 

llOdela wit.hill a period ot •ix 110nt.ha - total ooet tso,ooo. 

n. '?'he Ul"lellCJ' ot equippinc the fiHt with a cipher ra&chlne at. the urli .. t. 

pn,gtioal U.. wa.e telt ao et.roniJ.7 that, art.er a vuy brier teat. or on• 

pilot. aodal, the Chief ot Roal Opel"aticoa, on 10 Auguat. 1934, requated the 

Bureau ot !.nginffrin& to proour• a llin1mm ot 94 Uark I ~ for 1n1t.1&1 

d.iat.ribuUon and tllrt.her ad-llled, "It ia t.he present plan ot th:i.9 office to 

ff911t-'ta117 equip 9"rf oOllbat.ant. ship with th!a deYice. '' "Produot!on1

' 

aaohinM and aaaoc iated equipaent weJ"9 puroh.u9d ae followa: 

MOa ~31.9 7 l 1 Jan. 19.35 d'ark I ECM t a:ls$21B,528.00 .,. 432~/7X7so 117 JuJ..T l93S rhrk I EQI I 1011 218,664.58 

ll09 49993/T160l-4.a ' Aug. 19)6 1Code 'nhMla (1.laric I) i2,CX>O: 22,900.53 

NO• SZZ71/7rt50 t J. Jc. 1937 1Bowden Replacement Uni ta: 196: l0,486.oo 

JIO• S0918/- 1 7 Oct.. 193' 101.nl. Uotor Genttratore l02s 6,579.00 

(1937)rG.E. Wotor Generatora 8Si S,440.00 r.at. 

l :Mark I EOf 21 O<.X).CO ~t. 

'roTAL 

IniUal dht.ribut.ion t.o ehipe of the U.S. Floe\ WU IR&de in April, 19)6. 

Th• Muk I Ear (CSP 691) - aade e!feot.i.Ye in Mq, 1936, u & fleet eyat.• 

and rm•ined in etteot. unt.U Jan'0M7, 1942, wbe it. wu superaeded by th• 

lilark n ECK. Th• Mark I aaohin .. were tium recalled, modi!ied t.o operste on 

\he .... C17Pt.ographia ,Jrinciple aa t.he "moditied" UOl (and Cell), and 

reinued u C.SP ll27 (the ea-called "Mark III HQf•). CSP ll27 waa given a 

•peoial diat.rlbution t.o NaTal Attacbee, Int.elll.gence Activit.iea, outl.J'in& 

Na'Yal l*lee, and certain St.ate Oep&rtalnt. ott1c1&.la, and ia a till effect.iv• at 

th.1.8 date. 

~. Th• Kar&: I KCM sa" t.rouble fI'Oa the st.a.rt and waa in service !iv• yeare 

be!ore all th• "~" had been worked out. ot it. r.o new d••igM of pat.chaord, one n .. de•i&n ot plug8, Mild one new design of receptacles had to be sube~it.uWd tor the originW. '!be •t.•ppina action gave trouble, particularly 

wbc t.he aachinea got older• The cnhf objection to the ltark J 9;:L WU in i ta 

tN.lk, 1te \lnl\eQMsa.r,- coaplex1t7 and d1.tt1ault7 ot maintennnce, cllld. it• lack 

ot reaiet.anc• to corr.M1ion. ILan7 ot t.hff• detect.a would have b.en o·Hrcome 

had th• pilot. llOdel.a \>Mn ••J"ViH t. .. t.ed before going int.o product.ion. 

Howw•l", fl'ftpt deteot wbich ahowed. up 1n tbe Ka.rk I Eat wu elJ.zAinat.ed in the 

¥ark II, 1'hil• all the good !eat.urn ot th• Uarlc I lNH c&ITic:i over to the 

newer device, •o that n profited b7 our experience. ·fe had enough Hark I 

ECM• t.o 1Aee\ th• needa ot our peace-tiae NaVT snd we denloped experience and 

con.tidenc• in cipher ll&Chille•. 

-9~-
REF ID:A273704 

'fhe Contribution of the Signal Corps 

23. Kr. William P. Friedman, Principal Cryptanalyst o! the Signal Intelligence 

Service, and interested officers at Signal Corps Headquarters were familiar 

with the various models of the HCM, but not with the prospective changes which 

the Navy had concealed from Hebern. In fact, on Jlr. Friedman's recommendation, 

the Signal Corps purchased two of Hebern's early 5-wheel nonprinting models 

late in 1923. At the requsst of the Navy Department, Friedman undertook a 

C17Ptanalytic tes~ o! the HCM in the spring o! 1924, being furnished a set of 

10 test cryptograms prepared by the Code and Signal Section. Friedman was 

suc~:sf'u.l., .:md developed cryptanalytic techniques whereby, under certain 

conditions of meter action, solution could be achieved even without possession 

of the code wheels. Again at the request of the Navy Department, in April 1932 

Frlli!.drr4n undertook a second test on the much improved. 1930 model of the HCK. 

This time he wa:i furnished the machine, a. description of the general system 

employed in setting up the m93aage indicators, and a series of test messages. 

Again he Wa.!5 successful, with the aid of three or four of his assistants. As 

the test messages were enciphered with Hebern's stepping action and not with 

the irregular code-wheel stepping produced by the HCM: Adapter (CSP 535), the 

solution did not worry us particulari,.. These solutions were very important, 

in t.ti;-ee ways :1 namel.r:-

I. They showed the weakne8ses of the meter action of the 1923 HCM 

and of 6 o! the 30 optional stepping actions of the 1930 HCK. 

II. The 1924 solution was the basis of further analysis by the Navy 

which disclosed stepping actions that would block analytical 

solutions or short-cut solutions based on possessicn of the 

code wheel.a. Friedman arrived at ::similar conclusions, independentlJr. Othendae, we would have had to abandon the Electric 

Cipher Machine as being deficient in inherent security. 

III. In recent years, the principles and techniques of these solutions 

were instrumental in the solution of certain systems which are 

still using! modified meter action. ---

24. The first solution (that of 1924) was written up b;r Friedman in a secret, 

typewritten, technical paper completed earJy- in 1924:1 which was not printed, 

however, until 1934, under the title "Anal,rsis of a llechanico-Electrical 

Cryptograph-Part I." The second solution (that of 1932) was also written up 

by him in a second secret paper completed in 1933 but not printed until 1935, 

under the title "Analysis of a Mechanico-Electrical Cryptograph--Part II.tt 

Both papers were very carefully safeguarded at all times and were employed only 

in the SIS !or the advanced training or a very limited number of students. nie 

documents were .>r,iven no dissemination except that the Navy Department was 

furnished copies. But, tecause it was not consulted with regard to the advisability of printing these papers, combined with a serious mistrust of the 

Government Printing Office, the Navy Department entertained some apprehensions 

as to security and this led to an order from the D.N.C. that the Signal Corps 

was not to be shown the Kark I ECM. or to learn any of its details. This order, 

wbich was not revoked until January 1940, was responsible for later misunderstandings. Certain Signal Corps representatives, including Friedman and 

Mr. Frank B. Rowlett, had been shown the pilot model of the Kark I ECK sometime 

in the winter ot 19.34-35, before the order wa.! issued, so they were not entirel,y 

ignorant of what the Navy waa ooing along these lines. 

-10-
( 

i 

~ . 

REF ID:A273704 

~--GECRE]-_-__ .--~ 

25. Frc. 1924 t.o 1932 the Signal Corpa appe.&red mre intereated in the 

Teletype Scramblor than in ths HQ! a.a a practical ciphsr machine 'lfhich would 

me.t A.rsq requirement.a. However, under date o! 25 July 193.3, the Chief Sign.al 

Ottia.•r tiled on beh&l! ot Fr18dll&n a patent application (Serial No. 682,096) 

covering a crnrt.ographic syatc and machine in which the et.epping o! the code 

wheel.a wu very irregular and under t...11• control ot a keying tape. Electric 

control thus made 1 ta first ~! Fri•daan aude a complo-t• a.ssignmenf. 

Oth!i-Iiiv.ntion- to the-;Tar Depa.rt.aunt. and on• or two preliAirUl.17 JRO<lela were 

built 1n 19J5-J6. These were succeaa!ul and an order wu placed with & 

relatively emall and 1.nadequat.ely oquipped !Mllutacturer for a !w machines, 

which were dea~t.ed u ConYerter M-lJ4A. It too:ic a cCGpaJ'atively long ti•• 

to build. these tew machinea but. b7 19)8 some of them were delivsred and pl.3.ced 

in ••rviae !or comr;.wdcation bet.ween th• i'lar Department and the Commanding 

Genera.la ot Overseaa Department.. Lat.er, a.ddit.ional onoa were d•livered and 

placed in service tor intercon1unioation among th• 01ar Department and Corpe 

Areas and between the iiar Department. and th• u.;;. 1!11.itru-T Attach• in London. 

Th• !int model of t.h1A aachin• wu sho1111 to me by th• Si8Jl&l. Corp-a aot1etilu 

in l9Y/. Thia machine indicated the reliability ot electric control but th• 

undesirability or the part.icula.r met.hod. (perforated tnpe) U8ed in the Signal 

Corp• machine. 

26. Sbort.11 before 15 Jl.lll• 1935, dUring th• 1ntorv~ when preliain11ry model.a 

ot the foregoing inachine were being built, Mr. Frank B. Rowlett, principal 

aaeiat~t to Friedcan, conceiYed the idea which conatitutee the basis o! the 

"stepp1ng aue" in the preeent. B:::M. Hi.a concept •as buod upon th• principle 

ot eending an electrical impulae through t.h• oircuita o( a code-wheel lb&U to 

generate a long, irregular sequence ot nent.a which could then bo used tor 

varioua purpose., such u keying. Howlett and Friedman then jointl,- deTeloped. 

'Rowlett.'• nOYel idea ot & ke;r gWlerator a.a applicable t.o the Signal Corps 

machine and reduced 1t to :aore practical !ora in dra'lfinga. No model 

inc~~~tin~ th•!!_ i~ou w~ bu:1J.~ ~- ~· Signal_ Corpe 1 hon·Hr,_i?_ec~uae the ~£.signal Of~~-!'r_ waa coaui!-ted to ~·211,. __ ~_diec;t .!.n _the ConYerto~. 

U-134.A, pr ... pr0duct.1on JDOdele o! which ~r,. then_under m&nu.tacture, and ho was 

reluc.tan_t··-t<> :Oake·--an,r·chan_g9~)n _ dii.fgn~ · deep_i_~~--}j-_iadman' s. urgent recomenda-

~T-t_~-~e-:~o_. The In:nntors proceo.ded to incorporate the result• 

of their theoretical studies and their drawingw, Nducing the new principlea 

t.o practice in a patent application filed 1n the Patent Ot!ice on 23 ~arch 1936 

b7 the Chief Signal Ot!icer on their behal.t u joint izlYentors (.Seri.al No. 

70 1 41.2). The 1.nYentore made a coaplet• ueignment. ot t.h•ir invention to the ~ooretar:r at ~&r on 2 April 1936 and the application waa processed through the 

Patent Office, though, o! course, it is held 1n the Hcret. atatu.. ~iearly all 

or t.he elo.aa (J9) have been allond in tht:t ca.se. 

-11-
REF ID:A273704 

---GECRElJ 

Z'l. In October 1935, Friedaan and Lieutenant i1enger (ot the Code and Si&nal 

Sect.ion) held a genenl. discuaeion on ciphor mach.1.nee. Wenger expresaed 

conaiderabl• dia•a.t.1staot.1on with th• Mark I ECM and asked Frisdlcan whet.her 

th• Si&nal Corp3 had 2rJ.Y "good,. i<htu &long i.hue lin••· friolia&n 1.ndicat..d 

that. there were • ..,.e?"al ideu which t. he Signal Corp• wu not. exploit..ing but 

which he wa.a not at libert.,r to disclolle, sine• they had t>.en placed in th• 

•ecret oategoey. F~cDwi ~r ..... ~.~C!o~'.til. ~t. .. il Ylml&C .. .lo .. deJ~, 

pe_~:!Hi~._!.C?_ ~c_!~~ -~--~-0-.~~!. ~&V7. .. ~qld._J~• .~'i.'1~~· . 7/~~'.r. aa_!t_!d ~ t.hi• bo don~-· Ac~ordi:lWi_]):·~~-~iu~~~~~e<i P.ctm.1a!•1on ~~~~~~~-~-.-~oloe.~~.'Wlec. d~"'Y¢.a .. o! the .frie ....... -.... l.t.~. ~~t 

~Ao_~~~~ _to r~p~entativn CJ! th•_ Na'.Vl" .. i.>~~-~~· Therefore, on 

2l October l9J5; •t. a conte:renc• in .Friedman's ot!io•, the iitrt.rlls were d.U- ~11ed to Commander LtcClaran and Lieutenant 'ifenger, lllho were shown th• drawings 

th.at. toraed tJw buia ot th• pateni appllaat!Dn Seri&l No. 70,W. On 

Jl October 19JS, a second and a1•1lar disoloaur• wu lll&de to c.a.•nrler lfcClaran 

Lieutenant w enger, and Lieutenant Harper. A t.hj_ rd diac l.osur• wa11 made on 

1 ll'onmber 19.35 to Lieutenant• Wood and Dugan, wo or the Code and Signal 

~~ion. Friedman and Rowlett. were told_Y~:t.":7 ;tittle a.a to th~ ?laYj' !:!epart.-nt.'• 

~c~ion to~the- duclo•~Cin tact~ the.r "8~. U?l? .. ~~ ~~·--P~~~plea·~~~~ oloeed were ot no 1nterut to the Navy at that tliM - which was Uie tru1.h or 

the-matter. · -------- -~-- - · ·- · ·· ·· - · · ·· · ·· · ···· ·-· · ··· · --·· ·--

-----··-

28. U.;r t1.rat-hand knowledge ot th9 Friedl:lan-Rowle+1t 1nv9nt1on begs.n i."'1 the 

winter ot 1936-37 "tdl«l we were preparing initial speo1!1ca.tions tor th• Vark II 

:zal. i'fenger •tated that Friedaan h!ld an idea !or s.., electric control 'Whi'3h had 

nrr interest~ poaeibllitiea and produced rraa his aat'e a single •host. or 

croaa-oection paper oont.a.ininK t.hree el~ -r-.ring-<iiagraiu by means of 

which eleatrie control ot an ECl( could be achieved throuzh nn :"nl mu•. '!ht. 

paper waa dated and signed ( a.s I remember) by ~a.rper, ?l'er.ger, and 'Rood, nnd b7 

Friedllan and Rowlett. (Ile hav9 bffrl unable to lo~at• th!• paper since 1940.) 

!___. ~~_at.el,y re~se_d th& t electric control gav~. ue .. th.~ azunrer _to :un7 _?.~ __ our 

~~~Ted J>i:>blema -~d --~~t:~-~.Jwi ~-be ~co_::yo_r&t'td .!n ... ~he ~·· -~ch_~e. I 

~ ~~~;?r~~- n~! t: ~~~~~=~~d t~le~~~ct -e~~ ·!:i-~fi'~~ ·a-nero·~-. -· t.h~i ~ea ~1h.Out. ·the ~1!!;9··a? ··fJiOOri.Y · · · ·· iilVent·~;s·~ ··:rn ran--~C:)i.ri-the.~M~ n··Eot wu·-·ortered ~_ the··-91; ~"tor.'Jolnt Az9y- N,Vy~-~!_~._a.18o __ fo~ ~l,r _A.nlly-ue~. -it W&8 expla!.ned that th• mechanical. 

!•aturea were .... u de·Hlopod and "tr0sen" in d.ed~, and that mt believed the 

Anq would be well eatie!ied with the C?"TPt.ograph!.c pr....nciplt'a involTed, but. 

that we If ere willing to discus• 11n7 security f ea tu.res 1n order to ~ a =a.chine 

t.hait. would be satis.f'aetory t.o both :s.n-icea. ';'fe we.nt.od the Arey to joi.., WI on 

th• !irat. order !or t.he machine 1n order to tu..--ther the idea or using 1dentiotl 

o?'1Ptogr~ hia eywtaM 1n t..he t.wo aervia•, a.s had already been done rlth the 

St.rip Cipher Device. Another reuon wu to lhare t.~n overhead for tooling-up 

and thereb7 give U4' a bottor price. It hAd bean previously SUJT.JC99ted that th• 

An&T and Navy get. together on the Signal Corpe !:'\a.Chine or ths Uark I r~. 'l'fe 

advi.lsd that neither ma.chin• lfa.8 30oeptable becaU8e o! rr.echaniaal detioienoiea 

but. t.hat we were devt!loping a new m.achin• and a.a soon a.t Yfe h3d a. working 

llOdel we would tmd&avor to get. pe.rmi.Baion tc .:nake it a'lill~lo a:s a ccuno~ 

Arm7-UaVT machine. 

-12-
I 

\ 

\ 

REF ID:A273704 

2;9. Cn J .r-'ebrua.rr li401 Ad.c.iral Norse (J.N • .;.) invited ~er&l ~ub~rt.-ne 

{Chief Sigr..a.l 0!!iaer), Capt.Un Cook, Ur. lriedlaan, .a.n1 ot.i1or :lli::-:-...1 ~..;rpa 

reproacmtaUYo" to in~pect a pilot. .;&CX.:tel o! t.n. ~rA .U ~. iJn ;..-..at. oco.:inon 

I e.ci'..nowl$1.ged to ]lr. Fried.I.an, in tJw presance o! Gcnu~al liauw·r~nd .:wd. 

.~al NO,yea;· our __ '.l. •• - 01' hi~ i.nvcmUon. -- I.auf -ul4re -iraii a. ,eveciol o..,n.rerer-4':• 

at.t.er.ded by l!r. ~iber and t!r. Zenner ot tho 1'olety-po Co.rpcr4tivo, '4r. lri~ 

o! t::io Signal Corps, ~under S4l!!o:rd &lld l...i.eutanclllt. Zem o! l'\:.cs.v.J.. ~,_ 

1caticna, and pou1bly ot.h•l"s. 'ti.a ~l:u.e ~ri.nt..s wr• carefully e~ed ~ 

a r:er.era.l d1.seu3~1oD ot crn:>togr&.phio !eat.urea !ollvwid. lried;:.an point.ad 

o1Jt. that. th• und.erlJ'i.ng ;rinci,.:.leo ot t.hfl ~Ui;>l circ""-1t.a ct th• :.r..z.k II :::..c.:t ~~e tt-~s~ ~hicil :uld _::;.,er. Jhalosed bj' ~.,lett anci ;~elf w th• 'f.;dV:f i.iepartwdn:_i-ni·1935. and tida ll':i.ll ~~i,)np~~~--.t..1--.P'--• l'ho !our ex,..-er.L.-umW ch~ng19e 

t.o th-9 Fri~-RC>wlet.t. circuit whli:h had been J:Ul.dc 0:,7 Seiler ana. :..1 auU' 

~•re d.i:acussed &nd ~he follavring d~ciaion.11 ~e: 

I. "!ncie.x Uaze," which replaced t.ha pluebQ.a::d !.n t.no :'ri~­

Rowlet.t. invent.ion - ti.etained. Tr.e •we.x lla:e" .s.eco:::;.1li~:1c:! 

the a&:.i• eri.rptographic roaul.t. as the pl-.ieboard bub lfU .:.:.ucn 

more oonveniont. to the oper-.at..ol.'". 

II. G.roupin& of. $nd cor.taot.a in the "St(lpping 2.:aM:t :u::l ln tlie 

"Index lliase, n which rep.l~ced t.ne a.rr~nta of t.l•• :'r!.od.11:4:l-

&owlett circ<.1it. - J'et.ained. 'Ihese group~a to(et.i~er ~!.tii t.hd 

t .. "l cil'Cait.a ~urn the 11 Index :Aase" g~vo 49 t.iI.:.-:~ c'l.3 r-.wi7 

•Upping coeibi.nAUona aa wu poi3aiblct wit..'l -..he t'rie..i.·~n-·~"l~tt 

imectior; (5,855 at'.ninat 120). 

III. Subdiviaion o! "Stepping ~0 ' 1-nto tao part..:J - Ur.a.t:ir.cu.:s 

deciai.Qn to return to the original Friedl:l.ar.-no•lett ".Ste~pir'!g 

lt.ase. • Friedman proteated t.be aul:xil.viaion as an 1.mneeus.a-y 

eompllc.ntion. ~iber and Zenr.er did not. ll}(tt it. froa t.he 

rlewpoi.'lt. of d•ailn a1Ai ccnat.:"uctJ.on. 

rl. Stepping order !or t.he •stepping :Jan" prCJposed 'r.Jy U1d iiavy 

wu J-1-S, t.hG .Jt..'1er two llhe.U being d.end to 3iJ:.pl!i';r 

construct..icn. Ihe ster:pi..Dg oroer wu ci\&egfti;j t.o J-4-.2 11f,.;n 

1r1aillall' e re~a Uon. 

Wit.."i theee exceptiona the 11.arK U E'.C:U, u dovoloped by lo.he :-:&.vy and Tolet;n>0 

uai~ tho frhd.c::sen-R.owlett. t1Steppir.g ll&so, • W'U aati.rJf.~tor-.t t.o ar.d .1cceptb.i 

b7' the Arrq. lt&Ohi.nf;ton NarJ ?al"'J sketch Riib8120.l, d..::.ted 21,. April 1940, uMd 

u a basi• tor- apeciticaUcna ot the producUon model, i:t t.he e,1rlie:1t .. -daUld. 

dra .. ~ showing th• ~steppi~ !.Laze" &Cd &.SsoG1&i.ct circuit.a 11D.ctl;r in ti1eir 

preMUi. tom. 

')O. \.lne ot.har cont..rl.but.i.on, Major Leo Roeen' a n?lUibo6rd Code i\hcel, '~ c.ame 

in 1943 alter the iC.ld wu 1n Mrvioe. 'l'bia •u developed tJy the 5.igr.a.1. 

Corpa t~ field use, wlllre t.he ci&nger or gapt.w-e waa ~nat.er t.han in tl1*I Navy. 

'n-A "Plug~ ~. i1iletll" wa.u adopted tor joint. An17-KaV)" uee at. U-l8 roq_ueut. 

ot t.h• Arrsrr, but. ia beir_.g diat.ributed 1.o all ltav,y holdere o! t.he :ecM. laa 

chi-.t v..J..:u• o! t.h• "Plugbo.rd Code 'h1.1eel" to tJMt Navy 1.B posaib.ly pe;rcbologica.l. 1 

but. •O do have it ill cue ol need. 

-lJ-
1 \ 

1 i 

. i 

' 

REF ID:A273704 

---CECRElJi----

Jl. Ele~rio aont.ro:t ~-! _tji~- ~CM bJ'._rne&Jl.I .oJ :t:h.• ~~l•~t. ~~~.!9.Pf!1n& 

M:ue~_!-!i~~~!!ri~~ _te&~• ~ha~_ p~ac~. th•_ ~}c,II EOI in a. c~u•~!lf-­ n;a-el.! Ml r•a_ai:~_!e.c;.urit7. Thoe• who h.AT• p&rt.icipat.ed in the dnel.OPa«it 

Otthe .}{arl( II KCX have_alia.tw _&C101Qw1odg9<i tho cOfitrlbut.ion.s ot t.n. Signal 

~:- The lt!ride.x Mue" and &J"OUP.ina o! md oontacte add t..0 th9 securitr 

a!to]"(i.ed_bl_th~ ~s_tepp~ ltUe,a but_ would-be wol-thleas"wit.h0ut it.· Th• ~~· ot ol~~M.1; --~ontTOl oan_ l?!3t be ~tiza&ted_ b7 a ~iderat!on ot ~the-ifarlc-U .&ell would have been i! i"rie<han and Rowlett had not been 

Efi~~ tA dleoli?,•.!. th~1.r'._1riv8ntion to the ~aYT. - gthouih the 11stappin« ~-ura ~oua..._~_t.hat it is in uae;- no one in the Na!l thought of 

1t __ iiL.t._~i:io<1. or1r·~; and.·no~lor•l&ri,·_~~~U;! .. !!'Pf0.111~ "ft:. ·niere!oN~; 

the Jfavy would have ao.nU.?Uled the daYeloμMDt of th• '.)lc&.r aethode 311d the 

newr !Ck would haTe U11ed the uohanioal 1tepping control found in CSP 90.J or 

CSP l?'(X). We would haT• b.ad a aeourei ~hin•, au~rior t.o anything in uae 

by foreign nation., but definitely inferior to our praent. ECM.. Thu 

hJ'pot.het.ical machin• (aa well u CSP 1700) WQU.ld de!1 at.tempi. at solution 

llntil auch ti.me u machine and oode whee la .ere captured. Arter thi• J •aob 

clq'• k.,.. would raiat aolution !or a long time. "Shcrt-aut" •olutioru. 

would ~ impoaaibl1, due to the erratic at•pping of the cod• wM-ela, but a 

trial-~rror solution would be within th• rang• o! pouibilitT. >1• 

eould not. Make th• n.at atateaent I .. "" do tar the .Wark n ECM J that 

solution lfould be utterl,- illpouible. In other WOl"C1e J t~ machine would 0. 

adequate to t a)ce WI through 1torld lfar 1I ~t, bffao8e ... had !'!topped ehort 

ot tho ulU..,,,t• et.p, there would alwaya be th• dftire to deY•lop a n ... 

11aChin• and acrap the old one. Rowl.-tt 1e ~tit.led to full credit ror hia 

dllcoT~ of the principle ot th• ke1 generat.or aA embodied in the "Stepping 

Mu.," which adds so llUCh to th• excellenc• o! the I.lark II Eeli, und Jl'riednan 

and Rowl.t\ joint.fy ar. enUtl.ed to full credit for their joint innntion 

ot •et.hod.I ot applying and reducin& th• principle to practical tors. 

>2. The S 1gnal Corpe ' ~ept,anc• o t the lUrk I I &CJ,( ! or ArJnT &1 well a.a 

Joint. ~a:vy U9• r•!lecu and.it. on all who made that deaiaion. Th• 

joint Anay-lf&TT ECK Cipher s,.i.. be<:Me e!f9Ct.1ve on 1 August l?41~ and the t,.-o 

aenicu ha.d a COl'llil90n high-aecurity cipher s;rst.ea 1ll e!!ect ~d in u.e prior 

to th• atta.ok on Pearl nut>or. Thi.a u.ae of an identical machine with interohan&e.able code wheel.- hu been o! great millt.ary Tillue, particul.arlJ" in th• 

•arlJ' at~ o! tm• war when the di:stribution of W\chinM and code •h••la 

WM inOOl'lpl•t•. In th• Philipp in ea,, J RT~' Awrtralia, and eTeD in Horth 

A.trica, Navy -..heel.a han be.i u.ed in A:nq ECM•, ~ whe•la in Navy ECV•; 

aachine• hAvo been borrowed ba.ck and forth bet•een t.he two ae:rrl.oea; /..rm"f 

.... a.au h&T• ~ eent 1n N&'f7 Jll¥ ciphera and Na'\Ty m••&«M sent. in ArT!.y 

ECX aiphera. 

-lA-
REF ID:A273704 

-----i---GE CRElJ~· ' .-· -

The Mark II ECK 

33. The directive !or developing the Mark II ECK was given by the Chief of 

Naval Operations (over the signature of Admiral Taussig) on 22 November 1935 

in Serial 828 as follows: 

"It is therefore requested that af17 tunds which can be made 

available for equipping the naval service with cipher machines be 

used !'or the development of a small cipher machine which will be 

more practical in small vessels." 

This directive amplified by Admiral Rowcli.f!'. (DNC) when I reported !'or 

duty on 6 May 1936, in substantially the following words: 

"The most important task ahead o.f' you is to develop a small 

printing cipher machine !'or the neet - something small enough to 

put aboard submarines and destroyers - something that will always 

function. Do not design a cipher machine for the Navy Department. 

Build one that will work aboard a minesweeper!" 

Development could not be commenced prior U:> 1 July 1937 because of nonavailability of funds and the peace-time practice or preparing budget 

estimates two years in advance. This delay was not detrimental because the 

reports from the fleet relative to the mechanical derangements and other 

deficiencies of the Mark I .ECll were of tremendous importance in the design 

and specifications for the Mark II. We realized that mechanical reliability 

and simplicity were even more important than smaller dime?l5ions, and that 

operation from either DC or AC power would be very desirable. During this 

period of waiting, the mechanical stepping control designed for the HCM was 

further improved cryptographically, but we were unable to achieve mechanical 

reliability in time to embody it in the new ECK. 

34. The design and development of the Mark II ECK was prosecuted by the 

Teletype Corporation under Development Contract NOs-58864 dated 25 January 

1938 for one pilot model at $65,000 and NOs-67249 dated 21 June 1939 with 

modifications dated 9 Octoper 1939 and 6 June 1940 for building two pilot 

models and altering one of them at a total cost of $57,000. It covered three 

years and required three pilot models, as predicted by Mr. Reiber, the chief 

design engil'ieer. The first specifications !'or the Mark II ECll were dated 

7 April 1937. At the first conference between the Teletype Corporation, 

Radio Division (BuEng), and Communication Security Group (Naval Operations), 

the following facts were brought out: 

(1) The Kark I ECK, after a year of service, was still unsatisfactory-. 

(2) The Teletype Corporation had not been allowed sufficient ti.me for 

the design and developnent of the Kark I ECK. 

(3) The Teletype Corporation had been unduly res.tricted in basic 

design of the Mark I machine as they were limited .to refinements 

in a design worked out by others. 

-15-

------·-·· --· 
REF ID:A273704 

--DECRElJ - ··- -- -- - -

(4) The Navy Department had !ailed to in!oI'Ill the Teletype Corporation 

aa to what waa really wanted in an electric cipher machine, particul.arl.y in the matter o! size. 

(5) The Navy Department would have to suppJ.7 and be responsible for 

the cryptographic features o! the new machine. The company would 

gl.&d.1)- guarantee the electrical and mechanical features if given 

a free hand in the d88 ign. 

The specifications !or the Mark II ECM, therefore, covered the general description o! the machine, ciphering circuits, size allowable, tape printer, and 

operational requirement•. The specifications were changed several times during 

the process of development but the production model• had eve17 feature origin- a.llr desired, with two exceptions: 

I. An increase in size to be permitted, u a compromise with reality. 

Even so, the Mark II ECM ia onl,y J7% u large as the Yark I. 

II. Interchangeable AC and DC motors had to be permitted, because the 

uniTersal motor did not stand up under teat. 

~5. The Teletype Corporation was given a f'ree hand in design until it failed 

to produce mechaninlUI or circ\.lita that would accompli.8h a desired end, or 

until Navy personnel had worked out simpler or :nore reliable methods than 

those proposed by the company. Working models, made at the Washington Navy 

Yard, were demorustrated in every caae and the new designs were not adopted 

unle•s approved by the Telet.YP• Corporation. Electrical control o! the 

stepping o! the code wheel.a waa adopted !or reasons o! reliability and 

security. The Teletype Corporation inveati&ated the Friedman-Rowlett plan of 

uaing the "Alphabet llaze" to control the stepping, prepared sketches showing 

the circuits and gang switches involved, and strongly recommended that we 

accept a second Maze to accomplish the same thing in a simpler manner. In 

!act, the Teletype Corporation thought it had invented the "Stepping Maze." 

The Navy then took the "Stepping MazeH u a matter o! necessity, and accepted 

an increase ot three inches in the length of the machine. We tested numerous 

circuits and combinations to exploit the flexibility of electrical control 

without increued size, complexity, or number o! moving parts. For example, 

we tested two, three, !our, and five circuits through the "Stepping Maze" and 

determined experimentally that four circuits gave the most random stepping 

action. The Teletype Corporation ia responsible for the general layout, 

aech.&nical !eature•, speed, ruggednesa, and reliability o! the Mark II ECM 

and 1a entitled to !'ull credit for the part it played in its developnent. 

We must acknowledge that without Mr. Reiber'• creative genius the llark II 

RCM would be lacking much of ita excellence. The "printer, rt adapted by 

Teletype engineers !rom. &n earlier tape printer but designed and built as 

an integral part of the machine 1 is possibl,y the most important mechanical 

feature o! the Mark II ECM. 
REF ID:A273704 

--GECREJ ../ ~J- ~.=.) 

J6. The fint pilo\ =odal of the ~ U EQ1 WU delivered in J&nU&J7 I 19)9 I 

and t..t.d for a period of eh: montha at the ifaehing\on N&Y7 Yard. Despite 

aerioua dateot41, th• pilot. macb.ilMI preecited. our 1aaa in t.tuo. dimimaiona 

Md pve ua a better 'baaia to work trca. -'ftlia aodel repreeent.ed a depart.ure 

1a aJ!')'Pt.ovaph.ic principl• trom ~ t•1l1v "H.t>em" circuit. !t had·t.he 

"Bnip" {or nt.um) cir'c\d.\ tbrouaft ~ ~ A!u•, "bucking coila" in 

the ~. double coct.uta (added bJ' th• Telet.J'PI Co:rpont.1.on) 1n the k•1-

boud, and eleot.r1cal oont.rol with \be Pl-iedman-U.owlett. "St.eppin& ~an." 

'1be 

~ 

•l.ect.l'ical ewp~ ot th1a m&Ch1ne wu Vf1r7 Nliable an4 the .,.t. 

!94tur. 1n the whole ~. Thill mod4tl operat..d at 4D w. p.a., 

1llh1ch .. 67% better than the mini•• apMd required b7 th• apeciticat.ione. 

Teet.a with h1gh9r speed mat.on •bond that it. waa reliable at. 6:> w.p.11. 

(the apeed ot the Mark I mt) aa1 Uli.e •P"d WU cks•nded t.hezoeatt.er. 

31. !he .00.l enciph9Z'9d and deciphered aat.utactoril.7 but IMde a haah ot 

pla1a laaguac•, due {it. w disoovered tbrM montha later) to the tranetormer 

act.ion OJ" "inductin kick" ot t.be double coil.a and the hair-trigger action or 

the pr1ntw mgneta. lie bed requ1nd th8 new Eal to print plain l.anguap 

(for 1nd1catora and headinp) u ..U ae to eooipher and decipher. Thia 

teat.ve had not. b.en included 1n the ~ I mt or 1n ClT Hebem •chin• 

aoept. hia 1928 model (CSP 6o4). Hebem handled thia tea.tour. 1D the otrnoua 

_, - b7 adding a uPl.a1D-C1pher1t Pll& nit.ch wit.h the aame nusl>eZ" ot nitch 

point.a aa the '*Encipher-Dec~ .. nit.oh. The Telet.ype Corpora.t.ion handled 

1\ b7 adding a second aet of coniacta to the ke,Ji>ovd but t.heae wen Cl"it.1oal 

in &d,Juatment, gave & b......,.. "touch" and lMl"S •~t. unre.liabl• 1n operst.ioa. 

To aoln t.h1a problem, I innnted a tnr..-wq "PlaiD-r:tici~iphitr" gang 

nit.ch wit.h no DOre cont.a.at. point.a t.han on the t.wo-we.7 "tnoij:ber-Oecipher" 

nit.oh ot t.he Mark I ra. ltr. Seiler ooaat.ruct.ed a bread-board ~l t.o ~· 

to ours•lYN (and l&ter to Mr. P.eiber) t.h&t this IJWitch would work. Th• MW 

Md.t.ch or "Controller" could be inet.a.ll.ed 1n an unoocupied oomer of the 

.u.cbine and "°"1ld not. incr"tl&D• it.I d.iae•iona. Thia rWIOV9d the laat object.ion 

to the "H.bem" circuit. 

38. -nw. nodal bad aenral. newel teat.urea 'Which were !ound undeeirabl.• or unneMa•aQ' on t.ut, and ellainat.ed or .iil041t1ed, inoluding the tollor...ng: 

"Cheoking or Locldn& Cirouit.11 on Alphabet Mase - !U.iadnated. 

"Checking oro Lcckin& Circuit." on !.iteppi.ng Mu• - w.iJllinated. 

ltull Lett.er Select.or tor replacing "apace" 0, J,l,Q,X or Z - a.placed lJT Seiler'• "Z-X" awtbod, inatalled on the Mark I ~ in ••nice. 

J9~ ~u• experiment.a nn made on th!.a ll'aOdel at the «1aahington N&Y'T Yard 

to .. t.t.d.D geater security- by mor4I erratic at.epping. 'n1e present ccabinatiGO 

of end-wirings on th• .teppin& c1rcuit. WM worked out. and t.eat.«1. A rlugboal'd w.aa added t.o provide tor changing combinati~ conveni.m.l,J. :ieilet' 

p:roftd bJ' a warldl1g mdal thAt a t.c-oircuit li4&8 waa more caap&et., JDOre 

"1.iable, and more cOll'V'en.1.ant. than t.M vlua-board arr~t., and that. it 

would tit an unoocupied •pao• anr the print.r drive ge&r and. clut.ch; ao the 

"Indllx J.La.aea wu Adopted. Seiler &lao de•16%led an"1 ilwtalled "spark 

nwnnon" •~:dlur t.o those da!gnad bf hi.a !or t.he :lark I ZCM. The circuit• 

tor "aeroiain«" and -.u.t.cm&tic code-whMl Mt.ting were '1aveloped and tut.ed on 

t.hia aodel. 
REF ID:A273704 

----t---GECRElJ _. 1 

8Jjond Pilot !!od!l 

4Q. the HOOIXt pilot Mdel ot t.b9 Karit II :&QC WU c1.iinnd in J.marr 1940, 

and teated tor a period ot !ift moat.ha. I\ bad \be !a•1l1.ur •S.bern• 

oipblri.n& o1roui ~ ( uNCl h\ t.be Mark I Ir.a.) with the i.mprond oon t.r'oll.ar, and 

•Inpu\• and •()Qt.put• no91>taolN" !or pluaJ.nc \o an ext.emal kqboa.rd Mn4 

aa ext.ernal pri.n~. It• o~rat.J.nt tll'Md wu 6o •·.P·•· ao1 11. ran per!Mt.lT 

on ~pher, deaipber aDd plain. 

4L '!he tint ~wnt. md• on t.hia m>del bT the Walbington la"Q' Yard wu ~ ..U it. operate on eit.ber AO or DC. !9oauee ol tbe ~ ution ot 

\be -.gDe\a the eMtdne wcrbd eq1•1l7 well witb the~ "looUci• or 

"l1tww1 nc", and 1 i. .. MftlT neoeNaJ7 t.o ~ an AC .-owr and obance 

ainuit. reeiataneea to pend.t. AC operation. nu.. wa.a duoaat.rated to 

lb-. Beibel" on hU next. rlai\ t.o 11uhin&too· lnocNJ'ac9d b7 ~, Seller wu 

d1rMted to a t.t.J>t. battery opaat.ioo. Re ~ t.hat. th• aa,net.e 

would operatA nll.abl7 en a 2..4-'f'Olt. bat.t.erT when all reaiatano•• .. re out. out. 

au1 tebl• o1nui \ ohanpe ..re aad• &Pd \be aaohine nn tor llAD1' boa..r• oo 

tlaehli&ht. 'bat.t.vi•• and ai.o Oil t.be ~lt t;.ap ot a •r batkey, U>e 

OUJ"nn1. drain being neg]' g1 ble. At t.lM MM U.., Seiler dwelopeci tho "tan 

gear' !07 dr1 T1..D« t.bt aa1n opera Ung a ban to" baad. '!hia teature hat beec 

ll\U. UM4 'b7 tbe kV (alt.bough quite nl.u.abl• to the J.ra:r) but it. rmoTed 

OU ol t.be phobiaa against, t..be ICM. 

ill. h priot.er t&Ml bee Nld••'cn-4 t., telet,nJe CorporaUon t.o uka it.,,._ 

euil;r ""1o.:S. ?be~~ Yard a.de a turt.ber alten.Uoa \o 

rWl'f• bira'Un& ot t.tw •atop bere.• the bear1Dc llW"!aoe ot th• rear oa•1nc 

wu bend <*\ luger, & reW n..- ring add.cl to keep the •atop ban" in place, 

and all aot'1nc pan. auf*Jded troa ibe troat. ot the ca~. Mo more t.roublee 

witll t.be pl'inwr wn uperUDC*l. 

i). '?be aaobine puMCl \be he&\, cold and bia1dit-7 teat.a at. Bell...-ue with 

tlJ'1nc oolor•, ~ \bl •ahooJE aid Yibrat.ion• wet. pJ'O'nd a abook t.o ua. 

?be lla4hine tailed to e\ep FOperl.T d~ Uw t.Mt am retuud to et.ep 

pnper}T i.benalt.er. IlrnaU&a\.i.m ebOW9d that. \be !aul~ na d\M \o 't.be 

ct.dp ot the •bukev, \he apl..it ... pera'&.ora j1•1 aa the 0-.n.p.i oont.aet... 

~ eon.Vv.ot.1.oa wu 1nended \o !UW.t.\e oomt.ruoi.ion and decreue ooau, 

bu\ b-1 \o be a,hen1oJ*1. l\ -· oonAdered nao.ffMJ7 to ,..tu;rn to tbe 

buttce-t.n>e o! oont.MU (eno&Md in a qllndrial llbell} aoitded in a single 

pieM .-pant.or plate toand 1n tJM 19'6 ()(ark I) !CJI and UM 192J a.~ ~. 

the "ri.br&Uon teet.• ai.o hwUoated t.be bMd !or mak:S°' tJle al.epping o! tJle 

aWppina .... u d.llple u poacibl.6..-.t.o !aail1 t.ate cbMki.q. Thia -.. .. e1 J T 

done U it. ~ 1"9~ a t .. oi.rodt. ~·· In Ti• Of tbeM 

det1o1encnq it. - deoided to bold up the order tor pr'Oduot.J.oa machinu 

=Ul. a 81Dd.el. OOG.14 paaa tAe TilwaUoa ten. 

-l~ 
REF ID:A273704 

___.., -T 

--BECRE;irnurd PUo\ Model, 

!JJi. 'Th• t.hiJ"d pilo\ llOdel ot the Maril n !QI .... neariJl& oompl.Uon *• 

\be ~ \at. i.ook plaae, and all t.be alt.erat.1.ou fo'QDd nec .. •a:rr 

b7 \llu t•t. were iMorpont.ed ill \hi.a modi9l prior to delinl"7. In aa maoh 

ae the bukd. bad t.o be ndeeiped the •InQex Vue• wu incrqaed to !11'• 

whMla (t.o tuU1\.ata •OG9\not.1on~ ID4 the .. tapping \las•" wu ohJ.naed to a 

•ia&le ..... wi\h llOditied .Mtw n.winc of th tint, t.hircl, and t1.t't.h 

wbeea. Thll -.. lat..r ohanpd to eecend, t.hiJ'd, and .taw"U\ wbeeu at the 

nu-tion ot the Sipal Corpe. 'U'iol:l.8 oUter oh.u!.p9 ll&d• on tM • .. ostd 

-.del ~ tbe laatdng\oa R&"17 Jud nn mad9 oa ttt. third 119<1•1 bJ' the Telet.,-pe 

Corporat.1.oa. Thia aodel wu ideat.ioal wit.h the f1rat. producrt.iosl aod•l exHpt 

tor b•i.n& hand a.de. 

a~. The Wri pilot model ... dellft!"M. in hne, 1940,, and 1-ediaul.7 e\Wj-M~ to the ?ibntiOll WI!\, llhlob wu puaed nc ... •tull.¥· It wu 

tioaDMt.ed t.,- patch cerd \o the NOOnd pilot. Mdel and parallel opentioe waa 

~. ni. wb1• wu th.a re"1.med to the Telet1J>9 Corporat.ioa oo a 

loaa Maia f gro lla• u a p14e bf ~ u8411bl.7 11.n" tand tor inat:nao t.111& •bop 'I 

pweonnel ill \be ~oaiJlc ot tbt Tarlou.8 aeoban1 SM. 

IA. BT tile \ae \be an p1lft IM>del bad ~ '"ted tbe Battle ot rranoe .... neaJ'i.A& the ead,, and ta• 1.Jlt,U'ftat1on.al political 11tuation looked Tery 

aerl.ou. Further u.ta md fur\bep d9i.,. wen unt.h.1.nk.ablA. W• had to p 

1.11\o prodanioa oa the buia of pilo\ model mmber t.lltte. Th• de•icn u a 

whole ..,... 1-0UDd• b•t. th• :?09aibillt.7 ex1..ned that. th• production job mi&}rl. not 

work u .. u .,. U. bealf ... ld• aodel.. Arran.-nt.e were a&de for wrpnc7 

dNiol ahanaee and 1 adht.4 npl.u-.ata ot maallifa.cto17 part• or unit.. 

?he dn•lo1 JGt. •'ace ..... drawin& to a oloae. 

>J.t.9:91op to Prodmtion UNI!,]. 

U. F<¥V ••h1DH 1"IJ"e ... mbled ti-. tool-a.a.de part.a (ia adnnc• ot t.he 

unabl,y l.in) and •tMW to d..VUU.• by TelnJpe. Th .. • aachine• wen 

operued tor u ..sus,,. to 1' will1oa 19'\ten and then diaaaaembled tor 

inapw\1.on and OTft'haal. .St.a.1nl.•• at.Ml proTed too 1ott tor bearlnj 

svtu .. (aa ~ed b7 Mr. Rtiber) and_. repl&oed b7 hard.med at.el 1n 

all bu\ tbe t1nt. lot. ot 4.59 -chiDee. 'nl• c:ml.T aeri.0\1.8 1f'Mr .... on the 

printer won wheel, which wu loOOll repl.&oecl bJ' a oue-ha.rd«led wheel in 

eonneotion with a.notber alt.ernica. The ot.hv •IJOt\" part.a can ~ repla.ced 

"7 :&CK Np&ir •hope llften theT w.ar ovt--a tw 79art hmoe. The b&dlJ'-wom 

part. ot th .. • tour aacbiw ~ rwwad bJ' r.letype and the maohi.An wen 

the 1aausd to the HM'ioe. 

4S. th• tla\ "'nar• aprlq on th• prizlter dri:n olut.ch broke .t'tt<plnt.lr 

4urlD& t.lM dfft.nctiOll tata and al.ao Oil \.h• ea:rl,y li&Ohinea in •e?'Tic•. Dittenn~ J1&""1.al.a and & double sprlnc !ail.eel to •'t&nd up, bv\ & dapl• eoil 

apri.nc aol."4 the pr'Obl• perl..U,,. Replaceent. aprinp (with rec .. aecl •ona 

whHi. t. .... -date U..) WH Milt out. !or the aachinM in Hl'Tille, and. 

tJrl.a t.ro11bl• 1a ctJ.rel.T a th1D& ot t.be put. EDerpno7 J"epe.i.r9 were someU.. aade 'b7 inaer\iac a .. n fiber wubel", or 'b7 wnppin& a rubba band 

&l'0\1Dd the pr.iJlt.er *1.'N ab&t\. (>i .. ••it.T 1.s tb• act.her of innntioa.) 
REF ID:A273704 

--..... ,.----_ . . 

ElECRElJ 

4j. The •clutch Trip~ Cont.act SPTin&" bu giTen more trouble than all 

nher part. combined. It put.a th• u,oh1 ne out. ot oamiuion whc it break.a 

and no .-1.bod ot -.r.-007 repair hu b9c dllooT•ncl. Span •pri.Jl&a wen 

no\· inol.ud.d in the orlc'n•l •pan-pa.rt. boxaa and nplac..n\ wu ruJ.ly a 

nip&1r-ebop Joe. AboQt ..... d.i!t.....rt t1J)99 ot oont.aot aprincs ban been 

de8~ and abou\ tour uam4 to t.h• aenioe, on nw aaahill.. or u repl ao •snt.a. '?he l&Uet tJJ>e {on all but the tire\ 1422 aaohinea built) abou.ld 

lut. about two ,...n. Prniowl &t.\empta to el1•1nat• thil eontaot, b7 

perloraina it.a t\motion in aoae other W&Ti haTe ruultAd in failure, but the 

po.aibilit.T •Uil r-.a1na t.hat. thll ia the ulU.a.at. solution. 

-SO· The earl.T wach1n .. d.eTeloped trouble iD the wiri1lj oircuit.8 due to th• 

taot.o1'7' uiJ1a the &Uide at.uda ot ~. JOOM Plup tor eleotrioal contact.a. 

'nlia wu oYeroaM b7 panl.l•ll.iaa th .. • cuid.e etuda with unuaed oont.acta in 

t.be plup. Sh11'tin& trca th• guide 1t.llda wu undeairabl• t>.oaue uery 

Neh1n• and ff'Ter'T i:r!nter had to be int.erohan&eabl•. Tb• alteration wu JU.de 

OD th• •ohin• ill •enio• bT the XCK repair ehope. 

,51. 

~ 

Th• Telstn>e Corporation uaed an iapJ-ond tn>e ot through oont..act in th• 

ot all but. ~ ti.rat 1422 aaohinea. Th• old cont.&ct. cracked the 

bakell te ••parator pl.&t.e when r-.at"ed tor r.pa1n, and. th• iin aont&ot •u 

dMipted to tacili\&\.e rep) • 0 •.U. .... 11 a.a to reduce product.ion o~t. 

Thi• conU.ot., inoidcrt.a.1.lT, 1a ot the t.,rpe uaed in ~ Andenon-Oeiler model 

ot 19).). Thi.I dittennce in coaat:ruotioa ot the ba.eketa 1.8 th• chief rem&ininc di!f enna• bet.Wffft Tarioua lot.a ot the &lark II &CM • 

. Si. Aut.<aatio (or aeai-nto.atio) operation ot th• ECM wu antic;sipated b7 

.&~ looper in 1922, and the "lngenoll Board" ~ommended in 1923 that it 

be poe\poned Wltil the oipber aachine bad bfflft per!Kted. It had bHn 

OOIWidered tor th• Mark I !Q( but wu drop~. Xxternal "°ept.aol .. to permit 

thU ennt.uallt.7 ..re inoorpor&Ud in the •eoond and third pilot aodeil and 

1a all but. 6Sl ot the product.ion W>del.8 (CSP 888) which oaitted th• NO•pt&-

ol.M u a .. aaiare ot eGODQB7' in ti.M md labor u well u money. Test 

eqlili~ ha.a ahown the pn.ot.icabilit.7 ot a.U.-.utoaatic o~ration of tbs ECM 

wit.h H•i-au.t.cmat.ic t.el.t.JPe t.nn--iHioo.. After th• new ECK ...... 11 into 

produotioa, a ~lo~t. cant.ran waa let with ttt. Tel.t1P9 Corporation for 

dui&ft and eomt.nat1on ot one cmplet.e 1-1......rt.OM.tio ciphering-transmitting 

qw\ea. (XX. dat..d 14 April 1942 tor $9 ,500.00.) Three aore unit• were 

p.archaaed on Contrau. ll dated 19 Nonaber 1942 tor $14,60o.OO. After 

deliT8?'7 t.he additioc ot pap print.en and .IMaM tor autoaat.icJailJ" punching 

"at.wt dcn•l•" 1D \he perforated U:pe bee ... apparent.. Th .. e nre worked 

OQt. and added bT Liwt.. C<mdr. Seiler'• !CM repair •hop - whioh,in th• meantiM, bad b..u tranaterred trf9 tbe Waah.ington NaTY Tard to th• Coaaunication 

.umez ot th• hYT Deput,aen\. A coctract. tor two ad di ti ona.l equipnent1 , inoorpora\ing the aboft la.TT &dditiom, 1a being negotiated; e.ti&ated ooat -

t10,ooo.oo, ch&rpabl• to !And-lAaa• (Brit.uh). 
REF ID:A273704 

·EiE:GRE:lJ 

-' 

53. n. aJ'J'lrl.ographic teat.urea ot t.he ECll an oont-ain«t, Haenthll71 in the 

•b&,ibt.• and cod• 'WhiHla. Conaequen tl.T, sub•t.1 Wt.ing new "ba.akotll" ot 

appropriate d•a~ giT•• a n9W and di.t!erent -.china. Three di!!ennt "eotJYeraion.a 11 

ot t.he ~ II ECll b.a.n been aide u toll.olre 1 

Mark II !CM plu• CSP UJ6 ( buat.) ~ the HClf lAark IV; 

Muir II ECll pl.ta CSP l6CC (bunt) beOMe i.be CCM; 

Mark II ICM ( oocrnrted.) with t5..dl t--1.n bubt. becaJM CClil. (CSP 1700) • 

54. '!be al ter.Uona fow:ad DeOeH&17 U a r..al t o! t.o ,-..r•' Mrri.Oe experience 

baTe ~ ft1'J t•. It 1a pouibl• t.bat .tun.ber c~a will be made, Rb-

•~Una a pan or an!\ o! ~ d...t&n or ut.ed.&l !o.r t.ba orlgillal. pieoe. 

'!hie ~t.u&llt.7 wu &iv.n due oouideratioa in the deaign alXi an a~t. wu 

Md• t.o all.ow INttioJ.ent. apaoe aro.m M.oll part or unit. to pend t auob repla.oew\. OQr ~ oonoern •bould be to prnea\ *2'i:ri.&l. c~a wb.1.ch woW..d 

ooapliut.e U. ~ aitua1.1.on Uld inol"e&M the d.i!!icu.ltr ot anrb.&ul. 

'.'d. \hou t ooapen.N\1Jit ldYant.ape. 

,, .. 

OJ"ds: I •l&v Maohinu 

lo. J : 

·<~ i " •• 1\ 119, 

u174 I IOI 74515 d&Wd 

1S I J.Zfll Mubine• I 1 

lt 

xnJ~~\ JIO. n R.u.rta ' : @O. I 1 

" ., a Aeqn.. ~:: 'IMM A:nq maobtrw• 

II I l9 June 1940 u l d&t.ed 11 June l 9ltfJ : 1 wen purch.aMd b7' the 

n i II ' on lav Dept. : : • ....,. on l&'Y7 Contr&et 

n I It I l : am UMn inToioed to 

II - ll I SI the liar Dept.. 

.. ' is f 1 : 

l 11726 110a 7191) dated 1 ' 237 I Reqn. 19-<:JC!IG0-41 l ' do 

: t I 21. {)ltt.. 19J.0 

rt f 

Z! s dated 12 Jul.T 19~ 11 

" : cm Jln7 Dept. :s 

l I • SI l : 

' fl 2, 9(,(): Jlll.-l 729 dated n n 

u ' ~ -.r. 1942 1 l ~ I llJi,6M - Cbioqo -42 ! : >.zs:r negoUo.t.ed it.a 

u n : ' a.:i eon traa t 

rJ f u It 

4 '12, 7!i01 JIXe-)D7S dated : 1 7~ ' 11266 -PHUa, - 43 : 1 do 

fl ' 30 June 194) n : n 

lt ' u ' : % 

5 n I II '°° l l29m! - Phila.-4) .. . . do 

u J u • J 1 

' 1 l • r& 219' Coat.ran beioc . . . . do 

II I ll ' negotiated. l l 

:: r n J ' : 

7 l I ' a u..zx>i Coatl"Mt. bebg 1 l do 

p ! 

u I *' l !NOU.t.ri i: 

lt l : rGl'alxi 'f-Ot.ai 10,060 

Total tt6, 7!i0• ,,,,.).101 JI 

:s :t t I l 

-21 ... 
REF ID:A273704 

GECRElJ 

56. The first contract called !or delivery at the rate o! 50 ECJls per 

month, beginning June 194l, in accordance with an earlier agreement. 

Teletype r4'ported inabilitT to better this schedule so the I.B.1l. 

Compan7 was approached and tentativel,y offered the •econd contract - the 

machine to be a Chinese copy o! the m.a.chine made by Teletype. llr. Walter 

Lemon, on behalf of I.B.M., agrffd to do this, i! Teletr?' called our 

blu!!. Teletype was tbci given an ultimatum - expedite delivery or share 

future contracta. Within 48 hours we receiYed word that: 

(a) A.T.&: T. had made the Western Electric plant at Hawthorne, 

Illinoi.a, a.Tail.able !or ms.nu.racture o! Eal parts or unite. 

(b) Aasembl.T and test would be undertaken at the Teletype Plant 

at Chicago , lllinoia , on a two-ehitt (and i1' nee es e aey a 

thr~hitt) basis. 

( c) Dell very- would camamc e in J alllJlJ..r'T 194l, unles .s unforeseen 

delaT occurred, and an output o! 100 aach.1.nea per month could 

b4t guaranteed b7 1'q, 1941. 

(d) Due t.o increa.sed labor co.st.a for thia new achedule, it would be 

neo .. aary to increue the contract b7 5~. 

'nleee conditions were agreed t.o, ~ aecond contra.ct waa placed, and the 

lavy !elt. happier. There wa.a a al.ight. dela.J" in deliyeriea at first but 

by December 1941. Telet.n>e waa ahead of aehedule. At the dat.e o! writing, 

the output ha.a t>.en increa.sed to .JX> XOl's per .month: the "war e!!ort" o! 

Telet;rpe' .s Production Departaent ha.a been praiaeworth.7. 11..a.chinea haye 

been prorated bet--.n HaTY and Ara7 on & percentage baais except when one 

service had urg•t need of lllaChinu and the other agreed to relinqni3h 

scae or ita quot&. With no di!!erecce eicept the nameplate, it was a 

sillple matter to llAke th• switch. 

57. 

Qu.antity: 

-----r;; 7 50 : 

20 Set.a 

51,250 

Set. 

It.- : Total Cost Average Cost 

Karle II Kala with 3 8 et. or Code : $10'176 , 000'---'-,..•1'="-, 50~7 ..... -'-5 5.......:...;;.-'-"--

Wheals r machine and Tender S er machine 

S~ Part.a lita !or 11..a.jor EQ( Repair: 1,008,700 50,435.00 

Shope : 

Spa.re Wheel Seta :$ J,515,JX> :$ 68.59 

10 Per set in met.Al box Per set 

Toole and Special Equiμnent !or 

Repair F~cilities 

liVY TOTAL: 

82,000 

:$1.4,782,ooo 

3, 310 U • S • Anq EOla with Spare Wheel Set.a : • Per Ma.chine 

:$ 1, 700.00 

(Eatimated) 

a.nd Spare Part• (Eatim&ted ec.t) :$ 5,6Zl,OfXJ 

10,060 : GRJJID TOTAL &X.a (NaT;Y-~) :$20 ,409 ,000 (Estimated) 

-22-
58. 

GECRElJ~-­J 

REF ID:A273704 

ICX Repair Fae ill tiee 

Jlajor 1ac1lltiea (10) IUnor Facilitieis (25) Repair Shipa and Tenden (40) 

Washington D. c. 

lYd. New York 

lYd. Ila.re I5J.and 

IId. Puget Sound 

l!d. Pearl Barbor 

llJB LondondeM7 

llOB Oran 

!IOB lou.mea 

llOB Sydnq 

JOB Dut.ch Harbor 

Intermediate 

Fae ill tiee ( 6) 

HYd. Boston 

!iYd. lor!ol.k 

EK> San Diego 

HMO San Pedro 

Rik) }{iam.i 

SIK> Balboa 

!Yd. Portuouth 

Jrtd. Pb1la.delphia 

liTd. Cha.rle•ton 

IfOB lewport. 

liOB Key Wot 

MOB San .P'rancis co 

liOi lodialc 

IOB Icels.nd 

JJOB .lrgenti.& 

Jl)B Bermuda 

ROB Gua.ntana.o 

IOB San Juan 

Jl)B Trinidad 

a:>B Recife 

JOB .A.uckland. 

Ra.YSt& Great Lake. 

la....Sta Jlew Orleans 

la'YSta Codo Solo 

lfa'fSta Tutuila 

Subba.ae Jlew London 

Subbaae Midway 

fllO San Franci.sco 

IUS lan.saa Ci t7 

CGY d. Curtis &,. (Md. ) 

USS Melville 

USS Dobbin 

USS Whitne7 

USS Black Hawk 

USS .Utair 

ass Denebola. 

USS Dixie 

USS Prairie 

USS Caacade 

USS Piedmont. 

USS Sierra 

USS Yosemite 

USS Haaul 

USS llarkab 

USS Argonne 

USS ilcor 

USS llaumee 

nss Patoka 

USS Medu.a 

USS Prometheus 

USS Veatal 

USS Vulcan 

USS Aja.x 

USS Hector 

USS Delta 

USS Rigel 

USS Jason 

USS Holland 

USS Beaver 

USS Fulton 

USS SJ)19rry 

USS Griffin 

USS Peliu 

USS Bua hnell 

USS Howard Gilmore 

USS Nsreus 

USS Orion 

USS Proteua 

USS Otua 

USS Antaeus 

Thea• Eat repair !aciliti .. were eatabliahed in ca11.pliance rlth Opnav Cont. 

Seria.l Oh282J dated 22 1lareh 1940. 

COOK WHEEL WIRING 

59. If iring of ECll code wheels has become an undertaking of considerable 

magnitude. Navy wheels are wired at the Washington EOl Repair Shop 

although plans have been made for emergency rewiring at the other major 

ECM Repair Facilities. Army wheels are wired by WA.CS at Arlington Hall, 

but the Navy has rlred )),000 Eal wheels for the Army. F"rorn Dec. 7, 1941 

to Vay 1943 a force of 78 Navy Yard electricians were engaged in ECM wheel 

wiring, the labor estimates for fiscal 1942 being $175,000 and for fiscal 

1943 being $100 ,()((). Navy wheel~ have been wired by WAVES since June 1, 1943 

the pretient complement being 200 and the pr08ent allowance 240. . The WAVES 

1r0rk up to their maximum wiring speed in about three months and are doing 

a ~plendid job as indicated by the following data: 

High WAVE - 22 WheelB per day. 

Average WAVE - 14 Wheel!! per day. 

Average Navy Yard Electrician - 7 Wheels per day. 

-2J-
REF ID:A273704 

_ ___,GECRElJi----J -

60. Wired~ 1lheel.9 are W.W 1Ja a utl!iM dMiped b7 Lieut. Cmdr. 

Seiler whio~ Ul\cm&\ioall;r t.eet.a &114 1nd1.ea\Ma 

-n.n b&8 aner beea ua ooeuioa ot 1.noorren wirl.ng 11114 onlT on• occaaioa 

ot 1.Doorren Mrtd.na ot eoct. 1lhMl9 Wne4 cner to the ll•~ PublloaUOA 

S...Uon. Thia 1a, 1.DIAeed, m enable l"MOIL 

piQrlb!\igp 

61. ~aa ot \!l• Wart n IClf kM .... baadled 'b7 the·~ 

Pdlle.ticlll Sw\.ion and bM not. 111 u11a1 It pe:rUnlar clittioult7 uaept. at. 

~ TWJ' ~•ctnninc. h wwe rarinc qdnd U.. \o g.t the hrk II ICM 

dia\J'i}:!Qted, and. the ltaJ'k I ICll npenMe4, Mtore \be ~t.ed Sktea ea.\en4 

\be wv. tu t1nt. llOO ICMa _... ebippN ia l.oU of ~to 100 direc• troa 

t.he tukrJ' \o t.U :sat B..,U Sho119 &$ W~ (D.C.), !f• Tork, ¥an 

ulm4, ~. mc1 r..:-11.arbor. 121we, the7 ..... ~ wp.ot.4, 

pTC lliDoP npaiJ' 1IOl'tl &ffl'aCin& Ma ._...... per a&altiae, acct di.t.:rltNWd t.o 

ah1pe pr•.n. Th• ctlr..Un tor d1~, &inD in Op:i.aT Coat. krial 

04'120 ~ 20 llaroll 19.\l., ... followed wi\aoat mod.1.tiod.ion. Opna'Y Conl. 

S.nal Oll61~ daW .) IO't'tmb«r 1941 '° OIICLAIT .no. the foll.ow1ac ri.&tu 

ot~i 

llOO 

AtJ..urt,.h neet, Shore latablt•b 111t, uMl IU\ Co•t 

1-1.DC otna ... If a=hf nc'o" &.,. Tard (Jut. r-ce1:nd and. &W&i\inc 

tmpeeUoa). 

Purl lubor and ""~ c..n :r.n.tna ottieen (ror 

.tv\Mr dinribvUoll t.. PMifia nee\ M4 SboH 

lriM'h•mt). 

C'IJICU' (2). c. 1' (2), .. - rout• ~ fqrl 

!HtM t.o Cui te, Tit PSS M@1!M9I. (2') • 

To\&l Kuk II Ima nod:....a t.o tar.' daw. 

D!! tor 1)t!r! d!Uyed.!! UDier aiatW omi.raou, 

CD ~ daM ~ l.)J KU'k I IClli8 .... ~ in t.b9 1'aoU1o '1..t. tiact 

t.be 1 f4n1ac ~ eeat.tc-ect ~the r.t. ot tbe MaYal Serrl.oe. 

-a-
REF ID:A273704 

GECRElJ 

6.a. The AUantio tleet wu &iTta tint. priont7 in d:Utribut.ioo becaua•, 

uaept tor a few fia.ot and oraiHN 1 it. did not ha•• th• liaric I BCV. Th• 

Mark II IQl b.o ... gtnerall.T etfM'\iTe in .lt.lantic Waten oo l Ju1,y 19J..l, 

altJlc:MOi •099 o! the •aaller or&t\ not. engaged 1n ocean eaoort duty did not noei•• their aachine until two 01" t.brff llOllth• lat.er. 1'• had a wide aa.rgin 

of M.fet.7 1a thi• t.hea.t.re ot operatioaa. 

6). Four IOfe tor CillCA.P and CCII 16 wre •h1.p))41d to C&TI.t• 1n M:a,r 1941, and 

aade etteot.in on 1 Jul7 19U. '?be IOla aboard th• HKJl!ZRSOI .. ~ tran.8- t~ to rtTulc Foro• one,• A.eiatio 1'1..-\, and -.de e!!ectiTe by CINCAF on 

2:l IOTe.ber 194].. 1'• beat ·~ Utile ud \oo late• b,.. 17 dq9. 

64. The Paoit1o n..t. YU gi:na l.aat priorit7 becaua• it already- had th• 

hrk I Bal, 1lbioh b,- th.18 tiM •aa &1 rlnc reuonably good ••n~. Th• ti rat 

•bip11n'l ot waahin• (YT) 1l'U rec.ind at Pearl Harbor <Xl 21 Augmt. 1941; 

180 110re .. " Hilt. ~ troa Ban Pl-moiaco 1n Septmber, Ootober, ancl 

lonabw lw.l,. 'nl• tollo-:S.na cli.Hot.1.,.. tor diatribut.ion "" sent to COM U., 

wit.A Worution GOpiN to CIJCPACs 

OplaT Cont. Svi&l 04Sl.2) ot ~ lfarch 19U 

OplaT R--'. Serial 285U0 of 1) A~t. 194.l 

Baahis- Con.r. Serial ~~ ot 15 Se~r 19U 

Oplu Cont. Serial 012"-620 ot 17 ~ 1941. 

Inatructiom o.al.led tor init.1.Al c:Uat.rib\lt.ioa to Cl.sn ~ and above, so the 

Jla.rk I oouU be aupeneded at the ea.rllNt poeaibl• date, bo.t. di.ltribut.ion 

bocged dam badl,y. Th• )(&rlc I Eal, of ooUl"ff, could not. be eup.raeded until 

i\a d.iatrl'but.ion bad b ... parallelH. b)' the "ark I!. A peraonal letter !rom 

the IaRinC Ottioer, Pearl H&rbor, \o th• Regi.8tered Publioation Section 1 

written about t.hia t.ae, ccwpla1"d .i>out the apathy ot the Paci!ia rloet. 

TM J:ala till9d hi• nult.. and blocked th• •belY... Battl .. hipe and oruu•ra, 

which beld. th• h.rk I lla.ohine, retuaed to d:nw th• Kuk 11 EOI without 

apeeil1o orden troa CllCPAC. The onl.1' ahipa that. would take th• Mark II EOl 

wwe the ....U OGN at the bottoa of the prlorit7 u..t.. finall7, on 

2S IOTtab.tr 1941, CDICPA.C ordered the Paci1'1c n.n to draw the lifar)c II EOf, 

and llO &dYiaed the C.N .0. 1 au.t:i.equetrt check showd the !olJ.owin« etatu. o! 

Ba« diat.ribtrt.1.on at Pearl Harbor• 

!2.:. I.goal hrk II IQ! Diat.ribnion M ot l December 1941 

ili 

.Iaued bT Ccim 14 I.0. to Paoifio Fleet and ehore 

Kt.1TI.t.i• ot the 14t.h Diat.rict. 

On band. u Cea ~ I .o. , n1 ting to -0. drawn. 

Ia Pearl Harbor ICll Repair .Shop, undergoing inspection 

anct °'"rhaul. 

TO'\al act t.o Cea lJ. prior t.o at.t&ck: on Pearl Harbor. 

A.a a neult ~ thi.a del.&7 th• )(ark II l<ll owld. not be ~ e!!ectiv• in 

Paoit1.o laten until 10 JantJ.U7 194.2, &l.\.hougb ... had hoped to do this early 

in loTmber 19.U. Th• att.a.ok on PMJ"l Harbor thllll caught th• Pacific Fleet 

•oh.an&ins hon• in aidati"Na" • reprd.a the EOI. 
REF -ID :A273704 

SECRE) ·1 

Tzp! 18 W• Lock!£ 

~. S...U abipe withou\ a oode l'O<a MA DMd of a 9pee.1al. IOI c&b~ whieh 

*Nld M"9 .. , 

L OpefttJ.Da dMk tor ICM 

ll. Stet 11&9 tca>ilaft tor Ila 

m.. Sat• tw et.her ~ J1VlleUs.om. 

A '""a1MJ7 deai&ll wu workM. ·Ga.\ ~ ~ .. &114 a WOl"k1lJ& aiadel or t.he \op 

•Mt.ion oonHftntld at the ~ 1....,., Tari. ThU ._. l«lt t.o lozofolk 

la?T Tari b7 Daahipe and a det&1a4 U.iGS wu pr~. lortolk •UU .. tecl 

tlM \nnn1Ga moantinc ot the •eftUl.e,• wtdoh wu muoh •"•pler t.baA t.be 

aric1Ml dnip. loJotolk ooaatrated a pilot. llC>del or boiler pl.a\•t_ ~ 

wu duipaUd u "Me'\al Sate Looka - !J'pe It.• The .t1rn lot. ot 000 were 

lNil\ a\ lorlt>lk la.,,- Tard unde7 e;a\bor1\T of ~pa let.Ur 8)2-9{)4Jl) of a..., 19U. et.hen wwe buil\ bT ~ oonc•nw. The 'f1pe,. S&l• 

I.Mk• boldll a o<mpl.ne •Cl.u• J• allc-aM• or ~ &id.a aD4 1a 1A-

.-Mlle4 °"ill abipe all Aid th• IOI, ~~-'bu•, aad oth•r .More au\icma. 

I\ u ~ ac:reM ~' tu Jal-MlJ4C will not. b4 pl.Med aaaore 1B 

!oni&n ""1\.0IT aaep\ at 1u.oh pl&oee wtaere u.ed penomMl of U.S. toro" 

AN at.a\i(!Cli4td in •llflioiem n tan \o i>n~lT nhp&rd the pbtwieal 

HOUri.'7 of tAa ••h1ne. 

TM l.nq OI' l&"f7 aa:r .U. the ·asla1na cn1lah)• to \la• ilUM o! t.A. 

Un1W4 S\&\ee it ~ •OMM 1a MOC'411p'P1ed b7 a L1a1aoa Ottioer &l1d 

C: mica.t.ioa aro.p. It will be tM dnT oL Uw U•hon 01'!1oei- \o prena\ 

\be Tiwiq ot \be Mah1ne or it.a openUoa or &aa091atecl ~t. b7 other 

Ul&D auu.oriaed ~ ot U.S. aned torue. 

Tbe U ~. 'r9T aM. l&TJ --..U, ~ th\ U., will rep.J'd u •M~ 

iD.torM\ioa to b4 diftl.ce4 onlT \o \M aniecl torMS ot the O.S. or w uq u . .s. 

1it.1Ma nqu1nd to paeH•• \his iatonat.1.ca in the ia'k?'Mt.a of th• Unit.eel 

Stat.el I MT det.aUa ooacem1n& th• IOWO.J4.C iMlwlinc :rotor. I wir1n& diag:rur.a I 

u,., k4t71n& inRN&tiou u.cl opent.1na imtraniom. 

It n uq ta. •i\hw the Azwr or UM •TT ocmid.-. it. DM .. MJ'T to 

drr1aM 1D a:tq-, bGa Uda polloT, \he oae ahal.l tal.l.T intoJW ~ other of 

the tute and •ira~• and t.- eUage 1D pollq, 11' UJT, eh&l.l ~ by 

joim ao ••m\. 

Joupa a. a.dun 

CapUin, U.8.J. 

Direet.or l&T&l C,_,,ai Cl&t.iona. 

Th• foregoing was pramlgated as CSPK 182, still e!!ective. 
REF ID:A273704 

b"9\! 

67. ~ tollowinc U • .S. pat'°" and pat.c\ appllcat.ione pertai n1q t.o cipher 

&M!h'n• al"9 l.iatAd tor J>09•1hle Yalu in eubeequm\ 1.zmsa1.1'aU.OC.1 

Pa\egt lo, 

1,73),886 

l,Tn .. .£.2S 1,846,~ 

l,&61,8'7 

I 

I Pa!.!!J\!! l pate Op1Aioq of J,A.0, - S.pt. ):>, 19)2 

I I I 

. 1Bqv 1 1 ll'fbe ol.&iM are D-.foad qu .. tica. no\ 1.ntriJ:lpd." 

sw.nno. 1 a 4o. 

10- 1Jul.T 22, die opfn1oa bJ' J .A.G. (Eleotrio cipher 1Hobine 

I I 1924 lwbioh hu no 11 a1 larlt.7 to IC».) 

1H ebeZ'ft sa.,t.. ~, 1 "Co'ren a r.oiprooailT wir9d codil wheel and 

I I 1934 I thentore no 1.ntr1ng-m.."' ( One-tlbMl ll&O.bi.ne. ) 

1Soberbiu.8 t 1 ltlftw oJai.M ve beJonc1 qu..Uon no' 1.D.tring-4.• 

IScherbim I I do. 

1Sohertdu.e t 1 do. 

1H~ aSep\. 4, 1 "Pl\lftl.1"'7 ot eode whMla with Mter action tPOa 

1 1 1921 ara~ wheel.a mcl t.henlore no 1ntrinc-~-· 

1lom s 1-0l&ia 11 would be i.n.trinc«I it it were Yalid 

s 1 tbd 1\ 1a ole&rl.r rud1ble on Hebem 1,683,072 

I I land 1a \benfON imalld." 

•lorn 1 •"The el..da9 are beJ'Ol1d queri.ioa not. intringed. • 

tBemmt.eiJI I S do. 

:H.apliD I I do. 

1He0ern 1 s "Ca protil• oa co4e wheelaJ douba printel'J 

1 1 sno~.· 

IL Cl • I I 

18ol\ I 19)1 I.lo opin1oa b7' J .A.G. 

IJloll I 19'8 I .. opinioa b,- J .J..0. 

I I 

I I 

Paiea\ I I 

Appllc&tioa I I 

!Co. 'MPl.iHni I l)&t• I Rwka 

I I I 

682,096 1~ 1..nu., 25, 1n.otrlc Com.rol bT perforated t..ape. 

I I 19)) I 

10,41.2 1f'r1.e.4Mn •sMarob 23,aXleotrio Cont.rol b;T asix1l1•ry aase. (Applloable 

I Row]..et.t, I 19)6 I te M&rk ll Kai. ) 

2)6 ,040 I Anditnon l sllq 4, I 

IS.iler t 1938 1Kark I ia.. 

2)2 .. 99S I H.t>ern I I Oet.a1la not known. 

( 7 appll- 1 Telet.,-pe a• , Q&Uoaa 1Jl tJla'f7 Dep\. I :lfark ll RQl • 

prepar&U.on) I I 

I I 

The CQ( pouibl,y ~ on Bebc'n 1,861,857. The IUrk II !C¥ doea not 

1nfrlnce cm ~ U.3. patcta, bn 1.1 baaed 1n pa.rt oa FrieGllan • Rowl.-t.t. 

~Jication l70,U2. 

-ZT-
REF ID:A273704 ( ~. 

GECRElJ . '. r _.-:1 

08. 1he toll.owin& "opinion.a" an quot.ed troa J • .1..a. Confidential lnt.er 

C-567/68(8-2~) clat..cl .):) S•~ 19321 

•(a) That. aOM ol \be pat.cu - (lliwct abon in par. 6') - 10ftJ' 

bMlo•ll7 th• uUl.1.ut.1on ot a J'O\a\in& dr\la to obanp th• 

oircuiw 1D a o°"1ne and dMCMli.nc moh1.,., ~ ~ !!2'!lr omr 

.Y!! !!!!!!!. l!tg!bz !!l!!l dr9!! !t! 9'1) 'I'd. 

"(b) Tb&\ t.h• Bureua ot lng1nMr1na (~eiler) d .. i&n dOM 

no\ 1nMnce eAT ot the p&t.eU - {lla~ aboYe). 

"{•) 

~ 

- '?hat.~ (~.U.-) 4-iF - &ppe&r8 t.o dilloloM 

DOTel.t.J' -. "(d) '?bat. the Bm--Ma of &iaineeriJ:lc **1tl 1nour no 11abilit.7 Wldw 

.,.,. o1 th• p&Unu - (llat.ed aboYe) by ooi 1 dine Mel ueiJic U\e 

(~v) dnip -·" 

Dwtno\ic!I 1n l!!nrc!¥J 

'9. Thia diMuaion of a.U-<liMU'uUft te&\U'ee tort.be IOI u a&OI a •t.t.er 

ot :-eoard 1a o&H th1a quest.ion abolald ariM &pin. Beaame of crlU.01.m ot 

the Karie I liaehine 'bJ' the fOJ"Me &tloO, we_. l'XWmiT• ue ol riaiAJ. ... 

at.Ml 1D Ute »&rte II llld did n~ pno\iubl• to a.ke the whine dw-able, 

~., md wia/teot.ed bJ' damp, •al' a--..pbere. One l&T&l. ottioer 

reau r rn~ that. \he code wbffla b9 aade ot 90d1mr, or- w ~a- MtAri&l 

aol.ubl• 1A a&l.t. wat..r, allcl that cti.ollUca oh&rs- M 1Allt.&l.l.H inaide U'9 

ucb1ne it.el!. •• 'RN un&Dl• to oom1noe h1a that the toroa &tloat WD1ill.d no\ 

tol.ere.te the uploain ohargM or aolubl• oocle whMl.a. He ... eo imut.ent Ula" 

th• •"ta wu tinall7 "1en-ed to t.h• D.1.0. tor dlloiaice, and n nre ttpbeld. 

Rec•\ t.eet.. b7 U9T .,.&'DMJ"8 ot th• 40-lb. •-1 thenaite bclllt dHicned tor 

m r1mo7 d.Mt.r\lctioa o! the ~ •bowed t.hat. 1D 'n aeoooda it. w1ll burn th• 

iAINlat.1.oc and bakellte and Mlt. t.he wirin& ot the oi~ uni\ plu t.wo e.U 

ot code wtloela but. wtll. i. ..... t.M prlDtv and N.a• rela\iTel.T 1.at.act. 

Cop!l•ioe 

70. 

~ 

The Huy bu 'bMll c~ttM to the ll..t.rie Cipher M.ob.iM •ino• 1923. The 

dal..q. in p\\ing t,be ac'Wal 91Mh1M I WU due to di!f1oul\i• 1a 

dnelopiJl& '"'~ whine t.b.n. ... aeahllrda•ll7 reliable, ?'apid, u.t o--a•a\. The 

192' Hebern .. aahine with oom..pla\ecl "Wdy llOditiG&Uona" wu aa good~ 

gnphloallT u UlT 194) ciphelt uobine 1A UH b7 tOHip oowrt.rlff. EYer-r D. II. C. 

bu nppor\ed \be d~t. and \U\iaa\e adopUcn of th• Jal. Adair&l Hoopv, 

.tor •xapl•, J:"'9C"jm112d9d the adopt.ion ol the Rebem kaobine 1D 1922 and tur-t.ner 

reoc mlMed oouplina it to tha Telet.JPe. The l&\e Aclrl1ral Ridlq Mcl.Aai etated 

in 192~ that. h9 hoped the H.o.na Maobi M oould be completed 11hil• he wu •till 

0.1.c. eo he could lea.Te 1\ Mbtnd b1JI aa a a1.l.estcoe. The Kal"k II ~ .,.. 

dn9loped 1n oon.toraano• wit.b a ~UY• troa t.h• Chi•! ot la'Yal Opent.iona -

\o Oftl"O~ the deticicaiee ot tha hrtl I. I had oognisaace ot the !leotria 

Cipbel" Machine during 1924-2', 1929-32, and 19'1>-41. I u-1 ..t all the 1de&a 

wt.it Ud tor \he Wark II !nl, -.de \M dff 1.81.0DI u to '*t1o1' onee •bould ~ 

adopted, ancl bol"'9 \.be Z"e9poMibill\J' tOJr t.be euaa•• or tailYH.of tbe eaoh1na. 

I wrlt.. trm peraoD&l experi.ae u .....U u b'ca the J"MOl"da. 

~. 

L. 1. Sattord, 

Captain, o.s.N.