Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida

Opinion filed November 21, 2018.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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No. 3D15-2864

Lower Tribunal No. 13-18180

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Citizens Property Insurance Corporation,

Appellant,

vs.

Ricardo Gilart Vazquez and Anaixa Gonzalez Ruiz,

Appellees.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Barbara Areces,

Judge.

Link & Rockenbach, P.A., and Kara Berard Rockenbach (West Palm

Beach), for appellant.

Espinosa Law Group and Daniel A. Espinosa; Kula & Associates, P.A.,

Elliot B. Kula, W. Aaron Daniel and William D. Mueller, for appellees.

Before ROTHENBERG, C.J., and EMAS and FERNANDEZ, JJ.

FERNANDEZ, J.

Citizens Property Insurance Corporation (“Citizens”) appeals from a final

judgment entered in favor of its insureds, appellees Ricardo Gilart Vazquez and
Anaixa Gonzalez Ruiz (“insureds”), following a jury trial in a property damage

insurance case. We reverse as the insureds’ discovery violations both surprised

and prejudiced Citizens during the trial. 

BACKGROUND

The insureds’ property damage claim arose as a result of an explosion inside

a marijuana grow house located across the street from the insureds’ home. The

explosion at the grow house occurred on September 22, 2012. Shortly thereafter,

the insureds contacted Citizens to make a claim on their policy, asserting that their

home was damaged by the explosion. Citizens sent a field adjuster and two

engineers to inspect the property, to make an official report, and to determine the

cause of the damage to the home. The engineers stated in their certified opinion

that the explosion did not cause the damage and instead the damage was caused by

normal wear and tear to the twenty-three-year-old house. Based on this certified

opinion, Citizens denied the insureds’ coverage. As a result, the insureds sued

Citizens for breach of contract.

After the case was initially set for trial on the June 2014 docket, the insureds

obtained four continuances and three extensions to the discovery deadline. Despite

Citizens’ multiple efforts earlier in litigation to depose insureds’ expert, Dr. Calvin

Konya, the insureds produced Konya for deposition on the last business day before

trial. Konya, a licensed blaster from Ohio, was to testify at trial about the strength

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of the explosion and the scientific reasons as to why the explosion could have

caused damage to the home. During the deposition, Konya claimed that he had

only spent five to six hours on the case prior to the deposition and based his pretrial testimony on an engineering report, which he received two days earlier. He

was unable to provide his personal opinion as to specific damages, as he had not

visited the insureds’ home and claimed that he did not plan to visit the home in the

future. Thus, Konya’s deposition was limited to his general opinion that an air blast

could have caused the damage.

The trial began on August 17, 2015, and the jury was selected and sworn on

August 18, 2015. Unbeknownst to Citizens, Konya arrived in Florida on August

18, 2015 to testify at trial and inspected the insureds’ property that same night.

Konya did not testify at trial until August 21, 2015. The insureds had two days to

disclose that Konya inspected the property but failed to do so. On August 21, 2015,

Konya was called as the insureds’ last witness, and it was revealed for the first

time, before Konya took the stand, that he had inspected the property during trial.

Citizens moved to suppress Konya’s testimony. The trial court denied the motion

and allowed the testimony, so long as the testimony did not differ from Konya’s

pre-trial deposition. Despite this instruction, Konya testified with certainty that the

explosion caused specific damages. Konya’s mid-trial inspection became the basis

for his opinions and testimony at trial. On cross-examination, Konya admitted that

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without the inspection of the property, he could not have testified to the specific

damages. Ultimately, Konya admitted that his opinion formed after the inspection

of the home.

Citizens moved for a new trial on the basis of Konya’s mid-trial inspection

of the property and his qualifications. The trial court denied Citizens’s motion.

Subsequently, the jury found in favor of the insureds and awarded the insureds

$100,000.00. Citizens now appeals the judgement based on Konya’s testimony.

ANALYSIS

We find that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting Konya’s trial

testimony. See Office Depot, Inc. v. Miller, 584 So. 2d 587, 589 (Fla. 4th DCA

1991). “[A]ll relevant facts should be obtainable by the litigants in advance of a

proceeding so as to ‘render surprise at the trial a practical impossibility.’” Semmer

v. Johnson, 634 So. 2d 1123, 1124 (Fla. 2d DCA 1994). Trial courts should not

admit evidence obtained after the discovery deadline. See Auto Owners Ins. Co. v.

Clark, 676 So. 2d 3, 4 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996); Dep't of Health & Rehab. Servs. v.

J.B., 675 So. 2d 241, 243 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996); Colonnell v. Mitchels, 317 So. 2d

799, 801 (Fla. 2d DCA 1975).

Furthermore, trial counsel has a reasonable expectation that discovery ceases

once trial begins and that experts will not change or develop their opinions after

the discovery deadline. See Thompson v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 60 So. 3d 440,

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444 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011); Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. McKenna, 726 So. 2d

361, 363 (Fla. 3d DCA 1999). When a party presents evidence at trial not

previously seen or heard by the opposing party, the admission of that evidence is

inherently prejudicial. See Gonzalez v. State, 777 So. 2d 1068, 1070 (Fla. 3d DCA

2001).

In this case, the critical date is August 19, 2015, the day the jury was sworn

and the day Konya inspected the house. The mid-trial inspection violated the

discovery orders of the trial court. The trial court granted multiple motions for

continuance and extended the discovery deadline three times. Additionally, the

mid-trial inspection of the home was improper because the inspection of the home

occurred after the discovery deadline and during trial. The post-discovery

assessment of the home changed Konya’s general opinion that the explosion could

have caused the damage to an opinion of certainty that the explosion did indeed

cause specific damages. The change in testimony was a surprise to Citizens

because Konya was only able to give general opinions of the damage at his

deposition on August 14, 2015. Citizens’s trial counsel relied on this deposition

testimony during his opening statement instructing the jury to listen closely to the

plaintiff’s experts who could not prove causation with certainty.1 Thus, Konya

1 Based on Konya’s deposition testimony, Citizens’ trial counsel told the jury

during opening statement:

You are going to hear Mr. Espinosa talk about Dr. Konya, who

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surprised Citizens when he testified with certainty that the explosion created air

pressure sufficient to cause specific damage in the home.

However, surprise alone is not enough; the surprise must also be prejudicial.

See White v. State, 817 So. 2d 799, 806 (Fla. 2002). In the present case, Konya’s

surprise testimony prejudiced Citizens because the testimony became the

foundation for the insureds’ case. Konya’s testimony connected, with scientific

certainty, the explosion of the grow house with specific damages to the insureds’

house. Further, the mid-trial inspection and surprise testimony did not allow

Citizens to challenge Konya’s qualifications to make conclusions about specific

damage to the home. And, as discussed earlier, Citizens had already informed the

jury, in its opening statement, that Konya would not be able to testify with

certainty that the explosion caused damage to the home. Therefore, Konya’s

surprise testimony prejudiced Citizens because the timing of the testimony did not

allow Citizens to challenge Konya’s qualifications and rebut critical testimony. 

See Menard v. Univ. Radiation Oncology Associates, LLP, 976 So. 2d 69, 72 (Fla.

4th DCA 2008) (“In short, allowing parties at trial to substantially change the

purports to be an expert in explosions. He is not going to be able to

tell you that the explosion across the street caused this damage. . . .

His opinion in this case is simply that this explosion could have

caused damage over here. In his opinion, he thinks it’s possible. That

is what he is going to tell you. Not the [sic] specific damage that [sic]

Mr. and Mrs. Vazquez’s house was caused by the explosion. That is

what you are going to hear from him.

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essential import of pretrial testimony of any kind without prior disclosure in

discovery slants the field of justice to give unfair advantage to the party making

such a change.”).

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when it

allowed Konya to testify because Konya’s opinion was based on information

obtained post-discovery and mid-trial. Because Konya’s trial testimony both

surprised and prejudiced Citizens during trial, we reverse the final judgment and

remand for a new trial.

Reversed and remanded.

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