IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

No. 16-30574

Summary Calendar

JENNIFER D. PAUL, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant

v.

ELAYN HUNT CORRECTIONAL CENTER; DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC 

SAFETY AND CORRECTIONS; STATE OF LOUISIANA, 

 Defendants - Appellees

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Louisiana

USDC No. 3:14-CV-558

Before KING, DENNIS, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

After she was terminated from her job as a correctional officer, Plaintiff–

Appellant Jennifer Paul filed suit under Title VII, alleging that the 

termination was in retaliation by her employer, Defendant–Appellee Elayn

 

* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not 

be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH 

CIR. R. 47.5.4.

United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

November 18, 2016

Lyle W. Cayce

Clerk

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Hunt Correctional Center, for an earlier sexual harassment suit.1 The district 

court granted summary judgment for her employer, concluding that Paul failed 

to make a prima facie case of retaliation. Finding no error in the district court’s 

grant of summary judgment, we AFFIRM. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

Plaintiff–Appellant Jennifer Paul was employed as a correctional officer 

at the Elayn Hunt Correctional Center (Hunt) in St. Gabriel, Louisiana.2 In 

2009, Paul filed suit against Hunt, alleging that she was sexually harassed by 

other Hunt correctional officers, including other female officers. The lawsuit 

was resolved via a confidential settlement and Paul was reinstated to her 

position in 2011. Upon her return to Hunt, Paul was placed under a new 

supervisor, an openly gay female officer. On the night of December 15, 2013, 

Paul was operating the gate at Tower 8, an entrance to a unit at Hunt, when 

the gate malfunctioned, causing it to strike a vehicle passing through it. 

Patrick Bailey, the Hunt employee who was driving the vehicle, contacted both 

Paul’s supervisor and his own supervisor to inform them about the incident. 

Hunt’s drug policy provides that employees may be drug tested “[f]ollowing an 

accident that occurs during the course and scope of an employee’s employment 

that . . . results in . . . property damage.” Pursuant to this policy, Paul’s 

supervisor instructed her to report for a drug test that night.3 Paul did not 

comply with this order; instead, she asked to speak to the next person in the 

 

1 Paul’s complaint also included sexual harassment claims under Title VII and the 

Louisiana Employment Discrimination Law against her employer. However, Paul’s 

arguments on appeal relate only to her retaliation claim, and thus we consider any appeal on 

these sexual harassment claims abandoned for failure to adequately brief them. See

Brinkman v. Dallas Cty. Deputy Sheriff Abner, 813 F.2d 744, 748 (5th Cir. 1987). 

2 In recounting these facts we do so in the light most favorable to Paul and make all 

reasonable inferences in her favor. See Spong v. Fid. Nat. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 787 F.3d

296, 299 (5th Cir. 2015). 

3 Bailey was also instructed to submit to a drug test that night and complied with this 

order. 

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chain of command because she did not “trust” her supervisor. In response, 

Paul’s supervisor called the warden on duty and advised him of the situation. 

The warden instructed that Paul be sent home for the night and return in the 

morning. Paul’s supervisor accordingly told Paul to go home and Paul 

complied. On January 2, 2014, Paul was issued a Violation Report (VR-1) for 

her failure to follow her supervisor’s order to submit to a drug test.4 The VR1 recommended “dismissal” as the disciplinary action and the reason for this 

recommendation was “willingness of rule violation.” Paul was ultimately 

terminated from her job at Hunt. 

On September 5, 2014, after receiving a right to sue letter from the Equal 

Employment Opportunity Commission, Paul filed suit against Defendants–

Appellees Hunt, the Louisiana Department of Public Safety and Corrections, 

and the State of Louisiana (collectively, Defendants), alleging that she was 

retaliated against in return for her earlier sexual harassment suit, in violation 

of Title VII. The Defendants moved for summary judgment, which the district 

court granted because it found that Paul had failed to establish a prima facie 

case of retaliation. Specifically, the district court concluded that Paul had not 

demonstrated a genuine dispute of material fact regarding whether her

termination was caused by her sexual harassment suit. Paul timely appealed. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same 

standard as the district court. Rogers v. Bromac Title Servs., L.L.C., 755 F.3d 

347, 350 (5th Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is proper “if the movant shows 

that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “A genuine 

 

4 The Hunt Employee Manual provides that after an employee violates a rule, the 

employee’s supervisor may issue a VR-1. The employee may then appeal the VR-1 through 

two levels of internal review before final disciplinary action is taken. 

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dispute as to a material fact exists ‘if the evidence is such that a reasonable 

jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’” Rogers, 755 F.3d at 350 

(quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986)). In 

determining whether the movant is entitled to summary judgment, we view all 

evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant, draw all reasonable 

inferences in her favor, and decline to make credibility determinations or 

weigh the evidence. Ion v. Chevron, USA, Inc., 731 F.3d 379, 389 (5th Cir. 

2013). 

III. PRIMA FACIE CASE OF TITLE VII RETALIATION

Paul argues that the district court erred in granting summary judgment 

on her Title VII retaliation claim. Title VII prohibits an employer from 

discriminating against an employee because she “‘made a charge . . . in’ a Title 

VII ‘investigation, proceeding, or hearing.’” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. 

v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 59 (2006) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000–3(a)). We analyze 

Title VII retaliation claims that are based on circumstantial evidence under 

the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework. Septimus v. Univ. of 

Houston, 399 F.3d 601, 608 (5th Cir. 2005); see McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. 

Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–04 (1973) (establishing burden-shifting framework). 

Under this framework, Paul must first prove a prima facie case of retaliation 

by showing that (1) she engaged in protected activity, (2) she suffered an 

adverse employment action, and (3) there is a causal link between the 

protected activity and the adverse action. Long v. Eastfield Coll., 88 F.3d 300, 

304 (5th Cir. 1996). If Paul satisfies her burden of proving a prima facie case 

of retaliation, the burden then shifts to Hunt to demonstrate “a legitimate nonretaliatory purpose” for the adverse action. Id. at 305. If Hunt so 

demonstrates, the burden shifts back to Paul to “demonstrate a material issue 

of disputed fact as to whether [Hunt’s] proffered explanation was merely a 

pretext for retaliation.” Gee v. Principi, 289 F.3d 342, 347 (5th Cir. 2002). “In 

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order to avoid summary judgment, [Paul] must show ‘a conflict in substantial 

evidence’ on the question of whether [Hunt] would not have taken the action 

‘but for’ the protected activity.” Feist v. La., Dep’t of Justice, Office of the Atty.

Gen., 730 F.3d 450, 454 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting Long, 88 F.3d at 308); see also

Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 133 S. Ct. 2517, 2534 (2013) (“[A]

plaintiff must establish that . . . her protected activity was a but-for cause of 

the alleged adverse action by the employer.”). 

A. Protected Activity

Paul clearly satisfies the first prong of her prima facie case; her 2009 

Title VII suit for sexual harassment constitutes a protected activity. See 42 

U.S.C. § 2000–3(a) (making it a protected activity to “ma[k]e a charge . . . in an 

investigation, proceeding, or hearing” under Title VII). 

B. Adverse Employment Action

Paul’s termination clearly constitutes an adverse employment action. 

See Wheat v. Fl. Par. Juvenile Justice Comm’n, 811 F.3d 702, 710 (5th Cir. 

2016). However Paul appears to argue that the district court erred in failing 

to recognize additional adverse actions Hunt took against her. Specifically, 

Paul notes the following incidents: (1) placing her under the supervision of an 

openly gay female when she had previously been harassed by another female

coworker; (2) assigning her to work with an officer who fell asleep on the job; 

(3) instructing her to wear the incorrect uniform; (4) denying her vacation 

leave; (5) docking her pay; and (6) reassigning her to work at a new tower. The 

district court concluded that none of these incidents rose to the level of an 

adverse employment decision, and we agree. 

In order to constitute an adverse employment action for the purposes of 

a prima facie case of retaliation, there must be a “materially adverse” action 

that is “harmful to the point that [it] could well dissuade a reasonable worker 

from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.” Porter v. Houma 

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Terrebonne Hous. Auth. Bd. of Comm’rs, 810 F.3d 940, 945 (5th Cir. 2015)

(quoting White, 548 U.S. at 57). This requirement of materiality is intended to 

“separate significant from trivial harms.” Aryain v. Wal-Mart Stores Tex. LP, 

534 F.3d 473, 484 (5th Cir. 2008) (quoting White, 548 U.S. at 68). Accordingly, 

this standard does not encompass the “‘petty slights, minor annoyances, and 

simple lack of good manners’ that employees regularly encounter in the 

workplace.” Id. at 485 (quoting White, 548 U.S. at 68). To determine whether 

an action is materially adverse, we look to indicia such as whether the action 

affected “job title, grade, hours, salary, or benefits” or caused “a diminution in 

prestige or change in standing among . . . co-workers.” Stewart v. Miss. Transp. 

Comm’n, 586 F.3d 321, 332 (5th Cir. 2009). 

Under this standard, incidents (1)–(3) above are not “materially 

adverse.” Porter, 810 F.3d at 945 (quoting White, 548 U.S. at 68). These 

incidents did not affect Paul’s “job title, grade, hours, salary, or benefits”—they 

instead left her “duties . . . unchanged”—and they did not cause her to “suffer[]

a diminution in prestige or change in standing among her co-workers.” 

Stewart, 586 F.3d at 332. At best, these incidents “fall into the category of 

‘petty slights, minor annoyances, and simple lack of good manners’ . . . which 

the Supreme Court has recognized are not actionable retaliatory conduct.” 

Aryain, 534 F.3d at 485 (quoting White, 548 U.S. at 68); see also Oncale v. 

Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80 (1998) (noting that Title VII 

does not set forth a “general civility code for the American workplace”). We 

now address the remaining three incidents in turn. 

First, Paul alleges that her supervisor caused the warden to deny Paul’s 

request to take vacation leave. The warden’s cited reason for this denial was 

that Paul had previously abused taking leave and had too many absences. Paul 

acknowledges that, since she had exhausted her leave for the year, it was 

within the warden’s discretion to deny her additional leave. There is no 

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indication in the record that Hunt had a pattern of denying leave to Paul or 

that Paul would not be able to take leave once her leave replenished at the turn 

of the new year. Given these undisputed facts, the denial of Paul’s leave was 

not materially adverse. See Ogden v. Potter, 397 F. App’x 938, 939 (5th Cir. 

2010) (per curiam) (“A single denial of leave is not an adverse employment 

action when it affects leave on a specific date and time, but not the employee’s 

amount of or right to take leave in general, because a reasonable employee 

would not have found the action to be materially adverse.”).

Next, Paul alleges that her supervisor caused two days’ pay to be docked

from her paycheck based on the mistaken belief that Paul took unauthorized 

leave time on those days. However, Paul admits that she later received this 

pay back once her leave was determined to be authorized. This temporary 

delay in receiving two days’ worth of pay, based on one supervisor’s mistaken 

belief that leave for missed days was unauthorized, does not rise to the level of 

a “materially adverse” employment action by Hunt. Porter, 810 F.3d at 945 

(quoting White, 548 U.S. at 57); cf. Benningfield v. City of Hous., 157 F.3d 369, 

378 (5th Cir. 1998) (finding that a two-year delay in promotion was not an 

adverse employment action because the plaintiff ultimately received the 

promotion with retroactive pay and seniority); Anthony v. Donohoe, 460 F. 

App’x 399, 404 (5th Cir. 2012) (per curiam) (emphasizing temporary nature of 

an incident in concluding that it didn’t rise to the level of an adverse 

employment action). 

Finally, Paul alleges that she was retaliated against by being reassigned

from Tower 6 to Tower 8. She notes that Tower 8, unlike Tower 6, has a gate 

that she was required to operate but on which she was not trained. She claims 

that, by virtue of the gate, Tower 8 is “a harder position” and “a more detailed 

job assignment,” making it “a worse tower” than Tower 6. Paul does not allege 

that this reassignment affected her pay, benefits, or relative prestige. Instead, 

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she argues only that her new assignment entailed the additional task of 

operating a gate, and the record indicates that this task only required turning 

a switch. But a reassignment that requires additional tasks is not materially 

adverse if it is not accompanied by any other change in the employee’s status. 

See Watts v. Kroger Co., 170 F.3d 505, 512 (5th Cir. 1999). And a merely 

“[u]desirable work assignment” does not result in material adversity to the 

assigned employee. Southard v. Tex. Bd. of Criminal Justice, 114 F.3d 539, 

555 (5th Cir. 1997). Rather, as we have repeatedly held, a “purely lateral 

transfer” is not an adverse employment action. Outley v. Luke & Assocs., Inc., 

--- F.3d ---, 2016 WL 6124115, at *2 (5th Cir. Oct. 19, 2016) (quoting Burger v. 

Cent. Apartment Mgmt., Inc., 168 F.3d 875, 879 (5th Cir. 1999)); see also Wheat, 

811 F.3d at 709; Hockman v. Westward Commc’ns, LLC, 407 F.3d 317, 331 (5th 

Cir. 2004). 

C. Causal Link

Having concluded that the only adverse employment action that Paul 

suffered was her termination, we now consider whether Paul has shown a 

causal link between her termination and her earlier sexual harassment suit. 

To satisfy this “causal link” requirement, Paul must provide substantial 

evidence that “but for” her sexual harassment suit, she would not have been 

terminated. See Wheat, 811 F.3d at 705 (citing Nassar, 133 S. Ct. at 2533). 

“Close timing between an employee’s protected activity and an adverse action

against [her] may provide the ‘causal connection’ required to make out a prima 

facie case of retaliation.” Heggemeier v. Caldwell Cty., 826 F.3d 861, 870 (5th 

Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (alteration omitted) (quoting Swanson v. Gen Servs. 

Admin., 110 F.3d 1180, 1188 (5th Cir. 1997) (emphasis omitted)). “But the 

Supreme Court has emphasized that the [temporal] proximity must be ‘very 

close’” to show such a causal connection. Id. (quoting Clark Cty. Sch. Dist. v. 

Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273 (2001)). Here, there was a significant time lapse 

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between Paul’s protected conduct—her 2009 sexual harassment suit—and her 

termination in January 2014. Even taking the date of the dismissal of the prior

sexual harassment suit, July 18, 2011, as the date of the protected conduct, 

under our precedent this time lapse of nearly 30 months is too great to show a 

causal link between the two events. See Heggemeier, 826 F.3d at 869–70 

(concluding that passage of 21 months was “too substantial a gap to support 

an inference of causation”); Goudeau v. Nat’l Oilwell Varco, L.P., 793 F.3d 470, 

479 (5th Cir. 2015) (temporal gap of 8–10 months too substantial).

Even absent temporal proximity, a plaintiff may still show a causal 

connection if there is “other evidence of retaliation.” Feist, 730 F.3d at 454. 

“Such evidence may include an employment record that does not support [the 

employer’s action], or an employer’s departure from typical policies and 

procedures.” Id. at 454–55. However Paul does not show that her employment 

record did not support her termination. In fact, in her opposition to Hunt’s 

motion for summary judgment, she entirely failed to discuss her employment 

record.5 And Paul does not point to any deviation from Hunt’s typical policies 

and procedures. Rather, the undisputed evidence shows that the gate struck 

the van while Paul was operating the gate and that Hunt policy requires 

employees involved in an accident “that results in . . . property damage” to take 

a drug test. Further, the undisputed evidence also shows that Paul was 

ordered to take a drug test but did not follow this order,6 in contravention of 

 

5 Paul argues on appeal that there was evidence in the record regarding her 

employment record. But she did not discuss this evidence in her response to Hunt’s summary 

judgment motion. Accordingly, this evidence was not properly before the district court on 

summary judgment and it was not error for the district court to not consider it. See Malacara 

v. Garber, 353 F.3d 393, 405 (5th Cir. 2003) (“When evidence exists in the summary judgment 

record but the nonmovant fails even to refer to it in the response to the motion for summary 

judgment, that evidence is not properly before the district court.”). 

6 On appeal Paul makes much of the fact that she did comply with her supervisor’s

later instruction to go home and return the next day, but this obedience does not negate the 

fact that Paul admits that her supervisor instructed her to submit to a drug test and she did 

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Hunt’s Employee Manual, which provides that “[d]irect written or verbal 

orders must be obeyed cooperatively and promptly” and also advises that 

“[f]ailure to comply with instructions/orders to submit to a drug test may result 

in termination.” Paul acknowledged receipt of this Employee Manual and does 

not dispute its content on appeal. Nor does Paul allege that this policy was 

selectively applied to her; rather, the record indicates that the other employee 

involved in the gate malfunction was also required to immediately submit to a 

drug test. Therefore we conclude that Paul’s sexual harassment suit was not 

the but-for cause of her termination; rather, her failure to submit to the drug 

test and to follow her supervisor’s order provided an independent and 

legitimate basis for her termination.7 Paul failed to establish a prima facie 

case of retaliation and the district court accordingly did not err in granting 

summary judgment for Hunt.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

 

not comply. Indeed, Paul’s supervisor only gave this latter instruction because Paul failed to 

comply with the earlier command. Paul also relies on her Tower 8 post order as justification 

for failing to submit to a drug test. A post order advises an employee of the specific duties 

and responsibilities that are associated with a specific assignment area. Paul argues that 

because there was no mention of drug screening in her Tower 8 post order, she was justified 

in seeking clarification up the chain of command before taking a drug test. Yet Paul’s Tower 

8 post order did instruct her to follow the Hunt Employee Manual, as well as all Hunt 

regulations and policies. It also provided that while posted at Tower 8, an employee should 

follow all orders issued by their supervisor. Given this, we disagree that Paul’s post order 

provided her a basis for refusing to submit to the drug test when ordered to do so. 

7 Paul also appears to argue that the delay between the incident on December 15 and 

the issuance of the VR-1 on January 2 can be used to infer a retaliatory purpose. But she 

cites no support for the assertion that a delay of just over two weeks—spanning the 

Christmas and New Year holidays—can be the basis for inferring a retaliatory purpose. And 

by Paul’s own account, a warden told her verbally on the day following the accident that she 

would be terminated, thus this decision was merely formalized on January 2. 

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