NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

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No. 15-4101

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RONALD E. MUTH

v.

DENNIS A. WOODRING; JEFFREY M. SHRIVER; 

CITY OF HARRISBURG, PA; DAUPHIN COUNTY, PA;

STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY COMPANY

 Jeffrey M. Shriver,

 Appellant 

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On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. No. 1-14-cv-01798)

District Judge: Hon. Yvette Kane

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Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

November 3, 2016

Before: JORDAN, GREENAWAY, JR., and RENDELL, Circuit Judges.

(Filed November 15, 2016)

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OPINION

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 This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7, 

does not constitute binding precedent.
2

JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

Jeffrey Shriver, a detective with the Harrisburg Bureau of Police, appeals the 

partial denial of his motion to dismiss the complaint brought against him by Albert Muth. 

The complaint alleges, among other things, that Shriver violated Muth’s constitutional 

rights, and therefore is liable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, because Shriver maliciously

prosecuted Muth for several felonies. Shriver argued in his motion to dismiss that he was 

entitled to qualified immunity. For the reasons discussed below, we will vacate the

District Court’s order to the extent it denied Shriver’s motion and remand the matter for 

further consideration.

I. Background

Muth owned a rental property in Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, that 

was damaged by fire. Shriver investigated the fire and deemed it suspicious. Four 

months after the fire, Shriver filed three state law felony charges against Muth.1 Attached 

to the charging form was Shriver’s affidavit of probable cause supporting the enumerated

charges. Based on that affidavit, a warrant was issued and the Pennsylvania State Police

promptly arrested Muth at work and took him to be arraigned. He was released on a 

$50,000 unsecured bond and was subject to nonmonetary bail conditions. 

Three years after Shriver filed the charges and probable cause affidavit, the 

Commonwealth filed an application for nolle prosequi, abandoning Muth’s prosecution 

on all charges. Muth subsequently filed this federal civil action against Shriver, another 

 

1 Muth was charged with (1) Arson Endangering Persons (Felony 1), 18 Pa. Cons. 

Stat. § 3301(a)(1)(I); (2) Causing or Risking Catastrophe (Felony 3), 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. 

§ 3302(b); and (3) Insurance Fraud (Felony 3), 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 4117(a)(2). 
3

investigator, his insurance company, and Dauphin County. His principal allegation is

that the defendants acted, both jointly and individually, to violate his Fourth Amendment 

right against unlawful seizure, as incorporated against the states by the Fourteenth 

Amendment, by engaging in malicious prosecution. 

Various defendants, including Shriver, filed motions to dismiss under Federal Rule

of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). In his motion, Shriver asserted that Muth had failed to 

adequately claim any violation of the Fourth Amendment. The Court granted the motion 

to dismiss in part, but it did not dismiss the malicious prosecution count against Shriver. 

This timely appeal followed.

II. Discussion2

Whether an officer is entitled to qualified immunity is a question of law. “We

[thus] exercise plenary review over the District Court’s qualified immunity rulings.” 

Argueta v. U.S. Immigration & Customs Enf't, 643 F.3d 60, 69 (3d Cir. 2011). 

Qualified immunity is not merely immunity from liability, but rather immunity 

from suit, operating to free the recipient from the burdens of litigation. Plumhoff v. 

Rickard, 134 S. Ct. 2012, 2019 (2014). Because of that, the Supreme Court and our cases 

have “stressed the importance of resolving immunity questions at the earliest possible 

stages of litigation.” Curley v. Klem, 298 F.3d 271, 277 (3d Cir. 2002) (applying Hunter 

v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 227 (1991)). Here, the District Court properly considered 

 

2 The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have jurisdiction 

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 because the denial of qualified immunity is an immediately 

appealable order. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 530 (1985).
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Shriver’s qualified immunity at the threshold of litigation, before discovery, in the 

context of a motion to dismiss. The Court did not, however, complete the analysis.

When evaluating a claim of qualified immunity, courts engage in a two-pronged 

inquiry. The first prong probes whether the allegations, “[t]aken in the light most 

favorable to the party asserting the injury, ... show the officer’s conduct violated a 

[federal] right[.]” Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). The second prong asks 

“whether the law was clearly established at the time of the violation.” Kelly v. Borough 

of Carlisle, 622 F.3d 248, 253 (3d. Cir. 2010). The focus is on whether the law, at the 

time of the challenged incident, is sufficiently clear to “provide[] fair warning to the 

defendants that their alleged conduct was unconstitutional.” Tolan v. Cotton, 134 S. Ct. 

1861, 1866 (2014) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). It is the defendant 

official’s burden to establish that he is entitled to qualified immunity. Kopec v. Tate, 361 

F.3d 772, 776 (3d Cir. 2004). 

We have recognized that courts are free to examine the two prongs of the qualified 

immunity analysis in either order. Kelly, 622 F.3d at 253-54. For efficiency, a court may 

elect to consider the “clearly established” prong first because, if that prong is not 

satisfied, then qualified immunity applies. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 242 

(2009). In that circumstance, no conclusion is made about the constitutionality of the 

officer’s conduct. Id. at 241 (noting that resolving a case solely on the basis of the 

clearly established prong is consistent with the principle of constitutional avoidance) 

If, however, a court elects to first consider whether the conduct violated a 

constitutional right, then both prongs of the test must be completed to determine if 
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qualified immunity applies. See Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232 (explaining that the “‘driving 

force’ behind creation of the qualified immunity doctrine was a desire to ensure that 

‘insubstantial claims’ against government officials [will] be resolved prior to discovery” 

(citation omitted) (first alteration in original)).

In this instance, the District Court proceeded by first considering whether Muth 

had pleaded a legally sufficient case for malicious prosecution such that his Fourth 

Amendment rights had been violated. The Court said that “the allegations of Plaintiff’s 

amended complaint suffice to state a claim for malicious prosecution pursuant to Section 

1983 ... .” (App. at 26a.) But it then explained that it had not reached “a definitive 

determination that Defendant Shriver violated Plaintiff’s constitutional rights[.]” (App. at 

26a.) It is not clear, therefore, whether the Court completed the first prong of the 

qualified immunity inquiry. 

Regardless, the District Court should not have reached a decision on Muth’s 

motion to dismiss without completing the second prong of the qualified immunity 

analysis.

3 Even if Muth had plausibly claimed a violation of his Fourth Amendment 

rights, the Court should have still considered whether, “in light of the specific context of 

the case,” Mullenix v. Luna, 136 S. Ct. 305, 308 (2015) (quoting Brosseau v. Haugen, 

543 U.S. 194, 198 (2004)), Shriver would have been on notice that his actions were 

unlawful. Failing to do so was error and requires us to return this matter to the District 

Court.

 

3 We take no position on whether qualified immunity should apply.
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III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the District Court’s order to the extent it 

denied Shriver’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion and will remand the case for additional 

proceedings to fully evaluate whether Shriver is entitled to qualified immunity.