Opinion issued November 17, 2016

In The

Court of Appeals 

For The 

First District of Texas 

————————————

NO. 01-15-00823-CR

———————————

JUAN J. MARTINEZ, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 506th District Court

Grimes County, Texas

Trial Court Case No. 17,543

MEMORDANDUM OPINION

A jury found Juan J. Martinez guilty of one count of aggravated sexual assault 

of a child and two counts of indecency with a child. The trial court found true the 

State’s enhancement allegation that Martinez had a prior conviction for sexual 
2

assault of a child and assessed Martinez’s punishment at life confinement. In nine 

issues, Martinez contends that his convictions should be reversed because:

(1) the evidence was not sufficient to permit the jury to find him guilty of the 

three charged offenses;

(2) the evidence was not sufficient to permit the trial court to find that the 

enhancement allegation was true;

(3) the trial court erred by excluding evidence that the complainant’s mother 

knew of sexual misconduct by another person in her home;

(4) the trial court erred by admitting his prior conviction for sexual assault 

during the guilt-innocence phase of the trial;

(5) the trial court erred by admitting the resume of the State’s forensic expert 

and the expert’s testimony about the complainant’s credibility; and

(6) the trial court erred by admitting a pediatric nurse practitioner’s report

regarding the complainant’s sexual assault examination.

We affirm the trial court’s judgments of conviction.

Background

A grand jury indicted Martinez for one count of aggravated sexual assault of

a child and two counts of indecency with a child. See TEX. PENAL CODE

§§ 21.11(a)(1), (c)(1), 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i), (2)(B). All three counts concerned the 

same child, his 13-year-old daughter. The indictment included an enhancement 
3

paragraph alleging that Martinez had previously been convicted of a felony sexual 

assault of another child in Colorado.

Before trial, the court held a hearing regarding the admissibility of two of the 

State’s exhibits. The first was a certified copy of a Sentence Order issued by a Kit 

Carson County, Colorado, district court finding Juan Jose Martinez guilty of 

violating Section 18-3-402(1)(e) of the Colorado Criminal Code. That statute 

provides that a person commits misdemeanor sexual assault if he “knowingly inflicts 

sexual intrusion or sexual penetration” on another who is at least 15 years of age but 

less than 17 years of age if the person is at least 10 years older and the two are not 

married to one another.1 COLO. REV. STAT. § 18-3-402(1)(e), (3). The second 

exhibit was an undated letter on Texas Department of Public Safety letterhead 

advising that conviction for specified Colorado offenses requires registration as a 

sex offender under Texas law. The trial court found that this evidence was likely to 

be admitted at trial and that it was adequate to support a jury finding that Martinez 

committed the Colorado offense.

Several witnesses testified at trial for the State. The defense presented none.

 

1 Though it is a misdemeanor under Colorado law, this offense is treated as a felony 

in Texas for purposes of sentencing enhancement so long as its elements are 

substantially similar to designated Texas offenses. See TEX. PENAL CODE

§ 12.42(c)(2)(B)(v). One of the designated Texas offenses is so-called statutory 

rape. See id. §§ 12.42(c)(2)(B)(ii), 22.011(a)(2), (c)(1). Martinez does not 

dispute the substantial similarity of this Texas offense’s elements.
4

The State’s first witness was Veronica, the complainant’s stepmother.2 

Martinez was Veronica’s husband at the time of the offenses for which he was 

indicted. She had six children of her own; Veronica, Martinez, and these six children

were under one roof when Martinez’s own daughter, the complainant, came to live 

with them in the summer of 2011. The complainant shared a bedroom with 

Veronica’s daughter, who was seven or eight years old at the time. 

Veronica testified that she and her younger daughter were both heavy sleepers. 

But at around 5:00 on the morning of November 2, 2013, Veronica awoke and 

noticed that Martinez was not in the living room, where he usually slept. She looked

for him and found him asleep in the complainant’s bed, shirtless and with his arms 

wrapped around her with her face pressed against his chest. Veronica said they 

“looked like lovers,” rather than a father and daughter. She ripped the covers off of 

them and heatedly demanded an explanation from Martinez. Martinez explained 

that he went to sleep in the girls’ room because he was hot and the air conditioning 

cooled that area. Veronica testified that the air conditioning cools the living room 

too and that when she found Martinez in the girls’ room he was under a “really, 

really thick” blanket. She was upset, so she left and went to the store. 

 

2 We refer to the complainant simply as “the complainant” and to her stepmother 

using the pseudonym “Veronica.”
5

Later in the afternoon, Veronica began questioning the complainant and the 

complainant started shaking and tearing up. The complainant began crying 

hysterically when Veronica asked if Martinez was touching her. The complainant 

told her that Martinez touched her on her arms, legs, stomach, and breasts. Veronica

took the children to her brother’s house and then confronted Martinez and told him 

he had to leave. He went inside to gather some of his possessions and Veronica

called the Navasota Police Department. Police officers arrived shortly after 

Veronica’s call, spoke to both her and Martinez, and issued Martinez a criminal 

trespass warning. Veronica brought all of the children back to the home later that 

day after Martinez left. 

The complainant told Veronica more the next day. Veronica testified that the 

complainant was crying and said that Martinez had been touching her for about a 

year and a half. The complainant told her that his abuse escalated over time. At 

first, Martinez would simply lay down with her. He subsequently began touching 

her stomach, breasts, and bottom. 

The complainant continued to live with Veronica through November and 

December 2013. Veronica testified that the complainant became “more distant” and 

that “she was always in her room crying, always huddled in a ball.” Veronica

discovered that the complainant “was cutting herself.” When Veronica discovered 

the cutting, the complainant revealed to her that Martinez had had sexual intercourse 
6

with her. The complainant told Veronica that Martinez had become more sexually 

aggressive by the time the abuse was discovered. In response to these new 

revelations, Veronica again called and met with police officers, who told her to take 

the complainant to a forensic examiner and a sexual assault nurse examiner. 

Veronica also testified that Martinez told her that he previously was convicted 

of the sexual assault of a 17-year-old girl in Colorado. But Veronica did not know 

the details of the crime. She said that Martinez told her that “he went to jail for it” 

but did not have to register as a sex offender. 

On cross-examination, Veronica acknowledged that she did not notice 

anything amiss before she found Martinez sleeping with the complainant and that 

her knowledge of the underlying events was based on what the complainant told her 

in large part. She agreed that she told law enforcement officers that the complainant

had said that Martinez had intercourse with her at least 20 times. Veronica also 

acknowledged that she filed for divorce from Martinez before the allegations of 

sexual intercourse emerged. 

Officer J. Tielke of the Navasota Police Department testified next. He and his 

partner responded to Veronica’s November 2 call. When he arrived at the residence, 

he identified Martinez by his driver’s license and spoke with him and Veronica, who 

were both upset. Veronica told Tielke that Martinez had inappropriately touched his 

13-year-old daughter. Martinez told Tielke that “he was getting kicked out of the 
7

house” because Veronica “caught him in bed with his daughter,” though he claimed 

that he was “laying on top of the covers” and merely “showing her affection and 

giving her a hug at the time.” 

Officer Tielke discussed the situation with Martinez near another officer’s

vehicle and this discussion was video recorded by his own vehicle’s dash camera 

while the audio was partially recorded by his body microphone; this video was 

admitted into evidence and played for the jury. In the video, Martinez denied

touching his daughter in an inappropriate fashion. Officer Tielke issued Martinez a 

criminal trespass warning, but did not arrest him. On cross-examination, Tielke 

conceded that he did not have any knowledge of the events other than what he was 

told. 

The State then called A. Klawinsky, with the Navasota Police Department, 

who investigated the allegations concerning Martinez. Klawinsky scheduled a 

forensic interview of the complainant, which Klawinsky remotely viewed on a

television monitor. During this interview, she learned of Martinez’s prior offense in 

Colorado and she subsequently contacted Colorado law enforcement agencies and 

obtained their reports regarding the offense. 

Several days later, Klawinsky interviewed Martinez at the police station. 

Martinez voluntarily spoke with her and another investigator for about 35 minutes. 

He was Mirandized and their conversation was recorded on video. This recorded 
8

interview was admitted into evidence and played for the jury. During the interview, 

Martinez initially denied any wrongdoing and claimed that any touching of his 

daughter involved no more than fatherly affection. As the interview progressed, 

however, Martinez’s story changed. He denied touching his daughter’s breasts or 

vagina throughout, but he also contended that, if he ever touched her inappropriately, 

it was unintentional. Martinez later reiterated that any inappropriate touching was 

unintentional and explained that he just did not know how to show his daughter that 

he loved her. He repeatedly denied having ever been in bed with his daughter under 

the blanket, but he subsequently admitted that he was under the blanket with her 

when Veronica found him in his daughter’s bed. In addition, he eventually stated 

that he realized afterward that he had been wrong in the way he held his daughter 

that morning. Martinez further admitted that he became aroused while lying down 

with his daughter on another occasion and that he had left her bed three or four other 

times to forestall any inappropriateness. At one point he exclaimed, “I need 

counseling.”

Klawinsky conferred with the district attorney’s office, and a warrant was 

issued for Martinez’s arrest for indecency with a child. After Martinez was arrested, 

Veronica contacted Klawinsky with new information, specifically that Martinez had 

sexual intercourse with the complainant. In response, Klawinsky scheduled another 

forensic interview of the complainant and a sexual assault examination, which were 
9

conducted in January 2014. Klawinsky remotely viewed the interview but not the 

examination. After this additional investigation, the grand jury indicted Martinez. 

On cross-examination, Klawinsky acknowledged that her only sources of 

information were Veronica, Martinez, and the complainant. She further 

acknowledged that she did not directly speak with the complainant. 

Jane Riley, a pediatric nurse practitioner, testified next. She performed a 

sexual assault examination on the complainant in January 2014. She identified the 

form she filled out as she made her examination of the complainant and the State 

offered it into evidence. Over the defense’s hearsay objection, the trial court 

admitted the form. Riley first took a general medical history from the complainant. 

The complainant told Riley that she had some difficulty sleeping, and that she was

angry at her father. The complainant also told her that she did not want to talk to 

anyone or do anything and that she previously had been cutting herself. When Riley 

asked the complainant what happened to her, she stated that “all he did was touch 

me” but then said “there was one time he did go all the way.” The complainant 

indicated that intercourse hurt and that she was sore the morning after. Riley then 

performed a physical examination. She testified that an examination of the female 

genitalia will not necessarily reveal signs of sexual intercourse or injury. In the 

complainant’s case, Riley did not see any signs of injuries or indications that she had 

been sexually assaulted. What she saw, however, was “not inconsistent” with the 
10

complainant’s account. Riley’s final diagnostic impression was that the complainant 

gave her “a history consistent with sexual assault and that her exam was normal, 

which does not rule out that the sexual assault happened.” 

On cross-examination, Riley agreed that her physical examination did not 

reveal any visible indication of sexual activity. Nor were there any visible signs of 

sexual abuse. Riley conceded that her conclusions ultimately were based on what 

the complainant told her. She further acknowledged that she had testified in many 

cases and that part of her training concerned how to present herself before a jury. 

Cameron Collins, the forensic examiner who interviewed the complainant in 

November 2013 and January 2014, then took the stand. She testified that she had 

conducted and observed about 600 interviews and had worked in the field of forensic 

interviewing for about five years. Collins identified a copy of her resume, which 

listed her professional training and activities, and the State offered it into evidence. 

Over the defense’s relevance objection, the trial court admitted it. Collins testified 

that abused children may go through several stages when the abuse is discovered, 

which can include denial, tentative or limited disclosure, active or full disclosure, 

recantation, and reaffirmation. She stated that not every child goes through all of 

these stages, but that “they’ll go through maybe two or three of those at least.” 

Because disclosure is a process, it is not uncommon for children to fail to disclose 

all of the details at once. Collins also discussed the phenomenon of delayed
11

disclosure, which occurs when “the abuse has been happening for quite some time” 

and the child eventually decides to “talk about what’s been happening.” Collins 

opined that children have various reasons for not coming forward sooner, such as

the trust they place in a loved one who is abusing them, threats of harm, fear that 

they will be disbelieved, and fear of the consequences of divulging the abuse.

With respect to the complainant, Collins testified that no one raised any 

concerns with her about coaching before the interviews. Nor did she detect any signs 

of coaching. Though Collins and the complainant discussed a number of events that 

occurred between the complainant and Martinez, Collins’s trial testimony on direct 

examination focused on one in particular. During the first interview, the 

complainant told Collins that Martinez had rubbed her vagina. The complainant said 

that Martinez came into her bedroom around 2:00 a.m. and told her to scoot over so 

that he could lie down next to her. When he did so, Martinez pulled her “very tight 

to him” and the complainant could feel his erection pressing against her. Martinez 

began rubbing her arms and then her side, back, stomach, and breasts. He then 

proceeded to rub her legs, first on the outside of her pajama bottoms, then on the 

inside of them. Eventually, Martinez placed his fingers inside of her underwear and

rubbed her vagina. The complainant specified that there was skin-to-skin contact 

and provided details indicating that this contact was not momentary or accidental. 
12

Collins initially testified about the second interview in general terms, noting 

that it took place because the complainant had disclosed new information. Collins 

opined that this sort of disclosure of details over time was typical. The complainant’s 

demeanor differed somewhat between the two interviews. In the first interview, she 

was comfortable when talking about everyday life but became withdrawn, stopped 

making eye contact, and began crying when the subject turned to her abuse. In the 

second interview, she was much more withdrawn and drew herself into a ball—with 

her knees pulled up, head down, and arms wrapped around her. 

Collins subsequently testified about the specifics of the second interview. The 

complainant told her that Martinez had “intercourse” with her. Collins asked her 

what she meant by “intercourse” and the complainant “described it as when a man 

puts his private in a girl’s,” specifically in her “vagina.” The complainant also 

described specific details about this encounter, including Martinez’s actions before 

intercourse and the positioning of their bodies. Because Collins did not understand 

exactly what the complainant meant, she had the complainant show her using dolls. 

The complainant said she noticed blood afterwards and was sore the following day. 

Collins testified that a child simply may be more comfortable disclosing some 

details to one person than to another. The complainant expressed to Collins that she 

was afraid no one would believe her and worried about being separated from 

Veronica as a result of the allegations. In addition, Collins clarified that she does 
13

not concern herself with inconsistences between what the child says and what law 

enforcement officers may have told her. However, if the child herself is inconsistent 

in what she says during the interview, Collins asks follow-up questions about those 

inconsistencies. 

The State’s final witness was the complainant, who was 15 at the time of trial. 

The complainant testified that when Martinez began touching her it started out as 

unobjectionable “cuddling.” But it progressed with him rubbing her over her 

clothing and then under her shirt and closer to her “privates.” Martinez put his hand 

under her shirt and touched her breasts and also under her clothes and touched her 

“private part.” He eventually had sexual intercourse with her. The complainant said 

she did not want to talk about it after it happened. She was worried that doing so 

would destroy her family and that she would lose her family. 

On cross-examination, the complainant acknowledged that Martinez and 

Veronica had begun to have marital difficulties at some point. She also agreed that 

she had hoped the family would stay together. The complainant agreed that, in 

addition to her testimony, she had talked to a number of people about what had 

happened to her, but she did not recall all of their names. When asked about the 

nature of the inappropriate touching, the complainant stated that Martinez touched 

her on her “private part” and clarified that she meant her “vagina.” She said this 

occurred in the room she shared with her stepsister at night when everyone was 
14

sleeping. She could not recollect the time of year. She had on her sleeping clothes 

at the time—a big t-shirt and some pajama pants. She was wearing underwear; 

sometimes she wore a bra as well. She also testified that she remembered Martinez 

having intercourse with her, but again could not remember the time of year when 

this happened. The complainant testified that both she and Martinez were clothed. 

Martinez lay behind her and pulled her clothes down to her knees, and then had 

intercourse with her. She recalled telling Veronica that this had happened many 

times, but she did not recall telling her that it happened 20 times. However, the 

complainant testified that Martinez did have intercourse with her often and that 

sometimes she would be facing him and sometimes not. 

After the State’s witnesses testified, both sides rested and made closing 

arguments. In their closing arguments, both sides argued that the verdict essentially 

turned on whether the jury believed the complainant. The jury found Martinez guilty 

on all three counts. The trial court entered separate judgments of conviction for each 

count, found the enhancement allegation of the indictment to be true, and assessed 

Martinez’s punishment at life confinement. See TEX. PENAL CODE

§ 12.42(c)(2)(B)(v). Martinez appeals.
15

Discussion

A. Evidentiary sufficiency

In his first three issues, Martinez contends that the proof is not sufficient to 

support his convictions for aggravated sexual assault of a child and indecency with 

a child. In his sixth issue, he contends that the proof is not sufficient to support the 

State’s enhancement allegation about the Colorado conviction for sexual assault.

1. Standard of review and applicable law

We apply the legal standard for sufficiency of the proof stated in Jackson v. 

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Gear v. State, 340 S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2011); Pena v. State, 441 S.W.3d 635, 640 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, 

pet. ref’d). Under this standard, we “must consider all of the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the verdict and determine whether, based on that evidence and 

reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational fact finder could have found the essential 

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Gear, 340 S.W.3d at 746. We 

cannot substitute our judgment for that of the jury by reevaluating the weight or 

credibility of the evidence; instead, we defer to the jury’s resolution of conflicts in 

the evidence. Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Under 

this standard, the proof “is insufficient under four circumstances: (1) the record 

contains no evidence probative of an element of the offense; (2) the record contains 

a mere ‘modicum’ of evidence probative of an element of the offense; (3) the 
16

evidence conclusively establishes a reasonable doubt; or (4) the acts alleged do not 

constitute the criminal offense charged.” Ryser v. State, 453 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d).

A person commits the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child if, among 

other things, he intentionally or knowingly causes the penetration of the sexual organ 

of someone younger than 14 years of age. TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i), 

(2)(B). The uncorroborated testimony of the child suffices to support a conviction 

for aggravated sexual assault. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.07(a), (b)(1); Johnson 

v. State, 419 S.W.3d 665, 671 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d).

Likewise, uncorroborated outcry testimony—the testimony of another regarding the 

child’s disclosure of the sexual assault—suffices to support a conviction. Eubanks 

v. State, 326 S.W.3d 231, 241 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d).

A person commits the offense of indecency with a child if, among other 

things, he touches the breast or genitals of someone younger than 17 years of age 

with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of anyone. TEX. PENAL CODE

§ 21.11(a)(1), (c)(1). Touching a child through her clothing is encompassed by the 

offense. Id. § 21.11(c)(1). The required intent may be inferred from the surrounding 

circumstances. Navarro v. State, 241 S.W.3d 77, 79 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d). The uncorroborated testimony of either the child or an outcry 
17

witness suffices to support a conviction for indecency with a child. Jones v. State, 

428 S.W.3d 163, 169 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.).

To establish a prior conviction, the State must prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that a conviction exists and that the defendant was the person convicted. Tate 

v. State, 414 S.W.3d 260, 265 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2013, no pet.). This

may be proven by various means, including documentary proof of the conviction 

that has enough information to establish the defendant’s identity. Jimenez v. State, 

446 S.W.3d 544, 549 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.). Witness 

testimony may bridge evidentiary gaps in the documentary proof of the conviction 

or the identity of the defendant as the person convicted. Id.; Orsag v. State, 312 

S.W.3d 105, 116–19 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d).

2. Analysis

(a) Aggravated sexual assault and indecency with a child

Martinez contends that extensive conflicts in the evidence rendered the jury 

unable to find him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. He argues that the testimony 

of the witnesses varied and that the complainant’s account changed over time and 

lacked details about when and where she was sexually abused. He further argues 

that the dates of two of the offenses alleged in the indictment are impossible because 

they postdate the complainant’s outcry.
18

Martinez does not dispute that the complainant was 13 years old at the time 

of the offenses. The complainant testified that Martinez rubbed her breasts and 

vagina and had intercourse with her. Though she could not recall the dates on which 

she was abused, she said it happened several times in the room she shared with her 

stepsister at night while the family was asleep. This testimony alone is sufficient to 

support Martinez’s convictions on all three counts. See Jones, 428 S.W.3d at 169;

Eubanks, 326 S.W.3d at 241. But the complainant’s testimony did not stand alone; 

Veronica and Collins both testified about the outcries the complainant made 

regarding Martinez’s sexual abuse. Veronica additionally discovered Martinez lying 

asleep in the complainant’s bed and holding her in in what Veronica characterized 

as a lover’s embrace. Finally, Martinez himself corroborated the complainant’s 

allegations to an extent in his recorded interview, in which he acknowledged being 

in his daughter’s bed multiple times, being under the blanket with her once, and 

being aroused on another occasion.

Martinez nevertheless contends that conflicts in the witnesses’ testimony 

render it insufficient. He argues that while Veronica told authorities that the 

complainant said he had sexual intercourse with her at least 20 times, the 

complainant did not make this allegation to anyone else or testify that Martinez had 

sex with her this many times at trial. Martinez points out that the complainant told 

Collins of just one alleged instance of sexual intercourse. He further argues that 
19

while Collins was aware of the discrepancy concerning the number of instances of 

intercourse, she made no effort to resolve this factual conflict during her interview 

and testified that both stories—one instance and 20 instances—could be true. 

Martinez maintains that a jury’s ability to weigh witness credibility is not unlimited 

and asserts that the conflicts in the evidence are so significant that no reasonable jury 

could find him guilty of the charged offenses based on this proof.

The record undermines Martinez’s characterization of the witnesses’ 

testimony. While the complainant did not recall telling Veronica that Martinez had 

sex with her 20 times, the complainant did testify that Martinez had sexual 

intercourse with her often. Similarly, while Collins agreed that she did not attempt 

to reconcile the factual accounts provided by different people, she explained that this 

was because her questioning focuses on what the child says during an interview. 

Collins further explained that she does ask follow-up questions of the child if the 

child says inconsistent things during an interview. In addition, Collins clarified that 

two differing accounts about the number of instances of abuse can both be true 

because a child simply may not be giving a full account during an interview and 

reiterated that the disclosure of sexual abuse is a process that occurs over time. 

Martinez does not cite any authority for the proposition that evidentiary conflicts 

may be so pronounced as to render them beyond the jury’s evaluation. We hold that
20

any inconsistencies or credibility issues were for the jury to resolve. Isassi, 330 

S.W.3d at 638.

Martinez’s complaint about the dates of the offenses likewise does not require 

reversal. The indictment alleges that he touched the breast and genitals of the 

complainant on or about November 10, 2013. The proof at trial, however, 

established that Veronica ejected Martinez from the family home on November 2. 

But this variance is immaterial because the indictment alleges that Martinez 

inappropriately touched the complainant “on or about” November 10. When the 

State alleges an offense occurred “on or about” a specific date, it may prove the 

offense “was committed on a date different from that alleged in the indictment” so 

long as it predates the presentment of the indictment and the expiration of any 

applicable statute of limitations. Thomas v. State, 444 S.W.3d 4, 9 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2014). All of the evidence at trial concerned sexual abuse alleged to have taken 

place before Martinez’s departure from the family home.

We overrule Martinez’s first, second, and third issues.

(b) Prior conviction for sexual assault of a child

Martinez contends that the proof was insufficient to find he had previously 

been convicted of the sexual assault of a child in Colorado. He argues that the State 

offered no documentary proof of the conviction into evidence and that it did not 

present any witnesses who connected him with the prior conviction.
21

Martinez’s contentions are not supported by the record. After Klawinsky’s 

testimony, the State sought to admit the Colorado Sentence Order. The defense 

objected on several grounds, including an objection that any probative value the 

order had was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The trial 

court held the order was admissible under Article 38.37 of the Code of Criminal 

Procedure and admitted a certified copy of it, which was published to the jury. The 

order stated the court and case number, identified the defendant as a Juan Jose 

Martinez who was born on May 28, 1977, and recited that he had been found guilty

after pleading guilty to violating “18-3-402(1)(e) – Sex Assault – 10-year age 

differen.” and jailed for the offense. The State also connected Martinez with the 

Colorado offense with other evidence:

● Veronica’s testimony that Martinez told her he had been convicted for 

sexual assault in Colorado and jailed;

● Tielke’s testimony that he confirmed Martinez’s identity via his driver’s 

license, including his birthdate of May 28, 1977;

● Klawinsky’s videotaped interview with Martinez in which he 

acknowledged his prior incarceration in Colorado; and

● Klawinsky’s testimony that she obtained the Sentence Order from Colorado 

law enforcement agencies after learning of the conviction.
22

Taken together this proof suffices to permit a factfinder to find beyond a reasonable 

doubt that Martinez was convicted of the offense referenced in the Sentence Order. 

See Jimenez, 446 S.W.3d at 549; Orsag, 312 S.W.3d at 116–19.

We overrule Martinez’s sixth issue.

B. Evidentiary rulings

Martinez complains that the trial court erred in several of its evidentiary 

rulings. In his fourth issue, he contends that the trial court should have permitted 

him to question Veronica about the sexual misconduct of one of her sons. In his 

fifth issue, Martinez contends that the evidence of his prior Colorado conviction 

should have been excluded because its probative value was outweighed by it 

potential for unfair prejudice. In his seventh and eighth issues, he maintains that the 

trial court erred by allowing Collins’s resume into evidence and by permitting her to 

opine on the complainant’s credibility. In Martinez’s ninth issue, he contends that 

the court erred by admitting Riley’s sexual assault examination report.

1. Standard of review

To preserve an evidentiary error for appellate review, a party must timely 

object with specificity in the trial court unless the specific ground for the objection 

is apparent from context. TEX. R. EVID. 103(a); TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a). The error 

that the party asserts on appeal must conform to the objection made at trial. Clark 

v. State, 365 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
23

A trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence is reviewed for an abuse 

of discretion. Tillman v. State, 354 S.W.3d 425, 435 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); 

Robbins v. State, 88 S.W.3d 256, 259–60 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Under this 

standard, we must uphold its ruling so long as it is within the zone of reasonable 

disagreement; we may not reverse solely because we would have ruled otherwise. 

Tillman, 354 S.W.3d at 435; Robbins, 88 S.W.3d at 260. Even if the trial court stated

an invalid basis for its ruling, we must uphold the ruling if it is correct on any 

applicable theory. Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 538 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

2. Analysis

(a) Sexual misconduct of another person

Martinez contends his counsel should have been allowed to question Veronica

about an incident in 2010 in which one of her sons allegedly sexually abused one of 

her other children because, according to defense counsel, the earlier incident would 

have made her more watchful. The trial court excluded the proposed testimony after 

hearing it outside of the presence of the jury. Martinez argues on appeal that this 

testimony was relevant to Veronica’s credibility, given her testimony that she had 

not noticed anything amiss before she discovered Martinez in bed with the 

complainant. 

To be admissible, evidence must be relevant. TEX. R. EVID. 402. Evidence is 

relevant if “it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would 
24

be without the evidence” and that fact “is of consequence in determining the action.” 

TEX.R.EVID. 401. Thus, when assessing the relevance of particular evidence, courts 

must consider the purpose for which the proof is being introduced. Layton v. State, 

280 S.W.3d 235, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). It is essential that there be a direct or 

logical connection between the proof and the proposition sought to be proven. Id.

The credibility of the State’s witnesses is relevant at trial. See McDuff v. State, 

939 S.W.2d 607, 617 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). But the trial court’s conclusion that 

the testimony of alleged sexual abuse of another child in the home was not relevant 

to Veronica’s credibility or any other issue in the case was not an unreasonable one. 

This 2010 incident involved neither Martinez nor the complainant. It occurred 

before the complainant moved in with the family. The defense did not contend that 

the complainant misidentified her abuser; it contended that the abuse did not happen. 

Thus, neither the 2010 incident nor Veronica’s knowledge about it made a fact of 

consequence more or less probable. See Rivera v. State, 130 S.W.3d 454, 460 (Tex. 

App.—Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.) (affirming exclusion of incident of sexual abuse 

not involving defendant or complainant that defendant sought to introduce to prove 

complainant’s mother’s mental state). The trial court therefore did not abuse its 

discretion by excluding this evidence.

We overrule Martinez’s fourth issue.
25

(b) Colorado conviction for sexual assault

Martinez argues that the evidence concerning his prior Colorado conviction 

for sexual assault should have been excluded under Rule 403. He argues that in 

cases like this one, in which the verdict turns on witness credibility due to the 

absence of physical evidence, proof that the defendant committed other sexual 

offenses against children is substantially more prejudicial than probative. He further 

argues that rigorous application of Rule 403 is especially important in this context

to ensure that defendants are not tried merely for being criminals or bad persons in 

general, a risk which Article 38.37 exacerbates by disabling the application of Rules 

404 and 405 in trials for sexual offenses against children.

In trials for sexual offenses against children, the defendant’s commission of a 

separate sexual offense against a child may be admitted “for any bearing the 

evidence has on relevant matters, including the character of the defendant and acts 

performed in conformity with the character of the defendant,” notwithstanding Rules 

404 and 405 of the Rules of Evidence. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.37, § 2(b). 

Proof of a separate offense, however, arguably may be excluded if its probative value 

is substantially outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice. TEX. R. EVID. 403.3 

 

3 This court has applied Rule 403 to Article 38.37. See Wysack v. State, No. 01-

13-00683-CR, 2015 WL 4366245, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] July 

16, 2015, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication); Victorian v. State, 

No. 01-13-01004-CR, 2015 WL 3915966, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

June 25, 2015, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). The State 
26

If a defendant objects to extraneous-offense evidence under Rule 403, then 

the trial court must weigh the relevance of the evidence against its prejudicial impact. 

Johnston v. State, 145 S.W.3d 215, 219–20 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). But it “need 

not conduct a formal hearing or even announce on the record that it has mentally 

conducted this balancing test.” Cruz v. State, 122 S.W.3d 309, 313 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). Rule 403 favors admissibility of relevant 

evidence and carries with it a presumption that probative evidence is more probative 

than prejudicial. Hajjar v. State, 176 S.W.3d 554, 562 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d). Moreover, because proof of prior sexual abuse of a child is 

especially probative of a defendant’s propensity to sexually abuse another one, “the 

Rule 403 balancing test normally will not favor the exclusion of evidence of the 

defendant’s prior sexual assaults of children.” Alvarez v. State, 491 S.W.3d 362, 

371 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d).

When applying this balancing test, factors we consider include: (1) how 

compellingly the evidence of the other crime makes a fact of consequence more or 

less probable; (2) the evidence’s potential to affect the jury in an irrational and 

incurable way; (3) the degree of delay and distraction caused by the presentation of 

this extraneous evidence; and (4) the proponent’s need for the particular evidence in 

light of the other admissible proof. Santellan v. State, 939 S.W.2d 155, 169 (Tex. 

 

does not dispute Rule 403’s applicability.
27

Crim. App. 1997); Hajjar, 176 S.W.3d at 561. If these factors, “viewed as 

objectively as possible, lead to the conclusion that the danger of unfair prejudice 

substantially outweighed the probative value of the proffered evidence,” we “should 

declare that the trial court erred in failing to exclude it.” Montgomery v. State, 810 

S.W.2d 372, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh’g).

In Alvarez, this court rejected the very arguments that Martinez asserts here. 

There we concluded that evidence of the commission of other sexual offenses against 

children was highly probative precisely because the case otherwise turned on witness

credibility. 491 S.W.3d at 371. Consequently, the trial court reasonably could have 

concluded both that the Colorado conviction was compelling proof of Martinez’s 

guilt and that the State had significant need of this evidence. Furthermore, as we 

explained in Alvarez, it is not irrational for jurors to draw conclusions about a 

defendant’s guilt based on proof that he sexually abused other children. Id. In 

addition, we also concluded that proof of the other offenses was prejudicial, but not 

unfairly so. Id. Therefore, the trial court could have reasonably concluded that the 

Colorado conviction would not affect the jury in an irrational manner. We note that, 

as in Alvarez, Martinez does not identify any particular facts about the Colorado

offense that made proof of it uniquely or unfairly prejudicial. See id. Nor does he 

contend that proof of the Colorado offense caused substantial delay or distraction 

with respect to the offenses for which he was standing trial. Viewed objectively, 
28

none of the four Rule 403 factors weigh in Martinez’s favor. On this record we 

cannot conclude that the danger of unfair prejudice associated with the Colorado 

conviction substantially outweighed its probative value. Thus, the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion under Rule 403. See Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 392.

We overrule Martinez’s fifth issue.

(c) Cameron Collins’s resume

At trial, defense counsel objected to the admission of Collins’s resume on the 

ground that it was irrelevant. On appeal, Martinez argues that the resume’s sole 

conceivable relevance concerned whether Collins was an expert, which was a 

decision for the trial court to make rather than the jury. 

To the extent that Martinez complains that the trial court abdicated its role as 

gatekeeper by admitting Collins’s resume and deferring to the jury’s assessment of 

her expertise, he made no objection about her qualifications. Thus, he has not 

preserved for appellate review any complaints relating to her qualifications or the 

admissibility of her testimony as an expert. TEX. R. EVID. 103(a); TEX. R. APP. P. 

33.1(a); Martinez v. State, 22 S.W.3d 504, 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

We overrule Martinez’s seventh issue.

(d) Testimony about the credibility of the complainant

Martinez contends that Collins improperly testified in support of the 

complainant’s credibility. In particular, he argues that Collins’s testimony that 
29

children sometimes deny they were abused or recant allegations of abuse was 

improper. Martinez likewise argues that it was improper for Collins to testify that 

there was no indication that the complainant had been coached.

Defense counsel did not object at trial to the testimony Martinez complains 

about on appeal. Thus, Martinez has not preserved any potential error with respect 

to this testimony. TEX. R. EVID. 103(a); TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a); Oliver v. State, 32 

S.W.3d 300, 303–04 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, pet. ref’d).

We overrule Martinez’s eighth issue.

(e) Riley’s sexual assault examination report

At trial, defense counsel objected that Riley’s sexual assault report, which 

included statements the complainant made to her during the examination as well as 

Riley’s conclusions, contained “hearsay conclusions.” The State responded that the 

report came within the exception for statements made for purposes of medical 

diagnosis or treatment and the trial court agreed with the State. See TEX. R. EVID.

803(4). Citing Garcia v. State, 126 S.W.3d 921 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004), Martinez 

contends on appeal that this hearsay exception is inapplicable. In particular, 

Martinez argues that none of the statements made in the report—whether they are 

the complainant’s statements or Riley’s—were made for the purpose of medical 

diagnosis or treatment. Martinez contends that the report was instead made “as part 

of an investigation into allegations of a criminal offense.”
30

Hearsay—a statement not made by the declarant while testifying at trial that 

a party offers into evidence for the truth of the matter asserted—is generally 

inadmissible. TEX. R. EVID. 801(d), 802. However, this general prohibition does 

not bar a statement made for and reasonably pertinent to medical diagnosis or 

treatment that “describes medical history, past or present symptoms or sensations; 

their inception; or their general cause.” TEX. R. EVID. 803(4). This exception may 

encompass medical records documenting the sexual abuse of children. See, e.g., 

Sandoval v. State, 52 S.W.3d 851, 856–57 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, 

pet. ref’d) (trial court did not err in admitting medical records in their entirety). 

Riley was a pediatric nurse practitioner. In that role, she performed “medical 

exams on children who are suspected of being physically or sexually abused.” She 

examined the complainant. As part her examination, she completed an eight-page

report. The report included the complainant’s relevant medical history, the 

complainant’s description of the alleged abuse, the results of Riley’s physical 

examination of the complainant, and Riley’s diagnostic impressions. 

We reject Martinez’s contention that Riley’s sexual assault examination of the 

complainant was part of a criminal investigation and therefore not made for the

purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment. We have previously recognized that the 

purpose of these sexual assault examinations is to ascertain whether the child was 

sexually abused and whether the child needs medical attention. Sandoval, 52 S.W.3d 
31

at 857. The contents of Riley’s report reflect that she examined the complainant in 

order to make this diagnosis and determine if treatment was required. In addition, 

Riley testified that she did not consider herself an arm of law enforcement. She 

examined the complainant in her capacity as a pediatric nurse practitioner. That 

Riley’s examination of the complainant and her report memorializing the 

examination was relevant to the law enforcement officers who were investigating 

the complainant’s allegations of sexual abuse does not strip the examination of its 

medical purpose. Consequently, Garcia is distinguishable. There the Court of 

Criminal Appeals held that Rule 803(4) was inapplicable to statements that the 

defendant’s wife made to an employee of a battered woman’s shelter because there 

was no evidence that she went to the shelter for the purpose of receiving a medical 

diagnosis or treatment or that she received a diagnosis or treatment from the shelter’s 

employees. 126 S.W.3d at 927. In contrast, Riley’s sexual assault examination 

report reflects this purpose on its face. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in admitting her report into evidence over the defense’s hearsay objection.

We overrule Martinez’s ninth issue.
32

Conclusion

We affirm the trial court’s judgments of conviction.

Rebeca Huddle

Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Higley and Huddle.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).