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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

3 Plaintiff-Appellee,

4 v. NO. 30,938 

5 ABEL ACEVES RODRIGUEZ,

6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LUNA COUNTY

8 Gary Jeffreys, District Judge

9 Gary K. King, Attorney General

10 Yvonne M. Chicoine, Assistant Attorney General

11 Santa Fe, NM

12 for Appellee

13 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Chief Public Defender

14 Mary Barket, Assistant Appellate Defender

15 Santa Fe, NM

16 for Appellant

17 MEMORANDUM OPINION

18 FRY, Judge.

19 Defendant Abel Aceves Rodriguez appeals his conviction of first degree

20 kidnapping and attempted second degree criminal sexual contact of a minor (CSCM).
2

1 Defendant alleges six errors on appeal. However, since we agree with Defendant that

2 his restraint of the child was incidental to the attempted CSCM and therefore not

3 sufficient to support a conviction for kidnapping, we need not consider all of the

4 issues raised by Defendant. We further agree with the State that the jury was

5 improperly instructed on the elements of second degree CSCM (CSCM II) and that

6 Defendant’s conviction for attempted CSCM II must be vacated and replaced with a

7 conviction for CSCM in the third degree (CSCM III). Finally, we reject Defendant’s

8 argument that there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction for attempted

9 CSCM. Accordingly, we reverse Defendant’s conviction for kidnapping and remand

10 to the district court for entry of judgment of guilt for attempted CSCM III and

11 resentencing.

12 BACKGROUND

13 The charges arose from an incident in which Defendant restrained a twelve14 year-old boy in an alley and attempted to unlawfully touch the child contrary to

15 NMSA 1978, Section 30-9-13 (2003). Because this is a memorandum opinion and

16 because the parties are familiar with the procedural history and facts of the case, we

17 reserve further discussion of pertinent facts for our analysis.

18 DISCUSSION

19 Defendant’s Restraint of the Child Does Not Support a Conviction for

20 Kidnapping
3

1 Defendant argues both that (1) the Legislature did not intend to punish as

2 kidnapping any restraint that is incidental to the commission of another offense, and

3 (2) the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for kidnapping because the

4 State failed to establish a restraint beyond that incidental to the commission of the

5 attempted CSCM. This Court recently agreed with Defendant’s first argument. State

6 v. Trujillo, 2012-NMCA-____, ¶ 39, ___ P.3d ___ (No. 30,563, Aug. 27, 2012).

7 Therefore, the question before us is Defendant’s second argument—whether the

8 evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, see State v. Gipson, 2009-

9 NMCA-053, ¶ 4, 146 N.M. 202, 207 P.3d 1179, was sufficient to support a

10 determination that the restraint in this case was more than incidental to the crime of

11 attempted CSCM. As we did in Trujillo, we conclude as a matter of law that

12 Defendant’s conduct fails to constitute kidnapping. See 2012-NMCA-___, ¶ 42.

13 In Trujillo, the defendant’s convictions for kidnapping and aggravated battery

14 arose out of actions he took in simultaneously restraining and beating the victim with

15 the assistance of another person. Id. ¶¶ 2-4. On appeal, the defendant argued that

16 there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction for kidnapping where the

17 restraint that formed the basis of the kidnapping conviction was incidental to the

18 actions he took in furtherance of the aggravated battery. Id. ¶ 6. This Court, in

19 reviewing the history of our kidnapping statute and case law from other jurisdictions,
4

1 held that “the Legislature did not intend to punish as kidnapping restraints that are

2 merely incidental to another crime.” Id. ¶ 39.

3 In reaching this holding, we aligned New Mexico with the majority position

4 that “kidnapping statutes do not apply to unlawful confinements or movements

5 incidental to the commission of other felonies.” Id. ¶ 31 (internal quotation marks and

6 citation omitted). While we declined in Trujillo to explicitly adopt any of the three

7 major tests currently being employed by courts in determining whether a restraint or

8 confinement is incidental to other crimes, we emphasized that the essence of the tests

9 was whether “the restraint or movement increas[ed] the culpability of the defendant

10 over and above his culpability for the other crime.” Id. ¶ 38; see also id. (stating that

11 “the severe penalties for kidnapping are acceptable only when there is culpability for

12 increased danger to the victim”). We further stated that this determination “depends

13 on the facts of each case, in light of the totality of [the] circumstances.” Id. ¶ 43

14 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Therefore, in cases such as Trujillo

15 where the factual circumstances so clearly evidence an incidental restraint or

16 movement, we can determine as a matter of law that the restraint or movement did not

17 constitute kidnapping. Id. 42. More complicated factual situations, however, present

18 a question for the jury as to whether the movement was merely incidental. Id.
5

1 In this case, testimony at trial indicates that the child was walking down an alley

2 when Defendant spoke to him and pulled him down onto some cushions that

3 Defendant kept in the alleyway. Defendant continued to hold onto the child while he

4 began attempting to kiss the child, unbuckling his own pants, and putting his thumb

5 in the waistband of the child’s pants. Upon being confronted by a neighbor,

6 Defendant initially continued to restrain the child until the neighbor advanced toward

7 Defendant, and Defendant released the child.

8 Based upon these facts and the analysis utilized by this Court in Trujillo, we

9 cannot say that the nature of Defendant’s restraint of the child increased his culpability

10 beyond that inherent to the commission of attempted CSCM. Defendant’s restraint

11 of the child was no longer or greater than that necessary to commit CSCM, even

12 though Defendant was prevented by the neighbor from completing the act. See id. ¶¶

13 34, 39 (citing one test for determining that a restraint is incidental as “whether a

14 defendant [intended] to prevent the victim’s liberation for a longer period of time or

15 to a greater degree than that which is necessary to commit the other crime” (alteration

16 in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Furthermore, the

17 restraint did not increase the severity of the attempted CSCM or subject the child to

18 a substantially greater risk of harm. Id. ¶¶ 36, 39 (citing a second test as grafting onto

19 the first test the question of whether the movements of the victim “substantially
6

1 increase the risk of harm over and above that necessarily present” in the other crime

2 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). In fact, the child testified that he was

3 not physically harmed either by the restraint or during the encounter. Finally, the

4 restraint involved here is the kind inherent to CSCM and was not the type of restraint

5 or movement done to make commission of the CSCM “substantially easier” or to

6 “lessen[] the [defendant’s] risk of detection.” Id. ¶ 37 (internal quotation marks and

7 citation omitted) (citing a third test for determining whether the restraint is incidental

8 to the other crime). Therefore, we conclude as a matter of law that the restraint was

9 incidental to the attempted CSCM and did not evidence the type of restraint, beyond

10 that inherent to CSCM, that the Legislature intended to be used to support a

11 conviction for first degree kidnapping. In so holding, we emphasize, as we did in

12 Trujillo, that the factual circumstances of this case allow us to determine as a matter

13 of law that Defendant’s conduct did not constitute kidnapping. See id., 2012-NMCA14 ___, ¶ 42.

15 There was Sufficient Evidence to Convict Defendant of CSCM III

16 Defendant was convicted of attempted CSCM II. Unlike CSCM III, CSCM II

17 requires an additional finding that the defendant attempted to unlawfully touch the

18 unclothed intimate parts of a minor. Section 30-9-13(B). The State concedes, and

19 Defendant readily agrees, that the jury was improperly instructed regarding the
7

1 elements of CSCM II because the word “unclothed” was omitted from the jury

2 instruction. While we are not bound by the State’s concession, see State v. Guerra,

3 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 9, 284 P.3d 1076, we agree with the State that the omission of the

4 word “unclothed” from the jury instruction requires us to vacate Defendant’s

5 conviction for CSCM II and remand for entry of judgment for CSCM III. Under our

6 Supreme Court’s holding in State v. Haynie, “appellate courts have the authority to

7 remand a case for entry of judgment on the lesser included offense and resentencing

8 . . . when the evidence does not support the offense for which the defendant was

9 convicted but does support a lesser included offense.” 116 N.M. 746, 748, 867 P.2d

10 416, 418 (1994). While the Court later held in State v. Villa that application of the

11 “direct-remand” rule is inappropriate where the jury had not been instructed on the

12 lesser offense at trial, 2004-NMSC-031, ¶ 15, 136 N.M. 367, 98 P.3d 1017, here, by

13 omitting “unclothed” from the jury instruction, the jury was essentially instructed on

14 the elements of attempted CSCM III because the charge is necessarily encompassed

15 by attempted CSCM II. Compare § 30-9-13(B), with § 30-9-13(C) (differentiating

16 between second and third degree CSCM by omitting “unclothed intimate parts” from

17 the definition of CSCM III); see also State v. Notah-Hunter, 2005-NMCA-074, ¶ 27,

18 137 N.M. 597, 113 P.3d 867 (distinguishing Villa in part because the defendant’s

19 conviction for aggravated DWI necessarily encompassed the lesser included charge
8

1 of DWI). Therefore, a remand for entry of judgment for CSCM III and resentencing

2 is appropriate in this case.

3 Finally, despite concluding that Defendant’s conviction should be reduced to

4 attempted CSCM III, we proceed to briefly address Defendant’s argument that there

5 was not sufficient evidence to support a conviction for any degree of attempted

6 CSCM. We review the sufficiency of the evidence pursuant to a substantial evidence

7 standard. State v. Sutphin, 107 N.M. 126, 131, 753 P.2d 1314, 1319 (1988). Under

8 a substantial evidence standard, the “relevant question is whether, after viewing the

9 evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could

10 have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v.

11 Garcia, 114 N.M. 269, 274, 837 P.2d 862, 867 (1992) (alteration in original) (internal

12 quotation marks and citation omitted).

13 To convict Defendant of attempted CSCM III, the State must prove beyond a

14 reasonable doubt that (1) Defendant intended to commit the crime of criminal sexual

15 contact of a child under the age of 13, and (2) Defendant began to do an act that

16 constituted a substantial part of the criminal sexual contact of a child under the age of

17 13 but failed to commit the criminal sexual contact of a child. See § 30-9-13(C).

18 Criminal sexual contact is described as the “unlawful and intentional touching of or

19 applying force to the intimate parts of a minor or the unlawful and intentional causing
9

1 of a minor to touch one’s intimate parts.” Section 30-9-13(A). “[I]ntimate parts

2 means the primary genital area, groin, buttocks, anus or breast.” Id.

3 Defendant’s briefing on this point essentially asks us to disregard the testimony

4 of the child and the neighbor in favor of Defendant’s testimony that due to linguistic

5 differences, there was a misunderstanding between Defendant and the child as to what

6 actually occurred in the alley. However, as both the child and the neighbor testified

7 that Defendant was restraining the child, attempting to kiss him, and either pulling up

8 the child’s shirt or, as the neighbor testified, attempting to remove the child’s pants

9 as well, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found the essential

10 elements of attempted CSCM III beyond a reasonable doubt. See also State v. Riggs,

11 114 N.M. 358, 362-63, 838 P.2d 975, 979-80 (1992) (stating that the jury determines

12 credibility and the weight to be given to testimony).

13 CONCLUSION

14 For the reasons discussed above, we vacate Defendant’s convictions for

15 kidnapping and attempted CSCM II. Because we conclude that there was sufficient

16 evidence for a conviction of the lesser included offense of attempted CSCM III, we

17 remand to the district court for entry of judgment of conviction for attempted CSCM

18 III and resentencing in accordance therewith.

19 IT IS SO ORDERED.
10

1 

2 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge

3 WE CONCUR:

4 

5 RODERICK T. KENNEDY, Judge

6 

7 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge