• .. 

REF ID":'A:62873' ... .,_, ' 'I,_ .. ' ... ~ .... : ... --:.- ..... .... .. .. ... .. .. .... '"':· -~.: ... -:: .. 

I• - •- ill'i-

. -...... 'lo,, 

- ,. '" 

-. 

,.,, . ' .. I ;:. ~ • '"' ..... ::. .. .. • 

.. • .. ;; r•-1' .. ":.. ........... :._• .,.'i" a..-

.. - .... ~ 

: '\ ... 

.j 

1 

I 

-1 

-. 

·' 

_, 

~d.. ----- :.~ _!;! 

t"pproved for Release by NSA on 12-19-2013 pursuant to E. 0. 1352B 

.... ~·- ....... rr1y . .. .} .. 
LECTURE NOTE 

11' subject -- The historical background of COMSEC 

in the Armed Forces -- is a very broad one because it 

should include the background or the development or 

each or the components or COMSEC: cryptosecurity, 

transmission security, and J>b1'sical securit7. But 

since time is limited and I think you would be more 

interested in the phases pertaining to cryptosecurity, 

I will omit references to the history or the other two 

components. And even in limiting the talk to cryptosecurity, I will have opportunity only' to give some or 

the highlights of the development or the items that 

comprise what we call our cr;yptomaterials, leaving out 

comments on the history of the development and 
improvement of JUEFJ,~:D>t."1•1Ats1'6 procedures and, 

practices -- all oi which are extremely important. t 

Coming now the the history of' our cryptoma.terial\ 

themselves, I suppose there is no need to tell 7ou of' 

the proi'ound effect of the 19th and 20th centuries 

on electrical communications -- directly upon mi.lit 

communications ~~ndirectly' on mili tar,y cryptograplv'. 

Hand operated cipners and codes became almost obsolet 

with the need for greater and greater speed of crypto 

operations. That meant that cr-JPtomachines would ba 

to be developed. 
REF ID : A62 8 7 jRYPTOGRAPHY 

Begin 2nd part with brief history 0£ development 

0£ cipher machines - with growth 0£ radio and 

communications - e££ect on military communications 

profound - necessity £or speed 
REF ID:A62B73 
------------~~~~_, . Accident -- li~lJJ:E :~ai'J/43 

a. An event that takes place without one's foresight 

or expectation; an undesigned, sud.Mn, and unexpected 

event. 

b. Hence, of'ten, an mdesigned and unforeseen occurrence of an at'flictive or unfortunate character; a 

mishap resulting in inj'Ul"l' to a person or damage to a 

thing; a casualty; as to die by an accident. 

c. Chance; contingency. 

•Thou cam. 1st not to that place 111" acgisent; 

It is the V8r'1' place God meant tor thee.• 
DI.let~ non --~D : A62 8 7 3 

Sae Wfe cohtzastiu...-mpl:e of pnm7 end gnpd, 

eemze. 'ftdtllle ef eellllUldcitluns 116068841) hi..,,re-

.parjpg £011 11rcse aae' e ope»M.i:eaa ea lwstiil:a stwres"'i:s 

iiremanauas. The -rtgares atagg&Mng, boti1 as :ta..numbe 

ai laae:'1h of •ass1aa. "'!ail!e •as s'ae el i pi. •No. 10 

Meneuvera1t in early 1944~2e expedition involving 

redeE_loyment of troops fo~ch Fast Indies. Their 

ship,!ment met with malJ1' 11accidents" beca'9tl, inadequate Ja~_ne COlrSEC disclosed all their plans. ~tire 

mo""8;ae1a7ed 3 months and ell_, suffered heav losses 

in material and personnel. Rut •a1:c case or Teftell -

11>t ot&.f mad:1 1a-g:aat seczecJ (tculEQazmzs azitiza• 

ltjr m•npd:se) hilt alee tbeiP--trgpps4ie9e2QGs--800-)c 11~us 

happauea• tu }lie :i11 tbe wz:gng p1 see at blm zlghi ..time. 
R:lt"F TD : n ~2 B 7 3 

But this did not""lrjust 'lie.ppe:l*' =:.a w=.s no accident -- it was brought about. 
REF ID : A62 it)ir~LIDE 45 

'l'he earliest picture of a cipher disk, tram Alberti 

Trattati in citra, Rane, c. 1470. 

"Ol.dest tract on cryptography the world now possesses" 
REF ID : A62 8 ]'OR SI.IDE 45.1 

One of the cipher disks in Porta, 1563 

/j.nd apparently noboq thought up ~ much better 

tor a long, long time. In tact, not~ could they 

not think up~ better, but those who did B.ff¥ 

thinking at all on the subject merel.1' •invented" or 

reinvanted...Alberti 1 s disk -- and that happened time 

and aga.inJ 

[ 1'!o.oe. p~ ~ """"" ~ 
LECTURE NOTE REF ID : A62 8 ~ SLIDE 45.2 

The Jqer cipher disk, patented 14 Nov 1865 

11! lmow it takes a long time to get a patent through 

the patent office, but Alberti's device was finally 

patented in 1865, the inventor happening to be the 

then Chief Signal Officer of the ArJV', Major Albert J. 

My-er.•• 
REF ID : A62 PJSLIDE 45.4 

The Alberti Disk reincarnated in the u.s. A:rar:f Cipher Diak Of 1914-JB. 
LBel!URE--- .. - - - - REF - J:D :-A62 Bibi" SLIDE" 47· 

The cipher disk as again patented in 1924 -- Huntington Patent 

/Jb.aws that the Patent Ottice does not have general 

into:rmation on crn>tography because ot the secrecy 

involved.J 
REF ID : A~ i13DE 49.1 

The Decius Wadsworth cipher device (invented and 

built in l.817 when Colonel Decius Wadsworth was 

Chief of Ordnance.) 
REF ID:A628>1~ 49.4 

The Bazeriea c:eyptographe cylindrique (1901) as 

shown in his book "Les chif'fres secrets devoiles" 

~ he mq have described this in his article 

CrJptogra•a 20 roudelles-al.phabets" Canptes 

rendua, Msrselles, lB91J 
LECTURE NOTE REF ID : A62 8 7 ::fOR SLIDE 160.1 • 

Hitt•s earliest ~odel of strip cipher device~lsJ 
LECTURE NOTE REF ID :A62873 FOR SLmE 50.2 

Show M-94 

If time tell of failure to solve and ilhy 
~SLIDE 50·· REF ID :A62 

Second page of Jefferson's description of "The 

Wheel. Cipher" 
LEQTURE 

U.S. ArlifT cipher device M-136 

Liegins experimentation with changeable alphabet.a? 
REF ID: A6f{&'MimE 50.8 

u. s. Ariq Strip Cipher Device M-138. 
REF ID : Afii\EbiiiE' 50 .12 

u. s. Anq cipher device, TJpe M-.l.38-A (with Russian 

legends) 

/fttor:t of Russian legends and how they came .. to be 

there;J 
REF ID:A62B73 

The Kr1ba cipher machine 
REF ID:A62873 59 

SWedish machine connected to electric typewriter. 
REF ID : A62 8 7:e?R SLIDE 65 

'l'be keJ'boal'd electrica.l.11'-operated B-2ll SWediah 

machine. 

ffeelf'-containecl, instead of separate tygevr!ter-;J 
REF ID : A6~7 8!.mE 71:.l 

The first Hebern machine. 

L,imUf'actured tor use by the IQi IO.we 'lOsm;J 
REF ID : A62~ ~ 72 

The 5-rotor Hebern machine 

{fi!-.ory ot soluti<>!!Z 
REF ID: A62873 165 

W .F .F. 'a ''vor.k-aheet" solution of lf&'VJ' challeDge 

messages. 
REF ID: A62tii' iLD>E 172.lO 

One Of Hebern's develo!lllents for the Bavy, after his 

release. 

/jhis is the one that wouldn't work - but Hebern &aid 

the contract didn't specific~ state that it had 

to work. He insisted on being paid -- and wa'!! 

(One BaV7 :f'11e insisted that BaV7 bad an admiral in 

BaV7 District HQ in s.:r. just to keep Hebern out 

ot jail so he could finish Ba'V7 contract% ) 
LECTURE NOTE 

,.,o 

REF ID : A62 8 7®R SLIDE 50. 7? 

My theory: re external key and development of 

Ml.34 TI (J9~11) ' ' 

, 
REF ID :A62873 170 

U. S. Army Converter M-134,'1!-l 

Basic principle - external keying element 
REF ID:A62873 170.4 

U.S. Army Converter M-134-t'Z (1936) 
REF ID :A62873 173 

The SIGABA/ECM 

(Converter M-134-C) 

A It N get together. Benefits thereof withheld 

from all Allies. 
LECTURE NOTE REF ID : A62 M SLIDE 56 

With growth of teletype communications the need for 

and practicability of automatic encipherment became 

obvious. 

--- The first attempt -- the machine developed by 

the AT&T Co. {1918) 1n collaboration with the Signal 

Corps. 
LECTURE REF ID : A62 8 7 3 FOR SLIDE 61. 

The IT&T Co. teletype cipher attachment 

LAutumn 1931. With the growth of teletype comnnmi• 

cations, cipher teletype attachments were inventedj 

' 
REF ID:A62873 

The ITltT Co. Teletype cipher attachment 

(Internal mechanism exposed) 

Solution story 

Effects of lack of contact with work 

Lesson re flying pay 

64 
REF ID:A62873 

LECTURE NOTE FOR SLIDE 178 

In 194Z the need for automatic teletype encipherment was met on the basis of expediency: The.mld 

ATltT Co. double-tape system was adopted and 

installed on a "crash" program at the few signal 

centers, while a large program for the production 

and procurement of Converter M-ZZ8 (SIGCUM) was 

being executed. 
.L)t5:TURE REF ID : A62 8 7 ~OR SLIDE 171 

M-161: Signal Corps model made at Fort Monmouth 

(Efforts to develop~ machine) 

-
REF ID: A62873 70.1 

Converter M-209 
REF ID:A62873 70.2 

Converter M-209 with keying mechan1mn exposed. 
\,..ECt'U 2£" NOT£ St:iot i6. 3 

REF 1n:A62R73 

Exaple of American rssou..-ca ... w!r&Ss~ =id ~kill UJJder 

difficulties. Two GI' s in Ita~ mechanize the 

M-209. 

(The cartoon, showing a cmple of GI' s v.i. th 

a home-made "stilll" and the legerd: "Yes, 

but will it 'WOrk?" J