United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

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No. 18-2680

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United States of America

lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

v.

Joseph Thor Perkins

lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant

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Appeal from United States District Court 

for the District of Minnesota - St. Paul

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 Submitted: March 15, 2019

Filed: September 23, 2019

[Unpublished]

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Before SHEPHERD, ERICKSON, and KOBES, Circuit Judges. 

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PER CURIAM.

Joseph Thor Perkins pleaded guilty to one count of producing child

pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). The district court sentenced him

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to 336 months in prison, a 24-month downward variance from the recommended

Guidelines range. In addition to the standard $100 special assessment, the court

The Honorable Joan N. Ericksen, United States DistrictJudge for the District 1

of Minnesota. 
imposed a $5,000 mandatory special assessment pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3014. On

appeal, Perkins challenges the reasonableness of his sentence and the special

assessment. After careful review of the record, we find no abuse of discretion. 

United States v. Starr, 533 F.3d 985, 1003 (8th Cir. 2008), and we affirm.

I.

Perkins agrees that the district court correctly determined that the Guidelines

range for his offense began, and ended, at the statutorymaximumof 360 months. Nor

does he dispute the sentencing enhancements he received for the victims’ ages, his

sexual contact with them during the offense, the number of victims, and his past sex

offenses. Perkins further acknowledges that the district court granted a 24-month

downward variance to credit his guilty plea that spared victims from enduring a trial. 

Although the recommended sentence was at the statutory maximum, Perkins

claims that the district court procedurally erred by rejecting his request for a sentence

at the statutoryminimumby failing to meaningfully consider his mitigation argument

and explain its reasoning. He also asserts that his sentence is substantively

unreasonable because his conduct does not implicate more severe sentencing

enhancements, by, for example, involving younger victims, abusing a special

relationship, or widely distributing the images. 

At sentencing, a district court abuses its discretion if it “fails to consider a

relevant factor that should have received significant weight, gives significant weight

to an improper or irrelevant factor, or considers only the appropriate factors but

commits a clear error of judgment in weighing those factors.” United States v.

Merrell, 842 F.3d 577, 585 (8th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States v. Watson, 480

F.3d 1175,1177 (8th Cir. 2007)). The district court “is not required to recite the

§ 3553(a) factors mechanically or to make specific findings on the record about each

factor.” Id. at 584 (quotations omitted). Nor does every “argument advanced by a

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defendant require[] a specific rejoinder.” United States v. Morris, 918 F.3d 595, 597

(8th Cir. 2019) (quoting United States v. Grey, 533 F.3d 942, 944 (8th Cir. 2008)). 

A court need only adequately explain the reasons for the sentence to permit appellate

review. United States v. Feemster, 572 F.3d 455, 461 (8th Cir. 2009) (en banc). 

In reviewing the reasonableness of a sentence, “when the bottom of the

guidelines range is [at or] above the statutory maximum, the statutory maximum

sentence is presumed reasonable.” United States v. Shafer, 438 F.3d 1225, 1227 (8th

Cir. 2006). If the court imposes a sentence below the range suggested by the

guidelines, “it is nearly inconceivable that the court abused its discretion in not

varying downward still further.” United States v. Worthey, 716 F.3d 1107, 1116 (8th

Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Spencer, 700 F.3d 317, 322 (8th Cir. 2012)).

The sentencing transcript shows that Perkins’s punishment is grounded in the

§ 3553(a) factors. It explained that Perkins was convicted of “one of the most serious

offenses.” The offense conduct was “not just pornography but actually being a

predator to actual children” and that he “disregard[ed] the lives of those children.” 

The court also considered the need for greater deterrence in light of Perkins’ criminal

history because he had continued “to ruin the lives of these children.” Thus, the

sentencing colloquy reflects “substantial insight into the reasons for [the court’s]

determination” as our precedent requires. Feemster, 572 F.3d at 463 (quoting United

States v. Kane, 552 F.3d 748, 756 (8th Cir. 2009)). 

We also find no error with the district court’s alleged failure to consider the

absence of other, more severe sentencing enhancements. Perkins’s conduct was

serious enough. He does not dispute that his conduct merited adding ten additional

offense levels and even without accounting for his criminal history, his Guidelines

range began and ended with the statutory maximum. This alone is sufficient to reject

his request to be sentenced at the statutory minimum. Shafer, 438 F.3d at 1227. The

court rejected his primary mitigation argument stating that “[t]reatment may or may

not work,” but it was unnecessary to address facts that did not apply. 

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Perkins also claims that the district court’s discussion of his sexual activity

with minors shows “the essence of his culpability” is statutory rape, and as such, his

punishment should reflect that lesser culpability. We flatly reject this argument. The 2

plea agreement shows Perkins confessed to producing child pornography “us[ing] his

Sony digital camera and Samsung Galaxy cellular telephone to produce hundreds of

images and videos of the minor victims engages in sexual acts.” On top of that, he

“encouraged minors to meet him in person to engage in sexual acts with [him] and so

that [he] could photograph the minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct.” The

district court merely fulfilled its duty to discuss the aggravating factors that supplied

the basis for its decision to enhance his sentence. Therefore, we find no error in

explaining that Perkins had greater culpability because in addition to producing child

pornography he also molested children. 

II.

We also hold that the district court did not clearly err by imposing the $5,000

special assessment. United States v. Kelley, 861 F.3d 790, 801 (8th Cir. 2017). 

Perkins is correct that only a “non-indigent person” is eligible for the assessment. 

See 18 U.S.C. § 3014 (“the court shall assess an amount of $5,000 on any nonindigent person”). When determining a defendant’s indigency status under § 3014,

a court should consider “both a defendant’s current financial situation and his ability

to pay in the future.” Kelley, 861 F.3d at 801. At sentencing, the court weighed

Perkins’ ability to pay, noting that half of the assessment could be paid by his prison

wages. Although he now assertsthat his work history is “modest and spotty, at best,”

the district court could rely on Perkins touting his “strong work history” and the

presentence investigation report’s findings on his past wages. Additionally, Perkins

bore the burden to prove he could not pay the assessment, a burden no doubt hindered

Plain error review generally applies because Perkins failed to make this 2

argument to the district court. See United States v. Kay, 717 F.3d 659, 663 (8th Cir.

2013). Because we find the court did not err, he cannot prevail under either the plain

or clear error standards. 

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by his failure to provide a financial disclosure report. United States v. Allmon, 500

F.3d 800, 808 (8th Cir. 2007). 

Perkins claims that because the court found he was unable to pay the minimum

$50,000 fine it could not impose the $5,000 assessment. The district court relied on

the presentence investigation report finding that Perkins could not pay a fine within

the Guidelines range. Our precedent holds that “[i]t is incorrect for a court to impose

a fine that the defendant has little chance of paying.” United States v. Berndt, 86 F.3d

803, 808 (8th Cir. 1996). Although the same indigency standard applies, the amount

of the fine is a factor that changes the analysis. We therefore reject Perkins’s

argument that his inability to pay a fine ten times larger than the assessment requires

finding that he could not pay the assessment.

* * *

Perkins’s sentence and special assessment are affirmed.

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