# DRAFT

INTERAGENCY 

## 316(a) TECHNICAL GUIDANCE MANUAL

AND


# GUIDE FOR THERMAL EFFECTS SECTIONS OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES 

# ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Enforcement Permits Division Industrial Permits Branch Washington, D. C. 

# May 1, 1977

# DRAFT

1 -iLIST OF FIGURES

No. Figures Page

Decision Train Flow Chart 1 2

## 1.0

2.0

3.0 Introduction TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

2.1 Background Information 2.2 Suggested Uses of this Technical Manual

Productive Demonstration 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Decision Train 3.3 Biotic Category Determinationsand Recommended 

## Early Screening Procedures by Industry 3.4 How to Select the Most Appropriate Demonstration Type 3.5 Type II Demonstrations (Representative Important Species) 3.6 Type III Low Potential Impact Determinations 3.7 Other Type III Demonstrations (Biological, Engineering, and Other Data)

3.9Non-Predictive Demonstrations (Type I, Absence of Prior Appreciable harm)

4.0 Definitions and Concepts 3.8 Decision Criteria Page 1
3 3 8

11 11 11

18

33

34 63

64 65

72

73

## -iiLIST OF TABLES

3 No. Tables

Sample Table to Summarize Data for Each Representative Important Species (RIS) Page 41

2 Thermal Effects Parameters

Applicable to Aquatic Organisms Potentially Selected as RIS Cooling Water Characteristics 5 3 42

## -1- 

# DRAFT 1.0 Acknowledgements
This manual represents the efforts of many who unselfishly contributed their time and expertise. Originally, specific assignments were delegated to working groups but, as time went by, individuals in these working groups were asked to provide assistance in other areas. Therefore, to simplify the acknowledgements, the following is a list of those who at one time or another contributed to the development of this manual: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Allan Beck, Narragansett, Rhode Island William Brungs, Duluth, Minnesota Stephen Bugbee, Washington, D.C. John Christian, Washington, D.C. Jeffrey Goodman, Washington, D.C. Delbert Hicks, Athens, Georgia J. William Jordan, Washington, D.C. J. H. McCormick, Duluth, Minnesota Donald Miller, Narragansett, Rhode Island Donald Mount, Duluth, Minnesota Diane Olsson, Washington, D.C. Mark Pisano, Washington, D.C. Jan Prager, Narragansett, Rhode Island Ronald Preston, Wheeling, West Virginia Ronald Raschke, Athens, Georgia Robert Schaffer, Washington, D.C. Eric Schneider, Narragansett, Rhode Island Lee Tabo, Jr., Athens, Georgia Bruce Tichenor, Corvallis, Oregon Howard Zar, Chicago, Illinois Nuclear Regulatory Commission Harold Berkson, Bethesda, Maryland Thomas Cain, Bethesda, Maryland Phillip Cota, Bethesda, Maryland Robert Geckler, Rockville, Maryland Bennett Harless, Rockville, Maryland Robert Jaske, Bethesda, Maryland Michael Masnik, Bethesda, Maryland Robert Samworth, Bethesda, Maryland

## -2-

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

# DRAFT
John Boreman, Ann Arbor, Michigan Thomas Edsall, Ann Arbor, Michigan Phillip Goodyear, Ann Arbor, Michigan Roy Irwin, Ann Arbor, Michigan Glen Kinser, Washington, D.C. Mark Maher, Ann Arbor, Michigan Oak Ridge National Laboratories Charles Coutant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee Jack Mattice, Oak Ridge, Tennessee U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration Heyward Hamilton, Washington, D.C. W.R. Taylor, Germantown, Maryland Argonne National Laboratory Rajendra Sharma, Argonne, Illinois
Great Lakes Fishery Commission Carlos Fetterolf, Jr., Ann Arbor, Michigan

## -3-

2.0 INTRODUCTION

# DRAFT

2.1 Background Information 2.1.1 Brief History of the Evolution of this Document Prior to the enactment of Public Law 92-500 [the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (FWPCA)], the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) had regulatory authority pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) to impose effluent limitations on facilities requiring an AEC license or permit. The FWPCA now requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish (for use in permits for the discharge of pollutants to waters of the United States from point sources as defined in the FWPCA such as nuclear power plants, etc.) effluent limitations for all pollutants. The FWPCA provides that nothing under NEPA shall be deemed to authorize any Federal agency to review any effluent limitation or other requirement established pursuant to the FWPCA, or to impose, as a condition of any license or permit, an effluent limitation other than any such limitation established pursuant to FWPCA. Pursuant to the authority of the FWPCA, EPA required applicants for discharge permits to submit information required by EPA in order to establish effluent limitations in permits. Pursuant to the authority of NEPA, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) may require applicants for licenses or permits to submit information required by NRC in order to evaluate and consider the environmental impacts of any actions it may take. Consequently, the informational needs imposed by the two agencies may be similar in the area of impacts on water quality or biota.NEPA requires that all Federal agencies prepare detailed environmental statements on proposed major Federal actions which can significantly affect the quality of the human environment. A principal objective of NEPA is to require the agency to consider, in its decision-making process, the environmental impacts of each proposed major action and the available alternative actions. Both EPA and NRC have responsibilities pursuant to NEPA regarding the issuance of licenses or permits for nuclear power plants and certain other facilities. In late 1973, the Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) wrote to the Chairman of the then AEC and the Administrator of EPA Suggesting steps that might be taken "to make the analysis of the water quality impact of nuclear power plants more effective and more meaningful and, at the same time, reduce demands for data being placed upon applicants for licenses."

## -4- 

# DRAFT In summary, CEQ suggested that AEC and EPA: (1) explore mechanisms available to assure that applicants' environmental reports to AEC contain sufficient data to satisfy EPA requirements on water quality matters; (2) consider the possibility of preparing a single impact statement to meet AEC's requirements under NEPA and EPA's requirements under FWPCA; and (3) consider the possibility of unified hearings. In response to CEQ's suggestions, AEC (subsequently NRC) and EPA developed the Proposed Second Memorandum of Understanding regarding their perspective responsibilities under NEPA FWPCA, which was published in theFederalRegister for public comment on November 7, 1974 (39 FR 39490), and in final on December 17, 1975 (40 FR 60115). In summary, the Memorandum: 1. specified the statutory authority of both agencies for entering into the Memorandum. 2. Defined those licensing and regulatory activities to which the Memorandum shall be applicable. 3. specified that NRC and EPA will work together to identify needed environmental information for early evaluations related to impact from the identified activities on water quality and biota. 4. Provided for EPA to exercise its best efforts to evaluate impacts on water quality and biota as far as possible in advance of the issuance of NRC's final environmental impact statement for any covered activity, and specified that EPA and NRC will maintain close working relationships during the entire environmental review process. 5. Specified that EPA will issue to the applicant, where appropriate, in light of substantive requirements, a completesection 402 permit as far as possible in advance of authorization by the NRC of any commencement of construction or issuance by NRC of a license or early site approval, whichever is applicable.*

* See 10 CRF Part 2, Appendix A, Paragraph I(c).-,j

## 6.

7. Speclfled that EPAand ?JRC

### till coasider the LusibiLicy of 

### holding combtied or coacurrent 

### heerings onEPA’s proposed 

### sectfoa /rO2 p8mlCS end !GkC’s prOQO88d Frsuence 

### of co~tmctlon permits 

### or ocher activicles uhue 

## lQQrOQriAtL
Eaecinded the Huorendm of Understanding RegerdFog 

### Implmentetloa of Certain Complemental ILaponsibilftles under chr W end dated 

### January 13, 

### L9, aod22, 1973 

## (38FE2fl3).

As l f

## Frsestep tovarda 

### LppLemenring the objecttves of the !4eaorendm, Psarime of meeclngs 

### beewean EPArnd !iRCtook place Ln Irte November 1976. 

### At these aeectngs it uu decided thee oneof the aost dFfficu.Lc cssks CObe doua, 

### endouewhich should be started 

### first, was 

### to standerdim aquatic biological dstr 

### requiremeutr cosatisfy 

### FUPCa requfraents for EPA

### and

## NPA requirements for .YRC. Technical experts 

### representing the maegenclee Fnthe field ofequatfc biology 

### held l rulu 

### ofmeetings FnDecember 1974, formLaced arny centrtfve 

### agree mencs, aad eppOint8d aeerie8 of 

## llghc wrklag groups. Eachwrking 

### group wasco-chaired by

### ouerepruencrtlve troa uch agency. 

## 00Jenuaq 28-30, 1975,the eight wrkbg groups met b! 

### Fells Church, Vlrglnla, to complete 

### spoctiic urltlag assignments couctibuttig to the d~elopeac of 8

### sewguideme aanuel. 

### TechwrLFng group submitted draft 

### r-rfu of chair work 

### ouchaLut dsy 

### of the aeetfng end 

### final rtmmries by 

### urly 

### March 1975.

TheLongprocess of 

### plecLng the products of the eight wtkiag groups togethu 

### tico 001cohesive technical arnuel ues 910-d by key 

### personnel changes 

### vlthia the e#eaciee end 

### heavy schedules of ocher ladlvlduals 00

### the working groups. In rplce of the nmuou setbecks~ 

### eDecrber U. L97S. dreft us carplaced end reviend 

### by ksy wrkirrg 

### group oabers 

### during Jenm 1976 FrrAthens, Georgia. At chlr amacing FeYS indiuted that smerrl 

### sections still oeeded 

### rwiriou end 

### others should bedeleted rltogethu. &us of responslblllcy ware sssigned co

## til4 wrk4 group oabars and 

### this editloo of 

### thesrnud is rhe 

### rutdt 

## ofchumefforts,

### 2.1.2 Ashift 

### of mhasls Ia the course 

### of the demlopmat of this draft, Fe becsm appuaat 

### toaeny uorklatg 

### group members 

### cl38t 

### urly scramairy procduru 

### byinduat~ or thafr consultaats could sometimes reve8L those cypu 

## of Fnformtioo 

## ubichwouldWCbe aecus~ 

## togather lagruc det8FL at ¶r rltu* 

### If bitlal pilot field sumeys cad literrture surveys 

### r8VUhd that tha Sit@uu one OfbU pOt8ath.L l.UQeCt 

### for phflOpkUktOU 

### for aamph, it vould ba 

### unnecus8q to couducc 

### deetied studies to give the 

### temaomlc ideattilcetloa of every 

### species of 

### phytopleaktoa fn tha piciafcy~

2.1-3 FubLfc AvsUahFLitzy of 316(r) 3emousrracl.oua

It ir the 

### Fnteatloa of &PAto makech* techalcal fnfomatloa submitted 

### byFadustrlu faeccordurce with 316(r) meileble for use byochu ~ustriu. scieatlrts csad-us of the pub&z. 

### This VFll bedoor fnitis.Uy byplacing copies of the dmoastrstiuu and supportiag documents Lato the coUoctioo of the respoaeib~e EPARegfo& Off

### ice Ubrsry- 

### ArFnFl8r appro8& Ls-0 suggested for State yeociu

### Ia cssu where d-d for 

### the dmoastrstioa materials exceeds thmca~a

### bUcy 

## ofanEPAor 

## State agency Librsm, the EPAEeglo& AdmhUuacor mayalso submit thmtmtsffill to 

### the Y~c1oaa.l Tecbicrl 

### Lnfonaation Semlc~ (lITIS> 80that the reports 

### are maihbl~ to the pubUc 

### fn mlctoflche or 

### bud cop7 fors lc

### the price 

### ofduplication- TheEPA Rqluad llbrerha VOLTbesble to provide deu.lhd 

### Qaformcloa regarding hpuc and accus co the ErrIs systae

It is llro aoted thr~ 

### the Atomic IadustrirL Porn, Eavfroameatrl 

### Studlu Project, hu d-eloped IHFOB[M,adstr systa alch vtll 

## axtract laforprcloa from reports 

## submited by utU.itlu 

## Fnaccotdanc~VFth sactfoum 316(a) and(b)- Quutluaa should br referral to the Project it 1747PeanayLvaaia Aveaae, Uuhingtou, 

### D.C. 20006, telqvhoae 202-835923L

TheSqeabu 30, 1974, drsft 

### of the EPA

### 316(e) Technical Cuidrace Manud rtqguu cw 

### posslbUtlu for predlctlve 

### demoastrscioas: Type If dmastxstluas (vlth qmcUlc &tr requiremats for 

### Rsprueatstlve kporrrne Spoclu (US) sadbiotic c~tles) sadType LXXdsmoastreclana (an altamuive plan foLlowtag wrlttaa coacurreacu frum 

### EPA). The 

### YECUgulacory Guide 4.2*, outhe other bad, givea geaual pAdance sad lacllrdu maarlua 

## ofstudyiag l 

### uide spect~~~ of 

### trophlc level, which ml&+ be

### dnnrly affactod 

### by

## thr pour plant’s operrtioue. Thenet result 

## oftU8 cabFnrtluu 

## of 8itaafioas 

## ls that 

### pour cump8nfu have 

### often rbuksd, vtthout the bmmfltof spprupriatr 

### sereealag or pilot 

### stadfes, oularg8-ecaL8, upm8lv8, 

### lnappropr~te studfar vblch supply uuslve mounts of rau data 

### but ue me aecusertiy 

### helpful to regulrtoq 

### ageaciu ia d&ion-me&q.

*NtCBeguLatory Guide 0.2, Preoererfoa of tnvlroamatrl Reports for 

### Yuclur Powt Stecloas. July 1976, Ravisiaa 

### I2: 102p.-7.



### & tU regard, FeL, intuucing 

### coaof* chabalance 

### of ganual 

### wusyrtu (bua.Une, field work) dacr vwsus the EIS (Laboratory and 

### Lftuuurr surch) &tr propored bythir vusioo of eha amud. Put 

### aperiuca ruqgutr chat ndchu bum&m fitid sumap nor 

### EIS laboratory 

### studlu 

### alone van 

### rufficiuat for pradictivr duowtr8tioor; 

### soma 3kture of cha TV, ls daairabla. 

### Guual l

### orysta filld work b wcuury Cochuactarita cho mtvirounnc 

### lmprcted. cohsva abuis of compui.soo for post uparatioual studies, and co couatu poaribh uguunacs 

### char the maeire l

### co~ptu ha8MC bun 

### ammined. Laboratoq 

### studlu ou BfSu(t helpful bazarur they offrr 

### bcreued pradictiva 

### capabilicias, such u houmacbof 

### tha thamal plum uu til preclude 

### reproduction or 

### dgruioa.

### 2.2 Suggested Uses 

### of this 

### Tecknicsl !4antui by:

2.2.1 TheU.S. &mlrouaeat~ Prot8ctloa Agency

Zhfs oersloa of the guidsace msnusl,after ln-hour* zwteu 

### tithln EPA. will rapJ.sce eke Septmbar 30, L976, 

### draft of the EPA 

### 316(4 Technical Guidsace !4snusl. The wrrrl describes eke Lnformscioa 

### vhich shouLd be developed 

### and evslusced ln coaoecrlon wttk msk+ng trcknlcsl 

### detemirmtloas under section 316(s) 

### of the Federal 

### ‘dater 

### P01htl~ COUCZOLkt, a~mended, 33 C.S.C. 

### L251, 326(a). sad LO 

### CFRPtrz l.22,

?fost of 

### the “first rouad” of !GQES(Xettonrl Pollutant 

### Dlschuga &limlnsclou Systar) 

### pamltr for 

### cheraul dlschmgu vill hsve already 

### beeo Fseued (or 

### at Lust study plans ulll hm+ been 

### agreed uponbythe spplicsat end the E~glonsl 

### Adainlstrator) , by th timm chir edltloa of 

### the ceckxt1cs.L msnurl ls issued. The decrrminrclous or study 

### plans flasLited to dste 

### hrrre been ssde oa the bulr of cue-by-cru tecknicsl 

### drclsloas m8do 

### bythr Reg1oas.l Admlnlrtrator. Ihese l

### srlier cechaicrl decislous sad 

### study plane which umreffnrlfted tith the rpprmrl of the Regional Adahisfrscor or 

### Stat8 Director ulll not beaegstrd or ockervFse 

### adversely affeccad bythe iseunct of this aetmr version of the 316(a) CrnChniCJ anual e

The prim- use seat for chh 

### verslou of the tecbfd amnul 

### vi11 be for 

### neusourcu sadfor the “secoad round” of 316(s) detarml~tloaa uklck VFll cams uken 

### the fFrrt round of 

### pumlcr uplre.

Theaaaual b Lateuded to beused u genersl guldsnce snd u ascrrtlag point for dircusslous 

### betusea indust- sad eke Re~lousl AdahlsUstOtsr 

### ?or lndirldurl rltustlons 

### the Rsgloasl Administrator =y requsst 

### ch8t ths

## lpplicmt follou the stqgucloas Frrthe crchnlc~l aand cloudy, or 

### or7 specify 8n 8lcomatlvo plsn.

The spell-t #houLd 

### be aura 

### thsc Fngeneral oaeorsore Ra~load EPAperait program staff hma been deewced ss 316 coordinstom, It 

### is ny~wted tit epplfcmtr coueiderlng 316(e) dmunstrsriuns 

### coacsct these fndlvlduslr sesaearly dsce co dhcuss potenthl 

### problaa and msilsble dsts.



### 2.2.2 SUCU

Tkoea Ststea 

### uhlch hrre 

### been delessted 

### the sdmlnlrtrsrloa of thr NPDES

### pumft progra 

### by EPAhave 

### cha lud 

### role for -king 316(8) declsloas VFchia the Stste, Th8EPAreuins vhacamounts coaveto

### -9-

cspsbFTlty 

### through the requiremmt 

### thst they contFnu8 to reviev a11 p8raiC8 before they 

### are Fsrued.

Since chose State8 which 

### hsve the permit 

### progrm have 

## lruat~y the sac 

### rupoaslbFllclu u EPA,it foLluum chit 

### chur St8tas mayfind 

### this Cechnicll mm&l useful ia the s-8 rmnnar that 

### the Ragioad Ad8l~t~tOrl 

## of EPA

## tfkd it us8fuL, Oathe ocher hsnd, just ss Cha

### Begloud Adainlrcrscors are 

### sot rigidly bound bycha toutants 

### of this docmeut, aelther urn th8 Strte Directors. ft Fs suggestad 

### rhst tho88 Scstu which desire coadmialsfer their 316(r) program Fa awry dlffer8nt 

### fro8 thsc 

### which Fs propoeed 

### here. first 

### discuss chua dlffereacu vlth chr Rsgi0as.l Adaialstr8tort 10that c-011 ~reemncr 

### csaberuched sadsppllcsatt CMbeueured 

### chat their 316(r) study desigas VLlL besccepcsb~8 coboth the State sad EPA,

The applicant should tie be

### aura chat fn general 

### oneor sore Stat8 pamit progrsn 

### staff hsve be8a deslgasted u 316 coordinators. It ls sugguted thsc applicants coasldetig 

### 316(s) d~oastrrtloas ~~nts~t chue Fndivldusls 

### at anurlp 

### dsta codiscuss pote~cid. problas audsvsLLsble dsts,

2.2.3 

### Zlh8?hClUr h~~C0~ CUUiUiOU



### TheNuclear Regulatory Camiraloa (NRC)tencatlvely phna 

### coincorporsce this 316(s) asnusl rad th8 sepsrste 316(b) aunurL 

### vLth future drafts of HILCEagtAstory 

### Guide k.2. Ttia ~oate~fs of 

### these manuals would 

### forP the buis 

## for 8quatlc 

## lcolov dstr raqulraeoer. :urt hou the asn& vtll be lacorporsced hu uot yme

### beaa decided, bur oue possibility dticussed wuld 

### becoiaclrrde the 316(a) sad 

### 316(b) amnab in cheFr antiracy 

### u appendices 

### cofuture ldlclons 

### of .Y’EC Ragulscory Guide 4.2, 

### mar8 hu tiso baeasom8discussion of 

### uslag puts 

### of these 8mnd.s fa future editloM 

### of .YRcR8@drto~ Cuida 6.7* sad 

### dom8UcS co 

### beg8aersted 

### bythe 3RCcoordfasced Stsce/FedersL Slciag Uorkiag Croup,



### 2.2.4 The 0.S. ?irh andWldlfte S81~lc8~ D8pUPn8nt of 

### Lnterior

zh* ?isk sad UildlFfe Samlea (IUS) is msadsted by the Plrh 

### and U’ildfFIa Coordinatiou Act (48 

## Stat. COL,asmended; 16 U.S.C. 663, l

### =

### req.), the cdm#at@d Spaclu Act of 1973, sad 

### Other us* cirted Acfs, co coardimts rwvi8w 

### ulth the appropriate Pedersl 

### reguLstoq 8g8aclu oaprojects 

### chat till 

### Howeimpact oafi8h snd 

### tildllfe c-itiu. These guldeUaes vlfl provide 8

### barb for coordiascioa aoag FR3, 

### &PA,!flC, sad 

### other 8geacler 

### iavolved Fn

+!IRC Regalsto~ 

### Guide b.7, Csnersl Sits Sult8bllltr Criteria 

### for luclrsr 

### Power Scatloar. 

### NOVab8t 

### 1975, I(IPl8loa #2: 32p.

### -100

the 316(e) rsvlev procsS8 

### byreprr88ncing 1c-00 uaderstsnding of the decbioa criteria 

### 8gr8ed uponwhich the 316(a) varl~nce ti1L be based md. therefore. uponvkich th8 8ppropr4ace reguL8cory agency should beadvirad,



### 2.2.5 Other ?ederrL Agencies

Uthuagh ia nouspbound by 

### this document, other F8der81 sgeoclu asy find it wefuL 

### u asource of lafomstloo. For Uatnp18, 

### the Sscioasl ?farln8 ?lrheries Service (!4K?S>of the Depsrcmeot of Com8rce hasrlmllsr ~0u~ern8 cadrupon8Fb~itles u Ch8FWS?athe Pederrl regulatory revlsv process. I%8WS vu OrlgfnaUp 

### :he Suresu 

## ofComerciti Fl8herfes vhlch, together vFth the Suruu of 

### Sport 

### Flsherles mdUlldlLfe (sow FUS), coa8tlcuted the old Fish urd Uildlifa Sar~lca tn 

### the Depucaenr of hteriOr (8s referrrd co fa 

### Ch8 Fi8h 8ad 

### UlldlLfe Coordiasrloa Act). Eaorgauiutlon Plau Yo.0,which transferred chaBuruu of 

### Comariclsl Fi8herf88 cochsDap8rPPeat of 

### C-rce, also trUiSf@rr8d aLI 88sOCiUed responslbFlltlu. Pr4inclple coucema of Sf?S are marine 

### sadsasdroaow fi8h. a8-11 asinlsad c-rcid fish. The FUS,

### bycoacruc, hu a

### puallel rerpoa8FbFLicy 

### in the fIsharIa 

### upact, but h88

### sasddltloarl respoarlbLllty for 8qrtlric uterfovl (both 

### fruh ueter sadmarina) la th8 316(a) revlev procur.



### 2.2.6 ihe Electric Pour 

### Laduse- sadCoasultlag Orgsaiuclon8

FOruch ladiv1due.l site. 8ppliunts for 

### 316(g) or 

### 316(b) daeer!&mtioas should dircusr the contents of this arnusl tith th8 had N'PDESPermit 

### Frogra Agency (either eke EPA

### R8glon.81 Adalnistr8tor 

### or the St&t8 Dir8CtOr) coderermia8 th8 8pplfCSbtiity Of

### the UUUAL'S ret-adstloas cothst rite, Ihir doctnanc tiu Sama U 8Scrtthlq 

### pOFnCfor 

### dfr~~~d.0~8 ludiag co8vrlttu CoaCurrence 

### barmen th8 8ppliC8nt endthe Ugioael IdPialstrstor/Dlreccor onLadlvFdusl study pleas which d.l sacirfy Cha

### requiruaat8 of both PL92-300 

### sadth8 8quetic ecology s~ctioaa of rImA.

## -11-

3.0 PREDICTIVE DEMONSTRATIONS

3.1 Introduction 

# DRAFT

Predictive studies and associated demonstrations representing the best estimate of "what will happen" are appropriate for 316(a) demonstrations for: 1. New sources not yet discharging; 2. Facilities discharging into waters which, during effluent for a sufficient period of time to allow evaluation of the effects of the effluent; 3. Facilities discharging into waters which, during the period of the applicant's prior thermal discharge, were so despoiled as to preclude evaluation of theeffects of the thermal discharge on species of shellfish, fish and wildlife; and 4 . Major changes in the facilities operational mode. The two most detailed baseline aquatic ecology studies done forNRC under NEPA are done two years before a nuclear plant becomes operational. All studies done for 316(a) demonstrations during this time frame are therefore predictive in nature. The regulations (see 40 CFR Part 122) published by EPA provided for two possible types of predictive 216(a) demonstrations: Protection of Representative Important Species (Type II) and Alternative Demonstrations, with the written concurrence of the Regional Administrator or State Director (Type III). This section provides explanations of these demonstration types, details the decision train and decision flow chart, and recommends early screening procedures helpful in choosing the most appropriate demonstration type.

3.2 Decision Train This section provides a flow chart and narrative summary of the recommended decision train.

3.2.1 Flow Chart The flow chart identified as Figure 1. is a summary of the recommended sequence of events leading to the decision. The following is an explanation of abbreviations and terms used in the flow chart:

## -12-
FIGURE 1. DECISION TRAIN FLOW CHART

### AQpUCMt 

### IndustrFrl Eaprasantzive 4plpZng for 

### EPAand;yBC Paroitr andLicm8u DFruto* Director of the 

### Stata HPDLS Pormic ProgrM 

### Pu litid Study Aru

3.2-2 D~cisiau TrliP !hrratlva

1. 

### &fore duignlng 

### aquatic ecology scudlu, chmapplicant consultr ulch chak&ouaL Mmiaistr8for/Dtr~ctor* co vmrify the rpplicrbFLl~of this cochnlcrl manual for Sati8fJiq thd QlrrV dfWtS (316(a) ti dfhWlt 

### guidalinrr) raquirarrocs uudar PL920SOO. If tha BqiouaL AdUtrator/Dlractot sprcifiu aarltasmcivm or raodlfiad varrlm 

### of char manual, 

### the applicant should utu.hr it. If alo hgiuuAl AdminisItratorlDFr~ctor spuifiu uablg this cuhpicrl armlt u agtddo, chm rppucaat gou tu thr naxt Imp.

* uonr nm lI8gbMl 

### Administrator m&am316(a) brewmlnacloar for &PA

timad -tits, vhila cha 

### State DFractor maker 

### such d~termiaa

### cioua for 

### paides ismad 

### byStatu with EPAapproved prrrnic progrmh hCh Stata PatitS, homvar, la subjut co 

### EPA r-au. It ia chumform sqsutd that in the cue 

### of 316(a) 

### dac~tio~ uda byaStata Director, 

### lithu the Dlractor or 

### tha 8ppl.icMt lump. tha~#iulul Addnistr8tor lnfomed at criticsl sap8 in thmprocur to mold t!m poo~ibilicy of ultfaua dlupprovti by 

### EPAof a

### Strtr ~8rrit or 

### &co~tion 

### vhicb could ham bmn avoidad bybattar c~~~~~icatiou throughout tha procua.

### -14.

3. The

## lpplicmt contects the 8pproprlet8 

### Ra#lond Xr8ctor 

### of tie U.S. Fish and UFLdUfe Semfca, r8presencacives of ch N8tid ki8d.M FiSheri8S S8mC8+ 8od 

### Of the Stst8S, CO decumlm 

## if them 

## araanythrutrord orand8agered specirs th8C 

### maybe rff8Ct8d 

### bythe proposed f8dlity’s 

### dischuge. 4, m8 8QpuCMt g@th@m UiSu litU8ttu8 rpd fidd d8t8 

### fra prtiou8 studlu by elm company, r8sourea ag8xxci88, 

### 8c8daic lnStitutionr, 

### ad ocher 

### researchers.
5. The epp~cant d8e8miaeS vhether or not aroush f.dor~tion is 

### ev8flable co

### sumerFt8 Fawriting: 

### 8. Foreachbiotic utrgory, 

### *ether or 

### MCthe site Ia008of LouQot8lltti Fmpect.
b. 

### Aplrn for w 

### 8dditioarL studiu or

### wrk aecue~ co comp18ce the 

### d~ustretioa.
Lf wr8 

### information is U8C8sS8r7, 

### the laformaciou should be

### g8ther8d 

### through relrtivaly brimf '*pilot" fiald -*ys - 6, Appllcmt submits thr smriu to the Eqionel AdddsczatOr/DFt8CtOt

### 7. K the beunel himialstrator/bir8ctor 

### d8t8rmi388 that the slte la one 

### of Lou ~~centid lnpect for all biotic Clt8$0ti88, 

### the applicant may chooaa 

### the aau“rhorc fom” dmustratfou type, the tow ht8Utid hpect Tm@ fI1 dmuStr8ciou drtrF1ad ln sSctioa 3.6; it wt. 

### the 8pplicMt ChOO8U 

### bemea Type If end rppe III dmustreCiOU8.
8. Tboee 

### appUcant8 eligible for 

### the lw potential impact d-tr8tim 

## gecher uay edditfuaal lafomtioo nac~ss8~, caplece ralativ~l~ brlaf biotic 

### category ~ecloaalu~ 

### end s-8 chr lato oue 

### “master:” rcos7stm 

### r8tiode. If the proposed dfschu~e 

### til ame Scrta uecer 

### q&icy scaadarda, tha additlond fiald scudiu nacuaary 

### will WC ba =taualra. The priaq lnfomatiuu ch8t aada co be 

### ~euereted is 

### simply that 

### uhich is enough cosatisfy 

### the biotic Utagory, 

### resource toue, 8od ustar r8tioU8l8 CXit8rir b SSCtiOU 3.8. h8 7aU.S qtbdit8tiVa '*QtiOt" fiald studiu should 

### be roough co

### ganarara mouth iafomeciou cocompleci the bioclc csc8goq, ruource 

### 2008. endustar retioorle. The appuc8at c8n than CO@@t@ QhySiCd StUdiU CORperrbl8 t0 those ti Sectiou 3.5.3 end proceed dit8ctiy to St8p 

### 19brlou.

### -1%

10. Ap~lica.ncs vhose sfrss donot qwltip 

### for th8 above considerations VFLl ordbarily select the Type 11 d~oostracioa or sType III dmoastr8cioa of SfmFlrr 

### corpr8hensiv8ness. @pliCMtS S818Ctblf a fm8 IfI d~oastratioa 

### should cerrfully t8ad sectloo 3.7 fnOrd8r co grin ageaerel uadetstsnding of 

### the decal1 n8c8ssrry for 

### scudirs co be consider8d scc8pcsble~ 

### 11. Thoseapplicencs selscci~g sType IL daoastracioa first 

### meettich the Regfouel MaFniStr8tOr/Dir8Ct0r codticuss selectioa 

## of RIS and drfiae the 

### far fi8Ld Study aru. 

### If the regulatory agency 

### has r8ach8d anyt8ntatFve decisfons 

### rrgerding a~tilovable miring zoa8 ($88 sectloo 3.8.31, these decisions should bediscussed cad uaderStood by

### both pertks. T’hese decfsious asp 

### be t8vi8u\d follotig CoUQ318CiOU Of th8 demoostracioa.
Lf the reguletory agency sad 

### the applicant 

## teachan urly lgreaeac 

### about the 

### sel8ctioa of RISand the duigaacioa 

### of 

### the far fisld study aru, the op~lFcmc may

### moveoucothe next 9~8~. If doer the reguLrtorp 

### ag8ncy say request thee the applfc8at assirt ln the rel8ction of RIS by dolag studies sad givhg vricr8a fust~icecioa 

### for the praposed far firld study lru. 

## L2, T?.mR8glrmel AdmixAstratot/DFrector checks tith the Eegioual Director 

## of the 

## FUSand r8presentstivu 

## of ~58 X¶?S and Stat88 

### comah sum the 

### study plan inchd8s 

### apptOpat8 coustderatiw OfthrUt8ned or 8ndMg8r8d 

### speciu asumll asocher fish sad tidltie 

### t8sourc88.

u. 

### am Regio~el ~nirtrUOr/b~r8CtOr provldu the spp1fc8nt 

### tich urFtten r8cogaitioo of 

### the specific plan 

## for completing the daonstratioa, Lncludlng dell.nucioas 

## of the PIS

## far field study aru ,andchrutened or 8ndurg8r8d specie8. 

### L4, Appltcaac coeplecu 

### field andlftsracurr wrk mquirrd to finish biotic category ratioaalu sad wricss 

### the reciondu In 

### eccordaaco vith sectlofi 3.5.1. U. Irpp~lcant ca$letu ~iter8turr sad 

### L8bOr8tOq 

### Studi@S nec8888~ cogeaer8te lnformetiou for 

## theRISratfous18, aad develops 

## the retioaele ss suggut8d Fosectioa 

### 3.5.2.

### -160

16. Applicent d8V8lOQS 

### 8nglneering andhydrological data 

### outltied Insectioa 3.5.3. 17, 

### 4plicsnc comblnu 

### the Fnfocmecion oa

## lngiaeering and 

### hydrologicel deer vfth the RIS and biotic uc8goq ratimalu Fnco on8 “Xesc8r” Ecosystr 

### Rat10ne18, as ducribed lasectioa 3.5.4.
18. lgpllunt arreag88 the ratioarl88 and 

### oeh8r Fnforautiou la the fonmt suggestsd tn section 3-5.5. 

### L9. 4pllcsnt submits deaoastrstioa co

### the Zegioarl 

### Admi~str8tOr/Dlr8CtOt.
20. Ih8 R8giOUd AdminiStr8tOr/Dir8CtO~:
Eevt8w8 

### :he d~onatratioa co see 

### ttt8c key mrid8nc8 is properly S-rtted In the “ratfon~e’* sectioua, t&at &Ll 

### of the rrqufrrd data 

### hu been submitt8d, and tht 

### the forme ln gueral follow that given 

### Lasection 3.J.S 

### or an a~t8rnetlve for!aac QrwlouSlp 

## lpprm8d of 

### bythe Regionel AchhiStr8tOr/Dlt8CtOr.


### a. Lf the r8port 

### l%uuecc8ptab~e duecoLPproper format orairsions, the Reglow Mminfstrator/ Dlr8ccor will retam the daonstratlon cothe applimnt 

### tith an8xpluutlou ofvhy It vu dared mUC8ptabh, 

### b. rt the r8pOrt i8 la an bCC8Qubh 

### formet and 

### is complete, 

### the Ugioael MafnniJtracor/Director VLU proe8ed co

### the amt scsp. 

### 21. 'Ih8gegiouel ~iJtr8t0r/Dlr8CtOr seudl8s the deer 

### prhated 

### in the submitcti toseeti lt justifl8s the 

## conclueiow ruched Fnthe biotic cecegor7 ratioties. Xf so, mad If 

### there 1803 coaflfctfag wfd8eC8 

### from otbec sources, the Regiouel Adminhtrator/Dfr8ccor 

## will proceed to eke next 

### st8p. 

### 22. The U#ioael Addnistreeor/Dir8ctor StudiU 

### uch of the biotic cet8gory r8cioaelu co see lf 

### they support 

### the 316(r) 

### cut 

### of protectiou aad propegetioa 

### of the be&aced ladigeaous ~opulaciou. Lf my of the 

### f

### iv8 retiOuehs f8il co meet the cuts (as detailed f.a 

### the decirioa 

### criteria sectioas), the 

### daonstretlon 18aocsuccessful. If a.LLfive meetthe casts and 

### charmls sot strong 

### coatrsq 8VidtlrC8 

### from ocher sources, the E.eglonel Uministrator/Dlrector till Qroc8ed co

### the u8xt rt8p.

### 23. The~gioarl MministratOr/Dir8ctor scud188 th8 RU lnforU8tiOn COsee tf It supports th8 

### conclustoas hathe bpr888nCbCiV8 bpOrtanC 

### Sp8~18~&1tiO~U18. It it dou. 

### the racionde 

### FsScUdi8d Fnr8latiOMhiQ cothe decision critsria givea Insectioo 3.8.2. K the decision crtteria are met, 

### the 2eglomal Admfabtrator/DFt8ccor 

### till proceed co

### the uac St8p. 

### 26. The Regionel AdUbidtr8tOr/bLt8CtOr stud188 u a cosposiee 

### the biotic ucrgorp ratlOue~8s~ c!18 Repr8sencacive ~bpottrac Sp8cler R~tlooa.L8, 

### the r8suurc8 zones fmpecc8d, and 

### the 8ngFneetig and 

### hydrological dece co see ti 

### they prwlde jurtifica

### tioa for 

### the conclusloas rrech8d Fpthe aastsr ratioa8le. ff 

### thry do and th8re 1s aot 

### strong 

### coatrarf 8videnc8 

### from 

### ocher sourC8s, the RegionA Adzsbdstrator/Dlr8ctor vill proceed co the nut St8pt 

## 2s. The Eeg1om.L ~istr8tOr/Dfr8CtOr studi8s c!!e 

### mest8r tStiOUAl8 

### Fnt8latiOUShiQ COau oth8r avelLable data, coasiders the marall decirlou 

### crtcsrir Fnsection 

### 3.8.3, anddec8rmiaes ti the 316(a) daonstratiou bee 

### beensuccsssfdly -de. FoUmdng discwsions 

### vfch crchnicr1 upercs 00 

### his 

## staff asWU aschose from the Fish and 

### Uildlu8 Service and 

### ocher agenci88 t8qUfIId By 

### lau cobeCOUstIlc8d. the Regionel AdmiaistrsCor/ DFr8CtOr maha c&r 

### ffnd decision. 

### Lf the 

### Regiooll Mainlstrator/D1reccor coaclud8s that the s-q retioueLe is coorincing. tc ls supported 

### sufficiently by 

### the ocher sections of the d~unstrecion, and h wt 

### couvincingly nef8ted by outside rrldence, 

### the sppllcurt’r 316(a) d~oustretiou 

### 1ssuccessful, Theapplicant hu dunscrefsd ch8c c!xe proposed cheraul 

### dirchrrge to aevigable vacsrs viJ..l be accepc8ble under PL

### 92-500 (for 

### seccioa 316(a) and 

### 8fflueat guideliaes).

### 3.3 Biotic Category Deterain8tions end Recmeoded 

### !Zarlf Scrunlag Procedures by 

### Industry

It :r recorundad that appLic8nts conduct pFlor 

### field surveys md licetecure surchee befora embarking 

### upaauasiv~. comprehensive, bueline. field ssmpl-. Thur fuitid 

### studiu will oftrn besufficient 

### to determine 

### whether oraof the site fs oneof Lou potential 

### hpact for indivfdurl biotic utagoriae 

### audcodeternine vhrc additional studies will be raqufred 

### to develop 

### bloeic crtsgory tatiouales responsive co th decision critarfr Listed fu this sectiou.

Tha spplic8nc 

### should first rud thfs section. then uecuce the initial pilot 

### field sumeys and Lituuure 

### surches Fn

### suchazmuuer ch8t they identify chose biotic c8cegories for which cha

### site sry be considered aLovpotmtid. dnp8ct 

### are8,

It should benoted here th8t rectfou 3.5.6.1 provides 8 discussion of 

### whythe d8tr requiranents proposed In 

### this sectioo are 

### useful to rrgulatory agmciu fn the 516(a) decision-mking procus.

Ideutific8tiou of tll~a i,uthevartous bloti c8tegories should be 

### to the species Level for 

### the RISorg8nfsw and ao less th8n 

### fmlly Lavd for all other chrt ue Iheed.

3.3.1 

### Phftoprauktou 3.3.1.1 Decisioa Critrria.

Thephytoplsaktou sectiou of 

### the 316(a) daonstrstlou vill bejudged succusful 

### if the

## lpplfcsnt c8ashowthat the site Fsa Lou pocurtirl kp8ct lru 

### for phytopl8uktou. For 

### other slfes, the phytoplauktoa rectiou of the 316(e) dmoUStr8tfOn til 

### bejudged successful tiy ti the sppllcsnt cull droascrace th8t:



### 1. Aahfit tmmrda auirurce rpecler of phytoplauktou 

## iswe UkaLy tooccur; 2. Iharm 

### is little likelihood the tha dtich8rge till, altar the Indigenous coratnity from adeerite co 

### 8phytopl8nktoo hued s78tm; and
3. 

### Appreci8ble h8m cothe brluxed indFgaaous populathou 

### is not ltily to occur assresult of phytophakton cmmanit~ chmtes C8U88d by 

### the he8Ced disclm~e

. 3.3

### .I.2 LouPotencill fmmct Arus 

### for Phrtool8nktoo (OpenOceanand

Yost Riverine Ecosystems)

. Are8s of 

### Loupocmtiti tnp8cc 

### for phytoplanktou ara 

### defFned asopenoceen srus 

### or 

### sfscems Fnwhich phytoplankton is LIOCthe food chain bese. Ecoeystas fnvhich the food mb 

### 1shued oudetrltal

### -19-

ucrrlsl, e.g., 

### rmb8yments bordered 

### bymangrove rusaps, 

### salt msrshes, fresh wear stmmps, and most 

### rivers and 

### strums, are In this cacrgory.

Theares 

### will not beconafdered oneof 

### low potrnctal !mpacc Lf 

### pte1Fninrry literature review and/or abbreviated “ptlot” field studies rwul Ch8t:



### L. Thephytoplsnkcoa contribute 

### asubscantlrl amuac of the pria8q phocosynehecic actlvicy supporting the co6uaity;
2. 

### Ashift cowards nuls8nce species my be

## lucouraged; or
3. 

### Opetscion of thedischarge meyalter the community Eroat 

### adecticsl coaphytopLankron 

### hoed ryscem, 

### 3.3.1.3 Scudv Reouiremencs 

### for Aress Yet 

### Clrssiffed a8Lov

Poceaci8~ Iap8cc (SOID@ La~~scrfne, &stusrine, and Possible Ocher Uater 

### BodyTypes). Theapplicmt Lanot requutsd speclffc8lly co conduce 

### dec8iled cuonomic studies 

### of the phytoplaakton, 

### but tnfoczmclon provided ln 

### the deonstrscton should beadeqlucs coCh8rSCt@rit@ the 

### presence and sbundsnct 

### of polluclou 

### tolerant and 

### nulsrnce forms as Ural ascoprovide buellne lnforascloa l

### bour the phytoplaaktoa e-alcy as8whole, Thepsrticular pouar plane site and rquacic 

### sysc~ plur hirtoric8l lnformstlon till dictate the extent of caxonomic work required. In somarftu8tfons only afrv species or major csxonomic group8 (e.g., species coaprislng 

### >5f of cocsl) till hsve cobe1dencFfled andcounted. uhereu tnocher sFcwcloas the fd@nCifiC8riOKI 

### aadCou#¶CLngOfSm@rS~Sp@Ci@S ormjOr groups my be 

### required.The exp~rlment81 

### design should be

### spproprlace EOdetemine the general cherscteristics of the phytoplsnkcon coemmnlty vichin 

### the l

### nclra prlmr) study sre8. krpbq oucslde the pti8q rcudy ares should bedone 

### et Loutlow 

### most

## lpproprl8te togenerate d8ca ryplcrl of the far 

### field rcudy l

### ru. 

### Ssmple repllc8clon should be sdequsce co decomine precision 

### of c&edies collected andco COoducC8ppmtite St8tiSCiCd C@SCS.

Smplee should be ukea tirh sppropriace 

### gut as described 

### ln the EPAEiolo~ical achods M8nu8l.* PL8okcon necr are of Limlced veluo alma meoyorgseias pus through chum. 

### In cert8ln c8ees uherr

+ BiologicA Field and hborscocy 

### Methods (EPAd70/6-73401).

### -2outensive sapling 1sdeemednecessary, lt uy ba possible co use 

### anlndlrect chmlcnl mchod toassess sessoasl or spacAl, phytw plaaktoa 

### fluctutlm8.

IDmostCMU the 

### study should decermiae the stsnding crop of 

### phytoplsakmnx at periods rauglag 

### from seesoati to bll~ouchly 

### depending 00the avrF1able faformstlou~ At 

### aoiaima, the d8t8 

### collected ahodd 

### include:

1. The stsndlng crops 

### of organisms get 

### volunte of fat&r; 2. ~d@nti.fiC8tfO~ of 

### nmeric8lly damlrmnt :axa CF.*., 5Xormore by number) and 

### nuisance organism ; and 

### 3. Delioution of the

## luphoclc zone, preferably VLCh8submersible 

### phocmecer.

3.3.2 tooplankton and 

### .Yeroplutktoa 3.3.2.1 Decisiou Criteris~



### Thetooplanktoa andmeropl8alrton sectioa of the 3lS(a) dmOUStr8Clort till bejudged successful lf the applicant tin shov char the rite 1selov potential imp8ct are8 

### for them org8niws. or that: 

### L. Chmgu i.~the zooplankton 

### and~eroplaakton

cmtf Lothe prims- study lru 

### ch8c1~87 bt 

### c8ueed by 

### the hue&d dlschsrge will aoc 

### ruult Lnappreciable h8rm 

### to the b8lurced ~euous 

### ffsh aad 

### shellfish popuLatioa. 2. The hutad dfsch8rge fs ooc lfkelf co

### alter the stand* crop, 

### rolacle abuad8nce, 

### wfth respect to orturrl populatiou f~uctu8tion.s ln the 

### far fitid study sru fra 

### thou vrluer cypicsl 

### of 

### the recalviag water body sagmeat prior coplant opar8tloo. 3. The 

### thuad plum 

### dou not 

### constitute a

### lethal barrier to the frra 

### movumt (drif cl 

### of zoophnktm and 

### meroplsnktou. 3.3.2.2 LovPotentisl fmmct Areu 

### for ZooplaUkton and 

### ?¶eroolenk:on.

Are88 of 

### Ior pOC8nd.d imp8Ct for 

### tooQhnktoa andaeroplnnkcoa are deflned as chose characterized by lov 

### concentrations of commercially important species , rare 

### and

## lad8ngerad specles~ and/or 

### chore Lome that are

### important components 

### of the food veborwhere the checml discharge



### till affect erebtively smll proportion of the recelviag veter body. !+~rrucuarlm l

### rue 

### will not !mcoaridermd arua of 

### Lou pocencirL impact for tooplaakton and eeroplaakton. 

### Houwer, where 

### alogarlchllic gradient 

### of rooplankcoa andwroplanktou ebundmxe 

### axiscs. choee lreu 

### et the lowest lrrrel of rbuadence mep

### be recogaiud as lw 

### pocanclrl Fmpect 

### ereab at the 

### dticrecion of the Regfod Admin~crrcor.



### If 

### prmliminarp 316(r) 

### studies indicate thee the area is oae

### of Loupoceacid 

### impact, no further 316(a) studies are aecersa?. In this case 

### chaepplfcant need prwLde only earrrac:ve dilcussioa 

### fuscifflng chr coaclusioa 

### chat the eree FSone of 

### Lowgocencirl inpecc. 

### 3.3.2.3 Scud? 

### Requirements for 

### Ocher Areas.

For 

### chose facilicler 3ocsited FnLoupoteoth.l impact 

### atus, the applicant 

### should describe 

### the qurllcecfve and qtYacicacive charrccaiacicr 

### of 

### the zooplankton end merophnkcon popuLrcions. The 

### &cr should include:

1. 

## Standfag croplrciaucu;
2. 

### Dative abunducu of the cma present;.
3. Susoti vati~ciow fn 

### the abundance and discribuctons 

### of chaVUWUS taxa encountered; and
0. 

### Zbr dieL cad cldrl 

### chsn~es Fnchodepth discrlbucioo.
The experlmenteL dealgn 

### should beepproprhce co determine 

### chr general chr~ccerircics of zooplankton and 

### aeroplrnkcon vfthin cho ltira prima- study au. Sampling in 

### the far field study 

### area should bmdoom in 

### 1ocrciou.s most approprtice co generate daer typical 

### of chr ruaindar of the fer Lleld study aru. The U Sourcebook* provides info~tioa rrlrcrd co cha 

### choice of sapling aechods. Smple 

### rapllcation should be adequte to decemine precirfoo of 

### the hu colhcted 

### lud to cooduct approptice scrtircical teat*.



### If the epplicmc belimes ou 

### chobuls of the dece collected 

### that tha zmplanktoa and 

### maruplankcm cricerla canbeaec, the coacepcurl framework upon uhfch 

### the conclusioo 1sbesed cad corresponding date 

### uulprti muatbaiacludd la tha tooplrnlrcon rod aeroplmkcou 

### racioade of 

### the 316(e) daooscrrciou. For 

### efurther discurrion of infomclon 

### requirrencr for ~ropl8nkcw. se8 secciou 3.3.4.3.

+ 

### Acoaic fnduscrti FON, 

### Sourcebook: I’EmFroumencal 

### kqmcc Yoairori3g 

### of 

### Xuchar Poumr Phncr 

### ,” August L974.-22-

3.3.3 

### 88bicst Fomorr

3.3.3.1 

### Decision Criteria.

Thehsbitat forzerr section of a315(a) demoarcracloa 

### till bejudged ruccersfuL If the

## lpplfcanc cm 

### showchsc the rice is alou pocenc181 imp8cc area 

### for habicac fomerr. For ocher sites, 

### the seccioa tilL bejudged 

### successful if the applicant 

### can dronrcrece 

### chat:

1. The 

### huced discharge 

### will not result in any decerlonciowt 

### of 

### the h8bicat foraers 

### cmunity or ch8t no apprectable 

### h8rm COthe b8l8nced ladlgeaous popul8cloa 

### till result fromsuch deceriorrclons.

2. 

### Theheated dbcharga 

### till ROChsve an

### adverse fmp8cc on 

### chrucened 

## orlodaagered 

### specie8 as aresult 

### of impace uponhrbftrt foreerr. Anyprob8ble charm81 l

### l~fnscioo of h8bicac formats 

### from the lscusrfm 

### or aarine 

### lavironaencs 

### of chair contiguous ueclmds conscltuces abuts for 

### deni81, Sfmllarlp, abasis for 

### denial exists U iapotc8nc fish, 

### shellfish, oculldlffe are charmUp excluded from the useof the hsblcac,

3.3.34 

### LouPotential fap8cc 

### Arear.

Ib soQe-sfcu~cions ,the

## lqu8cic lnviroaaeac et 

### the pro

### posed site ulll bedevoid of 

### h8blc8c fonners. This condicioa m8y be 

### caused byLouluels of aucrlencs. tnadequece light penecraclon, sedlaeaucfoa. 

### scouring screamvelocfcies, rubscr8te char*ccer. 

### or coxlc luterl8ls. Under such cond~cioas the sic8 eeybeconsidered 8lou poceaci81 fmp8cc 8ru, Houver , Lf 

### theta 1ssomepoutb~licp the linicing feccors (erpectilly au+c8used 

### Liait~g faceore) aey be relimed md hsbit8t former8 asy 

### belsc8bllshed 

### within the area, the appliunc will 

### be required 

### COdaonscrace ch8cthe huced dischsrge rauld not restrict re-•st8blishenc. Those 

### lices where there is 8possfbtlicy chsc the powr 

### plant vi11 imp8cc a cbruceaad 

## orladmgered species 

### through 8dverre lmpeccr 

### ou habitat 

### Lomars will not 

### ba coasidered Low pocencfrl lmpecr lreu. J.3.3.3 S~d;o::~;;:y~c~or Other Area8 !ioc 

### Classif ied as

L mQ

. For 

### 8rua chat do not qualify u 

### lov pocentirl LPp8cc arus, 

### chs

## lpplicset should provide the follovfag inforaurlon:

I.. 

### Ragloud site locrcioa eepand 

### 8waled aerial 

### mapshoving the distribution 

### of h8bic8c fomrr 

### ln the regioa near 

### the propoeed 

### rice. The

### aetirl mp should include the pdmarp 

### and far 

### field study arus. Ihen mr8ilab~8, aerial 

### mepeshovtng hiSCOriC8l ChAag88tn thediscrlbuclou of h8bicac fonmrs 

### should beprovided. 2. List ofdomiarot species of hsblcrt formlng macro

### p&f**, macrodg8e. shelUish, corLL8, and 

### sponger. 3. Standing crop 

### utdm8ce8 

### of the domlnrnc rpecies In 

### cams of dry night of 

### org8aic metcar per unit area. Them l

### scim8cea should bearde at 

### aminfnum frequency of qturcerly for oneye&r. 4. ~deotific8cloa of those species of 

### fish which are dominsnr species 

### or chre8cened 

## orla&ngered species aad8r8 depeadenr upoathe uircence of 

### the h8blt8t formers for protection or foe use as feeding areas. For 

### such species (which are 

### not considered llrevhere 

### ti the 

### 316(a) d~~cr&CiOU), the applicurc should provide queacitrcive abuadmce l

### scticer.
The aperlmeaerl dulga should 

### berppropriace co decualne 

### ths gea8rs.l ChArACC8~stiCS of the h8blC8c format c-icy vichla the l

### nclre prtmsq study aru. 

### Supllag outside the pm- study aru 

### should be done Fo10C8tiOW moat ApptOprlrC8 co

### gener8ce d8CA 

### cypicsl of the rwiader 

### of the far 

### field rcudy are&. Ssmple replic8tioa should 

### be8deqtuce codeermine the preclsioa of the &CA 

### gener8ced 8adcocouducc spproprbce sc8cistlc8l cuts.



### 3.3.k SheU.fi.shlXscroiavertebrsces 3.3.1.1 Decirlou Cricerla.

me shellfish/ucroFnrertebr8cu section of I 316(a) d-on

### scr8tba 

### roll befudged successful Ffthe

## lppllc8ac c8ad~oascr8ce tit no8ppreci8ble hsm cothe belanced Frrdigenous populaclon will occur 81 8

### result of mscrolavertebr8c8 c-icy 

### ch8oger caused by the huted discharge. For 

### areaa chssFfled ss oaea of lou 

### poceacirl kp8ct for rh~lsh/mecrofmrertebr8ces~ 

### relscfvely little nevfield wrk uy be raqulred. 

### Decision crlceri8 

### related coiadividual p8ramaters 

### sre discussed u foUuua:



### 1. Standins Crow. Raduccioas Fcl

### chascaadlag crop of shellfish sad ~croFmercebrecer asy be c&use for 

### denl8l of 

### a316(a) 

### ulver ualeas the 8pplicmc c8a shw chsc such reduccioas caused aoApprUiAbh h8m cob&lanced Fndigeaous popul8cion8 within the water bodysagmat.

### -24.

2. 

### CoaununlcvStructure. Reductions in the compoaencs of divrrrlcp may

### because for the dsnfsl of a316(r) vlrivet unlers the applicant canshovthrc the crirfcrl functious (defined lxxsectioa 3.8.3.) of the aacralnoertabrata fauaa are baing 

### atitained ln the vater bodysegmsat asthey axistad prior cothe Fntroduccioa of 

### hut. Canerrlly, vlch the prumt 

### sfsce of kaovledge Lt 9 inpossible 

### costata what affect 

### 8cettsla percentage 

### of changa Fothe compoaurcs of diverslty till hsve on 

### fuactioud tntegrlCy of chasystem. SQ@CifiCdly Cha iaai.nrenaoce of abslsnced indigenoru pOQd&CiOU. 

### Promageuaric rtmdpolnt, aaejor difficulty rehems cothe fact char tha species 

### rtcha~ss of chamacro

### Fnrrercebtrce fauna 

### vsr’,es considerably lndifferrae systw andchar the rffrccr of 

### agiven Level or percrouge of change tight beafunctfoa of chaLevel of diverslty excaac prior cothe IxroductFoo of hut stress.
From adsclsion standpoint, 

### rctuA, or gredictrd reductiooe Fndiversity could seme prlmartly as an indication chat 

### the syscsm is ortill be stressed. 

### Beuuse of 

### the dUficulcy 

### ia predicting chsnges *Rich any dqrre 

### of accuracy, chir perameter could seme as I declsioa tool oalp Fncases 

### wheta the actual changes ruulting from 

### plsnc operscion can ba

### ratnnerr:ed and rwoaably 

### applied cothe proposed site. 3. Drift, Thedfrcherge of 

### coolLag v8tmr equal :o302or more 

### of the 74~. 

### LO-yur Lov

### flov of 

### ariver 01: strum tmuld because for 

### coucsra md posslblr r8jectiou 

### ofa316(e) trrlvar unlasr thespplicmc csa shw char: 1) Imermbratrs douocse-e assmajor 

### forage for cha flsherlu 

### , 2) ?oodti uocsfaccor linlcia# fish productlou Fnthe -far bodysegmonc, or 3) Drlftirrg Lmertebrsce fsuas 1ssot hsraed by pusa#a thtot@ the therms1 plume. 4. Critical ?unctlons (Escuarlrs~. &eu which seme as epevrrlng sad nursery rices for important 

### shellfish and/or mecrobxvertebrete 

### fauna ere coasidered sszero aUo#ble inpsct arw 

### urd till beucluded fromconslderatloa 

### for the discharge of waste 

### best. PLanes riced fn locatioas 

### which muLd Impact chase critical funcclons vfll not berliatble for a316(a) usiver. !4ost l

### stuarlne rites VFll fall into chls category. 3.3.4.2 Lov Poteatlal Irmect Ares8 for Shellf lsh/?Iscro~ertebraces

.



### ALowpotential 

### inpecr aru for she.UfLsh/~crolmertebra~e fauna 1s deflaed as au aru which, 

### vtchFn the primary andfar field study 8ru8,
1.



### 2.

3.

4.

3.3.4.3 Study Requirements 

### for Other 

### Areas.



## canmeetthefollowing rsqulrrmenis: - ShelUlsh/~crolmertebra~e spectes of ulrckq or potentL4, comwrctil value do aoc 

### occur at 

### the site. This requfronent can 

### br net 

## Ffthe rpplicaot can show that the 

### occurrence of suchspecfes is rn8rgfne.L. ShrlLflsh/macrokwertebr8tes 

### donot same asfmportaat compouenes of 

### the aquaclc community acthe rice.
Thruteaed 

### or endangered species of rhelZfih/mrcroFrnrertebraces 

### donot occur at 

### the site, Thestanding crop 

### of shellflsh/necroluvertebraces at the time oforxkum abundance FsLessthan ouegram u&-free 

### dv might per 

### square meter. Thesite doesnot same asaspeunF3g OFnurse- 

### area 

### for the speclu in 1,2, or 3abme.



### L. Ssmlfnr Deslan. The 

### erperimenral dulgn 

### should be eppropri~te 

### todetermine the general 

### ch8x8cterlstlcs of 

### the shellfish/mscro~ertebr8ce comunlty vtchln the 

### entire prlwv 

### study area. 

### Ssmpllng outside 

### :he plum study 

### aru should be done fn locations most 

## appruprhte to generace data typlcll of the remainder of the 

## far field study mu. 

### Ssmple repllutlon and coUectlou frequency should be adequece to decsraine tha 

### preclsiou of the data geuereced urd co coaduct 8pproprl8ee sc8tlstfal cues. AC8mlnimm, smples should be tan quarterly for -Y-r* Ebmver, 

### the actual periods selectsd should 

### ba keyed co knouu 

### informcloo outhe susoud occurrence of 

### hportanc for868 speclesr 

### rue and 

## ldur~ered species ,and species 

### of comercial importurce

. Sampling for 

### these rpeclrs must 

### occur-260



### whenvulnerrbls life stages are ln the srea. If, 

### becawe of the 

## tr&nsFcory nature of suchspeclss andchair verlous LFfestages, Ft 1snot possfble co include 

### them in aquartsrly 

### progrsm or, Ff 

### there is scomplu of species whose 

# tfmingIJI 

### the aru 1s 

### uakaovm, then the frrquency of smpllng til bme to 

### be incrused. 

### For the beothlc component of the sheUfirh/m8croFnvertebr8ces ,community sempllng stations should 

### beselected for uch major 

### substrate 

### type within the prlaarp study area. Slmllu sucloas should beselected ti the far field study aru so 

### that the relative Fmportance 

## ofthe tvo ragloos may becompared. 

## Uhereappropriate, chase st~tious should &so be used for srmpltig the aoclle portion 

### of the shellflsh/mscroinvertebrace c-fty.
2. 

### Samolfnn Ysehods. Theapplicant 

### should usetrrvls, -eQPbfI, or 

### aectlng tec.hnlques vhlch are standard 

### for the types and Lffe st8ges of 

### shel.UishlPrcro

## invertebrates found Fothe study area.
3. 

### Knfomstloo 8esulremeats. Theappllcane should qua.Llcrtlvely lnwerace 

### aschoroughlp as?osslble the species of shd~ffsh/mecrolmertebraces Fnhabiting tie tipsct aru end ad

### jaunt l

### nvFrorrPents

. For cmrclal specles~ LPportaat 

### for8ge species, 

### endchreeteued or 

### endangered rpecles fnformatloo 

### should beprwfded oacbelr status i.nth arma (parrmane or 

### crwteut) 

### ,seuonal tlmFng of 

### presence (lf 8ppllc8ble) ,

### endthe Itie serges present FncludFng aaroplaakron. TJIaddition, 

### the eppllcant should ducrlbe the *ortame of the aru 

### for the critical functlous of reproduction and urly developmenr. In cases tiara 

### the dlr

## chargevIK potentially impact 

### ahighly productive 

### shelU~h/mecroluver~ebrese fauaa, 

### the applicant 

### should prwlde 

### quaatitatlve estimates of 

### the shellfish/mecro~ertebr8ce stsndlng crop. 

### Such situ include lstuules 

### *shd.lov noufluctuating resemolrs, saimoold rtvert. snd open coastal 

### situ Uch hme chrecteristics eimil~r co l*tu8rine rite8. Eomver, 

### the applicant 

### should recognize chrt the 1sveLof effort is hued 

### ou the uu lmpected andthat ramplInt of 

### the benthic ccmpoaurt of 

### the sheUf~h/mecrolmertebr8ce

### fauna 

### um.Ldbemlnfmal in the cam of arice havLng sufficient 

### depth th8t the plume does not 

## reachthe bottom. tiny d88p fluccruclng cesemolrs, as typtiFsd 

### bysometi the F?Asystm, hrve depeupersce benchic f8uM andVFLl require 8almum smount of description bformaeloa to document 

### those charrcteristlcr. 

### 'Lnthe cue of shallow aon-fluctustiag reservoirs cgtilsd 

### byL&u ?krlon cadXoulcrle FnSouth Csr~lti, 

### which hrre sarbuadeat s.addiverse benchlc fauna, the rppll

### ant should cooduct det&lled studies. 

### Other psrsaecert vhlch should beevaluated Ln :he 

### study ticlude: A. St8ndfng crop. Thestanding crop of the vartous 

### species should bel

### stticed Fnterm of mnberr ad biomass per 

### square wear for 

### both the prima- 

### sad f&r 

### field study 

## arus. %abiomass l

### stlm8te should beexpressed 

### u grass ash-free dry 

### wighe per sqtmre meter. 

### B, Comunlt~ rt,ucture. Thecamnunlty structure should beevtitmcsd in cartes of: 

### 1) the amber of species per sample. 21 the amber of tidlviduels for each 

### species Fnl

### sch rsmple, 3) the total amber of species In the study &ram, and, 

### vheusppropriste, 4) the age structure 

### of 

### the species in uch -18. Alxhoqh it MJ be 

### impossible to 

### collect aU species in the study stem, the rppllcmc should makeaconscious effort col

### gmant the qusat~trcive sample dat8 

### tith q~ltrtlve smliag sdequsce 

### to obcrin s rusouably copplace 

### list of taxa. 

# c. Drift. 

## If 8tiverine site Is being 

### -tied, the qpllcant 

### must lstlm.ece the q-city sad cotsposlCl00 

### of the she~~h/mscrolavertebr8te blotr 

### vhfch drift 

### put md till 

### bel

### ncr8ined lnco the therm1 plme. T!m sppllc8at 

### shotid l

### seimsce the umber sad 

### biomass of 

### drift organlas per 

### linear atar of river cross section. Staple 

### repLlc8tioa sad collecriou 

### frrqumcy should besdeqruce todetsrmlne the precisloa of the data 

### generated sadto conduct spproprirte st8tlstlca.l tests. In sddlcloa, the spplfceac should lnwerate 

### those species which represeat five ?erceat

### -28-

or aore of cha cotd amber or biomass 

### of organisms comprirbg thedrift. Whererppropriace, chm applicaoc 

### my conduct Fnricu drift scudlm at -- anexisting facFTltp to datermlna 

### whather chm cn Lndigenous tuacrobxvertebrrces 

### cansumive pumge chrougtx the plmm. Thesedau my br 

### useful 

### Forprojecting the offrcts of 

### the plum l

### c thm proposed rim, 4, 

### D8U Pr8smnt~tiou. Theapplicant should prwida 1 sclld subsute map

### which Focludas tha pv and 

### far 

### ffald study UUS, At Lust one aap 

### should be pruvided 

### vhich showscha

# l~cicipated outer LLmics of 

### thmthamul plme cothe 2CLrothmr%, In addition, the appLicmc 

### shotid propida 

### mapsshovlag thmFrothems u chayuIl.l uisc 

## lloag the Soctcm for the coaditFons of mulmnm and ainhnn mblrat 

### meet tanperrcurrs, 

### In chacue 

## oflscamries, the 8pplicmt should 

### provide maps show-kg 

### the tmlatitmship of the predicmd plum to spaulling 8rUa, nurse- areaa, and 

### aigrrciou routes for 

### tie various LKe rugas 

### of cmrcid species, 

### thrumned or endangered species, forage species, and spaciu chat are othetire fmportant co

### tha functioning of tha syscmm,
Th 8ppUcaac should 

### thoroughly stzmmarlra 

### the data 

### ~iag s-q tables and 

### graphics rod trporr 

### the raw data in aseparate bound appendix. The applicurc 

### should thm prwide a

### aamtive wrluaciou and 

### lncerpreucioa of 

### chadata 

### uhich apl&ns why, in chajudgment of chr 

## lpplicatt, the imp8cts are mfficieotlp 

### lncoasequeotial thrc “the protectloo andprop~g~tioa of a

### balanced indigoaoue populatiou of 

### shel.Uish, fish, andti:dlife Ferand oa thr body of uatar till 

### beassured."



### 3.3.5 Fish

Thefish 

### section of a316(&I dmoustraciw vfll be 

### fudged mccu8ful 

### U tha applicant 

### GUIdaomtrmm chat the sic* qtrrlifim as a lou poeeacid bpact l

### ru tot fish. 

## Forachar situ, the 

## fbh sactiuo of a

### 316(a) dmonacratioa 

### till be

### judged ruccasrful 

### tf 

### tha applfcmt caa prwe 

### that fish 

### cities 

### til aof ruffmr apprmCfAbl8 

### harmfrom:-290

1. 

### Direct or indFrect morrrlitp 

### from cold rhocb; 

### 2. Direct or indirect aortalitp frum ucesa 

### hut;
3e 

### Reduced reproductive succese orgrowth esa ruulc 

### of plurt discharges;
b. 

### &c.lueion from unrccepcebl7 hrga 

### uue; or S. Blockge 

### of mlgr8rion. 

### 3.3.5.2 LouPotentiel Imo8CC Arag.



### Adisctut&. my be determined to be Ln o lov 

## potent+rl 3~8~: 

## aru for 

### fishes -thin ch8 primary and far 

### field study areas Lfthe following couditioue are 

### satfsf iod:



### L. ‘Iha occurrence of 

### sport and comereial species 

### of fish lamarginal; 2. The dlactmrge sire Feooc a

### spewning or aurrery 

## area; 3- Thetherm81 

### plume (bounded by

### the 2’C 

### trocherm) d.l.l 

### not occupy elarge portion of 

### the zme 

### of pess8ge 

### which would block or hindat fish olgr8cioa under 

### thmmost coworpative lmironmaoc8l conditicm (based on 74&y, 

### LO-par low flov or

## vator 1-d endteeximumuatsr 

### caapenture) ;
4. 

### Theplum. coufigurrtion will not ceuee fish cobecome 

### tiereble cocold 

### shock or have anadverse ispect on threatened or 

## ludaagared species. 

### 3.3.s.3 Scud) Requlrueotr for Arue 

### YetClrssified asLouPotential

ImD8CC. 

### L* I4ethotiolorn and 

### Presuencr

. 

### Appropriate seqling 

### aechoda end gut VLll 

### beued to prorrida ebuis for identFfpFng the Raprueat8cive Importaac Sp8cias 

### (BIS) of 

### fish and 

### Chair rrspectfre LFfa sugu invartow hableats and strua withb tha study 8ru. tichod 

### of 

### firh sampling such u cnvlfq, &iU nacti.n&, uinFn&, horizoatal and +ertlc81 ichch~pl8nkton tmr8, etc., 8re 8ccepc8ble. 

### -or, mliag muhod till very from oaacypa of 

### ufer body co uwthar; 

### therefore, 8 r8tioorle for the choice of g88.r mu8t 

### bedeveloped 

### for 

### uch rrrpliag progrn. 

### Palear 

### stringent requirrancs for 

### specialized 

## gut is apQU8OC. 

### the

## ldupcion of standardized gur Fe ret-uded co pemlt coapuiaoua wlth 

### other scudire. At

### -3o2. 

### notima during the study should aevgur 

### or smnplFng 

### aechodr beintroduced trnlese 

### It ten bedemonrtraced thae the compuacive 

### efficiencies of the old end aev gur end methods 8re similar. 

### Achug@ Ln s8mplLng 

### procedure8 ten oulp beiSplemenred titer written AQQtWd bythe k&Lo& &h.blatr8tor/Director. Forfidd studlesr experImenta design should be ApprOQ~t8 to detezmia8 

### the gen@rti chr&Cte~StiCS of all life stages of fishes inh8biting 

### the priMry and

## far field rcudy areas. Thed&t& colLected should allou for 8 comp&r+ron of 

### chmrel8tive FmpOrtlnC8 

### of ChU8 RID 

### arus 

### with respect to species COt8pOSiCiOU, amb8rS of 

### uch type, 

### grovch, and reproduction. 

### Sampler shall bacakeaacroarhly titemals co;rrovfde dAt8 

### Cepr@SeUtiU&S888oUe1and life St&&@ h&bit& uC@pC 

### during Iod immedhcely folloving periods 

### of spavafng Vh@U8 more Fnt@uiVe rumpling effort 

### should b8 prwided. 

### fn northern latituder ,the monthly Sampling requirment 

### is subject toveather coudicions and It ~87 be necessary 

### toprwidm the ducribed d&t& reqtiremmcs from 

### the literature end relata 

### such laformtion coexpected dirckurgm 

### arua 

### ia 8

### dafeadable r8cion8le. Also, r8ciandes could 

### b8 droeloped 

### from CmbtiACiOUS of field d8ta end 

### Literacurm sources. 

### fc rhould be recopired 

### chat dfscributiou of the vrrioua 1if8 

### sU&u of firh fs dependent upon 

### aany

## factors ladudlag 

### sueou. vat&r 

### awamt, 

### light tncearity, density gr8dients. and 

### food sources. U aaur~ple, 

### during :hm

### rppropriate sumn, night sampling VIlL yield 8 more accurate l

### stimecioa of 

### the ichchyoplankron population 

### because 

### of their aigration pattern during the 

### dial cycle.
Ill moat C&88*, 

### remple replicatiou andfrequeocy must bed8tem.bed for bdividual sites and be b88ed on 

### field 

### studies coprovide v8lld po~ul.8tloa lrrim8tos 

## U&X$lQQtOQtiAt@StACiStiC81 tr@AmeUCe

. 

### Infom8tioo Befzu~remeatr. Thastudies conducted should prwide the requlxed fafornution vhich vi11 bewed for 

### purpoems ducribmd 8bW8. 

### Someof 

### the fish isforxeciou meybe 

### required reparacely for 316(b) 

### studies. The 8~~~ic8nt should meetvfth the Regional Admlulstrrcor tod8t@miUe vhlch of the folloving information requlrc ~uCA 

### should b8 d#elopmd to s&Cisfy 316(A) r@qUftmtentS 

### acthe site:

### -310

Species 

### Level: For the RIS, the follovf3g Fnfomcfoa my berequired: A.
B,

C,

0,

E, 

### Reuroduction. Adircussiou onspauuing habits and fecuadfty 

### Ch&r8Ct@risCiCS of 

### the priacip8.L 

### species. Life se&emhabitat uttlit8tioa. A

### dlrcurrioo ou habitat uci.lFted aLt

### thevarious life stages and su8ou.l 

### timing of 

### prisence in 

### the habitrc 

### tppes. ?Ugr8tlOU 

### activity, Ff applicable to 

### the d~~ignacrd 

### sp8cies. should beaddteased, Condition factors. Comp8r8cive condicioa Lnfom8c',on for the priocipti species occurrUg ti ehe?r'kmrp and far field study arus. Dise8se 

### and?8r8eitism. Occurrence ofdisetre and 

### paruitim Fnthe Lxxdigenous popul8ctone and species 

### swceptibility tichfa the framework 

### of 

### expected the-1 regtmer should bediscussed. An8andorowth. Trends 

### ia age 

### andgrovth aorm8lly expected 

### k the 

### specier should be

### diScuSSed. Ctnmunitv Level: A. RISandtheir eeneral &bund&nc@. Special end tupor8L dirtribuciou Fnfonution outhe BISin tha primary md 

### far field study arus vill prwlde La.foraation 

### ouvhich specler will beaost vulnerzbh to intab and/or dircttrrge 

### effects. 1. R8iAtiV8 abundance of 

### v8riou8 sD@cies. 

### This Lnforscion c8n be caktirtad 

### frop the saplfzI& data. The 

### relative 8bund8ace 

### of &species Ls

### thevalue daeenUaed by dividfng 

### total ambar of Ali 

### fishes collected lztto the oubmr 

### of that species 

### caugnt, ft ir often 

### r&port&d 8spercent8ge of 

### the toed catch. hhtive abundmce c8n ffuctuece 

### susoaelly and dfunmlly; 

### howvet, 

### Ftshould cot be

### significantly different from year 

### toyear. Slgnificanc shifts in t@iAtiV@ lbuadaate 

### war 8period 

### of tine are FPdlcative of changu uithirr the fish comunfty.

c. Prirrclpcl ASSOCiAtiOXl. By&QQropri&t@ 

### d&t&a!u.lyses Ft is poeaible to Fdentify prFncipll ~raociatioas. 

### Theprinclpti 88Soci8tioo, arm 

### the group@of spec~rs 

### which are repruenced in soples in 8consistent manner. 

### Pruence or 

### 8beence of 8species directly

### 3.3

## .6 Othsr 

## Vartsbracs UfldlCs 

### D, or Fndirsctly dspendr on the prsssnce or absence 

### of othsr spsclss fa chsrampls. Sfgnif 

### icant fmpscc 00 ona lpscissr 

### thsref ore, cantssuLc la churgs8 in pr’acipti a8soci~ctoa8.
Heu rsquiramant

. The rpplicurt should prwids a8ps dsplctlns 

## portioaa of ths rscelv~g vatsr body ussd b7 cha lnd~saous LIA c- 

### ftiu for 

### ruch l

### ccivFtiss u rpmmlng, musmy, frsding ,mlgrstion, testing, @CC, The 8pplicmt 

### shotid discuss aad S&IOU

### on chs asp the ptoportiou 

### of the cotti ares ussd Chat ?I1 

### ba laflusncsd by ths 

### thsrnul dfsc.hxgs to the 2C 

### irothsrm.

3.3.6.1 Decision Crttsris.

‘Ihe ssctloa 

### of 

### ths dmonscracion dulirrg 

### tich other valtsbratss vtll bs judged succsrrfti lf 

### chs ~pplfcmt cm 

### rhov ths sits FS ens of lou pocaocid Lnrpsct for 

### ocher vsrcsbracsa. 

### Forothsr sitss, the ssctiou of the daoarurcion dasllag 

### tith otbsr ulldllfs *will be judged succo8fu.L U chr 

### applicant can daouatrau thae 

### ocher viidll2r cmmunft~ caponsocr vill not suffer apprrcirbls ham orvill acttuLlp 

## bmmfic firm the hutsd discharge. Thr term “other osrtsbracs vtldLKd’ Fncludsr wildlife 

### which ars vertabracas (i.e., ducka, gssrs. Mnsfsss, etc.) but not fir&, 

### 3.3.6.2 LovPotsntlrl Imusct Ares8 for 

### Other Vsrtsbrats Vfldllfs.

Posesitu ia the Uaicsd 

### Stacsr vFL1bacrraridsrsd ons~of 10~ porsncLJ impact 

### for ocher rartabrata vFldlUa sinply 

### bscaum chs projsccsd chamcl plm8 til not 

### *act hrgs 

### or &qus 

### populrcionr of w%ld.lKs. ‘Lb. asin acspciow v%U 

### be ricss ti cold arua 

### (such u 

### North Central United Stats81 

### which uould 

### ba prsdictsd co

### actrace gsur sad ducks, and aacoursge tha to stay 

### chrou@hthe vtncsr. Thsss muld aoe br coasidsrad 1-r potsacLrl msct usas ualssa 

### chmycould dmowtracs chat 

### tha uUdllf@ wuLd ba protsccsd 

### through atildlifs 

### mnumane plaa or ochar 

### mathoda from the potsncial sources of ham mnciousd ln 

### chr usa 

### rsctiou.

Othsr acspcioarr to aims clurifisd u lov potsocld impact wuld be

### thora fau situ 

## vharmths dfrchargm alght affect Important 

### (or ehrucumd and sudaagsrsd) vtldUfs 

### such u ~n~tses.

For moat 

### other aleas, 

### brfaf rFtr fmpactiour uld 

### lit~racurr 

### rwieua muld supply 

### enough Fniomscion to smbls 

### chs

## lpplfcsac to vrits abrief rrciouds about &%y

### the rite cauld be consldsrsd 

## one of low potsntid fmpsct for ocher vutsbr~css.

### -339

J.3.6.3 Study 

### Rsqul:rments for 

### OcherAre-.

The qplicant should uadsrtah whstsvar 

## bvsrcigstion and plaxniq steps ara oscssssry co

### beable towrFcs aratloarls aplsinfng 

## uh8cfactors 

## (orwlldlifs men8gaanc plans) 

### dll 8nsu.r~ that 

### ocher vUdlifs wUl not m&far approciabls m 

### frum:



## 1. Excus hut 

## orcold shock; 2. Incrused diruu and prrasitiar; 

### 3- hducsd 

### grwth or 

### rsproductivr succsss; 6. Excltuiou from unique or krga babitrc arau; or 5. Incsrfsrmnce vich 

### mfgruo~ psttsras.
Ia the 

### ratfunds, the appllunc should dircnsr the rtitioo of 

### the sftluaat cothe hrblta 

### andhabitats of uzythrucsnd or rnduqsrsd spaciu 

### or orgsniaas 

## of commsrcirl 

### or rmcrutional lmportancs.



### 3A BouCOSelect the Yost Igproprircs Dsmoortracion ‘Pppa

The buic recmndsd steps 

### for the applkanr’r usa h choosiPg the most 

## lpprupriacs dmnarreion cypaus sumsritsd 

### tn section 3.2.2. 

### the dsclriou main tmrr8t+va.

After completing tha izdtfrl scrsauag procduru and ma&q a

### pr8llaMry Usss~t of the mtmc of dditioaAL wrk medad f.n 

### l

### ch block catsgo-, tha spplicmt salsctr the dmouscracion ms 

### most appropriate for th* 8its. 

### If chasits ti onaof lou potsntirl 

## fmp8ccfor 

### all block ufsgoriu, chs spplicat may

### chooar chsrmlarivmlp scrualinsd Lou 

### potentid impact Type 111 d- 

### truiou oucUnod ln 

### section 3.6. 

### Xf uot. the applicant should propose study 

### pluu bud ua the Type 11 gUdaace Ln sectlou 3.3 or chs Typm IIL gaducs ln ssctioo 3.7.

It ia recarrodd chat the Typa ff dmnstr8cloo ba umd u a &de 

### for tha awuat of dsrril 

### raqulred in wse 316(a) dmnatracious. 

### The actual amat 

### of da& rsqulrod for an ladlvldual locatlou 

### till vary fra 

### rite tosltm, bat 

### raction 3.5 aheuld 

### as-a u aus&d starting potit for discuariaaa batnm the applicme and Bagloud 

### Administrator/ Director on whet r-7 plana srm

### wet 

## appropriate for aparticular 

## sirs.

Applicants 

### uot rtQib1a for 

### alow potsntlal impact TypeXII 

## dmMtr8tion aadnot 

### duiring codo aType II d- trstioo may slsct to do aa Jtsraats (Type III) dammmtr~tlon.

### ff th8 sit8 is 008OfLOUpOt@~Cid 

### bp8Ct for msc biotic



### CAC~OFhS but not til. 

### r~udlss less dsca.Usd 

### than chose recmndsd Fzx 

### section 3.S au7 be Ipproprfrts. For mpls, Ff the sits L 008 of lov pocsntirt Fnpact 

### for til blotfc categories acopc 

### shsLLflrh, the RSgioarl Uminlstracor/Dlrucor might conclude tbt 

### frv addfcioarl flsLd scudlsr (acspc for rhslUlrh1 wuld 

## barsquirad aadthat t&eouly81sthat should bo stlsccsd rhould br shs.lUish. This dmMtr8cloo vould be 

### lssr dstr+lsd than ocher 

### TypSII dmMtration8 and could be 

### refund co 

### 88Sm. III dmMtr8CloU.

3-s 

### Type 11hmOMCtStioM (~ptuentativs Imporunt Spsciss)



### Theme EIdmnscrtciuu should bSdulgmd Fn such amanner to 

### fully dsvslop :hSthrsr ksy bIologicaL components : complstiou of the Biotic Catwory Rationalu (baw duting ssrly 

### scrssdng procedures), dsvslopolmc of EIS 

### racfoudss ,ands~chssIJ of 

### a.UfPCormtion lnco a maasr r8cionds. This sactioo prwidss 

### adlscuasion of 

### the rsc-ndsd crmponsocr Of

### ChSdmMCrAtiOn, a proposed 

### format. and adiscusslou 

## of whythe 

### d8u rsquirsuutr 

### us ascrss~ for 

### mking 316(a) 

### dmcisioM3.3.1 Dwalopmmt of Bfoclc Category 8.eiom.ls.s

During urly 

## scruafq procedures of litsrsturs sumsp 

### and?fLoc fitid fnvascfgstions 

### the applfurrc tiL 

### dsvslop S- of the fnformatioo oaodsd to devalog chr Biotic &csgo~ %cio~ss. 

### Lf the dscirloa 1s made to do

### 8Type 11dmMtr8CiOU foL.bvirq thsss 

### urly screening procsdurss, 

### the qpUcmt should 

### rwieu 

### r~ctio~ 3.3 and 3.8.1. 

### chls seetiua. sod chr 

### d8tA svlflrhls, 

### to dscsrmins V&SC addlclonsl flald 

### studlu, If rg, VLLl ba aecumry co 

### complete 

### the Biotic ticsgory R8tioa8Lu. In son cues, ralatlv~l~ Uttls additional wrk 

### vF11bs ClSCUSAr70 

### IOcuu where dditlund 

### vork la rsquirsd, the Sppliaac should corplst8 the seudiu sa ru(gssted i.a section 3.3 and then vrits tha srorv biotic Catyory Racioorlsr.

Each Uotic Cation ~tiouals should pruvids acomplete dircussfoa u to why, fa tb fudmt of th@ applicuit, cha 

### inrpACt8 us 

### suffici88tLy lnmnaaquantbL thrc chs protsctioo 

### audpropsgsclon of tha bud fndQawta8 populatlou of she.lJfish. 

### flsh, end 

### ulldl.if a In 

### sad00the bodyof wear uUL bauoursd. Lacha

### ratlouder the appliesat should sddr~8 uch decisiun criteria for the 

### biotic c8cSgory in quUtioa. ma discusrion should lacluds sa 

### ~duatloo of the i3pACCS 

## ofthedischqu into thr 

### rscaH-lng 

## wear body.

### -33.

IIW COUC~US~~M 

### drmtn shodd bS supportsd with ~1 uulysls of the &ta collsccsd durFng 

### the 316(S) studlu and/or by the 

### ~clusiou of supportivs reports, 

### documsots and cicaclo~ 

### cothe scisntFflc litsrr

### curs* Thsconclwlo~ should rsprssant 

### 8logical atension of the infornutlou 

### avsibbls Sad be sclsntiflcrll~ dsfrnd&ls, Uhsrs 

## citations 8tS USSd th8C US Wt rrrd(ry 

### NSihbZlhlS ti SCiSntifiC jOti (i.Ar, LateriP rsportsr vubus types of ymncy 

### documnu, anaal reports, 

## thuos, etc.), the documsncs thsuslvu 

### should be provided.

Lf thS ~sct 

### of chS dischugo is projsctsd ruFng S

### mathematical nodal, 

### the Sppllcrot should prtids 8 ccmplses documsntScion 

### of ths sods.L Chat 

### is used. The docummtStloa should lncluds Sdircussloo of 

### the osrtcs aaddisadvantages 

### of the 

### model. T%s applicaac 

### shotid tiso provlds 

### rwaltlvity m~Lysss 

### of the wdsl md Svsrific8cloo 

### study. In 

### additlou. the statistical rUabUity of the model's grediccloua should beFncludsd along vith l 

### ~usciflc8tioa of the osthodr u~sd 

### ln the suciscic8L svrLu8tfou. 3.5.2 Dsvslupmsuc of Rspressncativr Kmportant 

### Spsclsa ILtloarls

Th8RISRationale should s~rirs why the ~asa~Lcs of the 

### Laboratory Ad ~CSrStUrS Studio sp@CU?i~d la s~cclou 3.5.2.2 suggs8t that 

### chs RIS WILL not 

### suffer Spprsci8bls 

### harmasarssuLt of 

### the heated dischug*.


## mr osumptioM 

## inthecoucspt of IUS arm:



### L.

2.

3.
4,

5. fc is not possibls 

## tostudy Ingrsac dstrLL svsry spsciss U 8 Sit@; 

### there lo wt snough cim, soamy 

### or apsrtise.
Since rll spsclu mot be

### scudled ln dsclF1, soms asllsr number 

### til h8-mcobr chossn.
The 

### spociu of coucsm 

### era 

### those c-7 rslatsd to p0-mr plant impacts.
Some spufu rcL1 bS scuuomic8U~ importurt Fn their ouu wt. @-0-v corwrcid and sports 

### fishu or mrisurcr spuiu, endthtaa “lnportaut.” 

### sm8 spuiu, tamad “rsprsasntativa 0’ vlll be

### psrticularly vulnsrabls 

## orss~iciv~ copouu pllrrt inpaces 

### or havessaaltiviciu of wet 

### other spscfss aad, If protsctsd, will ruaonably usurm proesctlon of 

### oehsr rprciu at 

### the rfta.-360

6. 

### Uldtrsnglng species at the utrams 

### of their ranges *atid generally not be considered acceptrble a8 “p~rticulorlp 

### vulnerable” or “seti 

### tlve" representative species but they could beconsidered a8 “important.”

7. Often, 811 orgurllu 

### that might becoosldered “important” 0t “repre8entatlve” 

### cannot bestudied Fndetall. and a mallet list (e.g., 

## grucar than 1but less than U) auy havetobeselected asthe "rapresentstlve andimportant') list.

8. 

### Ofteu, but aocalmp, the mostuseful list wuld ticlurie mostly ,ensiclve 

### fish, shellfish, orocher rpecler 

### of direct use to sun or for structure or 

### functioning of :ke 

### lco8ystam

.
9. 

### Officially LFsted "thrutrned or endangered species” 

### are aucomacic8Uy “importanr .”

3.5.2.1 Selectlou 

### of the Reorrseacacive Imortant Soecies and

Pu Field 

### Studr Arm. 

### Aspreviously discussed fnthe declriou 

### main (rectioo 3.2.2. Scap ll) 

### ,rppllcsnts first ame 

### vlth the RegionsA *istracor/Dlreccor codiscuss rolectfoa 

### of the RISand define the far 

### field study area,

The ambar of 

### BIS relrcted 

### for aparticular 

### rice maybe high (S-U) ti the plsns for 

### biotic category field studies are not maprehensive, or 

### low (2-S) lf plaus for 

### addltiotul field studfes are utewive.Sum of 

### chocrfteria for selection of RIS are 

### found Fn the defFnition of 

### the term (see sectLou 6.0, Definitions and Coacepes)

. Keeping ia aiad 

### these crlceria and 

### the urtmpclons 

### given above, 

### the Rag1otu.l Administracor/Dlractor solacts RISfrom anyccmblweiou of th FoUowinq block catrgorlrs: 

### fish, shellfish, or

## habitat fomorr.

1. Soacles Selectiou Uhrrr Informatloa 

### 1sAdequate. 

## Uherolaformaclou pertinent co specie8 

### selection la adequater the Rqiorul Adminl8er8tor/Dlrector should promptly sdact 

### BXS.Theappllcurt msy suggest species for hi8 couslderaclou md zuy, as l put of 

### its daomcratlun, cMlenge anyselection. Other cowldaraeluw ue a8follovr:

### A. houlicsble State Uatrr Quality Stmdsrds. If the Stats’s approved aster qrulitp standards deslgmce particular 

### species asrequirfng protection, chase species should 

### be designaced, 

### but alone zayooc be

### sufflcleur for 

### purposes of a Type If dmouscratiou,
8. Conrultstiou vith Director 

### andtith Secratarlu of Comuce and 

### Inrerlor. In the cases of species 

### re.Lectlou by the Eeglousl 

### Admlalstrator, he msf 

### seek the 

### advice andrectxmnendaclon of the Dlreccor as to which species should 

### beselected. The Rsg1ous.LAdmiulstrscor mustconsider anytimely advice audrec~endatlons supplied bythe Director and should 

### include such recummeadaclons unless he bcllaves chat ~ubstaatial 

### reasons uirc 

### for departure.
The Secrrcrry of 

### C-rce (Xac1ona.l Marine 

### Flsherier Serrrlcr) and the Smxecsry 

### of the Interior 

### (Fish andUlldfife Samice), or chair deslgaoes, 

### and ochu 

### rppropr%am petrous 

### (e.g., university blologiacs 

### vith relevant axpartisa), 

### shotid Also be consulted and their ciprtly ret-ndatious should 

### beconsIdered. The Director 

### should also consult with the ageucy uerclsiag 

### adminfstrarioa 

### of the Udllfe resources of the State (see secrion 3.2.2, 

### Declsiou Train, Step LZ). C. Theatoned or Eodanaered 

### Species. Species selectiou should speciffully corulder any 

### present :hreurned or andaqered species, at whatever 

### biotic category or 

## crophic lmel, ucept chrt no tifomacioa 

### should be requasted c!mt trould require 

### field sampling prohibited by the Eudaugered Species Act, 

### 16U.S.C. U31 et seq. (see section 3.2.2, Declslou Traiu. step 

### U). D, Therull~ Seusitive Soecles. Themost chersllly suuftiva spuiu (and species group) in chr local uu should 

### bo ldeatiflrd and 

### their lmporranca should 

### bo gireu special cousidorstloo, since such spmclu (or species groups) tight ba mosf rudlly eliminated from 

### the c-fey Ff effluent ltiitatlous &Llouad ulstu uafer 

### capersturrr co be altered. Cousideratloa of 

### the aost sensitive spaciu vill base involvo s total aquatic comruxlty olevpolnt

.

### E.

P.

C. bducmd 

### tolersnce co 

### l

### l8vsced tomparature zmy 

### also bepr8dlcted. for umpl8 tnspecies vtrlch experience osturrl population rrduccloa durlztg 

### the smmer. Species trrp4ing the grrsc8sc oorthen rsuge aad lust routhmrd discributlou may also possess reduced 

### therm81 tolerance. Ccnmercially or Recresclonslly Vllusble Species. Selection of c-rcirlly or 

### recrest:ondly valuable species 

### should be b&sad on acoaelders

### thou of 

### the benefits of assuring their protection.
Far-Field and Indirect Effects. 

### Conslderaticru should include the entire uatar 

### bodysegpenc. For 

### u=Ple. au upscream 

### cold uacer source 

### should 3oc be vertned co an extent t!ut 

### vouLd adversely affect 

### dowustmsm bfou, Th8impscr of 

### additive orsyuerglstlc affects of hut combined with ocher 

### ulsting therm1 or 

### other pollutants Fn

### :he r8celo*tn~ waters 

### rhouid also be

### cousldered. Species ?lecrsssrv (a.~., in 

### cSeFoodChain or Habitat Forsets) for 

### the Uell-3eFns of Species DetemFn8d Above. Lnaddicloo cothe sbuvr coaelderatlons, 

### lc Fsrugguted thet thm ReglooJ A&infrtrsror/D~rector ask himU the following 

### qurstloos before 

### selecting the RX: 1) Is tha potautial 

### probla with chls species credible (documeaced, l probla 

### elsewhere, agoodprediction)? 2) 3) 4) 

### Latha problr Likely coberigulflcanc? Uhlch species occur at 

### th8 locatlou? Which species la Llhly to 

### beclosely Fmolvd vlch cha source 

### or d-68? 

### 5) 

### Doesthe probla species rank as “fsportaac’*? 

### 6) Doe8 

### the Use of 

### probla species fail 

### Fnthe ranga 

### S-U or 

### 2-5 (sea cut abuva) ?

### -39-

7)
8) 

### tie the Fdeaclfled problem species "represantatlve"? 

### Should other 

### species not clearly aproblem be facluded a8represencstlve or importrot?
2. 

### Species Selection WhereInformetion ia fnadequace. Uher+ 

### the svsilrble luformetloa Fsaocsdequste toamble the bglotml MmlnlstrstorlDlrector co select spproprlste RIS, hemeyrequest the appllcsat attaptlng coads aTypa IXdemonstrscFoa co coaduct such studies andfurbish suchevidence as my benecesssry coenable suchselectiou. ‘Uhere 

### species selection is hued 

### oalnfo~clou supplied by 

### the applfcmc, 

### the appropr~ateaess of 

### the species as represencstive and 

### fmportant 1s

### auaspect 

### of tae applicant's burden of proof.
3.5.2.2 

### LaborstorP andLlterscurr Studies.

Tkta

### labomcoq and 

### ~lcerscur~ 

### studies to 

### bedooe for 

### l

### echEfSshould berestricted to chosevhlch arm 

### necessary to fllL out smmery Tables A

### aod0andtodevelop (oa the basis of 

### cha data smnarter Lnthou tables) the RIS&cloPrle. Notall of 

### the date Listed fn 

### Tsbles A

### and BMJ ba appropriate for 

### aparticular site or cua. If thespplicent feds chat someare 

### fnrppropriate andshould bedelecrd, it should bedticwsed ufch thr Reqioaal 

### hdminircrstorl Director at the semecise other dlscussloas about the RfSare 

### taking place.

Assu~~tlons for 

### Tables AandB L, Thecebles are marely l

### lds to orgsnitlag 

### btologicrl data be.Liroed cobeuseful andfmporuuc for 

### aaking declaims regardfug the-1 discharge 

### lf

### facts.
2. 

### Theepeciss teble should bewrkrble for 

### any important or representerie species selectti, 

### whether it is #elected u aspecies 

### for protection or 

### avoldence (e-g-, mia8nce species)

. 3. 

### Ul therms1 chuscteristics do not apply in e rlmihr 

### coutuc to all tsxoucmic groups (tsxa). requiring soae spacirl deflnicions or oaisrlon of 

### acherscteristic for 

### apsrticulrr cuou.

### 4. There til benoachemaal Fnflueocrs (l.g

.,

### chemicals, SCOuh4 

### ,often occurrhg slmultaneouely tich charm&l influences, thee are aoefscluded ln chir cable but which shouLd becoosldered ln their own -ht. 

# s. There uy uot br diff l

### rences beMen adults and juYulFlu of dl taxa, or 

### char8 maybe more 

### than m distinct se~lcl~ity categories. 

### DFscinctly differeut life rcege requirements 

### should br listed. 

### 6. Dets can 

### becollected by 

### the appllc~t 

### for chore theme1 chuscterlstlcs of the 31sthee hevezot yet been daterained but for 

### which standardized 

### sechods are rudely available.
7. For certain 

### peraecers zhrt 

### are srlU Fn

### the resurc!a or developoeut stage. 

### as opposed co sceududfred test* (e.g., 

### gsmecogenesls requirements or ?redscloa ou 

### charmally stressed aeroplsaktoo) 

### ,all roeilahle ptillehed dsu wuld 

### be uaaful but it wuLd sot be necesuq to develop new drca for 

### this category. 8. If morethan oneut of data-are aveUable for any cstegofJ, the several 

### sets should bopreseoted (and referenced) aud the rstionale 

### prueuted coaid 

### Fnsrlectlq oueset for declslon-meking sethe site fa questiOn.
9. 

### Dates far guetogeuesls urd spatming fmply appro

### priae suso~l t3mes 

### which till vary 

### from aru 

### couu andyur to year 

### avanvlthouc the Fnflueuce 

### of the pmmr 

### plant, Thafsporcant point 

### is *ether thue 

### woacs wuld besusonrlry precluded. 10. 

## Infishu, opclaam 

### tryeretures 

## for gromh cud sgu 

### perfomance f8ctors (e.g., maximum s-g spmd, grueut aetebolic scope, 

### final taperscure praferendtn, etc.) hrre 

### beenshovu to ba coticldent 

### for 

## aaoughfishu UC chtr colacideuce is acceptable u rgmerrli~tloIa. Exceptloue cotid be hportsnt. 

### h-es, andshould beideatifled

.SAMIW! 1ARl.E TOSUH(ARIZR DATA FOREACII RRt’Rt?SENlAT~VE ItlPORTAttT SPECIES (RIS) SCIENTIFIC NAMR fX+MMJ NAME --- _-- .--

THERMAL RFFIXTS PARAMETER TEWEMTURd

LIMIT OR RA?KiR(‘C) souRcu

REFERENCE (iF APPROPRIATE) 

### MFANANDMAXIMUM ARPAUNAVAILABL FORFwNmm f

(R I* HPANANDHAXItlUM

TIME UMAVAILABLC FORPU?tCTfON (DATS), 

### IStWl!CT, I? AHlt, EXPRCTRD TOAFFECT THE POPUlATlON OF mu RlS? (TES ORNO)

0That area or tin under arctaRe and uotst caee conditiona thnt wilt not permit the specific bFoloRica1 Cmction to occur satisfactorily.

SIRHART COWXUSION OFt??RCT OFItRAT ONTHRRRPRRSENTATIVU IMFORTAMT SPl?CIBS (RtS):THERMAL EFFECTS

PMAMEERS 4;- TABLHB
mEmALEFFEcrSP-APPLIcAaLE ro4uIlIcoRcaNISHsPOnwr~TsELemASRIs



### 1. High Tempuature SurrrFvll AquAtic Adult
JmealLe (Imature)

2. Thermal Shock Tolrrancr (Hut and Cold) 

### Aqwtic MtLLt

Juvanile (mare) Euly Dav~lopmeataL Sc8gu (Foci. l88roplaakton)

3. Omimua Tmmeratura for Puformanca and 

### Crouch Yen-breeding Adult

Juvenih

4. Xaxima femver8tuf8 

## long-tom tsqurtur~ Resims Allovins 

## Early uporure throu#mutd8velopnnt Development Corplrtion 

## to jtnmnih3


# 5.Normal sp8minsDau andTemaanru

6. Spurn TsmPu8turr 88qufremantr for R~oroduction POSSIBLE YETRODS POE D-ON

X$0, 24 bours TL50, 24 hours

thersrl gradient including wrst cua r single shock to *mate plant shutdown

doubh shock (up and do& in trmmrsing plum

3

langth, veight &auger; productlvfty; DNA/WA ILatlo2 ~ength,ueight changes; DNA/RNA Rat102

mmths; r8nge 

### for rpunlng

1

1As 8vti8bh in the llrer8turr only. 2hdic8tad by 

### find prafarmdtrP for fish. 3Only for specior 

### rudely reared or held in the laboratory.

### N8n8tlve for Table B- Thermal Eff lcta Paramtrrs AmUcablo to



### Thunal 

### affactr stdiu applicabh to 

### ujot taxa or broad bfotlc c8tqortrr 

### UI -ad in Table 1. AQpllcabla thanal rlfutr d8t8 

### should baobtainad for uch BISadacted. mrks 00study ULduotu 

### of 8pplfuti~ 

### of 

### the ruults to orlu 316(a) aad (b) dacirloum arm 

### badicued hue.



### Uthod: Dat8rPina a
&(8+ l 48-b. - tit-t8 lacipF8at hthl tmper8turr) for juva es and aon-bramii~ 

### adults. ACWfiOU tarpar8tur8 shotid 8ppturi.mta thm hi#hut 

### tmr8tU8 at which the fish can ba bald. bpO8a lnimrl t0 dW8trd tvr8tUZ8S h 8S 8CUte (inst8at8naou8) mmaar. &U1iC8tiOU 

### OfihStitS: Zh8= v8h.a can ba rued for utimatioo Of tha Umr !Wl348t$ll UC f%? th8 ~fdiiSt0~ St888 f!i qU8tiO.U (24-b. dXZU82C). m8R. 

### valua alro can bawad to ltat8 

### t UPPU tqr8tU8 la 

### t sinw 

### optistm gruuth tima). 

### for 8Ppr8Chbh 

### grouth (21-ttr.-TZ50

2. Th8& 

### Shock tOl8tae 

### of sti8ct8d Ufrhirto~ Stq8S: 8) For jUV*tiU md 8dult8, Sipnrl8t8 tiat8r phnt shutdouu str888 of 

### plcm Utt8inad fiahu and mtil8 m8cfo-cmxst8cu.

: Method -8a Oa- to 8CUt8 trprr8tUTa drupr aqti Cothe r8nga of up8ctd dirch8rfa t's, u8ing - wlnt8r pluma tqr8tllta 88 th8 8CtitutiOU tWpU8tlXa. hdiC8ta tmt8tUa CUt 

### rqimas which produce equilibrium lorr of SOf of cha sample uichin 4 hours 

### 8adoprt8uty aft8r 

### 24 hOlU8.
Idantifiad vlntu plum VS. 8mbi8nt tmpar8fura 

### coaditiou8 uhich could rut& in thati shack l.n tha‘-ant of phnt 

### rhutdm, 8d aa auuiq high 108s of oqaaUma 

### dm to mrkedly Lacrauad 

### rwcrptibUty to prodatfoo. b) For mOrOp&iktOO. 

### aImslat frprr8tura shock upon trn8rrbq 8thdphN.

### 3. pLue rrrldeat 

### tines md 

### tlapuuuru, Accttioa 

### tuparuura should 

## lw a8CurLt SU8OQ.d obi8ot coaditton8. Maximm test 

### trpuature should 

### range up to the TLjO level 

### for ldulte. Indicate tinwCUpU8tura r8gin• luding 

### to duch of 

### 50X of the supl8. 

### Apulic8tion of

## Results: hthd tiPttQPU8tUW Stf8S8 

## r@gina pint&82°CCU b8uSrd to88th8te taprr8ture LiPits of OOtmd prey troldeeco bduvior. fnCrU8.d 

### cmpu8ture rudcs Fnhigh8r pred8tiUU prermrr. Estimcion 

### of optimum 

### tmparaturm 

### for growth:
A>

b)

cl 

### Fish and macroimrttobr8t8r - d8tarmlnm 

### rate of growth (18ngth 

### or uelghc 

### fnCrU8a) Wtl8r!mafnC8inad at a rarl8S 

## of lhv8ted tmU8turU and 

### 8t Othnria8 n@8r-optimm l

## miroummtal condftiour, with 

## food provided s libitum.
PFsh - d8tWI8iMtiOTU of final behavioral temperrcurr pr8f8rutdtm vill closely corr8spond to 

### tha tmpeaturr which is optirrl 

### for ramy phyrlologlcal procueee, Fnclud iag grovth

. 

### Hecrophyter - d8C8rPFne teEper8turm 

### produclag maxiem aat photosyuthe8is for 

### 8t hut 8

### 24401~ puiod, u8bg 8e 8pptOjDtit8 photoperiod. 

### &3D1iC8tiOU 

### OfR88d.U: Optimumtmp8r8cura 

## for grovch tea b8 cambFnad 

### with ultim8t8 incipfenc 18thd tmaper8tur8 limft for 

### 8Ccrpt8bl8 grouth (Ice #1 8bme).
4. 

## kfinimn optimum md 

## mxlmm taperatures lllowlng coephtfm 

## of urly developlent. 

### f4OC8: Studlu co be conducted only for EXS uhfch 

### 8ta ap8ble of bebg 

### rudLLf tUt8d in the hbOr8COq.
Method: tbinUin fartiliud ama undu 

### 8Urf8a 

### of lhV8t8d 

### crp8r8tura r8giPU to detrralne ainima, opt- mid aexlmm 

### condltiona permitthq 8rutrr chea 80X rumiv~ to 

### coep18tion of dwaloplmnt Of jUVmF18 (i.8., POrt-hrPti metrrorphorir; i.n 

### fiSh, to tha point 

### of SUCCU8fd ~ftiatiOU of feeding). t'bt8 thee dfornrlly cyclic tmper8turr 

### rrgiau tith 8

## S°Ctotal range U8 be 1K)re 8deptive 

### for mhrnc8d thermal tol8r8ac~ thmx 

### i8 8 COU8f88t. OvliC CqU8tlX8 

### U/tie.

### 5. No& sp8wning d8t8s 

### andtemper8tures:
mehod: Cite 

### rug@ of d8t8e (by 

### muth) 8ed thr88hold ump8uturer 

### reported to 

### hlti8U urd lahibit gmerogenui~ and rparaing, AI 

### r8ported Fnthe ~it8r8cure for uU8 

### clo8tiy r8hUd 

### to the u8cu 

### body rogmnt ia guestion. 

### Aoollc8tiue of brultr: To

### provide b8ckground infom8tion to ev8h8te 8e88oUll~ 

### the reluiv8 lmp8ct of th8reel dir&erg8 OP cintng of rrproduetiv8 8ctiviti88. 6. Sp8cirl temper8ture rrquirmeot 

### for t8prOduCtfOn:

Yethod: 

### Lafonutioa should be ptoVld8d 8e ev8F18bl8 in previouelp 

### publfshed StUdi8S. h-188 of rehvaat 

### lIspe~ia.l r8quiree8ats" include: 8) Snimm of 

### 10°Cetut beexperienced before gmecogene8ti can be iaitirted ln tw 

### bore8.Lb8raacles; 8nd b) Yint8r cU1 requirrd for rucceerful 

### developsme LByeLlov perch,

### 3.5.3 En@ne8riag and Eydrologlcal Data for Typr IL Demustratiau Ttt~ r~ctfon ducribu tha engf~~tiag and hTdrolo@c Foformation which should aorprrs1y be Fnclud~d ln 316(r) daoortrstlotm- It 

### ~I.80 

### rugguts formatr for pruutatlou 

### of such fnformatiuu. Th8 

### RBf1mu.L A&lnlstr~tor/Df.r~etor nay raquut 

### additional lnfomtiou 

### or acuu 

### the rppllcam 

### from pr8puatio-u of portiona of this lafom~cloa u 

### th8 rlcuacicm ull8nta. Theerqlaeuing aud hydrologic fafor~tion to ba submitted rhould combat of til iaformrtiorr 

### rruoarblf aecu88~ for th8 &pmfs. Vh8t8 FnfO~tioP LiStd ia thir ChbJ¶t8r fb ru3t rd8VbUt COth8 ?ArtiCtiX C188, 

### Ft should beucwedThe 8xqln8era and hydrologic inforautl~u anddata suppli8d ln 

### support of I 316(r) deaoartrrtfan 

### rhou.Ld br

## lxt~~~roied bybd8qUbC8 d88CtiptiV8 Mt(rlL1. CmC8tPFna it8 Sourc8. Datr fraS SCi8ntiiiC utbtrtUf8, 

### fi8ld work. laboratory (LICP8tlMUt8, 8tiyticti wd8w, tafrarad suvreys md hydrmalfc modelint will ti beacc8pt8bl8, brrumia~ rd8qUAt8 SCiWtifiC fUUtiic8tiOU for 

### their U88ti pr8e8nted.

fn bdditiaa cath8 rudtr 

### obtU8d 

### fro8 atiyticrl hydraulic wd8ls th8 applierat should pr8sent. und8r S8p8t8t8 

### cov8t. th8 wd8l vbich us wed. Th8 

### mod81should contain 8 rationah eqhhiq why this puticaL8r 

### model -8 used mul uplrnrtioar of rll ~~~dlficrtiopr to th8 orlglul uork

### 3.5.34 Plrnt Ooerating D8t&-

1. 

### ~O~Zi@ Ut8f fhV. kmp18t8 Tab18 c (indicrt8 milts) andprovide l 

### ducriptive flow diagram.
2.

3. subtit 1time-cmperatur8 

### profil8 gap& fndic8tizq tmp8t8ture an the vertical uad 

### horizontal scrl8. 3br gr8ph rhould Fndicat8 status 

### Of u8t8r 

### tmperaturr from amblat 

### couditions through the woUq 8)8tm, 

### and flatly 

### t&8 discbar8r 

### plum Out to th8 

### 1oClaoth8rm. br8t C-8, 8uticipU.d AVet- ConditfooI, 

### md fd8ti (8*&-r 

### ainlmrr tlme/tupu*ture lmpwt) couditlaa8 should be lllwtrated 

### (prefrrably on ch8 

### samegraph) comi.steat 

### tith reprueatative 

### pluma illurtrrted.
Th8 8muat of 

### chlorine uud daily, warhly and annually, the freqmncy and duratlou of chlorination aad 

### th8 m COtd ehlOtin8 r8midUd 

### At th8 point Of di8ChAtp8 obtained 

### durizq my clorinatioo ~7~18. The 

### &Latin8 d-d of the receioin# uat8f body. 

### Forexirtiq 

## plants, l time-concantration 

### graph of total 

### chlorine r8sidual 8t the 

### point of df8chug8 durw a chlortitloa 

### W8Ut.4. 

### Allrt 

### of &uyoth8r cb8mlcal8, additives 

### or Oth8r di8ChUg88 

### (with SchUUic diasr8U) vhich dischug late th8 coo&q uter ryata iacludiry g8a8ric am8, mat (inchdiq fr8qumcy badduration of bppliC&tiOn 

### 8nd th8 

### m,mimua coac8atraciua obtriad prior to dFlutioa), chamic~ C04BOSitiO~ 

### Sadth8 r-0 for df8Chu~8.
AWp Of oi8tw dfSW~V8d mt8n 18V8h i.IlChdiXl~ -rtiCd PrOfihS 

### ia tb8 phE8 uid diSChArt 'dCinirf la 0.5 q/l iacrem8au far both av8r808 ad Writ case 

### eoaditioas* Uh8r8 

### StrUifiCbtiOU Ot th8 pt8SSllCb 

### of Biochdcd, 0X788Zb

### 0-d (800) diSChU~88 till pODSib 188d 

### COd8pr888iOU Of OmSn hV8b U 1 r881dt 

### of th8 th8& dirdlu~e, 

### the ateat Of tie df8Ct 

### should b8utimbted. 6. AIMP

### Ofath8r Corpt&nULtS within th8 plum CbW8d 

### byotbrr 

### disch8r~88 aad aacura sourcu far both 

### -8tSa8 audworst cue coadftiowc 

### 3.5.3.2 Hydrolonic Iofomatlon

le now: Provide iaformatlan crlld for balov a8 

### applicable to the locatiua of 

### the intake md di8c!18rg8. 

### A. BiV8rS : fl-atbly m&a8 mid mlJalma (rolllag m8a. ?-i&y, 1078&r 

### 10~fhvm) far uch wath. 

### 1. Estaaarlu: fr88b Ut8t 

### input, tidd 

### flW VO1W8, net tidal flux -thly mua sad &sum8 for 

### UCh--C:rC~btiUU patt8nU frm rpPiCd 

### Cidd cyclu.

c. ba~~oir8 : flow 

### through time, 

### r8haa8 schedul8rWllthl~armlULd=t.UUb.
D. ocuu : tidrl h8i.#kta aad 

### iuformtloa on fluhiag 

### CbUUt8ri8tiCS.
2. Curr8ntr : 

### Rorfd8 the lr&arm8tioa crlld for 

### below, a8 4Jp11Cd18 

### to the lit8: 

### A. BiV8rS: 

### ux.S.mm, midmm, andwan current speed giolag WY, wathly or 88UOUti 

### flucttMtloor mid vui8tlaw 

### acrou crorr-sectioor 

### u appropriate to d88Crib8 

### hydro-dyn8micr Of th0 ptiS8r7 Studf bf88. 

### Include rpmdr l

### tman mnu8l flow ta 747, 107ru low flow.

### B. htUti : 

### tidal end m88oaal ch8agu Fncurr8at spe8d md 

### directian. PJ8rtlcal profiler of current 

### a8 o8edrd 

### Uh8r8 d8USiCy 

### Currents OCCUt.) C. Large laker 

### and oceans: offs&or8 prmbiling currents. our IhO? CUrt8Ut8/8ddi88; lOCti tidal 

### md S888Od 

### ChurgU la curr8at Sp88d md dlr8CtiOn. 3. Tabti8CS or 

### ~urtrste monthly urd seuti grrdl8ncr for both th8nu.l 

### and 88llalt7 Foducrd str~clffcatluu At 

### rOptUeUCbtiV@ locatf~ns ti 

### th8 attidy 

### eru (co~sFSC~UC with the comp~alty 

### of ch8 study aru eoad~tfans)

. If lntaka and diSChrg8 coadftiopr 

### ar8 Fdeaticrl then so stat8 urd provide only on8 t~b~atloa or Flh8tr8tlon. 

### 6. TbbtiAt8 Or tiklStrat8 mbF8nt CapUbtur8 

### OfCh8r@CSiVblg u8tu8, 

### glvLn# monthly m8ns md 

### moathly Utrem8s 

### for Ch8 pt8C8ding u y88t8 U d&t& mbtibbtiity p8titS. If C-&r&b18 81t8 Uf8rS bt8 u88d, indfat8 

### th8 b&818 and lirritr Of C~brbblity. fa 

### lddltiuu, for 

### blologierllp CritiCAl p8riOd8, Uddy mUU8 

### and UtrUU, frrqU8nCy 

### discributloae and dally 

### verletlon should be provld8d. Tq8tUut8 d&t& upon 

### which the88 v81u88 8r8 b888d should, 

### if pOSSlb~8, be obwla8d 

### bt LUSt 0~x8 

### hourly.
5. Indicate iUtbk8 urd r8CSiViU# Ut8fS 

### d8pth COUtOutS 

### bt 198tlt Fntrrvab 

### and any ch8agu vhlch MJ occur du8 co radlm8at mmaents, COUStNCtioU, ltC. Indiuts 

### bottam t9p8. Prmid8 Oth8r 

### significant futures (8.f., 

### chrnaal bar) rnd 

### Cher8Ct8riStiCS ne8d8d to 8v8h8te 

### the hydrodysAalcs of the primary and far 

### field study l

### ru. Infom8tion 00 water body 8128, surface area, 

### ~01~~8, mua 

### d8pth md 

### maxFan d8pth. 3.5.3.3 tf8t8OrOlO~iCd hta



### ff eaergy 

### budg8t cooputatlon8 are included 88 part 

### of th8 316(a) d~~tUtratluu, proPld8 

### the fO~OWin~ dally #8r888 

### m8t8orw logicd d&t8 for the 

### phat llt8, 

### giving both aoathlp 8uae And SUSUUd 

### Utf-08. Indicate ~!1lt8: 

### 1. Wetbulb air troperatura.
2. Dq bulb Air taper8tuIe (v8rlfF8d to Sit8 

### coadltloa8).
3. Wind rpeod md 

### dirrctioa.
1. Long ~8 

### (emoeph8ric) r8dl8tlOa (UT be CsktibCed)

.

### 5. Short ~8 (Solar) radiation (meyb8cllcuL&ted).
6. 

### Cloud Cw8r.


### 7. &8pott8lUpitbtiOU (-7 be&C~&tbd). 3.5.3.a Outfa coafi~r8tiw endOU8tbtfOe.

Pravlde 

### the 

### foUowlag ldorautioa cmoutfall. 

### cuaflgur~tlaa end opu~tim, fadluting uaitr:



### 1. Length of dfrcbrge pip8 or cm81 

### 2. Area aad 

### dlp8USiOnS of 

### dischug port(S)
3. Number of disch8rg8 port(s)
4. 

### Sp8Ciag (on C8tkt8rS) of discharge 

### portr
5. 

### Depth (mua 8nd axeraPes) 

### 6, bngl8 Of d-charge u 

### 8fUUCtLOU Of:

C. curreat 

### dlrectiom 3.5.3.5 P1=8 

### D&CAIt8WitmMtS.

Zhe eppllC8at u futni8h 8sttiC88 

### bu8d upon model pr8dlctlOae and/or flmld d&t& at abating 

### planer of th8 follovFng plume data:

### L. UttiiZiUg the lord iafarm8tloa 19Table C,vind to88

dau md cidll/currus date, 8~1-8 ro88 

### or LOCW

### of p1ma8 

### 8tAd.l b8prmld8d fOt 

### 88CbCA&lad&r aoath. Zh8plme8 rkll b8bounded by the 2Cebov8 obleat isotherm. ml8 S&u be 

### don8 for 

### both Surf&c8 iSOth8m rod bottom iroth8rBe uhea 

### contact tich burthlc au8 18ti8.
2. bpr88eXItetiV8 p1Ue8 Of the mUintlr 

### size end OOlt fr8qu8atly occurring plwu lh8ll bedeullrd shoving ~8t8atUleOuS 

### i8oth8rm8 At 

### th8 2’c hlt8r9tiS CO 

### within l°C of emblent 

### for coadltlm8 of 

### varlrtloar fn tid8, 

### uind 8nd curroat.A. BiVU8: PlUe8 fat N8tbg8 d T-day, LO-ye&r hv 

### flow should b8 prwld8d. 

### B. Lake8 badRe8errrolr8: ?hm88 for smmer coadlt:on8, virrt8r coaditioar aad lttrt 8ptig cad 

### f&U w8ftura~ 

### rhould rlro b8 prwided. 

### For flood control ruervoirs, 

### ~1-88 

### for vatlow ut8r 

### lem& 8hoPld b8prwld8d.
3. For i8och8rrr 

### plots required in utmbu 2ebwe, V8triC81 

### t~8rbtUr8 ptOfti88 dOUg th8 pkl88 CWltSrline utaading to 

### th8 bottom of :h8 VeClr body et z”c iUt8md.8 COViChiU Lot Of smbi8nC.
3.5.6.2 EaSFn88riDE bad Rvdrolosical D&t&.



### The FnfOrPutiOU t8rJUir.d iU tbi8 88CtiOU, fOt 

### ch8mO8t p&n, COU8iStS Of pUm8t8rS 

### vhlch 8f8 MC8888~ blpUt CO

### lblytiCbl or phfricel pr8dictlve h~r&UllC or energy budg8t models. xor8 

### ~fOt3bbCfOa my b8prwid8d by th8 

### lppllC&nt for hi8 pbrtlculu danOa8tr8tiuu, but Chi8 -18 repr888otr the d8gt88 

### Ofd8tti tiich vtu bea8C8888~ in mO8tCUU.

The fo~ouing COrT8SpOUdS 

### directly tith the r8sp8ctive pu8grapbS in S8CtiOU 3.6:

1. Phlt oV8r8ti.UE D&t&. Table C- Th8 d8tb t8quir8d in 

### T&b18 C8f8 llW8888r7 b8CbU8 

### th8y 8r8 required for pt8diCtiV8 fIIod8hlg. 

### Th888 nm8riCd d&t8 -0 tioV tb8 

### revieur co ob88m8 uaC8r ~868, 

### Tl8cTemeraturr Profile 

### - m8 pt8dict8d tia848mp8rbture ptOfti8 should 

### be lacluded 

### beCbu88 Ft FllWttbt88 

### Uhbt 8 typiCd 

### mXkmOtil8 pArtiC muld 

### b8 subject 

### to 

### whenlatrapp8d end/or 8ntrelLWd in the cooling ut8f Sptu. 

### tirteln blaloglcrl 8ff8ctr 

### couLd b8 utimted tith tbir type of 

### kaput but the revlenr is curtiuned not to ee8-e this 

### ta b8tottilt reprereacacive Of Stt888U 

### 8nCOuater8d On8atrbpp8d 

### end/or 8ntr8ln8d orgula8. Thi8 path LS ea idullr8d Stt&lae 

### whlcb, Fatil prababfllty, wuld not occur due ta tUZbUhUC8 

### Of CO0li.n~ U8t8t flOV. 

### Cbl0hl* - 

### ChlOtie fS a

### tOXiC 81-8nt cad ff it :S to 

### be U8d by th8 

### di8Ckrg8r to control the grovth 

### of flora cad f8uaa la 

### th8 cooling ulcer systa, Ftr 

### usage 

### lbould b8 proj8ct8d. kl tO8t PO-r phlt8 ChlOrti 18 inj8Ctrd tO th8 COOhIg 

### Wt8f SpSte6 fOt

### petiods naglag from I3 mlzmter to TV) hours per 

### appllutlou. Ilrm nmbat of 8pplicatloue ti rite specific 

### but urrullp 

### tocalr lur thaa CWJhours total per day. Idully, only exact mounts of chlorFne 8re introduced so th8c ft ructs 

### oatlrdy, Iuvixq uo rctiva residual 8t 

### the discharge. In puceice chti Fs dffflcuLt to achiava, and somechlorine compouade ue 

### dlschsrgmd. Chlorina ructs 

### vith dissolved orgulc utter in the coolfn~ water cofore ouiow chlorluced organics 

### which maybah~nnful cothe balanced Fndigeaous C-icy. It is charmfore necuuv coproject chm uuga of chlotim urd cou8ldet 

### the results of tts interrctlon 

### tith the therael component of 

### tha dbcharga. Thenad Incuscclon - Sactlou 316(a) rpaclflrr chat the 

### chennel component of the dlscherge ause 

### beevaluced #,

l

. . ukb~ lato account the 

### Fncersctiou of such 

### therm81 components tith other pollumnts...". mlllr data onsuch syaergirtlc effects 

### ua limited, 

### ceruln infomaclotx VLU 

### uslrt chr &gioarJ. Admlnistr8corl Director LnusessFng potentirl heraful Fnter8ctlons. 

### Other Chemimls - The rddlcloa Of 

### he8t MT FnCree8e 

### chalff lct of 

### other chemlcllr in the ucer body. Chmicd hformaciou Fs needed to avrluata poulbh 

### effects of 

### this kind 8ad 

### to properly interpret blologicel d&t8 

### for thermel affects &hue.

2. 

### B?dtOlOgiC8l InfOmtlOU. This 

### entire sectloa duls tith coudltlons of 

### cho recaivlng water. This laforastlou should ba required b8c8we it 

### is butt 

### sitlag Lnformecioa, modeling iapuc 

### data 8nd aocese8r7 for proper Fnterprec8cioa 

### of blolol;lceL d&=8. 

### 3. Meteorolonlcel Detr. 

### This Lnformetion 

### should be in&&id 

### tier@ 

### lergy budget COmput8tlOus 8re zude 88 

### part of the X6(8) 

### drpOUStr8tiOU. I: 1s sot fatended that rlf dmOu8tr8CiOnS Fn&xda 

### this d8t8. vhan in 

### doubt the 8ppllcaat should dlscws 

### this tith the Regioael Adminirtr8tor/Dlrector.
4. Outfall Conflmretloa md Ooeratlon. mere nmerlcrl dru ducrlbirq the aeorecq and orlrotatloo of 

### the oucf8U 8re oeces8~ fnput for 

### 111 predictive plume models.-52.

5. 

### Plume Dacr Retmlremencs. This d8t8 is the result of 

### the modeling 

### effort. UhLLa the results MJ be prasantrd in many fomacs, chum 

### mggested plume 

### conflguretlons yle.Ld a

### gr8phfC portr8y8l of uhua the hut i8 going. Thue map8 are mcessq for makhg qualft8tfve end quantitative 8asueaants of 

### biologid chuqes.

3.5.4 

### Synthuti of 

### dl fnformufoa Into ‘%ut8r” 

### Ecosystr Ilrcloorle

Z’Imtiter Ilrtiolulu of the 

### dmOUStt8tlOn should s-rite the kay findings Fo 8 

### coucfse manner 

### andshould form 8coop~ciag argument the the b8hnced. 

### lndfgenoue comunlty vi11 be protected. The 

### r8cloeule should ticlude 8

### sumery of m "over8l.l picture" of the ecosystem es projactod by 

### the sLr Biotic Cacegoq Rationelms, the ruource zones f0p8Ct8dV end 8 8-7 

### OfUhythe FPfomfiOa ia the r8tiOMhS, 

### 81OUg with the predlctl~r la cho IUS RetiOuele, the urglneerlog and 

### hydrologic81 deer, 8nd other.kty facts, suggur th8t the balanced 

### bdigeaour co~~icy will be protected.

3.5.5 Suggested FOrmU for Type 

### II DaOMtr8tlO!X 

### ~EUUFLE) TABLEOFalrmmTs 

# r, Introducelou (Brief 1 II. ?bster Rationale for Dmonstretlw (see Section 3.5.4 

### for CoIltut >
III. 

### Represent8cfve bportaut 

### Spoclu Utlousle (Sectioo 3.5.2)
Iv. Biotic 

### Category Ratiou8les (Sacion 3.5.1)
A* 

### Phytoplanktaa
1, Duirfon Critrrti 2. Ilrtiorule

1. 

### Decision Criteria 2, Batlonal~
C. Ehblut ?orur8 

### 1. Dufrlon Critrria 9 r. 

### BAtioMleCWLt MCWATERCIURACT~RISTICS ’9’

I I I I I I I I I t 1 I

,xTim st , Intnkc Velortty , I ’ Rntc of Discharge I I

I kactionsl , Channel I I 1Srtecna Rate of Circufntin , XCapacity , Ln,ad ,tntrsnce 1 J

,Cooling Mater Flow ’D*echa;uc 1 1lkm- I
lAT ’ CoolinR lCoollnR , DlsrhsrRf

,Water IWater ,Velocity

40%6Lean
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80
80-90
90-100 

# I
I I
I 1 t I I I I
I I 

# 1

I I I I I I I I I I I I I

’ Aeeparstc table should 

### beprepared for each ~enctating unit snd for all untts combined.

’ If seasonal variations occur, this should be indicated.
3Variations of intake velocity with changes in ambient conditions (e.~., river flow, tidal height, water Level) should be noted.

4Dischnr8e 

# AT AT)however, - Dischsqe teclperature - intake temperattire (in aany cdsCb, condenser A T io equivalent to diecharRe

this is not the came for plants ulth supplemental cooling).

5Discharge velocity should be provided at the point where cooling wster leaves the disciwt8@ rttucture. Variations ln dtschsrRe velocity, 

### with changes In embient cnndltions (e,B., river flow, tidal hefRht, vatcr level) should be noted.D. Shel~ish/~cro~rrtrbr~tes


### 1. Declslon 

### Criteria 2. 

### ution81e

1. Decision Criterir 2. 

### matiolmlr
P. Other 

### Vortebrstr Wildlife 

### 1. Decision Criteria 2. 

### %atiollale 0. Brfef Sunmary of Engfaeertrrg 

### and Hydrological Data 

### and Uhp cfie Data sre 

### Supportive of 

### the Predictioar fs the Above ~Cioacl88 VI. D6onstr8riun Appendices A* Information Supporting *atar 

### lbtionale
B. Informtfon 

### Supporting Representative Lmportmt Specfea RatIonale C. Information Supportiq Biotic ate#orf 

### Rationales
0. Engineering and BydrOlOgiC8l fnformatfun 

### 1. hsellne Data (see 

### Section 4.1)
2. Dfscussiw of Relationship of 

### the Physical Data to the SIOU~J B.ationales aadChoice of 

### .Yadels or Other Predictive .?fathods 

### E. Supportiva Reports, Doctlents. and RauData Not From the OpenScfentlfic Literature3.5.6 Dlscusslon of 

### Uhythe Raqulred 

### Data are 

### ?kcessary for 

### ?Lking 316(a) 

### Determfnations
3.5.6.1 Biologic81 Data.

1. 

### Phrtoplanktoa. The organisms of 

### the ph9toplaakton comunity are 

### aprincipal food source for most 

### zooplankton and for romefish species, aa9 -9 tiso become 

### important Fnrelatlou to Fodustrirl or cecrutid water use if 

### blooms of certain species occur, vhf& can 

### hsve avuisty 

### of deleterious effects (a.g., 

### clog filters and Fncrka pipes, 

### lmp8rt tastes 

### and odors to water:). 

### Men9water bodies, such 88 

### the majority of rivers and strum, 

### cut be clrssiffed 

### 8s"lov potent181 

### ?pp8Ct l.88” for ph@opl8nktoo, rnd relrtivdp Little infonmtioa Is aecess8.r9 for 8 3L6(8) daonstraciou. 

### Neverthelur, more dat8fhd d&t8 ma9

### benecess8~ in someinstances if 

### phytoplankcoa is 8 subscuti8l cospoaenc of 

### food ch~inr rupportfng the balanced indigenous 

### population or 

### if the the& discharge 

### F, Libly to cause ashift tovarda nuisance 

### specfas. Even if 

### fftm predictlous mot be zude on 

### the basis of the 

### Increased data, these data may 

### be aecusuy u abase for 

### comparison with postoperational ooultorin~ SUFTIJS to detect longcetm c- icy shifts.
A. 

### Standing Crop 

### Estimates. Estimates of 

### standiag crop are useful In determining the tiportancr of 

### ph9toplsnktoo fn the productivity of 

### the impacted body of water. 

### Productlvit9 is 8prlnciprl 

### factor Fn definlag 

### high and lov intp8cc areas. 

# 8, Species Comosftion and 

### Abundance. Tuonomic 

# fnforaatiouwill char&ccrrire 

### the ph9toplanktou ssroclated with the dlschrge area 8ud will 

### provide buellae data for detecting an9 

### shifts Fnspecies coapositioo ~CCCYRp8Il9%Ilg thermal discharte. A change in carpositiw 

### ts oftea 

### an fadicatiou that 

### aouismce condition ~9 occur and 

### that the food usb of 

### the spsta 

### is beFng altered.

# c. Dellneatioa of Euohotic Zone. 

### The euphoric zone of 

### 8utter column is 

### the upper layer into 

### which sufficient Light 

### penetrates to penit photosynthesis. The coaparisou of tttU foam to the conflgur8ticm of the 

### discharge pluu 

### til ladlcrte hov mrch the thermal discharge 

### will affect 

### the produccfvlt9 

### of the 

### lapacted body of 

### meet.
2. 

### Zooulankton and 

### !4eroolankton. The tooplanktoomaropknkcou comuaity Fs ake9 

### supportive component of the 

### 8quaclc syst6, 

### It U aprinurp 

### food source for 

### La7781 fish 

### urd shellfbh md also wkes up 8 portion of the diets of son 

### adult species. MUIT bnportaut species of firh urd 

### wildl..Ue have plm.kconlc life 

### sc8gos (termed mareplalktou. co 

### dlffrrenciate cha from 

### org8nlws which are phaktonic throughout their lotFr8 Life cycle). 

### If 8huted discharge 'tills 

### or prevents 

### davelopment of the 

### meroplanktoa, fewer 

### adult f-h md 

### shellffsh vI.ll beproduced each 

### yew. Estuarine 

### anvir-nts armupecirlly cricic81 because of their high productivity md uclliutloa u spawning and nursery 8ru8 for 

### speclu tith merophnktwic lamse. 

### Speclflc typa of 

### data 8r8 osencl81 for the 

### f0Uovlag rusoas 

### :
A. Standing Crop Estlaatu. Inf omaatioa 

### on 

### stmdbg crop helps Lndefitig the ioportmce of zooplankton 

### 8ndmeroplaakton Fnrelation to th8 productivity of the 8ff8Ct8d r~scm. Aaf 

### s:gPFf:c~t change in staodlag 

### crop becodag 

### evident during posc-oper8cioual moltoring ma9 fndlcate an

### adverse FPpact 

### resulting 

### from the 

### huted discharge.
1. Species 

### Comosition 8ndAbundurcr. These data will ldeatify dalornt ~8x8 la the syscea 

### and prwide boo&e lnfotmstlon for observing changes accompmyfng th.~ldLscharge. Any 

## lpprUfAtiVe tit8r8tiOll in thr 

### Colrpoeition 8nd relative abundance 

### of the tooplankton 

### and wrcw 

### p&a&m coostlcucu aaimbalance la the c-t7 and lndlcrter posslbh 

### adverse lmp8ct. Spociu 

### data uad related 

### cheml colerancr fuforaation 8re 8ho useful 

### Lndaveloping therm1 llmlts 

### for the effluent.c. 

### SS8SOUS1v8ri8tiOnS. Zhi.8 bfO=CiOU 18 SSSSnCid 

### for 8888SBing inp8Ct 

### because different speciSs, vtch different 

### therm81 tolerances. becme 

### dcainant le v8rying 

### times of 

### the put. It 

### till also 

### showvhen 

### the bportant mere 

### plan&err are present fn the diSch8rge uea. 

### D. Die1 and 

### Tidal Dfstributioa. knpling coshuu die1 and 

### tidal fluctuations 

### Lodepth dlstributioa 8re n8cessrry bec8uSe zooplmakton 

### and aeroplanktoa orgmimrs 

### dmonstr8te distinct vertical mwaneots 

### which ma9be 8 function of 

### both light 

### Lntenrfty Sndtidal Sc8ge. The organias 8re chur oulner8ble to 8dtsch8rge plume 

### Fnv8qing degrees at different tlmes of 

### the day. 3. H8bitst Formera. The role 

### of h8bit8t 

### former, ln 8n rquatic apta 

### remains unquestion8bl9 unique 8ad 

### lssenrial to 

### the propag8tioa 8nd well-being of 

### fish. sheUfish, 8nd vildlife. PUrthemore, h8bit8c formera, prrticulrrLp In the nurine and 

### uterine lnviromeocs , 8re 8

### Uaited resource, slow to re

### establish, end non-renewable in somecues. These 

### organims ue 

### subject to d8mege 

### by I discharge plme Fn8umber of toys. Boocad 8qwcic 

### pl8ncs. including kelp, aey be dm8ged or destroyed by 

### ac8ssive taaper8tures. velocities, turbidicy, or sFlc8tion. Organlms aay bedamaged or destroyed by 

### chlorine or other biocides contatied in sinking plmes 

### chat flcm rloug 

### the bottm in 

### vinter. The- discharges mapAffect the natural brlmce of 

### the b8Ctati 

### 8ndtig8e populSclons, fmoriag 

### the bacteria. This sfcuaffon, in cunx, could mduce oxptmn Iroels by lncrusing 

### the 4~0unt of decorposing mscerials 8nd could 

### adversely affect 

### habitat formers. The proposed studies represent l 

### minimal data be8e 

### for the evrluetlon 

### of the 8pplicmt’s 

## ll~ibfllt~ for 

### modification of 

### thermal frument technology requirrrents. The d8t8 urn ll8C8888r7 for 

### the folloving reasons: A. XaPPinl,. 

### Aaria mapping is required for a detailed drpiceion of the sprtilr 

### distributlou of habitat 

### formats Lnrelation to tha projected and actu&l plume configuration.B. SoeCies Compositloa. 

### Species composition lnforastlou -1 Ldentify 

### the types of hsbltst toners assoclsrrd tich tha dischsrge viclnitt and provlda a

### buis for derormining chati colersuce levels for selected speciu. Also, baseline lafomaciou ondiversIcy is lsentlsl to dotermine aa7 couporlrionrL 

### shifts In speciea tith 

### the sddition of hut. Speciu 

### rsplacments urn 

### often the first signa ot 8nippeadlng ouls8ace condition that ulclmstslp luds to costly coocrol and lrsdicstion programs. C. Stsudlun Crop Esti.matrs. Studlsr to dstertine suronsl Fncruses In saudlag crop blomsss senve tw 

### purposes. First, a oessursd iatreue Fnblomsss (dq weight) of prima- producsrs uver the grovfng suson rsprssentr 8couserpstlve lstim8te of mt 

### productioa, *lch bs 

### turn repr*sant8 a gmsrsl 

### musurs of tie functions1 well-befng of the hsbltat 

### fotmers and hews reflscts cbe poceutisl uell-bslxq of the orgsnims dspeadsnt outha for 

### their l

### accssa. Verlflcatlcm of 

### thir relstloushlp requires 

### coucomlcant ssapllng of the bablcsc for cbs pressace or sbsencs of the principal sssociacsd spsclss. Aseconds- purpose for sesndin~ crop lstlaetea 1sto ldentifp 

### say sccslsrstsd pnah of mscrophytss vlth lncrurln~ tapersrurss, which could lud to oulsancs conditions. D. IdentLiicstfon of Threstened 

### or Eodsnaerrd Species 

### or Dominant Soecles of 

### Fish Dependem Upou 

### Habitat Formus. This fnf 

### o~rlon ls useful in usosla~ inpsct fa the csse of rdvusa affscts from 

### hutad d%schrge. Poceutirl indirect adverse lspsct might ochsmise beorsrlooksd.
4. 

### SheUfish/Ifscrolnvertebrstss. Functfoudly the mscrb fmertsbrsts fauna serves aan in atnerous usys. They 

### are an import&at capooax of 

### aquatic food webs aad aany lmartabratu us 

### directly hportaac co aaa aa 

### asource of hf+qusllt~ proesin snciu bsit for sport snd crrcial f

### lshesmen. They modify and candltlon squaclc rubstratss and also rid ln the

### breskdovo and 

### dscompositlon of detritus, thus contrlbucfng 

### to dstrttal food chsias, 

### dscrital transport, snd nutrient cycling. Estusrlae 

### systms us psrtlcularlp importsat because of their high productivity and 

### their role as ourseq 

### ueu for benthic species. 

### Atherms1 dischrge 

### my hme svariety of 

### effects onascroirrpertsbrstes. 4wtic Fnsects having 

### anasrgent 

### stage my rater the atmosphere rsrlp asI ruulc of arttilcial hesttig of the use&r. The rdultr msy emerge into cold 

### air snd die 

### becsure of exposure, becauee food i:sw are not 

### Lnphme, or because normal egg lsyfng condirlons do 

### not ~1st. L~rp81 fonts of 

### astins Fnvertebrat&s msy dsvelop 

### at such high mseabolic races chat the sumlval of individuala asp be reduced during SStClfng or MCUraciOU. The-1 dfrchsrgu may stress rcosysrsma sad csuse 

### shifts Lncomunitp l

### cnxccure such char although the coral bictmsss msynot chsnge significantly, desirable rpeclss my be rsplrced by 

### less desirable species not irrvolved directly in the food chain. The dls

### charge of hut maycause stratification, vhlch IMYdialnlsh dissolved oxygen fn 

### the bottom layer 

### and possibly lliainsts 

### bsnchlc fauns. Specific 

### types of dsts ars 

### useful for 

### chs folloving reuow: 

### A. Stsndlne 

### Crop Esti.msrss. These lstlmsres are useful f.ndstsmining the fpportaace of sscrolmsrtsbrstss to 

### the productivity of the river 

### or strou being iapscted by 

### the dirchsrgs. k previously discussed, 

### the productivity of the affected portion of the systsm Lsakay factor 

### ln defining lw sad 

### high Impact 

### arus. B. Canlty 

### Structure. The total 

### umber of spsclss and 

### the relative 

### sbuudancs of fadivldusl 

### species (both capoasars of 

### divenlty) fa sa squsclc systa sre s 

### ftmctfoa 

### of the physical, chaicrl, snd 

### blologicsl characteristlcs of the system. Escsuss dlverslty ls 

### sensitive COsignlflcsnt 

### chsnges ia the chsrsctsriscics of the syatsm (such as lntroducsd hut), 

### itC. 

### csn besn fndicator of 

### lmlrumsntal stress. 

### Addltloprlly', areduction ia the diversity of 

### ssysta frequently rsrults 

### Laadiversion of production into non-weful forms. 

### Drift. In floving waters, drift 1s en important 

### surpiv~ mschsnln for 

### manyspecies of macroin

### vertsbrstss. Since it ts apurlve fuacciorr, the drifting orguias 

### are subject to lethal tupersturu 

### occurring Frre

### therms1 plme. DrUt is a

### stepvise downstream phenomenon. end 

## manylquecic lnreccs 

### hsve a concomicsat upetresm 

### movment of reproducing edults. 

### The plume asy thus affect 

### populatious both upetresa end dotrastrem from 

### the aru where mortdfty 

### actually occurs. D. !hOPin&. ?!spplng 

### is nscesssr]r for l 

### detsilrd repressntsrion of the distribution of rubsttstes. 

### This grsphic Infomclou is fmportsnt Lnthe design of sampling studies, evelustiag 

### the sui~bllity of 

### the systm for various benthic form8 * 

### PLsh. The dlschsrge of wste heat can affect fish 

### populsclous in many wys. 

### Thevarious dscs required us ascssssry in order 

### to provide characterluticm 

### of the Indigenous 

### fish comnnmity for the dsvolopment of 

### the EIS concept, 

### to identify hsbltat utlliutlon by the vsrlous populstlous, end 

### to provide baseline lnformstioa for compsrlson 

### vith post-operstional studlu. Speclflc dsts psr~sters sre releted to poeeible 

### adverse Impacts fra 

### the-1 dlschsrge: A,, Speclss Lsvsl. fnformstian 01~the spsvning habits of ladlvldusl species srs necessary for uruslng Impact 

### bscsuss spsmrlng times ssy bs 

### shifted by cheraal sdditioas or 

### hsblucs msybe slrsrsd 

### by scour or 

### by changes in the hsbitse forma comunity. 

### Rsbltst use 

### by

### uy life stsge wy slmllsrly be sffscted. Migration Is an Important factor to coaslder 

### becsuse cherasl dlschsrges can block upstram 

### migrstloa routes of spuming adults snd 

### downstrrar movaasnes of a~11 fish. Coadltlon factors are

### dl8. 

### useful In eval~ution bscsuss hut additiona esy cau8e s loss of 

### condition in certain 

### speciss ,

## lspscirlly in ulntsr vhea their metabolic 

### race is still high but food supply fs love
The 

### lacldeace of dlsuse and psrssltlr my 

### Factuse with srise In vster tmperature. Agesnd 

### grovth data 

### are helpful la coeparlng affected and ooo-affected areas, prt and 

### port-operstimsl conditions. Comnrtlnicv Lsvel. Dscs on species cowpositioo, relrtivs sbundsnce, and prlncipsl 

# usoci~tions vi11 define the domlnrnc fish species l

### f chs sits. 

### ~rryepprecirbls &sage la there permeters slgnds an imbslsacs la the ccmmunlty sad mmey 

### indicate snadverse impact resulting from the thenul discharge. Species Fofomstion 1sslso nscs8ssry for dsveloplag therms1 lfmlts for 

### the effluent.
C. !4soulng. 

### 3sps are required in 

### order to repressat habitat l

### reu (used for rpsuaiag, migracloa, etc.) IIZrelatiou to chs coafigurstloa of the dirchuge plme,

6. 

### Other Vertebrate WUdlife. Dsts vi11 be required fa relstlvely few 

### cuss for this blotlc utsgoq. In those cases where data fs requlrsd, 

### the type of d8rr 

### needed is decided by 

### the rpplicsat. Thedsts 

### sslectsd should bethe least smouat of dsts oecssssry 

### to cmplscs this ssctioa of the dmoascrscioa. 7, Reorssentstlve Imuortant Soecles. HekLry predlctions 

### sbout "uhst till hsppea” are 

### difficult tithout detailed laformstlou ou 

### the 

### lmriromaotal rsquirrentr of 

### cmltlu or at 

### lust msay populstloas and species. 

### & oentloned in section 

### 3.5.2, it is not 

## lconomiully fssslble to study 

### uch spscles ln srut d&t&F1 8~ uch 

# sits. Therefore 8feu spsclss 

### are 

### sshctsd for daretied hborsto~ and literature 

### surrrey. The dstr requlraents 

### of Tables Aand 8

### (sectlou 3.5.2.2) us rscomsndsd sebeiag helpful cothose making 316(s) dsclrloms 

### for the 

### follting rsssoas:

### A. They allov anletlmstiuu of the rlts of 

### the uus which till 

### be ucluded 

### for ksy blologicsl fuz~ctions and 

### the durstlon of 

### the uclusioa. 

### B. They provide the basis for lc least 

### rough predlctlons of high temperature sumival, heat and cold shock, 

### rad affects on reproductloo and growth.

### 3.6 Type III Lov Potsntl8l Impact Detsrminst1ous

If the Rsgloasl Administrstor/Director decermiae8, 

### after urly sCrunin# St~diS8, 

### chat the site is one of lov potsntisl impact 

### for til bioclc c8tegorles. the applicant my elect to do 

### a"short tom” daon

### strstiou, the "Lov Potsatisl Impact Type 

### III Dmonstrscicm." The basic coacepc 1s 

### chat chose 

### 8ppllcsnts vhlch hsve rites snd 

### proposed f8cllities vhlch obviously pose little poteatisl chrut to the bslsacsd fadigeaous populatioa should be required to do 1s~ utsnsive (and upsasiva) 8qustic studies than other (more poorly sftsd 

### or ochervlse having more poteati8.L 

### for 

### adverse tipact) 8pplicsacs.

Type 

### XII demoastratioas la general 

### are essentially say sIteraw 

### tlve danoastr8tiou type agreed upon 

### by the spplicsat snd 

### the Eegioasl Mmfnistrrtor/Dfrector. The Lou 

### Potsnclal Lmpact Type III dmoastrseioo proposed here 

### Fssimply arecommended "short fotm" daonstratioo vhich coaslders lnfomstioa from uch SFotLc category. 

### This ensures thst no major biotic catsgo~ ls ignored Ilcogether 8ad thus ensures thse both the rsgulrcory ageuciss sad 

### the rpplicsat hsve ewmtied Sad -de judgaasocs 

### for esch biotic cstego~, but discourages collection of ~~sss or uaaeeded data,



### After the prsldminaq screening 

### scucilss sad detsmiastloas 

### thee 811 biotic categories are of lou pocsncisl impact, rhe spplicsac suanurites this Fnfomstlua (rloug tith eaginsoriag 8ad hydrological dst8 sad say 

### ocher psrtinenc 

### lnfomstlon) 

### fnone m8stsr r8cionsle rnd submits the daPowtrstlon cothe Esgloasl Administr8tor/Dlrsctor.

The fonut of the rubmitts1 should besiPll8r to that sugguted ta section 3.5.5 ucspt that the RIS sectious should br deleted.3.7 

### Ocher Type III DMOnStr8tiOw (Biological, Eaginesrlng, and Other Dsu)

Those applicmts 

### not qrulifying for 

### aLowPotential Impact d-on

### stration snd sot duirlng to doaType II dmon8trstiou. may(vlth the urittsn cuactarrsnce of the Rsglonsl 

### Administrstor/Dlrector) do8repdrr 

### Type IIf d~ouscrstlou. &Type III daoartratiou prwldes for 

### the suhmittsl of 

### auy Fnfor~~ion which chs Rsglousl Adainistrstor/Dfrsctor belisvss msybenecessary or 

### appropriste to fsc~ltats svalustlon 

### of 8 psrticulrr dtichsrge. This dsmonstration also propides 

### for subaittal 

### of any additlonsl iafonsscion which the applic8at msywish to hsve considered. EschType XXId~on8tration should conrist 

### of lufofustion and data appropriate co 

### the case.

Docalled 

### defialtion of 8generally 8pplicable Type III demoartration fr sot possible because 

### of the range of potsncirlly rslsvant 

### fnformatlon; the develophag 

### sophistlcstlon of Fnformstlao coUsctlon 8ud svslustlon tschaique8 and kawtsdge , and 

### the cue-specific ascure 

### of the dsmonstrstiou. Prior to undertaking any Type 111demoustrstfua, the.applicmt should consult tith and obtain chs sdvics of 

### the Ragloud 

### UmiaistrstorfDlrector regudlag aproposed speclflc plan 

### of study md daouscr8rlon. Dectilon guidance 

### my also besqgutsd.

If the site 

### ls one of 

### low potentid 

### Wpscc for 

### most biotic categories and/or thsrs 

### are other factors (mall 

### size orvolms of wter impsc

### ted, lov percsacrgs of crou section of rscsivFng 

### vstsr 

## lffscrsd, etc.1 suggesting 

### low pocsutirl for aquatic tipact, the dsmonstrscion usy not need to becompleted la much

### moredecal1 thsa the Lov 

### Potentirl -act daonstrstlon outlined Fnsection 3.6. For most other 

### sftes. the drronstrstion should reflect adegree of detail and degree 

### of proof coapsrsbls to chs Type II dem8trscion (section 3.5). WhF1e Type 111 information msybedifferent la thrust sad

### focusI proofs should be generaLly 

### u coqrehsu8ive u in Type If daoustrations and should 

### rurrlt in sirilsr lmels of usursncs of biotic protection.

kch Ftr of laforaation 

### or data submitted 8sapart of aType 111 d~oaatrstion 

### should be 

### sccompsaled by 

### ratloualss coaparable co thosa mtUaod la sottiow 3.5.1 sad 3.5.0. The forast of 

### the dmautr8tioo 

### should basimllsr cothse outliaed la section 3.5.5 

### except that the 

### US ssctluus 

### should bedeleted.3.8 

### Decialon Crlterfa

3.8.1 Siotlc Catogoriu



### Decirh~ critetla for 

### each biotic category 

### are given 

### in section 3.3. Tha R8gtoml hdainirtr8torfDitrctor vi11 compare 

### the rationales (and 

### other data) for 

### uch bfoeic utrgory tith the decision critarir Fn rectfoa 3.3 

### and determine if tha 

### decfsiou criteria h-r been set.
3.8.2 Representative ~brportant Species



### The Ration81 Admfnistrator/DFrector will find the Representative Important Species Rationale and 

### other RIS Fofomatioa cobeunacceptable if 

### tha information presented:

1. 1s too Incomplete to allow aclear assesment; of
2.. sugguts (or does not provide s couvFncing argument to the contrary) chat the 

### balanced indigenous 

### population msp suffer 8pprrcl&blr 

### ham because of:

A. 

### high taperature sumfval factors;
8. 

### hut or cold shock; 

# c. improper temperature for 

### grovth, dmelopmeot, and reproduction; or 

### D. the aclusioa of arus and volmnes of 

### water fror the 

### above functions In critical ccmbtnrtlous 

### of time &ad spea.
3.8.3 Resource Zones ln Aquatic Systema

Ibe stratagles for reproduction, growth, sad 

### surplval of the Fodigaxour bfou 

### of frrrhmtrr 

### ,lstuariae. and marine ecosystems 

### are keyed to 

### spatial and taporal 

### variatfons ln the structure (physical and chmical) of thm 

### luvironunt

. 

### rtris structural variation 

### fa the euvfron

### ment, l it rolaeu to 

### tha biota end to uses byma, has led to 

### the coocrpt 

### of ruource or ‘@value zuaes” for 

### usa la maltaacing or predictfng the 

### L-e1 of dauge to 

### quatic systems from human rctivitles. 

### Since such zouea rev Fo location, aim, semen of utilization, and 

### criticality of fuactlon *thefr 

### identFflcatlon is tiso urefti ln QlanoAng purposes such u tha ritlng 

### of olxing roaee 

### for huted dirchargu. Appliut loo of this 

### concept involves the 

### ldentlflcatlon and 

### mapping of resource

### toaas lrrd criclcil fuactlous * sothat mixing zones can be sited in at- having mIniSum adverse impact 00 8qtutlc resources. hslc precepts 

### necessary to spplfcrtion of the 

### resource malag concept Include:

I.

2.

3.

4.

6.

7. 111 dirchrgu Fn

### tha vater 

### body 

### segment must 

### be cooridered. T&oacceptable uu of &uge is rehtad to 

### the ruource 

### vrluo of tha 

### impacted aru. In casw where tha 

### lffrctr of the 

### dfrchrrged ussts are tr8nsl 

### tory, the timing of oixiag zone use is 

### related to suso~l utilization of 

### the Impacted UU. Theaccepuble 

### aru of damage Fs 

### related to the coul mount 

### of

## lqulvclent lru avaflable fn cha 

### uacsr body segment. 

### brus supporting “critical 

### functions” should be moldad (note if- 3above). Acceptable damage lr related to species 

### geaerrtioa time and/or frctmdlty. 

### For 8given loatiou. the auller the dauged lru 

### the bettsr.
3.8.3.1 

### Tv~ic8.l R8rourco Vrluo Zones.

Thefoll&g mnotrted list Frrcludes 

### resource vtiue zones 

### uhfch should be considered 

### in the deslgaetion 

### ofmixlag tonaa for huted disckrgu:

1. SPmnlnn Sites l 

### Reproduction Is otwlously a critIca function in the sUrpiv4l 

### of l 

### sprcies. 

### I’m factors of fsportaace 

### FrrduQwtLng mixing zome are the 

### oftm LimIted 

### area of habitat ruitable for 

### tha spmuiag of 

### aspeciea and 

### tha limited tka d-g 

### which rpwulng occura.

* A zone hrping l “critical fmctiod’ 

### is me that 

### prwlder 8-jot tmtributfon to prinrq productivity or ti oue that Is limited In utent 

### rad necersaq for 

### tha propagstlon urd sumiv8l of Aspecies.

### ff the availability 

### of spmntig rices for an Fnportant 

### species Is Limited ln extent, 

### then such 

### arus can gmmra.Up be avoided and 

### should aot bo dulgnrted 

### for the dispoul of uate 

### hat. If it 

### is totlllp 

### iapouible 

### to mold such 

### alms, then the use for mixing should betimed 

### to avoid 

### cho period of speming. Seuooll avoidance is only fusible ti the effects of tha disckrga are 

### transitory.
2. Food-Producing Are88. Theproductivity of aquatic 

### systaa is directly related 

### to tha inputs of organic 

### Meter from green plants. 

### ThafrecfloatFng, relatively motile microscopic plants (phytoplaakton) are short-llvad tith r8pld 

### tumwer r8tes 

### and thw Maynot 

### becritical in term of 

### mixing zones for 

### heated discharges. me rooted vucular plants and macroalgae 

### (m8crophytes) which, tith 

### suitable substrate, 

### grow from the shoreline to 

### the depth 

### of the photic zone (depth to 

### which 1percent 

### of incident llaht penetrates) are relatively longlived and perform a

### nmabar of "crittcal functions” Fncluding:
A. 

### The production ld 

### aport of vast 

### qmntltles of orgmic fuel la the foln 

### of detrlcuaIOU 

### ue among the most productive plant cmttiu knows. 

### B. Asaresult 

### of an abundance 

### of food and 

### cwu. thay aeva u nursery arua for 

### the Immature stagu 

### of many

### finfish and shellfish. 

# c. The trapping aad 

### recycling of nutrients.
D. The stahlllrrtiou 8ad btidFng 

### of substrate. 

### Included Fnthe c8tegoq 

### of food-producing area are 

### the ~tbade--the interf8ce between terrutrial 

### and 8vtiC 

### eaviromeuta-vhlch, fa addition 

### to the ebuve 

### muereted functionsI serve asfreshnter rrchugo arau that motet freshmter Fnputr to labs, 

### tivus, and 

### utuariu.
Bauueo 

### of the man7Important and criticd. 

### functions perfomed, the umtlanda urd other 8rus 

### of macrophytr production in aquatic sptsms should beavoided when planniag and 

### designating mixing zones for heated dischr~u.

### 3. NursorT be&S. These 

### ue arua having an sbuadmce of food md cwer for the 

### growth snd development 

### of tha 

### urly life 

### stages of may finfish sad shellfish. Since 

### th8 lrly life stages 

### ue tha puiods 

### of wingsouth rates 8ad muima Vuherbbtilty 

### to predrtloa, the avallahifit7 

### of sulcrble uursery mus aey bethe baltlag 

### factor dotermialag the 8buadurce of 8species. 

### Thou, the zones of 

### freshater, lstu8rino. 8ad MrFoe scosystems identified u nursery leas 

### h-e high resource value sad 

### should genrrllly 

### be molded when duignrtlag mixing zoaes. 0. 

### !iinr8torv P8thvms. krcluded Lathis utegory 

### are routes utFLised for IQPmeUt 

### to md frm 

### SpAMing grounds, f

### lediag 

### grounds, sad aursaq areu; 

### thus, the Itie 

### stage lmofved may

### be adult, egg, 

### 18svd, or juvaaa. In somacuu* thus 

### pbthV8y8 are very cfrcmrcribed; end total 

### bloekrge could result Ln atumla8tioa 

### of 8popuhtioa la 

### the uter 

### body se-at. Since these pbthW8p seme l 

### "critlcrl fuaction,w they hroe high resource value aad should be molded ubea plmalng 

### the discharge 

### of usts 

### hut. In situations 

### where the umga of 

### ~athuys is s~soad and the effects of tha discharge us 

### transitory, drleteriow effects aa berooided by proper timing of dispoul. 

### ti terms of povmr QhUtS, 

### this sebsod 

### us&g@ir inpOtt&at 

### Lnwbhbting the 

### furlbtiity Of sumud mode operation 

### of coolfng devices.
Acoarid~t8tiaa of zoam 

### crlt1c.d to endurgarad 

### species, wage by nterfwl sad vLldlKe, aad 

### shellfish beds ue sddlcioasl rosourc* +elues that must bo considered tiea selectLag mIxLag zones 

### for hutrd dischrgu. 

### 3.a.3.2 Methodolon.

Amdlmxmsed 

### 8bme. discharge sites should be 

### selected 

### which vLU have the lust 

### impact cm

### Fnportaat resource zmes sad 

### “criticti functioas .n The 8~lfCbti~ Of this COUcept 

### t0 tha s~rcti.oo 

### of mlxiag tones Is 8stepvisa 

### procedure lmolviag:

-

### Adtiinitioa 

### of thr tlltSr body 

### lgmeat.

- Solectfoa sad listLag of 01s lrr 

### tha water body 

### segmaat sad sa 

### laaor8tioa 

### of their strat8giu 

### for propag8tloa urd sumivti.

### -69-

- Preparation of 

### 8188~of tha water bod7 segment shoving zones of resourcs use, including arus supporting "critical fuxlctlon8."

- Amignmeat of 8noericll v3ue. per unit au, 

### to uch 

### resource 1288.



### - Superiupose predicted plmes on resource mps Sndselect Sits8 hmFng lust a&verse Impact 

### oa resource 

### values.
1. Uater 

### Body Se-eat. In l&es and l

### stuarles Wing discrete rad 

### usFly defimble QhySiC8L bouadrries~ the duignrtioa of the uter body segment VFLLbe 8straightfomrd process. In Large utu 

### bodies such 8s the Crut LA8s, open coastrl sites, aad 

### -jot river systema hrPLng nodSflaable and rruonablp sized phySica bouad8rle8, the seleccloa of the uter body segment maypose 8

### dtificult QrOblm, Where 

### they h8ve beea defined, the water body segments decerpined by the State Continuing 

### Pl8aaiag Process uader section 303(e) 

### of ths Act till 8ppLy. Thosusoa81 movments of important species of rqtlrtlc 

### life muat beconsidered when deflnl.q awater body segment. The spaualag sites, nursev 

### situ, aad rdult h8bitat sites 

### of many 

### freshrrrter 8ndmarine species (exmples laclude sa~oald~~ shrinps, Cr8b8, spot, 

### croaker. flounder, white bus, nlleye, etc.) SS~ bStidely 

### Sap&r&ted sad iaclude phy~lc8lly dlffereat ater 

### bodiu. SeSmlngly slight pacts In the 

### different uua urSd bysuch species may 

### result ia effects 

### which, 

### if considered cuulatlvely, uould be iatoler8blr. 

### Tosvoid the potenttiLLy dlS&StrOUS 

### consequences of QiSCnS8.L CoWider8tlon of adverse impacts, the mter 

### body defialtioo should besufflcleut to coaslder potentid 

### *acts throughout the contiguous r8age of poprrl8tiuns of imporuat 

### speclu.
2. Remasentative Important SQecles. In geaenl, 

### this should lacludo 811 specler 8ad cm 

### ities of speclu that arm 

### critlc8l to 

### the functioning and the 

### productivlt7 of the Squetic systa defined by 

### the nter body repent. 

### Sp8cific81l7 Fncluded 

### ar8 speciea or cm ities 

### which are:

- 

### Curcid.ly 8ad/or recrutioarlly 

### vrlruble.

-Thruteaed or 

## ludurgored.

### -7o3. - Primary producer+-particularly thosa comunitias supporting rrlat~valp long-lived, 

### flxed-location species thee perform aulriple serrrlces (fom end 

### stabFTise habitat, 

### produce organic utter, 

### prwlde cwu)

.

- Necuury (e.g., 

### in the food 

### chain) for 

### the wellbeiag of species determlnad in 1and 2above. Included here 

### are the ruvengara end decoqioeerr criticd 

### to the breakdoue aud utiliutlod of organic aattar.
!dauPreoaration. tips of the water body segment 

### should, asamiain~um, lncluda depth coucours ,adjacent melands, eributariu 

### and, ln l

### stuarlae sltuati~us, the average 

### stiinitp gradient and srlinlty straclflcatlcm should bevisually expruaed fn crosa secrlon. 

### Rasource zmu and areaa perforahg “crltlcal functiow’* 

### should be 

### superimposed onthe sameor onasiailarly scaled aaP- 

### Toavoid overlapping detail, it may sometImea be duireblr to prepare separate nmps for selected sp8cies

. 0. AssimlmMt of 

### Values. Oncethe resource mouesand mouessupport Frrg“crlciul funcrioas” 

### have been identified and mpped. thea ollues per unit 8ru 

### can beassigned. If the effects of 

### the dlscharpe are traasitoq 

### and the use of 

### the resource 

### zone is seasonal, the valuu maychange throughout the yaat. If the ame mpporting 8“critical 

### funcfion” ir limfted 

### ia utant and fs a

### function vhich limits tha abundance and/or ru.mlval of aspecies, then chat mm should begiven avalue of fnfinlty and 

### thus excluded ftoa mixing zone use. Other zones aup bo 

### aas%gned valuu accordlxq to chair 8ru and 

### chelr la~ortaace in ~fntaiaing differeat species. 

### 3.8.6 %stsr" 

### Eatl&e, Daonstratioo Irr 8

### Vholr 

# nmEagioIamtrator/Director VFll find the dmouatratioo succustul K:

1. 

### It ia fouad to beacceptable la all of 

### the cousfderattons outlfnsd Frrstepe 20-25 of 

### the decision crafn (section 

### 3.3.2).
2. There is no cunvlnc~ evidence 

### that there till ba daage 

### to tha bjanced, indigenous c- Icy, or c-lty tompoueats, tesultia~ in 

### ruch phenomena aa 

### thosa identified 

### ln the definition of

## lppreciable ham.

### 3. Receiving 

### water temp~raturss 

### outside any (State weal+ llshed) mlxfng zone will not be in excess of the upper clapuacure 

### limits for 

### rumivti, growth, and reproduction, asappLtcab Le. of an9 

### RISoceurriag Lxxtha tecelvfag nter.
4. The receiving 

### vatan are not of 

### such qualit that Fn 

### the absence 

### of the proposed thermal discharge ucesslva 

### gronhs of aulsance orgaaisms wuld uka place.
5. Azone of 

### paeeage till not 

### be Impaired to the 

### atant that 

### it vill not provide for the uoraal am-me of populatioas 

### of RIS, dm+nrnt rpeciea of fish, aad 

## lcoaomlcally (ccmsrctil or recrucloaal) species of 

### fish. shellfish, and uildlffe.
6. 

### There till beno sdvuse 

### Impact onthrutened or 

## ludangered species.

7. 

### Thue till 

### be no dutructluu 

### of ualque or rare habitat 

### tithout a detailed 

### and comfacirrg juatlflcatloa of uh9 

### the dutnxtlou should not consclcute abuls for denial.



### a. The

## lppllcsnt*s ratiouales present convincing smuries 

### explaining rrhp the planned use of biocfdu such as chlorine till not result 

### ti appreciable bara to the btianced 

### bdigeuous popuLatlou.

### -72-

3.9 Non-Predfctfve lhmonstratloos (Type I, 

### Absence of Prior Appreciable Earm)

u 

### of the d~onstraelcma 

### done for 

### !IRCunder the PirPorendm of 

### U~dersteadiag are 

### predictive. Therefore, the predictive sections of this 

### document mre 

### conplated first. 

### The EPAand other 

## lgeacles may decide 

### comount aseparate effort Corsvire thlr section at alater date. In the meansCIPe, 

### moat of the tequlrmeots of swtim 3.2 

### (Decision 

### Trald ,3.3 (Early Screening 

### Procedures) ,3.5 fTme II) , and 3.6-3.8, are applicable 

### for deterainiag Lck of appreciable ham (Tme I drosstrations). The prtiv Lmguege which is inapproprtice and should bedeleted is the language onpredictive 

### factors, predictive models, and Representative Important Species (rectloas 3.5.2, pafts of ocher sectloar, and section 3.8.2).

## -73-

4.0 Definitions and Concepts The definitions and descriptions in this section pertain to a number of terms and concepts which are pivotal to the development and evaluation of 316(a) studies. These are developed for a general case to aid the Regional Administrator/Director in delineating a set of working definitions and concise endpoints requisite to a satisfactory demonstration for a given discharge. Adverse Environmental Impact Adverse aquatic environmental impacts occur whenever there will be damage as a result of thermal discharges. The critical question is the magnitude of any adverse impact. The magnitude of an adverse impact should be estimated both in terms of short term and long term impact with reference to the following factors: (1) Absolute damage (# of fish or percentage of larvae thermally impacted on a monthly or yearly basis); (2) Percentage damage (% of fish or larvae in existing populations which will be thermally impacted, respectively); (3) Absolute and percentage damage to any endangered species: (4) Absolute and percentage damage to any critical aquatic organism (5) Absolute and percentage damage to commercially valuable and/or sport fisheries yield; or (6) Whether the impact would endanger (jeopardize) the protection and propagation of a balanced population of shellfish and fish in and on the body of water to which the cooling water is discharged (long term impact). Aquatic Macroinvertabrates Aquatic macroinvertabrates are those invertabrates that are large enough to be retained by a U.S. Standard No. 30 sieve (0.595-mm openings) and generally can be seen by the unaided eye.

## -74-

Area of Potential Damage The area of potential damage for RIS is defined as that area of the thermal plume enclosed by the isotherm which coincides with the appropriate (designated by the Regional Administrator/Director) water quality criteria for that particular RIS. This area can be determined from the plume rose data specified in section 3.5.3. Balanced, Indigenous Community The term "balanced, indigenous community" as defined here is consistent with the term "balanced, indigenous population" in section 316(a) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and 40 CFR section 122.9. A balanced, indigenous community consists of desirable species of fish, shellfish, and wildlife, including the biota at other trophic levels which are necessary as a part of the food chain or otherwise ecologically important to the maintenance of the community. In keeping with theobjective of the Act, the community should be consistent with the restoration and maintenance of the biological integrity of the water. (See section 101(a).) However, it may also include species not historically native to the area which: 1. Result from major modifications to the water body (impoundments) or to the contiguous land area (deforestation attributable to urban or agricultural development) which cannot reasonably be prevented, removed, or altered. 2. Result from management intent, such as deliberate introduction in connection with a wildlife management program. 3. Are species or communities whose value is primarily scientific or aesthetic. For purposes of a 316(a) demonstration, distribution and composition of the indigenous population should be defined in terms of the population which would be impacted by the thermal discharge caused by the alternative effluent limitation proposed under 316(a). A determination of the indigenous population should take into account all impacts on the population except the thermal discharge. then, the discrete impact of the thermal discharge on the indigenous population may be estimated in the course of a 316(a) demonstration. In order to determine the indigenous population which will be subject to a thermal discharge under an alternative 316(a) effluent limitation, it is necessary to account for all non-thermal impacts on the population such as industrial pollution, commercial fishing, and the entrapment and entrainment effects of any withdrawal of cooling water through intake structures under the alternative 316(a) effluent limitation. The above considerations will then make it possible to estimate the true impact of the thermal discharge on the population.

### -7s

B&~&UC&d, fndlmnous Poouhtlon (3IP)

?or 

### the purposes of 316(a) 

### dsmoascr8cioar~ the term “balanced, lndi~snous pOpId&CiOn" is synoaymow tith the tam “b81urc#d* tndigsaou8 cmitj' asdeflnsd sbcme.

Cowuni C?

A

### czarnity Fngeneral is ury sssrrblsge of 

### populstioas lfvtig Fnsprsscrlbad us8 or physlcti babltat; Ft is anorgsolzsd untc to the utsnc that it has ch8rscrsrFsrics rddftioorl to its Fndfvidu81 and 

### populaclon components, and f~nctforrs ss sunit through couplsd sstabolic cransf ormations.

Criclc81 Function tons

Azone Chat prwldss 8major coacrlbucion to prinun 

### productivity or fa one 

### chat is lfmitsd 

### in 

### utsnt 8nd aecsrs8ry for the propagation and SuPivsl of 

### sspeciss*

Director 

### The Director of chs Strcs NPDESpermit program 

### in chose Strrss 

### vhich have been delsg8tsd th8 progrsm 

### by EPA.

Dlschame ?~clnlCv

Thr “discharge vlcinitj’ ir chrc aru described by8r8diUS chat 1s l.S tines 

### the maxm distance from point of 

### disc)urgs to wIthin l°C of ablent. Tim ares of the dischargs vicinity Fabssed on8

### 30-50X v8ri8cion Lacha prediccivr therm81 plume modeling.

bominsnt Sueciu

Dominmnt 

### sp8cies are dsflned 8s any species rsprssa~clng fiv8 percart of 

### the 

### tocsl n-bar of 

### orgmisu fa 

### the maple colleccsd according 

### to roe---nded sup1 ing procsdures

.

Estusrv 

### Anlscuat) Fedsff.ned u asemi-enclosed coucal body of water 

### which hu 8frea connection vlth chs open rea; :t is 

### thus strongly 

### affected by cldrl 8ction, endtithin it 

### 8ea utsr Lsmlxsd (and usu~llp Qe8sur8bly diluted) Rich fresh #tar 

### from land drainage. It maybe difficult copr8clsal~ d81iU88tA 

### the botandaq of lscwrine rad river

### h&ftatJ b the uppar 

### ruchrJ Of 

### JftJJtl -tJr river diJc&rging into

urine rrPtJrJ. Zhe fatarfrC8 tJ @rtSrJlly J

### d-c entity 98-g dlily end rusoarlly In geOgr8phical lac~clan. 

### IOsuch CJJSS, determiruclan of hJbiCJt boundaries should be 

### lsc~bllrhed 

### byautu~l Jgrrmeat ou acam-by-cm8 b-18. Vhere boundary determinscion FJ not clurly established, 

### bath artuev Jnd 

### river tmbitJt bialoglcrl survey requirrears should beSltfJfisd ia J combimd d~ceralmtion far emiranmmtrl 

### effects urd best available crchnolag7 far ~lmirtng adverse 

### impact.

Par Field 

### Effect

Afar fisld affect is any perturb~tiao of 

### chr aqrutfc 

### lcaryrtm 

### outside of the prims- 

### study Jru 

### that 1~

### attributable co, or could ba upacted, 

### from tha the-1 dlschmgo (taking fnta ~ccaunc chr fntersctfan at 

### chmtherm1 campanent 

### tich ocher palhtm~cr).

Par Firld 

### Study Area 

### (mSA)

The far field study area ir 

### that portion of the receiving #car body, uclu8ive 

### of the prima- study area, 

### In which impmts 

### of chs the-1 discharge ad ftr 

### fateractian vtth other pallut~nts are Ifhly to occur. The aru sLl1 include:



### L, The zones uherr th8 habitat8 are campersblr to thou aistin~ ia 

### the prImarT rcudy Jru, 

### and
2. The wnes lnhabltrd by popul~tlans of 

### orgasms that mayencounter the the-1 rffluanc during their life hlstoq. Tim actual boun&ry of the far flrld study 

### aru should be agreed 

### upon by the Region&l Admlnistr~cor/Directar.

FhbitJt Formerr



### Ilabitat 

### forwrs are my ~8abl~ga of 

### plants and/or mills chuactwized by 

### J rehtivrl~ 

### ru8ilJ 

### Life stage ulth aggra8aeed distrikrtioa 

### ad functioning U:

1. Alhiry sad/or fomerly lfvin~ substrate for the ettuhmt of rpibiacr; 2, 

### Uthar adirect or indirect food source 

### far the productlou 

### of shellfish, fish, and 

### uildlifr;

### -77.

3. Ablalogfc81 mrchanlsau 

### far the st&lliutloa snd aodificJCioa Of S8din8ntJ uid 

### cancrlbuclng to the devela~ene of 

### roll; 

### L. A nutrient 

### cycling path or trap; or
5. 

### SpecFflc rites for sp8mlrxg 8nd providing nurses, feading, and cover arus 

### for 

### flrh uzd 

### 8hellfirh.

HJcralmertrbtJtrr

Far 

### this document, the term "~crainverrebrstes" my be considered syuonymous vich “aquscfc zecralmertrbrates” ss def Fnod Jbave.



### For the putpasos of thlJ document , rerophnkton ara 

### defined u pl8nktonic life stages 

### (often eggs or 

### 18LP88) at firh or iavenebrstes.

.igmnts 8re nano~anktonlc arg8nlas chat 8.m not pemment 

### ruldJntJ of the l

### ru but 

### p8ss through the dlsch8rge zone md 

### vater contiguow coit. Ewmples include 

### the upstrem 

### m.lgrJtlon of spwnlng 

### srlmon Jnd 

### subsequent doun8tre8m migrstioa of 

### tha juvenile fonts, 

### or arg8nlma th8t inh8blt sn

### aru only it c8rtd.n tIma far 

### feeding or 

### reproduction purposes.

Yulsance S~eclu



### Anyaicrobisl, plot or 

### en-1 species 

### which lndlutes J

### hJJJrd colcalo@zal balaace or hu8n hulth lad 

### wmlfara chat ir 

### not naturally adnriruat 

### fucura of the iodigenow c

### -icy 887 beconsidered s ltuiu8ce spuiss

.

Bdsaacm speciu of 

### phycoplrnlrtou fnclude those rlg8e t8x~ which la high 

### concentr8tbn Jr0 kaotm co produce toxic, 

### foul 

### tasfing, or odorlfsrous cmpouads to 8degree th8t the 

### quality of #far 

### is impaired.



### Ocher 

### Vertebrate Wildlife

The term “othar oortsbrscs tildllfe” includes tildlife which are vrrtebrstes (t.e., 

### duclu, gusa, unacees~ 

### etc.) but not f-h.

### -78.

Phrtoplmktaa

Plrnc micraorg8nfru such aacertain slgse, 

### living unrccachrd Fnthe uscer.

Plankton Org8nlms of 

### rol8c1vol~ au11 ~1~8. aostly microscopic, 

### ch8c either hsve rel8clvelp ~11 powrs 

### of locomotion or drift in tha waters subfact cothe action of uwu 8ad curreacs.

Prdmsm Scudv Area

The prhsry 

### study aru FJ 

### the lacire 

### geogr8phic aru 

### bounded 

## lnrully by the LOCUJof 

### the ZaCJb<roemblsnc rurfrcs irocherw (decermlnrd ln 

### sectlou 3.3.3.5) se 

### chase tsocherw ato dircributed 

### throughout sn snnusl period. 

### The ref8r8ncs obienc 

### Caper8cur8 shall be recorded 8c8 location 

### agreed upan by eheRsgloud 

### klminircr8cot/ Director.

Princiosl ?48crobsnchle S~e~iss



### Princlpll mscrobenthic species sre 

### chase damhsnc 

### aacrofnV8rtObr8C8S Jnd pl8ncr ~ccached or resting on 

### the bottom or 

### livtig In bottom redimontr. tipples fnclude, 

### but me not llmlted to, 

### crusfacuna, oollurka, 

### polych~8cu. crrtain m8crodgao, rootad 

### muruphycw, end cord.

Ragl0~81 AdainlSCr8COr (Director)

Thir term r8fsrs co 

### chs Ilegio~l Ad.miaiscracar 

### of the U.S. EPAuc8pc th8t ia chess Sc8ces uhich h-e bo8n delotrc8d the NPDES parrit pro#rm, tha cam 

### nfsrs cotb8 Dlroctor 

### of the State NPDES pamit prqrr.

IWranatstire, Lrportsnt Ssacles (IUS)



### Raprrsaacative, isportanc 

### species 

### are chose spec1ss which 8re 

### : represenc8tive, fn terns of 

### tbelr biologicsl 

### requir~eafs, of l 

### brlurced, ladigenous corunity of 

### shellflrh, fish, sad 

### tildllfr Fnthe body 

### of #tar into vhlch the dirchar~e la udo. Speclflcrll+ included 

### are those species which are:

### -79.

1. ComerclJlly or recraJtlanJllp o8luabls (I.e., 

### vichin the Cop cm species 18ndad-by dollar 

### vdu*);
2. Thruceaed or 

## lad88gered; 

### 3. Crlcful COthe 

### stnzcuro lad fuactlon of 

### chs ecological system (e.g., hsblcac tonuts);
4. Potratirlly c8pable of becuming ~acslizad IlUiJAtlCS Sp@CiSS;
5. NeC8JSAq la 

### the food chain for the veil-being of JpscieJ determined In 

### l-1; or 

### 6. Represencsclve of the the-1 raqufreaencs of 

### important species but which themselves nuy aat be hapartaac. Shellf irhnil mollusks 8nd cmst8cuns (such 

### Js apscers, 

### elms, shripp, CrJfliSh, 

### And CrJbs) 

### which, in the cuurss at chair Ufr cycle, conscicucr fmporc’anc 

### components of the beachfc, plmkcanic, or nakcaaic 

### frun8 fn fresh and salt 

### ucor.

ThreJCaned or 

### Endannered Specles

Athrucaaad or

## lad8ngered specias 

### ir 8ny pllnc or Jnla8l 

### that hu besn decrrafaed 

### by the Smretwy of Commerceor th8 Secretary of 

### the Interior co be 

### athrucened or 

## ladmgered species 

### pursrrrac to the Eadsagerad Specfss Act of 

### 1973, aamended.

Water Bode Sement



### AIcer body segnnt in sporclon of 8basin the 

### surfrcr ~c8rs of which Me cocoa hydrologic chsrscc8riscics (or flow regtdatfua pattams); comon meural physlcsl, chcsl, Jad blolo@csl procssses ,sad which hsv8 cocoa ruccloas coacrmsl 

### 8crUs. e.g., discharge of pollucurcs. 

### Where they hsve bun dafinrd, the uter body segmsacs determined by the Scat4 ContIming Planning Process under lSction 

### 303(e) of 

### the Federal 

### Water Pollucloa Control Act 8pply.



### Aaims1 micraorgsalsas l1.h~ 

### unsccsched in wecar. me7 fnclude rsull ~rusc8~~ 

### such JS d8phnlJ and cyclops, 8nd 

### Jiaghcelled JniPulr 

### such 8sprotozoa, etc.

## GUIDANCE FOR EVALUATING THE ADVERSE IMPACT OF COOLING WATER INTAKE STRUCTURES ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: SECTION 316(b) P.L. 92-500

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Enforcement Permits Division Industrial Permits Branch Washington, D.C. May 1,1977

## TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII. Statementof Problem Introduction Information Flow Chart Decision Criteria Definitions and Concepts Study Format Detailed Study References Site Description 1. Site location and layout 2. Meteorology 3. Additional stresses on water body segment 4. Cooling water intake structure Source Water Involvement 29 1. Hydraulic features 2. Probability of entrainment Biological Survey Requirements - NEW INTAKES 1. Sampling design 2. Sampling methodology 3. Follow-up studies Monitoring Program - EXISTING INTAKES 1. Sampling program --Entrapment-Impingement 2. Sampling program -- Entrainment 3. Follow-up studies Impact Assessment Page 1 4 6 11 15 23 25 26

33

39

45 1. Biostatistical analyses 2. Predictive biological models 3. Community response parameters 4. Biological value concept

## TABLE OF CONTENTS continued

XIII. Acknowledgements XIV. Literature Cited Page 55 56

## No. 1

2

3 -1-

LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 316(b) Flow Chart 7 Existing Intakes 316(b) Flow Chart 8 New Source Intakes 316(b) Flow Chart 9 New Intakes (Not New Source)

## -iiNo. 1 LIST OF TABLES

Table Example Data Matrix (Species I) Data Sheet (Spatial Compartment [A]) Page 54

## -1-

I. STATEMENT OF WORK

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-500) require cooling water intake structures to reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact. Cooling water intakes can adversely impact aquatic organisms basically in two ways. The first is entrainment, which is the taking in of organisms with the cooling water. The organisms involved are generally of small size, dependent on the screen mesh size, and include phyto- and zooplankton, fish eggs and larvae, shellfish larvae, and many other forms of aquatic life. As these entrained organisms pass through the plant they are subjected to numerous sources of damage. These include mechanical damage due to physically contacting internal surfaces of pumps, pipes and condensers; pressure damage due to passage through pumps; shear damage due to complex water flows; thermal damage due to elevated temperatures in condenser passage, and toxicity damage caused by the addition of biocides to prevent condenser fouling and other corrosives. Those organisms which survive plant passage potentially could experience delayed mortality when returned to the receiving water. The second way in which intakes adversely impact aquatic life is through entrapment-impingement. This is the blocking of larger entrained organisms that enter the cooling water intake by some type of physical barrier. Most electric generating plants have screening equipment (usually 3/8" mesh) installed in the cooling water flow to protect downstream equipment such as pumps and condensers from damage or clogging. Larger organisms, such as fish which enter the system and cannot pas through the screens, are trapped ahead of them. Eventually, if a fish cannot escape or is not removed, it will tire and become impinged on the screens. If impingement continues for a long time period the fish may suffocate because the water current prevents gill covers from opening. If the fish is impinged for a short period and removed, it may survive; however, it may lose its protective slime and/or scales through contact with screen surfaces or from the high pressure water jets designed to remove debris from the screens. Delayed mortality to many species of fish following impingement may approach 100 percent. For some species of fish, the intake represents a double jeopardy situation where the same population will be subject to increased mortality through entrainment of eggs and larvae and additional mortality to juveniles and adults through impingement.

## -2-
The data presently available on the magnitude of entrainment losses at existing electric generating stations, although just beginning to accumulate, reveals very large numbers of fish passing through some facilities. Results of one of these studies, conducted at the Detroit Edison plant on Lake Erie near Monroe, Michigan, indicate that 400-800million fish larvae may have passed through that plant during AprilAugust 1974. 37

## The fate of these larvae has not yet been determinedbut the data from previous years indicate that some may have disintegrated during passage through the plant. Other studies have shown that mortality may be high among fish larvae that pass through plant cooling systems4,38

## due mainly to mechanical damage or shearing forces.2,5

## The circulating pump has been identified as the most likely site for mechanical damage. 4,5 

## Coutant and Kedl39

## in a simulation study have demonstrated that the condenser tubes are an unlikely site for mechanical damage to occur. A large amount of data are available on the magnitude of entrapment-impingement losses at cooling water intakes. The data available on fish losses at Great lakes cooling water intakes have been summarized by Edsall. 40

## He reported the following losses:

About 92,000 pounds of gizzard shad at the Ontario Hydro Lambton plant on the St. Clair River in 6 weeks during December 1971 - January 1972; 82,187 pounds (nearly 1.1 million individuals) at the Detroit Edison Company's plant on Lake Erie near Monroe, Michigan between April 1972 and march 1973, when the plant was operating at less than maximum capacity; 36,631 pounds (584,687 fish) at the Consumers Power Company's Palisades plant on Lake Michigan between July 1972 and June 1973, when the plant was operating at about 68 percent of its total capacity (the plant is now closed cycle); an estimated 1.2 million fish (no weight data given) at Commonwealth Edison's Waukegan (Illinois) plant on Lake Michigan between June 1972 and June 1973; 150,000 pounds of fish at the OntarioHydro Pickering plant on Lake Ontario in AprilJune 1973; 659,000 fish (weight unavailable) at the Nine Mile Point plant generating unit number one on Lake Ontario during intermittent sampling from January-December 1973, representing an estimated total of about 5 million fish at unit one for that period; and about 67,950 pounds (929,000 fish) at Commonwealth Edison's Zion plant near Zion, Illinois, on Lake Michigan-3-

during September-December 1973 and Yarch-June 19?&, vhen the monthly conlinq water flov averaged I?nly about i5 percent of the rnaximllm c;lp;lclty. Approxindtely 1:.B?flnfisil of LGspecies vcrc’ imptnyrd LClqTd .qt the Northern States Pover Prairie Island Plant rrn t!lto ‘liSsiSS:;F: ?fver. Al The Conmonvealth Edison Company’s Quad CLtlrs “!.lnt, ;iz; ;,nr:E; ;;;;ttjip~t River, impinged an estimated l.H qLllin?

The extent of fish losses of any given quantity needs to he considered OITaplant-by-plant basis, in that the Langu,+qe of ser-t: ‘.. 314(b) of P.I.. 92-500 requires cooling vater intakes CO“-inir?lze adverse environmental impact.” Regulatory agencies should clc.lrl,: recopnlze that some level of intake damage can be acceptable if c“.J: damage represents a minimization of environmental impact.

## -4-

II. INTRODUCTION This guidance manual describes the studies needed to evaluate the impact of Cooling water intake structures onthe aquatic environment and allowfor determination of the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact. The 1972amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (P.I,.92-500) require in section 316(b) that:

Any standard established pursuant to section 301 or sect ion 306 of this Act and applicable to a point source shall require that the location, design, construction and capacity of cooling water intake structures reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact. Sections 301 and 306 of the Act refer to the development of effluent limitations and dates for achievement of various standards of performance for existing and new sources of waste discharges. The steam-electric generating point source category is the largest user of cooling water in the United States and this guidance manual is directed primarily at this category. Other categories of point source dischargers such as iron and steel and petrochemicals for which intakes withdraw a major portion for cooling water would also require such a determination. This document is intended for use by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), State water pollution control agencies, industry,and members of the public who may wish to participate in such determinations. The overall goal of conducting intake studies should be to obtain sufficient information on environmental impact to aid in determining whether the technology selected by the company is the best available to minimize adverse environmental impact. In the case of existing plants, this goal will be accomplished by providing reliable quantitative estimates of the damage that is or may be occurring and projecting the long-range effect of such damage to the extent reasonably possible. In the case of proposed intakes,reliable estimates of any future damage are to be obtained through the use of historical data, pre-operational models, and the operating experience of other plants. General guidance is provided for the development, conduct, and review of surveys designed to determine and evaluate that portion of aquatic biota potentially involved with and subject to adverse environmental impact from cooling water intake structures. Guidance is also supplied for the analytical methodology needed to determine the extent and importance of aquatic environmental impacts. The environment-intake interactions in question are highly site specific and the decision as to best technology available for intake design, location, construction, and capacity must be made on a case-by-case basis.

## -5-

Information is not provided on available intake technology. Such information is contained in the“Development Document for Best Technology Available for the Location, Design,Construction and Capacity of Cooling water Intake Structures for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact,”47 which also contains additional references on intake impacts. Information is also not provided on non-aquatic impacts of cooling water intake structures. This document will be most useful in situations where siting and intake design have not been finalized; however, procedures to determine and evaluate the environmental impact of existing cooling water intakes are included. Readers are cautioned not to depend too heavily on this manual. More specific advice as regards procedures and individual site evaluations will be available from the agency staff responsible for decision making and the biologists who best understand the area in question.

## III. INFORMATION FLOW CHART -6-

The development of 316(b) programs is a new procedure for many regulatory agencies and user groups. To assist in an orderly processing of data requirements for both existing and new cooling water intakes, flow charts have been developed (Figures 1, 2, and 3). The process for evaluating existing intakes (Figure 1) is intended to be flexible so that the data requirements can be revised based on anagency determination of the potential for adverse impact and the availability of data on the plant’s intake. It is expected that for some existing plants,sufficient data may already exist to make further studies unnecessary for a decision regarding best technology available. The process for new intakes (Figures 2and 3) is more extensive because of requirements for data acquisition and models prior to site review and approval by the appropriate regulatory agency. Proper intake siting, in many cases,is the only way of minimizing adverse environmental impact. To obtain the necessary pre-siting perspective, the utilization of valid historical data and local knowledge is essential. A one-to three-year biological survey is required to obtain,in a preliminary fashion, the necessary data for assessment of environmental impact. A one-year survey is generally of limited value. However, in circumstances where substantial valid historical data can be presented and the intake can be represented as having low potential impact,a one-year survey may be acceptable. A decision as to the appropriate number of years of preoperational data that are necessary will be made by the agency upon the submission of proposed study plans and their justification (see flow charts, Figures 2 and 3). The type and extent of biological data appropriate in each case will be determined by the actual or anticipated severity or adverse environmental impact. Since the expected impact will vary, it is not expected that each case will require the same level of study. A decision will be made at the outset by the agency as to whether the intake has high or low potential impact. Low potential impact intakes are generally those in which the volume of water withdrawn comprises a small percentage of the source water body segment and are located in biologically unproductive areas, or that have historical data shoving no effect,or which have other considerations indicating reduced impact. High potential impact intakes will generally require extensive field surveys or models to elucidate potential total water body effects. New intakes will provisionally be considered high impact until data is presented in support of an alternate finding.

## -7- Figure 1. 316(b) FLOW CHART

EXISTING INTAKES-a

### Figure 2. 316(b) FLOWCHART

NEWSOURCEINTAKES

NewSource Intake Prior to Construction 1

_____.. .-.--_- Y iSubmit pre-construction study plans andjustiffcation for

agency review and recognition

Decision madeor appropriate number of years of pre-construction baseline data (l-3) andwhether intake is high or low potential imnact

(High Impact!

-



### or alternate Pre-construction data collection1 andstatus reports

site and plans

Begin construction Problem solution Report pre-opcrat ion 1

Y l~rogram modlficatlon

### -9- Figure 3. 316(b) FLOWCHART

NEWtNTAKES(Not NewSource)

NewIntake Prior to Operation I 

# r Submit pre-operational study plans andjustification +

for agency review and recognition 

### (

;Decision madeonappropriate number of years of pre-construction

i baseline data (l-3) andwhether intake is high or low potential impact ____- -_-- -.-_. -_--__ - ---

J-7 r”lHigh Impact &ILowImpact I

1Submit model study 1 k Pre-operation data collection plan or andstatus reports alternate 1 strategy , -- & r Pre-operation report< 1 ’ Xodel I 

### activity 1 Agency renders Beet 

### Technology 1 Decision, approving site and plans (including study plans)

, V r 

### BestTechnology Approval, begin 

### 2-l Not Approved optrat ion under NPDESpermit 

### and follow-up 

### studies including _ i ‘,Minor change

verification of Problem solution model used J 

### change in plane ,-lOThe inclusion of several points ln the flow chart for I):c’nt-y rruit>v and approval vi11 ensure 

### that all part les .lre ln ;rp,recment .ls tl) tI\c scnpe and 

### speclflc details of *work planned <lnd vlll provide each I)arcb vith a set of specific 

### goals and schedules for cnmpletton. These rev Iev points should 

### also ensure that studies 

### address the important envlrlwmental and 

### plant operational concerns of all parties, thereby resulttn1: in timely and 

### orderly completion. Afurther 

### benefit from such revlev 1s that studies conducted throughout a

### vater body segment can Se caordlnated so that methods utilized 

### vill resillt in a comparable data base. 

### This uniform data base 

### vill allow for easier evatuatlon I-,Eany subsequent 

### cumulative effect from all intakes optrattng on a vater body.

## -11-

IV. DECISION CRITERIA Adverse aquatic environmental impacts occur whenever there will be entrainment or impingement damage as a result of the operation of a specific cooling water intake structure. The critical question is the magnitude of any adverse impact. The exact point at which adverse aquatic impact occurs at any given plant site or water body segment is highly speculative and can only be estimated on a case-by-case basis by considering the species involved,magnitude of the losses,years of intake operation remaining, ability to reduce losses, etc. The best guidance that can be provided to agencies in this regard would be to involve professional resource people in the decision-making process and to obtain the best possible quantitative data base and assessment tools for evaluation of such impacts. The Development document for 316(b) 47

## is an essential reference for guidance in these evaluations. Some general guidance concerning the extent of adverse impacts can be obtained by assessing the relative biological value of the source water body zone of influence for selected species and determining the potential for damage by the intake structure. For a given species, the value of an area is based on the following considerations:

1. principal spawning (breeding) ground; 2. migratory pathways; 3. nursery or feeding areas; 4. numbers of individuals present; and 5. other functions critical during the life history. A once-through system for a power plant utilizes substantially more water from the source water body than a closed recirculating system for a similar plant and thus would tend to have a higher potential impact. A biological value-potential impact decision matrix for best intake technology available could be:

## -12-

(1)

(2)

(3) An open system large volume intake in an area of high biological value does not represent best technology available to minimize adverse environmental impact and will generally result in disapproval. Exceptions to this may be demonstrated on a case-by-case basis where,despite high biological value and high cooling water flow,involvement of the biota is low or survival of those involved is high,and subsequent reduction of populations is minimal. Generally,the combination of low value and low flow most likely is a reflection of best technology available in location, design,and operation of the intake structure. Exceptions to this could involve significantly affected rare and endangered species. Other combinations of relative value-impact present the most difficult problems. In such circumstances, the biological survey and data analysis requires the greatest care and insight in accomplishing the impact evaluation upon which thejudgment of best technology available is based. A case-bycase study is required and local knowledge and informed judgment are essential. It is accepted that closed cycle cooling is not necessarily the best technology available, despite the dramatic reduction in races of water used. The appropriate technology is best determined after a careful evaluation of the specific aspects at each site. A detailed discussion of available47intake technology is contained in the 316(b) Development Document.-L3-

Biological survey requirements suggested in this manuaL shnul~ provlde asufficient data base to provide insight as to the best loazation, design, construction, and c‘apaclty characteristics ~pprr’- prlate for achieving minimal total impact.
Astepwise thought process is recommended for cases vherc adverse envlronmrntal Impact from entrapmentiinplngemrnt is c,c:currl::y and must be minimized by application of best technology aval1ablt*:
The flrst step should be to consider vhetnrr tnr .fcvrrse impact vi11 btl minimized by the nodlf ication <?ftnc ex,st inr: screening systems.
The second step should be co consider vhether the .Idverscr Impact viL1 beminlmlzed by increasing the size of the int%lkr tal decrease high approach velocltles.
The third step should be to consider whether to abandon the exlstlng intake and to replace it vlth arwv intake at adifferent locatfon and to incorporate an approprlatr design In order to minimize adverse environmental impact. Finally, If the above technologies vould not minimize adverse environmental impact, conslderatlon should be given to :hr reduction of Lntake capacity which may necessitate insta!- latlon of aclosed cycle cooling system with appropriate 2csL<n modlf lcat lons as necessary. Where environmental impact from entrainment must be minimized, reliance must be placed primarily on llov reduction and intake relocat lon as remedial measures: Rrduclng cooling vater flov is generally an effectlvr means for minimizing potential rntralnment impact. In fact, this VJ~ 5~ the only feasible means to reduce impact of entrainment where potunclally involved organisms are In relatively large concentrat iCJn and uniformly distrlbutrd In the veter column. Entrapment and fmplngement may also be lessened vith lover flov as proport idIn.?1IL fever animals vi11 be subject to contact ulth the Intake structure; water velocltles associated vlth the structure can be reducvd, enhancing probablllty of survival if lmplnged or of escape if trapped. Reduction of flov is accomplished prlmarlly by an lncroase ln condenser temperature rise or through recirculating cooling systems. Whencooling vater flov is reduced, hovever, elevated temperature or the effects of an auxiliary cooling system can Increase the mortailty rate of the organisms that are entrained.-14-

Site location measures may prove effecttve in areas of discontinuous, temporal or spatial occurrence (patchiness) of chore species subject to entrainment (or entrapment/ impingement). Enhsncing survival of organisms once entrained in the coolfng vater system generally appeers to be the least effective means fnr avoiding adverse inpac t; however, operational regimes have been dorcloped to decrease mortality of entrained species vhere heat, chlorine or both exert the predominant impact. Realistic laboratory studies can lead to optlmal time-temperature regimes for survival. The effects of biocides can be reduced by intermittent and “splltstream” chlorination procedures. Hechenical methods fnr cleaning cooling system components where feasible can eliminate or reduce the need for biocides. The mechanical stress of entrainment Is, In many cases ( the critical factor in organism survival vlth the pump the site of mejor damage. At present, little can be done to minimize mechanical impact although potentially harmful effects may possibly be reduced by pump redesign which incorporates lov RIVI, lnv pressure and vtde clearance characteristics. Reducing velocity changes, pressure, and turbulence in the piping system shauld prove helpful. Entrainment screening techniques such as leeky dam8 msy have application in some CirCumStanCeS. Regardless of beneficial measures taken, many fragile forms vi11 not survive entrainment.
In summary, the location nf a pover plant, nr other cooling uater use, coupled vith the associated intake structure design, constructton. and capacity results in a unique situation. Uhile generalities may be useful , the aptimel combination of measures effectively minimizing adverse impact on the biata ie site and plant specific. The best technology avallable should be established on a case-by-case basts making full use of the kinds of information suRgested for acquisitton in this manusl.

## -15-

V. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS Adverse Environmental Impact Adverse aquatic environmental impacts occur whenever there will he entrainment or impingement damage as a result of the operation of a specific cooling water intake structure. The critical question is the magnitude of any adverse impact. The magnitude of an adverse impact should be estimated both in terms of short term and long term impact with reference to the following factors: (1) Absolute damage (# of fish impinged or percentage of larvae entrained on a monthly or yearly basis); (2) Percentage damage (%of fish or larvae in existing populations which will be impinged or entrained, respectively); (3) Absolute and percentage damage to any endangered species; (4) Absolute and percentage damage to any critical aquatic organism; (5) Absolute and percentage damage to commercially valuable and/or sport fisheries yield; or (6) Whether the impact would endanger (jeopardize) the protectton and propagation of a balanced population of shellfish and fish in and on the body of water from which the cooling water is withdrawn (long term impact). Agency This term refers to the Regional Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or the Directors of those State agencies authorized to issue NPDES permits. Community A community in general is any aseemblage of populations living in a prescribed area or physical habitat;it is an organized unit to the extent that it has characteristics in addition to its individual and populationcomponents and functions as a unit through interacting metabolic transformations. Critical Aquatic Organisms Adverse environmental impact may be felt by many species in all trophic levels. A species need not be directly affected but nevertheless harmed due to loss of food organisms or other associated organisms in some way necessary for the well-being and continued survival of the population. It is not practicable to study all species that may be directly or indirectly harmed by Intake structure operations.

## -16-

The critical aquaticorganisms concept is defined in the 316(b) Development Document. Generally, 5 to 15 critical aquatic organisms will be selected for consideration on a case-by-case basis. Relative to environmental impact associated with intake structures, effects on meroplankton organisms, macroinvertebrates, and juvenile andadult fishes appear to be the first order problem. Accordingly. the selections of species should include a relatively large proportion of organismsin these categories that are directly impacted. Generally, because of short life span and population regeneration capacity, the adverse impact on phytoplankton and zooplankton species is less severe. It issuggested that,in addition to study of the selected species, the total phytoplankton and zooplankton communities be assessed to determine if the area under study is unique and important qualitatively or quantitatively. If preliminary sampling or prior data does not support special or unique value of these organisms at the site,phytoplankton and zooplankton species will generally not be selected. The following guidelines are presented for selection of critical aquatic organisms for consideration in intake studies: A. Critical aquatic organisms to be selected are those species which would be involved with the intake structure and are: 1. representative, in terms of their biological requirements,of a balanced,indigenous community of fish,shellfish, and wildlife; 2. commercially or recreationally valuable (e.g., among the top ten species landed -- by dollar value); 3. threatened or endangered; 4. critical to the structure and function of the ecological system (e.g., habitat formers); 5. potentially capable of becoming localized nuisance species; 6. necessary,in the food chain, for the well-being of species determined in 1-4; 7. one of 1-6 and have high potential susceptibility to entrapment-impingement and/or entrainment; and 8. critical aquatic organisms based on 1-7, are suggested by the applicant, and are approved by the appropriate regulatory agencies.

## -17-

8. Assumptions in the selection of critical aquatic organisms: 1. Since all species which are critical, representative, etc.,cannot be stud led in detail, some smaller number (e.g.,5 to 15) may have to be selected. 2. The species of concern are those most likely tobe affected by intake structure, design, construction,and operation. 3. Some species will be economically important in their own right,e.g., commercial and sports fishes. 4. Some of the species selected will be particularly vulnerable or sensitive to intake structure impacts or have sensitivities of most other species and, if protected,will reasonably assure protection of other species at the site. 5. Often, but not always,the most useful list would include mostly sensitive fish, shellfish, or other species of direct use to man, or to the structure or functioning of the ecosystem. 6. Officially listed“threatened or endangered species”are automatically considered “critical.” 7. The species chosen may or may not be the same as those appropriate for a 316(a) determination dependent on the relative effects of the thermal discharge or the intake in question. Cooling Water Intake Structure The coaling water intake structure is the total structure used to direct water into the components of the cooling systems wherein the cooling function is designated to take place,provided that the intended use of the major portion of the water so directed is to absorb waste heat rejected from the process or processes employed or from auxiliary operations the premises,including air conditioning.-1HEntrainment
The incorporation nf i7rganisns into the con1In): water flnu ts entrainnent

. There are two generally recognized cypcs c-rfcntr,lLnmc~nt: pumped entrainment -- referring to those nrgantsmu that enter tllc I?[ ~ha* and are pumped through tile condenser, and plume entrainment -- rrl(*rrtn,: to organisms that are Lncorporated into the disch,?rKe plume hy ~IIC dilution water. Plume entrainment is nnt covered by section 3lb(b) ‘~IIC Is part of the thermal discharge effect to be considered ln conjunct:tln with thermal effects demonstrations under section 31b(a).
Entrapment-Impingement
The physical blocking nf larger nrganlsms by J harrier, ncncr.ll1.v snme type of screen system In the cooling vater Intake. Entrapment emphasfres the prevention nf escape of organisms and lmpingemcnt emphasizes the collision of an organism vith a portion of the serutturt

.
Estuary
An estuary is defined as asemi-enclosed cnastal body of water ut~fcll has a free connection with the open sea; lt 1sthus strongly Jffcctcbt! t:;i tidal action and within it sea vatcr is mixed (and usually awasur.lbly diluted) ufsh fresh water from land drainsge. It may be diff tcult tc) precisely delineate the boundary of estuarinc and river habitats in chit> upper reaches of a fresh vater river discharging into marine waters. The Lnterface is generally a dynamic entity varying daily and seasonall) ln geographical lncat ion. In such cases, determination nf habitat boundaries should be established by mutual agreement on a case-by-cdsc basis. Where boundary determination is not clearly established, bot!l estuary and river habitat bfologlcal survey requirements should be satisfied In a combined determlnatlon for envtronmencal effects and best availablt technology for minimizing adverse Lmpact.

Habitat Fornerr
hbltat farmers are plants and/or animals characterized by a relatively ae8rlle life state with aggregated distribution and funct ionin): as:
1. a live and/or formerly lfving substrate for chc attachment of epibinta;
2. either adirect or indirect food source for the product Ion of shellfish. fish, and vildlife;-19-

3. ablologlcal mechanism fnr the stabilization and modificatton of sediments and contributfng to processes of sol! brlildingss;
4. a rutrient cycling path or trap; or
5. specific sites for spawning, and providing nursery, feeding, and cnver areas for fish and shellf tsh.

Hfgh Potential Impact Intakes High potential inpact intakes are those located in biol:yqiclI:. productive areas or where the volume of vater vithdravn comprises A large proportfon of the source vater body segment or for vhich histnrlcal data or other ConsideratFons indicate abroad impact.

Impiqement
See Entrapment-Impingement.

Lake Any naturally occurrIng Large volume of standing water IJCCII~~:~P 3 distinct basin and, fnr purposes of this document, reservoirs .Inci impoundments.

Lou Potential Impact Intakes
1.0~potential impact intakes are those located in biologically unproductive areas and having low flow or having historical data shnvinp. no effect or for vhich other considerations indicate low impact. Plants with low capacity factors or with fev remaining years of lifetime might be considered “low impact” despite their historical impact.

For the purposes of this document, the term macrotnvertebrates may be considered synonymous wfth “aquatic macroinvertebrates” and are those invertebrates that are large enough to be seen by the unatded eye and can be retained by a U.S. Standard No. 30 sieve (0.595 mm.mesh opening).-2oYernplankton
For the purposes of this document, mcroplanktnn are defined as planktonlc life scap,ee (often eggs or larvae) of ftsh or invertebrates.

Oceans
The ocean habitat, for the purposes of this manual, is cnnstdered marine waters other than those uater bndies classified as estuaries. This fncludes open coastal areas, embayments, fjords, and other semi-enclosed bodies of water open to the sea and nnt aeasurably diluted with fresil water from land drainage.
Two prfncipal zones within the oceanic hnbtcat potentially impacted are: (1) littoral zone -- from high tLde level to Inv tlde level, and (2) meritic zone (near shore) -- low ttde level to the edge of the continental shelf.
Phytoplankton Phytoplanktnn are the free-floating plants, usually nicroscopic algae, that photosynthetically fix tnorganic carbon and are, therefore, primary producers in some aquatic environments.

Plankton
Plankton are eeaentlally microscopic organisms, plant or animal, suspended ln uatcr which exhibit mar neutral burtyancy. Because of their physical characteristics or size, most plankton organisms are fncapable of sustained mobility In directions ag.lLnsc u.lcer flow. Consequently, plankton drift more or less passively In prcvaillng currents.
Population

A population is generally considered to be conprlsed of individuals of the arc specico In a geographic area, Popul,ltlons exhibit parameters such 88 

### mortality, natalicy, fecundity, intrinsic rate of increase, density, ltc

.
Primary Study Area
This lncludea the segment af the vater body Jeter’nlned to be the area nf potential damage. This concept fa mart perclnc*nt t~l arganigms suhfect to inner-plane passage, normally weakly motile or planhcnnic, and spattally-.!Isu’9ject cowater boa:/ c~rrrnts ratErr than poSSesSing the abi:it;: :.‘ change locatlcn ;ndrpeodent of uatur mass movements. Animals cdpJSlc .f large scale movements, i.e., Tigrant fishes, wit1 TOV~ into tnls .zrc,i oeriodfially.

Rivers and Streams

A river or stream is a naturally occurrrng body of runnir,:i? :+~~ri: 5.1 water, with an unbroken. unidirrct lonal flow, contained wltnln .I !.:s..r,

. channel. Rest!Noirs andjor Impoundments, for the our-poses of cn:+ :.‘ :-I .*. vi11 generally bevlevtid as lakes.
Secondary Study Area
The area uithin the water body segment outside the primary study area. Blota in thls area directly affrctrd by the intake structure 3.i.. or may not be a significant component of the total population of Lnd.ee.::,.= species. For many species. particularly pelagic fishes, tne tot2: pop~~i.ltlon may bt! spread over avide geographical area. This arra could be considered the secondary study area. Houevtir, other intake structures associated vlth cooling water uses, e.g., power plants, may also S+Y Lmpactlng tht! populatlon In these other areas. This may be considrre.! in tvo ways:
1. consider tht! total population throughout the Reographic*2: range, rstlmatr existing Impacts, and determine to what extent the speclflc intake structure adversely impacts that port ion of tht? population not already adversely stressed by sources outside the primary study area; or
2. consider only the populatlon in the area of potential involvement and adjacent areas of occurrence not already impacted by an rxistlng source of stress.
For example, when a number of Intake structurrs arc located u1tP11: a water body such as the Hudson River. Ohio River, Long Island <g)ur.d. Western Basin of Lake Erie, Narragansett Bay, San Francisco Bay. tit<.. either of the tvo approaches may be taken to assess the impact of t’:t* structure under conslderat ion. The total impact of all existing stresses may be weighed agafnst the total populatlon of biota studies and the adverse effects of the nev stress added to exlstlng stresses and assessed agalnst impact to the total system. The altrrnat lvr is to assign asr~.ti‘1 of the water body not already impacted by other fntake structures dnd compare the segment of the community in the assfgned area to the rffcc.t of the slnglt! structure concerned.-22-

Threatened or Endrngered Species
Athreatened or endangered spectes 1sany plant or animal chat has been determined by the Secretary of Commerce or the Secretary of the Interior to be athreatened or endangered species pursuant Cathe Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.

Water Body Stmntnt
Awater body segment fs aporttnn of ahasin, the surface waters IJf which have common hydraulic characreristtcs (or flaw regulation patterns! common natural physical, chemical, and biological processes, and vhIch have common reactions to external stress, e.g., discharge of pollutants. Where they have been defined, the water body segments determined by tile State Continuing Planning Process under section 303(e) of P.L. 92-500 apply.

Zone of Potential Involvement
The zone of potential involvement is considered the vater mass surrounding the intake structure and likely to be dravn into the structure iceelf or incn 

### the associated cooling vater systtm. This varies with Cime and fs dependent on ambient water movements in the affected body of source vater an modified by the influx of cooling water at the intake structure. It will be dffficult to precisely define the limits of this zone of influence because of temporal and spatial variables. The zone of potential involvtmtnt alvayr includes the primary study area and may Include the secondary study area.
Zooplankton
True zooplankton art fret-floating animals which have little or nn ability for horizontal movtmtnt. They art thus carried passively along vith nrturrl currtnte in the vactr body,

## -23-

VI. STUDY FORMAT The studies submitted as support for a finding that the cooling water intake represents best technology available for a minimization of adverse environmental impact should be in the following format to facilitate agency review. At least two copies should be submitted. 1.

2. 3.

4.

5.

6. 7.

8.

9. Title page (plant name, water body, company, permit information. rate). Table of contents. An executive summary of 2-3 paragraphs (essence of material and conclusions). Detailed presentation of methods used in data collection, analysis and/or interpretation when different from standard references. Supportive reports, documents, and raw data. Data from the open literature need not be included so long as it is readily available. Bilbiographic citations to page number of cited text, An interpretive,comprehensive narrative summary of the studies which will serve, in part, as the basis for the agency’s decision. The summary should include a table of contents and may include table figures. Sources of data used in the summary should be cited to page number. The summary should include a clear discussion stating why the report shows (or does not show) that the water intake structure in question minimizes impact on the water resources and aquatic biota in the vicinity of the intake and throughout the water body segment. An appendix listing the agencies and consultants conducting this or related work on the water body. Reports generated in response to section 316(b) should be recorded and forwarded to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) for recording and announcement. The folder, NTIS-PR-184, available from NTIS, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161, explains the procedure in detail.

## -24-

It is the intention of the EPA to make the technical information submitted by industries in accordance with 315(b) available for use by other industries, scientists,and members of the public. This will be done initially by placing copies in the responsible EPA Regional Off Ice library. A similar approach is also suggested for State agencies.In cases where demand for the demonstration materials exceeds the capability of an EPA or State agency library,the EPA Regional Administrator may also submit the materials to the NTIS so that the reports are available co the public in microfiche or hard copy form at the price of duplication. In the meantime,EPA is developing lists of plants with completed 316(b) demonstrations and will submit the plant name and an abstract of each study to NTIS. It is also noted chat the Atomic Industrial Forum has developed INFORUM, a data system which will extract and index information from reports submitted by utilities in accordance with sections 316(a) and (b). Questions should be referred to INFORUM at 1747 Pennsylvania Avenue,Washington, D.C. 20006, telephone 202-833-9234.

## -25-

VII. DETAILED STUDY REFERENCES This document, of necessity,is generalized to provide an overall framework of guidance and conceptual approach. Six references are recommended which treat various aspects of the study requirements in more specific detail:

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water & Hazardous Materials.Water Planning Division, September 30, 1974, Draft, 316(a) Technical Guidance on Thermal Discharges. (Revised draft to be published in 1976.) 2. U.S.Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water 6 Hazardous Materials,Effluent Guidelines Division, April 1976,Development Document for Best Technology available for the Location, Design, Construction and Capacity of Cooling Water Intake Structures for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact. 3. Battelle Laboratories, Inc.,Environmental Impact Monitoring of Nuclear Power Plants - Source Book. Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc. August 1974. 810 p. 4. Aquatic Ecological Surveys. American Nuclear Society, F.W. Hinsdale, Illinois, Draft, October 1974. 5. Entrainment: Guide to steam electric power plant cooling system siting, design and operation for controlling damage to aquatic organisms. Amer. Nuc. Std. Publ. N18. - 1974. Draft,July 1, 1974, 44 p.and appendices. 6. Entrapment/Impingement: Guide to steam electric power plant cooling system siting, design and operation for controlling damage to aquatic organisms at water intake structures. Amer. Nuc.Std. Publ. N18 - 1974. Draft, September, 1974, 24 p. and appendix.

## -26-

VIII. SITE DESCRIPTION The following information is generally needed to fully describe the potential experiences oforganisms which may be entrapped within intake structures, impinged on parts of the structure and/or entrained in the water mass taken in and circulated through the associated cooling water system. It is necessary to describe the full range of resultant physical, chemical,and biological parameters of these experiences which could be encountered throughout the annual operation cycle. lnformation on daily and seasonal fluctuations is of special importance in those waters subject to wide variation in water quality at the specific site. Other data pertinent to the evaluation of environmental impact of the location or intake structure in question should be included even though not specifically listed. The following data are required for adequate description of sites located on either fresh or marine water bodies: 1. Site location and layout A. Location of additional Intake structures - Smaller scale, map showing locations of intake structures, associated cooling water systems,and other pertinent discharges related to surrounding shore and water features in a 50-mile radius. 8. Site Plan- Larger scale map with topographic and hydrographic data depicting specific location of structure in the water body. Data required includes: - Topographic details - Hydrological features (see U.S. Department of Commerce, National Ocean Survey Charts, where available),including depth contours - Water body boundaries - Affected water body segment - Location and description of other cooling water intakes in water body segment - Existing site with topographic and hydrological features as changed by proposed intake structure construction and operation (where applicable)

## -27-

2. Meteorology (when hydrodynamic modeling is performed)

- Air temperature, maximum, minimum, mean-monthly

- Rainfall, monthly - Solar radiation kcal/m2/day (average/month for the annual cycle) - Wind speed and direction.prevailing winds identified as to seasonal patterns - Other relevant site specific data 3. Additional stresses on water body segment

- Location of existing or planned point sources of potential adverse environmental impact - Summary of impacts associated with existing or future stresses (and citations to more extensive analyses, such as 316(a) demonstrations, impact statements,NPDES permits, etc.) 4. Cooling water intake structure A. Structure

- Location with respect to cooling water system - Location in water body,horizontal and vertical (including skimmer walls) - Configuration,including canals and channels; detailed drawings - Capacity - Screening devices (behavioral and physical) - Fish by-pass and handling facilities - Average and maximum approach and thru-screen water velocities, by depth - Flow rates and frequency of occurrence correlated with load characteristics - Location, amount,and duration of recirculation water for deicing or tempering - Other relevant system-specific data-28-

8. Pumps

- Design details (location in structure, cnnftgurat inn

of blades, and housing)

- Revolut Lens per minute

- Number, capoc ities, and planned operating schedule

- Pressure regimes in vater subjected to pumping

- Velocity shear stresses in pumping

- Sites of potential turbulence and physical impacts

c I. Btocides

- Locat ton of lntroductton in system

- nescrtptton and toxicity of biocide used

- Timing and duration of use

- Concentrations of biocide in various parts of cooling vatet system and recetving vaters


## n. Thenna 1experience

- Tabulatfnn of annual ambient temperatures, thermal additfon to cooling vater of various operating capac Lttea, and resultant ttmetemperature experience of organisms subjected to entrainment in cooling vater system F *. Other relevant data on cooling vater circulation system

- Dissolved gases

- Suspended solids and turb tdtty

- Other vaatea and chemicals added

- Sire of condenser tubes, heat exchanger cow poncnta, vater piping, siphon pita, etc.

- Malntcnance procedures, USCof heat treatment or deicing procedures
5. Plant Data

- Age and expected Iifetlme

- Capactty factor and percent of tfme at fractional io.lds

- History of intake model

## -29-

IX. SOURCE WATER INVOLVEMENT The physical interaction of the intake and the adjacent water body forms a base for assessment of biological impact by relating the behavior and motion of local organisms with the flow of water around the site and into the intake structure. To determine this involvement with the intake, it is desirable to identify the type or types of circulation which will be dominant in the water body,and to establish a program of monitoring currents and other relevant hydrological and physical parameters of the system. Predictive tools,such as computer models, are useful in assessment of impact,and for delineation of the area of potential damage.The approach outlined here is suggested for new plants having high potential impact when sufficient model accuracy is obtainable. The approach may be useful for other plants as well,as discussed in the impact assessment section below. The modeling program should be discussed with the agency in advance of application and should include sensitivity analyses. 1. Hydraulic Features The dominant modes of circulation in the water body are frequently identified in the literature and include channel flow, tidal and wind-driven currents, estuary or gravitational circulation, littoral drift, and others. The local currents (or velocity structure) can be modified by bathymetry and transient atmospheric conditions, and contain local features such as eddies;their importance can he modified by their effect on biological processes. It is also useful to identifyinterface zones if several current regimes or physical processes are evident. Large water withdrawals and discharges can be sufficient to modify existing hydraulic patterns enough to create new biological habitats. A program of monitoring the currents and other relevant physical parameters is desirable for the study of source water involvement, Whenever possible,historical data should be used to identify the expected circulations and guide in the selection of instrument stations, although as data comes in, a re-evaluation of the monitoring program is useful. the relevant parameters are water current, speed and direction, wind speed and direction,tides or local water levels, temperature,and water density, Salinity data are important in an estuarine environment. The spatial distribution of instrument stations is usually indicated by the circulation regime and local bathymetry, but is best organized to provide input to and verification data suitable for a predictive hydraulic model of the currents. Vertical spacing of instruments should be sufficient to identify any important depth variation in the circulation.

## -30-

The use of a hydraulic model requires several other specific inputs to provide realistic prediction of currents in the area. typical parameters include: 1. boundary geometry; 2. bottom topography; 3. bottom friction coefficients; 4. latitude of the area; 5. tides or water levels at open boundaries; 6. river flows; 7. temperature and salinity; 8. wind stress; 9. power plant cooling water flow races; and 10. other point source flow rates. A significant period of time (two weeks) night be chosen for a continuous (burst sampling) monitoring sequence to sense periodic variations in the circulation, and another program to sample changes on an annual (or longer) cycle. Careful recording of placement and start times is recommended. The instruments chosen should be durable and resistant to fouling. The accuracy may be influenced by the scale of the parameters but for waterlevel should generally be at least ± 0.01 ft. and,for current speed and direction, + .15 knots and ± 5.0° respectively. For temperature and salinity ± 0.1°C and ± 0.1°/°° 

## respectively can be expected. Special instrumentation for water current sensing may be necessary at threshold speeds. An instrument calibration program is necessary to insure accuracy. Redundant marking of station locations and provision for recovery of unmarked instruments should be made. Computer models as predictive tools represent the best available predictive tools and are useful in assessing water use and biological impact. Mathematical models solve the equations of water flow and are used to predict currents in the water body. Another model (of water quality) can he developed in tandem to solve theequation of mass flow and used co predict mass or concentrations of organisms under influence of the currents.-31-

The selection of the appropriate model is guided by the circulaticn regime and the geonorphology of the vater body. Anumber of mathematical nodels of tidal flov are available, and these can be extended to include channel flov. For example, the Leendertse 5, 9type square-grid models for tidal cuf- ents and larvae transport have been used. Finite-element models are being developed for tidal cfrculatfon, and mayhave advantages In certai flareas. For river-bay situations, the channel-function model nay have special advantages. Three-dimensional models such as those described in references 12.13, and 14maybe appropriate. A comprehensive summary of13vaflable models has been cornpiLed by Gordon and Spauldlng. The rationale for selection of the particular set of models should bejustified by either enphas:z:nu their suitability or by demonstrating a lack of other sufficient models.
Verffication of model output should be made for both current and organism concentrations. Data from the monitoring survey are useful for verifying the current model vhlle the biological sampling program nay be used to verify the notion of organisos. Dye studies nay also be useful In model verification.
Hearts for delineating study area and source vater involvement may vary from intuitive judgments to highly sophisticated predictive models. The most logical measures, consistent vith the local conditions should be determined.
2. Probability of Entrainment
The zone of potential involvement of the cooling vater intake varies vith species of organisms and time but the core concept is the determination of probability of entrainment. The predictive models are useful for mapping probability fsopleths. This could be done by the simulation of drlfters with the hydraulrc model, or the spread of mass from point sources into the intakes vith the concentration model. Drogue or dye studies could be used for verification. Drifters, drogues, or dye may, however, be poor analogs for the organisms In question. A9aconsequence, any study of thte nature must be accompanied by justification chat adequate adjustment is being made for differences in behavior between the organisms and their mechanical analogs.-32-

Amap of probability of entrainnent unuld be useful in dclincat In,: the outline of the area of potenttal involvement by a ratlondl, analytical mthod. For exanple, the cnmputer hydraul lc model for currents could be Itsed to simulate the flaw nf drogues in the regfon. Asimulated release of drogues (several per hour) uoul~ be carried out llnttl all drogues have either been entrnlned or have crossed the node1 boundarfes and left the area. The rat ton of entrained drogues to the total gives the probability of enttalnrncnt. Arepetition of this procedure for other release points gives J Eleld distribution of probability.
An alternate method Is tn simulate mass transport fron Jfield &%f points, wherein the ratio of mass entralned to the total release<! gives the probability. This method could beverifted by the USC of dye studies.
In environments likely to exhibit density stratification, or In vhich the organisms stratify, it may be necessary to use multilevel sampling for all parameters, and consider strat tficat ion ~9 the models chosen. Wind effects are more likely to be important In shallov vater. The spatial changes in parameters in stratified systems are 1tkely to be larger, so this must also be incorporated in asampling program. Obviously, models are highly desirable and the probability isnpleth concept is a poverful analyt Lcal taol. However, the time and costs involved vlll not bejustifiable in many situations.

## -33-

X. BIOLOGICAL SURVEY REQUIREMENTS (NEW INTAKES) The purpose of the biological survey is to provide a sufficient and valid data base for rational assessment of environmental impact related to the location, design, construction, and capacity of a cooling water intake structure, prior to a final siting decision. Due to the possibility of extreme fluctuations in overall abundance of the species from year to year and shifts within a study area of its centers of abundance, several years' study may be required. A term of three years is suggested as permitting an "exceptional" year to be detected and criticized on the grounds that events in so short a span cannot be understood in the context of long term trends. A period of 15 to 25 years is one in which many cyclic biological phenomena become evident, but a preliminary study of this length will be out of the question except as it can be gleaned from historical data. A one-year pre-operational study is generally of limited value but may be acceptable for preliminary agency determinations in situations where substantial historical data can be presented and the intake can be represented as having low potential impact. Data collected must be sufficient to permit analysis and reduction to assessment criteria which will be useful in reaching a judgment on the existence and extent of an adverse impact. Suggested measures for data reduction and analysis, which are included in this manual, should be reviewed prior to development a survey program. Designation of species of the critical aquatic organisms to be studied is the first step in a sequence of operations for the subsequent biological survey. The species selected may or may not bethe same as the Representative Important Species designated in connection with demonstrations under section 316(a) of the Act. Differences would depend on the grater or lesser effect on such species ofthermal discharges or intakes. Once species and source water involvement are known, the sampling methodology, survey study areas, and temporal characteristics of the survey can be determined to suit the organism selected, location, and characteristics of the intake structure. Each survey should be designed on a case-by-case basis recognizing the uniqueness of biota-site-structure interrelationships.Biological surveys should be designed and implemented to determine the spatial and temporal variability of each of the important components of the biota that may be damaged by the intake. These surveys could include studies of meroplankton, benthic fish, pelagic fish, benthic macroinvertabrates, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic infauna and boring and fouling communities where appropriate. Generally, the majority of critical aquatic organisms will be fish or macroinvertabrates.

## -34-

Oncetheoccurrenceandrelative abundanceofcritical aquaticorganisms atvarious life stageshasbeenestimated, it isnecessarytodeterminethe potential foractual involvementwith theintake structure. Anorganismmay spendonlyaportion ofits life inthepelagic phaseandhesusceptibleto entrainment. Migratory speciesmaybeinthevicinity oftheintakefora short segmentoftheannualcycle. Somespeciesaresubjected tointake structure effects during life history stages. Forexample,winterflounder larvae arefoundintheichthyoplankton during their pelagic larval phase, andaresusceptible tobeingentrained. Duringlater life stages, as juveniles andadults, theyarevulnerable toimpingement. Bothentrainment andimpingementmustbeconsidered insubsequentimpactassessment. Knowledgeoftheorganism’s life cycleanddetermination oflocal watercirculation patterns related tothestructure areessential toestimatingan individual specie’s potential for involvement. Onceinvolvement isdetermined, actual effects onthoseorganismsmust beestimated. Asafirst orderapproximation, 100percent lossofindividuals impinged, entrapped, orentrained couldbeassumedunlessvalid field or laboratory dataareavailable tosupportalowerlossestimate. Thefinal stepistorelate lossofindividuals toeffects onthe local population asimpactedbyintake structure location, design, construction, andcapacity. It isimportant toconsider themeansfor datareduction andanalysis intheearly stagesofsurveydesign. Data mustbeamenabletobiostatistical analyses, asutilized inarriving at thejudgmentforbestavailable technology tominimize adverseenvironmental impact. 1. SamplingDesign It isnecessaryattheoutset toclearly define theobjectives ofthesamplingprogramandtheareatobesampled. Quantitative samplingstudies aredesignedtoestimate numbersperunit and/or volume. Themajorconsiderations inthesestudies are:

- Thedimensionofthesamplingunit. Ingeneral thesmallest practical samplingunit shouldbe used.

- Thenumberofsamplingunits ineachsample. Thesizeofsamplesforaspecified degreeofprecision canoften becalculated if there issome preliminary sampling information. If not, preliminarysamplingshouldbeexecutedbeforeextensiveprogramsaredeveloped.

- Thelocation ofsamplingunits inthesampling areas. Stratified randomsampling isoften preferable tosimple randomsampling. Strata canbeunequalinareaorvolume,withsampling units allocated inproportion totheareaor volume.-35-

2. The survey effort should be intensive for at least tile first year after which, based on first year results and historical data, lover effort progams could bejustffied. Survey data are usually of atime-series nature and, therefore, averaRes over time intervals wlthtn the series cannnc beassumed independent. This situarlon llmlts tks statistical procedures, Bartlett ~~~l;~-~~~,~~~ ‘fl’inc Reference 19is d recent example of the difficulties encountered when attempting to determine differences in portions of atime-series. The develnpment of more powerful statist ical methods for appllcatton to this type of data is necessary. It appears that only catastrophic impacts vi11 be revealed to temporal comparlsnns oEmnnltoring program data. Plant impact maybe better revealed by spatial comparisons.
The discriminating power nf surveys should be estimated prior to implementation.
This can bedone by design based on previously collected data at the site, or by assuming the variability of the system based on previous studies at similar sites. The expected dlscrlminating power of the survey should be adequate for the purposes for vhich the data are intended. SampllnR ?Iethodolou
Recommendations on specific sampling protncol and methodology are beyond the scope of this document. The optimal nethodo!nRy is highly dependent on the individual specfes studied coupled with site and structure characteristics. Somegeneral guidelines are provided here. ?fnre specific details are provided in reference 20. Ichthyoplankcon-Heroplankton Sampling Sampling gear used should have known performance charactcristtcs under the conditions tn vhich it is to be used, or Lcvi11 bc tested In comparison 4th a standard gear (such as the 60 cm. “boqn” net developed for purposes of ichthyoplankton sampling by ttlc National Marine Fisheries Service flAWlAP program).
Whenanew Kear is intrl)duced, data should be included nn frs efficiency relative to astandard gear. Gear shnuld not be changed in the course of long-term lnvesttgattnns unless the camparac lve cff lciencies of the old gear end the nev can be satisfactorily demonstrated.
It Is recognized that na sampling gear is, in practice, strictly qnancltative and equally efficient in retalninl: dtf ferent sizes nf organisms.
ArAtinnale for the choice of gear, mesil size, etc., shnuld bc develnped fnr each sampl tny=program. In nlosc cases, LackinK 9tr0ng reasons tn the contrary, a(io\jtion of astandard #car LO permit comparisons vlth nttlcr investigations Is recnnmcnded.-36-

In general, teplfcace tows indicate that horizontal dtscribucicln of fish eggs and larvae and other planktonlc organisms is uneven or patchy in character, and that vertical distribution not nnly of actively swlmminp, forms but of eggs commonly shows SOIW atratification. This typically varies over 24 hours due to the influence of water movement and changes fn light intensity. Depth distribution of individual specLes of fish eggs ?ay char.Ce during the course of development, and buoyancy maydiffer Jt different periods of the spavning season. Night tows frequently produce larger catches and may shou less varlabillty than day tous for fish larvae Lnthe sane *Ired. Both phenomena are related in part tn differences in net avoidance under conditions of light and darkness. qouever, certain larvae may be altogether unavailable to the usual plankton sampling gear at some time of adie1 cycle; for exdnp they may lie on or near the bottom by day, and migrate upvar~!s at night. Night sampl lng must be considered in survey design as essential for an accurate picture of the numbers of ichchyoplankton actually present at astation, especially with regard to postlarvae and young juveniles. Sampling over the entire die1 cycle should be conducted. Characterization nf the ichthyoplankton in a study area made exclusively from single tows at aseries of stations is inadequate. Replication sufficient to show the typical variation between tows will be necessary, and it must be borne in mind that this may differ widely for different species, and maychange over the course of aseason. In reasonably homageneous study areas, replicates can be taken at a subset of scacions and the results applied tn the rest. In certain clrcun8tancc8, close to shore. nr in the vicfnicy of the prnpoaed intake, more rigorous error analysis is advisable, and this may require replfcation at each station. Determination of asuitable number of replicates will depend on characteristics at each 

## efte, and must be based on field studier. The most variable (patchy) of the critical species of ichthyoplankton under study at agiven season will dctecuine the number of replicates that are desirable. .e.

Confidence llmlts for estimates of abundance must be based not only upon variation between tovs at agiven station, but must incorporate other sources of error, which include subsampling error (when aliquots of large samples are token for lab analysis) and counting errors.V-37-

The lchthyoplankton-meroplankton sampling will generallv 5t. related to the impact of passing the organisms through the fntake structure and associated cooling water system, i.e., entrainment.
Fishes and ?!acrolnvertebrates Sampling of fish and macrolnvertebrates vi11 be generallv conducted In reilatlon to the potenclal impact of entrapment and lmplngement. Anexception would be juvenile and small fLsh of asize that uould pass through tntake screenir.g rather than be caught upon such screens. As prevlouqdy noted, spc?clf Lc samplLng methodology is drcai Ied eLsevhere.-
Somespecimens taken from the screens may appear healthy; hoveve r, species-speclf lc experiments vi&h controls coassess the delayed mortality to these flsh are required if less than 100 percent mortality Is to be assumed.
Potential effects at proposed intake structures should make maximum use of existing data at operating structures to extrapolate Involvement and mortality estlmates to anev Intake. Attentlon should be given to experlments vhlch have statistically evaluated the effect of Intake modifications on Lmplngement-ent rapment losses.
In cases vhere preliminary surveys Lndlcate that the entrainment and entrapment-Lmplngement losses may be high, It wi11bt! necessary co rsclmate the Lmpact of these losses on the populat Lons that ~111 be Lnvolved. For each 1Lfe stage susceptible to entrainment and/or entrapment-Lmplngement, parameters necessary to adequately predict losses caused by power plant ulthdraual include life stage duratfon, fecundity, growth and mortality rates, dlstrlbutlon. dispersal patterns, and intake vulnerablllty. These parameters can be elther measured In the field or obtalned from available literature. Eetlmates of equivalent adult stock loss on the basis of entrainment losses of Immature forms requires ameasure of natural mortality from immature to adult. For many if not most crltlcal specLe9, the natural mortality may be imposslble to determine and the Lmpact may have to be based on a reasonable judgment. Ocher data are required to project the long-term impact of the intake on the populatlon and to lncludr the population size, its age structure, and fecundity and mortallty rates. These data can best be synthesized using mathematical models as discussed in section XII of this manual.-3RZooplankton

3. Zooplankton sampling utll generally be directed tovatds drterminatlon of rntralrunrnt Impact. I.oopLankton are rssentlally microscopic animals suspended In water vith near neutral buoyancy. Because of their physical characterlstlcs, most are incapable of sustained moblllty In dlrectlons against vater flov and drift passively In the currents.
In most cases, intake effacts are of rtilatlvely short duraclon and conf lnrd to a relatively small port ion of the vater body segment because of short life span and regeneratlve capaclcy. Zooplankton, hovrvrr. should not be disrr.issr< from conslderatlon without aprellmlnary assessment of the fmportance 

### or uniqueness of the species’ assemblage dt the site. Phytoplankton Phytoplankton are free-floating green plants, usually mlcroscoplc tn size, and are generally the main primary producers In the aquat tc food web. Again, the potential cooling vater Intake structure impact on phytoplankton muld be through entrainment. The short life-cycle and high reproductive capabllfty of phytoplankters generally provldes ahigh degree of regenerative capacity. In most cases, intake structure effects are of short duratlon and confined to a relatively small portIon of the vater body segment. Phytoplankton, however, should not be dlsmlssrd from conslderatlon vithout aprellmlnary assessment of unfqueness or special Importance of the species’ assemblage at any particular site. Follov-up Studies Poet-operatLona1 studies at nev intakes vlll also be necessary In order to determine If the design, location, and operation, In fact, mlnlmlze adverse environmental impact and vhether the model predlctlons utilized vere reallstlc. Somesuggestions for follov-up studles are available In section XI. Hovever, the appropriate program at anew plant site should be detenlned In large part by the need for consfstency vlth pre-operatlonal study results.

## -39-

XI. MONITORING PROGRAM (EXISTING INTAKES) The study requirements necessary to evaluate losses of aquatic life at existing cooling waterintakes can be considered in two separate steps. The first is assessment of the magnitude of the problem at each site through direct determination of the diel and seasonal variation in numbers, sizes and weights of organismsinvolved with operation of the intake. When losses appear to be serious,as a second step it may be necessary to conduct studiesin the source water body if there is a need to evaluate such losses on a water-body-wide or local population basis. However,before requiring such studies it should be realized that the natural variability of biological systems,the difficulty of separating other stresses on population size,and difficulties in obtaining accurate and precise samples of the biota may mask the environmental impact from cooling water system operation. high and may range from 20 to The magnitude of sampling variation is 300 percent of the probable numbers. 36 

## Thus,effects of the Intake structure often cannot be identified above this “background noise”unless they are considerably greater, For many species,adverse environmental impact may be occurring at levels below that which can be “seen”with the standard survey and analytical techniques. Such field studies therefore will be extensive and difficult to conduct,and will generally require several years of data collection, all without certainty of results. Such studies should not be required unless absolutely necessary for the best technology available decision and then only to address specific questions. Because of the above difficulties, it may be necessary to base a determination of adverse impact on professional judgment by experienced aquatic scientists. In evaluating data from the following studies, it is often desirable to assume“worst case”conditions where all organisms which pass through the intake suffer 100 percent mortality. If the magnitude of the numbers precludes such an analysis,specific mortality estimates may be necessary. The following study requirements are based in part on the recommendations contained in the reports of the Lake Michigan Cooling Water Studies Panel44

## and Lake Michigan Cooling Water Intake Committee:45

## -40-

1. Entrapment-Impingement The objective of this sampling program is to document the magnitude of losses of fish life at operating cooling water intakes. Since it is possible to obtain a complete daily count of fish which are impinged by collecting the intake screen backwash material,this intensity of collection should be considered for application through one calendar year. The data which result will most accurately reflect the total annual loss by species. This approach does ignore possible delayed mortality to organisms involved with the intake structure but not impinged on the screens long enough to be killed. If total entrapment-impingement mortality is estimated by sampling from the screens, the sampling scheme must consider day-night and seasonal differences. If a less than complete dally count over a year is utilized, dally sampling once every four days for one year is suggestedas the lowest effort which will be acceptable from the standpoint of allowing for reliable loss project tons reflective of the plant’s operation. Both more and less intensive sampling approaches may also be justifiable based on apparent impact, intake data,spawning periods, and other site specific and seasonal considerations. The 4-day interval for sampling is based on observed variability in daily impingement losses. For example,in a study of the Central Illinois Light Company’s E.D. Edwards Plant on the Illinois River, numbers of fish impinged varied from 7,000 on July 18 to 500 on July 19. On August 23, 1,500 fish were impinged versus 30,000 fish on August 26.43 

## Not all plants exhibit such wide variations in numbers of fish impinged; however,until intensive sampling is completed at a site,total loss figures will be subject to question. Collection of the samples can usually be accomplished by inserting collection baskets in the screen backwash sluiceway. These baskets should have a mesh size equal to or smaller than the intake screen mesh. The following data should be collected during the sampling period: A. Plant operating data required: 1. Flow rate; 2. Temperature (Intake and discharge);2. 3. Time started, duration, and amount of warm water r’~~:r;:- lated for intakv deicing and thenal defoullng; $

. Total residual chlorInr contained In recirculated v,ltrr during condenser chlorination;

5. Current velocity at intake(s) over the range of vater volumes used in plant operat Lon (representat ivt, neasurt’- ments or calculated values may suffice);
5. Yumbrr of ttmrs screens are operated betvren sacpi:.:< Intervals;
7. Tidal stage (where appropriate) and flov;

8. Sallnlty (where appropriate); and
9. Dissolved oxygen if intake vithdravs water from an area (or strata) of potentfally lov oxygen content;
8. Data required from blologlcal collections:
1. Species, number, length, weight, and age group (young of the year, yearlings, or adults) collected from the screens or reprrsentatlve subsamples vhen numbers c3f lndivldual species collected are very large. Subsasp.

.:I.: approaches should beapproved In advance by the Agec~:;;

2. Representative samples of each species for determination 

### of sex and breedlng condltlon;
3. Numbers of naturally occurring dead fish In the area ahead of the lntake screening system should be estimated; and
4. Perlodlcally conduct a test to determine the recovery rate of flsh impinged on the screen. This can be done by splklng the screen vLth tagged dead flsh and determlnlng the proportlon that are recovered Ln the screen backvash slulcevay. Sampling Program - Entrainment
The follovlng soctlon describes invest lgatlons necessary to drtermlne effects of entralnmant of phytoplankton, zooplankton. benthos, fish ,and shellfish at exfstlng cooling vater intakes. Such studles should generally concentrate on flsh and shellf lsh unless the phytoplankton, zooplankton, or benthos are uniqllcll/ important at the site in question.Flsh and !leroplankton
The potent la1 for damage to flsh or sht?llflsh populat Lens bv entrainment depends on the number of organisms that pass through the condenser system and on condltlons experienced during passage. Overall objectives of the study are to determine the spe~lt?s and numbers of flsh and shellf lsh eggs and larvae dravn intc and discharged from the cooling systems and, if necessary, determlne the lmmedlate and delayed effects of cooling system passage on these organisms.
Apump system Is acceptable as the primary sampling method, provided It does not damage fragfle organisms, and pumps are easier to automate and quantify than systems In vhlch sampling IS done vlth nets suspended In the cooling vater flov.
Dlel sampling 1s recommended because the numbers of organisms. ttvrn in areas known to begood spavnlng and nursery areas, typically have lov concentrations, and thelr dlstrlbutlon in tlme and space 1s usually either changing rapidly or patchy as a result of natural condltlons. Therefore, adequate representat ion of these organisms can usually only be obtalned vlth continuous sampling throughout adlel cycle.
The actual volume of vater to be pumped to provide an adequate sample 1sdependent on the densities of flsh eggs and larvae in the vater surroundlng the cooling system lntake structure. The sample volume should therefore be detennlned based on the least dense species of concern. If no a prlorl source water drnslty data exists, then as large a sample volume as can be handled vLl1 be necessary. Once lnformation 1s developed on the least detectlble denslty for species of concern, sample volumes may be adjusted accordingly. Thls point fs extremely crltlcal to acceptance of the resulting data, If the sample volume 1s too small the study vlll be blased and show fever organlsms involved vlth the structure than actually exfst. Sample locations In the Intake system should be located immediatelv ahead of the lntake screens and. when less than 100 percent mortality lr aesuaed, at asuitable polnt ln the discharge system. When leer than 100 percent is assumed, samples at lntake and dlschargr should be from the same water mass. At each locat Ion ant! sampling point should be located near the surface, one near the bottom, and one at mid-depth. If unlfom organlsm dlstrlbution can be demonstrated, one sampling depth may suffice. Sampling should normally be conducted continuously at afrequency (e.g., every fourth day of plant operation) allowing the estlmatlon of annual numbers of organisms vlth a95 percent confidence interval which 1s+ 50X. ?lore frequent sampling maybe desirable durlng-43-

peak spawning seasons. Sampling should 1ontfnue over at least one year. Sampling In subsequent years may be deemed necessary based on the results of the first year of study. Macrolnvertebrates
The primary concern regarding the effect5 of entrainment on macrolnvertebrates As-does entrainment affect the rates of mortality, growth or reproduct Lon? Specific objectives are to detenlne the kinds and numbers of organlsms entrained, ta assess the effect of entrainment on their survival and reproduction, and to describe the seasonal and diurnal patterns of entrainment, Pumped samples are acceptable provided the pumpdoes not damage fragile organlsms. X pumpwhich oil1 transfer small fish without harm 1s often satisfactory for rooplankton and benthos. Non-toxic material should be used throughout the sampling system.
Nets used to concentrate zooplankton and benthos from the pumped sample should be metered. or the pumping rate should be tlmed to provide an accurate determlnatlon of the volume flltered. Samples should be taken fn duplicate. Xf novertical stratlflcatlon of organisms le documented, duplicate mid-depth or duplicate lntegrated samples may be taken. Sampling sites should be establlshed in the forebay, lamedlately ahead of the traveling screens, and aa close as posslble to the point of discharge. Samples should be carefully concentrated in non-toxic containers and inspected microscopically for mortallty and damage as soon as possible after collection, Samples should be collected in the forebay and at the discharge during a 24-hour period at least monthly. Duplicate samples should be taken every 3to 4hours during the 24 hour survey. Phytoplankton Phytoplankton are susceptible co entrainment and possible damage in cooling water systems such that rates of mortality, growth, reproduction, and primary production are affected. Studies to dete-he those effects should lnvolve microscopic examination, Yssuruent of chlorophyll concentrations, measurement of r&tee of primary production, and observations of cell growth and division. In most cases, effects are of short duration and confined to a relatlveiy small portion of the water body segment. Phytoplankton, however, should not be dismlssed from consideration wlthouc aprelfmlnary assessment of uniqueness or special importance of the species’ assemblage at any particular site. Special sampling methodology can be found in reference 20.Looplankton Zooplankton sampllnc vi11 generally be directed towards detcrllnatl:,n of entrainment impact by an lnt,lke structure. ;:(1r-lplanictrrn .lre essent i;llly #nlcroscoplc animals suspcndcd in \J:tt(*r vith near-neutral huoyjncy. Hcca~~sc nf thrlr l)t1~3icnl ct!,~rICterlst its, most arc 1ncap;lble of sust.llned mobilttv tn Jir(‘(‘t L~II+ agdtnsr water flow and drift passively in cl112rurrc’lics.
tn mnst cases, intake effects Jrti of relatively stlort C!IIC.ICic)n and confined tn a relat tvely smilll port ion of the water beady segment because of short lift span and regcnerat Lve cap,?citv. Znoplaniton, tlouever, should nnt he dismissed fron cnnsijcr.Lt ~~‘9 without apreliminary assessment of the importance or unlqcr<~ncs~ of the species’ assemblage at the site.
I. Follorup 5tudies
Afollow-up monitoring program Is also necessary at existing plants to determine whether the approved intake in fact minimltes environmental impact. In cases uhere an exlsttng intake has been approved, lt wuld bc expected that the monicoring proWram could be on Areduced level fron that noted above. Hoveve r,where signlf tcant changes in tntakc locatton, design. cnnstructlon, capacity, or operatton have taken ptace, .-Ipr~~gram comparable to the pre-operational nne shauld be fnlloved.

## -45-

XII. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The goal of impact assessment is to analyze and reduce biologicalsurvey data to a form easily conceptualized and understood in the context of best available technology to minimize adverse environmental impact of intake structure location, design, construction, and capacity.The following approaches are suggested for use, although their application will not be appropriate in each case: 1. Biostatistical Analyses In general,the minimum reduced raw sample data should include the arithmetic mean,the standard error (or the standard deviation),and the sample size from which these calculations were made. If a large number of measurements or counts of a variable (e.g., species) are made,the data may be summarized as a frequency distribution. The form or pattern of a frequency distribution is given by the distribution in numerical form (as in a frequency table). However, the data is more clearly evident in a diagram such as a histogram (i.e., a graph in which the frequency in each class is represented by a vertical bar). The shape of a histogram describes the underlying sampling distribution. Known mathematical frequency distributions may be used as models for the populations sampled in the study,and the frequency distributions from samples may be compared with expected frequencies from known models. The spatial distribution of individuals in a population can be described in quantitative terms. In general, three basic types of spatial distribution have been described. They are: a random distribution, a regular or uniform distribution, and a contiguous or aggregated distribution. The spatial dispersion of a population may be determined by the relationship between the variance and the mean, as well as by other methods. In a random distribution, the variance is equal to the mean. The variance is less than the mean in a uniform distribution, and it is greater than the mean in a contiguous distribution. In general, a Poisson distribution is a suitable model for a random distribution, a positive binomial is an approximate model for a uniform distribution, and a negative binomial is probably the most often used, among possible models, for a contiguous distribution. Temporal and spatial changes in density can be compared statistically. Significance tests for comparisons of groups of data may be parametric when the distributions of the parent populations are known to be normal, or nearly normal,from previous experience or by deduction from the samples. Often,non-normal data may be transformed into data suitable for such testing. Otherwise, non-parametric tests for significance should be applied.

## -46-

2. Predictive Biological Models Models used to simulate currents (circulation models) and the dispersion of constituents (concentration models) are becoming more available for use in assessing impact. These models, when soundly-based conceptually,can usually be verified against hydrographic data and, therefore, represent an important tool for considering the influence of a power plant on its surroundings. Diverse population and community models can be developed, but the assumptions on which they are based are difficult to test and the parameters difficult to estimate. Some important parameters depend on long time series of data (tens of years) and no level of effort can offset the requirement of time. These problems with biological models can sometimes be overcome by making“worse case”assumptions and estimates, but this course may tend to produce a plethora of models indicating potential disaster. Nevertheless,models are a means of integrating the available information and the subjective underlying assumptions about a problem in order to produce the most rational answer based on the inputs. In this regard, some models way serve an important rule in assessing impact. As previously noted,hydrodynamic models in theory can he used to predict the source of water drawn through a power plant intake structure. This is done by simulating the movement of drifters or the dispersion of a constituent originating at a particular point in the area modeled. The simulation is carried nut for sufficient time for most of the material to be transportedto the point of the assumed intake structure where it is considered entrained,or for the material to be transported sufficiently far away from the intake structure so that it has little chance of future entrainment. This procedure must be repeated (or performed simultaneously) for numerous constituent origins and for numerous initial flow or tidal conditions. These results will provide isopleths of entrainment probabilities surrounding a proposed intake structure. The isopleths can be compared with the biological value zone to assure that the plant will not draw a high percentage of entrainable organisms from highly productive areas. Various intake locations may be considered to minimize impact. In practice,it might be very expensive to calculate the probability of entrainment isopleths (source area) of an intake structure because a large area may have to be modeled and considerable computer time expended.-4iFor a glvrn (:tltL~:al aguat lc organism, 1I may be poeslblr to use hydrodynamic modeLa to ttstlmatt! the percc nt reduction tn annual recruitment resulting from entraLnment ot pelagic early Life stages, Uhen the source of pelagic eggs and/or larvae fs knovn, the dleperslon of thls blologlcal naterial around the study area and the consumption by aplant Intake may be simulated, Lndlcatlng the reduction In recruttment that ~111 result. Xnthis procedure, entralrunent mortality Is separated from natural mortality. If natural mortality Is drnslty dependent, the impact of power plant entrainment vi11 be overestimated or underestimated vhen entralnment mortality 1s estlmated separately from natural nortallty.
The method described above for estimating the reduction Ln recruitment resulting from entrainment can only be applied, as stated, for closed systems. For the more common sttuat ion vhrrc! some larvae are dlspersed out of the modeled study area (area for vhlch clrculatlon and dlsperslon is simulated) addltlonal aseumptlons are requlred. If It Is reasonable to assume that once organleme have been transported out of the modeled study area they have a Lov probability of contributing to support of the adult populatlon of the study area. Then the dispersion of organisma around the study area for a period of time equal to the length of the species’ vulnerable pelagic phase can be simulated vlth and vlthout the entrainment lmpacr of asimulated pover plant. By comparing the number of organisms remalnlng In the 8re8, the reduction In recruitment to later stages of the life cycle may be estimated. This approach vas used in reference 21. The approach lgnorrs tht! posslb Le Lmpact of a reduction in the number of organlsms dlspcrsed outslde the modeled study area and other supporting pllpul:ltions.
For open systems vhere peleglc entrainable orEanlsms are dlspersed out of amodeled study area, it 1soften necessary to consfder the effect of aplant on biological material transported across the model boundarier 8nd lnco the system. If sufi iclent lnformatlon 18available, the concentration of organisms .lt the boundaries may be lnput to the model aa boundary conditions. Again, the sltuatlon vlth and vithout a plant intake could be simulated and the number or organisms remalnlng tn the modeled study area could be compared in order to derive an estimate of thr reduction In recrultment. The reduction in recruitment ~111 clhange 89 the population of the modeled study area 1s reduced and becomes more dependent on the input of biological material 3crosa the boundaries. Hydrodynamic models 8re of little value for predicting the entrapment-impingement mortality rate sufferetl by populet ions. In the case of separate but eimilar Lntakes, ~hts rate can be estlcaated after one Is operational. Results m,ly then be extrapolated to e8cimate the lmpact of additional Intakes. Predictive model8 for entrapment-impingement *trt! under development but have not yet been validated.-i,HSUC+ simulations reqllire knowledge 111t\le life tahlc i(lr tllc species being considered. I.ifc table infor-nat ion for some species may be based on the literature. It my St2pnssible to supplement thls information vlth kncwledac Kained from fielzi stud fes. The age-(or length-) fecundity functinn and the egg production-recruitment relationship nllst also be knovn. The latter may hc of three foras: (1) recrultmcnc as a line;lr function nf egg prodtlctlon, (2) rrcry;t!fn,tra;jj a density dcpcndent function of egR product ion, recrul tment independent of egg product inn. The clloice of CIIL* appropriate egg production-recruitment relatlnnship and estimation of parameters must be based on ttlc available hlstorlcal information on the spcctes. At ledst twenty yedrs of data Is probably required to make such a dcclsion. In trlv absence of enough data, the assumption of a linear egg production-recruitment relatlnnshlp 1sappropriate. Yote that for alinear egg productlon-recruitment model, there 1sonly J single equllibrilrm condition, and any plant related <Tortallty is Likely to disturb this equilibrium.
If the populatton 1s not isolated, cxcllange with clthcr pnpulatlons may be modeled. The results of mark dnd recapture experiments may be useful for estlmatlng exchanp,e rates.-49-

3. I‘hc aratlltrds for a~sscsslnx impact described in this sect:on are uscflll but of unkuoun validity. ‘lost ,~sscssmcnts hasc!. on biolS3K;fcal nodcls hnve :iet to be fictd verif icd. ;)cvt’1.3,1- ment n! predictive nodels for .Isscssing impact sllrwld bc encouraF;ed but only Jftcr full cnnstderatinn of the diff icult tes involved, the cxpcnsic compared to the reltabllity of results, and tile dangers of .I“worst case” analysis. Community Response Para3cters
The populations of all spec Les tn agiven area or voltlne are defined as ;1cnm~unlty. Although the term “c(~nmIInIty” is considered ;1useful concept tn dellncat lng tllc group of interactlnc spccics In nn area, it is believed to be a subjcctlvc entity. Thus, for speclf lc stlrdles 3nc tests 0f hypothesis, the composltlon of the com‘lunity rnilst bc strictly dcftncd. (ommuntt~ rtlsponsc p~ra~ncters, such as changes ln structure, llave snnet imes been studied and cst imated by certain mt11tivariate clnssif icatton techniques. VarioIls measures of spccles diversity trr assnclatlnn cncfflcicnts have also been employed LOne.isure connunity response to perturbat Inns.
In estim;rting ccwiunlty dlversity, tile 3nc)stwidely used indices .ire ttlose based nn information tlleory. l&en tlrc sample of species’ ahuntianccs may IJCcnnsidercd randnnly t.iAen fran an eccll(Tgical cnnnu~~ity or subcnrlnllnity, tllc Slbannr>ll index (also referr4 tn as tile Shannon-Wiener or Shannon Ueaver Index) mdy bc cased. If the sample may not be considered a randiw set of species’ abundances taken frcln ,I LarKer specits’ aF:r,rcj:.it ion I3f interest, ttlen tllc Rri 1Irwin Etther index may be cnnputed vith Index sh”ul’ be ““‘~~ .Ind, in either case the logarithmic conputat ional ease * base clscd must bc stilted.
Tllc sl\ortccrmin,:s of a11 exist Lng indices of spr’cies’ divrrstty and the biolnglcal phcnnncna which nay influcance thcsc vcl111es sttould be recognized. References 2H, 29, nnd 30should he cnnsulted for further exolanation of diversity indices and thctr utility.
For the purposes at Il;lnd, the phrase “classiflcatinn nf communities” is util tzed for prwesses chat snrt species into groups, and it incllrdes both discriminat Lnn -2nd clustering. In gcnerdl, discriminatinn tcchnlqws begin uittl apriori cnnceptuaL disttncttnns nr with data-5odlvlded fnto a priori groups. Then one should proceed to develop rules uhlch separate data Lnto these aprior1 categories. Clustering techniques, on the other hand, use apriori selection of ameasure of sLmllar!ty, acriterion, and aclass description to flnd Inherent emplrfcal structure In data, i.e., clusters. Clustering does not use an externally supplied label and lnvolv~s ffnding derived data groups vhlch are Internally slmflar. h good rcvlev and summary of various dlscrlmlnatlon and clustering procedures is provlded in reference 31.
The aquatic environment can often be stratified In somevay, such as by depth, substrate composltlon, etc. It is suggested that such stratification be done and that tables shoving the frequency, or denslty, of each species at each environmental stratum be compiled. These tables are anaji)gous to the distribution cumes made In agradtent analysis, Land are considered a natural and useful description for species assoclatlon data. It 1s suggested that these tables be the basis for certain multlvarlate methods of data analysis for spatial and temporal varlabtlLty, such as cononlcal variate analysis described in reference 33. In addition, for these data which now contain aprior1 groupings, the linear dlscrlminant funct lon mayalso be successfully utlllzed for testfng the differences among environmental strata uslng multiple measurement or counting data.
4. BLologlcal Value Concept
The concept of establishing relatlve biological value zones In the water body segment lmpactrd by a cooling water Intake structure could be a useful approach in determfning best technology available for intake design, location, and operation to minimize adverse environmental impact. The principal use of thls concept Is In delfneating the optimal location ulthln the vater body for mlnlmum Lmpact on the biota potentially involved with the speclflc intake structure.
The ersence of thls concept is ln establishing blologlcal value of various zones for the water body segment (or other deflned area) uithln vhlch the intake structure is to be located. A judgment of value 1s made for the representative important species considering type of involvement with the tntake (entrapment, impingement, entrainment) and the numbers of each vhfch are adversely Impacted. Results are summed up by species, seaeonally or annually, and represented by graphical means to depict areas of the vater body highly important to the species and, conversely, areas of low relatLve value, thus potentially favorable lntake structures.-5lYettlodology. The frill louinK ?letilodoln<y for asinK the !IA,?!

..;:.li value cnncept 1s based on :let!lods devel.>I‘c*,! and utilizcc ;q connt~n~ty plannin,: studies JS descrlbcd in rrfercnrc I&.
I’se of ttlc SInlogical VJIJC cnncept vould req”irt? .~ccept~r~~:c a\t the rc.l~on;Ibleness of sever.11 basic premises:
1. T11cr~*are areas of Jlf ferent cnnccnt rItions of rcpreschnt.1: LV,: 1npt)rtant species vithin tllc vatcr body scgmcnt conprt+tn): potent i,ll sites for an intake structure.
2. .\rcas of hlnlogicnl concentrations c-anhc cxprc1sscc :Y tt:r,‘\ of rclat ive value to perpetuiit ton 0i rcprcscrltac ivy- in;:~lrL.:*:l species PopulJt tnns in ttle vatrr body scp,,ment.
I. The arca ni zone of least bioloRica1 valrle, expressed in rc!;lt ive terns of pnpulatlnn densities, would bc t!lc I~~~LTII It,cat ion fnr 3n fntake structllre In order to redlIce .I(Ivcrsc environnen tJ1impact

. This Ls not a preclsc method bec.:.lse cjf inexactness of differentlat tng rclnt lve value between spcc Lcs Jnd diff lcul ties in comparing importance of loss betveen eggs, larvae, ,lnd Jdults. 4ls0, Lt Is ‘lssumed that tile adverse impact on the populatL;lns of critical squat tc organisms 1s significant to some drL;ree .~nd tticreforc, tt LscJesirahle to minimize tllis impact, thus ,:lvini: importance, to best available intake locations.
If one CJII determine that one spccles is more important than annti\er, one can vcigh it in some way. tf not, least cclnccnt r.ttions of crft lcal squat Lcnrganisms in any one location lnqic,ltc its intrinsic sultabtlity for lntake structure location. 3-

Astep-by-step procedure could include:
1. Select crit tcol aquatic organisms; and
2. Divide water body segment into spatial cclnpartments (USC hydrological model).
For each species and spatlal compartment:
1. netermine life stages potentially involved with intake and type of involvement (entrapment, imptngement, entrainmerit);
2. Estimate numbers of organisms involved at reprrscntat tvc times during the annual nperat fan cycle;-52-

3. Estlmatc numbers nf those involved CIIJ~ are L&,sc (deter-;:c percent survival or .lortallty of those entrained or ~nplll't-~) on .lrl annual basts;

4. h:sCimate conversion rat ins to express t*zf,:s .IIIL~I.lrv.lk* IS)51 tn terms nf ntlmber of adults (tl~is Is aVJ~IIC Jtddj;ment ,inll assumes the 109s of clne cgt; is nnt a5 fTnportanc co sibrvlv.ii nf the species as tile loss nf an .idllI c).;
5. Develop CIICdata matrix fnr cnnstructinn nI t11cbiol~~lIc.~l value level nverlay charts (Table I);

6. CofIStrUCt cran.Spdrent IWCr1JyS for ea-Icfl SpCCicS IJn Ctl;lrc Vf vater body segment. Areas nf different impact Antrr’ns \lf nrganisms lost due tn involvement witli tllc intake scrtlCt44rc* could be color-coded; e.c., areas nf -747stval11f2 could bc J,lrr gray; areas of lc;lst value, clear. r,cnrrA 1Iy, tlirre lrve lD nf v3lue vfll sufflcc;

7. Superimpose overlays for (111 reprcscntat ive important spcc 1~s on chart to obtain cnmpositive value, indicated by relative color, fnr all spatial compartments in the vacer body segment; and
3. Analyze graphic display of relatlvc value snd identify light-toned areas as most favorable tntake sites, heavy areas as least favorable.
The methodology is intended to be flexible. Varinus sriarlcs of different colors could indicate cnmparative value bctueen selected species or variations Lndensity vitll depth. ThC value grades could bc expressed in terms of their rel.xtinn to pnpulat tons nf critical aquactc organisms ln tile overall vntcr body to provide insight on importance of the spccif ic scy,mcnt studies to the vhole system.
The biological value concept for analyzing survey data in tVlc determlnat ion of best technology avai Lahlc tn 3inirniae advcrsc environmental impact appears to liave ttic principal appt Ication ii sclcctlnn nf the minimal imact zones for lncatlng tllc intal;c stfuc Cure. The usability nf tile cnnccpt is, of course, dSlt.jdependent. As noted, it 1snot preclsc, 

### but at least incc~raccs multiple factors and presents adefined inllic;ltion of suirahilit:d fOt locatton of an intake structure Ln the affected vater body segment.
Three-dimensinnal computer graphic cectlniques can also be

portray spatial and temporal distrlbue ion nf hinln~ic.11-53-

Time-series graphs can be useful in depictfng the dynamic nature of occurrence and abundance of adesignated species during the annual operating cycle of the intake structure. The principal application would appear to be ln the determination of the optimal location of the intake structure. Also, graphic representations of the biologically predicted mathematical model output could aseist fn more clearly depicting intake structure impact on populatfona of Representative Important Species (RIS).-54-

TAB1.E I
FiXAWLE nATA HATRIX (SPECIES 1) DATA SHEET (SPATIAL CWWARTHFXT [A] )

I I 

### fLost I 1 Numbers i Calculated F.quiva- I Value 

### I TYPE Organism Involved (If assumed other OF I I than 100 2) I l.ost I lent Adult Loss 1Gr.4de INVOLVEMENT 1

I ERRS 1Larvae 1Adult ! Eggs I Larvae I Adult IL.1 L.1 A i E. 

### IL. IA. 

### 1Total iI. II, III i t 

## I I I I 1 

## I I I 1 I I I I I
f I I I I 1 

## II 1 I Entrapment 

## I 1 1 I I I I I I



## I Implnjiemcnt I I I I 

## I I I I I I 

## I I I I 

### I 1 I I I Entrainment I I I I 

### I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I

1 

## I I 1 I I 

## I 1 I I I I I I 1 I Total Effect/ ! 1 I I 1 

### I I I I I 1; /I I1 I 

### I I I 

## I I 1 I I I 

## I I I I I I 

## I I I

## -55-

XIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The concept of a 316(b) Technical Guidance Manual was initiated by an interagency working group comprised of James Truchan, Michigan Department of Natural Resources;Howard McCormick and Alan Beck, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; and Phillip Cota, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The first draft of the Manual was completed in December 1975,followed by a revised version in April 1976. The Manual in its present form is the product of the following individuals who provided comments and assistance: James Truchan and Robert Courchalne.Michigan Department of Natural Resources; W. Lawrence Ramsey, Maryland Department of Natural Resources; Allan Reck, Alan Seers, William Brungs, Stephen Bugbee, William Jordan, Tom Larsen,Harvey Lunenfeld, Howard McCormick, Gary Milburn, Eric Schneider,and Lee Tebo, U.S.Environmental Protectinn Agency; Thomas Cain,Phillip Coca,Bennett Harless, and Michael Masnik, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Agency; Philllp Goodyear, Mark Maher, and Roy Irwin,U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; William Anderson II, Hunton,Williams, Gay & Gibson; J. Roy Spradley, Jr., National Association of Electric Companies, Charles Coutant; Oak Ridge National Laboratories; Rajendra Sharma, Argonne Laboratories, Saul Saila, University of Rhode Island, George Mathiessen, Marine Research Inc.; and Gerald Zar,Northern Illinois University. Special acknowledgment goes to Howard Zar, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,who was responsible for reviewing and incorporating comments received into this Manual. Overall coordination and preparation of this Manual was done by the Industrial Permits Branch, Permits Division, Office of Enforcement,U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.

## -56-

XIV. LITERATURE CITED 1. Schubel, J..R. 1975. Some comments on the thermal effects of power plants on fish eggs and larvae. In: Proceedings, Fisheries and Energy Production, A Symposium. Saul B. Saila, Ed. D.C. Health & Co. Lexington, Massachusetts. 300 p. 2. Marcy, B.C., Jr. 1973. Vulnerability and survival of young Connecticut River fish entrained at a nuclear power plant. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30(8) : 1195-1203. 3. Carpenter, E.J.,B.S. Peck, and S.J. Anderson. 1974. Survivalof copepods passing through a nuclear power station on northeastern Long Island Sound, U.S.A. Mar.Biol. (NY).24: 49-55 4. Beck, A.D. and D.C. Miller. 1974. Analysis of inner plant passage of estuarine biota. Proc.ASCE Power Div. Specialty Conf.,Boulder, Colorado. August 12-14, 1974. 199-226. 5. Beck,A.D. and N.F. Lackey. 1974. Effects of passing marine animals through power plant cooling water systems. (Presented at Symposium on Effects of Nuclear Power Plants on the Marine Ecosystem. American Fisheries Society annual meeting Honolulu, Hawaii,September 7-11, 1974.) U.S.E.P.A. Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island. 6. Odem, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 574 p. 7. Anon. 1971. A Symposium on the Biological Significance of Estuaries. P.A. Douglas, R.H. Stroud, Eds. Sport Fishing Institute. March 1971. 111 p. 8. Leendertse, J.J. 1967. Aspects of a computational model for long-period water-wave propagation. Rand Corp., Santa Monica, California, Memorandum RM-5294-PR. 165 p. 9. A water-quality simulation model for well-mixed estuaries and coastal seas: Volume 1, Principles of computation. 1970. Rand Corp.,Memorandum RM-6230-RC. 71 p. 10. Conner, J.J. and Wang, J.D. 1975. Mathematical modeling of Near-shore Circulation. MIT Sea Grant Report No. 75-13. 272 p. 11. Callaway, R.J.,K.V. Byram and G.F. Ditsworth. 1969. Mathematical model of the Columbia River from the Pacific Ocean to Bonneville Dam: Part 1. Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon. 12. Leendertse, J.J., R.C. Alexander, and S.K. Liu. 1973. A threedimensional model for estuaries and coastal seas: Volume 1, Principles of computation. Rand Corp. Memorandum R-1417-OWRR. 57 p.

## -57-

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. 52(S): - 577-586. Fager, E.U. 1972. Diversity: A Sampling Study. An. Vat. 106(6j: 293-310. Degenedictis, P.A. 1973. Onthe Correlations Between Certain Diversity Indices. Am. Nat. 107(4): 295-302. Nagy, C. 1968. State of the Art in Pattern Recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE. 56(5): 836-863. Uhittaker, R.H. 1967. Gradient Analysis FnVegetation. Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Sot. s: ‘07-264. Pielou, E.C. 1969. An Introduction to Yathematfcal Ecology. Wiley-Interscience, NewYork. 

### 286 p. HcHarg, I.L. 1969. Design with Nature. The Falcon Press, Philadelphia. 197 p. Brown, D.J. and L.L. Low. 1974. Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics in Fisheries Science. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 3-l(12): 1927-1935. !4cErlean, A.J., C. Kcrby and R.C. Suartz. 1972. Discussion of the Status of Knowledge Concerning Sampling Variation, Physiological Tolerances and Possible Change Criteria for Bay Organisms. Chesapeake SCi. ~(Supplement/l2): S&2-S54. Nelson, D.D. and R.A. Cole. 1975. The Distribution and Abundance of Larval Fishes Along the Western Shore of Lake Erie at Monroe, Michigan. Thermal Discharge Series. Michigan State University. Technical Report 32.4. Institute of Water Rercme. 66 p. Clark, J. and W. Brovnell. 1973. Electric Power Plants In the Coastal Zone: Environmental Issues. American Littoral Soclcty Special Publication No. 7. 

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### NewYork. 1
FFsh Impingement Studies at the E. D. Edwards Power Plant, July 1974 - June 1975. (Submitted to Central Illinois Light Company. Peoria, Illinois.) Wapora, Inc. Meyers, C.D. and K.E. Bremer. 1975. Statement of Concerns and Suggested Ecological Research, Report No. 1of the Lake Michigan Cooling Water Studies Panel. EPA905/3-751001. United States Environmental Protection Agency. November 1975. 387 p. Lake Michigan Cooling Water Intake Technfcal Committee. Lake !!ichigan Intakes: Report on the Best Technology Available. 1973. Chicago, Illinois. United States Environmental Protection Agency. August 19, 1973. 148 p. Lloyd, M., J.H. Zar and J.R. Yarr. 1968. Onthe Calculation 

### of Information - Theoretical Measures of Diversity. Am. Yidl. Nat. 79(2): 257-272. - Development Document for Best Technology Available for the Location, Design, Construction and Capacity of Cooling Water Intake Structures for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact

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