''--· . . ·~ WAIMlrARJ.~1cr1t412 6 BB 6 

Off ice of the Chief of the. Air Corps, 

Washington 

Memorandum ·for: 

~:ii . , 

. '?;Jqo, ::i.. ,.~ . ~ 

w~ ·t-4- l'?>~ ~ 

~.~~~·· 

.2~,f,f •. ~~~ ·;J.. ~· 

~-~ALeQ~- .. ~ ~aliJ:~ •..... 

I 0 I'"'"' "l- ~. 

#.3~ 3?-o · .r'"f eclassified 

~ ClQ .5i~~O> \9 1 nd approved 

. . 1 11 , or release 

\jt:Cl!- .. ·~· ·.,J '),. ·, O J '° y NSA on 

, 8-06-2014 

w~,t}- t 07, ~y ursuant to 

;. : , 0. 13526 

J~~~.~1, 

~ ~ 'flfZ_, . . . CHAS. hoWE 

Patents Sect ion S. C. 

Room 3143 .Branch 1313 
,..._ 46_ 

-

--· .. ===J~"'~--:~'~:~~ ., 

.A. 

, --- ..... ~ · .. - ~·-r·~~t-:t=J---i-i~--;o-FC!-j -- •' ·=u:.f;~r1i~:_:b "%I ~-s-~a~-~::i~+==~=!==t=!=jt=1=j==i=j=j ""'"""'"' - _ .. 2' - - - • ~ a 48 

---------1 t--.- . _4· 0 h .. ,, . ' . Ln. - ~ u ~ ' u 

.. . I ij 

i 

I 

I 
,• ,·· 

. .._. 

: \ ·. 

., 

. . · ·.· .... 

. · . . .. . t :i ~ ... ,-

. i •. ·. 

.. \ ;®u :'·:.f~. ~=:~4·1·2·~·~_-f1:6· . 

'·.· ·. . \ . ·- • •.+ 

. ~ · .. ; 

• • f 

. . . 'tilW!)l%! ''° CQLOSt:JL t.IPPl!j00ft? : .·· . 

• ...... ,l' . f . ·.-. .• .... . .1 • ~ • • • "'i - • 

. : . . 'r . . . . .. ' ." . . . ~· . . . . .. r :.- ': • . ' · ..... · .. > : • • • • • ' • .. • • • • • • • : ' • 

·: ~ .:filr. ·P()lton, !:~" Ball arHi·.th® -~!'<;el' ·vont,tc>" t~)tn~nt Otttoe in tU.ebL."!Oiul . t • ...1 .. ' '· .. _ < • • • • • ~. ••• ,.. ' •• ..... • • : • ...... : • • •• ' • 

. · · o~ ·~o~ei :9•. 1~42~ · :111, puree so. ot': tile"tN.p tta.~ .,t<> -1<>~a, t1rst-ht!itid,. tho.~-

. · · ·: ·n~-~. in .tihicb" o~o:~t;- ~ppl~c~~i~3 wa1~0. h~nt.il.0d:~r .~?ia· Pt\teut <:~ti~b" ~d to @o; 

\ 

. . . . ·:. . . ~ . ' . .·... ' . . . · __ . \.. . ! . . - ' . '. ' • . . : • . . -. ; . ·~ ; . . .. , . ~ ·- . . . -. ' '~ .. . - • ; '. " ; 

· ·'. tomi'ti:e. both· 'the pr~o&duteil? anti .. t~rJ. ~ao:U i d.os _:\t'o~ o.l)deil"v~r;ss GfbCre~y.. . 1 

. · · ·. ·-:b1 Di~i-aio~G .~1.-,.1~,: .~~-:,~3::~~-:-!;lt\.·1~.·w~~ "t~uu~d.t~~: ooorGl;lp~lloe.tionrs .. f 

· ·. -~er,:~·.t~apt·'~u .. the ~rawe.r or.~ ··st~oi. ·d~c~ b~i~~$i~s- t~ the Qhte.t ot the. n1v1a1011 I 

.·in ~?h ca-~e' @~.·l().Q~tj4·~4~r6ln.~~,. the'_-~hi~f o~ .. Di:it1$1o~~-u~~al11 kooping't~o key~ -

1~ ·n1vioicuo1 lUl tarid :S.3-~r6 k~;t -·~a~~ of' the ·'hit;thly tieo-rti~ tU"y,pto~r;ap,;'i appl1ao.t101u1· 1. 

•.Of ~~·~1p1 COvpo; • IT.. ;re tui:oied_~~~ U lltvietO!\ ~!! t~!'• •~O<IO We,. &iWn I 

to ttio metiQeJ:lS.¢.Ylil t:o~ .ill.a :purpo~G- 'of ~atl'!y~nt to oth6Ji'..,,~J7ta ~r tho.'.bu1,l.dinz to I 

<)b~~n pbo~cta~p ··~ ~<> be. dof1~~~d ·.~ .·\,~~ Gm;.;tt~fo. 'tt i~ further tmd,;_;~ I . ·. tttood' .t~t tMo~: ~Ga~ns~r-$ '~nit~ '~t b~on _ol.mirad~ i'.~:t. BOO?"l)Cy~ .. !he atQ\~ri o~. . . ... : . . ·=-. .. ·. ' .- . ' . . . ; . -. ·~. . .., \ . . •, J - • • • • • • ~ • '.. -~ • . • • 

· ·· .~ ' ~n~rn C1ut,t otli~rs ·in tb1a. :r~t~.t'cl 1$ ri~ .,kJ.W'1n. · ·.lit :riiv1eit>n :-tSG. the Ol1$oa arG ·: ... ~ •. '1, ·- . .: , . ,· .. _'.·;.' .'· ..... · .• " .· "-i _,_.:. ·~. ··, ., ... · .j ~ • . .. :·· •• • .,--... ·~ ,• ' : -~ • •.• • •. . • ~ . 

·liop11 ... l~ ~· loolto4 ~~«hlr-4:, -til.~.: ·In~ P1 '11b!ou '$6~ · tl~y ~u·o l:wpt ··1.n ail old 11.1tundll:ni . . ': ' ... . - ·. . .. . .. ~ : .. - "~· - . .., . ' .' . _. . ..-. . 

.rile•·.uhiel~ :i~_~ro'1id~4 ~~··,°' :a,jck~ ·:In ru.rl:i;iQn· ~1 •. thart> ir:i"a koy-loekot file 

· wb~o~. fi¥Js.t ~aa~J4 .~ptoG~o~"~~t'.;·,~~l~~tloli ·tii0 ;obl~~:~:;·,. ?h.Q ·~ey for" ~d·: .· . ... ·- _ ... ·. ,', •":·· ..... ~~- ·:._·. , .. ~ ·:·_-':···· .. ,'· ~··'· - -':~_: ... , .· - .. . . 

cablneit" r..a-G it;opt. in tho doe)( ·of:' ti~ce ·Asei~ta~t · C~izyf · 1~ne'il' of ~lia t Di. vldon .. 

·. r:.~." .~ o'ltotJ,'·~&a~-.~~r~.~t~<ln ~t .. ~r~ r~:u -~d,~ith:an. o;~~r =~ii'1ed: .. :t.y[rr' •. ;· 

, . ':" • . .. : .-: . : "'. ,:. " : . ,• _.: ... • -_· • ·. '_ . : . ' : ": ': . ~ . ' •• •. · :·. . I . . . 

fl'411, · p#·oeecd$d to .tha. phptoa'bt .room· an4 !:titro.d\u.i9d bi1mself' an ·rl!l ~loywGY ot . ' " .. ·. . :, : .. ,:·:_ .. ~. .· ' ·'_~':" : .. ·. \ : ·- . .. ; : .·... . .... t~e fliSMl Corpm,,, mtb niJ oth~i:,o: id~nti.fi'c~t#iou. ·Mil .~e~Don.r.il,lu .b"inl! ®known to · 

th~ ~~~rs ~f th~· pho~~t~t: ~wo. ·•. ~()~-:~~~d~ .tf•e o~~ to ·th~ 0~10t" q~, tl~~ . ' . .--- .. : .. ·. - . '~ ,· ' .· ·:: .. ·,,-_,;. . ·. ,_".... ' . ·.':. ... ·' .. '. . . . 

. Oividn'n;, :~ci;.t6 or~r' eqlliPf; :eo'~ a: ~ho'to~Ui,ti~'. ()Op;f or··~aoh ah@()li) of', "th0; dNYJin(i 

ot ~n 'a.~t7ii_~!A_tio~· f!l~d-~b;:tl}t>: Si~n~J.: ~orpa,' ud a~?tQ4'.tf: ttnci ph~~o~ta:t could lfo . . . -. ' . . . . . , . . . . . . 

. : 

_ turntsbed· ~hat @.ftoru<>o~~':;'~o .-~~~~ be~nt; in they ~rts.~tivo, ··t~~~ ?eltou ~tu · .. . . . . . . > . . . '.· . . . : .: . " _.,. :·~ ·.:' '~ :,. . - :· : ' . .,: .. : . : . ' . . " / .. : . 

.• .. . f:4t· the ;&pl,l&>lntQd-how- ·u.n~ ~e ~Att<lo_<i thu. photo:s~.. U11 ~i\i~h-~~:. ~donti.fio~tio~ . .. ' .. . . . . . . . . ~ .. . 

'.· 
I 

·_;,;·4 

... •·· 

' . ' ·'""-') ' . 

... 

'"I 

. -~ 

REF ID :A412'~886 

, .. 

t .. 

- . . t ' .. ·. -

: . ~a~. requcste~:. · . ' ... 

\. 

• . .:. .. .•I• 

·.· .. ·· .· .· ,: · .. · aaoh Divlai1;m h~a- a dooket~~ook. which in.Ql~des t.11.o. Serial Uu,mber,, filint 

!· ·. • . . .• . • • . . . ~ . . . 

date; ~~ ·;.,,r th.o inverttor. ·tHao of the appli,ootioμ, tpe status thereof, o.nd 

< . . .. ' . ,' • '' .. ·. . :. . . ' I.,; . '· - • • ' • " ., • ; 

I .• ·. , ' . '. ,, \, • • 

.~r-".e ot .tlio .~YMd11ar to .Tlhom it is. charged •... Th~se books ara kept on. the desk . . '•. - . . ' - . . . . 

'" • • •• : ... • 4 ''( : • l , • ' ... . • '. • • • \ . ' - : • • • ~- . ~ • • 

of. tho' clerk" or· the Division tl.rlo. are not· in· tlu)· :.aaf'e•. Tlhile these books e.:ro . . . - . . . . . . ' ; . . . ~- ·. ' . . . . 

. . 

infor~tion,. · J.ml: thoroby ·(~et· the data .with ~which ·to ·plac~ an· o'rdcr airailo.r to ,. • ! • , :- ' • • • , ~ ' • • • I ' 

.: :,, . . . . ' .,' .. . " . . . ;that t;iven to t.he.photootat. t9~fll.bY Mr.:~olton. ; 

i, . . tn1$n· an t\ppl1cation ia :£i1®, . i, t i.ti n¢t gut' in a. loel:;ed cabinet of ally :typo'~ . ~1· •• · . • . • -~ •. •· . • , .f' 0 ,, . ~:·. . 

· ~even though the ~as~. may bG .. soo~et~. ·u'ntil ~$ exat1h.1or i'e'oeivea'. b1f(;>r.::io.tion tb.at . . . . . . ·f. ~ I" . . . . : . .. '-· . ·. . . 

_:. .: cthe· Cl\SO 'ts·' GfH'),r.~t;, ·,Sefem 't.ha~ ·time~ ~he Cf!ll~OS Ci.re kegt in racks lllOWJ .thG aide . . . _........ . • . . . ! ' . . c ~ 

·· .. ; ··~f' tho ~11 r.irtd: th.i? ·~r~~ngs' ~:re: kept. inur~~kod .tile oebinet·s, 'acoeeGible tQ }J)ttf- . . . . . . . ... . " : . . . ·. I\. .. ' . ' 

:··&'fly 'psreo~ l':l'hO ·~l~hti'. broott in after he>urs • 

. )'he ~ocuJ!'ity o~ th~ pb~tion: ·of. ti1e PG.tent Clffioo in .. .\7ae.hingtqri has boon .· ~ ~~ 

"» und~r ·constant .~l>s~r:w.t~o~: for some time by ·Mr~· · l~nl l and :Mr~ Pel ton.' 'this in• ,i' • j,:· • •• • •,. t . . . ~ ' . . ' . . ,· 

. v~:u;Jti(Sation ha.a r-evf,)ale~ 'tbe looked fHe oo.binets in 'tha War ))!vision a.re not · , . ' . . . . . '" . . ' .• ·1· 

-<_. of e.pprov~d. Qonstruction* tiiey being k$-.r-lo~ed tile oabinots.: t:lr. v:'(e!sh. kof.;1po ·\; •• ~ ... • • • • ' .. ' ' CJI ••• ' ' •• 

. ,,: the t~~ys "1n: t:h"'-'d~tii~er or' hi~ ste"Ol deai~~ · Jlt mny he ·added that ?.?Jr. ;relah's ~- ' . ' 

: " desk l\ppears tO b'.o habi tuaU.y' ~ocked; even thtcu.ghout the dQ.y· except when~ a(ltual ' . . 

I ~ - . . '"· I • 

.. . 1:ise re~irca it 'be temporarily ·u~loe~ed. 

·~ :... . . .. 

Applications filed in the Patout 0.f'fiee .J.n<:iluda drttvting~. · _These 1'b~t\V1ingo 

. . • • • • .. . 1 

~~re s(l)nt to·· a c;omnie,rei~l phoi;Os~e.tic company'in ~a'.shiligton .{'.or photo1:rtatilllS•. Th~ 

.· ·' · · ~pplica.tiona, ~?·e processa~ t~ou1th the Pstot1t. o£~~co ln re~ular· eours0 Qf bu~in<'Jf1S 

' ' , . s.imiln~ to unclae.sif1.ed or p~rhaps "restriritad" pfl.por~ 6r ·the tJar Department. . . . . . .' 

· . . .. ,:t ... 
... 

.,. ' ,·.· '. 

)' 

·.· 

. ' ..... · 

' .. 

)~ .. /. r· ·,. !·' 

:. ~ .i 

., · ~F' -~ID.: A4.l2 6·a ~-6 .... 

.... .:: ... ~ - .. __ ._ .. ' 

'•' '1 ·:; 

. '• -~ "':'. 

; : ~ :·" ·; 1,. 

.; .· 

'· .. , '•' 

... \ : . 

: ~ ·t..·., . -

:'.i.#~-:~t' proyid.ed·iv!itn· an ·ar~a g~rd anq, gQP:e~ai1¥ .~~~e:a· negJJ'o-thic~ 'driver~.:·· ?lle' • ,,_ '• .·, , • , 1. '· , , , , 1 • ·:. r I " . , • . : . ·. ·; , . · • ·~ . · • . , ~ 1 4 , · 

pre·s~nt oqn~ ti~'μ~··: ;f th~ ~~u-eka r~ise· t}10 ·pt,seibili.ty ~f · :;ario.us br©~kdot~ Whioh · ••. ">;-!_.,,·~ .. :: '.: .·-~~~·'. •• ·." : '". '' •• .'.·. , •• · •. ••,' •. • •. •'.· •. ,• •. 

. m.i{lht :e:ndMger the: >seouri ty of. ·t;~ ·doe~nts. ~cintaineci. ·':::The · t..wo ti~oke maet ·at ,. ' . • ' ~. • 1 '1 • • • • ~ . - ' - . . 

,. ·: . ' •. . . . . . . . 

· Fr.edri9ltii~erg~_ .¢ere ·the dr~v~r-s_ e;::~hb.~!o'! .tru<;ks. •t~: is. t:luapootsd. · ort the ·basia -~ •':' • ' '~-'~-~";-,. '{;; •• -· ..... ·.·\"'~ __ , ·~ •• h ,.·:·· ·.!· .. :.· .. -

·;of ~~t.lark(il made, tl'_l~t the. driver:s: •in ~xch~~ing. pleas~tries, 'posaibiy stop in ... . . 

ior -~~nc!V,!o~_e.s• · o/t9~ ,· J.~_e.tl'~~~:·:t~~:.:t?'t1~1p(. ®t;ufi~~,,:c;1 ..... , ··' \ , i . ., . . . '• . · .• ; r ~1:· . • .._ ' , • .' . • ''r 

. '~ 

.< . . . :.. . :. - _, 

. ! 

.. •. ~ 

----------------· ". 

. . ~ .. 

r ,. 

. f' ... 

,. ··,· ·.:·· 

r·. 

'• . 

•" 1· .. 

. , . . ~' ~ . : . ~ 

' ... : . · , r " ., 

~ .. 

' • . 

. ·. 

' . . ~ . . • ... , . ' . . . . . '• :; ,,. . ' ~-

...... 

... ~'-

,. ' ·, ~- ; • .I .•. 

:· .'· .. 

' . : ··>· '. ~· . ·.· .. 

'. 1. ., 

~~-· . ·,. ~ 

j ~' ·. 

' .. '~ : ... ' 

.,, .. .. · ~ 

··:. _.,-: .. _ 

,. 

., .... 

"J: .' ~· 

... '· . 

. ,~- ' 

... 

·: ' 

... 

, .... 

~-:. '· '. . .. , 

···! 

:i ... 

~.' : 

'," .. ··. . ·,, 

., . 

'.· 

""•;' 

•·' .. · 

. '"' .. ; .. · . . , 

· ... ·1. 

'•: 

'. 

. \ 

'· ~- .. 

. • .. ·~ .· . 

,:, ;'. 

.. · 

.·; 

: ·' · ·': m. ::N,.: Moor~'. 

Cap~ain~ Sig~al ocirps . . ''-· . 

·.·'. ~ . - ) .. · 

111·'. · .... ~; 

n~ er Pel ton •' ' .•, • e 

t>atent Adviao~ 

.. '· ~ .· . 

,, 

:~· ... i . . • ' ,\, •. ··.• .. 

. " 

... 

. ., 

( 
REF ID:A4126886 

PAPERS 

1. A means of providing an irregular wheel movement in cipher machine using 

cipher wheels 

1. Carbon copy of final 

2. Original of draft 

3. Carbon copy of draft with hand written corrections 

4. Early draft with photostat 

5. Hand written draft 

2. Instruction sheet and blank for patent application 

3. Report on M-228 (to Col. Cordenna.n) carbon copy 

4. Draft "Replacement of the Present Combined Cipher Machine" 

Carbon copy of staff study · 

5. Report to Col. Lippincott on visit to Patent Office in Richmond 

6. Contribu~ion of the Signal Corps. Carbon copy of pertinent passage from 

· Naval history. 

7. Excerpt from Drew Pearson on the Yalta Agreement 

8. Informal memorandum on faults of cryptographic machine 

CORRESPONDENCE 

1. Letter dated May 16, 1935, subject: Blank forms for code accounting 

2. Letter dated August 31, 1935 on principles of Converter Type M-134-T2. 

3. Photostat of documen:t dated June 26, 1935 on device to be attached -00 the 

electrical counting· sorter, signed by Friedman arrl Rowlett 

4. Photostat of memorandum dated ciuly 6, 193.5, forwarding draft of specifications 

upon which appl,ication for patent on Cipher Device Type M-138 may be based. 

5. Photostat of Routi?g and Work sheet regarding evaluation of patent. 

6. Copy of letter from,Friedman and Rowlett setting forth the principles of 

M-134-T2, dated February i5, 1936. 

7. Copy of letter dated 27 September 1945, subject: Release of Patent 

Application Serial No. 443,320. 

8. Copy ~f memorandum dated 15 January i946, subject: Release of cryptolol§ical 

inventions and developments. 
REF ID:A4126886 

(• 

i 

9. Memorandum from AC of s, G-2, dated 29 April 1946, subject: Release of 

Cryptographic principles I . 

10. Letter dated 20 May 1946, subject: Release of Patent ,Application 

Serial No. 443,320. 

11. Memorandum d?ted 10 April.1947 on Procedure for release of information 

concerning secrecy patents. 

12. Draft of indorsement on patent release of 443,320. 

13. Comments on Patent· Application No. 443,320, dated 29 December 1947. 

14. Memorandum for record dated 25 September 1947 on Meeting with Captain Safford 

.and. engineers of Teletype Corporation. 

15. Memo dated 20 September 1949, subject: Replacement of the CCM. 

- i 
• t ,/",.. _<I ... '• . ,:. ··. . ~ .· 

). ' "' .. ·: ' ·.· .. ( ' '.):· ' ·:· ·~~-~:~6866:/ . .'' .•.. : ; •.. '' >: ' \ 

i •. ·''' ';\.~. ~; f .:~i·:·<~:.:::t:.· ' ;:·, .•• :.\.~;~·)O~u ~.:e B ··~~ .• ' '': .. : .• ',' · .. : ;" '· .• ;.> .. ~ •.•.• r~.· •. :•·· 'l 

· · ·. .. ·• . · ... , ·.:::"_.The Contribution ot"the s1gna1._ Corp·s:. ·_.:;·, .:' ... :·· ·· I : • \ , • - !' • ~ , , ,• ,,' • t~ •. . • .' .' , :: , \ 

... _.,·: -": ·.·: .. :: . 1, •. ·~ .. ,·Fr1edJl1an ·and:.1ritereste'1 ·c>i•r1c~rs_·:~t·· .. s1g~1- Corps Head.~.'. !: ·_. : : · :. q•rterrf ~~:r;e-. f'&'11111ap;_ w;j_ tll ;tht:J ·:varic;>us models" .Qt.: th~ HCM, · but>; . · · .... 

· :,/ ... :: : · ·· : .. ·:-. Jiot ';with .th~· .prospe¢tiv:e, ;-ch&nge_~ ;:;wllich. th~;· N~Vj;.•had -c~nef;laled··:? · · , · .···.: -, . -" .. -,from Hebern •. ·.:Jn>f'ac;t} :the.,-.'si:·~1 Corps purcb.a.sed·"two.or·Hebf:'rn·•s · . :· . . . · ·nonpri!lting .m<>d.els .,1~· .. 1924. .A~. ~~e r~qqest~ ()f' .. the N•VJ" Department; 

: .- . .'.' Friedm&n·Ullder_t·o.ok $Olutions ct:.·the·HCM~in 1923 and-.again in 1932 1 

· ' · . - ·b~ing f'urni~hed_ the·:·Jii&eh1n;e, ·.·code,.:Whe~ls~ 1n1::1tructions; ~~nd_ te_s·t· . · . _., .·. ~ · · _: <?rn>togr~ms .~in,: bot~":+As~nces···f .. '~r~e~~'~was successf'~l· tiot~ _ti_me~, -.~­

," ..... :·:,,.:.;and_ ~eV;el9ped~a_~~e.t1:iod~·,'.~.f :s?lut!on, vhel'ebti: ~<ier.. c~rtaln_' '9o~d1t~6i;is 

·.·· :: ·' .: ·.:~ :.ot. _meter -~:tio~, ,. ~olut+.on _could .be ~a~hieved v:ithout p,osses11:1ion. or '. :· ~- _: ·"··_.·"·-th~· code wheels!' .. As .i;h,~: Navy ::Pepartment .did not intend .to, use a · . , :· '· . · .. ·· ~ ~eter -action ·in the a·tepping · _of' 1 ts service models, these eolu- -..... · - :::.-- . .- ·· .: -.'tions· did no·t-.-worr1" us· parttcutarl7.· .. ·.- Hqvever, the t~chniquea· arid. 

: .. , · ... · ~- . ·. experienc~ gained. 1n-_thes~'. .. s9lutions'.~id -_big dividends -late~,-.. on, ._. ·.· .. :' < '.->.,,.,.· ,·.:a.s?~.the7_.w~~e. 1~~~rum~~tl!lol_;_, .. 1n:.-tll.e' ·solu~1~~-7of. .certain srsteins. which_ : -. ".cannot .be named._-. Th~·~e solutions_ .. · were puQlished in SECRE~ s~tus 

·' · · ·-" .· b7·the. Signal".Oorps in:._1935-~_.as_: · · _.,. . ._.. - ""· ": · -.:- .. ~ ·' · ·: , 

·

1· - A~iY.si.$ ·,~~- a _:-~-e~~~rii~~~~ie_ct~roai: ·cr~t~graph · ,_-,-..~a,r.t i ~:. -::<. _ : ·'. .. _~- . _ . ·.~~;r~-~s·:~r._~::-:-~-~~~j-~~c~)"~~~c~f~::~f~::;?:~to~~a~~- ~ .~a.r\'1::I. _ .. · ··t 

_· ··: .. ·-, .· · ,_·:'",The Navy:·De:Pa~:tme:rit-~was_.- n~t ·'c.onsu1ted::-1n ,:;~he. -.t·ter:, ~ltli.o\lgh :. . · · .. _,.... : .. ·, t~~shed copies. 9f'. -thes~. pamphle.ts. &fte~:pr~11t1ng., This .. caused . · .-.,~. ,:· ·.;· ~ _.. · :- .bad tee.ling ... 011.:be>t}l ·sides "':"~icl>:f':1as ted · f'or.; ~everal months and led - .. ·.,.. . ".< .··to an_· order f'rom the D.N_.c.: tba~,,the': .. S.igna~ .. 'Corp~ .was ne>t to· be. · 

.: ".· ·.- ·show~ the ECM·: :(~~k _I). ~-r ~o· .. ~~,eaJ.'n·,..any··:~f. its ,d•tai:ls •. ,This .order, .. · .·:::, -, : .;: .-was not, revok~d ·unt11·: Janua~7 l.9401· -vhen,:,S!:gnal._Corps rep:r-esentatives 

··:· . :"· 1'...:''-"\.'ere,·1nvited by :A,~ral_-~ot~s, _-,;9.-.}nspe·c.t_-.tl)e Mark :_I.I. E:9r.'i·,_·___- · . -. . · • ~· .. ,.;·. :· 1 . • . • ,.~ .,:,· ·.···:· •.• .., .~ ......... -~~. ... :--·~_ ... ,· __ .·• . .,.,.' •..• ··.:. ' - : . ···{ .• 

(_ :._.,_ · :: 16. · I.ate ·in.1935~ ·9:r_.:·eariy_..in:·1936)-·Fr1edmii:ii disclosed. to coillniand.er 

·. ",, ... ··"-Wenger,: ot .Naval ·Commilnication~, ~h1s· invention.of ~n electric··. · .. ·· ._· · .. .-.: _._ .. _ stepping ·c<?ntro:>; f~r·.the e1e·c~~.i:c· clpher .. U.cJ:iine,· ·and ~hre.e different 

-<·:·''.'·,-_, .. · metho<'-s .J'~r -~~conip).111h1:ng · t~if :e.~:eetric cont.~ol .... The,se·. are all.· 

>->:"._::'.:.,,covered ·in Secr:et"-~"'tent,.Applicat1on #70412,. dated 23 Me.r.ch 1936 1 ' . 

. :. · · · · .1n.· the name or~· w.F•---~-riedinafr'.and ·F .B. Rowlett. Ari. exj)erimental_. ·· _:. "_:·.:- ·model ot an -.electric ·.o'ipher machine. using .one of -the· Fr.ie<'bnan·- . ;· ·· Rowlet~ eleQtrlo '~-~ritrol :method_~· was. ·built:_ b7 the Signal ·corps at . °' .·: • Fort Monmouth, New -Je~se7; ab.out:-. t_his'>tinie and ~hown to· me af'ter :ttB . -. · ··: ... .' .'.·completion~·.-·: Ab.out. 25": or . 30_. or·. :tn~$e. machines· ·were ~de .in sma.11· :. . . ::-' · .. !"· .. · · lots"··up. ·tc:,-1939 ·or .1940 ana:~·-useci'·; for spe'c1al ttpe_s ·of communicatfon, · :"-. . .. '.such ~-s~ Militar1·'Att&ch~s.-_and:._Command1:ng Generals. ·, Thes·e .ArmJ.-, · · · <·: · ~~-- . machines. indicated th~ 'ZO:ei1ab1.~.1~y .of electtio. control but the : · ·' ~ .. , , · undesirability- ·or .-the particular ,·method u~~d in the. ~1gnal . Corps 

; ~··. ·. , . : · :~1'.1:::e~ ~~' ~o\ii&ti'a~~!~~d: ~he·: eh:i~e· rights ~.tO t~eir . • .. ·.···.,. I · .~ -.· · ... three- inventions to· .the·.;U•S. G:overnme_nt (Secretary. ot War). The · -.·. ~.. . ~ · NavJ' tC>ok: another ... or. :.the Friedman-Rowlett control Jnethod.s (the . :_ : ..•. < · ... "8.teppi'rig Maze"), ·exper_imented·.with it~· and ~urthe~ .. developed. it.- .. 

. >~,:· ·· :,:.,_:·.· .. , . . ·· .. ·.· .. : ..l .. >. ··;':.;£~Nfl~E.N11At •··, ,-~,· ·.• .·· .··• ;·~· >-.: ·· . , . : ..... • ! . •• ' • '• • .. . .~,\' }, ~ • ~ I • ' • ' 
. · .. ' 

,.·.. .!• ... • .. "' •. , 

, ·' .. ·· .. , :· .. ·'CHNfl~fflAt=~ li~a·a.~.· .• · .. ·.··••·· .·· .· ... · - . . . '. 1 

' .. ~··· .. ~ -~· .. , ' 

. ' .;; ; . .- .. 

.. . ··.· .·.. Tb±~;va~ dOu ,;.1th~i\he1~ know~e'ase ~tn the ~7 ~iiit.t '.the. 

; .::. ·: . . , .. :Marlc '..I and:)fark II : ECM.s were disclosed. t~- the Signal C.<:>:rps:. · · ", · ~-. "·' . On .that e>coasi~:p .. ::(3'. .Fet>ruai7 1940}{_.l. a.oknt>'wledgeca,· ·to Mr.. .: !. -. 

·. · .. Fr1e~n. 1n· t~e ·pr$,fJenoe. iof· Gep.e:ral~:Ma~borgne:)'l~d:·Admiral.' ·· . ·: · · · No7es.: qlll'. use of ·:his 1nven:t1on. ,~·-The Navy. a.l~o .. :·eonsidere~ · · · · .. · t}le .th1r!i· -~r1Eu1mah•Rovlett :coil.tro1·:.111ethod (.the. :stepping_ cir,;. . ;,,"_ ·. ~ · · . ~ui ts throUgh the_. ~A,lpbabet · Ma_ze"):. ~~~h the •· ~d~a .. ot. oonserv1rig. · · · . :. · sp~ace,. but •bandone(l·: 1~ ·as 'Wll'~li&ble and ·.impracticable on· the · · · . recf).mmendation or.· the: TeletJPe Co~oration·. At".the suggestion · .. . · · · ot tl'l_e. 81.gnal_ ~<>rprf; :: ~ ·-:l.ast;.;.~1ntit~ _change. _was: .ma_;de:: in· the · .: · ·· · s~ePJ>lng or. the. code wheels' :1n··~~e ·"stepping ·"8-z.elt·. ;, -_ .. · .. " · .... : ,.· 

'.. 

1·a.: .EJ.~'c,t;~~c -~~0~~~6i:_':c;·t'•·:t~e·.~~0'1:'.b.;.'·~~.~~ .'·~f ~~e··-~r1e<lma~~i(; .. -~·-· .. ·: · ... R_QY..,let.t-~S.tepping~~-"- · 1·a .·.the·· e_ssenti.al ···tea ture . tnat-places. ·: · ·:·.-: 

.the "Mark I:J:. EOM in a. el~ss·"bJ',,· ~tself' as :_regards ·security. · · Those .. who ·be.Ve. pa~tl~ipa~ed· 1.11. the.-·development~·:or. the :Mark.II .EOM have . ·, . alwaf.s _ae~Olf'le~ed~. th~se ·contribU'tiona;i of. ·the Signal Corps.. . . . · · T~e, }Index M&z~ " .. a~tis · ~o . the. :secur~tJ' :af'f'orde·d bJ the ."Stepp!~ 

.. Maze;"~- but. it.~~- WQrthle~s. :Wt~~out-, it•· . The importance of electric 

·control" can .. b_est b~. esti•ted :t>1;"a/~·con~idera~1on .of what ·the .. :. · ... . Mark II EOM _would· ~ve ·been:. if FriedmaJi<had' .n~t ·41sclo~ed: ...bJJ1.. · . · . invention to the~ Nan• · Althougb.7tfii~~epping, ita~e 11 ·appearea.:'.:· . obvious,: now: t~t it is 1~-'. use·;· .110 one in the N&"T,J' thought .. or · : 

it. in a period of· 15_ years; -nd .no .tor.~ign. maob4le. employs it. · ,.: , Therer.ore, ·the Navy wo¥].d.have co~tUiued- the· development .or the: · . ";older me:tho(ls a~~-.1-he .. new· ~CM: would .have· used·_the mechanical ·, · · " stepping co~t~ol found .in: CSP :903 :_9r! .. OSP·.1700~ ·.we woμld. have_ . · ·had. a· .. secUl'e. maqhlne 1 superior : to.- &;nJthing ·in ue_e· b7 foreign . / .. . , .. · · · ·natlons, but de~:tnitely. inferior» t_o. our. pr_esent· EQ¥. .This . · · ·· · · liti>oth~t1cal .J11&~h11,le ·(as. well, ~s CSP/ .1700). would defy. a~temptt;1·', .. . at solution until such ·t1Die as machine and:. code wheels -were ... · 

; . 

. • ' , , . ···•.:: .. , , , -. I .· .·· , • . . . . 

captUl'ed. " After this,,: e~~h daJ} s, keyi;s would~ resist solution. 

tor· a; long time •. ".She>~1;.;cut" S()lu~ipns would be impossible, .... ·· .. du -to the eJ.'p&tic .'s~epping .. e>f;" .. t~e c,ode. wpeels •. but ·a·: trial arid:" · : · · ". ~rror solution v.ould be v1~h1n. the range· ()f possibility.· We cqUl.d P,ot".~ke. the· .t~at: s~temeht1·· as :we .. ~o tor· tij.e Mark II ECM~"·that: 

" ' ·solution would b~· utt,rly::.1Di.pos.sible'. .. : -. In: othe~ words. the- · • .. · "· .. machine would be •d~quate.~o .. ~l{e us;-,through World War ·II;'but• · -~ecause '.We .had·· s~(>pp~d short .. or . .-per~eet1~n : :there vou1d~a1wa1s ... ·. ·be ;the d~i:sii-e t(): de:velQP a. ne'if· mach4~e with eleqtrieal co~tr~l. · · · · Fx-iedman and Rowlett ·are· entitled . to full ·credit. ·tor ·their · . . invention ·or electric control $nd ; the _ "Stepping Maze ;·r . which add 

so much to · the· excellence of the- Mar,~ II EOM.-.- . . . 

19. · The-· s18~1 ·c~;ps··; w1ii·1~ess; io .. ~e_c~pt tlie-..Navy ·ECM r~r, their own use as well as joint~ ArmJ~Navy: use, ·and ·to drop_ the· , ... · . de~elopment ot· their own :m&chin.e,·. reflects credit on all ·~o: 

····.made that :decision •. The, j~1nt' A~mr+Navy· EO~. Cipher. bee~nie· eftectivctl . ·' . .'~ . . ~ . . ~ . ' . 1 ... . . .• . . ·' · .. : ' . . 

' •. , ~ I 

\,; .1 

, .· ., .. I 

" i . ,' 

... 

'! ... · . 

.. 

: I'· ' 

.. ''' 

"" . /· ' '• 

... . '·' ' : .~ . 
• ,.f 

•I :· ,' 

~;.f ' ..... , . 

• ' I • • 

1· ••• 

' .. 

... .. .. ; 

'. 

.. .... . 

·~ . . ,• : ' .. ·.·. :· ..• --. . 

. ·:. 

.. 

"l ... 

,· ... _ ... 

.. ... :· . 

I .. '.· " ,,. •• 

• ••• ,1 

. . .: \. 

I' t .• .. I 

~ : 1 .· ' 

.;.• 

. . ~ . 

. . ··~: 

. ~ . · ... : ,.• 

l .. 

• '. t 

·. ·"' ... ' - ~~ . " . 

. . . . - . . . 

··. •'. \ 

.. _ .... "' ' 

·,· :, . "":-;,.,.-

:'. .' . 

.... ''•. 

, . 

. ' 

·. ::. . .. ... ·. '·· "· 

.. -~ ·, . ' 

. ·.· :·. '. ''. 

" • 1' 

.. ' 

'·. . . . . .. . 

.. ,. 

\. · ... . . . •· :; .. ·., ~:_b' - j 

.... . ~ . . ) '. ·, 

'··, .. · 

J \ • ~ • 

•' "'.· 

id .: ,., 

. .... :.··.~ 

' .. -~ ' . .,. ... ~ "·', ' . '

. .. ' . ·~· :.· )-··. '.· ,, 

' .. ~ . ;,,'t. ''. 

. '. ~; 

. ·:. t . ' . !~. 

. . ' ·:.'" -~- ···'. '' ... . ~ . ~ .. 

. .. : " .. -~ 

. · ... •; .··. ·~. ·. " .. ·, . ·, . ..,., -: ' 

. ·· ... ' .... . 'f. . . ... . . -·~ .·. :. r ... . . .. f 

' . '• .. • . ! : • . •:.. : . : ~ : . . ;; ··. . . . .... ·: . . .\.··, ·, .. ' ... ... .• . ".- . . '... ~.: ·.: . . . . .... , .... f, I • ~. •' • .. ;- • 

,;..,, . . ' • ~i : . . .. 

. •,• 

'' 

. . ~:. . . :., · .• ~ " 

.... . .. 

•'. ·· .. 

.. •, . \,• 

. . 

,. ' ·: '. ·' · .. • " I"': ~ • • ',· ·: 

.. .,,.·,,,:, ._: 

" "10: • ' 

.. '"···.,. '!· 

; :·;: . :- . 

.·' . 

... t·. 

"· .'.,, '?. .. ... ...... • .. 

• .. i~- ' . ,. 

-. 

·,, 

·. ,.., 

' ; 

.~ • • • > ~ • 

,'' . . • -· t 

.'t 

. •.· " ... ~~·' . 

> -. '-· .. /.· 

.· . . ~~.,Y· 

..· • . 

· .. '.,·. 

.:: 

... 

;, 

·,.,. 

. ' 

. .. 

·' 

. ... 

I :- , - • 

,t_· ... , 

' " 

'··: .'·., .. ,· .. . ..... ,• 

: " ~- ~ . .. .. .' ; . 

. . -. ' 

.. . 

·-





. : . < ,,: .: ""·We:. ~o~;l,:4.' no.t:'.:~~~ .':,tr~e .;::0

f_l?·t »stat.·~~t!n ~,:.: as)tre> do;"f:ot. ~:tn~(':~r,~arl-c.,·IT. · {·,.. :-; ' · "~ .·:<-.:· ~ ... .,:' .. ·E.Cri!,..~':;'.~pe:·t: .s.6~u,ttq!j::~w?::Y:1-d-.~~·· ~:t.oot'+·i·j.;itp_ps ~:.r~.i.J:~/·~~, .. ·tin''.;.p'.t:Per .: oo.?1ds, .~ ... • : .. ".>,.:.:"···,". -the ... !f.nchh1e:.:,.nfuld ·.b·~:~·-;udequa·t:;_e:~·to :"tak"e· ·us. throu~::?;:erl'd ... War. II,-:·out',: 

· ..· . -_:._. ;:;.~ -.·-. t>ecaii.'s·e:: .. '.we»'~b.a'i:i·.t.at&;,;.neci":·~n..i:cr't:d{ -"' --·~,~h1 ti;n&.t;·~.:::~-t'eW;-:~itne·r~' ·would;.·;:.? ... ; e-,1•' " ., ' ~ ••• • .,,,. 1"" ~ ~Jr":.t.~·,, .. '-~':,. i . ~. , . ..,'I '• ~· ...... ~, ·'""J·~·,, ·~·· 1 •. ,. • 

. ~·~ :: :· · ,;:• .. " alway·S; ... 'Jje:·: t'.htf.€i..e'.~Jf.~Ef'.:';\t<;:.;;,o.e.:;elb~\., ?~~ .. ~7~.,m*.~tr:t:n<e:,:~~-~::IO.s:~j;\t.<·the .. oμ.~ ·: .. ".>:.- · ... : .. ·~. : :- "·:. ~ne .• :.:::·: . .f.t9W::l~ t·~: iiF eri.t:~~~;L~~;-'.;:t.·~.~:· ~;.il;L/:~;r~[Ji.~~"f;or: ~H=1·~--~-~ scO':v·e~J· 6f,' ... ·,.:::·. "· ·: ,."' -~;;,:. ... the ·,pri·nc:iple. pf; ,~th_e:.:~e~,:~g¢ner·a·_ttj_r;,..a:s·:·eJPbo.15,.ecli.:itf:·t't£e ·::"stepping:·\~,;":.::.<.,. 

'. ·":: ... Maze·;" .which: ad.ds.:"s·o;/fr..uch ·t'b'; .t_n(f:.e"xc·e'l<kence-,,:bi:.~the·/sfarl(. II ::;Ee~;-,:::;.'-: ,_.:;'·: 

-.. i""" .. . and· Frledm:a:n sil<l".::Ro~i-Eitt': joir/ti'f::ri1'.ie· ·en ta.tie& t;o'. ··r:U11·~·credi t <f'or .; "_ , 'oj• ,• r ~ ,t '• ,..., ~ • ._ ,t ; ' • 'I. ," •• ' ,. "\• .1"'> ••• -~. ~ ' •.t Ill< ,; ' • • • • ' '~ ,• • S] ;;t • .1 ;• • ,. • ~ ' • > ' ' ' ' ' • ' • ' '/ • 

· · ,. .. ';;·":their_ ·joint: inve~:it:ton.:;of' h?e(J;hod.s .':~r.:o.:ap-p~.y~ng:: 'atjd "r~~ucin-g t.he .:p.rip•· .. . 

.. ~~:·:/.x<· .. ~~7t'.;.-~~ .. ~;~f/?·~~1~.~~ ~.;!:~·~~\~::~1~.ti-->-~~:; :.: .. fr~;x~}.:~~·~:·;~~Y:~·:;>:~::;.~s::\ .. ·}.::.~·{j;:.{;:.~-::;~ .. ::·:.-~:; ... " -. ·-:· ::.: ... :·.:·;·;·~·:.: .. ; ... . :·:_:·:~:. :: ?: .: ... :.e~.•'\._:-.~ri~'- .-:~t..~na+>· R.9.rt.ts..:~~:·~~y'~s~pt1~??·\?,~;~~~~~·:~·:.1'.~~::·Ms:~~ .. :.~I}/'1~1g~_,:·t,or .. tir~Y."; ~.13~ ... :~,_: ; ... ,-

. -.·~.-.· " ... ~ ?.:' ·'."·tive_J.;.:.t .. '·~.s"::.:~? i.n t'~I'!t1.{7.~.a·fi''.:r·~:~s:e':._ ~·~,f~e:9· .. ~:s,.-:_.~ p~~~ t:: o~r·>~l ~:'-'o/ho;-,,,1rr.a;d~ ·t~~ ~ .~ .. : ... -.. -:: · :. 

,·, \. \.\ . ._ , ·deci;s.ton·.: .Tha·,jo-rn,t!'Army-Nav.y·.;EC.I~ .·n1uh'er'.: System" became effec·tive · ' ' '' ..... ~ .1;·~ . • ' ... - ~. ~ ·o;.· ··' ' ' •• ' ;r -l· • .,.... . • ~~. • • . . • •· " .. "4 ... -:; ~ 'J .... 1, { > • ~ '' "' ;}; ··~ • • • ......... •• •• ' \ • , • 

. : ·.?'-.. ·-. ::·.. on: I-. ·August "19.41\, ·:.arrci" t:tie''.two -ser.v:ice·s.-"hs-d".:·a co~nn:on :nf"gh:..securi ty-, ........ . . '.· ·"-::..' \.· · '. .. c'ioher.'. svst'em -in.:effElc;f .. 'i.md:.-i'n"-1.1-s.a}:Ori·or,:'.:tc»"t.ne~, ot'.ta'ck\1on: Pearl'::;:·,,". < . .::::-·}">-<"- ~afbO,l'.~" .·~ Tt!t~~ ~i¢:~::'9f·}c'~;/f:~ten ~r e·a~:c-"?i~~·~1p;e:;:.wi ~~l .. ln;t'erdii~·~geabJ;e.: :·: -;· .... :·\ :.-:-..::· :· .. ,-.. c6de.'.·whee].s. has .'-been-.-:tif~-.15re·E,1.t' mi!i,tsr.y··"v.alue",;. :par ti cul a.rry."in" -the~ . '' ."',• '•,',~ ,'• •,·' •.' • • '' ,'i'., I '•' ~· -....~.·.,r"-{,·..J.;-'~';,,,_•• '~ ~ > • .<.• •' "",;••:~I,., J '•", ,. • ",<; -.., ' - ._ •, ', ' 

.. :,-:.:;·:·~: .. :<.~>-: .;e~r\lyc .... s.;t~1ges.:. o~::.t.~~ .. :;1i7;·fil.~'.~ t~h;-~11-..... t;b,e;,.·,.qi ~ tri);J1.'3:t.i<?n· }~~.~ ~scJ:.ines .. sn·a. .. c qde ". ··.'. · 

,.?:<:·,-~·.:"':: ./·::"w}?~e.r~:.::vu1~:/Jp«:~P,i.rr-'~ .. ~~~;~-.·,:·: .. :~r<.:-~h~~;Pti:~~iP:P3:.$-~.~..,.(·:.·<!.~,~~f{:/i~.$tr:a11.af .. and ... ..-.:·.' ::.~ ·.-:. · ;._· ::_:-, ev.en_>:ifl J~P.r,tn~·:·1,~~r,.~:~fi~~;· ~:?fayy·fi:~P:e~1).'i_;:.lfl'~:Ve .:-.~.~·~D~~u·s·~·d'./~i? .. {d:-"m·*·'. ECliTs ,· _ _... ·, -.... ~ , .. 

·":~:;·;. '..:_.,_.·,.·~: "Arpy:---:~h.~~~s. >i);i, ·.Na.v·:r::~~~!~~:;·';.':rt1.ac.h_f~ ~'. .. ~i."~iiy~:; b.t,1'~.n~/90~~,qw·ed , (?!?;'c}!· $n<F~.," .__;._ ... :· :. "_ 

:· .. ,, ... -, " -, . · :f._9r.th .qe.tween ... tb~~ .. t'i'fp,-s~rv;.i. ce.s; _,A:rmys)bea~$Ge~· .~.~:ve .. ;~een- s._ent ip- ·> ._ ."· .f. .. ;-..-.;,~_·,_.~'.,. -.:_- .. N~v_:v:·."ECJ.>J.· cipl!cirs;~:· eJj:(ji~" tP,:~"-..'.Nayy.' n~e~sage s"·::sept: .. fn. Ar,tr.iy.' ·'.?Q;l '.'cip}ie.rs ~.·: ·· . ."- ''( 
;; 

REF ID:A4126886 

'fOP fffiORE'f' 

Informal Memorandum 

The two primary faults of the cryptographic machine 

under discussion, and faults which alone permitted the.soultion 

described, are, as deBcribed: 

1. Non-pluggable cipher maze output endplate. 

2. Provision for cipher rotors to move singly 

on occasions. 

In section XIX, recommetldations, P. 190, paragraph 

48 (b) 1, a pluggable endplate is recommended. This takes care 

of 11 fault #l. 11 

But paragraph 48 (b) 2 does not recommend, as we believe 

it should, a change in the cipher maze stepping provisions. 

It suggests instead that the stepping of the stepping rotors 

be changed by insertion of an additional fast mpving wheel there, 

which is a good idea and certainly should be adopted. 

The cipher maze stepping rotors however should never be allowed 

to move singly, or they will 11 give themselves away" as this 

paper so aptly demonstrates. 

Experience in B-III-Research tells us that in a Hebern-type 

of machine (which the SIGABA is except for motion) that ~here 

should always be THREE NON-ADJACENT WHEELS MOVING AT ALL TIMES. 

In an Engima type of machine, there should always be TWO 

NON-ADJACENT WHEELS MOVING AT ALL TIMES. We believe a recommendation 

should be made to the effect that two more Tast moving wheels 

be provided·for the cipher maze in addition to the one which 

might be moving at any one time, or else.that one more fast moving 
.. REF ID:A4126886 

be provided the cipher maze and the cipher maze convented 

to Enigma type. 

It has long been the contention of B-III-Re,search 

0 ' that wheels in c;ryptographs of ·Enigma type should never 

move singly, nor in Heber types ever in J_ess than threes-, 

and that endp.lates should be protected by plugging. We 

thieref·ore read the attached paper with greatest interest. 

Ml:lrCh 28, 1944 

' 
OCSigO 461 Codes 

(Gen.) 

REF ID:A4126886 

WAH D.l:TARTMENT 

OFFICE OF 'I'HL CHIF..F SIGNAL OFFICEH 

~lASEING'I'ON 

SUBJECT: Blank forms for code aceounting. MAY 16 1935 

TO: 

1. Par. 11, AR 105-25, dated September 1, 1934, re:,:iuires that 

certain rer)orts be accomplis:t1ed whenever any registered Viar Depo.rtment cryptographic ~)ublication is transferred from one holder to 

another, and that a semiannual report of possGssion' bo ·made on all 

such i terns. For purposes of facilitating the mrtking oi' these r0ports 

a standard form !l!rn been. ostablishod, design,'.lted as WDSC Form No. B4, 11 Semiannual or Tr2.nsfer Report ·of B.ugLitered SccrGt u.nd Confidcnti.-.i.l 

War Dept:trtmont Publications and Devices." 

2. Attention is invited to thG ,t;~~ct t~i:1t. th0 n.bovc-r,Kntioned 

form (Stock No. 6D84) is now stocked ;aFthi;.:·signe.l Section, lkw York 

General Depot, and i~1sue:d on approvo~f requisitions in the s:mc wn.y 

thnt other authorized Signr1l Corps f~ms ~t:rc is3ued. ~·.·" .. 

\ \" 

··'.·1· ~:'l :·.·: .,.\,.' 

For tho Acting Chit:.f Sigfrtl 01Ttc8r-: 

~: : .... 

~-<2. ?. l'.3<--v.i~ G£Jo. P. Bush, 

Maj or, Sigm:l Corps. 

}• 

~\. . 
I - --- - - - ---

/ 

-· ---

' ~ 

REF ID:A4126&a6 

~ !E~©l~~~~©~~~\:JJEtj~ 

&n~~~!1©~~~~tmiome 

ilffi~~~~~©~ 

~~~~~~~~ 

& ffi ~ ~ ~D fl@~ 01 @m ~GE @r9 ~ 

0 ~©1~~~~~~0~ 

~~Q@)~~~~~~ 

~~~©?~~t·fu&:,~@IQ~~ 

~~©J~~~@:B©~ 

<'-::-- ,, [l fl i· ':l' '-'> r < - r ( 
.;·· 

, p 

• 0 

0 ' 

REF ID:A4126886 
..... ·3._ . ;:: ....... ~· · ... :. ·.·.Jr i,· :-...•!::- .·'. ~' .:~··.·. . -1, : • • ~ t.r.· .. t·i· • . • ...• " 

'. , ·-- •. ~. 1'· .. -•. :~ ,;~ .~ ~ ·:·... • .. ~·· 'j' • , ':" .;:~ .... · ·.' :~· •. _.: .• ~- ~· ~- •• ·=··' .··.··J.~ :_. . . . . ·~ . . ... ' ., . : '. : ... ,. ~ . ,"" ~--~, :· ... '•, l; ';t'. . -.. . ,. 

I' c~:~· ·~.:·. !' ·~ •·. :·::; ~· · .. ·• ':.;.,:·, ":·······:· .. ,"···~ f,.~iZir~:~;N&?·i ~trS?:· •... ;.··r '. ·.• ~ .. ::·. '.' . ··••· ······;···.··· .·. 

··-'· ' .. · .. ; ·· ,.-··.· ·OFFICEOFTHECHIEF.'SIGNAL:;OFFICi:;R,: ·"·: ·: ·'.' ':~'\-;::<_··.·~.,:.<_ ... _'"·:;, ' ... \ ""~ ... : ;\. ~...: 

·. '.:~ _'.~~~ ... :.:. . /: :· ' -

' a f •' i. ~·· ·~· · 

:~, 1'~-~~ ·~>· . '·', j ' ••• 

.. \ .. _ . ~ 

~ .. 

. ~ .... ' ... : .... . . ' ·. :: . ~ . . 

! '.. " ..... '',:.: :·~" ·,.- • •• ::::, .. • 'f'· ... ·· ... :· 

. . -:~ 

.. ' 

·i,: ... -.. ·: .. '.,: ~·.. . , .. ,·· r.-' . "': .. -

•• -f' ~ ~,_;: ••• 

; ~ ...... ' " . , .·.'·!' ':;. · l~,, · Tliis. :1a·:to·:'record ':cer'-tain: .raots.in·::com:itfotion -with ... the·:· · . , T, ., ' •• ' ' . ..,'.'• ,;.-•:;. °. •. '1· .. ·''_'.:·"'·····;«" :r-:t.,' J,,,:0''\ J•:·•.:~·.;,·, . .,, ,.,'-"';f~ ••"•.~,\'~,' ,:•.:.,~::• .. > t' "':,.•' 

I . ',.. . ... "•invention of sever.al· a:it~~~-~;ve: ~~a~a:_.JW·'.prqv.:~ding An aper,.odic '_:-.: :: .: ..... : . ... : ·.,;. 

' ~. '' . "'. '.; ",. , '~:.4~aplt;i,c~enf.:of·~:t~6, -~b~t;'.it;uti9~ ; ..cip~~:r.·w~eels Of a~: c'iph"er:·. ma~<·-·-•-;; .. :-:: ; ..' ... ~;;,~:'' .. ' : :.,'. ··::· . ... chi~ es gra~ted.;ln :,eμim .. 17:·or ·the·· p!itent apecificat:iona•liaving . : _. ..... ' · .. -., 

, ·· , --~~~t_E»J~;.::z~-::~0:~(~?~~~:)~~:~.'.·~~~3.t:t~:~Y~\,:~~r-~~-:t::}·:·~r~;._ .. _.,/\·;~:·::++?,:,;~.,:: ;:~:::· _:,.~,:- , .. ·. ·.- . · . 2•·:···rt· .is'rdeaired::to:record here'.~that•:.theJfUlldamentahprin.:.;.-··; ,,.,:_,'.. ' .. 

.. ·, ·. ,.· 

' ' .''- ·-- __ :: ::.eipie .. of».\is~~tf o~e or .. _more eo~t~tor~.:1~.:conj\an~tio(vdtn·:·~.- 'se.t-:' -.. ·· . . ·.::': -' ' 

·' ., ': ., '._.',. .. ':i'i·"./.::<of' ':selector· magnets, a's«-:a ineini!( for _etfee:tip.e~ 't-.Q.e. ap~riodie:. di~.;.. (". . _. ... , ··•' ·" ~ ~' ,' .. _.,::'.. _;:placements 'discus"sed' iii' ~r~· l:·'1i3 -the(·contribution .of"FraDk:··:B;.,'". ·:.: : .:· 

·J+ \ :· . , .. ' ' '~~l~:~;-;.,,,.: i ·;.{':'•)f;f i·:''{;f'<.:'.l'":, "> ' ' ;/f'.'>Yi~· .'.J. / 

·' ·• "· · .. .,·,·':": : · .. : 3., Th_e._·:~bsid1a;ry._'pr.1nc1P,1~ .. :(s~~sidi:!i!'y~-:to"t.;ha:t;. se~·Jqrth· > . · ... ·i :1nj)~.-- ~)·~of -produ~i~e(aper~<?di.<f'.di:.epl~oeinen~~-"(d;iscuss~d in" ·. . .... · ;: .. '. ·.:'_-. /. 

: ;:;\.':. . . "p~:r.;~·;1F'9f'#1£(:substi1futi.on~.¢iphl-)r_· _w~_eel~· .by.m~aris .. of···an··1nde.;..:.: :;·_ :· ..... ··.· >. · >-.. , ,;.·. 1· ·:.. ~~-}u· . _,_ :Pende~t :~e.t.-.o±':commutat~r~. c~n~{li#inf,(:o_orrt~cts .aquaf.In.'.number· ,_ .. ·,., ~>" · .... ·.· ~·- ;.-. . h, .. ._ , .. <:;::to. :the ·n~t)er /of,: suos~i tutiqn qiph'.er :~·whefjl·a .. ·to: be· _di·splacecf;·: ts·· ·,; :... ·>:· ~: · :- ·, · \': -, t·· '··th.a· <?<>ntr~l:fu.ti'on._or.: ·Frank. 1

_B.; -R~1Vlett . .:-: · · · <.'. :~.:_." · "· " ~ .. :·.> ·:·i· - · ., ,. · 

'-~ ~~":. ~ i .• :-:;:··~.: .. ·:~:-..·· ~_·.,_.:~~~:: ·_ .• _.::·.·;~/;';. : ••. :·.:·~· · .... '.~'. .. i·1 .. (·:,~··1··;_·~~.:·~:·~~ i',~.-.:~ ·,· •• ••.• :::·.; . .- .• ~~~~./, -~. ~: • ; ·~- ~ '·~·._ 

. , : >· ,.-, .:. '_:;.,, ., ... . : <.~-; .'. :40 .A.'h~._-.subsiCU;~fy :p#inaip+~::':(subsidiacy~to· ,tpat:: s'ef :forth''-.,.:.': . 

. · ·· ·: ·~ ,\·.:: :.-1ii par•' :2);'.().f .::Producin'g-._aperiodic \Cli,splacem£lnts/(d;i~~u'ssed tn· .·· "--. '· ~-- · ... / 

. ',: ~-:::::«:>'.{':·Pa~~ .. °1) of.: ~li:e~"SU~~t~~i:tt~e~;:'·e:iPl:l~i2-~~~4~)~y·,in~n~~ of :an· ~~d~pendent .; .... .' . · · .. ·_:.: ·:::- :'.~.,-. ·--~~.t. of. cipher. wpeela, .. ·P.!.:treinafter .,cg.lie~ the ·control ciph"~~·~Jheels, · '. ;_:· .·~ .. ; ·. · ::-::">-.;; ;, . ', .. : k .:. • • . _;_~nd· having.'.-th.~ latteri~cipher:. wh~els-~idehtieal 1i1' "miniber:-cif ,donta.cts .. ::_:· .. ~. . ._ • t •• (/ ' . "· ' ' • • • • • • . . - •• - . , ••· ' ,,. • .._'-·· . ".-,'·'It···.,, . 

:· ,·, -:·"f~: ... ,, :.·'~ ,::. a.nd: constructl9n .with:· the ·rorm.e.r-, so ·t-h_~t. all ·c,ipher- wheel!J.)i.re: . -.·: ·. · · · 

· .·: : ...... •• ~-: :'' ·': .-~ • __ 1

·:: in~erchs~efJ;blel- ~s· tp&;~:bt#.~~:n/of ,:y11u+em.r ... ·.Fr~~aman·· {), · , ) < :,,; .(:<:'.::~:-.: ·,~·;,,:;\:"·_; .. ":' ... ·:--:---.. ::2 ~-·"._:··::.;'_',. :"' ...... ::·:;~ _::~~ .. :-:.-~~;.;·.>:-.,;'.,.~ ._:: :'·: .-..~ ... ~.::,( f.·-:·:·. · .. 

. . : ~-·? c • ·. :.-:: •. ·\ _: -~.· >: i : .. '5• .: '.!'he Subsidiacy·:iprinaipl,~ ... (~bsidiacy.'.•.tO cthat ·ae:t i~ortJ:r'.'in " :_ "· .·. • 

(._. ,:.::·,.,.·,. ···pa:r.~:·:·2)· .. :of'.' producing .. t~e-·aper19d.f(;,. ·41,aplaeen,ients :( discu~s~d.~ i.n·'par~· ··,_ ·· -·. ·' .. .'."··. · 

·::'_,: ... .r:,::·•: '.1)· of. ~~.e ·subst1t:~tio~::·c1ph~r.·wn~~1s::by" .means }>f.):1. ae~onct ~e~---:or .. : .··.·, ·:; · .• .. : .. '.'. 

" . .-.~.- .cohtro1 ··eontacts;·:on:·each face of":each of the .substitution"· cipher·;: · ·' · .. ". ».' · 

.. · - · ' .· ·.':\vhee1s<the*1~elves'/ an4 pi-'o--riding-~appr~pf.iat~··e1ectr10ai,:cir¢uits · ··'»,..:" 3 · ::-

. ·::;·. ~) ~;r· :~6r the 9c.introl'·'~onf.aets tb goveri-1 ttie ,operation of the'~dispi~c~~ ::. ; ·. >· ...... :':;' 

' :~: :'.:''.·,.' · <: . .._~·;:·m~nt mecban±sm{is: ~h"e:"'Coiitri.bution:·'.o:fFt:arik 13~.-Rowiett~: .... -':''> :' '/ ~, .-_. "_ ·: "; . : \::. :,: . . :'..'~- . < :; /: ~: :.-:. ::..:: . ; . "-~::' j· ,·t~ -:: \ '. ·_; ·, ~:·:(:';'.~::.. . '. ',;'. .:<'-.. ·.:; ,-,: , ( ."i :~ ·:: ::·:. ';'.' .. ,,'~ . .-:: f.• . •• • .' .. : ,; •• ' . 

'' ":% .· . . •' ·.· . I'•. ,·. :.:/." • / ·• ;~~-- ':".Th~f subsi,_diaey' prfnc1ple<(subsid~~u:;f~.t~. t~at. set' for.th· .,\ . ', 

.. - .'.'_-.:.: .. ·.. in par~· 2r of. ~rod:ucing"the :a.period.le displa~einerits' (disquss~Q:>:·'· :.: :;: ; , 

:· :'"' lii· par .. i}:·or:·:the:·subs~ltution .. ciph'er tyheeis:::bl );nehn$ of Jibe: sfuna·:·'-; . · .: .. ·;,' ' 

,.: .;;, .. ·, ... ··; scat; oi''sμbstl-t~tio~t, c6~i~~t~':'0,p~~ati.ng·._in connection' ;1.1ith:-.'i:i-~ gabg"~'<,: 

" :-><::~: ""' :'';'' :.· :switcb'wliicli' makes'.these.:contacts,aerve .. for substitution'and >: :.·.:-~.... ' .. \i~ '· ' , : , . .·• • c6ntr<>ii ;;,,.· ~i teri.lte s<iqu&nce; iS the· contri bUtiOil of Fraiik 11.' · .. ·· · · ... · ' .... · , ; . : 

, , , .. ,. , . . . . :r_w_: __ I_-._~;~·; <_--.··_·_,-_'.:.:.-.,_·_ .. : ... _~_.; ___ i:·.~.~:~·_.-_,,t;; '.°'..~:-_.:.:_;,,_,_ .. "< ';,;})· •· : .. ' , .. · < > : _' '• .. , ·.· ... : , 

" ,J:~ :• • • • :. :·" ~~ - ' ·,· _,,;~"' l ,.~·.- '; :--_:'._._ .-·"· ! • ·_.,~'.:, .~.~ .. • '1 I.-~~'' ;: 

. - ',. '.:.: ·f .",' .,.•, ··; ,,.-, : • '. ~· ' ,_.., •' I.• " '·' · •. :; ": • •,,° • • • _, , ·.': 

. . . -. . ::~~ .<.. . .· ._,. . ... ,. .. ~ :: .. ··,.:_. :_· ~:_· ·:;·_r~::;,.. · . .- t .. · ~· •. -: . 

, .... '~·- '·.1,,. ·'·.~··... ;.~ . .;·,, ···' •'..,,;,· .......... ·-~·:·:: . .'.-.. ~J_ .. :.,..:~.:·-.: .. -.'..·:·:-,' • 

.. ~ ... '· .. ''' .. · .. ·•· (\. ~·""·' ., ··.· •.· .'·!.·· ~-\,. : •• -/.' ~~-·/·· ;: .... ·.;~ ........ ,, .. : ... •.,,," 
... 

,; 

~.· ' .. .., 

',. 

,• 'i' 

·.· 

·;\' .... ·:::., ' ' ... ~ ·. 

,o 

~rrnfideu ti~J 

REF ID:A412~6 .....__.... 

ROUTXNO and WORR SHEET 

(To be used under provisions of Pa~ • ~1 .6 ~· Office . Regulations• . OCSiaO, l~S~) 

From: ' 11

~μ ,-/() fJ £) ~ fl. To: vr {r· 

j<( -
(Check one) REF ID: A412 68 8 6 

SECRET_ . , CONFIDENTIAL __ RESTRICTED_ 

' 

DATE ?1~"fht . TO FROM TO 

I tl 

FROM 

_ CHIEF, ASA ________________ (10) Tech Staff _________________ (96)_· _ 

Spec Asst to the Ch ________ (14) Spec Proc Br _____________ ._(97) __ 

Ch, Hist Unit _____________ (13) __ ,_CH, SECURITY DIV _______ (80)_ 

__ Asst to the Chief__ _________ (11) __ Tech Staff _____________ . ___ (81) __ 

__ Joint Secretariat ___________ (12) __ Ch, Materiel Br ____________ (82) __ 

___l)EPUTY CHIEF, ASA ______ (20)_ 

Asst Deputy Chief__ _______ (20 )_· _ 

_ Ch, Methods Br ___________ (83) _ 

__ Ch, Protective Br __________ (84) __ 

Executive ________________ ·_ (20) __ __ Ch, Maint Br ______________ (85) __ 

Secretariat _______________ (20) __ - CH, RES & DEV mv ______ (70)_ 

Ch, Pres Sec _______________ (21) __ Tech Staff_. ________________ (71)_ 

Ch, Org & Tng Sec _________ (22) __ Ch, C & C Br _____________ (72)_ 

Ch, Plans & Oper Sec _______ (23) __ 

Ch, Logistics Sec ____ ~ .. _____ (24 >--. 

Ch,· Fiscal Sec ___ . _______ c __ (25)_·_ 

_ ¥,iutant General__ ______ .. _ (26) __ 

-;/-~~ h, Sec Cont Sec __________ (27) __ 

- CH, OPERATIONS mv~_-(90)_ 

Ch, Equip Br ______________ (73)_ 

Ch, Eleetromech Br ________ (7 4) __ 

\ Ch, Lab Serv Br ___________ (75) __ 

Ch, Cryptologic Br ________ , (76) __ 

Ch, Electronics Br _________ (77)_. _ 

__ Ch, Pers & Tng Br __________ (61) __ 

Directives Br _____________ (90x) __ _ Ch, Supply Br ______________ (62)_ 

Ch, Lab Br ____________ ~ ___ (91)_ _ SIGRP-5 _________________ (62) __ 

Ch, Machine Br ____________ (92)_. _ __ CO, Arlington Hall Sta_ .. ____ (40) __ . 

. Ch, Gen ProcessingBr ______ (93) __ 

Ch, Facilities Br ___________ (94) __ 

_ Ch, I & D Br ____ ::..:--:..:..-::..:--:..:..-::..:--:..:..-~-(~95~)=~=--L==-==========----== 

( ) ~al & 'Return 

( ~;R;~uested 

( · ) Concurrence or Comment 

( ' ) Information & Forwarding 

( ) Information & Return 

CSGAS 96 (Rev. 14) 15 Apr 49 B-411 

) Information & File 

) Recommendation 

) Signature if Approved 

) Your Action (by ___ _ 

) For recommended reply 
I 

REF ID A4126886 

\ 

·_. c 0 p y 

\ WAR DEPARTMENI' 

.Office of the Chief Signal Officer 

\ \ Washington 

'~, February 15, 1936 

1. In connection with a memorandum dated August Jl, 1935,. (copy 

attached) setting forth "cer.tain facts in connection with the invention . ~ ·of several alternative means of providing an aperiodic displacement of·· 

the substitution cipher wheels of a cipher machine as granted in claim 

17 of the patent specifications having reference to Converter Type 

· M-134-T2," the followil'lg additional f~cts are made of rec.ord: 

2. The principle of employing a set of juxtaposed rotating commutators as a means of selecting in an irre~lar, aperiodic manner, - the successive alphabets (for encipherment or decipherment) frorri among 

a plurality of cipher alphabets is the contribution of Frank B. Rowlett. ' ' 

J. The associated principle of controlling the stopping positions 

of a single substitution cipher wheel by a set of juxtaposed control 

cipher wheels is the contribution of William F. Friedman. Note: Thus, 

for example, in Friedman ~nd Graham U. S. Patent No. 2,028,772 the 

cipher key transmitter and its. associated mecha_nism would be replaced 

by a set of control cipher wheels, the 26 final contacts of which .would 

be connected to pins which would stop the substi tutio'n commutator in 

the enciphering (or deciphering) position. 

4. The ide~ as to the possibility of direct.ly applying the foregoing principles to the stopping of a rotating printing wheel at cipher 

.Qositi.Q.filh the latter ~eing superimposed upon the stopping position 

determined by the key depressed on the keyboard, is the eqn,al and joint 

contribution of both William F. Friedman and Frank B. Rowlett. In this 

case, in order to. prevent cumulative errors it is necessary to return 

the printing wheel to ~n initial position after each operation. The 

cipher stopping position of the printing wheel is determined after it 

has been stopped by the d~pression of a key of the keyboard. 

Witnesses:. Isl Louise N. Nelson Isl Chas. A. Rowe 

, / s/ WILLIAM F. FRIEDMAN 

/s/ FRANK B. ROWLEI'T 

, r 
l 

! 

. ' ' . 

/ 

~. ' 

REF ID:A.4126886 

c 0 p y 

WAR DEPARTMENT 

Office of the Chief Signal Officer 

Washington 

August 31; 1935 

. (-

1. This is to record certain f.acts in connection with the 

invention of· several alternative· ineans of providing an aperiodic 

displacement of the substitution cipher wheels of a cipher machine as granteq in claim 17 of t};le patent specifications having _. ... 

reference to Converter Type M-134-T2. _LApplication Serial No. 682,09£7 

"2. It is desired to record here that the fundamental principlei:i of using one or more commutators ~n conjunction with a set 

of selector magnets as a means for effecting the aperiodic displacements dis.cussed in par. 1 is the contribution of Frank B. 

Rt?wlett. 

3. The subsidiary principle (sub~idiary to that set forth 

in par. 2) of producing aperiOdic displacements (discussed in 

par. 1) of the substitution cipher wheels by means of· an independent $et of commutators containing_ contacts equal in number 

to the number of substitution cipher wheels to be displaced, is 

the contribution of Rrank B. Rowlett. 

4. The subsidiary principle (subsidiary to that set forth 

in par. 2) of producing aperiodic displacements (discussed in 

par. l) of the.substitution Cipher wheels by !)jeans of an independent 

set of cipher wheels, hereinafter called the control cipher v.rheels, 

and having the latter cipher wheels identical in number of contacts 

and construction with the former so _that all cipher wheels are 

interchangeable, is the contribution of William ~. Friedman. 

5. ·The subsidiary principle (subsidiary to that set forth in · par. 2) of producing the aperiodic displacements (discussed in par. 

1) of the substitution cipher whe.els by means of a second set of 

·control contacts on each face of each of the 'substitution cipher 

wheels themselves, and providing appropriate electncal circuits 

for -the control contacts· to govern the operation of the d1splacement mechanism, -is the contribution of Frank B. Rowlett. 

6. · The subsidiary principle (subsidiary to that set forth 

in par. 2) of producing the apericrlic displacements (discussed 

in pa~. 1) of the substitution cipher wheel~ by means of the same · 

set of substitution contacts operating in connection with a gang 

switch which makes these contacts serve' for substitution and 

control in alternate sequence, is the contribution of Frank B. 

Rowlett~ 
\ 

REF ID:}l4126886 

7. The application of the principle of aperiodic displace~ 

ment of substitution cipher wheels to cryptographs of the original 

Enigma type (in which the elctrical circuit through the cipher 

wheels is reversed 9Y means of a reversing cipher wheel and again 

conducted through the other cipher wheels before reaching the 

signaling element) is the contribution of William F. Friedman. 

8. The f~regoing facts will be used as a basis for evaluation 

and division of interest in all financial benefits which may accrue 

from.the prosecution of the invention and its reduction to practice. 

/s/ WILLIAM F. FRIEDMAN 

/s/ FRANK B. ROWLETT 

Witnesses: 

/s/ Louise N. Nelson 

~. 
' ' f. ~- '•. 

:_ ·:·. . . . . . ' .. ~-- .' ' .... . . : .;,, 

I·.. . .. ·", < .• '),':. ·.... . ... REF:I~'.A4~2t886if: . " .....•. ·.·.· .. ·.· . . . . · : ' ·.·. ~~-;.~ .•. ;.: __ '_-.... ·.·. ·» ... RAP!'_·_ ... > .. :. ' .. ;' .. : -._·,:_· .. ;·.: .•. ~ .... : .. \~ . ::·. ·.-: _. ':" . .. . . ' ·, .. .. ';· ·,." . ~·- ···-~ . - t···'" , . .,,·,~· .. , "'~ ;: I '. • . ' ..,., 0

i, .,? ~ ·: ·" ':"'' 

,. . .. :''>· '· wooss-.~14 Jn .. ,- •• . , __ . : '. ; 1>.· ·.· . . ·'" _.:'·\· ~ . · .. ~5 ·:Jaii~ey 19~Ef- . :· : .. _-_ · ..... : ;·:.:'. . ._: . ) ·z:. ,··.::.- .... .. ···· . . l ••· ·'1:. ·~·-··: ... ·.'.:.,.:.-..t :, '.)-\ '··· 

.. ,::):. .." ... '.~'.;~;~:;.:··:: .. :.·· "c,<"1.',.,: .. ":·:·,. <',!' ,.- ... •""· 

.. · .. :."'·.~·_MEMO~NDUM J!OR ASS~S'l'~ .. eHIE,F OF s~~.:~·2 '.'.".'.\~· ...... ·.'" . , :k·\·;·:/'," \· . ,": ,> .:. "~.> .. : :~ .· . . :·~,-. . ' ., ' . ' . . ....... x.:. ;_~ ' "·· . ; 

:_.:·· :. : .. : ..·· .... -:, ~·:>~JioT·: ·.: .:!~~i~s~. · ot -«~mt<llog~~l: :J:nvell.tions -and ·De;/el~p-~~is· . . \ . .' .. •· . . . ' . ·-,: . ; . -·.: . .. . . _.;.' ,.. - . . ... ~ .:---··_ ' . . . ·.: . . " .. . . •' . .. . . . . ~:' · . 

.... ~- .·f_·~--· '_t" ~:-. .··~···~·~· ';\··~.;~ ,·· ,; ·.·f} •• • ! .. ;::. :·'. 

,··- . . :. . • ,:_.·: .. :.:,~~ • .· 'l··.··~,.~.·-i .. •• .·~ ·.· •.. ·· •· ·. ·· .. :,._:ri. 1 

- ·. '. :- • -< ' - .. ·~· ,". ·7 • • . ·1 : • / . ; • .• , • • • . ' ' .• • .;. 

·. ' .-.:· .... , ·, n'.-' ...... ., .... :". ·~-.:~~·.· · .. , :.:j. ,. • I~ • •• " •· , • •. '····. •• :.,'•f..'.:r(;• . 

.. ·. . . '· DISCUSSION . ' ... , . . .... .·;_ ... , ' .... ',,"._ . .' ":,.. . '::' ; ..J -~. • . I." ,. :"' . ~. . ... : . " ;: .. " ·,._'-: ~ ·.~ . ' , .. -.··" -~. .' '. "· ·~ ·' .... • ... ~ . . .. ·,, '_.:· ·:., : . "·t .. ' .. ·_ ·- - . . ' ,• ~- . ~ ··. ' '. . . :: -. :· 

· : · ... · . ,-...·:_·: _:·,_ i .. ~ ... _.:.tr{-~bt? 7.~~s "i>I-8.cedins · tl:l~.-. outbF~ .ot. tb.e ;present 

.. ::~-~: and.:d~i'~:~.th~': ~~'ltselt,:". ~~e~()'1ei·: .. ~~yptolog1Q~i ·-·tiive~~io~ . . .... . .. _· · .. ~ .. :'•,·>A~A " ... ~ __ .... _ ..... .-: ;;,;::>,; .:':· :"<. . /:? :· . • . . .·. ,; ·>;·:.' :"' : :'. ·:> . . ·r, · · v~re. made:~J>7· 1'&1li~t'"'~d ~.1v1lie.n per_sonnel. Appli"~t1ons .. ,, .. . . . .. . ·' .< : f\ . " . . ::.. . ., -. ' . . . . .. . - < • .. ,. ' • • • ' •• 

•;" . . . . tor patent' :•er.e :filed ·c>n 'e6ine·" but' not"«m·all· bf ·such" inventions.· . 

. .. . , , • , ._• ~~-· ~1~htlr ,ea~~~ ~~rf ~t~~ 1'.l'~~~, ~~f ;1.~e~tfona :11aa , , . • c 

;.:. · :'. : . , : . ". ·:·· tq~.'. 'f;he _m~st. _pa~t .. :be~n.'<denied /the pμbli:c:fi.· ... -~S'ince. the m~st .. , ,. '. I .. ~ .. ·-·:.·,·,_.:<~.!'~:·.-·_.:· .. ·:·:·.-'!'.::".~·:/ 1 .:::.:·:··~:,·:'~·.~:-.·\~,;~·~:~~.·:,".• '·•., .;• ~-.· .• ~.' ",; :~~:··~::·· •. ·: .... ~;·· .. ;r:·· ... '. ''J:.'':"!"... .:."'·':~:-~:~·' • •-

• · ·.recent .War Depart~l\t°'..::1191107 1p to,::t'elease,.as mu~h ·.·te~bn1cal.> · .. ·: · : ..' • ·• -· ; ••• _ •• ·-~· .. , -~·: ":_:·.·. ··~ .. -: "· ·•• .~ .... ·;. . • ...: .~·: •.• . .!' ___ :.:""<'~-: ·,._.:,1 .::··· " ·. :. 

'· · llltort?J&tion as poss1~le, ·it ~s· necessary :to _reex~e in-... · .. ·_ . > 

' . .t; ' . ' . : . ... ~ .~: " • • . - ~ , ·: . . . ;.... . ;/ " t ~ - ' 

..... ~. · .... :· .. '. ventions ·.in~ the '.~rj'ptologic . fi~l.~. , ..•.. : . ~ -~ ·. ' .. · ', :7 • • " ; :· :'; .: '' .·.: .•. 

,• ·. ! . .' •'': .-··:·-~ .. '..: .• ;:;<~:" . ·" ':i.;·~ .. ·. ', ,.'>;:/··. '.' .. · · .... •; .· ·: .. :·.: .. 

• ·.- • .. . ·1 · .. . 2;, 'l'he--1n.ent1ons· conoerne~_-t"all:.1nto five categories • 

. . . · "-.~;my_ .. Rep~tion 850-~d,~ir~~~8i: . .-,~7; :~~d·. 9~~: (Tab .. A)'; refers 

·:; _:,<:~: '. ·~·-".' ; '';-.}' ' ... :. '·. :;., . • . " . ·,.. . . ' . " -' ,: :. : : '·" :; . i :· ~;·J\ .. ' •, . . : : ; :_ ' . . . : ' 

~ .. '.:,;·to tbJ:a~e.::.ot ·t~ese ,:categor1e1:1-:~d_ .. ·.1nd1ca~~s.~ 'the n.ature· of < .· 

. ·- .. ~ .. ,• ~-· ·:·;:~-:.,_~ ... , ..··~~ .. ·~·~·-~~~:_::;<,~'.: •' <: ... 1. ~~·1:'.'1 ~·;.;;"·~~:\;::: .. /' ·'·~. ~.~-~ .... :.·' . . . ·.: ·. · .. :: ·i 

... ·_.· , - .. ":"i!he. G9ve~Jinl~J':lt·.~s· r~g~ts~· · · ~~~t~q~llj',, ,there are inventions . 

· . : ~·de. by ::p~~~,~~~ · -~~. o~pam·~~ ·~~et. : .. c:~~·~·~:_t·· to ::the" 'oovernme~t · · :· 

.· ... __ : · .. :, ·-.'.. ~4·-"1~-.t~~-s:_ ·_ciast)s n~~11;·._t~~ .Gove~n~;,s· -~;~~ts dep~~d·~- . ···:· .. . . :". . :'·,_~, .. :· ·:··-~· .. '.: "·' ···: ... :r· ... ~ .',.-:-_·: . ' ., . ~'I, :'. . ;, ~- . . . " • ·, '. .'· . . . .· . '"" 

, · : ·, jipon ·~he terms ·9t· tlle- .·t';~tre.c;t ::but \lS~lli" amount to a 

' ·: ... · '.r9JS~t~;-tre'•:- ;1~e~~:~·:·~~-·,,p~a~i1~. ~· .fnteri~,.·ons macie, "1th.: · ... ·:.> . . . . . · . .. : ·: . ... · .. :'_> .:~: .'. .. -,. \~<, .. ~~ - .· •'" .. • ... ~ '.t·, ": A.' 1

' : •.•. ·:-·:~-}Y .. ~ .. :· .. · ... ., ·._. ··.:" .: :· .. -"".~ .. ~ . 

. ·.-.· .... " "ovn~~sbip 9f· th~ 1nve~t1ons r'ma;1D.1ng ·m· ~l_l~. eon~~qtor •. 'l'he:, ·: .-.: ... . : "'. .... ·:-.····.·.:...~_.· ~·,~· i·.r·~·: .. ::··:7~!.· ·-. :- ... . .i' .: ••· ·:::·:~.-.r_·,~·· ..... ·~.~::· __ .~. -."'.. . . ... .

. :. ···; : . · .-.: ,-¥,-8~. ~'~~g~~Y .. 1n~olves _ .. t~e; 11'.ldependent._ agent •. on.e- Who6 . work~ng · - _ · 

,._ .. · .. -~-:·.'~~~ti~;l~·-'_bl):;~:s·.,.~~~~:;~p~oduc~s- ~· ·1~~~~t~."~1f o~. ~e~i,t~~ ·<~In._·,~ .... : ..··~·:_ . .:-;·_;_:,:· 

I • • ·' 9 .;;,_::.i • ._ .... _.:, ... .. 

·" 

... 

.... -

.· ... · 

• • l! • ' ,, _".,.t ~· • •. ' . • -· . :'. ~:-.(;·<~·::. ;_ .. ' ·.:; . . ' .: ~- .~'.t\. . . .. 'r; " •, ;·. " .. : . .. . ' ' • • . _,.- ,;, . • • ,,. "':·. ,·'"'; , :.·, ,· • .i. • 

··-·., ... : -.: 
,,· . ..,. . : ·. 

i' 

... . 

' I REF ID :-A4.126886 

. - -. .... ; . ' 

"':' ' • '. • • ~ < . 

_. ·· · ~~oh. a, ~se ..- , . the G~vernmen~· .be.$ no .. ~1gbts except ,·thl'oUsb · .. 

. ·, . :·:".·~P\U'O~,se :.or the ~king ot a lic~~e. . . · . ,·. ·- ~ . 

. . : . - ·.: ,·. -~Ui'ther' d1sou~s1o~·- ~' ~1~1:8 ·me~orandum v111 be 

; . 

'· 11~ted· to th• ·~ec~nd. ~tesorr or A~~ri Re~~t:1ons8so-~o '_ 

'\There!~ the ~Government takee .a nonexclu81v~ :royalty ... f'r_ee· . . ·., ~ ~: . ;• 

1ice~se ~d the inventor bas ~ theor~t1cal right to exploit 

oonmie~ciallJ: ."to~ b.1'$ om. be~etit -~ .. Where : cmtolog1c 1n-. .:t -,, ., )' • ... 

vent1on~ are 1~v~lve4, classit1cq.~1on of ·the equ1pment'and • . ' ~ • . • . . •. . • . -~ • - . ~ • ' • ' . . - • • • I • - .• • . . '. . 

· .. ·· ·secur.1.~J :restr1;ct1one ·place_d· upo111nf'ormat1on ·pertaining .: · _. .. : . . ; .... ··._, .· . " .,,,,_ .,. .· . . .. -·!: · ... 

.·· .· . '·thereto bav.e :b~ei1 'UBESd ·to ·prevent commercial· promo~ic>n~. ",·•::. ,.·;·'. . . "· 

Cash awards .;to :c1~1111:t.~ -~~entors iii· G~verninent :service are·.· . ' . ' . . . . .: . .' .. · . . . ' . . ' . 

· . · ·· 1fl :some ·o1r~~st8itees ".po~~ible~ 'bu~. ihe · Arrq ~~~~1t1 Asenei . ,·, 

. bas neld the. t whe~e · the invention. 1,si. v1 thin ~he purviev . or < .· . . . . the·.-~mplo;m~nt .an .. :a-ward ~~ . ·1mprop&r ~:: · Vir~~~1J '::the onl1. · . . .... -, .... 

other p~ss1b1l1 t;y. -ot ~ompensat10t1 tc, ... ~ ~~~~~t6~::·1··~ · ·b~' • • • • ,; • ·' ., ., :·· v, ' • • • 

· ... 

Congressional action •. . -

,~ .·. --~- 4~· ·\tau. ttie (Je.saat1cdi_;,,:.,ejt~it1•~1··,rwto16s10·~ .. -·~ :.··: .. · .. ·. ·. ·.· ";., '.•. ·. _·, ... · : ~-- .. · 

"eveloPlilent ~-~~~~ . by independent · uvent~r·a; and by contraotqrs e&&·. · ·. . · ., ... 

. : ~ e~ee~ ~1tel.tr1'3 j~,., a~~ rel~nc~~. . . 

. th~refore,· .-i: ba~·'.to~ be· plac~d o~ Go~e~~e~~- empl~:rees •. 

_?t is -~ei1e..red.. tbat·.,sqme ·~nc~nt1v;~~st:·be ·~llt$hed it_ . · . · .. · ~ ~ .,_,,.~ t=~. ... . . ..... . ~e_sea.rch~s :t=~-~u~e~P~.~~~ .. b111 ty or r1nancia.~ return1Ftrom ,commero1a1 .·promotion me.7 . . . .. . . K 

· be sutf1()1ent.· · · 

.. · · ': : 5 •. The latest War -Depar,t~ent pol1~1 bearing on the .... ' • •}' > l 

· matter appear~ ·1~ a memorandum·,.· subjec.t: · ..Qlass1(1oat1on,,_ • •,'I. •: - •• .\· • .• ' . .• ' • 

£.. 

• i 

. ' .. ,. 
., 

I ~-

< ·REF, .rn·:A4l26BB6 

·: ..... .. " . . .' ' ... · .... ·:~-: .. ,.·;. 

··:··. ::.,r .' " . ~ .. '"-. ··, . -

Recl~~sit1cat1on, ~cf.Decla$1i1t1catt·q~ .:of ·sc1~nt1t1c and , : • I, • .' > .. : .. ':':· .: . 'd ,. . • • ., ~ ••. ·: ~ ••. /::' ~ . J,; . ·, .. ' _' ... :·~-~: ·.-·l (:_;-'_ -i·. ... • ~ .-· ': _:,- ·;_"' .': • . · .... ; ~. . :. 

···:Technical Intorma~1on• :tpr.:t~e As.~1stant Qhie.f' ot.· Staff',, - .• ·.':. •. • •.• '· -. ,)'!___ .. : .• ,· _;· ...••• · •• • •• : ." • ·. . .•• ·. -

G•2.f Director; Nev Develop~~n.ts Division, Directoi-,.B1111eau · 

. ot, Publie· Rei8ti0ne, · Q9mmanding Gent)rals::o~; the A:z.'1111·• Air· • I '.·, 'l ' • • • ~ .. ' J • _,, ' ·''. ~ • < > • • , ' , • • ' '· .- • '· •• ' • • • • • •• ·: • • 

·Pc;>rce, Arrq Growid Fo~.ce -and· .ArlDJ Se~vio,e 'orce ·:(Tab B), 

~htch s~tes in ps.:t'~graph .,,.-that "as. liberal_.~ pol1c1" ~1th .. " " .. " ' ' : " .. "".' ;- ,'_ .. "·.. >: " ' ' ' . ' . . ' ' : ·.-. . . " 

respect .to review and.'.:.·declas_a1.f'1oat1on of olass1t1ed projects~ . 

· · ·· .. -~'1 ma~erial_~·s· 1Q co~~i~t~~tw1th .co~t1n\Wls ~17 thos~· 1t~ms·.' .• ' 1~t' i . ·. . . ·... • . • . ~.. . • . . .._ . ~ .• -. • . - . . . . .· .'. · . 

. · ;'''ot:·intormation, the ;pubi1cat1on ot lih1ch would cause exception:..; 

,. '. " a1ir. grave~ ·~~~:'t~·:·th~: .nati~~ or e~~~r. 't~e;"natfonal.' ' '.: ! ' 

· - . · . ~~~~1 tr_ '~r. ea~s~- ~er1ous -.~3urt to ~he_· 1nt:erest :o~« pr~~tige '- . • •, ··,, ·.'• ......... • •••• •.. ·.; .• ,.~ ·-,·, I ,'•• ' .... ·, _;._~ •~ '.··~:'·~·, ••• ~:.,•',' •.• '··'~:~';• ': ·~, •• .. 

. · ··Qt ·the nation or~;ab.Y):Q_ov;ernmen~l aeti Vi t# 't.hereot. :oxt Which . · : ;, ' • . • . ' • -.... ~~:. •• • • • • ,. • • : '\. •• : • • : • ' • . • .. ... ~ •• •• ~. • ' • ' • • • f 

wo14d be Of ·~e&.t-'.acivantage·~~~ a· f<>re1gn·:~t1on or. ciluf)~ : 

r ~ .' . 

'. . ~.'(;,.~_-,.:- , . . . ~ : .-· ' . -~::; ' ·.,, .. • .· , •.• -.• ·,•: , .,,· •· .... ·' , ..• ,,._. • .. , ... -1,:~ •.• r .. ~4- .•• '. • • .· :~ . ' 

" " · .. ;" · . · adiaimstrative embarrassment, etc., will be· retaiiied .. in a 

. se~~1~~:: ~as·aittc~~i~~-_..,.">- A~~ordi~ .'to ~m;r~~~ ~~~-~~n.· ·: ~ev 

'i 

. ·. . i>~~iop,Ji~~t;i·,: D~~1~~~n' "t~&- ·-~~1:1ci .~r· ·t~, .. ·~1d:·m~~~~zi~~/i;s; "·.,,_ '. 

such tba t 'ver;y g®d ;~aeons. must be, presen~ed in order , to -:. 

_'prevent. the ~elease .ot· into~~io~:.· . :Furth~r of :in.~~re.~t~ .. :·~~. , 

: t~s:.r_ep~~ llJ the p~l~C)):Of. th~ U~~e.d State~ -~&ten~. Ot.tice . : '.•\: ·:. i.. ."' , ·.. . . . ' . , - -.: ,, . ,..., · .. ·.: . ·~ '..~ ¥;.''" !'"• . ' • 

.. with_ respect tq. applications on· file, vb1ch,.pol1o;y is 1ndicatecf it .~ .' • ·, ~ 1 •' :.; ... • t : L· • ., • ~ 'I• r ~ • .. 

· ·1~ :·'3. -lett~~ from Cc;>ionef. Dmiald K.! Lip:p1n~~t:t, ··Patents and . ' . ~· 

Invent1~ns 'counsel,~- ~g~l' ri1v1sior1; -C)~r1~e_,,of. the Chier· Signal · 

Ottioer, ~o In~ei:liseti~:~ ··sranc~· (Tab-;o)·;:: ~t~ht "orrice ·policy 

.~- ·· · ·1~·:.'t>ased ~~ a;::;~e~o~~dum· :~rbrl ... the ;,oint~-~hi~r~- ~t,:siatt-. ··:-· • • ', •. . • • ' (' .. • • • • • • • ' ~ . ~- • ~ - • . • : • • •• • . • ·•. • . . • i. " - .' • 

'(ii~., b) •.. -· ·:." . . ·_ , . ,. . ' 

.... ·.: ., 

. ' 

~ • 1 ' ... · .. }·~ ~ .. . ; , . :, ' .. ~· "· . . ;, 

•. •i 

I ·~· , 

.. 

•. t' 

.. ' 

.~~.:. 

. . ~; 

.; i 1• 

r 
... 

·- ·· 

,. . - . 

'· 

·. · REF :i:D.:A.·1~6.886. · .: : 

··~;£ > 

. -t1o#. 18. the term Of. patent:S '()P OtherV~fie .. ·appeal's 'to_ b~. that ·' · ·<'" .:_ . ,.· .. 

· .. · ot t\cqua1nt1ng t9reigri--povers or uhrr1end17 io~ces with_ .·.: . ·: · +" • r 

etrect1 ve ··adaptations· and_ a~~angements -·Qt·1th.eae. ~ystenis ~ 

:P~tent_ appl1cat1ons need h,ot 'bci ·~are11 dc>'.·.oonta1n key;. · 1. ,j \ ' ~ . 

. genera tinS·. means~ . rotor;~ 111;1k •. :and oth~l' .. 'specific. tea ttires 

. "·:~pon-'.~~~h :·~~~· .:~~c~~11i,.-··or::_orJtog~aphic· text· ~ea11i-.~epemi~; 

~-:·· .-The main·· .. dfffic~{t7 "i.s .th&t~--:·~1 d1:~cios1ng'. bas.ic .~~a·t~es: ~r _. · . . . . . . . . :: . . . :· . . . ~ 

SUC~G;SSfUl machines· used by this OOuntP7, the-:: development : . '. ; . ' .. :~ . . . . . -... . '~ . : . . . . .:.:- . 

_:Of other' adaptAtions is .made· .p()ssfble.9 and our OW ~crypt• 

. :_,~alysts wt:li be ta~e~ :vi.th te~t ver~ "~1rric~lt'. to· ::d~cip~r. . :_ . . . . .- . . t ., . - \ ' - . '>.: j . . . • •. · •. 

, 'On the ·other hslldj man7 .American machines e.lreac1y ·are-; known'. ·; .· ·~,. -·' ·. ' ..... ;· .• ~ ~ ~ .~ .-· -...... -.... _".-, ~-,.~~:~-·- _:_ _.II .... -... •••· ..• ' .. ~·_ ·_. 

•.in pr1Ao1ple:;to thousands -_of ·persons vho either ma1nta1lled : . 

.. ·or ~perated tbe- same, -~d -~t 1s m~~t unlikel7-that the_· 

· pr1rtc1ples · can_ be. now· suecesstull7 suppressed. Added· to 

this is the PI'Obab111ty, that "independent Inventors·, and' 

. part1cuiarl7 oontractoi-s who have acqU!red·: techniques. and 

··,·~~-hcnL1n ··the "p~rro;~nc~ ·br .var c~nt~acta, .w1.£1"p~~duce; : ' . . . . ., . . . 

' . maoh1n~s similar to those ·a~ present · 1n use.. Such machines_ 

-v~uid. not· be_. Qla.ss1r1ed -nor ftV.theX.e a~ ·m~P,s .. :~rirestr~1~· . • . - - . '· • , _I. 

·, .·.their prc>mcit1on~. · ·· .:· .·. ·· ·· .... · • r 

1 .• .' It 1~. the ·.we11.:ea~bl1shed policy:: and· practice· ~.r· the. ' .... / 

. War. D~~rtment to. ~eplaas1fy ·mate;i-1ai vh~n. the:~intorma•ion_· ... 

_;~n n~ ·longer: be::.~c·o~si,del'.'ed·:,as· ~e~r~t;·· e6~1-dentia~, ·or:~: . 

. ~· .. 

. .. . · .. 

. '. ' ~ 

·' '.> ; ; 

,•.' ,., 

·-: , . r , .· • "~ ·~ 

.· ".--'. "·· ,":. . . ' - . ~ ' .. . . ._ ' . 

•,,I '' 

·.: "t ....... • . 

. " .. 

. .. .. 
' • 'l>. it. :,. ' . . • • . ,,,, .. - .l :~-. • 

. . ·... •· .. · i· ·· <. RE·ir·:·;iti:~4--1~-~~:~~> ·.: ... ;'.·-· ... ,, · ..... ' >·.: .. . ·-'! " . ; .. ~ . • • , • r . 'l· v~<' -:; .· I ~- ~ .: . ,, ~\"I ., ,- ~ : " • < ' ~. • ', • ~ J" . \"' •. , • '· 

·· rest~io~e.l, .• !,io lna~n~in ·~U:s~1t1~a iioli ~··· 1Jlto~:~~;, ... · · ' .. · .. . :-~··~.:·.If~-:'···:~/"':,~ . . _· ; .. · /-~-"~· .. ',~ ~.: ~~~ .. ~·:··_;. ., . .:_. ·- :':·~~~- .. "':··:;.·. .· -- .. : ~he . control· ·or· d1s.sem:tna.t1.qn of'. :which is · 1nef,tectu.al ·0~7 :- .. ' · ·· I .. ,; •< : t , ;.' ', > ·• ; ' • • '• • .,'•) •' 

\' 

" .... » •.. . : J r <.. - , • 1 . , . )• ·t~\. ;,-'"':'· ._·· • ... . , · ·~ ~ '° '· : , ' '. • • , • • 

,i-, .... · - ·• ·resUJ.ts-':in the de~dat!on ot thE:t·~cla.se1f'1cat1on ;.system ..... : · · . . ;;.: ·'-·' ·>.:, '. ·.:~;'·: . :. -·-, ._·::. .:_,' ' .'' ~ :. , .-r :. <· ~<!~".,: ." ··.. . ~- . ,~. . . .:: ... ; . 

.. · -itse];:f .:_. . ···:; . ':\' .... · ·· · . ·· :·> · ·· · · , ".~ · ... 

. . · ... ·. ·. ·_ .. '_·'.·->·=a~.· ~~--d~~i~~~1ry': ~~: ... ~~e-~i~i~··:1t¢m<•d.6e$ :not ·esta:hi1sh.-'. . .. ' . ' . .. , : :_ :-.,;'.''. .. ·· '.: .. <· ' .'' . :·. ,·•· . :' ;: . ' .. '. ":''.,·,:i!:<_· . . . : " .. ,·, .·· · .. · -':'.; _:.'' .. · 

. · .: ... ,·. ·:_ ..... _:·.-Ei. genera.l policv::1ipp+1eable:to· other'.:ttems iri the sam~·· 

·:->.· ·,;·~-,. . g~ne~ai.~6$te~o%'7J, ·:c~.;·_-:t~·~,'.·~~~e· .. not·.'~r~~--~·t,he d~~].as~~tioati~~!i' ·. ·, .... ,' '• '• • ... :.' •. f·~.~ ·;·, ;:_(-.:- .. :.~ :.:1·'·;: ·,, ~:·::: ._ ... ~ ...... ~. i 

0

' ~-. -~ ... --.~NO : ..... _··. -~~··. ~ • O ••• : 

. , 'Qf'· ant item,~ wl:l.etber i:t:.be.·;·~·'.~\docu.me~;t:J>~ .. a·: pieee<,of. eqU1pment,· 

'J.· · :·:-·'. · · .-·.'~-~'-'l" .·: .'. ... : .'... . . ... · · ; ... :·~-<-.. '·:·~"··:r;·.'.d.·. ~-:. ·1·~; .~;~" .. ;'"'-~<· -... :--.~-.. -.~(?.~·:···:_;+:· · ... ~--, · · ... ~>--: -· ., .·.;.· 

·· .. >.i .. ., ··wOUld be 1mpossi,ble;. exeept .. -~h.:th~.r~rtf~.ca:se μi.·~h!.ch 't'.q.e ...... ' " 

,: '.: .~n~ire . categ~~J c"o~1$teC1-ot>"b.u-~· .. ~- -~.l~~ .. i~~~ ~~ric:~ ·t~ -~ ·~· ··"·.··.'::. . ·~:·1··~·· · ... :/.~/· ·:.:' .·.· - . ! _·_:·:\-,.~ - ~ . ,' •. ~·· ~ .. · .•. -~~, •· ............... - · •. ·.·.~.- •. • ··~--- ; ·-.· :' _-;_t:~'::·~-·-~t,!:, •. ··_ .. . 

··· ">:·· · ·' · ·decla.r~·. tl'iat ... iie~laeaifyillg ti specific-.1-tem,'.of ,crtptoEWa.pbi~:> _:.: " .. . ~. . .;-. '. - .. _ ·~ _:_ <:. :.·._..-. - ·. ': :-'·· ....... · _· -~ .. ,, ' -~ .·' ~::·:-. ":.· .. ~ .: ... -... ~-_.-;··:_: :;~ .. ': ·- .. ::·~-·- '..· :~ ·~·--..:.·""'· _.·' ,_ --~~>~ .. '.;. ··_ . .. .equ1~~nt .:~ould · 1ee.ct to :t_iie. decla.sslfiAAtio~ :9t ·a11 .. 9tber · . , «> · 

.·.·. , : . •. ciassi~~e~ i~m~~P~~~~~!h~ 

,, 

' -·~ 

. . .,..: 

· .· t>Y ··eonsi.4er.4t1<:>11~·: ot ,_poi+,ci: .. or :;pr~gticab1i~_ti'-:A. ~~: .~ -~, ,: · .. :.' .. · .. • ·.-,:_~-. >: .. ~. :,·-.~~<::.~::_.'_:·. ·,;: .. T_~~-:~<~;:~.;···. ··-·:t<····.··.· . .._._..~·-.'.- .,,_,·:.·. • •··· ._ . .,'.;·~:·. • _.._:.'-~ . ·: 9 •. · <It-~ sbo\ild· be ':streesed.tha.t/the .. ·ae.elassitioation of·' . '-'· .·· ·• . .. . .. ': ' .•. \; ' "' '; :.. . :·.- : :{ ::': :: •. ''. .::· ': :·' :'' .... .. , .. ~?:: i';f" ~ .·::;.. ·:f.~' .·· -., ..... ·. <, :., ; .· ·.' · · . a patent:: applicatioμ :a.n.11: thu~ tne · issue· -~~f.~ .. a .pa te~t :i covering' '., .", .. ; " , ,, ' • -.-. .:~ ·- .. : < ... _ .• ;·.-~~,· • ~-\ < .. ~: .·-_,':-1· . .-~ ... ~.-,·.1:·.--~:; __ .. -: .· ... · __ ,,~ ___ ; ~- __ ;·-~,:-.'.;/ .. .,.:.~/l..····_" ... ~·- ._ ..... t-.·~·:+;~.;:.~-: ·-·~·:>· ... •; . 

· ... certain principles 9r: . .:re$.tμr.es:·of Ii crwtog:r-e.ph19 appax-.atus ·· .. •t·,=_.:·.:,~ ... - ·:··· .' ·~., . .- .. ·.: · .. ~:~ ;R·.·:.:.·•:_~·_:_,,._-,·< .. -·'. ;··,;· . .,~,'!:'·, .. ··, ,·, 0' • •'; ,,." :.,·: 

.. '!". d.oes·-n.o~···veua.l-~7 b&ve~·as a·'co~~¢.~':l-ence-:-tb.e·dee:~~:s1t19at1on-., ~.::: _ ·:\·'.:!;> . . -~~-'- .. '., ··_ .... · ..-·~ .-~. ~.~ ..... _ . ·_. . ":'; :!~~- ' '·._ ·_·- .:·_' .' .· ~ ·., . ~ ." .\. -· . . . ,. .-~· ::< :· ~:~:.~·-·.,·,; . 

· o~· a mac't.4.#• ~a a :Whole or,: ·i,he -.t~aff'ic. handled·. b7· it sin~~ •. · . ·~:. •• · • . .-.' .- ·• ·_ ·~ . -.• • .'· r . •. :·,.:: ::,~f'/, .,,. __ :._·. ~ ', . ···,;'· ~1.' ·:·_?. · . .' .·.' .-~-.~- > . ··. 

$8·:tndicla;t'etf/tn'~rs:graph'6i' th~:·.workipg ~apparatus w1~1····. ·_, · ... ' .. · •• • • • . '-' i •. • • - ••• ' • ,. • • • • - • • 

·· .. ~epend .tor tts'·. s.ecui-'1ty u~oli specific wiring and s()' fo~th . . . . . . ~- .. >·1 . . • . .- :. . . . , ' " ~. . , ·.. ' . ' ~ .''""' . ~ 

.not df$clos~d: in. the.'~~ t~rit. · ~- · ::-.. : · .. : · · . ·•· - '\ : . ·, _,..: .· .-. ·. '-: ~~' ' .. :, . ,,~ .... : .. :-: .. ~. :::_~-'"'· ----~~~-~~;:,,·. ~ _:~"-~; .--._. .,.;.·. -.1<.-·-~-·. -:· .. :.,.' .;:_· ; ... -~.:'.~»·· ... ···· " . · · '"RECOMMENDATIONS-· · ., ···" · '·· . " _. · . . , . . .: · . .,.. , . . .. ,< 

'~. ·• .. : ..•. :·;; ,., ~;·:.· .,:.-... :"'.ji'":·::;i"' .. :_·_:;~l:_';" <·>·<· .... ~: :' :_,.,·." .... · .. -.... ,· .... : .. · -.. : ·- .. · ·101.:·.>.Tb4ttno··.eJ(~el)tion,. _fro~ the-. armoUlloed War. Department · ' • , • .'.: ' • • > Iii. ' • • ., ;·:.(.v.~. '" ' 1• • • ~ ... ". • ' • • • .... • .. 

.'POl~cJ;':o.t: 11beralfty.''w1th respect. to' 'tlhe. release. ;of :tecbJiical :_ • • • ~ ~' , .. - t •• • ' 

'· 

.. . . . • ._ f •• 

... · .. :_ ... inre>.~ti~P- .b~ -d.~~;1~ t_h~ cas.~ of ·crypto10810 ,1nvent1ons.-·. · ·· ' . '.1'. . ,l- ' - -~ ",: ·... "· : • • • - ' 1' ' .. . . . . ~<" • . . - . - . . . ~ .• • • - . 

'I,:,._-. 

. <~·; • 

·. ,-, .· 

'. t" • ·_! "'· -~· ' h :'<· :.- . • I '·':; • .··-I;:;· • ;> ·."':; •' '.~ .~· .. ' ' ~- .. ~~·~· 

.,.. .. .• :". ;,: JI' :.:..::. ~L... . • _, .. · ... ~\ ~· . 

_., .. 

r . - ,.• -~ 

'J < • ,- ••• -.:·:- -:·· 

... . . ,.-..·' . , . .• -: •) ! •. 

"'·'.- . \ 

'. • • < • ' ,• I' 

. ,_ . . ' ~.".' 

.,>;.' :·· ·, ·.:-. 

1,,'.:·. ,1!·: ··:, 
,,.,-. ~--· ; :. 

·.·' 

'·; . 

,'• 

·.'i ·. 

\:,··· 

• .. 

. r 

" ~". {·· 

:<> • 

:··. ..·:' 

... ~ .. .. ;:·~·. j:~- . ... 

i f ··.' 

~·-\ 

'· ··'"'· 

. t ~·· .. '~-:. . ' 

•: .. _. __ ., 

·( ,'"I: 

.... ~.-

" ·-( .. :, ·:~·. ·.-. 

. ·,,.. 

.. ·;: 

. . t· 

.... 

.. >.~F· .Ih: A412'6ea"6·.··. ~-. t ;f . .,: 

\ ',: .. ~ 

. . . .~. 

\ :- . ) ... 

·: .. 

""';~ ". 

. ': ·~:". ·,_ :, 

·.1 

r·-:. " ·,. 

. ,~; .. · 't 

., . ... 

. :.:' 

,·"{'" 

·, 

•,f 

: ~ .. . 

~~-·' : .... · .. 

..... _.1._" 

· .. ;_ 

;, ' 

·, 

·, : ... · . ·.,;:: . 

.. . "-

. ~ .. 

.... 

. 'l ;·._ .. 

-: 

.... 

,. 

~· 

-'., 

·, : 

.; .. ", 

·' ' 

. ) -

"' 

"'.· 

t-'. 

... -· , ~ .. 

. .. ~. 

.. ~. 

• ·' 1· 

i . .'· 

' . 

··.-_:..,.: 

. "~: 

- . .'_t,: 

~ . .-

. ·~"-

· ...... 

.. ...... 

. .,.; ... 

" 

.. ·;~l·, 

,,. 

·' '· 

1" • 

·,;i. 

,, . . ' :; ,· . 

" 1' 

! .. ~: ' ') I 

,•. . .. z ... 

~~ ~ ... '···. 

... .·. 

'·\· 

:1 

·I 

, ' . ! ~ 

f y ' . 

... 

: 7 

··~ . 
~ " ' ' • 'I ;-

•. .... •• . 't.,"· - , ••. ...... . . ·r I.~ ' ' • 

_: . .. . .. 

I'' "•r • 

~· ' •• 'o; 

.: . ~:.. '' ..;:. · .• ;; :.. • · .• "'f ' ; ' ... .... .. ·.• 

.-~. 

. ·.:-· ·: ·.• : ... ·~ 

,• .· ..... 

.~-::.· . . . ·. ' 

·~ ~ , . .::""·. "i 

:·=· 

•. 

• • • • • • ; ,. • • •I }. <" !"'>, • ' "' --: '' ~ "\' ""'·' _, • ',•. 

.. . ... ~ . 

.- :.+· . .. '. .... 

. :.'; :_ ·~· . ·: . ' . 

. . . .. . :. . . .. ·· 

•. ::-r~<'7 · ..... ;; ~ '•. (. • 

. ... 

. . . •·,· 

·." . . . . ·~ . 

/:: ..... ;· 

: ··~···~\' ~, :\. .. ~· ·\.l :"',, ·. L: .... ; ". ..... .. :. ' · ...... • ;• - .. ·• '..., ... ,. .- - " "' . ,··,~:,..·".' :.~:-. . ·-: • ··~ :· •: .. . · •. 

:·MEMO~ANPV FOR··T.HE CHIEF,:'.ARMY·:-~EC,URITY ·AGENC.Y: ···;.-· .,·: _:--. · · _.,~ .,__ •. .. ··t. ...... ·1 .r.-.. · ·:·~ .··"~: ..... :_- " .. ~ : · ·. -~- .~ .. ~ -~~t.~ ·;·--' ... :· : · .. _-:. .... ·--~"'.:·:~.:,. :.-~ • :~ ...... :· .·.: --;"" .... : •. :·:-· 

.· .. ~PBJEC'i'.:: - ReJ~8::s.e ·a_r· b'rypto.is.ra_phic · Pt~Ii~'ip:i'e.s.~., .... • • • • • • .. • .. , •• ~ ~: '.·" < •• • • • • ; ••• • ... • • •• ,/ • - .. , ":": • • ; .. •. • 

'" .: .... ;... ..,. ........ ~;:··. :-, .. ••• -.: : •• "f• • ~·,':.;·~~.~;::-,.-'. ". .;· '" ....... \.~. • • • • •• •,' •• ~: • 

' . . : .. · : ' ,· .· •. i~ed}~~~r~~·: HFi. J~.Q$,~6-~~·:;);~:a~o~o:e;~3o,·be ·~~e~.ey ti ve .·. ·.· .•... · ..· .. (.\ 

;, .. ·:· "· ·· .. .. .. . ·:: ..... ·<;a; :· .. '.·crypt·ograph.-ic. jpriric1:P1e:s-.'o'r-.:.'ae-v1·ces <d.~veloped. by · ... · 

··:. "'·.:... off.i6E3r~·/, enlfs.ted'~)rteij,-. ·o·r. :'._civil_ian·s .. emp}oye9-·."~Il'.ariy ·::war: Dep~rt~ ·"" . ~ent'.Agency'-;':· or,:pa·tent·s. ·:or ··p~t;E?rit 9:PP1icat16hs on.:: such pririciples·: 

.. /, .. or ... dey~.q)~s::#hi;gh--Are :-~~n,eA:·!)y--,, ass;ign~A .':to_, ~or .Tlc~p.f:3ed for·:use_:·. ·. ·' . :of· the ·:War"Department·: .. w_i.11 "iJ.:ot be releas.ed :for: use .of. r:ore'ign. ·· .. ·• ~•. · · .:..: _.governfil~nts~---or::~;f.<?.l?::.,f·ore.:igh .~:dr. -·do;m.e-s·tJc.' .. ¢owner.c1~ 1 or: p~f: yaJ.e. v·se .. : · - . : . until "si.ich :time· as "rieces'sa'ry.'·inforina.'tton .. i'S: 'a vaila.b;I.:e ~and s; :pro-·· .. : 

· .:ce,d~.r~;· ~s·\a.l5·11s.hed;·.1ri- .. ;the· A;£rnY·; s'e_curtty_'./ig·e,~9y . .-·~her.e):)i:·~nf6rma.~:t6rr ·. · .. . • ·~·. ~ ' 

Whi¢Jf fs. cryptographed·· by. rh~~z?:s. "of: such pri:rici·ples '.o.r·.devices '.(., · 

.-. _ 9an .!:/.~ ·.<:fr'YP:~.9-i:a1:yzeo:~ ~nd·:>.rea·~·,.; lJ,nde~ :.a:ny:;:a,l:ia'..:aiJ~,-_ gfrp::Ums,t:S.nce~; ... ":: ~ .. .• ::." . . - . . . . .,~. .. . - . .. ~ " .· "- .. • -. ,. - . . . .. ";' . . . 

"-~,~- -.r ~ .·· ·=· . • ·; .: ... ~.-·b.'•~·~ .. ·wtier·e·;. ··i.t:-·(~:1:8 ··~:it1~~·~t_he~.- irite·r .. e.s.:t _.Of. the: .. ·Gbv·-~.riim.eilt. of.;. -:. ·.. . ~. ··" . ' :t·h~ :u·n_ite4 .·s.·t~tes · ·:tha:t .. ah;'.Ei.ii!Pl.()yee: hav~;"110~ p~~~h~ ·r:fg'qfs _::~(n. ·. :-: ·".' :~.: .. :~~ .. _ · · · cryp,togr~phic .p_riiicip-1.es :<9P. :·μe.vipe~·: ... ~p\diAPose",·of i: 'aP,d ;f_or< the' 

'.G.overrurierit to.::Own:'.'the $ntire~ 1μtej:~$t·_ for_ s$c.-uri·ty .reaso'ns .,. ... -> 

. . ,t~ro:igh<;).\lt.'.-Stny /r 91,'?.s.~~~.,9te -~:~.:t~r::,~ L:: a_f1d'· :vh~~_e. ;9'.:t ~.c ov:e_;'i_ .-or . iri ~ -" .· . :-:·. . vent10.:n. 9f·:;cr.yptog·;r>app:L·c. prJp .. cfpJes: or-'.deyJce,s ·hq.s·: been made. by< . · · -· ... a .. ~:::t. vi lfan ·$mpiciy~e -~-ng .' o.o-e-s .I?-'o_t: rel,at_~;:i·tb: ,a;_.}na tte~ as':· to ·,·wti1.¢h: . "·, .· .:,: . 'the ·:·empl'oye.e- was ~-~(pe_c1r1·ca 11.y"'dir'ect~d-:to'-: exper±in'~nt_'. wi'th. a_ ~- . "·· . . view· :to:)ugges:t.i,p:g · iri1pr,o,v~ments· nor(. was pro_duced -as·':_a,. r.esul:t . . o.f_ '{3.ny,. spec):f±;c :~mploy~~9t .cir' contfac't. to.' .. irive.nt >~· 'gipec~r .. 1 .. <? . . 

d~-V.±9·e or. ·EJ.·rtf'cle; · a,rid' '}'J'hi:ir.e:. a.n .. _app1 j, C:a.t ~ o·n -.:t;.9r" pa ter~:t:-.·9.n .. such . ;. · ·:P~inc).ple's .. )5r .. :a,e.ytc·~.s> Jia,;s~- be.efo".'fJted' :Wi't-h::·~fn.-<4si:?_lgnni~!1t-ih-:trust ·." . '· . _.to tJ1e Go'{E}rhzjent ~;·ror" ·:tlJ..e: i)1.u:-pq·~e of· ·mainta:trii~g _such appl<ica :--· " ... - .. · .~ :·"·. tio!). ·in :·seq·rec·y-, ·the r~111;ta:r~l Int.eilig'E:iri;~~· .Dlv.isiort. wi 11: s·~:P:Port,: 

.. · .: ": s~b.iect·:i.to. the".ava,i'J_ab~·l·:t~Y: ·of "?PPropria'ti~:m~ ;· .any. ·r~asonl:!-ble., · .. · ·• -< " ·req{ie1;3e:r.or··purctia:se: 6f' :a_{l· :coritnie:r.c.1a11-y·:exploitable r.e.V.ersionary ·. . . .. ". r_igh:ts of tpe"_Inv.entor .... ~n:_ the pat_ent ... E!-pplica.tiqr.i.~ · ·· .: · · ...... ·,'!.·~.! • ""'. r.' • . "• • ,' • I ,,· '; • ~.,' t.•.~;·:.' ·• ..., l; .•r,'_.' _!.'• .. ."• • '· .. ··-' .·.·-· \.. 

,. • • • • ~ '. • ' •• ~ ., • • .. • ' -;; ·;:.:-... • <' .. • • ' •, 

·,;· ... _ .. •, 

. ·~ " .. . · .. ··:·:.· · .. 

'. ·. . .. .. . .. ~ 

; . . . . : . '. ~~ " . 

.... . . " - . ' 

. '' ..... . ,.·•·/ 

' ... , . 

. : ': -~. ~ 

~ .. ' . . : . .~ ..... ' - .. ~ ... ~',: ...., . . ' 

. -:~ 

.. ' ~- ... 

. . ~ -· 

.·: <· 

. . .· ~ 

· ... 

·~. .L '.• 

-' .. :..'. . . ··. 

.. ' .·• ... ·~-;. . . .. . · .. :;./ ·_., .. . . 

'"· .: ... -1. - .; 

,,:: .. ,_ 

.: ". ~ r·-.·.· · .. . .~ . 

. ... .. '• ·'. 

·~ . . ' 

:·'<-.' >.: : ......... ' 

. I·, ~. -. • ·~- ·'"' •._ 

.. \ - , 

. ·~ .. ~ ~ 

., .. -,.".' 
~ ;! .. ~ 

,';,, '.,·~F~,ID:A4l~~0~~ 

--.- -:_-.'.J :. · · .. :.·G9NF1HENllAl · .-.,. : .. :::-·"_"-~· '~ .. · 

-; .. 

. ' -·. . ·'• 

. ·~- ·: ... :. '·. ,. 

. ;. . 

. . - '.- . ; 

. . •·,;.' • 

1

ih ....... t l I c 

... 1 • 

.··~\ ..... • -·' 1 ·, ·~·!:. ' · ..... \ 1 •. 

., 

. .. - . ,• 

'. '' .. · 

- . ~~ - . 

'11:.' . > . ~'t ·aei>teDiber•>i945 · . :- ~. .. . . . - .. : . " f·· ... :· ..... "-~ .. ..- .~".-• .. : i ;- •. .,, :· '.. .• 1.·,. _.,"~ : 

.. . ... :-: ... ·. ~t1BJ.E{,i,~_:: ~~i~s~. 9f.-i>6\t~nt.>APpliea~i-~n .. seriai:•~•· .44,j;20 :· 

I.,_··:' ~ ·•,_. I ,( .' .• '' :·: ... : ,. ,. ' .. , • ' ' · .. ·· ')~.· • ·.• ' .'· ~·., • !./, .... , .• ' "' .' • 

... ·:·. . 

.. ·\<:- .. f.c>:- : .. _·,_,:·., ... ,. .. ~co~n~~--._G_ene*a.1_,.:' "· .,.: · "· : · .. ·, .;· ·· ·--..... . .... · .. ·: , 

.. . · -~~ ·a·~enrit~ Agency , - . .. .. .. · •. ' • ..1 • •, 

'I . :".,• , ..... :· ,:\L ". . ·." ' . - - ,, .. ·, ..... 

.. . . .. ' ' ... ,'·" 

. . ., : 

• : • • • , )~ ,. ; ·~ • ~.' ' 'r ,\ • ·, • ". ' • ' • • 

· · .. l.;: The nubjeet ~tent· app11·cat1on cov_e~s a· crm>~o..; 

gr~phic'_ ~~na .and. dev;J.co ~or automs.t1c· enci;P.hermen~_-.and. 

decipherment ~f . teletype'Wri~er· -signs.ls and was filed· in ,. . the·u. ·s •. Pa.tent Office .on 16 ')la.7 1942 til:tb.e name of the . -.· . unde1".e1gAeti and: lPI'ank: .:e" ·; ~owtett:,-~; as_. · co•inventors. · · 

. . · .. '2 ...... !J.llle ·p~inciples,-~~volv~d :a· the ~.ubject appii'CsatiOn . . ·have bCEJ1l :ut1l~z~~ 1n _C,onverter ·Ji'-228 and Converter m;.294.:" 

·. · ·:· ;·~.· · It 1~·- request~d- that· the" s~bject · appli~t10D.·· b~· · · . off1.c1,a.lly. Q.ec:i.as~:tfied 1~ .. ol?der .that it· ma;r be s.l-lowe4 to 'go 

· to, 1ssu;e, ~er~upo~ the. ~ight a_nd t!;tle w111 revort' · tQ ·the · , un4,er~1gn~d ~d·:Fr~ B •. Ro:wlett~ .subject to-_an ill'revocablo.., · :· non-excl~iye~ · o;nd ro~lty free right and lic~se_ ·remaining .,·vest.ed«in the United States :Of- America~"' _. ,· · . ' ~ .·• : ,' > • I ' ·: ' , ,I ~-, : • •' .~ • I ··, 

' ' ' ' ' ... ' . . , • •. ' ' ;:" ,,. t ' . . l . ' _ ..' . ·,~_'l, .,, t.' .. . .. ·1.. ' ... _ ,- - .• ' '. 

· · :· . 4. · This ... e.ction is · desired· bees.us~ of' the . commercial 

·. ·: ·.: e.pp~ication~ .ot .'tb:e .. ~vE>μ~ion,-.- .1nterEust <in t1hich· ,is .-believed:· 

· . :: to ~is~ .. on·. ~he ··pa~t.~·Qf;, tne· 'Q ~ · $.: communica.tion '.com,p&nieso '· - · ;::'::···-.-•. - - ._-.... •·• .• ':· -~"··,'~_:,:_;·~·"·, ! ~'.·:.~ .. :-·. ··~) .:\.. •, •.• • • • ~ ,_:· • : . ·: •• 

: . ". · : ..... ·s.·: ;.:. neq,l.aa.$1f.1:<:,a.t±oii_ .. ~ot ,,~he '-~te.nt.:·,'!t>l>Pl:f.ootion: does z:iot 

· ne~essal'ilt- .. iilvol ve ~h~ .deola~s1t1c~t1on '·Of" tbe · apoc1f1c . . .:· , . . . embodime~t:ii · t;he:r•ot : ... re'.Pr,e~ente<t- -~ ~/ ~ppara t~es mentioned 

·_·-:1n ~~~r~p~· 2.;· · · .... .- ., · .-,:.. ·, 1:: . ·;"-... ·:_.-.. . ,: _.'. .. _ ...... 

. ' 

"· 

', .· 

" ,·. ' . . ..~ .. " .. : : ':. '.. ..... .. ,~.;·· ' ... ;; :· ~c> 

~ . '; . ._ ':, .... '. . :. ... :_. , : 

. • l. ~."·t.t.~~~·· .: .... ; . : .... ' ·~· ·.· ~,. ... , ,• . • ·,.~~- .: • ,. " ' ,< ,: ""i .. ..~. ·;,: .. :r·,~ ' .. "" '\ •'' • " '·.- ~ 

.i. __ ·:'· '~ :. _ ... _:_,... .:·· _ -~~~IAM.F.'-FR~mt~- ,.-_ \ ·, ) , '._!' • • !. ~ < ':' •• • t ! > ~, • > I 

1 >~ ;, ' ' l -

• .: ;1 •·' - ," ·t,:· :~: .. : . .: \ .... -:-. . . .., . ' . .· 

~ - .t. . :r • . ' . -, .~ . ._\·· .' ., ' 

:: ..... '.. ~:. ,;' •:. ~• '.· ."1 ":i::· '·'.i ,· .. ~·: • , .. ' I . 

,, . -. . ~ . •. . .. : . . . "''. ·: .. ' 

. . . ., .. : . ._ '-. ·,_ ;' . ~ :. ' ,· ~· 

... . :.- •,, 

• • • '· ·' ' 1 ~'. • •, ,~,. • • 

,. ':: :. ~ 'L. . 

.. '•: 

' . ~:. 

~ •I : ' .1_. • 

., ..... '.'r 

. '• '; .. ~ '• ··~ . ' • :·. ' •. : '' : • • •• '~ J ·• ' , ·' •' 

.. ' 

·, . i., •! . • • .:" .·· ,··· .· -.... ·.·. \,,-.. 

,.· . 

"' 

i:· ... 

·':· 

.... '. 

.. .·. 

• 1··;> 

' I o1 I 

~" . : ~ 

. 'i 

. :- :· ' I I • t •· • 

. .. \. . 

... ·. ., •' ,, • ~~ ;·, .• I. 

· .... 

\ "' . ,:. ,·. 

·': 

-' :·.: 

~ : ' . '·: . . ' ,, : 

" , ' ~ -- ', 

~~fn.:A4126886 . . . } 

HEADQUARTERS - \ 

WASHINGTON 25, D. C. 

P? 7 

WDGSS-23· 20. May 1946 

SuBJECT: Release of Patent Application Serial No~ 443,320 

TO: Mr. William F. Friedman, WDGSS~l4 

1. Reference your letter dated_27 September 1945, subject 

as above, the attached memorandum from the Acting Deputy Assistant 

Chief of Staff, G-2,' outlines the War Department policy on the 

release of cryptographic principles. 

2. Analysis of the policy would indicate that: 

a. Patent application No. 443,320 will not be released 

unless it can be shown that the employment of the principles 

involved are susceptible. to cryptanalysis under all circumstances; 

and 

b. If not released, a request for purchase of all commercially exploitable reversionary rights may be entertained provided it can be shown that Frank B. Rowlett and yourself were 

not.directed or employed to experiment on or to invent the principles or improvements embodied in Converter M-228 or Converter 

M-294. 

3. If .it is felt that subject Patent Application 'should be 

released under (a) above; or if and when it is felt a case should 

be presented for purchase of rights in conformity with stipulations contained in (b) above~ an application for ~elease or pure.base, containing pertinent facts and necessary proofs, may be. 

prepared and submitted to the Director of Intelligence through 

the Chief, Army Security Agency. 

1 Incl , ·Cy ltr dtd 29 Apr 46 

subj: "Release of Cryptographic Principles 

/s/HAROLD G. HAYE;S 

Colonel, Signal Corps 

Chief, Army Secui>ity Agency 
~\EJ61~~fF ID :A4126.SJ9li)o7-ss-10_ 

29 April 1946 

• .MEMORANDUM FOR. THE CHIEF, ARMY SECURITY AGENCY: 

SUBJECT: Release of Cryptographic Principles. 

1. The following policy is announced to be effective 

immediately: 

a. Cryptographic principles or devices developed by 

officers, enlisted men, or civilians employed in any War Depart.-

ment Agency, or patents or.patent applications on such principles or devices ~hich are owned by, assigned to, or licensed 

for use of the War·Department will not be released for use of 

foreign governments or for foreign or domestic commercial or 

private use.until such time as necessary information is available and a pro_cedure established in the Army Security Agency. 

whereby'''information which is cryptographed by means of such principles or devices can be cryptanalyzed and read under any and 

.all circumstances. 

b. Where it is in the interest of the Government of 

the United States that an employee have no patent rights in 

cryptographic principles or devices to dispose of, and.for the 

Government to own the entire interest for security reasons 

throughout any fore.seeable future; and where discovery or invention of cryptographic principles or .devices has been made 

by a civilian employee and does not relate to a matter as to 

which the employee was specifically directed to experiment with 

a view to suggesting improvements nor was produced as a result 

of any specific employment or contract to invent a specific 

device or article; and where an application for patent on such 

principles or devices has been filed with an assignment-in-trust 

to the Government for the purpose of maintaining such applica~ 

tion in secrecy, the Military In~elligence Dtvision will support, 

subject to the availabilitY, of appropriations, any reasonable 

request for purchase of all commercially exploitable reversionary rights of the inventor in the patent application. 

/s/ CARTER W. CLARKE 

Colonel, GSC 

Acting Deputy, A.C. of S., G-2 
REF ID:A4126886 
REF ID:A4126886 
0

1936 . 

.. 

FRIDAY, NOV. 

27 

332 34 









REF ID:A41 


REF ID:A4126886 

1st Ind 

William F. Friedman, wbGAS-14 11 April 1947 

TO: Chief, Army Security Agency 

1. Reference is made to paragraph la of the inclosure 

to the basic l~tter; , 'In view of the interpretation made' of the 

meaning of that paragraph, as .s-et ·forth in ASA Memorandum dated 

10 April 1947, _Subject: "Procedure for Release of Information \ 

Concerning Secrecy Patents 11 ., information is requested as to · 

the bearing t·ha t ,interpretation ·has on the question dealt with 

in the basic letter in regard to the status of, Patent_ Application . (/ 

No. 443320.' It is also requested that clarification be made as 

to what rights, if any, the 'inventors:may' have in regard to 

J 

Patent Applicat1on Noj 443320 under paragraph lb oF the policy 

directive forming Inclosure 1 to basic letter, in the light of 

the recent interpretation of the meaning of paragraph la thereof. 

2. This indorsement is submitted on the premise that it 

would be to the advantage of the Army Security Agency, the War 

Department, and the Government as a whole, as well as to.the 

inventors as- individuals, to seek some clarification o·f the 

rights of inventors of ,equipme~t which must be safeguarded anμ 

held in a classified status for a relatively long period of time, ' ' 

since_ a clarification of this point might assist in formulating 

1 

j 

l 
ii., REF ID:A4126B86 

~~Q]iiiJ 

a policy_which would be most conducive to the stimulation of 

invention ·by Army_. Security Agency personnel. 

3. In connection with the foregoing, there are submitted 

~ 

herewith, as information perti~ent to the circ_~stances, A inclosures listed below. 

I 

4. This matter has been discussed with Mr. F. B.,Rowlet~, 

' . co-inventor-in the case of Patent Appiication No. 443320, and 

this indorsement is submitted on behalf of both inventors. 

9 Incls 

1. Ltr dtd 27 Jan 47 to President 

frm Acting Secretary of War 

w/incls-3 

2. Cy of Memo for Record; dtd 19 

December 46, Subj: Conference· 

WILLIAM F. FRIEDMAN 

on Proposed _Pa tent· Policy tlh:l.. io ~ ~l 3. Cy of Brief~ef of ·the 

Patents and'Inventions Br, -Legal Div.,. OCSigO 4~ Cy of Memo for Judge Advocate 

General, dtd 14 Apr 44 · 5. Cy of 2nd Ind from JAGO to 

Asst. Sec. of War, ·dtd 17 Jan 36 

6. Cy of 2nd Ind from JAGO to Adj. 

General, dtd 19 .Apr 35. _ - ~ lS- ~~; 

7. Cy of B)'.'ief X?_y. C"hief of Patents · l 

and Inventions Br.,· Legal Div., 

OCSigO , 

8. Cy of ltr from Patents & Inventions Council, Legal Div., OSCigO,. 

dtd 10 June 46 to Mr. W.F.Friedman 

9. Cy of ASA Memo dtd 10 Apr 47, 

Subj: Procedure for Release of 

Info. Concerning Secrecy Patents· 
U6:t:A4126886 

: .J.t -f ·- .~ - - - ./ / ff -

HEADQUARTERS 

ARMY SECURITY AGENCY 

WASHINGTON 25, O. C. 

WDGSS-~3 20 May 1946 

.e 

SG.8Jl!;C'r: Release of' Patent Application Serial No. 443,320 

'rO: Mr. William F. Fr_iedman, WDGSS-14 

1. Reference your letter dated 27 September 1945, subject as above, the attached memorandum from the Acting Deputy 

i\ssista!lt Chle:t' of Staff, G-2, outlines the War Department . policy on the release of cryptographic principles. 

2. Analysis of the policy would.indicate that: 

a. fatent application No. 443,320 will not be released unless it can be shown that the emplo:_yment of the principles involved are susceptible to cryptanalysis under ~11 

circumstances; and 

b. If not released, a request for purchase of all 

commercially exploltable reverslonary rights may be entert~ined 

provided it can be shown that Prank B. Howlett and.yourself 

were not directed or employed to experiment on or to invent the 

principles or improvement~ embodied in Con~erter M-228~or Cohverter M-294. 

;:i • .i.f it is felt that subject 1-'atent Application should 

be released under (a; above; or if and when it is felt a case 

should be 9resented .ror purchase of' rights, in conformity with 

stipulations contained ln (b) above, an ap:plicatipn for re- . lease.or purchase, containing pertinent f~cts and necessary 

proofs, may be prepared and submitted to the LJirector of IntelJlgence through the Chief, Army Security ~gency. 

1 Incl 

Cy ltr dtd 8S Apr 46, 

s·J.bj: 11 Heiease of CryptOt'.:;raphic ·.t'rinciples'' 
REF ID:A4126886 ss4l 9o7-ss-lO 

; 

29 April l 9l~6 

M.EMOHANDU!.'. FOH THE CHIEF, AHMY SECUHI TY AG .t'.NCY: 

SUBJECT: Release of Cryptographic Principles. 

1. The following policy is announced to be effective 

immediately: 

a. Cryptographic principles or devices developed by 

officers, enlisted men, or civilians employed .in any \'Jar Department 

Agency, or patents or patent applications on such principles or 

devices which are owned by, assigned to, or licensed for use of 

the 'ilar Department will not be released for use of foreign governments or _for foreign· or domestic commercial or private use until 

such time as necessary inf orrn.a.tion is availuble and a procedure 

established ·in the Army Security Agency whereby information which 

is cryptographed by means of such principles or devices can be 

cryptanalyzed and read under any and all circumstances. 

b. V/here it is in the interest of the Government of 

the United States that an employee hav.e no patent rights in cryptographic principles or devices to dispose of, and for the Govern~ 

ment to own the entire interest for security reasons throughout 

· any foreseeable future; and where discovery or invention of cryptographic principles or devices has been made by a d.vilian employee 

and does not relate to a matter as to which the employee was 

specifically directed to experiment with a view to suggesting improvements nor was produced as a result of any specific employment or 

contract to invent a specific device or article; and where an 

application for patent. on such principles or devices has been filed 

with an assignment-in-trust to the Government for the purpose of 

maintaining such application in secrecy, the MilitarJ Intelligence 

Division will support, sub,ject to the availability of appropriations, 

any reasonable request for purchase of all commercially exploitable 

reversionary rights of the inventor in the patent application. 

GECRE1 

/ s/ CARTEF~ W. CLilllKE 

Colonel, GSC 

Acting Deputy A.C. of 0., G-2 
,i , · · · .. fi!6HE~:~4i26~(~-~~ ~_;r.,: ?1-· · , . ~ ' ' ' , ., t' • , > • • , , • ' =----=:.. • .• • ' '' ~ • . • ' ' : • _. . , •', • .t ' • •' ' • ' I . 

r.ssAJ/. . . . .. •.. · : . · ·eu~ •• · ~~~l\~ ~t>~it~.~~ ~~~i 111;. 443,m 

io.,: ·_-tho.J·\!~s~··4dv~~.f4·~¥lt?.rai·:··'..: ·lat~h.'. -~iieQ~~·Qf'. .. :· ·.liJh~tt~ '19··~oil:'4er'-et1~r£$1·~· tio~ 4 · · · ~•»attmeJ'l.t'.<&t t~te Ati:W · ... · • ' . , .. - · ~tn~l-l:tgenco · _ : ; :·~· · · C~P:t'<\ J1.P~/l.47 .lil'xt 462 

- .'., '.~'t.~H: ·(:hi~t~_.:~~~nt~: ~~~teidn>: --._ : .. _:.~ ._.. :~:·-.·.: .··~ ·:: ·: .-<.-" . :· _·_·:,:·> :: . :.·:.: ... -.··, : 

· . " ::"·l:·+·· '~·1\h t.ollf:~c~"~ .. ~·~e~ue~~·~~~~~~e~.~-.~~~n·t ~Q~'.ttt~ a~~~aJ'~·n·~~f.·:.~e. · · ... -. f:U•s (')f. tbs .ArilY· $Eicu~it7 ·a.IO~t:- t~1~!i to N~~l .th~ ~!?~~UJl~. ~vi.tl~l'lo'l ~~n \tl:l1.~ ~ -· · . 

) 

... th~:. ~ig~l \!GJ'PaJ. :P•w~t.' ~~"'~a. ~~<l: .J.~.,. ·4eQ,~1:1i(;»( .r~t}°'~~,~,: ~~~?~ pa~n~ -.~PP.li~t;t~~ .. 

. . . tt$tt.:·~.~!~!;ti~~~=::~~:; :.~i~=h~~~:~~~Ollt ... : ·•· :l:'~Ei1G:itl$- ttG 4'ec1~1011. ; · ·. .. : , :~ : · .. · . · .. , .. , . , ., . . .. . '.·.· .... • ... •.• · ...... j •• ~· ·.: .:' •• ·,~. ':;:· ..... ~<···.· .. ·~,.;.':~·_: . ';.'._ .:~·· ~:.:·~'.-: .. ·:· ·~.·. i.' ; ......... : _::·· \: •.. · · ... :· . .' : . ;" .. :' ' ' . . ,: 

. · .. ··:i:'1. ~i-...~ •. ·rr1,~atl..t~:~---~~. ·ii::e~1J,lJ,•tll·'e'~pieyt-.-·,o1· .. ·\bfi·:tlii~~rtm~t' ·'Ji~ til~)1;;~;·:$1llcfi·: -

:n: E4~bGl!'.l1'.U/'"·P~ ~tJ.0$: ea.· illeao~iWa.~·i.a·t..~.·~ri{jitial.:~~po~tm~nt~4)'e;· :~scom¢.· · 

l$'t~.tm ~cl ~re~re~lon .'.1tf~: ·ell ~ttu.·>clai ::f~i: :~<?~t;·-·:atirr•$~~.~'no~ to-. ~·-~ta. !bn .. t1bli» .. A~* 

. . . the.:. 3tli1Je~'iia$,~ ,~t::· :$.~S.t~t#t10.~;·:-9f:';.:;C?-~i~$~~~j-._~r~miel:.'~~ ~e; proper:~~· ~f ¢0.d~s. :· · 

, ·-·· : .. en~4 f.Ji:@Mr .• j · PnP0,l"a:t1~ .·.~ .. ;~~t.~iu~'tti~·~" 1.ani .Jia~~£.l -~. •ti4lfu ~~J~~t$J at!~ eemn1at:L;ui -. · .· ·~t .. ~P~~~.l: ·ifr~~l,~~ ,f.Cil'·~~~~~~~n ·. · ~f.i•· ('~~li.l~~ .~}:.· _ ·i'c:;irma.1·:'01.'l 'eee<Zl!'ipti,~~e:. ct, ·the ·t:Y~; oμ~nn:tl.y. 1il .~eo"f~1" c1,r .. : ~pl~yee~ .we~e ·uot. intti~totl .WU.bin ~e · · -· ~~$~ •itu· 'J.9~. a~d: tno,efoil!~ :;~9 .~~ :t..o*•al: J:Qb · aesc:riJ!ti~B. are ~v~Uable ·for par~. 

~(,t• J:iet~~:!l.942• .. Jlt~'.i.v&-.e.~.-.-~ ... ~~ ~?:A$,~· fJ!I ~tr•' ,1':'1~~•1;'•,!' Vl!'J!it~t; 1nfil,qat.!lont}.¢1f_hi~ 

~u'1~~-· ·U'\ ,ei t-0~ -~~~wb&.\t .e~U~V.Ci'Jtent. 'fi(if:~~-t follit;\f~tl··~ ~.'.t_he O~f'~".itb\.~i,u<l.- J~b ~a .... •~·~ipt;1~s: .~~~ ·t~wu~ . .'~ell', -\Jle.1~*~$, '.!~'°' .ei,'1(1· .l.~4?·· ..... ~~n. f?,O, .11r. ·1t1st:mi.en• e.: Jcb l'iaEJ _ . ~.a~~lii~~ .t:ta t~t.:tW ·~Fr+n.'1:$.~1· Cl"YJ)'t~~l)'.~·~tt ·~6.;~~,,-~~ t.he ,~er· 1942 ~h~s .tttle· ... ~"~· ct;at~f}4 tt'ZI :te!liJ .. ~ll!ettta ·e~ta~ly~~; ti,, P•?, . Q.CJl&~~Atte:~t w~tb _ :9 -Jii:t-"Qmo~itl\11 ~ 'th• v:ext · . g~.~e '.(l~clo~ "~) •. · $'iit•<1tl~~ ha6fJ~e~~.:t\.-·'<l:t~mp.~~~bl$· ·;pou,i~i~ sboe ·bis: ~~ifititl.al · . ··/ 4\ppo~tme~t .~Gr:hcUcn. 10, · t~\lllG 111· on .. 30 .lJec~WP .l'ff:U. ·-~"be tttalf.itlt&e!i.tlili~es 0-f _ . ~he · »ee~·t1s~. h~ve ~$01tly ':1no~eQ,fil{$<\ !ill ~h · th~ : g~th · Qf. ,t~, /Arfl;Y, G$cuitty ·~tg~r1oy, b"Qt. " \b~ baa~c 4iiUe@ of ~h.~ ·Poo.tt:tol\ ~re ~·,tJeP.tiall1· tl\l~ee.··tQ:e: ~hiCh ho we &Jl"i:~1t1ally ~ppo:i~t'(i (ln-Qloe*uki'~2)..- .. ". -:·:, ·:"·'.·, '. ,. :· ·,_.. -.. · ": ~< · ,.- :·. · .: ·, ::r.·; · 

... . :.··· ' .. :.<·· · ... · .:\ ... :· ·~:· ·., .::~.~ ·. ~: ~::·.· ) .... ~~~ .>-.:...... . ·. """ ·, .· .... ' ' .;~· ,,:_·· .. ·:,. 

· · -_ ·. "••" :Mi-~ -.i~,1•~t li~s)ip~~~~~-,fi~;~~.r·~~~tialy~t,;~--:,.,.1 i#"~h.~ roa~.';,_l9jCr·)~i.~ - : ~\i·U~~ ~~l.'f!i 1tU'$.'4f. l);f ~.i:i~~dtlf}.'-~~d~i:~ .~~rt.:U~, · ·~6e.f. ~ · e~ne,~~l· .:~~rvt~~<.n.i· ot u,i:'r~i~ 

.P~l ~>r1tf:t~~l~tii1;;, .... ;~~~ lzi-i~q~s•i"~· ··A.a·~·-~~. ~Iii~ ·cf>:fl.r~.;-_r.,10.&i-,"l'iis (h,t~iea· ~~iti.ed· · i'.Oi~t).;v~ly tile .'tie~• 'ttre.~~gh-tbe jeers{a.l:tb()tJ.gh. ·tf1B'. \j.Q~ 'C~~e~ ·itl li;iC~o';:danaa· '\iii~.·· · -

· ~:~~ Pto~~rj11,e/.· .t!~~~~ptiQiJla·e.t ·.'t.~~ ~it~~:'.~~~itl~~9dt ~ ·~l'·:·:t1;~~l~ti·.f~J:>··:tfias .. 1~n·· ... · 

19.3.6. e~t'l·:~941·'..awe···1nel~ ·(.lrlC;i-.>il~~·.•') • .. :·>io: ·W:ti .. t.~\S.l,t ,~.&>~li'~,:P:tA,~~- .,Y:f _t~IJIT, -~ot• .~rf~*ootl 

~Y .tll"~ t~11;J.c;~ :4~·:.~v1'.;i.li,;:~~~ ~tw;$~.~ ,\1J+~fJ!e .~~r~ .. f~~ .'1"$£1,aQ~~ ci.~@4.\ .·~- t~~ ._,e."1~ of ." . · · . ~l;> • ,:ti(;leb~.f . 'f;i6~$~iaph; 3: ~bWVQ • : · ' · : ' • '; " .. · : - · . . - ·. ·" . . . 

.. " . ' · .. :--~.·" ·~ " . .,,·_ '··: :;.:, ·:-_.:.·· ~ .... ~~··. ,·', ',.. :"·: ...... ; .. 't· : .. ;., : ' ··::~· :· '.' 

-.· . 'fh,.·. l-lat:~V~i:\c .. ·tl;i~··~it;fh~" 'rJt··,f4~,;.:. 1lf>W.:i.et\t' l~·:t~$_ e\~~;J·~~·t~~r,)t$.oa, ·:Jlie. iW,a:. ~El:l. 

· · . -el.'lnt4e~ct ~J:'S~ll)el;+t\· $~(i ·st!iit~,~- 1lh .. ~~: ·~~ '.a,~f>~ll itno~leda:• .0t .~1~ riir,4t.sJ ~ ·th$, .ti1J~.t.~r 

· · 8n(i. :tt,iat .&$. <mjlc~:r$:· ~·w~.th- ~~ .·~~t_iq~,, beitl~ t~~e!l bi,.~!'~,-~)'~~~:,:· : .., .-~:·, : : .. ·.· • ' ' ' • • • ·, : <. '. • I • ,•· • l • t , , ,r , ' • :· • : •• ••• . ,' . ·' I , : .. •• ', 1 ·~ '" ', ' ' • ; , , , 

. n»i ti~ t<'J.'.Jitmctcri 01 ·111rm.,t1Gmtti~t ..... / ..... : ·• -..... .... · ·· · .. · · - co,Pt!S.FuRN:i~B~D:_:."·"":·<· · "" ·'· · -·.'.::\:. -'- ...... · ·-· ·: ·. ;"·' :~,.-·FEB 2 .. "~f:1-;_ . . : . · ~s-.71F.-, . · _ ·:- , ,.~·:_: .. · · ., ·. . .. ·. ... .. · . . . "_: .· ... . .. -.. ·SIGNED.AN. _D .. ·-·.·:. t\ :~JV·_-.

1

.-() ·. 

I ' . Mr. Frieq.man ,:; .... " ' -. . ;: .... ':- .. ""- .' ·... ~£:. ur , · .•.. J1r •. ~owlett,~· -1 . ·, .. .;; - · · · ·.. ·· · · · · · • · · .. · - " ' ' , ·· • 

t\ 3 lholfl .... -. · ::::·· · ........ ··.,-:--·\ ".·-· .-·:" .. -'.Ji~~O~.D·tl~~i!~··:.' .::~ , :·:·.:~ · ..... ". . ·i •.. n/o -. .. ·" .. -..· · . ·... •"i'.-·, · -":.,;- < · <;~ltiftltl, . .i:ii,~~-t,i~S 0 .; .,:. :. : .... :. 

AcU!cd 2-'liu::l~ · "": ·<;·. :: '.-"' ··: .. ·:-: ..... · "· -_·:.·O .. _h.:w.·. .. f, .. :.A_ . ...\mv."··.·~.cu.". __ i-.1_.i~.-_._'4<'.'tt!\·.· .· .. n. ¢'9'_• ._:-. -." _· "' , • • • ' • .,,"' • ' • ~ : , ~ . •• '. • . • ~ ,' ' • • • • •• '• ' ' , . "'!''~ _ II . ti~ 'Ill· • ' 

.~ .. JGb· info· J.m ~li,• 11.';S;a~u .... ~. . . ... _ , . . . :-,: ... , .. : . 

"··.3· .. Jo~~~ i~~:~s~.! -~~le~~·>·:~ .. _:·"·: "~ ..:· '. -: . ..... .. .. :.· ,, '• ! .: I " ' .~ 

I 

t\ ' ~ • •• T '• 

' ! .... : .. 
. . . . . ' '··'. 

...... ' '. ; · ... ' .. , 

,~ ... .. . : ". ' , ~ \. '..: ' ··, . . . . . 

' ·ft/'.· ' ' • • ~-"'.,.. • ''• • '• ··~I '.' ' ~ ' 

"' "·· . S;~CT-~ ·P;atent Application Serial No. 443,320 ... ,., ·i:. 

TO;: . ~AG; "' ': :: ">.".:''. · .... '. ... ·~·: .. F~k~ ':,i>}r,·~(IB~~:"<'" . : ... · . ·.·' .·~9 ~bE<f ~~4,,/,:.;, qo~~ .. ; .. ;:· .· · .. ·. · , .,, .,. '· ·'.-.:.," ·: , ,.. · · .; .·:,.: ·. ·· ... · ;~:,qo~on~.:Mcaarr,6967/rs~· . , . , I»'.-.' . >·~· ,;, :::.:,>(<\. . . ~ :> ;· ·:.·: · ., . . . . J'.·.:·».) /, !'·~;<.: :·:,: :' ,,···:· .·1.':·:'.\',;, 

·. r. : .. Mr •. Will~Jii:·iJr:~; Jt'.ried.n:ian1 ·;a ".civilian g0vernm~nt empjl.oyee· .<#':th~ ~:t'1llY:. ~CU:rl~Y . · Age?;'.Ci, ;Intelli~~~e: .I)ivis~~n• ;·~s' re~ested. cer-t~11~· info~t4pn··o~ ·which ·i~ ;·prepar~ ~-. 

case looking to~~9\:~s.p~s1tion.:-to ~he Gover1!1'!1en~ of all 7.~mme.~ially ~~it~~l~ ,: 

" . ;reversio~ry"~i~.f,L,a~:a.n.inventor. in·.thE'. :subJeci'a patent._ appl~a51tion. · ::» .. : ...... ~. '_ •,o' , : , . ' , • '{• ,, ( ,•,-tl ,•, ._:• / ,\~ '1•,. ~· .. , , ' ,',' ~ .. :. ·.~ •, • ·,, ', ,·,. ; •",« • :; '"+~ ~~.' •!' ,-.<~ '• . .,_ • • - • '·., , ,' : , '1 

. . ', .. '~; .. ThEl .. ~11~§·~Ji)th~ 'th~i;w~:. :De~ilt~eht;;· A•. e~· . ()f: 3:~-~ ..... G-?•'-.:lis:. amio~~ed, i<y Ap~~' i946 (Ta.b:B•l.·0,'f·:I?l~' .. riJ~ 1:(.t¥'\> :W~;i-&.i:t»;il~·~ t4e ~terest·o~·tqe Gov~~e~t an: . .- •. em~oy,.e: 'J;iav~ ·.no. ·:i'a~;~.P.t" ~_igli:t$ :: f'()~-~ ~~cur~t~.; :r.~so~ ).~ ;!l .1evioe ·}le; .. ~s_. liQt. ~pee~ica}l7 .. :directed to ·invems:,·,the :

1

·ID· :Will. support.· a.tly," :r,easonable: requeS,ti,,f'or.·purchase Of·:· :· · . ·." · !' '. $' ' ;' , .";i ,•,•.j:;, .,.•'·>.,_t .• ;,·. ,, . . ;f·."·' .. i~>t • •, ;. '-~~·' .'. • ·., l· ·,,.,_ • .·., •, I~ • I 

commE)~cial1y:·expl'oi:table. raversionacy:rlght$ :or·: the. inVentor~, ;l • ". : : ". · ·: • ·• :. . .... 

• , ; • • • 1.1 •• ~ < ~ • : , • ... : •• ~ -~ ( ~-~: ,• • '· ..... :· •• ":· ~···. • • ~·:.··". ~: ~ ::_ t :· 1 ·: • .. t: /'. J' ; •• , .. ! ·' ' • '·. ' - • ~: : •• •• ; ' : "' 

.. · 3~. T~e~'.Si~)..: .. C.orp$, Eat·e~ BQar.d".)#is,.z:ende!'.ed ·~· decisi'o~ tha~,.'the, subject·'·;;·''';./·:· 

·, invention :was not .. ~he., I'.~.~~1;,; of: n+ .. .- ~ '.'~Pe'~i:f~c ·desigrμ,itiop. ·tq ~nven:t "~ .-" ~ '· Tap B•l ttQ" . 

· · · -+~c~ 5,.~ ?. :· .. :. : :.\''.:f;~:~'~.'.~·''.:~::~'.;'.,f> ; ..... ::~· .:·,.~::: ... :'. ·.,;,.''.; •. ' :·):·>.-:", .· ·:.·: :.: .·: : ··:. -::_)·. ·.·: .:.~ .'..':. ::··.·; · .-_:.: · .· ....... : ' .. :;1 • 

. ·. , _4:.,: ·It).s :.c~~~·~<i~~~~·:.·~liat th~·:·~~~~·ey orderμ~ standiμat .. :.'a~1t1at;~~ s~ject·> '.;:· ·"". ·app~7?ati~.n.~t ~~-:cp,~1ntied·.(~~cl·.A).•., .. ,-;. ·.:: .. · ,. .: ... "' ·'.« :" '. .·;.:"" . .,;c.f ·· ,· · • . ., 

' • • , 1 • \. '• , \ , , ' ' : -f ~ ' ,,. r • ' , ' • ' 1 , , ~· 1 I • t ; • \. • ,.' •' ' 1' , 'I { ' 1 ' .,. I ' • ~ , 

; :·_. .·. , : :, ~; ... Fro;:.a:~l~~:i: ~iE)~int,. ~~~iiqn"-.~~- r~q~es.ted»on ·the ·a~t.;6.;i~:ts;,'.,~~.o~v.~r'-:''·:·. ·. ·· outlin~Q. '.in -:pamj¢apli ".2 {'a· ,t;irid- b.~ of': ·eubj.~o~ ·1e~er. g Deci'eJllbeJ\ 1947 :by 'r&.·. Frie~n, and· . ·the· manner· in.··which: final .. action·"ahould be:·,accomplished;. ·:· ·. ·.·' · · " , ... ·· . .' · · .: · · ·. · _-,_:, ,_: .. ..-~~ .. :·_,·l:,:r:-·.·.- .... ~·)::~·:.-:,· ,,,:.~,:· .... :~ ... 7 .:.--:~~:,">'''.>·::: ,;" :" .. ·> .. " •· .··"·'"',.·:·~ ..... 

· .. .' : .: ~'oi(.T:Jii nmcToR ;or :.r~EiL~GEtl!)~~: .. ::-. · : ..'_. . ".:.;'.:. 5··: .". ·»· :· .............. ', . ; •: " · • j ,'' :.1·~1' ~ .. ~. ,"" . _.,,,,·: . l ~· 1,,.• ,,-: .. ~. -~· ' ·.«.:., :. , ... ,, ~· '',; ' '._ . .'. . .. , ·'.:. " ,• .·. •'• ' ··~ •"_~:·~~. ... ·_.... .. 1."::·::~~ .. ~'~.. '{! . ,, .··'· :::.,. ,,··.~,·· ;· ,,·· 

'" . ·,. .:, ., ,.:·:r·· ... ".'. ··,· ·.· ... · ·, .",',.· ·I~'.•:_· ... ,:.~, ... __ .,::-.:·~";_.~·.: ... '" ,.,,,,,. .. ·. ' '\ . ~ ·.. ':· : ~ '.: ~· . ,. , 

.. . , · · : , :· .. ., , '. ~ . '" : · .. · .''/s/ :13rU,¢e. w ... Bi4vefeil.' . . ·li· Incl · . · · ·· · " .. · '· · ·/. · .· ;»:. ,:· .: '·. ·, .. » .. BRU __ ¢E_. Ji~.·'.B ... fDWELL.:.'_,"·~.o. l_.-,:··ase. 

: · Ltr dtd .s::~~ ·:47· ·>: , :·rv ·. · · ·~· . } . '::·-·-. ~s~ta~t .. E;xecutive· .... · .. w/incls<(5r:. : .. ·>· .. · ,.·:· :·.· ·. ,. . . . ..... ' '. '. , 

; ·"· ' . . ' ' . " ..... ; .. ' ·' . " •. ' ' .·:." .'" .... : ": ,::'· :,;;'""· :": . ". ,· . '" .... : . " " ... ' 

... ! 

' .. ·' 

.' · .. :" ' " • l,, ~'. ' /, .· 

•, ....... ,. r ·, ;_ ; . · .. ,· ·.·;. ·. 

. ~ .. ".: . 

:: 
. .. . ·~ 

. :'.,~~::-_·<~- .. ,> ·· . . .,.. ... · 4·12·6aEf6 , ..... . ,,. . ::· ... : . ·, • , . ' 't..f .... t \1 " ' .. ' 

. : . ' ..... 

; .. . . ' 

• ,:. • • - \ • .. ~ ' : ~ • ~)'I • " " - , ' , • :.. • '. ·' j • ~1 • - • • ' • '" " ' ·.• . . • .. .;, • 1 

SI~G.:..3H:Ms: '(29 'pee_ ·47.) Patent 'Applicatio~ Serial._N9 •.. 4'4J,j20, · ' . '"< .... ·· ... ... . . . .. 111 

Toi :~~i~r,'· ~-~·:·se~ili.i~;: A~~~ y:_·i!rom.~" ·:"Legal Div,·, osdi~"(:~t~f:;is '.J~~ ·48 . qom~· NQ~ ~ Washi~.on 25 ,n •. ;c. : · · ·. _.:. ·

1 · ....... ·· · > ".Saragovit~/73.720 · · · .· -. '.Atta· ·:Mr•' staurrer. · . ·· · ... ··· ·· . ·· · · · :. . ... · .. 1 

"· • ' • ... ' '": '".._.~:• " ... , ''' ~ ·.-.-···~·.: .. ~ :~::.,'. ·:' ': J•-'.: ·.·,"; ·, ·_. '• • ~-"'·. ' '• ... ' ., ,.· ~ ... ::• I''.>'.' . ,:·, .,, ' 'I~ .... ; : .. ' .•· • . • • \ •' 

.. , .. ·. · ·l•.: .. :rn· ~c~ord.ance., wi"!;h· telep}?.one. ,09:nversat~on JJ+ January 1948 with ·colonel .·. \ · Garde~~-· jAμ: '.Pateril;f:l 1.Piv~s.~o:q,, th~:· in:~lo1fod:'«~o.·rrespond~nQe. ~1-s · ·~orwa.roe'd';'tor . :Your · · .\ ... direct ~epiy ·:ro.~. the . reason·~· that' subj eOt. patent· applic~tion· is. nOjV'. b.emg prosecuted " . ·.··.·arid ·15 · tinqer''i;ne' :general juris.diction .of, 'the ·Army· Se~ity ·Agency,.··aμd -~lso because 

. the joint· . :i.nvent~~~ are ·~'Lv. enquoyees. oi' ·.the ~l'JI\'f .$ecurity Ageney. · ·. ·: . : , . . .· · · . . ~ . ' ..... ~· ~ ;,-'··~·--:~ .:·:. "":·: _1 ..... " ... ·:.,, '·.~>··.·., ....... ·~.:: ·>,.::·:.'.; .,,' ·~l'.;::.-. -~ .. ·.'.. .. .., ', . 1

"'·· 

'· _: ... · .. 2. :.:A. sea~h' .o£,'.:t~~:r~4~~- .. ~'.~hi~ .ortice,.:ra:ilacf.~o· r~eaLany 'Written ~r . · 

1 

• ·documentary .. evidence μpo:ri'.whibh ·the- S~gpal Corps PS.tent-, Board based its ·decision. .. .. 1 .. "th8t the. subje~ .im'ent::t~·n~.~s~rio:t; _the ~esUI.t: of ~pecir~ci df:'.S~ption:'~<:>".inv.ent·. ,,.. . ... ~·· · ... · .. -.. ·.t'. -~.: ·~<"::· · .. : ............ ::;··>;;:.~: ~-:···~.:.~;::.:~·',\"~t~'.::• '.'>'. .... :·<~ ·• ·_.: <~' ..... ~.·:·:..;~.~·~-:·~.··~. ·-·.·~ :·· '" .. · .:/.':: .. :· ... · .... .- ... : : '. : 

"· .. 3:•;· It ·is no~ed>t¥t:. :tP.e~."~th~r .. j?~t ime~o~, ,r.,r~\J~pw~~t, .ha~: :not entered .. · <. '.' , . ':into .the· qu~st~o-11.l;>:f,3.ing ~-i,se4;. ~'.bY.>. ~. Fr~edma~•:r-·· ·:rt., :is .beli.eved t}¥l~ the; rights ··or. · · · 

: . . · ~· ~-·· '.;ttow:te~~ μi. ,the·. ~bj ect '. :~en:t;ro:n ~st'.: al~o. ·be ·taJc~ri "~~o , a{tco~t'.. in . this . I)latter• . ; . . <:. ~:·.'·~·: : . -.:.··. :./ ..... :. ':·_-~'·,~: .';~:·~!~·-.. ~"·::..·: .. ··.~< .. : .... /.<:~·:. ·;. ... ,_ .·.:." .·~'·,.1."".::.'·-:1.··. '•:·:.'. ,,·:!·/·:· •. ·~.'. :.i:' : .. ·.·:·~·-, ) 

'. · · :: FOR TS CHIEF·-SIGNAL;OFFICERs:·' ... · ..... , · · . ··. . ..... · ' " . ... ' ... ,•, .. ' ,. . '•, 

' ,~ • -·· ·.'· ''• 0 

' ,. . ,"' .. : ... '· ' ... :• ~ 1 •• I 

\ . ' .. ,, ' '. ' •' .,:• '; ';' •: •,'I~, . ;'. ·: .... . . ·,; ., .•. ···. -:".· ....... . ... ' · ... '.. ''.·i ' ' ,' . •~,. 

• • . • • • . ·;:.-:. ';, • • ' •• •• ,, ,)' !, . . . 

. . .: :tnc~·. · D/, c '. 

, . . ~ .. 

. .... :/s/"Ji .E,.:Parriic~.,; .. · \ :- ..... · :, .. , ... ''.,·' ·. :·.··. - ' 

•• • 0 JOHN E._.·PERNICE . 

"'.· . ' 

'I.''· .. ··,• :· • 

.... 

: '' · -:: .. ::c~er /:.1~g8i,"p1visi0n".: • • l ~ ·,. . ' ' • ·, •'' • . " • / I , 

.' . 

... ·. . ·. ·. ' ~ ~. .. ' 

.-: . 

·• ... • ; • ~ ;- • "· ' ' • • ' " .. ~ J • 1• ... • 

.. . ' '~ . . 

.. ·-.. . .. ,'-:, ·,·.., ..... ..· ... 

.• ' .!. •• ' ' 

... 

. : ' ~ ' . ' .. 

.. 

I: ,. 

. · . "·~ .. " !, •. 

.. · ,;· . 

,\'. 

... 

... ·: . . . :;,· .. . ' . :· .' 

.. . . . ' . . . : ' . . ' . ~ ' ' 

I,.•,·'- ( ". 

. . ·· ... :. . ' • ... · ..... .-.. . '·,'.I• '··"'. "1 I 

...... 

. .. ,';', ' ,; '·'' • I ' 

i_ "·. : • 

r·, 

"" .~: .. '>.<· ..... ~ ... < . . :· . . :, "' .. • .. ,t ' • • .• ,• .. ·, ':' ~-.:. '·.: .. _· 

... ,; . ' 

+'··'..' · r ·r: -" 

.... "\ . ·'" ~ -:",·•, . '.· -· ... · 

·.·~, 

•· ..... 'J • .• : •· !·. '' . .. ' '. :;· .. 

. ·-'.._· ... ' • .~·; • - • r • .• ,,1 

. .... · . ' .... 

:. : .. .. "·· .. ·. 

.. · .... "· ..... ··<.·:. 

. ;·,. ' .. ,· •' 1,'' ·: 

-: ·~.. . : ~ . ~ . ·. . .. . /, .. ,• ... '• 

. . .. " •; . ~. ·:. : .... ·" . "': 

. .. , •, ·'-'.".I.;,, .. ' .... ,. :,.• . .. , 

• ' ,t . ~· . . . : } 

.. 

·' ·,_. .. ·· .... 

. '! '.' ' '' . : .~. : .. ·. : . :,,,· ' . . ... . •' . ~ 

•' ... 

.. ·•'. .. ~ -. ....... '. ..· . .:. ·~' ... ... . ... ·c . ' .. . ... . 

~ ·.,. . . ·. ': '' 

". ·.·. 

;~• . ' . ... .' ~ -, I. ., ' · •l!' , ' 

. ~ .. •, . 

•, . ·, '. 

'• ·, : -

' ~ . ·.· .. 

~· -

"". 

,w • ' '. • • • • ' ! ~.: : 

• >," 

.. ..... ,·.:· 

: " 

";:· ." 

···I•, .... ·. "• ' .... ·· .... .. . r .. ' .. ,. . .. .. ·. ' .. ,,'' .,;J'.·.· >·· ... ·. _: . . _;, ~. · ... ·. 

. ··~ : . ' ;· \ . , ' :.:. ': 

:·" 

·-·: .' :- . .~. . .. •'.' 

. <·: . ,• . '' .. · . / 

·: ... ~··:' .. . . " .... ~ . . . . ' . ,. . 

:.;_ ... ,':.. . ··.': .. .".: ....... :.:.:.:,.;,·:' ~-~n~·a ... :: .. .. _ ·,. : .·. · ,. ~lh .. U112g: · 

" 

• •• ,1 

..... 

'., 

,;: . 

. '' •. 

'''· :. ... 

·: 

·, . 
' ' 

..• , ~·i1· .· .... ,• .. ··.t.···:: •. , ..•~.•:·~:.·•.<: .•. : .L· .. ·.?J~~;412:6:~~i:~'.·?{:·:.•·:·.::···.i· .: ..•.•• . > · GSG~S-1.4·: .. , .·;: ·: .·.' -:. : "'<; ·~ ...... .- :'. . :. . · .·· \ ... :·:: ..)25 ~·e:P.t~mber ::J,947'." ·. . ':; . . · ·:.' .·:·. .. ,,. .. ~.~ .. ~· . ..... ·.:~~·. ~-. -·> ·.::-. : .... ~~-~.·~::.:._ ...... '. ~: .~~~~ ·> .: .. ·.>".:~ ,' · .. · ..:~. "'·. : ' . 1'· ~~·· ;. ". , .'. . l. • . "' ":: • ':..::.,.:.0·'. ', ·~ .. ~~·-· ... ~· ~- -~ 

, •• ." ". • , "." _v :_ : "•<.';. ,:'"' ":.; }:··.,, '". «''.: .-: .. ;·. .. >. '. ·:,: c :~~- ;· ·. ; . . /,. , •• ·: ·.;_(<. ' '..:, ' ... ·--; '. " ' " 

·. · . .; " ~- ~~oR,A_~M _.~,o~,:·~co~:.. .. : · :.· ·:· .. '.:.':<."':<·.·.--'./\.·: · · .: · · · .. ~: ... · :~ :-..... ·:·'.·.'.:," ... (· "· • • " : • • • • : • 1• ' ' .• ' • " •• : .. :·· • :.. : ', : ~ • :' >.. :, . . . ' ' ~' .· ,· .. , ·.·... .'t'• '·., " f . ;· • '.•' ,. I " • . ~· •. ' . • ' ' • ' ' 

;-. ,_· .,_ ·'·· • 1 ·~ .~. l ~·-:·~:. 1'.'.'···1··,.... ·. i...:~\--;~~::~:·-···· ... .. ··.· •.. :! 

· ... -,::. .. : ·~ .. :"._<" :::.:;. ·~ ·.~':_.'-.\:~':. '.".': .. '; .... '. , :<\'..-.·.·.· :: "._ ... ··' ·:.:" 

\ 

\ 

· .. . · · : l; : · PUFs'IJl4nt "to .·e.n , inv 1 ta. ti on : :rrom Ca.pta.1n Sa.fford .-to . . . . . . 

.. " ::, . : '-·:' .P&l',ticipate· .. ~n::a.·:ln~~tins~~~t'h''. 0ngin~$r~-.: r.r.om-._T~letype: _Corp~~~:..":'.:'.···· · · 

.: ', . ·: ... .'.'. ·t1on,· ~Ji~: w.td~~a~gae.d,-·a.ccQpt~~~'7d,.-.by:·Pr•:··'~till.back and J>r .. :· >i . . . : ··. · . . ·' ,'~i~ov'. \T~ht ·t9".Ca:p.ta.11·1.;.,5aff.~r:~'-f.l ·9f'fi~~_at::lOQ0 1 ·hours on:. 9 ....... :; . :· . . . Se t b r· 1947 ... ,. . . . . . " .... , . . . . . , . .. . ' .. .. .......... . 

.,'. ...... _ .... ,.. .· ' p ~~ .. ~. " : .; ' ..... ~<)" , . ~" ... · ~-- ~;::., .. ~~~-... ·./;.~:: .. -:.' ": ' .......... ·:" ".... . ... ;. > ,: :.~. '« .:-...... ~~. :; : . " . ' 

:·-. . ,· . · 2 .... " Capta.1~ ·:Se.fiord expla.ine_d.:that· .the-.Tel$'type .en'gi~eers 

·· ,. .were delayed .a.~d: t~~ h~ ;ira~lly· ~:(d.<no't· krio)i··ljhy ·they ~a.re -. : · , : ·. :« '. ._co~ng, or WhS1ih0~"· they. W!'l_Jie :-bi:1~ing_ t!lf?.Y. mode+: -'or modGla •. · ," · f ••• " .···:'_, •• :_-.~· ··::.,.·~ .. ·~'..·.~"r'.·.-:·:7>~l~;~·~:~.':~:><··~<- . .. ,,:;·:··1·:' ... ~ :· · .... ·.~·~ .... >.'•·.··.1· .. . ···.·(···· ... ::· .. ~ ., . 

·~· .: . · :.- ... .- ?~ .. "Whil~.' ~~+t~ng:,·tor_ :~h~·:·~ele.typ~·:'eri:g;n~e:r'f3 ,to ·~pp~~r, · · . . . . .Oapta.ill: .Ss.ff'ord d.emonstrated-. t~o"r<ac~ntly .. complE:!ted · dev~lop- . ,, . '•':: ;. ·"ments'o.f",'.hfa own:labora.tory.:· :: " ·.·.: '".·.:·:": <:"' .;~ .. ··.•. " 

·.·. ~. ··-:.,..: (. :.,· ... ;·.>· .. ~ .. ·.~~·; ·." :_: .... ~.'~; .. ~·./·~· .. ·-.,:<·~·\_--~:,~-.~~~::.; .·:··. ;·-~·;; .. .. ~:~ ·~_.::·~~-~:-~~ ~~. :~::.::».:·~·:' ..... : .. ·.: ': ~--·· .. ·=-- ·. •· 

.:·"' .. · .. · <. ·: .·.: .: · ... ,a·.· ":A·.m9d.!r1c~tion<o:r· .. ce>nve~t~r :fd_.:.2?a: .. (sra91n.1). to .. be:· · · ._: · '. ... :. ·kll.own .. as CSP-330().: .. ~:Tp.is, e.qu~pnient Js. d~a~@ed to:'give lm·•. : .· ·, · · ·,:., .· · prpved sec.UI>ity:· f:o~·"·Sl90J1M ue.e.ge.:e~peciaJ;ly in. corin~qt1(on·;With· · .. · : · .' · · :. · •· :_the tra.itlamission of int$rc·0pt :: tr8.ffte -tor: OP-20:.;.a •· · ·The -nfocli~· 

· · \' . · 'fte'd:znachitie e11mrnet0~.· ~hE.'·~J)1 · liix1ng cabinet '.~nd ·uses' · . :. · · :,., ... · · · . '". rela:y•. ~ourited.' Wlder.ilea·tn .tlie: tra.m~ 'bf."t.h.er·stGCUM for '.thia '; · :.'. .. · : . . . purpo·se. '. .. T~~se r~'.iays.: ·~lso''.· are. used· 11)" .~onne·ot·1Qn 'With ~ .. > . · ... ·.. .· . ·oov,d. transp~a1:t1~n·:r~t'1r.e(so t~t ·'.the ·p1a.in" text· baudif .. ilnder- .. · . · . :: . . ;_ ~ go.:transpos1t10n 'b~ftire: V~l'!Mn\-rule s~bst1tut1on.·. ·The moti-on 

· :·: : . :. ·or the Xootors has also "ba·en:·:modiffea,-. .. ttith'-'tne .. :.1ntroduet1on '. · · .... ": .. c ~:o'f .tb~versed .. at~ppi~g in ~the. case._ of t't.Jo ~f. '.pb.e :rive rotors .. : '. ·. · · a_s .an ~d~ed. fea.ture.- ·:·of,i>·~in~ (ta.pe.) -ope~~tion.-.wa.a .. demon.stra.ted 

" :but-.1 t was my· understanding.,, t?iat ,-pro'!.~sion .'ht.ts"been oi:- ·:w11ll be. ·. " .... ma.de·fo?".· on7-11ne op<Z>r.e,tion--e.lso~- "This mach1ne· 1s«worth· ASA 's · .· ·> ...... "s.tud.y} ho¥ev~~,: :-.1t.,w1ii~ .. orily·.,qp~ra·t~ .. f~qm._·tape and. henee .. ~te · · ; .. · · · . , ... · ~pplica ti on· is· l·illli-t~d~ ~- '-·:,. ·: .. _.:"' - . , . , ·. :_.' . · ·~,--:· :· · , .. ' · · . ,.· .. '" •J ·~ .. : \~;·. ;, .· ,- ~:·;:\ ~ :, .. :: ~·~": .• ,: ·:· .... :_J ~·". -~:::).:·- '.:· ; .... ·.·~ l ·~· .. ' -, 1:~ . , ' .... 

·": · , . . .. · ·. '. .. : bo._. ·A: :mo4·1r1c~t·1.on· Qf· SI~ABA. ·r.or .the pr,oduetion 'Of . -. .. ; on~-1;.ime :key .tap~$~' .. : Tl;tG, _e>ut;pu;t, .. of ·tne .ct"-jpt,ogi"~IJ'~ic. :rptqps :t~'. 

·. · :· : .. . :: .. r~~μ:c«~d:· to. ?,..._tμi1t :~ode·. ~YJ.!lb,Ol~~ '.· :The :_~pn~~~r ~nd oryptog:ra.piμ.c· . .: 

" .. « ·· rcrto~s· &re::subjected·to:e..·d1tterent .. ·mot1on c.ontrol. than -in.. · · . , " .. SIG.A.BA .... ~hs purpo~·e.'..ot "ttus equ1.pmen£· : is:. ·to .perllii.t local ..... : :. . . · ... · . station:» t'O'.P.r~.du.ae;- ~one-~1~0·-,tav,es" .fr?I\1 me.chine. settings,· .· · · · . · · : .... so a.a to -~ve the ·equivalent -of 'onQ-timeu"1ntercommunic0.tion . · · . . among· a large number:,,of.'··ste.tions tthe·n:oondfti.ons permit ... '. ... : .. · · .. ' . ,,' ... ·: .. ; .. :.~·:· ..... ·."; ',". j:<:>~.;.:~:: ... : ;· '. .!" .,:_;~· -~~-;'.·-..f~_,; ~- :;':' "; :. ,:·> .. : ·,· " ·:. .. .. · •. / I ,:.._,,_ '•' ,t•j' < • .. :· ' ~_':'. "::• ·• ", , : ;.,, " I '·' • • r :\::·,·· 

' " ' • :-· ' ... • • : •• • ~ : • • • • • • • • • ,4 : ".:. ·" t • " .... ,·~ ; ··:. • - ~. • 

· ... .: ••• • '</ •• _: • ... ,, 

· .. ·, .. ·· · .. ' . . : ' 

·::· "· ...... J,' 

_: .. _;' 

. . . . . . ~ . . . . .~ . ...... 'J .: 

'"•, ; 

·: .: ~ ' 

. .' 

• I 
·' .... • ·~(;. '· '.• . : ; ,-_:.i" .. ; ... >. ·"_/.. ·:.... l>·.- •• 't: . ,,• 

:~: ..• :./ ;,.;,/)\;

1 

' .·:~~~tiV.2P~~~--. ::>> ..•. · ·····: · ..·· , ..•.•..... 

"'. • ,:·.··;":;".-1.~~·-~:,_~~ .... ~·:.~~ .... :' .. i·;~,·.\ .· ·, .-.,,.~.· I •' • 

·~·,·~,_ .• :'•","' •: • ~. ·~ .! r .'• '. ':,\ ·: • ... "' • •. ·'"' ·, ' ,:' '." • :. ·_,, .'_~ ··;"~ > · ... ' ~·.\I':.~:-.:.' 

. : · ·· .. Oth61iF'Wise, .·th~ OJ?.e~time :;tape~.- 08:n· .b~.:. p~·oaμc~d.: bJ: .-~ .. c·eritra.l - : . ..:· · . .' eta.t'ion .and., d:tsi;r"ibut.ed to. U.©er~ .by ,cour;t:-e~,, · ~a .. ·:t·s~ normally' .· . .,: .: ,. 

. . · " ... the osse t· . Capta:tn: Safford ·claim~ .... the.t :the .. ou~pilt":1s: per.- · .:. ·, « ' 

, ·. fectly_'.raad.ou1~.·""Tn'ia machine a.180.:·'.o)lould ·be: 1nve·at~:ga.te~· by:: .. ·- :.:, . 

. . ·,-.· ~: .... <; .. :AS~ ... o. >.": : ·,'.':-< ·:. _'.: «··: '. :;:·/~~~.'.~:.~~:~.-~." :: . -;._ ::"'. ··: :.:··: ·;:><: .. ·. :·: .. ·:: ~ :;" ·.·:: :;/:_:}).. ,:.:· ... :._:'.·:~·< .. ..;' .. : ::· ........ , ... . 

· ... ., ··, .. ; .: :" ,. 4.~-: .:~1no,e :~w~~ 'hoon'h~tir-.wa:~::~·~pproa.c~1'8·'. ~~~: ~);1$,'~ ~e3;~tri)e .. -~· · · .. ·· .. : :. ~- engineera.~ha_g not: yet~a,~rivedj<·t~e.:;ASA; .. r.epres~p.tativ~a.".le.ft_. . : ," · , ....... ·'.' .. -:with the. sta:teme;p.~:~-t~t. <;>t,he~ r(i}p;E"essnta~iv~s.: wo~ld .. r~pla.ce. : · · · :;:" .. : .. ' · · them--;r9r : a ; ilJ.1aet1ng;,. ¢:t,_·;J.4oo .- · ·. '. :-- · . " . " · ·- - :;: ::. ; , .: _:: . . ':· :.. . :_ .. · .. , ~ · · -.: ...... "· · :,;f~· .. :', ·I}.-',:·~··,.;;~.' .. ~:·:": .' .. :*·~:.:·.~~:·;:/,:· -~":: ... ·~~- ... ·;., .. : ... ~-~··· :·:!_ .. .'. ~, ... >". _r .. ···:" >;-/'.·_.·'. \~'.· .. ~·:·: . .. ~-.-~~,::.~1·<·~·~·- :··< .. , ·':~: ·':.'·.·.·.~·· .. ·. . . ·· .. _,.·· .. , ·::.: , .-:.,·s .... •'l'l}.~l othe~--Ji$A'-·repr.~se~tat3;v~~.;·.·~.f~asrti •. )lo_se~ ·and. .. ·,._ .. : . " 

'. .B!!-~lov: from. AS-70 ,e;nd Maasrs ~ Kubrl··a.n¢1. }3~ann · tr·om· AS-80 ." , " . ". -· · .. · : >-':.. · «. attended tha _:conference· in'. the ·artsrnoon ..... ~.-•. Jtose;n: reported .. :·, , · .. . :.:: '' .. · · ;._ .· ._tfo: 14E;! ·t~ ~. · t_}1e T.e ~,~_type: 0t,ig1n~er'er':.br~ught. · ~Ptht_rig :with· .. t}l~~·, · ·, :· "~ .. · ' .. " .. > .. :;<,·:: : ..... ·, .. a:tati~g ·~hat ·:the model "·~f.,,the_ HOO~ would'. no~: .. b~· compl_et~d>~.' ,.:.· ·"- :· · · , . .,.,: ':: " .. :: until. ·sometime iJi.~'Wove~t:Jero· « Tti~:-proj.e·ct"::1s Q.ppiaren1:ilY: «'not , <: ·· .·": · .... ( -.~ : ': ; g(?irig: l'orwa~d· ~a· h}:i.;c;i: ... been;~·~nt1c~:P~.~~~-+.>': : >-.-t:.::~. :< ·'.:·· ·.- ". :: :- .:: > · .. :·'., ::;_ ,. .. : ·'. · :- . · •• ~ ... ·• ' ·_ •• · ~· •· ·~;> •• "· ... ·:. ' ...• ·~· , •.• i. • ·,·:· ·:,. ,: '..:.f,i_·\·~·~;;~ .. ~·->' ... ·· ..... ':.·· .. _:~··;· J.. :.'~: ... :·.~~·' :- .. :·:"··.. • ·:.-:.-. :; •• ~ .. -;.. -'.· .. -._···· ·•• : : 

. · .. ".''\.:: ·. · :!:.· ·· 6·.' ·.Th¢ A$A :.repreaEJnts.ttve.s,·uere' ·then ohojn the :.mode.I· -of '. "·' .. : ·. .. . · " ·:.·" csp. .. )300.,·d1scueeed ·undel-: .·P~vagraph-.3Q_ atiove·. '.-"Mr. Rosen~ .. ·-. "" :" · ..... . . " ... :·: . " ; :~~pb~ts . that' 'he "regards. :·th<P -~qui-pmeilt ·as ·t6_9: cfomplex, 'that. -·... . __:· . . .'.' .. 

· ·.• ... :. ·:J:' .. '.. -:::~ t. u,·se~:·r.elay~· '!'h~ch>lf.i.l:~·;:not>~~nd ... ul>:· '.under.;-~Jridi~ry usage;· · :: : ... · ·. · · 

·'-, . · · .. e.ncL,v~:ll: ~ot per.to~~ ,the :-~iliic,~1,:oliii. ?.~Q~:t;t-eid. :.'ct .. th~ Oonver.te~ ... · : ·"" · . ·::.:· : .... · :'~·:f.ll{.;.:519(')/To· •. -.; .. ~~-~ ':Bre.nri.;".ha·vlnsi'rem·a:· th$ ;for~go1ng,:.:ij'JS.kt?ia"·tne ... ··· .. 

. : , '.< :· ... ··.· ··t< 011~·:~.::::::·;b~·kot~4·.,~~k~"~ 1V~1~d1~··~h~' ~e~.ter: • .: · <·· · · · . .... = . . ~ .. ·.emp~si·a-.. _~pon ~od1~~~13i.~i'~~;.',:o.~-e.~1s~i;~. eq~ipme~ts_; :.:.; ... _,-: ..... .-...... : . . · : , · ,, . · . _.. · ins.tee.d ref· .development ' of. nelff ideas·.' ... It·: ia believed ; _ · " . · .. . . i.· . _: -·, .·: _": :~ .. ",:t,he_:· CSP' })qo:.:w1\l-.. i~~-s~:!..ve~y 'a_\~kw_¥rci. opl:)r,~~i()~l~'.~ «_. .. .':. '. .:·::«· ...... . · · · '· .-... pra.ot!ces in .. tba~-- ;tr&JlSmission and ·.G,ncrypti:on :Will . " .. : · · · ... , ... ·: ::,. .. : . «~ve~ :t:O .. be:.9D:-~11ne.:·with:·:r,~¢ep~-1on:on~~1ne and ·~011se-.«" ·'" ... · ":· · ·- ..-. QU~rtt'·dGc~yp~iol1.-:~f:f~.;...1.1ne.·,.:_ .. Thia .. ,m1;r~l.10~ .. of ·ope:r&tiozf, .. _ · :: · '" · ·« ,,. ... " _woul'd- not· 'be. :s.e;aep_i;~ble\t9: ~ny of ~the Army_. using·· .. · : . · ;. . . " .~ : 

.. : .. '..<·\ ... . . '. >. ~~-r"·i;~·~:~-> 'j~ ;_.«~--·-~::~-:: ~.~« .. ~/-::-:.:~ ... ~ .. }. ~ .. ::: ...... :.;·.:.: :-·. ~":-:· ,~ ·':"':.· .- .... '... ·:.. :_'.:, . . . ~·:: . '.~· .. .. ,;_,: ( .. . ·:·. . : ... _ .. ,· Mr.: Kuhn·-,ad.d8'. tbe:~:foll9lfing·::: .. ::: .. :,. · :·· :., . . ··' _. ... ·, ·: · · " '._ · :. · ~ · : · ".: '· ,:';::r· '. :' ~«: :;:°',' , ..:~. '..' -.·/,,·:'::':~:><~· -.:· • • «' ",.C •' • • '','"••-: ·",~: ·: •• ·_. •°. ~«_. . 

:· :·. · .. , "«·, · ._· r'.In. 8.d<iit1on:·to··'.·:th~ .. re~rka ,ms.de· by _R!lr~. Brenn iZ?- • .· ... · · . ·_: : -:· .... : :~ . . : -co.nnect!-ori :.w~~h, :tb~ ..... ·o~p:· :JJOO J:: b!3l'i~ve_: 1.t. ~ght .b~ · " ... ; -., . :"-:." '. : .. · ..... -. . · · ·'i · mor.e. economica:l in: .. the end·' to bui'ld"_a-. «complete new.-. · _. ·. · '. 

·:: .. : ·, :·'> .. '. ,. ·c: ... :.μhi~ ·rather than/at.'.~?mpt.':«:tO conv~:rt"the'.M"'=228· unit· •. ~ .·:.. . . "~ ' 

; · ·' ... >/\.:'.· ,.:. ::"«Tti~ ~6.rk tiiv9~:Vea-:-;r;rou14 .:e:xeeed .t~~--·!loW..-.)~c;,1ng d9n~ ... :, .. , .. ,:. »:· ·'· :-..; ·. 

. ·~ , ;, ....... , , ;',;rrs}::t ·0.: ~~0 ;~;~ :.~'·,~7GR~,~ i •:: , r ,::L ,, : ·.;. \ , ·. , , .. ·. , . ·.· · ... ·,., .· .. , • 

.. · ... . .. · · "' ·"· · · · -· " ., \, '- WlliLIAM 'F FRIEDMlUJ " ·· · · ·· 

I· ..• ····:·•:••.~· .···": .••. • •.•. T:.L.·· ·•· : ·~ >:} ·::·~h;~ pt'.r;''··:· .;. ······:.:i~~en~~c;tt;·~~ t~Ff ,Res}roh,•·· .. · ...• ···• . 

I, .. ,-.·:., ..._ , . " .. .. _:-·: ... , .,c . . . - ... -. . " . ., . ": ..... :· ,; :: . : .•.•• _.. ; .. ·' .. 

, : .<::·. ·; •. ,: ,-.;r: ·: .::.:.·~tn.:.y·.}'.i·., , ·.·.· .. · ··· ·· ·.· · .. ••·· • 'r, • z .r' , : ' ,' ~ , : I ' • •;:: '~ • ' • •·, ( • '':• ~.' :., ' \ • • 


.... 

c 

I 

\ 

·., 

":C; 

i 

. 

-\ 

REF ID:A4126886 

A means of providing an irregular wheel movement in _ fl • n 

Cipher Machine ef "bfte Melle:rs and ~ ~.~ii... 

. . Enigma~- - ·\l ~ . 

The basic principle of this invention utilizes the cipher wheels of 

the cipher machine to provide ~ irregμlar selection of the particular 

wheel which is to· be moved. A method of effecting this selection is to 

provide, in addition to the present ring of 26 contacts on each face of the 

wheel, a second· ring.of 26 contacts, which contacts are independent of 

the first mentioned set of contacts; but are connected to each other in an 

!regular ma.nl'ler, analogous to the manner in which the first mentioned set 

of contacts are connected. Also the end plates will bear a double ring of 

contacts which coincide exactly with the two rings of contacts on the face 

of each cipher wheel. These two rings of contacts on each end plate are 

connected as indicated in Figs. 1 and 2 of the at~ched drawing. 

The action of the machine is as follows: When a key is depressed, two 

cont~cts are closed, name:cy., (1) the key contact which allows a current to 

pass through one of the above-mentioned rings of contacts to operate an 

indicating device giving the encipherment of the letter corresponding to said 

key .and (2) a universal~ contact which permits current to enter a.t a 

single contact of the other of the aforementioned rings Qf contacts on one 

of the end plates, pass through one of' the contacts ~f the corresponding 

rings of contacts of all the cipher;,wheels, and pass out at one of the 

contacts on the corresponding ring of contacts of the other end plate, and 

thence to a selecting magnet which permits the cipher wheel corresponding 
REF ID:A4126886 

thereto to.move forward. 

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of theinvention. 1, 2, 3,·4, and 5 

are the bereinbef ore described cipher wheels; 19 and 20 are the end plates, 

6, 7, 8, 9, 10 are the wheel selector magnets which allow a mechanism to 

step one of the wheels forward at each depression of a key; 11 and 13 are 

the ring~ of contacts through which the current passes to the wheel 

selector magnets; 12 and 14 are the rizig·s of contacts throug!'i which the 

"key to lampn current passes; 15 is the key contact; 16 is the above-mentioned 

universal bar contact; 17 is .the source of power; 18 the reversing switch; 

21 is the indicating device; and 22 is the connection to the universal ~ ~ 

which may be connected to any 

~ 

-en&- of the rings of contacts 11 on end plate 19. 

0""\.12..-

Fig. 2 shows ~manner in which the ring of contacts on end plate 20, 

· thl9tlugh which the current passes to the selector magnets!Jare connected to the 

whetei selector magnets. 

-2-




~-

0 0 0 

0 0 0 0 

0 0 

0 

00 0 

Oo 

0 

0 

0 

0 0 ·o o o o . . 0 0 .0 
, . ,. 

-- ,-- ,/ -.- ---,- -- --

.. / . ' f I / 

i I .-t 

~· .:f 

< / !! . 

REF ID:A4126886 
REF ID:A4126886 
r 

.... 

' 

- - .. - _·:-__ --·--- - --4··--.;...--~-·---.----- __ · _____ -

REFID:A4126886 

•',: 

. ' . - __ ....... ---- - -------:------- .. -.-··-----~-.- -- - ----- ----- ---
·--:-er /-' ) ' , , 1. ; rt 

J 

·. 

(a) 

(p) 

(c) 

(d) 

() 

VV1iR DEPARTMENT 

Office of the C:1i0f of Air Servii::e 

Paten-ts Sec·cion 

Munitions Building, Washington, D. C. 

(Use separate sheet for each invention) 

fOLLCW INSTRUCTIONS ON Bil.CK 

Invent or: W . F ~~Ji'lA-""- ~l f~ ~~<lr} ( 1) Name· (\r 

( 2) Rank: ~osition or employment: VW;, rJ~ Jtf~ ,...'f _q/ ~Ld;:iu-Cc c 

(3) Permanent address: UJ:-~ 0C · £\~C!f.,kJ. Vcbi 

Title 

~ 

of Invent. ion: • =I·~ 

1-rv q?CIM..Q.~ ~ aQ~ el ~~~v( &-~"' Descrs.ption of~Invcmti~~.v. 0. J 0 . ,.... _ ·-"' ~ IQ.e.,~-- ~ dvr~ ·~~ ... ~\ < u~_ . . . ,, 71. ' . .. ~- 11"' l 

Dates and places of I1wention: ~ ft Q 

( 1 ) Conception by invent om:__,.,..· JlJVlN-=-· ~ti__,\_· ~-''!---'-1...,.~_~_S- __ at W ~Jv , ~ Cr , , I 

(2) Disclosure to othGrs:_ 'Vvtl-·---· at------

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

sketch or drawing: ~k r4 14 }>~ at /)JtfA1~) (J . . ,., ' ,,-

written description: <:K'wkiv 'Yt. l'foS at \h~ u ., ----

First 

First 

Completion of model ~)/\ .H . '" .<.,....- Or full sized device: _,_ _______________ r Vv ~......- ~ at ------------

( 6) First ts st or operation of invent ion: ·")/\A)-~ at --------~---------- -----~-----

(e) Results of tests, and 

extent of use of invention: 

(f) Names of persons having knowledge .-,,. ·-~--

of facts st at ed under ( d) and ( e): vvv Y'-"-

Prior Reports: ')'\An".IL- (g) 

(h) 

(i) 

Patents and Patent applications: 1W11\k ~·· ~J 

Rights of U .S.Government: t\>. \~~ 

..... J-~~ 

(j) Licenses or Assignment: ....,..__.,__ __ 

(k) Contracts involved: ~ 

Contract ors 

Contract No. and date 

Subject matter 

Location of Plant 

Official title. or 

status of employment 

of invent or: 

Address 

Type. of Contract 

(1) Signature of witness and date: Signature of in~ientor and date: \,~ i cf ~ f, iL 

{m) Remarks of Forvmrding Officer: Signature of Forwarding Officer_ 

and date: 

W-892,A.S. Rev.6/2/24 
(a) 

(b ). 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(f) 

( g) 

(h) 

(i) 

( j) 

{k) 

(1) 

INSTP.UC'TIO!"iS 

The fol10wing information i,\rill .te given under the headings indicated: 

·The inventor should gfve 'hir; permanent address. He sh ouJ d al so give 

his rank, corps, position or status of einploymcnt at the time invention was made. 

The title of .the Hivention should st~rt with i.vor'.:l.s .indic2.ting the 

class to which the invention belo;1gs, such as "Method of" or 

''Process cf" in case ,.:,he invention rela.tes to .a. method or process; 

or the narue of the articl~. devic0 or type of machine in c~se the 

invention relates to an article, d~vics er machine, or the name 

of tho material or compositioi1 i;1 case the invention is an improvement in material or composition. 

The description of the invention may be brief, provided reference 

is made to detailed specifications and drawings, which should be 

identified by date a;1d file nurnhe1nif official, or ·shouJ d be '"U <)d~";i:t", • 

attac:rnd to the report if .i:ot p'aft:.0 ?-.f the official records of the 

War .Department. In eit:1er' cise/;a.U:Cl:C:f.lY{ings and descriptive 

pamphlets relating to the inventi9_n '~;hot.l d be listed. 

Care should be taken to e;ive the earliest date on 'Hi1ic}1 the invention suggested itself to you, ev:m th.o:..igt it was not con:pleteJy in 

mind. If tl1e invention co21prises different. inventive ideas, give 

the datE{s with ref er en co. to ea.ch part of the invcmtion se;::iarately 1 

. takirig care to identify each po.rt clsarJy i.n the description of 

the invention. 

State whether or not the invention was found to ·o.e operative, and 

the degree of success attained at each test of the model or full 

sized device. In stat:L1g the extent oC use of :the invent.ion, 

separate "use by the Governr,:ent" fror;: "commercial use". 

. ' . 

State the names of persons v/no had know} edge 0f the invention 

and facts concerning it on or about :the qates mentioned. 

Has description or··irivention cir i"eport of tei:;t,;if any, been subm:i.tted to officers ol' the ·iiar Depc:crthrnnt? If so, when and to· ~1hom? 

Give references to all prior reports, including .:i.11 information; . 

needed to locate sar11e in fiJes. ... 

List all applications foi ?atents by filing datea, serial nuLlber 

and title. List all patents by patent number, date of. erant, and title~ 

Has tender to the United States been rnade? If so, .when and to whom? 

If not, tender the use of the invention to the United States or 

explai.n why not. 

State what, if any, rights in th·3 i;wention::have b0e.n granted to 

others; including extent of interest granted and date of recording 

assignment or lice:r:c;e .in Patent Office. 

If contracts have been nlaced for the iuvent~on, or if the invention was made in connection v.rith the performance of a contract in 

which. tho Uni tcd Sta.Jc es is interested, the fact::> should be given 

briefly, including contractor's name and address i Cor:tract No. and 

Date of'6ontract; Subject Matter; Location of Contractor's Plant 

where work was done; and Official Title or Status of Employment of 

Inventor, 

It is desirable that tho witness be familiar wi t:n the facts si:.ated 

concerning th~,ihvention and have a sufficient understanding of the 

invention to· de'scr-ibe its constructii:in and opera~ion •.. 

(m) · The for:warding officer ·should givo his opinion of tr.e value of the 

invention to the U.S. and wirntlter or not the prospective development. or the arjc to whir-.~1 t~e inventi.on relates would make it ad·risable 

to. protect the inver~tio~ right to use the Sfcrile 

by an application for pa 

I VJ-8·~ .... NS-3680 MB 
.•• ·,. . • .f..t 

... 

' . 

. . . . ' _; ,·· ' . 

.·"·~~-D (A4i.2·:~~8~f?..;::,,-·~·:. :. , ~' ~ . . 

! ~ '' 

: .-•• • • • > 

. ' .. . ~- · .. · . . '.· 

. ~ . 

· ... _··· :.:· 

' .. ' ·.·.' ,• 

: ... : . ~ : . ' > 

. ·., . 

. ~ ~ .... / .. : ... ·: . ' . 

,1·· 

... •·. ' ' ·i .. 

. . . . ; . . ~ . . ' ;. 

. ' . . . - .~ . . ' . . . ·~. . . ..... . . . ' :. ·:. ~· " . : " ... ' ',.,; '; ~ .. ' . _. -. •,. -.:. .- !" •• •• .. •• ' ... 

: .1 ',,_ • . v . . •• ". ... ' " ". : ' ,:· : ... • · ..... 1. • •. l·. . ·~ : ' ; . 

• • ' •. ~ ; . '1 : • • . • ,, • .1. \ • '. ' • , ' f .. • • • . l ; ~· ~· :. !! .. , ~·· . . :o ··~. : ..... : 

.. : . 

·-,, l .. · Col~·corO.erman ' : · : _.,)!.·_There. ~s- appe.n_de'<~;)terewith1 ~ .;_'.· .,·: .' ,_: ....... ·". 

: re.p9r:t, on· the security of ._t~e M-22e •.. · ... , -~· 

. . .. " >·\ .. - " ·,· 

l!'l;le )na.t~~if;t.l·. ot?-:.which this, stl;ldY. ire.a· .' .... : · ·· :'.,'. . -.·baaed: was· :taken ·troin. War ,pe1>$rt•ent .. . .... . ' . . . "·" chBJliiel'e .' a.nd is '.a'' true. indication· 'Of ... ' .. · .. '.• . -:. . " . the ... typ:e .of sectir1'ty 'whit ch ma.y ·oe-' ·. . .. .· .... · ~·.·e~pec~eQ. from usage 9t :this .·equipment •. ·. ·:.; ' ·.:· - · .... "~· ..... ·.-· .«· -~, .. ,,:.~'·.~ .. -. ·_;.,::< < '. ;,f._ l ' ~: •••• ,· l 

.. . .. · . · : :. 2, · · .~e iweccmmenda tiops · g1 ven .. · '.. : · : . ·. 

. • 

• '. I •. 

. '.,;'· 

. - .. ,· ·1. ·. >·':·be1ov were' arrived' at :th a· .. conference . . . . ,, ·. ·:- ~ .: amoiig.-jp~ Roaen;_. .. ~jor. Hise~.; -Cap~a.frl " 

1 .. ' . '·. . ' . . l. 

•.• 'J 

,•t·_.'. 

; . \: 

:" 

"' .- · Do~~s «and m'1.~elf: ·-:: . · :· :. . · . · · 

.. '"' . . ._."_·~·~ , --lt. '.is reeomm~bded that ·a -'.at~dy· .. . ·· .. , -~ . be'. under~a;k~n 11$ledj;a.tely· by: the ._. . . · ... _ :: ~ ablest·~.ceypta~·lysts · in ·ass to deter•·· . " .. 

-..... ,:·"mine 1r it ·1s possible to· rec-C>nstruct ·· ·.• · 

,· - .. /. · · ... :Y. th19 ·c:t7PtQ~a;phi¢•' ,element~ ·us~d- ~ the · · ...... · .M-228 "under.~ the .;conditions ·stated 1n . ;: .· -~.·'.tlie·-.~ppe!ld~li2: ·disctlssiori:'.· .\ ·.· ·, .... · ~ 

. · _·:.:; ::.· .> · .. · · :.'b,.~: - It-.-.ie···~the~· r.~~olDlllended' that·.- . 1 ,. 

. . · - . ... ·. the· m-228 be u~ed fol! confidential . " . .: and lower qlass1f1cat1on Qn· radio,,. · · . . . '· '., · · · · _. ~n then· o~y 'unde~ apeoia.l. eondi tions: ~- ... , . .. · · -. ~ - . : wh~re complete· supervision and · · · · . 

. ~' ' 

.. ' . ';_. -cont~9~ 'ea.n be exerc.ised b'f' personnel'' 

: · -~:< ·properly traUie~:-.1n ha.ndltilg .th,~ M-228 . · · . ·.· ·.·both £rorn opera.t1onal and security stand- -. ._ : ·. .::,.':·,,point.a; that ·for .such use ·apeci~l keys .. '-: · · · . . "· · :·_ · will be· arranged; ~~t typing rep~:r- · · ·:.·· -'' ·::_ ·· ·f.ora.tore or equivalE;trit equipmen~ be ·•. . . · -. .. · .. -use,df.s.rid that. under no circumsta.ncet;. ,_.· .. • , · ' ,: ;,:_.will' coniiettence calls be permitted.. · · · '-..· .,,, ,; .. ,- ... /~;·:· .·· ·.··:· :-··, ~ ·.· ... - .. ·:·· ..... ~o".- .·· .. '.. 

. ··: '.. . . . ·_. ~a·.·· It is- ful'~heZ.. recommended·· .. . :·: --:·< that'no "<lhailgf} be·?DA,de in. the.present· , · · · . · · use of the M-228 on· ctreui·ts such as land 

.· lines .which are reasoD.e.bly sec~e. fl-om. · · · .:'. . · iJiterc;eption •.. · :·: .... ·~ . ·. . · · - ·.· •; . ' . . •.' .. : ' 

... 

. · ··d. It .is futher recommended that 

·. ' . ·, 

''· .. 

.. I 

I.'. 

. / 

:~ . 

., 

. : .. 

. , : . · a study be underta..ken · to determine the . .. ·. ~ . 

~ ' 'v ,• 

, . - · most expeditious method. of handling» · traffic over channels- ·similar ·to the 

.. -... · · · · ~E~~lr · J \· 
. , (· 

.. 

·:, 

,.· 

•' 

.( 

,'• 

'.f..·.· 

. '" 

•:,... 

., 

·.·. 

•• y \.·.~ ' 

·' •.·· 

,. 

· .. 

.~. 

.~ --

• • '·· ~. ; __ f 

., 

': - ,X::·:"' '"·': ..... ·;....,, 

;.:-· , ... 

. ,. _l .v. 

,/,, 

... , '' t· . 

'· ···: 

.,;: 

·. ·.' '. 

I \: 

• .. • t . . ~ .. '· . ' 1 ' • • 

• ~\ •• • '. • : ·'· .·,1''. -~ ~ :· _1 __ ; .\ :.,'.'·-:··. '.~. ' • • ..'- • • .. .• .. .. 

.. ·· ·Waabi:ngton:o-IiQndo.nj: :Wa·shington.~Bri13bane, ... . ' .·or: ·\{asbμigt'o~i~gfe):-$ . 'obapnel.a .: . ru:s 

:study ·should •be -~directed.: tov~:ilds , · · "· < · ., 

···eva.:iu& tiilt : the· ~el~ t~ ve: :mer1-~.fi :~.ot 'fu:J.ly··a:ttt~~t~c :versu~ ·sy_st.emEf. using_ ·-·~· 

"the ·134 ... cr and.· :us'Wt.l !transm:tss:ion.' .' . · . , . . ,.,., . :.agencies·~ .,.. · · ·· · " ..;;, ' ~-, .,~', r , '~· • ' ,'. :: / '• : . 

:· .Att.'. • I~ ..• · .. 

•.-

• "":!. ,· ,;, '• 

·~- , . , ' . ··:· -... ·· '. ·-.:.- ·, 

' .. ' ) \ ·~ . ;. 

' ~;. 

. . ( 

• c ' ~., 

._ ·' 

' . 

,, 

.:-. 

... ,. 

> ,• . ·'' 

' ,; : :: , '' 

., 

., ' 

,,.•, 

. • ... -•', 

. ·'' 

., '. ' 

·~·; ·. '~ .'-{" .... :~~ ·::> 

.»: r· .... l ;,;: ..... -

.; ( •: ~ . ,.:.,•. 

......... I•/ 

.. ~·. 

~ . ' .. ' . I ~: t t / 

. '• ;' 

' ..... 

,-J 

. l.-

.. ; ~ ' 

,..,,, .· .. -.·, 

··,~ . 

''. ~ 

/ ! 

, •. q, 

•." 

; . ·' ~ 

"· ·. ,. , . .•_: . 

\.:r-. t 

•('• 

. ' /. -

:··· \· 

. ·~ . 

: ~ ' 

-· 

" 

I 

; 

;~ ; .. 

I 

.1 

;, 

''. 
\ ' 

'.\ : 

.. ": ' . . .' r";:i·_-

I. ,,, . ' 

• ' '• f • ',-~ •• ·.~· .• 

.~ •. •J,'; : ,·,- : ... ·::. )..,. _: 

.• ·;. ! -; .. ,:.' ... -~ < t - . ,, ·, ,. ; . • • ·. • .) . • -... )_ • • • .__ -' • .' 

"aepoJ.l'.t To' .. -..ooio~e1::Q0.rd.er.man: · : .. :~:/ .. ·: .. . '.i,: " ... · ··.- : :· .. ··" ... · < ~ ". 1 ... • 

. SUbjliQtJ ... ·••·.·~~~t·Qtl:~ .. ~~228>.· >:'.• ...• ·: ;io':~.· · ..::::·. ··.· .. ::; .· . · . . · ' . ·- . . .i. - > ·' - • ' • ' • • ; • • ' I' •• ~ • • « ' • 

'· .'$ ' • • '.• ,· ' : , . ,. • I ' ,._· • ' ' •' i··' 1'j -> ''.j• •' • "\ • ·.~ , , ; • ·' , • : •,.: • : •• • • .. • ·:-. • • ~ ~ « • " • ·~ •• • 

'', < • '• ,·, •;• '~~ .. :: :,:'h« :.·": .~ ,: ;:.:' ' '< ~· • > ~~ ~ ' LO 

,:·; ,· •,' , ''It_:·~·-~<'",_._. ·\,-~ .. :·. '..:»:.'. ·. • • •,, , • ' ',~ /',_ .. •"·•.«··~~·' ;' >'t'•j , ":-_,.:;' .: • ', 

".· ·.. · .1 •... irhe· 1.;.a2e· .s,a· ~e .me~sm.for gen•ra~ing· a key whioh. · · is.-use(l .to:r ... the_.enc_iphemnent· ot· plain.,;,.teJtt signals. ge~erated by 

a teletT.P.eW%'1 tar ·meeb~ui:sm. · · !t'ltl~· 1nvent1o~ of: ;the.·. oryptograpbio . 

l 

· ... 

·principle ns Jn&cle·at·,ess .. ~d:l'educed:·to p~'ctioeat"the SQGDLt I 

. ... '1'he eleQtriCa.1 a.pplieatibll. 9f :the. cmtogra~c'. key· generated· b7 .. · · · . ·.the·"'-228 is almost !~tioal t1it)l too·t pJ!!opos•d by.Gilbert s.- ., , · Ve~m. in.1918'.and·la.ter. (Gee, Ve~ patents.~ttached • .) .·The . .. .... , . . . . ... . M•22e .. wta>s proposed W;tial.l.t :f'o~: ·-enotpherment· ,of messages. ·:to be ·· : 

tran;:md.tted on. lai'J.Q.,line.s •... Ii··~~:f:bot:-'<~P~templated that· '-t ·s}l:oumd . be used tor. ~neipb¢r1Jlg .s~ls" to; be;·tr~smitt~d :}?7 r~dio~ · ·, :: 

.· ....... ,· .. 2" .. ·~e· rel~t.ian.~bip·~ be'tve~~. ~e .. te~~~e,.:. 1;~·· i1;.2:2a·. -Ikey .. . gen~rator) and ·th~ dev1ce .. (s.ppl1q~e. unit). ~Oh sor!!1Jl~les.~· the. : 

.:."· 

· ·· .. plt:i:tn ... te;tt· aigna1s·:1s .. sh.own~~ th,e· schematic. ~g,a.m. of 'i'1g,. 1,. · , . . . i'he t~letyp~ generating tll.~· .. p~ill~~ext, ·stpals ~s J3tan~r(l·~quip"'!".·. : · · · _ ·. : .me!lt whtoh'. feed,13· 'tbe. ~ig?J.al~,, 1l'lt9 ·a ·,grQ~P of :tel$ys insidG> the · "; .. ·' . ;applique :.unit .... ,Wbe. M.;..22,8 'co!lsist~ .. ·or a. set' Of._, ·o1ph~r :ff'h~els· -· I ' 

. . : Whioh, in conj:u,net1on Wi~· ~ t.~le:type dis~r.t:t>ut~p he&~.t generate , ' . an extremely 10118 sequence, ,of 3Jl.WUlses · similar· t.o the ple.in-text 

' .. 

,.. . · signal$;· .. Th•· .impUl,ee~::~r.:tJ;te .n.~~s are· ted:into the' %.'eJ.aJSof th~,. · . ·' ·app11que ~t.whe;v~ the eolrib1na.t1oJ1 .Of· th(i .. pla:ln.,.text and k~Y ·. · .. impulses al'e· etf'&ct~d )ia ·de.sot-11.J~~ l>el,ov",:: ·to .J>re>~uce cipher .textci , : On t;he recei vJ.ng· encl:· the .. eondi ti.one .. s.r& ~evereed~·. - The sipls . . . · ·· ot the enciphered ·text a:r~. ·red ib.to:·~e relays· of.>the appliQ.ue . · unit where. ·the ke:r generated. 'bJ'· the M-228 .. is. removed and the · :t"ema.in1Dg pl.ai1?--t~ ~1gnal is ted .intQ a standard ~~l~tne · ·: · , , .. p~~ter to prod'?-~e ~e ·p~~. '.:~ex~· versio~ .-~f ~ ~;he }~1essage" ... _. 1 , ~ '. , • • ', , ' r • , ' , ~. ~ ; ~ ' , •• ' • ' •, • • " 

,- . ', .•. . ' .., " .. !.• . ' .·Q:eyptanal:vt1callJ' i the . enciphenent eti'ected .. b, ' . ·. ''' .'· ... " · · .'the. ·appl1que ·UXJ.1 t can.· be · exp~e.sse.d. ?-s a~ xna theDl!it1ca1· GelUa t1o~ . . : .. - 1 ·vtth.elemeJl,ts .. ot.·a· l1mit<iJd bin&ry s7stem :of·J>2 eo~bJ.nat.ions. Wb,e· · 

. , . 

DaudOt. ,Cod~·used~by the: te~etJ"Pe:.1s·'.t10th1ng more than the e:c· ._:· .. · p~e.~lf~i,Qn: of" '2 ·coD:dit1ona bF· me~ ··ot ccm:ibitlations Qf! elements· . . . referred· .to· h.ere!nafter' as'· ~<e,nd' .....-·., ·. TbE> equation stating_ the.. 

cOD.d1t1onfil· or· eno1.Pll~:t'llief4.t.1s:e1mPli;P·;.,~,·x • Q~ ·~ · · · , · ~ • • '.• ' • • ""° I' < : \. 

. · -· ·b •. : .. :X:ti the.~;e-'or the ... enciphe~~at or& .. sinSle letter,"'" · -~ 1 • ·, 

say tii$ .r1vst letter 'of a.· mes~ge,. the spec!tlc. equation will . ' , ~ : becom~ ·pl,+ Xl . :~. 01~ .· Lik~viee.t >the·: second,,· :third; and fourth "' • • I ' • • • , ~, ' •1 ' :~ ,,- • • • ~ M, \,.' • ' ' , • • .' 

•" 

... , ·.:-, · ... ·. 

. :· . . ". . . '·. ' ~ 

, ··,-

\ .,· 

,..: c:. . ' .· . ..:: .·. 

; ' 

' .. '_; '. '•.. . .- .; ._:·i .. : . . ~ \ ...... -' . . :_ .. ··' : 0

f ~ ~ • 

: .. ·. ·, . , . . ' . . ' ' ~ . - . . . ,. ' ...... ' 

.. :· ··.· "+.~ .... ,":~ .< :~ _.. : ·. .... "., ·~:·.· 

· .. " \ · s~~Ififf · ... · · ·· , -: ...... .. "' .:· .. ·~- .. -~ •::7: ' .. ,· :>"" :·-:· .·: . ·~. ·-.:~ .. ~, ... ~~· ... :: - .: I . ~-.· .• ,.-·." 

• • • • '' ~1 ~ 

... 
'··.·· . : . . ,, ~· 

•.. • •!, 

• I ... 

' ·t: 

. . . . . . . . . . . . ... ~ ... : .. . ·. \ .. " ' 

• • ' - .~ I r; ~ • I • • 

; e~c~P.he~~t,.~-.~ta;.~~ · ~y:b~ ~e~~ed .·bu '~e :~·.:·t~e .:~r.. ... .. · · · , . . : equation. :us~ the •Pl.lropriate ·s~eQriptsj. .,a .+ .K2:'. ··:«,2 .. · etc.· 

. . Giy;en_-~e:·,qo~t~~~~~t .t~c(me·~.s~ges.:~~::,¥.o~p:b.'l?~-.b~. t~;:· ... · . ·<"' ·sal'Jl_e_ ",k~~.,_·:tt_·~e __ . ·~,,_<so __ n4.·ma_. s~1_e$_·.~_ .. s:~e_p~.·~13.@nte~---·bf.pp•sD thEH~e .. • . · eq;uaJtione_·· .tr~7· ~ ... 'WJ.'itte11 M;: fl.• .. ~~-~].' :;: :·0.1! '·:·etc~ . . . .. · . .:- ,· .... -.. . . .' . ' ~ .. . ' .. . ' .. . . . ~ . " 

. . . •• •. . : ' • '. ' • '. ~-t. ,t '' . .. • • ... : ' • ~ ' 1. ' ·~· . .. • ~ • • I (' '. ' t ,. ; - • ·-- • ,' . ' . ~.. • • ' .•• I • . • . • '. . 

' .. :···,-.: .··~£!.t. '.-~ivel'.l·: ~-e_:·t;~~~,,l.ett:e~~-;·:ot; tlro:·-~p$,~3~~- ·.~nciphe#~":'.: . . :_.b:r -.~e f!:m.1Ue ·~f,)7.~the 'eque.t1ou.:P.~ftl,i~n.i~ ·tf;> ·"thQ'?~, ·.tw~,_letter$. · 

.. •··.· .· :41\'l<I . .• j:'. .. .:.'; .. :.: :·J(!f',~·;:~a,;,'.;·~:. >/.~":: . ;,,: . 0: ······, . .. . ,.~"'. '. : '.: '_. ~-: .". :,i ·~i~--.:--:+:' ·xi '~ii= )C1 ~-- -:1.. ':~.:::·,:··''.'; ... ; · .· :: ·.. , 

.. . .: ·:' ~ _>1:,1'. .. ,:::..:· .... :''l'.\"'>". '. .. ·/. ·'.~"'":.:!.>.' .. '··,;;' ':;.::> .. ··, .. :·;··_.\·.·~ .. ·( .. : .. ":··-.;·'..-' '.:·1· ;,', ,· _. 'Siri~e: q·~d:-~i-' are~·the:.~1phe:r·'te~~'.il...:or.l·~~:_·~~seages·_ ~~c;h"v~U ... · _. .·be. avm.t~a;11le. ~t~ ;_the: Ol'fPte.ll&l~t.-·-:tlt and. Ci·~ -nta.7 'be conside~ed 

$$ ~OWJa1 .g1V.f.llg 2 ~qu,at~ons ;yj_'th .). mikn.O.WJ1S-t .. B)': su~t~ac~!ng C,>Ae . 

. · ~lq~t~~~ :?'~~· .. ~~,., o

1

. lher ':m~~=~K=4 •s .· cant· Jt .. '.b~ er:~:~:~;. SJ.~~~~ . ·. · : : . · 

I; , : "' • • ~ . ~ :"' • • : '-' . :' .;' ~ ~·~ J.:Jq:u.~ ..... Qn · "1: J ws. c. ".'-'~OWJ?-,S.. . __ ... ,~ e .. ~~w.t.~ipn: :1~ ~e~ sq;v~~ ~ill,Q~-~ ~e;. o~¢1~10~i1~-~~, 1'1 ~nd .. ~1 ' .. mu$t 

. be pl.4\1n.:.:text .letters· · ea.n ... be .ai>:Pli~d~ ... hact:..caily, th1~ voulc'l be ar.r:e~ted :t>v QQnsidev1tl,g seveNJ;. · eo,ua~o~e. : at . one. time. and. exemin1_p.g 

a pr~babl:e. vord, fo~t:eitbei': :the.· 'f .. Ql'.the .·f'·.9 .. ::~•·. md1eated-."'1n·"the : 

; follow!~ p$~~~~h~· __ :_:'. : .. · .•.. :·;~: .. :·.,:. ·: .:·'.-~"-) ' •. '. :(in~i~~~re.~i~~;··1 . . > -~ ·.:,· '._'; •. ;, _ :

1

.'·.· ... : 

.. · · . ·. 4~ . ~' ... ' ~hert; .is . attaeh~d a}'hj~t/~m1och 81Ve$ .--.the· Bau~o~ . ' . ~~qUi vaients "·t. the<' 2:6: 1.Elttf!r$ .. qf:- the. ·,alpha.bet plus : .the 6. tunctiona · · . of·t:tie tal~eype·d~ill8 -~--t~~ .. oti~.,? _.dt$t1~et·.·eom'b1ne.~:S.ons .•. ··.As · .· .· 

: sta.~e<l . above. in ,.~aw:,•. 'J!- thes~. c.011tb1tl&UQn~(1 ~J:~· be ccns1d,ered. a~ . . . _ ·· el~ents . of. a. $Yatem. of·;binan ~iot.ation :8.J1d _the reust~ p,r~ess~e . ·. ot a_ddj,tion, .. ,.~b~~$i<Jt1~.- :JD.Ulttpltca.t1on · ,@¢ divia!on ·ma~ be . . e.;p:pl1ed. ·. : · The'. eryptqgrsp~e . i-u:n.qtion . pt l th$t.~ela1a· ·bf.·· the· .applique · Yunita 1s,1)o P•:tPformaddttion.·or th~-5 !lnpulses..ot. the.plain 1:;e~t· 

letters gene:r~ted·bv:the:telet'J'PGwr1ter·lf1th:the· 5,~uls~$ · . · 

gen.eitated l:>7 thf:J.·fi!.~228 •.. ·s1,.nce·:&ll .. •,2.p0se.1ble·ocmbi1'Jat10ba··•x=e · · gene~at-ed · b1 the , M-22$_, .. , a-. ·tt:>t&l, · ot :.;2. ~ ,2. condlJ. tions ·:w111·, .a1'ise· 

: tvom the a.(ldition. ot· a· ple.1n•tf;}Xt .. s1~.· ~d a. key .sip].4' · -~s · . . ce,n. be· best delt10nst~ated b7.~p~titcm1ng .. $.b t)xample: 1n addition vhtch. 

· s:Uttul.att=Jm the .. action. ot .. . the Jt~e~7s .. · · ~uppose , the, plain'. text. to be. · . eneip:tie:tted .':ts. tl;l~ ;p;LsJ.n,-t•xt· V:Qtt~;.~•·· ·1". Wh~ .~udot, eqv.1 valent11 . . . · · ·. · fo'IJ tlle· J letters .a.l'Et shown belo'fftir . · - ·. · · ' • • :, •, • .':, . \_ •. • ' I . ' . - . - • ': t ~ " ' ., • • . ' ~ : 'l 

' ' ' <; : ,C • , .. ' : : : Jl '#it : >-~ ::~.:.;. .. ~:<!+ . , > " ' . 

.. ·. ·,·,;· ~. ...~: · . • .4. ~.. ..H :t · ·~ ~ .. 1t!. ~ +-, · ·~· ... . .· . : .. .'- ·. • . ·. • ~: . + ~ .,. rf811 •• •- , • • • \ • 

\· ..... 

l\ 

•'. . · .... 

· .. ' ' . •, . ' ·. ~ ·"' 

.. ' .~ .. '.·. ' \, . 

·. ' ~, . : .......... 

1-:. 

,· ... . .; 

" .... '•""'. 

~~tdtil'·· :_ . ·, 

I'. 

I 

(• 

... ~ ' 

., . 

l . 

... 

. ~ ... 

•: 

. · .J , 

. ' 

.. 

·' 

.. 

I 

-·. 1 '. 

., . • 1 ~ ' 

, . : ~ . I· . ': :... . \, .. 

.. · . i..'· ' . . ~ . ' . . . 

•I ·····1· , • ,. ' 

.... ·( .. 

. . "· ·, . '..~ . . . 

~.· 

•· .. 1 •• • •• :: 

. : ' '• . ,· · .. ' ~ .. ' 

.,'EO 3.3(h)(2) 'I 

· · ·,. _ , .. , .• : PL 86-36/ 50 USC 3605' · · ,,, ·. _ . . ; .... · . 

':" ·;. , ·'' _.-. . ·~:· . , :.· . . ;: .... -· 

·,· .· 

., t" 
EO 3 · 3 I h I I 2 I 

PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 

REF ID:A4126886 
. ,· 

_,.:.•. 

,. ,.''r' 

.= • • \'7 • ·. • • ' ~ .' I • ' 1 

I • •. 

'• . · .. 3. ti) ·) 

86-36:/ 3·0 ...... 

. , 

(:. 

' : .. :. 

... " 

.' . 
. I 

.· (., . . . ·,~. -. ; 

' . -; REF ·.:.;:p :'A4126886 

-'~~-

'. 

' ~ll=afYIUllq- ,· .~ ' ' . 

' -- . . '. 

. . "'-,' <-6.~· · 'lnsoftllt .s: '.-~he,; . seeurity 'of··: 'th~ ;ff~~~: '!its·t~:c ''· :_ .· : :: ~ .. ·.,. : .0011.?ernedi .~001t•~4tl'~:~he:n-.c~~.•~··4::t.,,te.· ~ov,·.b,~1.ns::u2;f$4~· ·: :· · . ·.thtt .. wiitel:' :i~ ... awar<ir::ot ·.».(> ·•1;110,d :~o~ . ~9.~~.~~t1rlg ·:the. v~e~~- .. . 

1 . · ~<c~s~ ·'a .. 16l,r~''·.:P_or~~()•. iGf; ·~-~"~. Ji: ~1'~T·.·~~ ·.•Vt! .. .'~~_ ..• ble,i· __ .. ,lkn!~!e_ r1 : 

·. · .• _th!~~ ~ppe&~3 ·:: ~0,· ·:J;l~ ,~ '. .41.ffi;oμlt .. :prQb~~;J;-: :})μ~: "~: -:\f.1~W· .of. . thf; .f:~~-

. _· ._t¥,t ··the P_.11W.~1>le. ·:1,_· ·•~Y. _41-.: 1b:e. ~t; -~~4 .. :t.na:t.-~o.;,xt,e,~!•' ·~:.a.tu.at 

· o,t. ~~- '.ha •. ·.b~•n. ~_cie) :'~}lt1'e.·.f~·: .. •QJ:tl~. ~o'@t 1.n:.~•: ·;~it~~~·«J·.~.114 .. , ....... . : .a:l!5···to .. the vaU~tJ·Ot':W1e,.a·e'sllm;Piion.:~~'-' ·~e.·w~els CNi, no•.:··• ... :'.· 

· · · b~ ~ec~tru~:te.·~:·tμide;r::.:tb$, .eu~ijm~~•e~ ;of. :its -::P~e·~t:.-.~a•se,:·; .. :.· 1 

~or.~•~1~1 :·bl,r.th~· ,$.Ol~t;1.~:qt\th~ ·-•~SS.t.\•ff, tf ;"4a~J.(? .5;,e ... 6_~. ·etc• . ·cons1c1erabl.e;:p~e. ~7 :·WtJ,.s .. i'e?cove~~d:. ·v~oh · ·nd.Sht \.~e "initt1e1·~t .. 

--~~;.'~~-~~·'..;::~-?~~~~~<~~~~~~~:·:~r·.'.~~~-:~J'S~~:~.·.::;·:"::·: ..... :~·· .. ~,.:·:·.·.::-,:.·:··;::_:<,<:<···_ .. -- · < . · .. ·:-._·: 7,, ; · .. ~ :pr1$,J": !~k!l~s)iJ · ot ~· :J•22s: l~e1i· 1ll.. ~ tact ·that· t~smtssie>~ ·oan_ ,,£t._lni«ie'i*.. ~·.~lea, ~e·to taUUit*1t ·~ .•c0a~ot¢a, 

·ot ·the. •PPlltue: UDit:i · •~ :• . stmple 1'•11~~ .. :~. t.hf'- ~t. ot. the· . , · .. 9pr;>r&t•· to· ~m-$ a .. tJ~·tch:te ·e~phe»~ . ·in ·•p~".trai\snita'11cm on · certfU,n 1C,ll'c-qits-~_the::eJl.t1~.1·Jl1.9S~Se" q~14d be. 'txaa.Rant1.t~e4 withOU,t the> .. opeRtor '', }?~!ng_ :~*e ~t ... t;b~. •s~ge: ~ci ·gqne ~out. in-' ~e · . ;o1ee.r+. • ~1~· ~$. th~ret-ore -~~ee~~ · ~· Jno~t;or',,~.::·M.~2?~ .·trans, ... . . ms~1011$ .. ~.~t~een. -the. ·.~ime -~ .~t" -~ : ~1ph'rm.,.t .. ·en.~ th'.e · tim(iJ. .-·~t . · · .vl;licb, th~ 1-Pul.se~ B:~ ·if,d1·~~ ~~ ~~~siotL' •CU.um,. . 

' . r"' .. ·s·. t ·Ip vi~.~ of "~he' tact."t~t t~e .J!~22~ 'w.a~ .d~s16ne~. £:or ' . ra.pid :~~i:ng ot: m~s~a:g~s: to ~e .crn>t~~aphed,, rf)~r,ant)missio:rrs· · · . · of messages <:are·· made 1:w1~hout· pa.raplμtas~.~>',', i::t'l4~.· happens· moat , . t:iaequ?ntly. li~th:·tievr ·c,p~ra.t<?rfi,:~°4«11?-~genera;LJ~t ;~s. 4~~ t.<>- . , . operational :diff:icUl;tie~ ·r~tb.e:ir;~ tup.ct1onal· 0,r.:mao~e. \ · ·~f~~c~t:tes.1 ·· No"'se·c~ity>"study ·ha.s be~n made, ... o .. d~t~~ne·:. ·, . 

1 , th.e· errect ·or» such'_tranamissi·Q.ti.s; on the .fundame.n~~l secμrity·, 

:or: the.ststem~ .. :.::.· ...... :·-';.":,<~ ::: .. /":·· .. · ....... ,: :>, ~- .. -.····'. ·. ·. . ... ·. ' ._ ~-;~·i_··-,1.·~·-'.-..··:;,~_":··:._ .... •.·· ·,:· ~.-:'.:>;.'.~:-' .. _:,< .. 1 ..·.: ··1 .. "!.,:~, ... :. ·'.'.:', .. ': ·"< ;".,:+!·1 .• - ..... '_"~ .' •. ·- .' "·' .r· .. ·-

" .. · '· ". 5f.... The·( M:.;;228 :lend.s::ftself:'t'oli;<use:.'in'· cohferenee ·caiis'/. · The . ._ ~tfu'~· :of·;~~e·:~a~ge' ·AA~~::t9.xt ... ::.~pP.ea.ring)in. ··s~Qh:_~·~ c_a~i.· earinot .. . be readil,-··controlled: .-fJ'.'~;- the1 ,standpQint .Qf: · ~ecUl'it7 ,: .. an<i i:t · !"s po_ss~bly.-.mo~e s,tere~~J'i!c)!n Jiat~e t}$n_ an7;· C)'ther ·typ~ of com- · muniea tie>n ··other · t~ . :·.' swnopt1cs"' , lf'~e·. +~ .. · b~cau~:e co.n.t~r~nQes. :usually, ,c-oni:s•iift· ot ·que,stions· an4 .. aJiliJWers!.'e.n<l ·if· a·:·simultaA~ous, · :·. ·z'.e·cox•~;· :is'.;made:"ot.;bo~~~~¢hB.n?lels~···.the:·asaμmp_t~:ton,,~r.:.pl~i,;J?..:.t:f:~t · -· ... ··by -~e-: c:ryp~JlB,l,-19t'.'j,;s'.·:·slmp11~·~.ed .. ~op_$1<(ler:~1?1Y'.•·.:r: :-.Bu,Qh::;t¥P-$.~" a~. 

Olt1·»0A;R·~~~.,·l;~ ·-~~,t;.,,.~P!rS,:·~~ ~R4f',~~'~1·, .lf~ll· ~ppea,r f}.nd. .· . ·e~' be,: r~~~:J.y· .re~Qgn1z~a;-.1: ~:rr::th~···.sy~t~~(;~a-:·*ny ·-.1nh~re11:t .~e&kn.~ss · , ·t~~ .:tt.Pe ·or· us~:ge: .. ·w~ll :permit· ·of./~its !:1l:tm¢.f3t_·;exploi.tatie>P-i;· .. · .· .' 

.··· .•.. : ·:;: :· :_ ·:.;._ ...•... ::.< ··.·.·. :· .. .•.•... ··. '. ,: ; ; ··:: .•...• ·.' / ; .; ''.i > ~"· : :, . 

~ ,."" '. ... : "~ > •,, '~ '., '._ '"; .~. ,• .' ".~A'·j •. ·.·~~~.::.·.:.·· :\·; :<.~-~ ~<.~:,• ; _, '.:~,·~.· 0 ' ,'»1;"; 

':,.., •· ' - l ::.. - ... ' __. - ' '-' :_· :: :.· • 

f ·... . • ' , "·~ • • ', • ' ~··, 

" . ... 

,. ' '•' ·, 

. '. 

'" 

·'. ' \ . ' • ~ . I 

" .. ' 

. . . . •. '·. 

. .:, . . . , ~-

". •'.' .. ' . ,-

' •, •-, ._r.;. 

·. -: .. • .. 

/ 

. ·;'._:' "' ·' 

\ • <. ' 

\ . 

: I 

I 
.. ' 

. ( 

.\·• 

.:~ . 

. " ' 

,!..· • ·'" ·. •. \ 

... '\ .· .·· t. 

. . . . . ' / ·. . . . . . .... 

· · lO~ .in· ·the.:t~~egoibg :c:Uscussion '_·the· ~~phas.1s· w'tiJ.~ :pia.oed. o~ solut1'<>n: ot 'lrwo ·messages ·se:Ut;.in:-the· same: keJ'•·: Wo, fair estimate .. . ot, th.E! .. :~ecUZ.it~ .or····a: :Pr.9per+t i>br$sedj 'v.e1;-00m:eo_sed<? · and"::~o~~t1,.· Cl'yptographed. m~u.~sage. ~n·" be<;~:ven•- _H.qlfev~r; .tQr -,sucp. cqmmunieat.t~~s th.f:>.· ~~9~1~1;--C?f .. · ~e :tf~228_ ~. be'·~est~ted~as ltinS. _spm~~'. · .. · v~ere -between·· one: •. tenth. ·~d 9ne: i'.o~th ·:tba~ ·afforded .bY -the,_ .: ·. _ SiqAB4• · ... ~ .. view· :'Of·, 'thi'.itJ .. s't8-te.meiit I it:! the sxam .. ~~ c.9na1de~ed' ·. 

a·a th;~~ )iltlzn&~e. itJ:· 'i;Jeo):iritr-· ~d· the· crj;~e.rion .of·; secret ::ol&ss1- .. t~catio~ is· .. ba.s~_d ,:(in .t~~ :·se.'e'1r1'ty a.ff9rP.e~ !'7 1t··,'.·1t .,woUJ,d, ·appefl,r .:th;a~ th~,.M7228 on:·~a..d1o·. ·wo~(i· a~ford oμly ·:"oo~~Ci~~tial". se:cur!:tY. 

When· 1 t is considf!red · that the· ·bulk :of' · traf'f'1c·. v111 · tend .to. move . on ~~228 .chazilieis ti+ts:''.ee'tinlat~'~~s· .1t:"~})pea~ ~4'.oubttul' $s t:o .· whf:)the~· ~he ·Jtt-228· sho:UJ.d: oe ·use.d . .for· ~e~~ages or seere~. :cJ.asE11f1•· 

<'8,~ion., W'.h~11<s~c~.' o~e;s ,:!~.re·· s~~J~fot tQ· 1ntel'c~pt1oh.- .... ••. i · ..• 

. , . : .. } ... ·. . . . \ . . ~--' '' . . . '/ ·. ·;,. ·. . ' ... ' ., - .. .' ~ • • -\. ' .. • - :.. '<" • • • • • - ... • ~ 

' t'' 

~ • l • - ;1•':; 

· .... ; .. · ... ' . •l 

. ,,, l . ' ~ ' 

.>·' 

. ·.'· 

. ·~· 

,·. 

,, '· ,·· 

•'' .' . . :. . •·= · .. 1"'' 

. I. ::.·· :!· . -- : ; 

' j .... 

. . . .. ... . ' ' ~ 

•' : I• • ." . ' - ' 

• ,1 ·. : ' .: .-. , ' .-.., • I ·~ ':/"'. 

·" . ·:' 't 

·.1: ·: ~~:~·:· . . .. . ,· 

.. '. , . ~- , 

... ~ ' . . i ; .· •, '. ;·,., '·· 

' "'~ ' ' . ., 

... f • ·." . 

. ~- .. 

'\ .· ' ; _..,-._ 

,~. : •, 'j' I 

, 1· i'' io> • • 

• ' ·1 ( ' '1 - ) ' 

. b - -~: • 

;· 

., .. 

.. . 

. I 

. 't. 

. ·:-·/' ·' .. ' 

' . .. _: :• ... 

-··-' 

' ) : ' '. ~ ' " 

. : ;< ·,:, • :~· .. _ 

· .. ·: ).\ . :. ' 

• '. \ •' -'·. •, I 

··- ... : 

·~ .. 

' ... - 11' 

• ; ,. ": ' ' • ! ~ 

. ' .. ' . . . ' -". .. '~ . . 

~ ' ,; , .. :: "-· .'' . ·! ' -

.. . . . . ~. - . \ .. ' . ' .~ ' • \ ' • .'' ,l :_ f. • > r'. : . 

.... ·,' , .. 

~ ... . -... '. 

. ' . · . .. " 

,, •jl I.'.'. 

'ft,'.', '1•·' \. 

} . 

~ I , ' • •,\ . ' "' 

• ,• ·~' ~· ''";, 1 ,~:, ' •'"; ','·.'I\, • ',··~ 

,:.:_~:·-··· . ~.·-.: ... ~ ,. '· 't:':.: :~: .. 

' . -~ 

•.' 

. . ,. : ~' : ~ ' 

'}. 

. .. 

~ l . •'·' ' . ' 

.. ' 

' . 

'J •• • ,·:' 

:·~~~··~- . . ... ~-- - . 

~..' : . I .• , 

... '.· ' . 

._ ... .,·,' •• .·.r, 

, -· . 

J...:· ' .. (' I • 

.· \) 



"· : ') :·· . '•' ~ , .:.~ ~' • . ,,·. , ' ·. . . -~ . ,,:, ... :,. . ""· , ~-·.:._:,.~·.:~· .. :.<.·_.;·:.~ ·. , ... ~ ~ .. : ;, ~- ~r/;<}· ··: ': .:'j~:.·.:.::.;.' ; . , ··;, • .·.?·~~ .. ~. '!>.' ,: . ' \,' '. ~- .; -.. '}"''-; ,;!~'~·-~:.: - - - ."' ··. . : --· ·; .~ .. 1-. \ -· ' 

:.::.:··,.·;·~.~---:·.·.,.·.,·_-.·.: .. _.·.·;_·, · · ·· -· ·.~:;c;.F ···r··n····A·-41·26·-'.aa.£· ... ::._..· ...... ·, :; ... ~··. ···J-~ -··i .. ~· ...:-·· •• ~~ -~~-d v .. - ... ·' ~' - • •-->:- ~: · ·~ _ ~:: ,·· ... >~ :, ·.) ,,,>~.:.~.V. ;.~t'·:i~,.~,_ ·- ... .((:: :·'.·:~-\I.'_-:··:1 ·,. .'·. ·. ,._ ~ . :::'; .. -,:·. ~'./. . .... ·-·~-· .. ((·:;,~ ~ ..... _ .. ' ' ~···~- . . .. _ ...... :' : ( t 

;: •• '• ·:- ~~ •• 1 • • 

.. r·~ 

;r,,'·::.--:~~\· !!" 

. , 

-·· ".::~. . ~ ...... : -... ". t~·e.~·~~i.tl~h ·~-:W~.s. -~hp . ._i~o~f?t1 a~~ ~nljor:. 91: cqnip~om~~ a .ar~~Vigj·~~roll:i • .,the \:.: .°·?~ '.·. ~: '.':·"· :._~~{~·<:" ~ :\::~· ~3·;·~·\~::.: ~:;:,:~./r~·ij\. -':.~: :·.~-- .. {·,· .. .:€:··.~:~ ·~ ·.· --~ ·. ·'~-~~ ... ~ •;,:<:~.~;~ .. ~·... ··~·;.:-·. : .. :. :~ . : .. ] .. ~·. -~,~··. ·t;·.: :. . . ·· .. -. ·~:,....·.~r::~ .:,.:}.~)/ -t~~ 

:·;> ·. ·, · :·:.· ·, >-': l~idG!Zqi~tti~tion. of:;.t~e·: equipl!iec~; JJi". t.ij~(Br~ti+~n: f.!i·u~a::pe~i~tea.;.~cf ''.· <:·::: ·. :• .. . · / ·: ·- \ ·~:, .. : > ,' > /,,::_;;., ~::)~·:. :. ~" ;--~z·~~:: (:~.:{_~/!_ ~<- '. ~ : ·., .' ·:· ~ ;_~:=~.~'. .. :~ .Y: ~ -..:'· · .. ,.: .. 4-~~~:~~·:; ~~~~.:. > . ·=-. . . ><· : ... ~:;::.~·~. -~~:-~::~:;i·~f:·· .... . '\: i.~~.~-~~.::~1:. "· .:::.":.~~~;::,,: ·, : ".:; ~·~.:·: '.' : ... .

1

• ;_" .. :::;:> .. have··,. it.;·:,r~',Tni'EP1ricreas·Sci .. dariger:~.t~~:r0c(»fin1000 btit·: 1 t. .. ·'ia ;oel1GV.0d »toat · , ::· .· .;·: .. <.-: 

,..!:;.: :.-.. ~.. ;:.::;_.:;~..,/~-~.;,~s-.<.:---~ : ~ .. ,.-..::·.-~<<·"-~·'. <f., \::.~ .. ):_·_.,,\;.~ .:)~:'t:r~-~ :°'. >.: :~:y,,:''·:., <.· '.;;;~: .:. ::- ·. ·> :.··:··:: ··:_..>.·;_ ::;· :.~ ·: ,·-._,, •• , .- - .\ . 

~ .;._:'· .. 

. '.~ ~· 

.. ~ --:} ·::,<_· .:·. ·: · ·:.tl~e~ "S,4var1~g~a .! ~.~ ~~~ :, S.~q'l~ . .'~~~1gir~ ~~iS-~;_~Dj~o~~G?,~;.:" :·;.~: ~··:. ~<.::, .. \ ;,) · ..... · · /·~ )~ -= :~~>~ '-~:·.~:.~ :·~~- • !.:·~ ·.::~~:' 

::.:·.!· . ._;,.<;;::··· .. :/tJ ·:··.:.:.· · 1.' ~:·-;,.\V::~f-f.':·,: ;-~~ ;~·r.L~~i).:,~~:' ,-."·".·::: '.' .. >'~~:'.·:;{'.:<·> .\ ··~\. >f:·: :';;/:_):' . -~- ·· :.:.<{t:.:i. <<- . · . '.· : .·-.·:.'< ~··. ~~} ·. · :, .... ~~-· ~ .:~~~?.->S:~ ,fi?a.· ~.im~'.: .i?f~: ~~~·· :·*?47:·worob;~~~~~~i~~~-~s~o.ns ~~.~~~{~··: .. ·· ·-. _ "t \ 

": · .. ~: ~.:·;:~~ .·' .: .... - .'. ,.,;·; ... ,. :· . . · .. :·.'--.:<·/.:;--~.:., ... ···,' .-:;;j··· .. , "';/:-,:-.·:·_· .. ·~;'.'. ·.:.;", .. , ;.: .. .'.,,·: .. ;··· -"·:';.,.\~5> .. 

.. : j~\ ·~:\;,::. ::~i';.::(;.: :~:;.~~r:'.~'.~~~~ic~~i·~·~·~'.t1:~~ .... ~~.~~::;~~1:~}j~;~f ~~:·, ~~~~ ~~f"~~~(~~:~~ .. ~~~oa . ·- · ·_,:·-,::>J ~-::···: .> ;.. ~, . ~:-.: '· •: -·" . :··: ·:~- ·". '

1 .. phystcal SIBCWoi ty. p:rotecttve. measures:· fOt' thai~''Orypto•equipment · .. , ·:.' . . . ~. :'.~:/ 

~:{ ·· · ~~ .. ':> , ;; ;~ ~ :i1ioie: r~~~r~:~~:~~~iq~;)M t~e ;~)~~.'~r\t{~~~? iei~u~;' . :·.' i ,;_:~~, ..... ~:~'::,~: __ ... ,_:·.,.· 

·:.,~:/;.-:·:.<~.-::'.~ .. ::::.·;~_of..-: fh'.1~· it)7a~ ~~r~~d-..on :~~ .. oi,;-,jiri~<l :i:~vit;,tn:~t· :~: ·P~~r~ciul·sit~·.t~_ .... · .. ·' · 

1

_:·;· -:~_,. ~· ........ ~/ ... ~ ,./·~.- ·?~·~:::· .. _;~.,~~~~~ . ·:- ''i .·~·. ~ 1 • ,..~':,....:~~-·· ·,~· ......... :·.:~··:'::·~: ;~~.·· ... ,. 1· ":.:If::~·~.-.:~.·,:··~>~,}~~ .. :·,. ... ;·\·\·!·:·.-.~ ,,.._. ·:· {• ,!~-' ··~-"'·< .. > .. ";~" ... . :~" .. . · , .. :_ .. z·. _ ,_ ·,.::, .t~rther: :.aiac~ss3.'i;>n~'- :~.e~4~·t1A~~f,a 'r.~?'+af.l~~n~ f of.~': ~h-~ ;.9CS1 --.w9~iliL he : a~-:~ .. ··.~ ·' (·'·; ~ .. . • . ".~":.· ::"', .- . ·~~"-, .· ~ J,· \.,,,_~· ~~ '. ~~: .,~·. '-'·-:..~ ,'...<·:,.,,1t~._.-. ·." ·r· . . "':M-~· .~S:r·• ': .. •·1 ~j: :··::::,t··= A:,·~".:~·:· ... ,.: t '..' , ... : ""· ·t ~. t.~ 

. )~~: ~~r · ·::: ·~ .: .-:::- 'q~~~,~-~e~, ... ?l~refb~~nt _ -~\,-~e-~~ii~ .~h~,_-~f!J~_,9'.ur~~: ·~oi~. · l?q~~~~.e-~\~·:, '.'-o~~ ::a~p;r;r· · ,>'. ,,, :· ~~~: ::-»,- · 

"··.-<:·(,,).,,;., :,.-1'.i j .~· • .-;:~.~-··,:,,.'-·-:.~~-.' -~-- .,,,~~- ·: .. ~\" .... -·.'~~~ •• ~l~ .: -·~:- .. 1; "-~~/1:;f!i- .~ :(~\·=: . .> :·'· '.· ·. :/"'_ .. : .. :,,, ... ~·.· 

·. ~ :.; ·':"., · .. ·; :·. '.:· . in· the: 'haric.tHilg- and: pi':otection{o.f · obmbined·. cryptomiaterial• SUch an: -· ... -, .. . . ._ .. '.;f' :':_,: .. -:,:,.:.:~{: ........ ::~.:.:)'.:· ·. :. ·::»•.'/.-'.'.·'.~~~ <" :. ·.--:_ <·::'~)/ ... ~~:-~>::- .·.·:-:~»:::._..;: ·;'f. f., . '._ :"": '.,· : ... :~ ;'·; ,;).?_.,\':· ;: _..:,.: . :.:.· '.,,:., '·: '.· .. ;. . ··. ·.,:;; :· ; ' 

·\"· .. "::· . ·.·.a:g:reement~;hae~~'btltlit\oOri~1Ud9d'~::a.na:~-C~ti'hCiirrtld~.,iil by~:'.bOth-··aove·~1wente· : ~.' <.~..... . · · 

' .J.~~itlt;.;:;:····· >':~a.~~~;! .• ~·.~t i~~rn~~'.fv~;~· ~i4t:i~~iif n. q~;~ ··~~.·~~~Jr~;(::}:· .. , '. ·; :;:;:·:.~.r~~<\~ ·.::~r · <. ·~de.ntitY: i~: :~acu~~·ti~::·r~rtu1:k~~~n~~'qp·~+;~49.~.~ Jci:".tJ1ef~EPM.~·~~e- ·a~.·:aacep-: .. ·::·;~~';:~\·<}::,_ ..... · . .. ::".·...-~·~..- .... ~····,.~ ... ~,~~·.-•. ... :·~.' ..... ' ·.·_· ............. ~ ... "'-_/:.·'··· •• :~ ·: •. J• j·'·.,.·,"-".· .. 1 ... f'J.•~ .. ~·:,·;."'::... ... ~·· ·;:-::;"'/;.~·~!~·. 

':.'z;:/,,\. '~ <. :: ·_':~;'. .. ~~.:.~~Ce .Of:._:-emc}l. cha.ng9~·:"t.hor~in!.a~·.:n/_ajr:.be. (leert!ea. ne~~~Betcy ·by·:~h~ :.uj'.i~°. .: : .. ·, ~: .<;~<?:·> 

::::,_:; ;.·~;?; ~·'. ';) ! ·::. ''.;-'.'.:. : .• : .:.;... ' .. ... .. .\ ~'~· :;'.:;~.~:-:-.::-: .. ;;, · .. ; .. : . \ .. _:. , ·': . .... ;·?~.: ,' : "\~~: .. -~ ··~": :.._ 't>: ~~'\"· "·. ~<~· .,:»_.-:': ::">!(:: .'._.'.~:~ -~" -:-·.'.'.-. _.. ,;:. a)lb'Uld ]fo; a.· .prelimfzmry-"to·,;.entering ~upcn:i" dieoussioris -lea.dine -'to ·a.:.· J , .. :r.> . ., ~ .. :.:> 

...... _· .... ·:·' > ...... ~ ... T" ·~ .. :·· . ..: .. :. ... :./.~:··~·.'·:~"~! ;: >. »: ....... :« ~--:·\:. >'.:: .:· ._:: h: ... ·-~·:. :::~;.: ": ~ .. ··: '·~!~·'..".:.:~:: ~ t-;:::~'.~;:: :~Y·" :--:·. :::.·> .. ·:':<. ':. >S·~ .. . ....... ~.~ '.: .. '·« .............. ·;'. · ·.- ·:full«i:iiscloeur-0 of the ~~4·-to -'the:,flritieh •. -:. ·: .. ; .. ,, .. ~.·:·.-·;. _,_,.,,,.;;-! .', ,.. : .. , .. • ..,-. .\··· :::.. .. · " ·. 

,,'~'~Jl':'.· .. . ';: ,;X;).:_··;~;':{ .•• • ·:·· .. \:\}/~:~~~~iOI~·::;~:_,<~<.:• '•:;,;·,;;".~/'f ·~,· ;'~, ··>; .. w:~, ", ,} :.· .. : 

.... " ., · "· · · . , ,. · ·~ "· 4. · - It·'~is ·concluded. ·that: .. ,.. >' ·.-:·• · "·· " · · ... , -.: ... ~'*;·: "" "'· .. · .. .,, , ' · :., ·. · ......... . ,:·: .<: .... :. '.·.:~<~'..:~; .. ;.;~~': .. " :~:.':~i:: ·.,/ .. ~'.:".' • ... ·]~~~:~.·:::.' '.:- '· . : ·:./·~·:··;:.·<.·\·~-. ·:: < '.".-:.>: :=.· ·,·:·;·>--~<~ \1:~ l;,'.}~-~~~;!.;.·:,. ... \.~:,· '.~.'->: ..... · · ·· " _:.·:::·-~t; ,::,., .. ~· .,; .. : ·:~· a~J,,}!he ·f~iat" prop.osal· m~d9 ':by .. : the :utfr~·~~)tfngq~ril'.'~in·;_,: '·~:/'··:<~:·t : '.: : . ·, ':C/: .. :>f.(·:\:~,}-~ "~.t .. · »>:~ .:._: .. '.".;::.·'-:-,:'.·,:_:··:~~...-::~;.-:·.: · '..':·~ .. ;--" :'- · .. ~ ... · .--- ... =.·: .'':·;·~)>,~'.t,,:~.~~-~~·~f:.~/>·}~J. '-:,t·. ~ "{·~:.- -~;:~- :::· · ..... . -,: ... ... , .. , P.DC,,5/99 ... o.t. 13.:J°uq"<·.l..949 shou.ld .be rejected •... ~ .. . ·-.•!'- ·'° _,,,. ... _ .. :·,. . . . . .... ·' . /·~ · .. -. -~·· .~ · < ·~. :.;·:·!q~~~ ::. '. ~ ;· ·';_~._.~ .. ~~·;-~ :.' ·:.' ~ •• ;_ .~,"o.:::-:~ .Y.::·~:.,r. ':- ', ~·: ~ ,: -· .' .. !~~<i·~:~~~;·~.~~~~-~~-.2:3~ · :·'J:'~.~/:-~:~··~.:;·'.. • :.' ·~ .:·:,, •• ,::.,,,/":"·-. • :·, 

: : . ._ :- :, .. t« ·'.':'. \ '."·~:·" ~ ;::·:;y :'t,~ "-'111e· Ci~td11a-· ~f :o-~'t~strt.J.~t.i.or{ of .. ·th'&{EcM2 <si~I~&> ::~- ·: · .... ' .. ';_.::--.,· .. ,.: >.·~:~:.~:,:":··'. 

.:.:_.·.: .-: .:: ,.;:/~)::.i,,::·r~.~ .. :,;~.;~,:-~·'/: ~~ -. .. ~.,; i · .,;: . --'.~::·-'.· ·: .. : ·· ::,_ ~:: -.: ~.!'',. ""nv·.::: ,,'.' .-: . --..... ,.:·::/{:~.'::;~:~-Pi/;:.(:.,,·:·"--::. · ·):~~;;:-·~·.: .. ···:\~. : .' :.'., .. ~-.-.· 

· -·· .. -,. ·:.:.;~ : ·,,..·)should .be· disclosed ,io· the. ·u·.K. i.b.' 'd:i!sousaions ·:whiaw·:wf:ll' thcfilda:( .'(... · :_ · · · .< 

.,. ·<'·> ····\"·'·· .. ~:' ~ .... s;-..:?:·: .. · .... _::.:·';{:;::, ' .. ::'·':· ..... ~: :'., · /.=·J: .... ~ :~}::-.\'~.id/f~.(~~.)<;;,:). -\.~~·~, .. : .. :. . ·· '.'. · ,. )~-~-.. ;,~ ·/ f a~,.~eviaw ·'and· ·:ac)captance · ilt.· ·Uoth:. Oo:Verilments ~of·· ide.n"t!car :.aae1.1rity °' . · . 

\ :~ :-:_,:::· Y~'~·,·:· :·<i .. ·.-:.~~:/" . , . . . . :-. <:: . :-:\;.·,;:"~> :):::~'.· ~/ . . .i -..-::.> <~:?:~r:·>:_;: ..... '. ··;: ~:~~&~:;~·:~·-:~\r:,~~~: ~:'. . . ...,- .. >.:·-..- ( ··, · ... :f • ;_~,,·: 

.-:~~;<:/~:L·,_~··lt~:·;·,~e~~~t~~~.s .. tt~ti-~~re~~~.~::~~~~~-.. a:1~f f~.-~~~~~·~·~:.~~~·~:!f,~:';~~~:A;;~,s-~ ·,f:~.;~~.~.;;:. '. · .. :- ·-. · : .. :.·~~:t·: ._..: .: ': ' ·--:;.·:· · :. · .«· ·the e9u1{.n1iOt.lto .,. ; ·· '· .,. ., ·: ' . -. .. ~~ · .. :·":"~ ·, --v'·~· .. ;. ·.' .. -'"' '·.. '·· ... r·~,·,;.· · .:· ··'.';·, 

., .... ,..... .. : .. : ...... ::~~:/ '-..{~ :~, \. . : {.-· /:·;./::~.;: .. <~·:::\ 

· •. 4:· ........ :.· 

~-~~~:'~: •• 'f,i f ' .. :·) / :.'. 

. ,)->~}-.:'.>:·" ~·.. : -~ . ' . :' ~ .. . ,:· . ~... ~ ... : ' 

. · :5· 

_, . 

' .. ·:r:.): ...... ... 1'" 11' 

·. •' .. 

l •• /. }' • l •• ,,.. .-. 
,•If·', 

'~; 

> ~,;~~~/f :~:'.:~~::·.;~;i(~:~:·: ,);:~ :, 

';. ~. ,' . 

" .... ,,1 

.. ' 7'· ,. 

t i..., ·~ ::/, ..._,,, .... :":.t''{ 

.._: ·~~- .~·. ·~ .' ~.. . 

•;., 

... ...;'·. 

·· .. 

. · .. ; 

.: .. ·' 

?•' .. ' ... . ~·,.:.. . ... ,; ~ ·" .•· 

'·,>··.. . . ":~~· ~: ... · •. ,; ; .-.. ,Y 

. " 

.i.,. ~ < ~ • I 

,,. ,"'\' ., 

'' .. 

.. ':· :•'\. 

... ~ ... 

. . -.. 

, .... !.· 

:.· . .: . 

•,·~· 

,.;,, 

. '• ·~ 

..... .,···: . : . .~ 

"'·:".f/ .. ,' •••• ... !. 

. ' ~· 

• • I~ 

.:,,: .. ;~· ... 

· ... . ·-· '\ ,: . : ' 

••• 1. 

'· 

•.' 

.. ·. -... ' ~ . ~ • < ,~ I• 

:, ~~ .. -: 

.. : ·'' .. : 
•: 

"· .... :·'>· 

' . 

.' ,f. I 

''I 

'. '. 

' ' . ..... "~ ' 

\ .. 
. ,, 

.';·. -. 

·.·· 

'.· .. ;. 

MEMO!UU."ID~:~ro!J;= :Ct{IEF,- ·ARM! SEGUR:r.ft AGEfIDI:. .. ~ . ' .. - ~- . 

1 •. ~ a •. I~. conn~ction ·with refer~~ce (a)·, it ia deeiiloo 

advisable to nate that the ECM-$IGARA is covered ~ a number of 

p-atenta · or. patent applic~t3.ons. ·. · · · · · . 1 

b. ·Certain of. t~ese patents·or pe.t~n~ applications are 

owned by the T~letype Corper-ati~n •. The exact number of these 

cases, their ae~ial·nU!nb'ere,and .spec.ifie nature a.re unknown to 

thieAgency, as they are: being handled undej.- Navy c0ntrW.~ 

c. ··There ·a.re ~ert~in other pater.it~ or. patent applications., covering certs.ill subsidiary fE)aturee Which Weare i.Jlvented 

by Navy personnel. Details ef ownership are. not known to this. 

·.Agency. · 

· · · · d~· · ~he · bB$ic cryptographic ... p:d.neipiea' ... ~ploy64 in the 

1· 

equipment are. c()Ver.t."ed. by the t~llQWing pat19nt applications; · still . . ·in a secrecy stattis ·uru.:ier the i

1Three"."Year RuJ.ell (Sec. 4894, ~.s., 

as . amended) and also under 'Public': Law No. 7t>Q. (War-time secrecy 

for paten~. S\PPlications): . . '· · , · · · .· . . . · · · ·· . . . 

· . APP• Serial No • . •· .·· 682,096 . . . . ; . · .. 70 412 . . , . 

Inventors ' .. · · . Date ftled 

Friedman . ; : ·25 JUly · 1933 . 

·.Friedman & Rowlett · . 23 Mar 1936 · 

·In.oo.ch ot.these:two cases the u.· s. Government .c:mns the entire 

right,. title an& interest .in tb,e invention,. thrc>;jghout the u.s •. 

and •ter~itories and dependencies thereof, but not elsewhere; the 

.inventors have a~ . irrevocable,. assignable, and axcltisive license 

··to make 6 uae i:ai;/or: sell. and to ~ieense others· to make use a'nd/~r .· sell the invention. : Attached .heret0· is a copy _of the assignment in. 

each case. ( Incl~ l ~d .2). . . . · . · · . · . .. · . · . . . ' . . , . ' ' ' 

~-.·~· . ; 

. -:-;.. -·) 

· -SiOCREl, · .. ·' . . .