DRAFT

INTERAGENCY

316(a) TECHNICAL GUIDANCE MANUAL

AND

GUIDE FOR THERMAL EFFECTS SECTIONS

OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Water Enforcement

Permits Division

Industrial Permits Branch

Washington, D. C.

May 1, 1977
DRAFT

1

-iLIST OF FIGURES

No. Figures Page

Decision Train Flow Chart 1 2
1.0

2.0

3.0

Introduction

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

2.1 Background Information

2.2 Suggested Uses of this Technical Manual

Productive Demonstration

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Decision Train

3.3 Biotic Category Determinations and Recommended

Early Screening Procedures by Industry

3.4 How to Select the Most Appropriate Demonstration

Type

3.5 Type II Demonstrations (Representative Important

Species)

3.6 Type III Low Potential Impact Determinations

3.7 Other Type III Demonstrations (Biological,

Engineering, and Other Data)

3.9 Non-Predictive Demonstrations (Type I, Absence

of Prior Appreciable harm)

4.0 Definitions and Concepts

3.8 Decision Criteria

Page

1

3

3

8

11

11

11

18

33

34

63

64

65

72

73
-iiLIST OF TABLES

3

No. Tables

Sample Table to Summarize

Data for Each Representative

Important Species (RIS)

Page

41

2 Thermal Effects Parameters

Applicable to Aquatic Organisms

Potentially Selected as RIS

Cooling Water Characteristics 5 3

42
-1-

1.0 Acknowledgements DRAFT

This manual represents the efforts of many who unselfishly contributed their time and expertise. Originally, specific assignments

were delegated to working groups but, as time went by, individuals in

these working groups were asked to provide assistance in other areas.

Therefore, to simplify the acknowledgements, the following is a list

of those who at one time or another contributed to the development of

this manual:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Allan Beck, Narragansett, Rhode Island

William Brungs, Duluth, Minnesota

Stephen Bugbee, Washington, D.C.

John Christian, Washington, D.C.

Jeffrey Goodman, Washington, D.C.

Delbert Hicks, Athens, Georgia

J. William Jordan, Washington, D.C.

J. H. McCormick, Duluth, Minnesota

Donald Miller, Narragansett, Rhode Island

Donald Mount, Duluth, Minnesota

Diane Olsson, Washington, D.C.

Mark Pisano, Washington, D.C.

Jan Prager, Narragansett, Rhode Island

Ronald Preston, Wheeling, West Virginia

Ronald Raschke, Athens, Georgia

Robert Schaffer, Washington, D.C.

Eric Schneider, Narragansett, Rhode Island

Lee Tabo, Jr., Athens, Georgia

Bruce Tichenor, Corvallis, Oregon

Howard Zar, Chicago, Illinois

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Harold Berkson, Bethesda, Maryland

Thomas Cain, Bethesda, Maryland

Phillip Cota, Bethesda, Maryland

Robert Geckler, Rockville, Maryland

Bennett Harless, Rockville, Maryland

Robert Jaske, Bethesda, Maryland

Michael Masnik, Bethesda, Maryland

Robert Samworth, Bethesda, Maryland
-2-

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service DRAFT

John Boreman, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Thomas Edsall, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Phillip Goodyear, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Roy Irwin, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Glen Kinser, Washington, D.C.

Mark Maher, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Oak Ridge National Laboratories

Charles Coutant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Jack Mattice, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration

Heyward Hamilton, Washington, D.C.

W.R. Taylor, Germantown, Maryland

Argonne National Laboratory

Rajendra Sharma, Argonne, Illinois

Great Lakes Fishery Commission

Carlos Fetterolf, Jr., Ann Arbor, Michigan
-3-

2.0 INTRODUCTION DRAFT

2.1 Background Information

2.1.1 Brief History of the Evolution of this Document

Prior to the enactment of Public Law 92-500 [the Federal Water

Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (FWPCA)], the Atomic Energy

Commission (AEC) had regulatory authority pursuant to the National

Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) to impose effluent limitations

on facilities requiring an AEC license or permit.

The FWPCA now requires the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

to establish (for use in permits for the discharge of pollutants to

waters of the United States from point sources as defined in the FWPCA

such as nuclear power plants, etc.) effluent limitations for all pollutants.

The FWPCA provides that nothing under NEPA shall be deemed to authorize

any Federal agency to review any effluent limitation or other requirement

established pursuant to the FWPCA, or to impose, as a condition of any

license or permit, an effluent limitation other than any such limitation

established pursuant to FWPCA.

Pursuant to the authority of the FWPCA, EPA required applicants

for discharge permits to submit information required by EPA in order to

establish effluent limitations in permits. Pursuant to the authority of

NEPA, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) may require applicants for

licenses or permits to submit information required by NRC in order to

evaluate and consider the environmental impacts of any actions it may

take. Consequently, the informational needs imposed by the two agencies

may be similar in the area of impacts on water quality or biota.

NEPA requires that all Federal agencies prepare detailed environmental statements on proposed major Federal actions which can significantly

affect the quality of the human environment. A principal objective of

NEPA is to require the agency to consider, in its decision-making

process, the environmental impacts of each proposed major action and the

available alternative actions. Both EPA and NRC have responsibilities

pursuant to NEPA regarding the issuance of licenses or permits for

nuclear power plants and certain other facilities.

In late 1973, the Chairman of the Council on Environmental

Quality (CEQ) wrote to the Chairman of the then AEC and the Administrator

of EPA Suggesting steps that might be taken "to make the analysis of the

water quality impact of nuclear power plants more effective and more

meaningful and, at the same time, reduce demands for data being placed

upon applicants for licenses."
-4-

DRAFT

In summary, CEQ suggested that AEC and EPA:

(1) explore mechanisms available to assure that applicants'

environmental reports to AEC contain sufficient data to

satisfy EPA requirements on water quality matters;

(2) consider the possibility of preparing a single impact

statement to meet AEC's requirements under NEPA and

EPA's requirements under FWPCA; and

(3) consider the possibility of unified hearings.

In response to CEQ's suggestions, AEC (subsequently NRC) and EPA

developed the Proposed Second Memorandum of Understanding regarding

their perspective responsibilities under NEPA FWPCA, which was

published in the Federal Register for public comment on November 7, 1974

(39 FR 39490), and in final on December 17, 1975 (40 FR 60115).

In summary, the Memorandum:

1. specified the statutory authority of both agencies for

entering into the Memorandum.

2. Defined those licensing and regulatory activities to which

the Memorandum shall be applicable.

3. specified that NRC and EPA will work together to identify

needed environmental information for early evaluations

related to impact from the identified activities on water

quality and biota.

4. Provided for EPA to exercise its best efforts to evaluate

impacts on water quality and biota as far as possible

in advance of the issuance of NRC's final environmental

impact statement for any covered activity, and specified

that EPA and NRC will maintain close working relationships

during the entire environmental review process.

5. Specified that EPA will issue to the applicant, where appropriate, in light of substantive requirements, a complete

section 402 permit as far as possible in advance of authorization by the NRC of any commencement of construction or

issuance by NRC of a license or early site approval, whichever

is applicable.*

* See 10 CRF Part 2, Appendix A, Paragraph I(c).
-,j6. 

7. 

Speclfled that EPA and ?JRC till coasider the LusibiLicy 

of holding combtied or coacurrent heerings on EPA’s 

proposed sectfoa /rO2 p8mlCS end !GkC’s prOQO88d Frsuence 

of co~tmctlon permits or ocher activicles uhue 

l QQrOQriAtL 

Eaecinded the Huorendm of Understanding RegerdFog 

Implmentetloa of Certain Complemental ILaponsibilftles 

under chr W end dated January 13, L9, aod 22, 1973 

(38 FE 2fl3). 

As l f Frse step tovarda LppLemenring the objecttves of the 

!4eaorendm, P sarime of meeclngs beewean EPA rnd !iRC took place Ln Irte 

November 19 76. At these aeectngs it uu decided thee one of the aost 

dFfficu.Lc cssks CO be doua, end oue which should be started first, was 

to standerdim aquatic biological dstr requiremeutr co satisfy FUPCa 

requfraents for EPA and NPA requirements for .YRC. Technical experts 

representing the ma egenclee Fn the field of equatfc biology held l 

rulu of meetings Fn December 1974, formLaced arny centrtfve agree 

mencs, aad eppOint8d a eerie8 of l lghc wrklag groups. Each wrking 

group was co-chaired by oue repruencrtlve troa uch agency. 

00 Jenuaq 28-30, 1975, the eight wrkbg groups met b! Fells 

Church, Vlrglnla, to complete spoctiic urltlag assignments couctibuttig 

to the d~elopeac of 8 sew guideme aanuel. Tech wrLFng group submitted 

draft r-rfu of chair work ou cha Lut dsy of the aeetfng end final 

rtmmries by urly March 1975. 

The Long process of plecLng the products of the eight wtkiag 

groups togethu tico 001 cohesive technical arnuel ues 910-d by key 

personnel changes vlthia the e#eaciee end heavy schedules of ocher 

ladlvlduals 00 the working groups. In rplce of the nmuou setbecks~ 

e Decrber U. L97S. dreft us carplaced end reviend by ksy wrkirrg 

group oabers during Jenm 1976 Frr Athens, Georgia. At chlr amacing 

Fe YS indiuted that smerrl sections still oeeded rwiriou end others 

should be deleted rltogethu. &us of responslblllcy ware sssigned 

co til4 wrk4 group oabars and this editloo of the srnud is rhe 

rutdt of chum efforts, 
2.1.2 A shift of mhasls 

Ia the course of the demlopmat of this draft, Fe becsm 

appuaat to aeny uorklatg group members cl38t urly scramairy procduru 

by induat~ or thafr consultaats could sometimes reve8L those cypu 

of Fnformtioo ubich would WC be aecus~ to gather la gruc det8FL 

at ¶r rltu* If bitlal pilot field sumeys cad literrture surveys 

r8VUhd that tha Sit@ uu one Of bU pOt8ath.L l.UQeCt for phflOpkUktOU 

for aamph, it vould ba unnecus8q to couducc deetied studies to 

give the temaomlc ideattilcetloa of every species of phytopleaktoa 

fn tha piciafcy~ 

2.1-3 FubLfc AvsUahFLitzy of 316(r) 3emousrracl.oua 

It ir the Fnteatloa of &PA to make ch* techalcal fnfomatloa 

submitted by Fadustrlu fa eccordurce with 316(r) meileble for use 

by ochu ~ustriu. scieatlrts c sad -us of the pub&z. This 

VFll be door fnitis.Uy by placing copies of the dmoastrstiuu and 

supportiag documents Lato the coUoctioo of the respoaeib~e EPA Regfo& 

Off ice Ubrsry- A rFnFl8r appro8& Ls -0 suggested for State yeociuIa cssu where d-d for the dmoastrstioa materials exceeds thm ca~abUcy of an EPA or State agency Librsm, the EPA Eeglo& AdmhUuacor 

may also submit thm tmtsffill to the Y~c1oaa.l Tecbicrl Lnfonaation 

Semlc~ (lITIS> 80 that the reports are maihbl~ to the pubUc fn 

mlctoflche or bud cop7 fors l c the price of duplication- The EPA 

Rqluad llbrerha VOLT be sble to provide deu.lhd Qaformcloa regarding 

hpuc and accus co the ErrIs systae 

It is llro aoted thr~ the Atomic IadustrirL Porn, Eavfroameatrl 

Studlu Project, hu d-eloped IHFOB[M, a dstr systa alch vtll axtract 

laforprcloa from reports submited by utU.itlu Fn accotdanc~ VFth 

sactfoum 316(a) and (b)- Quutluaa should br referral to the Project it 

1747 PeanayLvaaia Aveaae, Uuhingtou, D.C. 20006, telqvhoae 202-835923L 

The Sqeabu 30, 1974, drsft of the EPA 316(e) Technical Cuidrace 

Manud rtqguu cw posslbUtlu for predlctlve demoastrscioas: Type If 

dmastxstluas (vlth qmcUlc &tr requiremats for Rsprueatstlve 

kporrrne Spoclu (US) sad biotic c~tles) sad Type LXX dsmoastreclana (an altamuive plan foLlowtag wrlttaa coacurreacu frum EPA). The 

YEC Ugulacory Guide 4.2*, ou the other bad, givea geaual pAdance sad 

lacllrdu maarlua of studyiag l uide spect~~~ of trophlc level, which 

ml&+ be dnnrly affactod by thr pour plant’s operrtioue. The net 

result of tU8 cabFnrtluu of 8itaafioas ls that pour cump8nfu have 

often rbuksd, vtthout the bmmfltof spprupriatr sereealag or pilot 

s tadfes, ou larg8-ecaL8, upm8lv8, lnappropr~te studfar vblch supply 

uuslve mounts of rau data but ue me aecusertiy helpful to regulrtoq 

ageaciu ia d&ion-me&q. 

* NtC BeguLatory Guide 0.2, Preoererfoa of tnvlroamatrl Reports for 

Yuclur Powt Stecloas. July 1976, Ravisiaa I2: 102 p. 
-7. 

& tU regard, Fe L, intuucing co aof* cha balance of ganual 

wusyrtu (bua.Une, field work) dacr vwsus the EIS (Laboratory and 

Lftuuurr surch) &tr propored by thir vusioo of eha amud. Put 

aperiuca ruqgutr chat ndchu bum&m fitid sumap nor EIS laboratory 

studlu alone van rufficiuat for pradictivr duowtr8tioor; soma 

3kture of cha TV, ls daairabla. Guual l orysta filld work b 

wcuury Co chuactarita cho mtvirounnc lmprcted. co hsva a buis of 

compui.soo for post uparatioual studies, and co couatu poaribh uguunacs 

char the maeire l co~ptu ha8 MC bun ammined. Laboratoq studlu ou 

BfS u(t helpful bazarur they offrr bcreued pradictiva capabilicias, 

such u hou macb of tha thamal plum uu til preclude reproduction or 

dgruioa. 
2.2 Suggested Uses of this 

Tecknicsl !4antui by: 

2.2.1 The U.S. &mlrouaeat~ Prot8ctloa Agency 

Zhfs oersloa of the guidsace msnusl , after ln-hour* zwteu 

tithln EPA. will rapJ.sce eke Septmbar 30, L976, draft of the EPA 

316 (4 Technical Guidsace !4snusl. The wrrrl describes eke Lnformscioa 

vhich shouLd be developed and evslusced ln coaoecrlon wttk msk+ng 

trcknlcsl detemirmtloas under section 316(s) of the Federal ‘dater 

P01htl~ COUCZOL kt, a~ mended, 33 C.S.C. L251, 326(a). sad LO 

CFR Ptrz l.22, 

?fost of the “first rouad” of !GQES (Xettonrl Pollutant Dlschuga 

&limlnsclou Systar) pamltr for cheraul dlschmgu vill hsve already 

beeo Fseued (or at Lust study plans ulll hm+ been agreed upon by the 

spplicsat end the E~glonsl Adainlstrator) , by th timm chir edltloa of 

the ceckxt1cs.L msnurl ls issued. The decrrminrclous or study plans 

flasLited to dste hrrre been ssde oa the bulr of cue-by-cru tecknicsl 

drclsloas m8do by thr Reg1oas.l Admlnlrtrator. Ihese l srlier cechaicrl 

decislous sad study plane which umre ffnrlfted tith the rpprmrl of the 

Regional Adahisfrscor or Stat8 Director ulll not be aegstrd or ockervFse 

adversely affeccad by the iseunct of this aetmr version of the 316(a) 

CrnChniCJ anual e 

The prim- use seat for chh verslou of the tecbfd amnul 

vi11 be for neu sourcu sad for the “secoad round” of 316(s) detarml~tloaa uklck VFll cams uken the fFrrt round of pumlcr uplre. 

The aaaual b Lateuded to be used u genersl guldsnce snd u 

a scrrtlag point for dircusslous betusea indust- sad eke Re~lousl 

AdahlsUstOtsr ?or lndirldurl rltustlons the Rsgloasl Administrator 

=y requsst ch8t ths l pplicmt follou the stqgucloas Frr the crchnlc~l 

aand cloudy, or or7 specify 8n 8lcomatlvo plsn. 

The spell-t #houLd be aura thsc Fn general oae or sore 

Ra~load EPA perait program staff hma been deewced ss 316 coordinstom, It is ny~wted tit epplfcmtr coueiderlng 316(e) 

dmunstrsriuns coacsct these fndlvlduslr se sa early dsce co dhcuss 

potenthl problaa and msilsble dsts. 

2.2.2 SUCU 

Tkoea Ststea uhlch hrre been delessted the sdmlnlrtrsrloa of 

thr NPDES pumft progra by EPA have cha lud role for -king 316 (8) 

declsloas VFchia the Stste, Th8 EPA reuins vhac amounts co a veto 
-9- 

cspsbFTlty through the requiremmt thst they contFnu8 to reviev a11 

p8raiC8 before they are Fsrued. 

Since chose State8 which hsve the permit progrm have 

l ruat~y the sac rupoaslbFllclu u EPA, it foLluum chit chur 

St8tas may find this Cechnicll mm&l useful ia the s-8 rmnnar that 

the Ragioad Ad8l~t~tOrl of EPA t fkd it us8fuL, Oa the ocher 

hsnd, just ss Cha Begloud Adainlrcrscors are sot rigidly bound by cha 

toutants of this docmeut, aelther urn th8 Strte Directors. ft Fs suggestad 

rhst tho88 Scstu which desire co admialsfer their 316(r) program Fa 

a wry dlffer8nt fro8 thsc which Fs propoeed here. first discuss chua 

dlffereacu vlth chr Rsgi0as.l Adaialstr8tort 10 that c-011 ~reemncr 

csa be ruched sad sppllcsatt CM be ueured chat their 316(r) study 

desigas VLlL be sccepcsb~8 co both the State sad EPA, 

The applicant should tie be aura chat fn general one or sore 

Stat8 pamit progrsn staff hsve be8a deslgasted u 316 coordinators. 

It ls sugguted thsc applicants coasldetig 316(s) d~oastrrtloas 

~~nts~t chue Fndivldusls at an urlp dsta co discuss pote~cid. 

problas aud svsLLsble dsts, 

2.2.3 Zlh8 ?hClUr h~~C0~ CUUiUiOU 

The Nuclear Regulatory Camiraloa (NRC) tencatlvely phna 

co incorporsce this 316(s) asnusl rad th8 sepsrste 316(b) aunurL vLth 

future drafts of HILC EagtAstory Guide k.2. Ttia ~oate~fs of these manuals 

would forP the buis for 8quatlc l colov dstr raqulraeoer. :urt 

hou the asn& vtll be lacorporsced hu uot yme beaa decided, bur 

oue possibility dticussed wuld be co iaclrrde the 316(a) sad 316(b) 

amnab in cheFr antiracy u appendices co future l dlclons of .Y’EC 

Ragulscory Guide 4.2, mar8 hu tiso baea som8 discussion of uslag 

puts of these 8mnd.s fa future editloM of .YRc R8@drto~ Cuida 

6.7* sad dom8UcS co be g8aersted by the 3RC coordfasced Stsce/FedersL 

Slciag Uorkiag Croup, 

2.2.4 The 0.S. ?irh and Wldlfte S81~lc8~ D8pUPn8nt of Lnterior 

zh* ?isk sad UildlFfe Samlea (IUS) is msadsted by the Plrh 

and U’ildfFIa Coordinatiou Act (48 Stat. COL, as mended; 16 U.S.C. 

663, l = req.), the cdm#at@d Spaclu Act of 1973, sad Other us* 

cirted Acfs, co coardimts rwvi8w ulth the appropriate Pedersl 

reguLstoq 8g8aclu oa projects chat till Howe impact oa fi8h snd 

tildllfe c-itiu. These guldeUaes vlfl provide 8 barb for 

coordiascioa aoag FR3, &PA, !flC, sad other 8geacler iavolved Fn 

+ !IRC Regalsto~ Guide b.7, Csnersl Sits Sult8bllltr Criteria for 

luclrsr Power Scatloar. NOVab8t 1975, I(IPl8loa #2: 32 p. 
-100 

the 316(e) rsvlev procsS8 by reprr88ncing 1 c-00 uaderstsnding of 

the decbioa criteria 8gr8ed upon which the 316(a) varl~nce ti1L be 

based md. therefore. upon vkich th8 8ppropr4ace reguL8cory agency 

should be advirad, 

2.2.5 Other ?ederrL Agencies 

Uthuagh ia no usp bound by this document, other F8der81 

sgeoclu asy find it wefuL u a source of lafomstloo. For Uatnp18, 

the Sscioasl ?farln8 ?lrheries Service (!4K?S> of the Depsrcmeot of 

Com8rce has rlmllsr ~0u~ern8 cad rupon8Fb~itles u Ch8 FWS ?a the 

Pederrl regulatory revlsv process. I%8 WS vu OrlgfnaUp :he 

Suresu of Comerciti Fl8herfes vhlch, together vFth the Suruu of 

Sport Flsherles md UlldlLfe (sow FUS), coa8tlcuted the old Fish urd 

Uildlifa Sar~lca tn the Depucaenr of hteriOr (8s referrrd co fa Ch8 

Fi8h 8ad UlldlLfe Coordiasrloa Act). Eaorgauiutlon Plau Yo. 0, which 

transferred cha Buruu of Comariclsl Fi8herf88 co chs Dap8rPPeat of 

C-rce, also trUiSf@rr8d aLI 88sOCiUed responslbFlltlu. Pr4inclple 

coucema of Sf?S are marine sad sasdroaow fi8h. a8 -11 as inlsad 

c-rcid fish. The FUS, by coacruc, hu a puallel rerpoa8FbFLicy 

in the fIsharIa upact, but h88 sa sddltloarl respoarlbLllty for 

8qrtlric uterfovl (both fruh ueter sad marina) la th8 316(a) revlev 

procur. 

2.2.6 ihe Electric Pour Laduse- sad Coasultlag Orgsaiuclon8 

FOr uch ladiv1due.l site. 8ppliunts for 316(g) or 316(b) 

daeer!&mtioas should dircusr the contents of this arnusl tith th8 

had N'PDES Permit Frogra Agency (either eke EPA R8glon.81 Adalnistr8tor 

or the St&t8 Dir8CtOr) co derermia8 th8 8pplfCSbtiity Of the UUUAL'S 

ret-adstloas co thst rite, Ihir doctnanc tiu Sama U 8 Scrtthlq 

pOFnC for dfr~~~d.0~8 ludiag co 8 vrlttu CoaCurrence barmen th8 8ppliC8nt 

end the Ugioael IdPialstrstor/Dlreccor on LadlvFdusl study pleas which 

d.l sacirfy Cha requiruaat8 of both PL 92-300 sad th8 8quetic ecology 

s~ctioaa of rImA. 
-11-

3.0 PREDICTIVE DEMONSTRATIONS

3.1 Introduction DRAFT

Predictive studies and associated demonstrations representing

the best estimate of "what will happen" are appropriate for 316(a)

demonstrations for:

1. New sources not yet discharging;

2. Facilities discharging into waters which, during

effluent for a sufficient period of time to allow

evaluation of the effects of the effluent;

3. Facilities discharging into waters which, during

the period of the applicant's prior thermal discharge,

were so despoiled as to preclude evaluation of the

effects of the thermal discharge on species of shellfish, fish and wildlife; and

4 . Major changes in the facilities operational mode.

The two most detailed baseline aquatic ecology studies done for

NRC under NEPA are done two years before a nuclear plant becomes operational. All studies done for 316(a) demonstrations during this time frame

are therefore predictive in nature. The regulations (see 40 CFR Part 122)

published by EPA provided for two possible types of predictive 216(a)

demonstrations: Protection of Representative Important Species (Type II)

and Alternative Demonstrations, with the written concurrence of the

Regional Administrator or State Director (Type III). This section provides

explanations of these demonstration types, details the decision train and

decision flow chart, and recommends early screening procedures helpful in

choosing the most appropriate demonstration type.

3.2 Decision Train

This section provides a flow chart and narrative summary of the

recommended decision train.

3.2.1 Flow Chart

The flow chart identified as Figure 1. is a summary of the

recommended sequence of events leading to the decision. The following

is an explanation of abbreviations and terms used in the flow chart:
-12-

FIGURE 1. DECISION TRAIN FLOW CHART
AQpUCMt IndustrFrl Eaprasantzive 

4plpZng for EPA and ;yBC 

Paroitr and Licm8u 

DFruto* Director of the Stata HPDLS 

Pormic ProgrM 

Pu litid Study Aru 

3.2-2 D~cisiau TrliP !hrratlva 

1. &fore duignlng aquatic ecology scudlu, chm applicant 

consultr ulch chak&ouaL Mmiaistr8for/Dtr~ctor* co 

vmrify the rpplicrbFLl~of this cochnlcrl manual for 

Sati8fJiq thd QlrrV dfWtS (316(a) ti dfhWlt 

guidalinrr) raquirarrocs uudar PL 920SOO. If tha 

BqiouaL AdUtrator/Dlractot sprcifiu aa rltasmcivm 

or raodlfiad varrlm of char manual, the applicant should 

utu.hr it. If alo hgiuuAl AdminisItratorlDFr~ctor 

spuifiu uablg this cuhpicrl armlt u a gtddo, chm 

rppucaat gou tu thr naxt Imp. 

* uonr nm lI8gbMl Administrator m&am 316(a) brewmlnacloar for &PA 

timad -tits, vhila cha State DFractor maker such d~termiaacioua for paides ismad by Statu with EPA approved prrrnic 

progrmh hCh Stata PatitS, homvar, l a sub jut co EPA 

r-au. It ia chumform sqsutd that in the cue of 316(a) 

dac~tio~ uda by a Stata Director, l ithu the Dlractor or 

tha 8ppl.icMt lump. tha~#iulul Addnistr8tor lnfomed at 

criticsl sap8 in thm procur to mold t!m poo~ibilicy of 

ultfaua dlupprovti by EPA of a Strtr ~8rrit or &co~tion 

vhicb could ham bmn avoidad by battar c~~~~~icatiou throughout 

tha procua. 
-14. 

3. The l pplicmt contects the 8pproprlet8 Ra#lond Xr8ctor of 

tie U.S. Fish and UFLdUfe Semfca, r8presencacives of ch 

N8tid ki8d.M FiSheri8S S8mC8+ 8od Of the Stst8S, CO 

decumlm if them ara any thrutrord or and8agered specirs 

th8C may be rff8Ct8d by the proposed f8dlity’s dischuge. 

4, m8 8QpuCMt g@th@m UiSu litU8ttu8 rpd fidd d8t8 

fra prtiou8 studlu by elm company, r8sourea ag8xxci88, 

8c8daic lnStitutionr, ad ocher researchers. 

5. The epp~cant d8e8miaeS vhether or not aroush f.dor~tion 

is ev8flable co sumerFt8 Fa writing: 

8. For each biotic utrgory, *ether or MC the 

site Ia 008 of Lou Qot8lltti Fmpect. 

b. Aplrn for w 8dditioarL studiu or wrk 

aecue~ co comp18ce the d~ustretioa. 

Lf wr8 information is U8C8sS8r7, the laformaciou should 

be g8ther8d through relrtivaly brimf '*pilot" fiald 

-*ys - 

6, Appllcmt submits thr smriu to the Eqionel AdddsczatOr/DFt8CtOt7. K the beunel himialstrator/bir8ctor d8t8rmi388 that 

the slte la one of Lou ~~centid lnpect for all biotic 

Clt8$0ti88, the applicant may chooaa the aau “rhorc 

fom” dmustratfou type, the tow ht8Utid hpect Tm@ 

fI1 dmuStr8ciou drtrF1ad ln sSctioa 3.6; it wt. the 

8pplicMt ChOO8U bemea Type If end rppe III dmustreCiOU8. 

8. Tboee appUcant8 eligible for the lw potential impact 

d-tr8tim gecher uay edditfuaal lafomtioo nac~ss8~, 

caplece ralativ~l~ brlaf biotic category ~ecloaalu~ end 

s-8 chr lato oue “master:” rcos7stm r8tiode. 

If the proposed dfschu~e til ame Scrta uecer q&icy 

scaadarda, tha additlond fiald scudiu nacuaary will 

WC ba =taualra. The priaq lnfomatiuu ch8t aada co 

be ~euereted is simply that uhich is enough co satisfy 

the biotic Utagory, resource toue, 8od ustar r8tioU8l8 

CXit8rir b SSCtiOU 3.8. h8 7aU.S qtbdit8tiVa '*QtiOt" 

fiald studiu should be roough co ganarara mouth 

iafomeciou co compleci the bioclc csc8goq, ruource 

2008. end ustar retioorle. The appuc8at c8n than 

CO@@t@ QhySiCd StUdiU CORperrbl8 t0 those ti 

Sectiou 3.5.3 end proceed dit8ctiy to St8p 19 brlou. 
-1% 

10. Ap~lica.ncs vhose sfrss do not qwltip for th8 above 

considerations VFLl ordbarily select the Type 11 

d~oostracioa or s Type III dmoastr8cioa of SfmFlrr 

corpr8hensiv8ness. @pliCMtS S818Ctblf a fm8 IfI 

d~oastratioa should cerrfully t8ad sectloo 3.7 fn Ord8r 

co grin a geaerel uadetstsnding of the decal1 n8c8ssrry 

for scudirs co be consider8d scc8pcsble~ 

11. Those applicencs selscci~g s Type IL daoastracioa first 

meet tich the Regfouel MaFniStr8tOr/Dir8Ct0r co dticuss 

selectioa of RIS and drfiae the far fi8Ld Study aru. 

If the regulatory agency has r8ach8d any t8ntatFve 

decisfons rrgerding a~ tilovable miring zoa8 ($88 

sectloo 3.8.31, these decisions should be discussed cad 

uaderStood by both pertks. T’hese decfsious asp be 

t8vi8u\d follotig CoUQ318CiOU Of th8 demoostracioa. 

Lf the reguletory agency sad the applicant teach an 

urly l greaeac about the sel8ctioa of RIS and the 

duigaacioa of the far fisld study aru, the op~lFcmc 

may move ou co the next 9~8~. If doer the reguLrtorp 

ag8ncy say request thee the applfc8at assirt ln the 

rel8ction of RIS by dolag studies sad givhg vricr8a 

fust~icecioa for the praposed far firld study l ru. 

L2, T?.m R8glrmel AdmixAstratot/DFrector checks tith the 

Eegioual Director of the FUS and r8presentstivu of ~58 

X¶?S and Stat88 co mah sum the study plan inchd8s 

apptOpat8 coustderatiw Of thrUt8ned or 8ndMg8r8d 

speciu as umll as ocher fish sad tidltie t8sourc88. 

u. am Regio~el ~nirtrUOr/b~r8CtOr provldu the spp1fc8nt 

tich urFtten r8cogaitioo of the specific plan for 

completing the daonstratioa, Lncludlng dell.nucioas of 

the PIS far field study aru , and chrutened or 8ndurg8r8d 

specie8. 

L4, Appltcaac coeplecu field and lftsracurr wrk mquirrd 

to finish biotic category ratioaalu sad wricss the 

reciondu In eccordaaco vith sectlofi 3.5.1. 

U. Irpp~lcant ca$letu ~iter8turr sad L8bOr8tOq Studi@S 

nec8888~ co geaer8te lnformetiou for the RIS ratfous18, 

aad develops the retioaele ss suggut8d Fo sectioa 

3.5.2. 
-160 

16. Applicent d8V8lOQS 8nglneering and hydrological data 

outltied In sectioa 3.5.3. 

17, 4plicsnc comblnu the Fnfocmecion oa l ngiaeering and 

hydrologicel deer vfth the RIS and biotic uc8goq 

ratimalu Fnco on8 “Xesc8r” Ecosystr Rat10ne18, as 

ducribed la sectioa 3.5.4. 

18. lgpllunt arreag88 the ratioarl88 and oeh8r Fnforautiou 

la the fonmt suggestsd tn section 3 -5.5. 

L9. 4pllcsnt submits deaoastrstioa co the Zegioarl 

Admi~str8tOr/Dlr8CtOt. 

20. Ih8 R8giOUd AdminiStr8tOr/Dir8CtO~: 

Eevt8w8 :he d~onatratioa co see ttt8c key mrid8nc8 is 

properly S-rtted In the “ratfon~e’* sectioua, t&at 

&Ll of the rrqufrrd data hu been submitt8d, and tht 

the forme ln gueral follow that given La section 

3 .J.S or an a~t8rnetlve for!aac QrwlouSlp l pprm8d of 

by the Regionel AchhiStr8tOr/Dlt8CtOr. 

a. Lf the r8port l% uuecc8ptab~e due co LPproper 

format or airsions, the Reglow Mminfstrator/ 

Dlr8ccor will retam the daonstratlon co the 

applimnt tith an 8xpluutlou of vhy It vu 

dared mUC8ptabh, 

b. rt the r8pOrt i8 la an bCC8Qubh formet and is 

complete, the Ugioael MafnniJtracor/Director 

VLU proe8ed co the amt scsp. 

21. 'Ih8 gegiouel ~iJtr8t0r/Dlr8CtOr seudl8s the deer 

prhated in the submitcti to see ti lt justifl8s the 

conclueiow ruched Fn the biotic cecegor7 ratioties. 

Xf so, mad If there 18 03 coaflfctfag wfd8eC8 from 

otbec sources, the Regiouel Adminhtrator/Dfr8ccor 

will proceed to eke next st8p. 

22. The U#ioael Addnistreeor/Dir8ctor StudiU uch of 

the biotic cet8gory r8cioaelu co see lf they support 

the 316(r) cut of protectiou aad propegetioa of the 

be&aced ladigeaous ~opulaciou. Lf my of the f iv8 

retiOuehs f8il co meet the cuts (as detailed f.a 

the decirioa criteria sectioas), the daonstretlon 

18 aoc successful. If a.LL five meet the casts and 

charm ls sot strong coatrsq 8VidtlrC8 from ocher 

sources, the E.eglonel Uministrator/Dlrector till 

Qroc8ed co the u8xt rt8p. 
23. The ~gioarl MministratOr/Dir8ctor scud188 th8 

RU lnforU8tiOn CO see tf It supports th8 conclustoas 

ha the bpr888nCbCiV8 bpOrtanC Sp8~18~ &1tiO~U18. 

It it dou. the racionde Fs ScUdi8d Fn r8latiOMhiQ 

co the decision critsria givea In sectioo 3.8.2. 

K the decision crtteria are met, the 2eglomal 

Admfabtrator/DFt8ccor till proceed co the uac 

St8p. 

26. The Regionel AdUbidtr8tOr/bLt8CtOr stud188 u a 

cosposiee the biotic ucrgorp ratlOue~8s~ c!18 

Repr8sencacive ~bpottrac Sp8cler R~tlooa.L8, the 

r8suurc8 zones fmpecc8d, and the 8ngFneetig and 

hydrological dece co see ti they prwlde jurtificatioa for the conclusloas rrech8d Fp the aastsr 

ratioa8le. ff thry do and th8re 1s aot strong 

coatrarf 8videnc8 from ocher sourC8s, the RegionA 

Adzsbdstrator/Dlr8ctor vill proceed co the nut 

St8pt 

2s. The Eeg1om.L ~istr8tOr/Dfr8CtOr studi8s c!!e 

mest8r tStiOUAl8 Fn t8latiOUShiQ CO au oth8r 

avelLable data, coasiders the marall decirlou 

crtcsrir Fn section 3.8.3, and dec8rmiaes ti the 

316(a) daonstratiou bee been succsssfdly -de. 

FoUmdng discwsions vfch crchnicr1 upercs 00 

his staff as WU as chose from the Fish and 

Uildlu8 Service and ocher agenci88 t8qUfIId By 

lau co be COUstIlc8d. the Regionel AdmiaistrsCor/ 

DFr8CtOr maha c&r ffnd decision. 

Lf the Regiooll Mainlstrator/D1reccor coaclud8s 

that the s-q retioueLe is coorincing. tc ls 

supported sufficiently by the ocher sections of 

the d~unstrecion, and h wt couvincingly 

nef8ted by outside rrldence, the sppllcurt’r 

316(a) d~oustretiou 1s successful, The applicant 

hu dunscrefsd ch8c c!xe proposed cheraul dirchrrge 

to aevigable vacsrs viJ..l be accepc8ble under 

PL 92-500 (for seccioa 316(a) and 8fflueat 

guideliaes). 
3.3 Biotic Category Deterain8tions end Recmeoded 

!Zarlf Scrunlag Procedures by Industry 

It :r recorundad that appLic8nts conduct pFlor field surveys 

md licetecure surchee bef ora embarking upaa uasiv~. comprehensive, 

bueline. field ssmpl-. Thur fuitid studiu will oftrn be sufficient 

to determine whether or aof the site fs one of Lou potential hpact for 

indivfdurl biotic utagoriae aud co deternine vhrc additional studies 

will be raqufred to develop bloeic crtsgory tatiouales responsive co 

th decision critarfr Listed fu this sectiou. 

Tha spplic8nc should first rud thfs section. then uecuce the 

initial pilot field sumeys and Lituuure surches Fn such a zmuuer 

ch8t they identify chose biotic c8cegories for which cha site sry be 

considered a Lov potmtid. dnp8ct are8, 

It should be noted here th8t rectfou 3.5.6.1 provides 8 

discussion of why the d8tr requiranents proposed In this sectioo are 

useful to rrgulatory agmciu fn the 516(a) decision-mking procus. 

Ideutific8tiou of tll~a i,u the vartous bloti c8tegories should 

be to the species Level for the RIS org8nfsw and ao less th8n fmlly 

Lavd for all other chrt ue Iheed. 

3.3.1 Phftoprauktou 

3.3.1.1 Decisioa Critrria. 

The phytoplsaktou sectiou of the 316(a) daonstrstlou vill 

be judged succusful if the l pplfcsnt c8a show that the site Fs a 

Lou pocurtirl kp8ct l ru for phytopl8uktou. For other slfes, the 

phytoplauktoa rectiou of the 316(e) dmoUStr8tfOn til be judged 

successful tiy ti the sppllcsnt cull droascrace th8t: 

1. A ahfit tmmrda auirurce rpecler of phytoplauktou 

is we UkaLy to occur; 

2. Iharm is little likelihood the tha dtich8rge till, 

altar the Indigenous coratnity from a deerite co 

8 phytopl8nktoo hued s78tm; and 

3. Appreci8ble h8m co the brluxed indFgaaous populathou is not ltily to occur as s result of phytophakton cmmanit~ chmtes C8U88d by the he8Ced 

disclm~e . 

3.3 .I.2 Lou Potencill fmmct Arus for Phrtool8nktoo (Open Ocean and 

Yost Riverine Ecosystems) . 

Are8s of Lou pocmtiti tnp8cc for phytoplanktou ara defFned 

as open oceen srus or sfscems Fn which phytoplankton is LIOC the food 

chain bese. Ecoeystas fn vhich the food mb 1s hued ou detrltal 
-19- 

ucrrlsl, e.g., rmb8yments bordered by mangrove rusaps, salt msrshes, 

fresh wear stmmps, and most rivers and strums, are In this cacrgory. 

The ares will not be conafdered one of low potrnctal !mpacc 

Lf pte1Fninrry literature review and/or abbreviated “ptlot” field 

studies rwul Ch8t: 

L. The phytoplsnkcoa contribute a subscantlrl amuac of 

the pria8q phocosynehecic actlvicy supporting the 

co6uaity; 

2. A shift cowards nuls8nce species my be l ucouraged; 

or 

3. Opetscion of the discharge mey alter the community 

Eroat a decticsl co a phytopLankron hoed ryscem, 

3.3.1.3 Scudv Reouiremencs for Aress Yet Clrssiffed a8 Lov 

Poceaci8~ Iap8cc (SOID@ La~~scrfne, &stusrine, and 

Possible Ocher Uater Body Types). 

The applicmt La not requutsd speclffc8lly co conduce 

dec8iled cuonomic studies of the phytoplaakton, but tnfoczmclon provided ln the deonstrscton should be adeqlucs co Ch8rSCt@rit@ the 

presence and sbundsnct of polluclou tolerant and nulsrnce forms as 

Ural as co provide buellne lnforascloa l bour the phytoplaaktoa 

e-alcy as 8 whole, The psrticular pouar plane site and rquacic 

sysc~ plur hirtoric8l lnformstlon till dictate the extent of 

caxonomic work required. In soma rftu8tfons only a frv species or 

major csxonomic group8 (e.g., species coaprislng >5f of cocsl) till 

hsve co be 1dencFfled and counted. uhereu tn ocher sFcwcloas the 

fd@nCifiC8riOKI aad Cou#¶CLng Of Sm@rS~ Sp@Ci@S or mjOr groups my 

be required. 

The exp~rlment81 design should be spproprlace EO detemine 

the general cherscteristics of the phytoplsnkcon coemmnlty vichin 

the l nclra prlmr) study sre8. krpbq oucslde the pti8q rcudy 

ares should be done et Loutlow most l pproprl8te to generate d8ca 

ryplcrl of the far field rcudy l ru. Ssmple repllc8clon should be 

sdequsce co decomine precision of c&e dies collected and co 

COoducC 8ppmtite St8tiSCiCd C@SCS. 

Smplee should be ukea tirh sppropriace gut as described 

ln the EPA Eiolo~ical achods M8nu8l.* PL8okcon necr are of Limlced 

veluo alma meoy orgseias pus through chum. In cert8ln c8ees uherr 

+ BiologicA Field and hborscocy Methods (EPAd70/6-73401). 
-2outensive sapling 1s deemed necessary, lt uy ba possible co use 

an lndlrect chmlcnl mchod to assess sessoasl or spacAl, phytw 

plaaktoa fluctutlm8. 

ID most CMU the study should decermiae the stsnding 

crop of phytoplsakmnx at periods rauglag from seesoati to bll~ouchly 

depending 00 the avrF1able faformstlou~ At a oiaima, the d8t8 

collected ahodd include: 

1. The stsndlng crops of organisms get volunte of 

fat&r; 

2. ~d@nti.fiC8tfO~ of nmeric8lly damlrmnt :axa 

CF.*., 5X or more by number) and nuisance 

organism ; and 

3. Delioution of the l uphoclc zone, preferably 

VLCh 8 submersible phocmecer. 

3.3.2 tooplankton and .Yeroplutktoa 

3.3.2.1 Decisiou Criteris~ 

The tooplanktoa and meropl8alrton sectioa of the 3lS(a) 

dmOUStr8Clort till be judged successful lf the applicant tin shov 

char the rite 1s e lov potential imp8ct are8 for them org8niws. 

or that: 

L. Chmgu i.~ the zooplankton and ~eroplaakton 

cmtf Lo the prims- study l ru ch8c 1~87 

bt c8ueed by the hue&d dlschsrge will aoc 

ruult Ln appreciable h8rm to the b8lurced 

~euous ffsh aad shellfish popuLatioa. 

2. The hutad dfsch8rge fs ooc lfkelf co alter the 

stand* crop, rolacle abuad8nce, wfth respect 

to orturrl populatiou f~uctu8tion.s ln the far 

fitid study sru fra thou vrluer cypicsl of 

the recalviag water body sagmeat prior co plant 

opar8tloo. 

3. The thuad plum dou not constitute a lethal 

barrier to the frra movumt (drif cl of zoophnktm and meroplsnktou. 

3.3.2.2 Lov Potentisl fmmct Areu for ZooplaUkton and ?¶eroolenk:on. 

Are88 of Ior pOC8nd.d imp8Ct for tooQhnktoa and aeroplnnkcoa 

are deflned as chose characterized by lov concentrations of commercially 

important species , rare and l ad8ngerad specles~ and/or chore Lome that are 
important components of the food veb or where the checml discharge 

till affect e rebtively smll proportion of the recelviag veter 

body. 

!+~rr ucuarlm l rue will not !m coaridermd arua of Lou 

pocencirL impact for tooplaakton and eeroplaakton. Houwer, where 

a logarlchllic gradient of rooplankcoa and wroplanktou ebundmxe 

axiscs. choee l reu et the lowest lrrrel of rbuadence mep be recogaiud as lw pocanclrl Fmpect ereab at the dticrecion of the 

Regfod Admin~crrcor. 

If prmliminarp 316(r) studies indicate thee the area is 

oae of Lou poceacid impact, no further 316(a) studies are aecersa?. 

In this case cha epplfcant need prwLde only e arrrac:ve dilcussioa 

fuscifflng chr coaclusioa chat the eree FS one of Low gocencirl 

inpecc. 

3.3.2.3 Scud? Requirements for Ocher Areas. 

For chose facilicler 3oc sited Fn Lou poteoth.l impact 

atus, the applicant should describe the qurllcecfve and qtYacicacive 

charrccaiacicr of the zooplankton end merophnkcon popuLrcions. The 

&cr should include: 

1. Standfag crop l rciaucu; 

2. Dative abunducu of the cma present;. 

3. Susoti vati~ciow fn the abundance and discribuctons 

of cha VUWUS taxa encountered; and 

0. Zbr dieL cad cldrl chsn~es Fn cho depth discrlbucioo. 

The experlmenteL dealgn should be epproprhce co determine 

chr general chr~ccerircics of zooplankton and aeroplrnkcon vfthin 

cho l tira prima- study au. Sampling in the far field study area 

should bm doom in 1ocrciou.s most approprtice co generate daer typical 

of chr ruaindar of the fer L leld study aru. The U Sourcebook* 

provides info~tioa rrlrcrd co cha choice of sapling aechods. 

Smple rapllcation should be adequte to decemine precirfoo of the 

hu colhcted l ud to cooduct approptice scrtircical teat*. 

If the epplicmc belimes ou cho buls of the dece collected 

that tha zmplanktoa and maruplankcm cricerla can be aec, the coacepcurl 

framework upon uhfch the conclusioo 1s besed cad corresponding date 

uulprti muat ba iacludd la tha tooplrnlrcon rod aeroplmkcou racioade 

of the 316(e) daooscrrciou. For e further discurrion of infomclon 

requirrencr for ~ropl8nkcw. se8 secciou 3.3.4.3. 

+ Acoaic fnduscrti FON, Sourcebook: I’EmFroumencal kqmcc Yoairori3g 

of Xuchar Poumr Phncr ,” August L974. 
-22- 

3.3.3 88bicst Fomorr 

3.3.3.1 Decision Criteria. 

The hsbitat forzerr section of a 315(a) demoarcracloa 

till be judged ruccersfuL If the l pplfcanc cm show chsc the 

rice is a lou pocenc181 imp8cc area for habicac fomerr. For 

ocher sites, the seccioa tilL be judged successful if the applicant 

can dronrcrece chat: 

1. The huced discharge will not result in any 

decerlonciowt of the h8bicat foraers cmunity 

or ch8t no apprectable h8rm CO the b8l8nced 

ladlgeaous popul8cloa till result from such 

deceriorrclons. 

2. The heated dbcharga till ROC hsve an adverse 

fmp8cc on chrucened or l odaagered specie8 as 

a result of impace upon hrbftrt foreerr. 

Any prob8ble charm81 l l~fnscioo of h8bicac formats from 

the l scusrfm or aarine l avironaencs of chair contiguous ueclmds 

conscltuces a buts for deni81, Sfmllarlp, a basis for denial 

exists U iapotc8nc fish, shellfish, oc ulldlffe are charmUp 

excluded from the use of the hsblcac, 

3.3.34 Lou Potential fap8cc Arear. 

Ib soQe - sf cu~cions , the l qu8cic l nviroaaeac et the proposed site ulll be devoid of h8blc8c fonners. This condicioa m8y 

be caused by Lou luels of aucrlencs. tnadequece light penecraclon, 

sedlaeaucfoa. scouring scream velocfcies, rubscr8te char*ccer. or 

coxlc luterl8ls. Under such cond~cioas the sic8 eey be considered 

8 lou poceaci81 fmp8cc 8ru, Houver , Lf theta 1s some poutb~licp 

the linicing feccors (erpectilly au+c8used Liait~g faceore) aey 

be relimed md hsbit8t former8 asy be l sc8bllshed within the area, 

the appliunc will be required CO daonscrace ch8c the huced 

dischsrge rauld not restrict re-•st8blishenc. Those l ices where 

there is 8 possfbtlicy chsc the powr plant vi11 imp8cc a 

cbruceaad or l admgered species through 8dverre lmpeccr ou 

habitat Lomars will not ba coasidered Low pocencfrl lmpecr l reu. 

J.3.3.3 S~d;o::~;;:y~c~or Other Area8 !ioc Classif ied as 

L mQ . 

For 8rua chat do not qualify u lov pocentirl LPp8cc 

arus, chs l pplicset should provide the follovfag inforaurlon: 

I.. Ragloud site locrcioa eep and 8 waled aerial 

map shoving the distribution of h8bic8c fomrr 

ln the regioa near the propoeed rice. The 
aetirl mp should include the pdmarp and far field 

study arus. Ihen mr8ilab~8, aerial mepe shovtng 

hiSCOriC8l ChAag88 tn the discrlbuclou of h8bicac 

fonmrs should be provided. 

2. List of domiarot species of hsblcrt formlng macrop&f**, macrodg8e. shelUish, corLL8, and sponger. 

3. Standing crop utdm8ce8 of the domlnrnc rpecies In 

cams of dry night of org8aic metcar per unit area. 

Them l scim8cea should be arde at a minfnum frequency 

of qturcerly for one ye&r. 

4. ~deotific8cloa of those species of fish which are 

dominsnr species or chre8cened or l a&ngered species 

aad 8r8 depeadenr upoa the uircence of the h8blt8t 

formers for protection or foe use as feeding areas. 

For such species (which are not considered l lrevhere 

ti the 316(a) d~~cr&CiOU), the applicurc should 

provide queacitrcive abuadmce l scticer. 

The aperlmeaerl dulga should be rppropriace co 

decualne ths gea8rs.l ChArACC8~stiCS of the h8blC8c 

format c -icy vichla the l nclre prtmsq study aru. 

Supllag outside the pm- study aru should be 

done Fo 10C8tiOW moat ApptOprlrC8 co gener8ce d8CA 

cypicsl of the rwiader of the far field rcudy are&. 

Ssmple replic8tioa should be 8deqtuce co deermine 

the preclsioa of the &CA gener8ced 8ad co couducc 

spproprbce sc8cistlc8l cuts. 

3.3.k SheU.fi.shlXscroiavertebrsces 

3.3.1.1 Decirlou Cricerla. 

me shellfish/ucroFnrertebr8cu section of I 316(a) d-onscr8tba roll be fudged successful Ff the l ppllc8ac c8a d~oascr8ce 

tit no 8ppreci8ble hsm co the belanced Frrdigenous populaclon will 

occur 81 8 result of mscrolavertebr8c8 c -icy ch8oger caused by 

the huted discharge. For areaa chssFfled ss oaea of lou poceacirl 

kp8ct for rh~lsh/mecrofmrertebr8ces~ relscfvely little nev field 

wrk uy be raqulred. Decision crlceri8 related co iadividual p8ramaters sre discussed u foUuua: 

1. S tandins Crow. Raduccioas Fcl cha scaadlag crop of 

shellfish sad ~croFmercebrecer asy be c&use for 

denl8l of a 316(a) ulver ualeas the 8pplicmc c8a 

shw chsc such reduccioas caused ao ApprUiAbh 

h8m co b&lanced Fndigeaous popul8cion8 within the 

water body sagmat. 
-24. 

2. Coaununlcv Structure. Reductions in the compoaencs of 

divrrrlcp may be cause for the dsnfsl of a 316(r) 

vlrivet unlers the applicant can shov thrc the crirfcrl 

functious (defined lxx sectioa 3.8.3.) of the aacralnoertabrata fauaa are baing atitained ln the vater 

body segmsat as they axistad prior co the Fntroduccioa 

of hut. 

Canerrlly, vlch the prumt sfsce of kaovledge Lt 9 

inpossible co stata what affect 8 cettsla percentage 

of changa Fo the compoaurcs of diverslty till hsve on 

fuactioud tntegrlCy of cha system. SQ@CifiCdly Cha 

iaai.nrenaoce of a bslsnced indigenoru pOQd&CiOU. 

Prom a geuaric rtmdpolnt, a aejor difficulty rehems 

co the fact char tha species rtcha~ss of cha macroFnrrercebtrce fauna vsr’,es considerably ln differrae 

systw and char the rffrccr of a given Level or 

percrouge of change tight be a functfoa of cha Level 

of diverslty excaac prior co the IxroductFoo of hut 

stress. 

From a dsclsion standpoint, rctuA, or gredictrd 

reductiooe Fn diversity could seme prlmartly as an 

indication chat the syscsm is or till be stressed. 

Beuuse of the dUficulcy ia predicting chsnges *Rich 

any dqrre of accuracy, chir perameter could seme as 

I declsioa tool oalp Fn cases wheta the actual changes 

ruulting from plsnc operscion can ba ratnnerr:ed and 

rwoaably applied co the proposed site. 

3. Drift, The dfrcherge of coolLag v8tmr equal :o 302 or 

more of the 74~. LO-yur Lov flov of a river 01: 

strum tmuld be cause for coucsra md posslblr 

r8jectiou of a 316(e) trrlvar unlasr the spplicmc csa 

shw char: 

1) Imermbratrs do uoc se-e as s major forage 

for cha flsherlu , 

2) ?ood ti uoc s faccor linlcia# fish productlou 

Fn the -far body segmonc, or 

3) Drlftirrg Lmertebrsce fsuas 1s sot hsraed by 

pusa#a thtot@ the therms1 plume. 

4. Critical ?unctlons (Escuarlrs~. &eu which seme as 

epevrrlng sad nursery rices for important shellfish 

and/or mecrobxvertebrete fauna ere coasidered ss zero 

aUo#ble inpsct arw urd till be ucluded from 
conslderatloa for the discharge of waste best. P Lanes 

riced fn locatioas which muLd Impact chase critical 

funcclons vfll not be rliatble for a 316(a) usiver. 

!4ost l stuarlne rites VFll fall into chls category. 

3.3.4.2 Lov Poteatlal Irmect Ares8 for Shellf lsh/?Iscro~ertebraces . 

A Low potential inpecr aru for she.UfLsh/~crolmertebra~e 

fauna 1s deflaed as au aru which, vtchFn the primary and far field 

study 8ru8, 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

3.3.4.3 Study Requirements for Other Areas. 

can meet the following rsqulrrmenis: - 

ShelUlsh/~crolmertebra~e spectes of ulrckq or 

potentL4, comwrctil value do aoc occur at the site. 

This requfronent can br net Ff the rpplicaot can 

show that the occurrence of such specfes is 

rn8rgfne.L. 

ShrlLflsh/macrokwertebr8tes do not same as fmportaat 

compouenes of the aquaclc community ac the rice. 

Thruteaed or endangered species of rhelZfih/mrcroFrnrertebraces do not occur at the site, 

The standing crop of shellflsh/necroluvertebraces at 

the time of orxkum abundance Fs Less than oue gram 

u&-free dv might per square meter. 

The site does not same as a speunF3g OF nurse- area 

for the speclu in 1, 2, or 3 abme. 

L. Ssmlfnr Deslan. The erperimenral dulgn should be 

eppropri~te to determine the general ch8x8cterlstlcs 

of the shellfish/mscro~ertebr8ce c omunlty vtchln 

the entire prlwv study area. Ssmpllng outside :he 

plum study aru should be done fn locations most 

appruprhte to generace data typlcll of the remainder 

of the far field study mu. Ssmple repllutlon and 

coUectlou frequency should be adequece to decsraine 

tha preclsiou of the data geuereced urd co coaduct 

8pproprl8ee sc8tlstfal cues. 

AC 8 mlnimm, smples should be tan quarterly for 

-Y-r* Ebmver, the actual periods selectsd 

should ba keyed co knouu informcloo ou the susoud 

occurrence of hportanc for868 speclesr rue and 

l dur~ered species , and species of comercial 

importurce . Sampling for these rpeclrs must occur 
-260 

when vulnerrbls life stages are ln the srea. If, 

becawe of the tr&nsFcory nature of such speclss 

and chair verlous LFfe stages, Ft 1s not possfble 

co include them in a quartsrly progrsm or, Ff there 

is s complu of species whose tfming IJI the aru 1s 

uakaovm, then the frrquency of smpllng til bme 

to be incrused. For the beothlc component of the 

sheUfirh/m8croFnvertebr8ces , community sempllng 

stations should be selected for uch major substrate 

type within the prlaarp study area. Slmllu sucloas 

should be selected ti the far field study aru so 

that the relative Fmportance of the tvo ragloos may 

be compared. Uhere appropriate, chase st~tious 

should &so be used for srmpltig the aoclle portion 

of the shellflsh/mscroinvertebrace c-fty. 

2. Samolfnn Ysehods. The applicant should use trrvls, 

-eQPbfI, or aectlng tec.hnlques vhlch are standard 

for the types and Lffe st8ges of shel.UishlPrcroinvertebrates found Fo the study area. 

3. Knfomstloo 8esulremeats. The appllcane should 

qua.Llcrtlvely l nwerace as choroughlp as ?osslble 

the species of shd~ffsh/mecrolmertebraces Fnhabiting tie tipsct aru end ad jaunt l nvFrorrPents . 

For cmrclal specles~ LPportaat for8ge species, 

end chreeteued or endangered rpecles fnformatloo 

should be prwfded oa cbelr status i.n th arma 

(parrmane or crwteut) , seuonal tlmFng of 

presence (lf 8ppllc8ble) , end the Itie serges 

present FncludFng aaroplaakron. TJI addition, the 

eppllcant should ducrlbe the *ortame of the 

aru for the critical functlous of reproduction 

and urly developmenr. In cases tiara the dlrcharge vIK potentially impact a highly productive 

shelU~h/mecroluver~ebrese fauaa, the applicant 

should prwlde quaatitatlve estimates of the 

shellfish/mecro~ertebr8ce stsndlng crop. Such 

situ include l stuules * shd.lov noufluctuating 

resemolrs, saimoold rtvert. snd open coastal 

situ Uch hme chrecteristics eimil~r co 

l *tu8rine rite8. Eomver, the applicant should 

recognize chrt the 1sveL of effort is hued ou 

the uu lmpected and that ramplInt of the 

benthic ccmpoaurt of the sheUf~h/mecrolmertebr8ce 
fauna um.Ld be mlnfmal in the cam of a rice havLng 

sufficient depth th8t the plume does not reach the 

bottom. tiny d88p fluccruclng cesemolrs, as typtiFsd 

by some ti the F?A systm, hrve depeupersce benchic 

f8uM and VFLl require 8 almum smount of description 

bformaeloa to document those charrcteristlcr. 'Ln the 

cue of shallow aon-fluctustiag reservoirs cgtilsd 

by L&u ?krlon cad Xoulcrle Fn South Csr~lti, which 

hrre sa rbuadeat s.ad diverse benchlc fauna, the rppllant should cooduct det&lled studies. 

Other psrsaecert vhlch should be evaluated Ln :he 

study ticlude: 

A. S t8ndfng crop. The standing crop of the vartous 

species should be l stticed Fn term of mnberr 

ad biomass per square wear for both the 

prima- sad f&r field study arus. %a biomass 

l stlm8te should be expressed u grass ash-free 

dry wighe per sqtmre meter. 

B, Comunlt~ rt,ucture. The camnunlty structure 

should be evtitmcsd in cartes of: 

1) the amber of species per sample. 

21 the amber of tidlviduels for each species 

Fn l sch rsmple, 

3) the total amber of species In the study 

&ram, and, vheu sppropriste, 

4) the age structure of the species in uch 

-18. 

Alxhoqh it MJ be impossible to collect aU 

species in the study stem, the rppllcmc should 

make a conscious effort co l gmant the qusat~trcive 

sample dat8 tith q~ltrtlve smliag sdequsce to 

obcrin s rusouably copplace list of taxa. 

c. Drift. If 8 tiverine site Is being -tied, the 

qpllcant must l stlm.ece the q-city sad cotsposlCl00 of the she~~h/mscrolavertebr8te blotr vhfch 

drift put md till be l ncr8ined lnco the therm1 

plme. T!m sppllc8at shotid l seimsce the umber sad 

biomass of drift organlas per linear atar of river 

cross section. Staple repLlc8tioa sad collecriou 

frrqumcy should be sdeqruce to detsrmlne the precisloa 

of the data generated sad to conduct spproprirte 

st8tlstlca.l tests. In sddlcloa, the spplfceac should 

l nwerate those species which represeat five ?erceat 
-28- 

or aore of cha cotd amber or biomass of organisms 

comprirbg the drift. Where rppropriace, chm 

applicaoc my conduct Fn ricu drift scudlm at -- 

an existing facFTltp to datermlna whather chm 

cn Lndigenous tuacrobxvertebrrces can sumive 

pumge chrougtx the plmm. These dau my br 

useful For projecting the offrcts of the plum l c 

thm proposed rim, 

4, D8U Pr8smnt~tiou. The applicant should prwida 1 

sclld subsute map which Focludas tha pv and 

far ffald study UUS, At Lust one aap should be 

pruvided vhich shows cha l ~cicipated outer LLmics of 

thm thamul plme co the 2 C Lrothmr%, In addition, 

the appLicmc shotid propida maps shovlag thm Frothems 

u chay uIl.l uisc l loag the Soctcm for the coaditFons 

of mulmnm and ainhnn mblrat meet tanperrcurrs, 

In cha cue of l scamries, the 8pplicmt should provide 

maps show-kg the tmlatitmship of the predicmd plum 

to spaulling 8rUa, nurse- areaa, and aigrrciou routes 

for tie various LKe rugas of cmrcid species, 

thrumned or endangered species, forage species, and 

spaciu chat are othetire fmportant co tha functioning 

of tha syscmm, 

Th 8ppUcaac should thoroughly stzmmarlra the data 

~iag s-q tables and graphics rod trporr the raw 

data in a separate bound appendix. The applicurc should 

thm prwide a aamtive wrluaciou and lncerpreucioa 

of cha data uhich apl&ns why, in cha judgment of chr 

l pplicatt, the imp8cts are mfficieotlp lncoasequeotial 

thrc “the protectloo and prop~g~tioa of a balanced 

indigoaoue populatiou of shel.Uish, fish, and ti:dlife 

Fer and oa thr body of uatar till be assured." 

3.3.5 Fish 

The fish section of a 316(&I dmoustraciw vfll be fudged 

mccu8ful U tha applicant GUI daomtrmm chat the sic* qtrrlifim as 

a lou poeeacid bpact l ru tot fish. For achar situ, the f bh 

sactiuo of a 316(a) dmonacratioa till be judged ruccasrful tf tha 

applfcmt caa prwe that fish cities til aof ruffmr apprmCfAbl8 

harm from: 
-290 

1. Direct or indFrect morrrlitp from cold rhocb; 

2. Direct or indirect aortalitp frum ucesa hut; 

3e Reduced reproductive succese or growth es a 

ruulc of plurt discharges; 

b. &c.lueion from unrccepcebl7 hrga uue; or 

S. Blockge of mlgr8rion. 

3.3.5.2 Lou Potentiel Imo8CC Arag. 

A disctut&. my be determined to be Ln o lov potent+rl 3~8~: 

aru for fishes -thin ch8 primary and far field study areas Lf the 

following couditioue are satfsf iod: 

L. ‘Iha occurrence of sport and comereial species of fish 

la marginal; 

2. The dlactmrge sire Fe ooc a spewning or aurrery area; 

3- The therm81 plume (bounded by the 2’C trocherm) d.l.l 

not occupy e large portion of the zme of pess8ge which 

would block or hindat fish olgr8cioa under thm most 

coworpative l mironmaoc8l conditicm (based on 74&y, 

LO-par low flov or vator 1-d end teeximum uatsr 

caapenture) ; 

4. The plum. coufigurrtion will not ceuee fish co become 

tiereble co cold shock or have an adverse ispect on 

threatened or l udaagared species. 

3.3 .s .3 Scud) Requlrueotr for Arue Yet Clrssified as Lou Potential 

ImD8CC. 

L* I4ethotiolorn and Presuencr . Appropriate seqling aechoda 

end gut VLll be ued to prorrida e buis for identFfpFng 

the Raprueat8cive Importaac Sp8cias (BIS) of fish and 

Chair rrspectfre LFfa sugu in vartow hableats and 

strua withb tha study 8ru. tichod of firh sampling 

such u cnvlfq, &iU nacti.n&, uinFn&, horizoatal and 

+ertlc81 ichch~pl8nkton tmr8, etc., 8re 8ccepc8ble. 

-or, mliag muhod till very from oaa cypa of 

ufer body co uwthar; therefore, 8 r8tioorle for the 

choice of g88.r mu8t be developed for uch rrrpliag 

progrn. Palear stringent requirrancs for specialized 

gut is apQU8OC. the l dupcion of standardized gur Fe 

ret-uded co pemlt coapuiaoua wlth other scudire. At 
-3o2. 

no tima during the study should aev gur or smnplFng 

aechodr be introduced trnlese It ten be demonrtraced 

thae the compuacive efficiencies of the old end aev 

gur end methods 8re similar. A chug@ Ln s8mplLng 

procedure8 ten oulp be iSplemenred titer written 

AQQtWd by the k&Lo& &h.blatr8tor/Director. 

For fidd studlesr experImenta design should be 

ApprOQ~t8 to detezmia8 the gen@rti chr&Cte~StiCS 

of all life stages of fishes inh8biting the priMry 

and far field rcudy areas. The d&t& colLected should 

allou for 8 comp&r+ron of chm rel8tive FmpOrtlnC8 of 

ChU8 RID arus with respect to species COt8pOSiCiOU, 

amb8rS of uch type, grovch, and reproduction. 

Sampler shall ba cakea ac roarhly titemals co ;rrovfde 

dAt8 Cepr@SeUtiU& S888oUe1 and life St&&@ h&bit& uC@pC 

during Iod immedhcely folloving periods of spavafng 

Vh@U 8 more Fnt@uiVe rumpling effort should b8 

prwided. 

fn northern latituder , the monthly Sampling requirment 

is subject to veather coudicions and It ~87 be necessary 

to prwidm the ducribed d&t& reqtiremmcs from the 

literature end relata such laformtion co expected 

dirckurgm arua ia 8 dafeadable r8cion8le. Also, 

r8ciandes could b8 droeloped from CmbtiACiOUS of 

field d8ta end Literacurm sources. 

fc rhould be recopired chat dfscributiou of the vrrioua 

1if8 sU&u of firh fs dependent upon aany factors 

ladudlag sueou. vat&r awamt, light tncearity, 

density gr8dients. and food sources. U aa ur~ple, 

during :hm rppropriate sumn, night sampling VIlL 

yield 8 more accurate l stimecioa of the ichchyoplankron 

population because of their aigration pattern during 

the dial cycle. 

Ill moat C&88*, remple replicatiou and frequeocy must 

be d8tem.bed for bdividual sites and be b88ed on 

field studies co provide v8lld po~ul.8tloa l rrim8tos 

U&X$ l QQtOQtiAt@ StACiStiC81 tr@AmeUCe . 

Infom8tioo Befzu~remeatr. Tha studies conducted should 

prwide the requlxed fafornution vhich vi11 be wed for 

purpoems ducribmd 8bW8. Some of the fish isforxeciou 

mey be required reparacely for 316(b) studies. The 

8~~~ic8nt should meet vfth the Regional Admlulstrrcor 

to d8t@miUe vhlch of the folloving information requlrc 

~uCA should b8 d#elopmd to s&Cisfy 316(A) r@qUftmtentS 

ac the site: 
-310 

Species Level: For the RIS, the follovf3g Fnfomcfoa 

my be required: 

A. 

B, 

C, 

0, 

E, 

Reuroduction. A dircussiou on spauuing habits and 

fecuadfty Ch&r8Ct@risCiCS of the priacip8.L species. 

Life se&em habitat uttlit8tioa. A dlrcurrioo ou 

habitat uci.lFted aLt the various life stages and 

su8ou.l timing of prisence in the habitrc tppes. 

?Ugr8tlOU activity, Ff applicable to the d~~ignacrd 

sp8cies. should be addteased, 

Condition factors. Comp8r8cive condicioa Lnfom8c',on 

for the priocipti species occurrUg ti ehe ?r'kmrp and 

far field study arus. 

Dise8se and ?8r8eitism. Occurrence of disetre and 

paruitim Fn the Lxxdigenous popul8ctone and species 

swceptibility tichfa the framework of expected 

the-1 regtmer should be discussed. 

An8 and orowth. Trends ia age and grovth aorm8lly 

expected k the specier should be diScuSSed. 

Ctnmunitv Level: 

A. RIS and their eeneral &bund&nc@. Special end 

tupor8L dirtribuciou Fnfonution ou the BIS in tha 

primary md far field study arus vill prwlde 

La.foraation ou vhich specler will be aost vulnerzbh 

to intab and/or dircttrrge effects. 

1. R8iAtiV8 abundance of v8riou8 sD@cies. This Lnforscion c8n be caktirtad frop the saplfzI& data. 

The relative 8bund8ace of & species Ls the value 

daeenUaed by dividfng total ambar of Ali fishes 

collected lztto the oubmr of that species caugnt, 

ft ir often r&port&d 8s percent8ge of the toed catch. 

hhtive abundmce c8n ffuctuece susoaelly and 

dfunmlly; howvet, Ft should cot be significantly 

different from year to year. Slgnificanc shifts in 

t@iAtiV@ l buadaate war 8 period of tine are 

FPdlcative of changu uithirr the fish comunfty. 

c. Prirrclpcl ASSOCiAtiOXl. By &QQropri&t@ d&t& a!u.lyses 

Ft is poeaible to Fdentify prFncipll ~raociatioas. 

The princlpti 88Soci8tioo, arm the group@ of spec~rs 

which are repruenced in soples in 8 consistent 

manner. Pruence or 8beence of 8 species directly 
3.3 .6 Othsr Vartsbracs UfldlCs 

D, 

or Fndirsctly dspendr on the prsssnce or absence 

of othsr spsclss fa chs rampls. Sfgnif icant 

fmpscc 00 ona lpscissr thsref ore, can tssuLc la 

churgs8 in pr’acipti a8soci~ctoa8. 

Heu rsquiramant . The rpplicurt should prwids a8ps 

dsplctlns portioaa of ths rscelv~g vatsr body ussd 

b7 cha lnd~saous LIA c- ftiu for ruch l ccivFtiss 

u rpmmlng, musmy, frsding , mlgrstion, testing, 

@CC, The 8pplicmt shotid discuss aad S&IOU on chs 

asp the ptoportiou of the cotti ares ussd Chat ?I1 

ba laflusncsd by ths thsrnul dfsc.hxgs to the 2 C 

irothsrm. 

3.3.6.1 Decision Crttsris. 

‘Ihe ssctloa of ths dmonscracion dulirrg tich other valtsbratss vtll bs judged succsrrfti lf chs ~pplfcmt cm rhov ths sits FS 

ens of lou pocaocid Lnrpsct for ocher vsrcsbracsa. For othsr sitss, 

the ssctiou of the daoarurcion dasllag tith otbsr ulldllfs *will be 

judged succo8fu.L U chr applicant can daouatrau thae ocher viidll2r 

cmmunft~ caponsocr vill not suffer apprrcirbls ham or vill acttuLlp 

bmmfic firm the hutsd discharge. Thr term “other osrtsbracs vtldLKd’ Fncludsr wildlife which ars vertabracas (i.e., ducka, gssrs. 

Mnsfsss, etc.) but not fir&, 

3.3.6.2 Lov Potsntlrl Imusct Ares8 for Other Vsrtsbrats Vfldllfs. 

Pose situ ia the Uaicsd Stacsr vFL1 ba crraridsrsd ons~ of 

10~ porsncLJ impact for ocher rartabrata vFldlUa sinply bscaum chs 

projsccsd chamcl plm8 til not *act hrgs or &qus populrcionr 

of w%ld.lKs. ‘Lb. asin acspciow v%U be ricss ti cold arua (such 

u North Central United Stats81 which uould ba prsdictsd co actrace 

gsur sad ducks, and aacoursge tha to stay chrou@h the vtncsr. Thsss 

muld aoe br coasidsrad 1-r potsacLrl msct usas ualssa chmy could 

dmowtracs chat tha uUdllf@ wuLd ba protsccsd through a tildlifs 

mnumane plaa or ochar mathoda from the potsncial sources of ham 

mnciousd ln chr usa rsctiou. 

Othsr acspcioarr to aims clurifisd u lov potsocld 

impact wuld be thora fau situ vharm ths dfrchargm alght affect 

Important (or ehrucumd and sudaagsrsd) vtldUfs such u ~n~tses. 

For moat other aleas, brfaf rFtr fmpactiour uld lit~racurr 

rwieua muld supply enough Fniomscion to smbls chs l pplfcsac to 

vrits a brief rrciouds about &%y the rite cauld be consldsrsd one 

of low potsntid fmpsct for ocher vutsbr~css. 
-339 

J.3.6.3 Study Rsqul:rments for Ocher Are-. 

The qplicant should uadsrtah whstsvar bvsrcigstion 

and plaxniq steps ara oscssssry co be able to wrFcs a ratloarls 

aplsinfng uh8c factors (or wlldlifs men8gaanc plans) dll 8nsu.r~ 

that ocher vUdlifs wUl not m&far approciabls m frum: 

1. Excus hut or cold shock; 

2. Incrused diruu and prrasitiar; 

3- hducsd grwth or rsproductivr succsss; 

6. Excltuiou from unique or krga babitrc arau; or 

5. Incsrfsrmnce vich mfgruo~ psttsras. 

Ia the ratfunds, the appllunc should dircnsr the rtitioo 

of the sftluaat co the hrblta and habitats of uzy thrucsnd or 

rnduqsrsd spaciu or orgsniaas of commsrcirl or rmcrutional lmportancs. 

3A Bou CO Select the Yost Igproprircs 

Dsmoortracion ‘Pppa 

The buic recmndsd steps for the applkanr’r usa h choosiPg the 

most l pprupriacs dmnarreion cypa us sumsritsd tn section 3.2.2. the 

dsclriou main tmrr8t+va. 

After completing tha izdtfrl scrsauag procduru and ma&q 

a pr8llaMry Usss~t of the mtmc of dditioaAL wrk medad f.n 

l ch block catsgo-, tha spplicmt salsctr the dmouscracion ms most 

appropriate for th* 8its. If cha sits ti ona of lou potsntirl fmp8cc for 

all block ufsgoriu, chs spplicat may chooar chs rmlarivmlp scrualinsd 

Lou potentid impact Type 111 d- truiou oucUnod ln section 3.6. Xf 

uot. the applicant should propose study pluu bud ua the Type 11 

gUdaace Ln sectlou 3.3 or chs Typm IIL gaducs ln ssctioo 3.7. 

It ia recarrodd chat the Typa ff dmnstr8cloo ba umd u a 

&de for tha awuat of dsrril raqulred in wse 316 (a) dmnatracious. 

The actual amat of da& rsqulrod for an ladlvldual locatlou till vary 

fra rite to sltm, bat raction 3.5 aheuld as-a u a us&d starting 

potit for discuariaaa batnm the applicme and Bagloud Administrator/ 

Director on whet r-7 plana srm wet appropriate for a particular sirs. 

Applicants uot rtQib1a for a low potsntlal impact Type XII 

dmMtr8tion aad not duiring co do a Type II d- trstioo may slsct to 

do aa Jtsraats (Type III) dammmtr~tlon. 
ff th8 sit8 is 008 Of LOU pOt@~Cid bp8Ct for msc biotic 

CAC~OFhS but not til. r~udlss less dsca.Usd than chose recmndsd Fzx 

section 3.S au7 be Ipproprfrts. For mpls, Ff the sits L 008 of lov 

pocsntirt Fnpact for til blotfc categories acopc shsLLflrh, the RSgioarl 

Uminlstracor/Dlrucor might conclude tbt frv addfcioarl flsLd scudlsr 

(acspc for rhslUlrh1 wuld ba rsquirad aad that t&e ouly 81s that 

should bo stlsccsd rhould br shs.lUish. This dmMtr8cloo vould be 

lssr dstr+lsd than ocher TypS II dmMtration8 and could be refund co 

88 S m. III dmMtr8CloU. 

3-s Type 11 hmOMCtStioM (~ptuentativs 

Imporunt Spsciss) 

The me EI dmnscrtciuu should bS dulgmd Fn such a manner to 

fully dsvslop :hS thrsr ksy bIologicaL components : complstiou of the 

Biotic Catwory Rationalu (baw duting ssrly scrssdng procedures), 

dsvslopolmc of EIS racfoudss , and s~chssIJ of a.U fPCormtion lnco a 

maasr r8cionds. This sactioo prwidss a dlscuasion of the rsc-ndsd 

crmponsocr Of ChS dmMCrAtiOn, a proposed format. and a discusslou of 

why the d8u rsquirsuutr us ascrss~ for mking 316(a) dmcisioM3.3.1 Dwalopmmt of Bfoclc Category 8.eiom.ls.s 

During urly scruafq procedures of litsrsturs sumsp and ?fLoc 

fitid fnvascfgstions the applfurrc tiL dsvslop S- of the fnformatioo 

oaodsd to devalog chr Biotic &csgo~ %cio~ss. Lf the dscirloa 1s 

made to do 8 Type 11 dmMtr8CiOU foL.bvirq thsss urly screening 

procsdurss, the qpUcmt should rwieu r~ctio~ 3.3 and 3.8.1. chls 

seetiua. sod chr d8tA svlflrhls, to dscsrmins V&SC addlclonsl flald 

studlu, If rg, VLLl ba aecumry co complete the Biotic ticsgory 

R8tioa8Lu. In son cues, ralatlv~l~ Uttls additional wrk vF11 bs 

ClSCUSAr7 0 IO cuu where dditlund vork la rsquirsd, the Sppliaac 

should corplst8 the seudiu sa ru(gssted i.a section 3.3 and then vrits 

tha srorv biotic Catyory Racioorlsr. 

Each Uotic Cation ~tiouals should pruvids a complete dircussfoa u to why, fa tb fudmt of th@ applicuit, cha inrpACt8 us 

suffici88tLy lnmnaaquantbL thrc chs protsctioo aud propsgsclon of 

tha bud fndQawta8 populatlou of she.lJfish. f lsh, end ulldl.if a In 

sad 00 the body of wear uUL ba uoursd. La cha ratlouder the 

appliesat should sddr~8 uch decisiun criteria for the biotic c8cSgory 

in quUtioa. ma discusrion should lacluds sa ~duatloo of the i3pACCS 

of the dischqu into thr rscaH-lng wear body. 
-33. 

IIW COUC~US~~M drmtn shodd bS supportsd with ~1 uulysls of 

the &ta collsccsd durFng the 316(S) studlu and/or by the ~clusiou 

of supportivs reports, documsots and cicaclo~ co the scisntFflc litsrrcurs* Ths conclwlo~ should rsprssant 8 logical atension of the 

infornutlou avsibbls Sad be sclsntiflcrll~ dsfrnd&ls, Uhsrs citations 

8tS USSd th8C US Wt rrrd(ry NSihbZlhlS ti SCiSntifiC jOti (i.Ar, 

LateriP rsportsr vubus types of ymncy documnu, anaal reports, 

thuos, etc.), the documsncs thsuslvu should be provided. 

Lf thS ~sct of chS dischugo is projsctsd ruFng S mathematical 

nodal, the Sppllcrot should prtids 8 ccmplses documsntScion of ths 

sods.L Chat is used. The docummtStloa should lncluds S dircussloo of 

the osrtcs aad disadvantages of the model. T%s applicaac shotid tiso 

provlds rwaltlvity m~Lysss of the wdsl md S vsrific8cloo study. In 

additlou. the statistical rUabUity of the model's grediccloua should 

be Fncludsd along vith l ~usciflc8tioa of the osthodr u~sd ln the 

suciscic8L svrLu8tfou. 

3.5.2 Dsvslupmsuc of Rspressncativr Kmportant Spsclsa ILtloarls 

Th8 RIS Rationale should s~rirs why the ~asa~Lcs of the 

Laboratory Ad ~CSrStUrS Studio sp@CU?i~d la s~cclou 3.5.2.2 suggs8t 

that chs RIS WILL not suffer Spprsci8bls harm as a rssuLt of the heated 

dischug*. 

mr osumptioM in the coucspt of IUS arm: 

L. 

2. 

3. 

4, 

5. 

fc is not possibls to study In grsac dstrLL svsry spsciss 

U 8 Sit@; there lo wt snough cim, soamy or apsrtise. 

Since rll spsclu mot be scudled ln dsclF1, soms 

asllsr number til h8-m co br chossn. 

The spociu of coucsm era those c-7 rslatsd to 

p0-mr plant impacts. 

Some spufu rcL1 bS scuuomic8U~ importurt Fn their ouu 

wt. @-0-v corwrcid and sports fishu or mrisurcr 

spuiu, end thtaa “lnportaut.” 

sm8 spuiu, tamad “rsprsasntativa 0’ vlll be psrticularly vulnsrabls or ss~iciv~ co pouu pllrrt inpaces or 

have ssaaltiviciu of wet other spscfss aad, If 

protsctsd, will ruaonably usurm proesctlon of oehsr 

rprciu at the rfta. 
-360 

6. Uldtrsnglng species at the utrams of their ranges *atid 

generally not be considered acceptrble a8 “p~rticulorlp 

vulnerable” or “seti tlve" representative species but they 

could be considered a8 “important.” 

7. Often, 811 orgurllu that might be coosldered “important” 

0t “repre8entatlve” cannot be studied Fn detall. and a 

mallet list (e.g., grucar than 1 but less than U) auy 

have to be selected as the "rapresentstlve and important') 

list. 

8. Of teu, but aoc almp, the most useful list wuld ticlurie 

mostly ,ensiclve fish, shellfish, or ocher rpecler of 

direct use to sun or for structure or functioning of :ke 

l co8ystam . 

9. Officially LFsted "thrutrned or endangered species” are 

aucomacic8Uy “importanr .” 

3.5.2.1 Selectlou of the Reorrseacacive Imortant Soecies and 

Pu Field Studr Arm. 

As previously discussed fn the declriou main (rectioo 

3.2.2. Scap ll) , rppllcsnts first ame vlth the RegionsA *istracor/Dlreccor co discuss rolectfoa of the RIS and define the 

far field study area, 

The ambar of BIS relrcted for a particular rice may be 

high (S-U) ti the plsns for biotic category field studies are not 

maprehensive, or low (2-S) lf plaus for addltiotul field studfes 

are utewive. 

Sum of cho crfteria for selection of RIS are found Fn 

the defFnition of the term (see sectLou 6.0, Definitions and 

Coacepes) . Keeping ia aiad these crlceria and the urtmpclons 

given above, the Rag1otu.l Administracor/Dlractor solacts RIS from 

any ccmblweiou of th FoUowinq block catrgorlrs: fish, shellfish, 

or habitat fomorr. 

1. Soacles Selectiou Uhrrr Informatloa 1s Adequate. 

Uhero laformaclou pertinent co specie8 selection 

la adequater the Rqiorul Adminl8er8tor/Dlrector 

should promptly sdact BXS. The appllcurt msy 

suggest species for hi8 couslderaclou md zuy, as 

l put of its daomcratlun, cMlenge any selection. 

Other cowldaraeluw ue a8 follovr: 
A. houlicsble State Uatrr Quality Stmdsrds. If the 

Stats’s approved aster qrulitp standards deslgmce 

particular species as requirfng protection, chase 

species should be designaced, but alone zay ooc 

be sufflcleur for purposes of a Type If dmouscratiou, 

8. Conrultstiou vith Director and tith Secratarlu of 

Comuce and Inrerlor. In the cases of species 

re.Lectlou by the Eeglousl Admlalstrator, he msf 

seek the advice and rectxmnendaclon of the Dlreccor 

as to which species should be selected. The 

Rsg1ous.L Admiulstrscor must consider any timely 

advice aud rec~endatlons supplied by the Director 

and should include such recummeadaclons unless he 

bcllaves chat ~ubstaatial reasons uirc for 

departure. 

The Secrrcrry of C-rce (Xac1ona.l Marine Flsherier 

Serrrlcr) and the Smxecsry of the Interior (Fish 

and Ulldfife Samice), or chair deslgaoes, and 

ochu rppropr%am petrous (e.g., university 

blologiacs vith relevant axpartisa), shotid Also 

be consulted and their ciprtly ret-ndatious 

should be consIdered. The Director should also 

consult with the ageucy uerclsiag adminfstrarioa 

of the Udllfe resources of the State (see secrion 

3.2.2, Declsiou Train, Step LZ). 

C. Theatoned or Eodanaered Species. Species selectiou 

should speciffully corulder any present :hreurned 

or andaqered species, at whatever biotic category 

or crophic lmel, ucept chrt no tifomacioa should 

be requasted c!mt trould require field sampling 

prohibited by the Eudaugered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. 

U31 et seq. (see section 3.2.2, Declslou Traiu. 

step U). 

D, Therull~ Seusitive Soecles. The most chersllly 

suuftiva spuiu (and species group) in chr local 

uu should bo ldeatiflrd and their lmporranca 

should bo gireu special cousidorstloo, since such 

spmclu (or species groups) tight ba mosf rudlly 

eliminated from the c -fey Ff effluent ltiitatlous &Llouad ulstu uafer capersturrr co be 

altered. Cousideratloa of the aost sensitive 

spaciu vill base involvo s total aquatic 

comruxlty olevpolnt . 
E. 

P. 

C. 

bducmd tolersnce co l l8vsced tomparature zmy 

also be pr8dlcted. for umpl8 tn species vtrlch 

experience osturrl population rrduccloa durlztg 

the smmer. Species trrp4ing the grrsc8sc oorthen 

rsuge aad lust routhmrd discributlou may also 

possess reduced therm81 tolerance. 

Ccnmercially or Recresclonslly Vllusble Species. 

Selection of c-rcirlly or recrest:ondly 

valuable species should be b&sad on a coaeldersthou of the benefits of assuring their protection. 

Far-Field and Indirect Effects. Conslderaticru 

should include the entire uatar body segpenc. For 

u=Ple. au upscream cold uacer source should 3oc 

be vertned co an extent t!ut vouLd adversely 

affect dowustmsm bfou, Th8 impscr of additive 

or syuerglstlc affects of hut combined with 

ocher ulsting therm1 or other pollutants Fn :he 

r8celo*tn~ waters rhouid also be cousldered. 

Species ?lecrsssrv (a.~., in cSe Food Chain or 

Habitat Forsets) for the Uell-3eFns of Species 

DetemFn8d Above. Ln addicloo co the sbuvr 

coaelderatlons, lc Fs rugguted thet thm 

ReglooJ A&infrtrsror/D~rector ask himU the 

following qurstloos before selecting the RX: 

1) Is tha potautial probla with chls species 

credible (documeaced, l probla elsewhere, 

a good prediction)? 

2) 

3) 

4) 

La tha problr Likely co be rigulflcanc? 

Uhlch species occur at th8 locatlou? 

Which species la Llhly to be closely 

Fmolvd vlch cha source or d-68? 

5) Does the probla species rank as “fsportaac’*? 

6) Doe8 the Use of probla species fail Fn the 

ranga S-U or 2-5 (sea cut abuva) ? 
-39- 

7) 

8) 

tie the Fdeaclfled problem species "represantatlve"? 

Should other species not clearly a problem be 

facluded a8 represencstlve or importrot? 

2. Species Selection Where Informetion ia fnadequace. 

Uher+ the svsilrble luformetloa Fs aoc sdequste 

to amble the bglotml MmlnlstrstorlDlrector co 

select spproprlste RIS, he mey request the appllcsat 

attaptlng co ads a Typa IX demonstrscFoa co 

coaduct such studies and furbish such evidence as 

my be necesssry co enable such selectiou. ‘Uhere 

species selection is hued oa lnfo~clou supplied 

by the applfcmc, the appropr~ateaess of the species 

as represencstive and fmportant 1s au aspect of tae 

applicant's burden of proof. 

3.5.2.2 LaborstorP and Llterscurr Studies. 

Tkta labomcoq and ~lcerscur~ studies to be dooe for 

l ech EfS should be restricted to chose vhlch arm necessary to fllL 

out smmery Tables A aod 0 and to develop (oa the basis of cha 

data smnarter Ln thou tables) the RIS &cloPrle. Not all of the 

date Listed fn Tsbles A and B MJ ba appropriate for a particular 

site or cua. If the spplicent feds chat some are fnrppropriate 

and should be delecrd, it should be dticwsed ufch thr Reqioaal 

hdminircrstorl Director at the seme cise other dlscussloas about 

the RfS are taking place. 

Assu~~tlons for Tables A and B 

L, The cebles are marely l lds to orgsnitlag btologicrl 

data be.Liroed co be useful and fmporuuc for aaking 

declaims regardfug the-1 discharge l f facts. 

2. The epeciss teble should be wrkrble for any important 

or representerie species selectti, whether it is 

#elected u a species for protection or avoldence 

(e-g-, mia8nce species) . 

3. Ul therms1 chuscteristics do not apply in e 

rlmihr coutuc to all tsxoucmic groups (tsxa). 

requiring soae spacirl deflnicions or oaisrlon of 

a cherscteristic for a psrticulrr cuou. 
4. There til be noachemaal Fnflueocrs ( l .g . , chemicals, 

SCOuh4 , often occurrhg slmultaneouely tich 

charm&l influences, thee are aoe fscluded ln chir 

cable but which shouLd be coosldered ln their own 

-ht. 

s. There uy uot br diff l rences beMen adults and 

juYulFlu of dl taxa, or char8 may be more than 

m distinct se~lcl~ity categories. DFscinctly 

differeut life rcege requirements should br listed. 

6. Dets can be collected by the appllc~t for chore 

theme1 chuscterlstlcs of the 31s thee heve zot yet 

been daterained but for which standardized sechods are 

rudely available. 

7. For certain peraecers zhrt are srlU Fn the resurc!a 

or developoeut stage. as opposed co sceududfred 

test* (e.g., gsmecogenesls requirements or ?redscloa 

ou charmally stressed aeroplsaktoo) , all roeilahle 

ptillehed dsu wuld be uaaful but it wuLd sot be 

necesuq to develop new drca for this category. 

8. If more than one ut of data- are aveUable for any 

cstegofJ, the several sets should bo preseoted 

(and referenced) aud the rstionale prueuted co aid 

Fn srlectlq oue set for declslon-meking se the 

site fa questiOn. 

9. Dates far guetogeuesls urd spatming fmply appropriae suso~l t3mes which till vary from aru 

co uu and yur to year avan vlthouc the Fnflueuce 

of the pmmr plant, Tha fsporcant point is *ether 

thue woacs wuld be susonrlry precluded. 

10. In fishu, opclaam tryeretures for gromh cud 

sgu perfomance f8ctors (e.g., maximum s-g 

spmd, grueut aetebolic scope, final taperscure 

praferendtn, etc.) hrre been shovu to ba coticldent 

for aaough fishu UC chtr colacideuce is acceptable 

u rgmerrli~tloIa. Exceptloue cotid be hportsnt. 

h-es, and should be ideatifled . 
SAMIW! 1ARl.E TO SUH(ARIZR DATA FOR EACII 

RRt’Rt?SENlAT~VE ItlPORTAttT SPECIES (RIS) 

SCIENTIFIC NAMR fX+MMJ NAME 

--- _-- .-- 

THERMAL 

RFFIXTS 

PARAMETER 

TEWEMTURd 

LIMIT OR 

RA?KiR (‘C) 

souRcu 

REFERENCE (i F 

APPROPRIATE) 

MFAN AND MAXIMUM 

ARPA UNAVAILABL 

FOR FwNmm f (R I* 

HPAN AND HAXItlUM 

TIME UMAVAILABLC 

FOR PU?tCTfON (DATS), 

IS tWl!CT, I? AHlt, EXPRCTRD 

TO AFFECT THE POPUlATlON OF 

mu RlS? (TES OR NO) 

0 

That area or tin under arctaRe and uotst caee conditiona thnt wilt not permit the specific bFoloRica1 Cmction to 

occur satisfactorily. 

SIRHART COWXUSION OF t??RCT OF ItRAT ON THR RRPRRSENTATIVU IMFORTAMT SPl?CIBS (RtS): 
THERMAL EFFECTS 

PMAMEERS 

4;- 

TABLHB 

mEmALEFFEcrSP-APPLIcAaLE 

ro4uIlIcoRcaNISHsPOnwr~TsELemASRIs 

1. High Tempuature SurrrFvll 

AquAtic Adult 

JmealLe (Imature) 

2. Thermal Shock Tolrrancr 

(Hut and Cold) 

Aqwtic MtLLt 

Juvanile (mare) 

Euly Dav~lopmeataL Sc8gu 

(Foci. l88roplaakton) 

3. Omimua Tmmeratura for 

Puformanca and Crouch 

Yen-breeding Adult 

Juvenih 

4. Xaxima femver8tuf8 long-tom tsqurtur~ 

Resims Allovins Early uporure throu#mutd8velopnnt 

Development Corplrtion to jtnmnih3 

5. Normal sp8mins Dau 

and Temaanru 

6. Spurn TsmPu8turr 

88qufremantr for 

R~oroduction 

POSSIBLE YETRODS POE 

D-ON 

X$0, 24 bours 

TL50, 24 hours 

thersrl gradient including 

wrst cua r 

single shock to *mate 

plant shutdown 

doubh shock (up and do& 

in trmmrsing plum 

3 

langth, veight &auger; 

productlvfty; DNA/WA ILatlo2 

~ength,ueight changes; 

DNA/RNA Rat102 

mmths; r8nge for rpunlng 

1 

1 As 8vti8bh in the llrer8turr only. 

2 hdic8tad by find prafarmdtrP for fish. 

3 Only for specior rudely reared or held in the laboratory. 
N8n8tlve for Table B - Thermal Eff l cta Paramtrrs AmUcablo to 

Thunal affactr stdiu applicabh to ujot taxa or broad bfotlc 

c8tqortrr UI -ad in Table 1. AQpllcabla thanal rlfutr d8t8 

should ba obtainad for uch BIS adacted. mrks 00 study ULd uotu of 

8pplfuti~ of the ruults to orlu 316(a) aad (b) dacirloum arm badicued 

hue. 

Uthod: Dat8rPina a 

&(8+ l 

48-b. - tit-t8 lacipF8at hthl 

tmper8turr) for juva es and aon-bramii~ adults. ACWfiOU 

tarpar8tur8 shotid 8ppturi.mta thm hi#hut tmr8tU8 at which the 

fish can ba bald. bpO8a lnimrl t0 dW8trd tvr8tUZ8S h 8S 8CUte 

(inst8at8naou8) mmaar. 

&U1iC8tiOU Of ihStitS: Zh8= v8h.a can ba rued for utimatioo 

Of tha Umr !Wl348t$ll UC f%? th8 ~fdiiSt0~ St888 f!i qU8tiO.U 

(24-b. dXZU82C). m8R. valua alro can ba wad to 

l tat8 t UPPU tqr8tU8 la t 

sinw optistm gruuth tima). 

for 8Ppr8Chbh grouth (21-ttr.-TZ50 

2. Th8& Shock tOl8tae of sti8ct8d Ufrhirto~ Stq8S: 

8) For jUV*tiU md 8dult8, Sipnrl8t8 tiat8r phnt shutdouu 

str888 of plcm Utt8inad fiahu and mtil8 m8cfo-cmxst8cu. 

Method : -8a Oa- to 8CUt8 trprr8tUTa drupr aqti Co the 

r8nga of up8ctd dirch8rfa t's, u8ing - wlnt8r pluma 

tqr8tllta 88 th8 8CtitutiOU tWpU8tlXa. hdiC8ta tmt8tUa CUt 

rqimas which produce equilibrium lorr of SOf of cha sample uichin 4 

hours 8ad oprt8uty aft8r 24 hOlU8. 

Idantifiad vlntu plum VS. 8mbi8nt 

tmpar8fura coaditiou8 uhich could rut& in thati shack l.n 

tha ‘-ant of phnt rhutdm, 8d aa auuiq high 108s of 

oqaaUma dm to mrkedly Lacrauad rwcrptibUty to prodatfoo. 

b) For mOrOp&iktOO. aImslat frprr8tura shock upon trn8rrbq 

8thdphN. 
3. 

pLue rrrldeat tines md tlapuuuru, Accttioa tuparuura 

should l w a8CurLt SU8OQ.d obi8ot coaditton8. Maximm test 

trpuature should range up to the TLjO level for l dulte. 

Indicate tinwCUpU8tura r8gin• luding to duch of 50X of 

the supl8. 

Apulic8tion of Results: hthd tiPttQPU8tUW Stf8S8 r@gina 

pint&8 2°C CU b8 uSrd to 88th8te taprr8ture LiPits of OOtmd 

prey troldeeco bduvior. fnCrU8.d cmpu8ture rudcs Fn high8r 

pred8tiUU prermrr. 

Estimcion of optimum tmparaturm for growth: 

A> 

b) 

cl 

Fish and macroimrttobr8t8r - d8tarmlnm rate of growth 

(18ngth or uelghc fnCrU8a) Wtl8r! mafnC8inad at a rarl8S of 

l hv8ted tmU8turU and 8t Othnria8 n@8r-optimm 

l miroummtal condftiour, with food provided s libitum. 

PFsh - d8tWI8iMtiOTU of final behavioral temperrcurr 

pr8f8rutdtm vill closely corr8spond to tha tmpeaturr 

which is optirrl for ramy phyrlologlcal procueee, 

Fnclud iag grovth . 

Hecrophyter - d8C8rPFne teEper8turm produclag maxiem 

aat photosyuthe8is for 8t hut 8 24401~ puiod, u8bg 

8e 8pptOjDtit8 photoperiod. 

&3D1iC8tiOU Of R88d.U: Optimum tmp8r8cura for grovch tea b8 

cambFnad with ultim8t8 incipfenc 18thd tmaper8tur8 limft for 

8Ccrpt8bl8 grouth (Ice #1 8bme). 

4. kfinimn optimum md mxlmm taperatures lllowlng coephtfm of 

urly developlent. f4OC8: Studlu co be conducted only for EXS 

uhfch 8ta ap8ble of bebg rudLLf tUt8d in the hbOr8COq. 

Method: tbinUin fartiliud ama undu 8 Urf8a of l hV8t8d 

crp8r8tura r8giPU to detrralne ainima, opt- mid aexlmm 

condltiona permitthq 8rutrr chea 80X rumiv~ to coep18tion of 

dwaloplmnt Of jUVmF18 (i.8., POrt-hrPti metrrorphorir; i.n 

fiSh, to tha point of SUCCU8fd ~ftiatiOU of feeding). t'bt8 

thee dfornrlly cyclic tmper8turr rrgiau tith 8 S°C total range 

U8 be 1K)re 8deptive for mhrnc8d thermal tol8r8ac~ thmx i8 8 

COU8f88t. OvliC CqU8tlX8 U/tie. 
5. No& sp8wning d8t8s and temper8tures: 

mehod: Cite rug@ of d8t8e (by muth) 8ed thr88hold ump8uturer 

reported to hlti8U urd lahibit gmerogenui~ and rparaing, AI 

r8ported Fn the ~it8r8cure for uU8 clo8tiy r8hUd to the u8cu 

body rogmnt ia guestion. 

Aoollc8tiue of brultr: To provide b8ckground infom8tion to 

ev8h8te 8e88oUll~ the reluiv8 lmp8ct of th8reel dir&erg8 OP 

cintng of rrproduetiv8 8ctiviti88. 

6. Sp8cirl temper8ture rrquirmeot for t8prOduCtfOn: 

Yethod: Lafonutioa should be ptoVld8d 8e ev8F18bl8 in previouelp 

publfshed StUdi8S. h-188 of rehvaat lIspe~ia.l r8quiree8ats" 

include: 

8) Snimm of 10°C etut be experienced before gmecogene8ti 

can be iaitirted ln tw bore8.L b8raacles; 8nd 

b) Yint8r cU1 requirrd for rucceerful developsme LB yeLlov 

perch, 
3.5.3 En@ne8riag and Eydrologlcal Data for Typr IL Demustratiau 

Ttt~ r~ctfon ducribu tha engf~~tiag and hTdrolo@c Foformation 

which should aorprrs1y be Fnclud~d ln 316(r) daoortrstlotm- It ~I.80 

rugguts formatr for pruutatlou of such fnformatiuu. Th8 RBf1mu.L 

A&lnlstr~tor/Df.r~etor nay raquut additional lnfomtiou or acuu the 

rppllcam from pr8puatio-u of portiona of this lafom~cloa u th8 rlcuacicm 

ull8nta. The erqlaeuing aud hydrologic fafor~tion to ba submitted 

rhould combat of til iaformrtiorr rruoarblf aecu88~ for th8 &pmfs. 

Vh8t8 FnfO~tioP LiStd ia thir ChbJ¶t8r fb ru3t rd8VbUt CO th8 ?ArtiCtiX 

C188, Ft should be ucwedThe 8xqln8era and hydrologic inforautl~u and data suppli8d ln 

support of I 316(r) deaoartrrtfan rhou.Ld br l xt~~~roied by bd8qUbC8 

d88CtiptiV8 Mt(rlL1. CmC8tPFna it8 Sourc8. Datr fraS SCi8ntiiiC utbtrtUf8, fi8ld work. laboratory (LICP8tlMUt8, 8tiyticti wd8w, tafrarad 

suvreys md hydrmalfc modelint will ti be acc8pt8bl8, brrumia~ rd8qUAt8 

SCiWtifiC fUUtiic8tiOU for their U88 ti pr8e8nted. 

fn bdditiaa ca th8 rudtr obtU8d fro8 atiyticrl hydraulic 

wd8ls th8 applierat should pr8sent. und8r S8p8t8t8 cov8t. th8 wd8l 

vbich us wed. Th8 mod81 should contain 8 rationah eqhhiq why this 

puticaL8r model -8 used mul uplrnrtioar of rll ~~~dlficrtiopr to th8 

orlglul uork3.5.34 Plrnt Ooerating D8t&- 

1. ~O~Zi@ Ut8f fhV. kmp18t8 Tab18 c (indicrt8 milts) 

and provide l ducriptive flow diagram. 

2. 

3. 

subtit 1 time-cmperatur8 profil8 gap& fndic8tizq 

tmp8t8ture an the vertical uad horizontal scrl8. 3br 

gr8ph rhould Fndicat8 status Of u8t8r tmperaturr from 

amblat couditions through the woUq 8)8tm, and 

flatly t&8 discbar8r plum Out to th8 1oC laoth8rm. 

br8t C-8, 8uticipU.d AVet- ConditfooI, md fd8ti 

(8*&-r ainlmrr tlme/tupu*ture lmpwt) couditlaa8 

should be lllwtrated (prefrrably on ch8 same graph) 

comi.steat tith reprueatative pluma illurtrrted. 

Th8 8muat of chlorine uud daily, warhly and annually, 

the freqmncy and duratlou of chlorination aad th8 

m COtd ehlOtin8 r8midUd At th8 point Of di8ChAtp8 

obtained durizq my clorinatioo ~7~18. The &Latin8 

d-d of the receioin# uat8f body. For exirtiq 

plants, l time-concantration graph of total chlorine 

r8sidual 8t the point of df8chug8 durw a chlortitloa 

W8Ut. 
4. A llrt of &uy oth8r cb8mlcal8, additives or Oth8r 

di8ChUg88 (with SchUUic diasr8U) vhich dischug 

late th8 coo&q uter ryata iacludiry g8a8ric am8, 

mat (inchdiq fr8qumcy bad duration of bppliC&tiOn 

8nd th8 m,mimua coac8atraciua obtriad prior to 

dFlutioa), chamic~ C04BOSitiO~ Sad th8 r-0 for 

df8Chu~8. 

A Wp Of oi8tw dfSW~V8d mt8n 18V8h i.IlChdiXl~ 

-rtiCd PrOfihS ia tb8 phE8 uid diSChArt 'dCinirf 

la 0.5 q/l iacrem8au far both av8r808 ad Writ 

case eoaditioas* Uh8r8 StrUifiCbtiOU Ot th8 pt8SSllCb 

of Biochdcd, 0X788Zb 0-d (800) diSChU~88 till 

pODSib 188d CO d8pr888iOU Of OmSn hV8b U 1 

r881dt of th8 th8& dirdlu~e, the ateat Of tie 

df8Ct should b8 utimbted. 

6. A IMP Of ath8r Corpt&nULtS within th8 plum CbW8d 

by otbrr disch8r~88 aad aacura sourcu far both 

-8tSa8 aud worst cue coadftiowc 

3.5.3.2 Hydrolonic Iofomatlon 

le now: Provide iaformatlan crlld for balov a8 

applicable to the locatiua of the intake md di8c!18rg8. 

A. BiV8rS : fl-atbly m&a8 mid mlJalma (rolllag 

m8a. ?-i&y, 1078&r 10~ fhvm) far uch 

wath. 

1. Estaaarlu: fr88b Ut8t input, tidd flW VO1W8, 

net tidal flux -thly mua sad &sum8 for 

UCh--C:rC~btiUU patt8nU frm rpPiCd Cidd 

cyclu. 

c. ba~~oir8 : flow through time, r8haa8 schedul8rWllthl~armlULd=t.UUb. 

D. ocuu : tidrl h8i.#kta aad iuformtloa on fluhiag 

CbUUt8ri8tiCS. 

2. Curr8ntr : Rorfd8 the lr&arm8tioa crlld for below, 

a8 4Jp11Cd18 to the l it8: 

A. BiV8rS: ux.S.mm, midmm, and wan current speed 

giolag WY, wathly or 88UOUti flucttMtloor 

mid vui8tlaw acrou crorr-sectioor u appropriate 

to d88Crib8 hydro-dyn8micr Of th0 ptiS8r7 

Studf bf88. Include rpmdr l t man mnu8l flow 

ta 747, 107ru low flow. 
B. h tUti : tidal end m88oaal ch8agu Fn curr8at 

spe8d md directian. PJ8rtlcal profiler of current 

a8 o8edrd Uh8r8 d8USiCy Currents OCCUt.) 

C. Large laker and oceans: offs&or8 prmbiling currents. 

our IhO? CUrt8Ut8/8ddi88; lOCti tidal md S888Od 

ChurgU la curr8at Sp88d md dlr8CtiOn. 

3. Tabti8CS or ~urtrste monthly urd seuti grrdl8ncr 

for both th8nu.l and 88llalt7 Foducrd str~clffcatluu 

At rOptUeUCbtiV@ locatf~ns ti th8 attidy eru (co~sFSC~UC 

with the comp~alty of ch8 study aru eoad~tfans) . If 

lntaka and diSChrg8 coadftiopr ar8 Fdeaticrl then so 

stat8 urd provide only on8 t~b~atloa or Flh8tr8tlon. 

6. TbbtiAt8 Or tiklStrat8 mbF8nt CapUbtur8 Of Ch8 r@CSiVblg 

u8tu8, glvLn# monthly m8ns md moathly Utrem8s for Ch8 

pt8C8ding u y88t8 U d&t& mbtibbtiity p8titS. If 

C-&r&b18 81t8 Uf8rS bt8 u88d, indfat8 th8 b&818 and 

lirritr Of C~brbblity. fa l ddltiuu, for blologierllp 

CritiCAl p8riOd8, Uddy mUU8 and UtrUU, frrqU8nCy 

discributloae and dally verletlon should be provld8d. 

Tq8tUut8 d&t& upon which the88 v81u88 8r8 b888d should, 

if pOSSlb~8, be obwla8d bt LUSt 0~x8 hourly. 

5. Indicate iUtbk8 urd r8CSiViU# Ut8fS d8pth COUtOutS bt 1 98tlt 

Fntrrvab and any ch8agu vhlch MJ occur du8 co radlm8at 

mmaents, COUStNCtioU, l tC. Indiuts bottam t9p8. 

Prmid8 Oth8r significant futures (8.f., chrnaal bar) rnd 

Cher8Ct8riStiCS ne8d8d to 8v8h8te the hydrodysAalcs 

of the primary and far field study l ru. Infom8tion 

00 water body 8128, surface area, ~01~~8, mua d8pth md 

maxFan d8pth. 

3.5.3.3 tf8t8OrOlO~iCd hta 

ff eaergy budg8t cooputatlon8 are included 88 part of th8 

316(a) d~~tUtratluu, proPld8 the fO~OWin~ dally #8r888 m8t8orw 

logicd d&t8 for the phat l lt8, giving both aoathlp 8uae And 

SUSUUd Utf-08. Indicate ~!1lt8: 

1. Wet bulb air troperatura. 

2. Dq bulb Air taper8tuIe (v8rlfF8d to Sit8 coadltloa8). 

3. Wind rpeod md dirrctioa. 

1. Long ~8 (emoeph8ric) r8dl8tlOa (UT be CsktibCed) . 
5. Short ~8 (Solar) radiation (mey b8 cllcuL&ted). 

6. Cloud Cw8r. 

7. &8pott8lUpitbtiOU (-7 be &C~&tbd). 

3.5.3.a Outfa coafi~r8tiw end OU8tbtfOe. 

Pravlde the foUowlag ldorautioa cm outfall. cuaflgur~tlaa 

end opu~tim, fadluting uaitr: 

1. Length of dfrcbrge pip8 or cm81 

2. Area aad dlp8USiOnS of dischug port(S) 

3. Number of disch8rg8 port(s) 

4. Sp8Ciag (on C8tkt8rS) of discharge portr 

5. Depth (mua 8nd axeraPes) 

6, bngl8 Of d-charge u 8 fUUCtLOU Of: 

C. curreat dlrectiom 

3.5.3.5 P1=8 D&CA It8WitmMtS. 

Zhe eppllC8at u futni8h 8sttiC88 bu8d upon model 

pr8dlctlOae and/or flmld d&t& at abating planer of th8 follovFng 

plume data: 

L. UttiiZiUg the lord iafarm8tloa 19 Table C, vind to88 

dau md cidll/currus date, 8 ~1-8 ro88 or LOCW of 

p1ma8 8tAd.l b8 prmld8d fOt 88Cb CA&lad&r aoath. 

Zh8 plme8 rkll b8 bounded by the 2 C ebov8 

obleat isotherm. ml8 S&u be don8 for both Surf&c8 

iSOth8m rod bottom iroth8rBe uhea contact tich 

burthlc au8 18 ti8. 

2. bpr88eXItetiV8 p1Ue8 Of the mUintlr size end OOlt 

fr8qu8atly occurring plwu l h8ll be deullrd shoving 

~8t8atUleOuS i8oth8rm8 At th8 2’c hlt8r9tiS CO 

within l°C of emblent for coadltlm8 of varlrtloar 

fn tid8, uind 8nd curroat. 
A. BiVU8: PlUe8 fat N8tbg8 d T-day, LO-ye&r 

hv flow should b8 prwld8d. 

B. Lake8 bad Re8errrolr8: ?hm88 for smmer coadlt:on8, 

virrt8r coaditioar aad lttrt 8ptig cad f&U 

w8ftura~ rhould rlro b8 prwided. For flood 

control ruervoirs, ~1-88 for vatlow ut8r 

lem& 8hoPld b8 prwld8d. 

3. For i8och8rrr plots required in utmbu 2 ebwe, 

V8triC81 t~8rbtUr8 ptOfti88 dOUg th8 pkl88 CWltSrline 

utaading to th8 bottom of :h8 VeClr body et z”c 

iUt8md.8 CO ViChiU Lot Of smbi8nC. 

3.5.6.2 EaSFn88riDE bad Rvdrolosical D&t&. 

The FnfOrPutiOU t8rJUir.d iU tbi8 88CtiOU, fOt ch8 mO8t 

p&n, COU8iStS Of pUm8t8rS vhlch 8f8 MC8888~ blpUt CO l blytiCbl 

or phfricel pr8dictlve h~r&UllC or energy budg8t models. xor8 

~fOt3bbCfOa my b8 prwid8d by th8 l ppllC&nt for hi8 pbrtlculu 

danOa8tr8tiuu, but Chi8 -18 repr888otr the d8gt88 Of d8tti 

tiich vtu be a8C8888~ in mO8t CUU. 

The fo~ouing COrT8SpOUdS directly tith the r8sp8ctive 

pu8grapbS in S8CtiOU 3.6: 

1. Phlt oV8r8ti.UE D&t&. Table C - Th8 d8tb t8quir8d in 

T&b18 C 8f8 llW8888r7 b8CbU8 th8y 8r8 required for 

pt8diCtiV8 fIIod8hlg. Th888 nm8riCd d&t8 -0 tioV 

tb8 revieur co ob88m8 uaC8r ~868, 

Tl8cTemeraturr Profile - m8 pt8dict8d tia848mp8rbture 

ptOfti8 should be lacluded beCbu88 Ft FllWttbt88 

Uhbt 8 typiCd mXkmOtil8 pArtiC muld b8 subject 

to when l atrapp8d end/or 8ntrelLWd in the cooling 

ut8f Sptu. tirteln blaloglcrl 8ff8ctr couLd b8 

utimted tith tbir type of kaput but the revlenr is 

curtiuned not to ee8-e this ta b8 tottilt reprereacacive 

Of Stt888U 8nCOuater8d On 8atrbpp8d end/or 8ntr8ln8d 

orgula8. Thi8 path LS ea idullr8d Stt&lae 

whlcb, Fa til prababfllty, wuld not occur due ta 

tUZbUhUC8 Of CO0li.n~ U8t8t flOV. 

Cbl0hl* - ChlOtie fS a tOXiC 81-8nt cad ff it :S 

to be U8d by th8 di8Ckrg8r to control the grovth of 

flora cad f8uaa la th8 cooling ulcer systa, Ftr 

usage l bould b8 proj8ct8d. kl tO8t PO-r phlt8 

ChlOrti 18 inj8Ctrd tO th8 COOhIg Wt8f SpSte6 fOt 
petiods naglag from I3 mlzmter to TV) hours per 

appllutlou. Ilrm nmbat of 8pplicatloue ti rite 

specific but urrullp tocalr lur thaa CWJ hours total 

per day. Idully, only exact mounts of chlorFne 8re 

introduced so th8c ft ructs oatlrdy, Iuvixq uo 

rctiva residual 8t the discharge. In puceice chti Fs 

dffflcuLt to achiava, and some chlorine compouade ue 

dlschsrgmd. Chlorina ructs vith dissolved orgulc 

utter in the coolfn~ water co fore ouiow chlorluced 

organics which may ba h~nnful co the balanced Fndigeaous 

C-icy. It is charmfore necuuv co project chm 

uuga of chlotim urd cou8ldet the results of tts 

interrctlon tith the therael component of tha dbcharga. 

Thenad Incuscclon - Sactlou 316(a) rpaclflrr chat 

the chennel component of the dlscherge ause be evaluced #, 

l . . ukb~ lato account the Fncersctiou of such 

therm81 components tith other pollumnts...". mlllr 

data on such syaergirtlc effects ua limited, ceruln 

infomaclotx VLU uslrt chr &gioarJ. Admlnistr8corl 

Director Ln usessFng potentirl heraful Fnter8ctlons. 

Other Chemimls - The rddlcloa Of he8t MT FnCree8e 

cha l ff l ct of other chemlcllr in the ucer body. 

Chmicd hformaciou Fs needed to avrluata poulbh 

effects of this kind 8ad to properly interpret blologicel 

d&t8 for thermel affects &hue. 

2. B?dtOlOgiC8l InfOmtlOU. This entire sectloa duls 

tith coudltlons of cho recaivlng water. This laforastlou 

should ba required b8c8we it is butt sitlag Lnformecioa, 

modeling iapuc data 8nd aocese8r7 for proper Fnterprec8cioa 

of blolol;lceL d&=8. 

3. Meteorolonlcel Detr. This Lnformetion should be 

in&&id tier@ l ergy budget COmput8tlOus 8re zude 88 

part of the X6(8) drpOUStr8tiOU. I: 1s sot fatended 

that rlf dmOu8tr8CiOnS Fn&xda this d8t8. vhan in 

doubt the 8ppllcaat should dlscws this tith the 

Regioael Adminirtr8tor/Dlrector. 

4. Outfall Conflmretloa md Ooeratlon. mere nmerlcrl 

dru ducrlbirq the aeorecq and orlrotatloo of the 

oucf8U 8re oeces8~ fnput for 111 predictive plume 

models. 
-52. 

5. Plume Dacr Retmlremencs. This d8t8 is the result of 

the modeling effort. UhLLa the results MJ be prasantrd 

in many fomacs, chum mggested plume conf lguretlons 

yle.Ld a gr8phfC portr8y8l of uhua the hut i8 going. 

Thue map8 are mcessq for makhg qualft8tfve end 

quantitative 8asueaants of biologid chuqes. 

3.5.4 Synthuti of dl fnformufoa Into ‘%ut8r” Ecosystr Ilrcloorle 

Z’Im titer Ilrtiolulu of the dmOUStt8tlOn should s-rite the 

kay findings Fo 8 coucfse manner and should form 8 coop~ciag argument 

the the b8hnced. lndfgenoue comunlty vi11 be protected. The r8cloeule 

should ticlude 8 sumery of m "over8l.l picture" of the ecosystem es 

projactod by the sLr Biotic Cacegoq Rationelms, the ruource zones 

f0p8Ct8dV end 8 8-7 Of Uhy the FPfomfiOa ia the r8tiOMhS, 81OUg 

with the predlctl~r la cho IUS RetiOuele, the urglneerlog and hydrologic81 

deer, 8nd other.kty facts, suggur th8t the balanced bdigeaour co~~icy 

will be protected. 

3.5.5 Suggested FOrmU for Type II DaOMtr8tlO!X 

~EUUFLE) TABLE OF alrmmTs 

r, Introducelou (Brief 1 

II. ?bster Rationale for Dmonstretlw (see Section 3.5.4 for 

CoIltut > 

III. Represent8cfve bportaut Spoclu Utlousle (Sectioo 3.5.2) 

Iv. Biotic Category Ratiou8les (Sacion 3.5.1) 

A* Phytoplanktaa 

1, Duirfon Critrrti 

2. Ilrtiorule 

1. Decision Criteria 

2, Batlonal~ 

C. Ehblut ?orur8 

1. Dufrlon Critrria 

9 r. BAtioMle 
CWLt MC WATER CIURACT~R ISTICS ’ 9 ’ 

I I I I I I 

I I I t 

1 I 

, x Tim st , 

Intnkc Velortty , I 

’ Rntc of Discharge 

I 

I 

I kactionsl , Channel 

I I 

1 Srtecna Rate of Circufntin 

, 

X Capacity , Ln,ad , tntrsnce 1 J 

, Cooling Mater Flow ’ D*echa;uc 

1 1 lkm- I 

lAT 

’ 

CoolinR l CoollnR , DlsrhsrRf 

, Water I Water , Velocity 

40% 6 Lean 

40-50 

50-60 

60- 70 

70-80 

80-90 

90-100 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

t 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

’ A eeparstc table should be prepared for each ~enctating unit snd for all untts combined. 

’ If seasonal variations occur, this should be indicated. 

3 Variations of intake velocity with changes in ambient conditions (e.~., river flow, tidal height, water Level) should 

be noted. 

4 Dischnr8e A T 

A T) however, 

- Dischsqe teclperature - intake temperattire (in aany cdsCb, condenser A T io equivalent to diecharRe 

this is not the came for plants ulth supplemental cooling). 

5 Discharge velocity should be provided at the point where cooling wster leaves the disciwt8@ rttucture. Variations ln 

dtschsrRe velocity, with changes In embient cnndltions (e,B., river flow, tidal hefRht, vatcr level) should be noted. 
D. Shel~ish/~cro~rrtrbr~tes 

1. Declslon Criteria 

2. ution81e 

1. Decision Criterir 

2. matiolmlr 

P. Other Vortebrstr Wildlife 

1. Decision Criteria 

2. %atiollale 

0. Brfef Sunmary of Engfaeertrrg and Hydrological Data and Uhp 

cfie Data sre Supportive of the Predictioar fs the Above 

~Cioacl88 

VI. D6onstr8riun Appendices 

A* Information Supporting *atar lbtionale 

B. Informtfon Supporting Representative Lmportmt Specfea 

Rat Ionale 

C. Information Supportiq Biotic ate#orf Rationales 

0. Engineering and BydrOlOgiC8l fnformatfun 

1. hsellne Data (see Section 4.1) 

2. Dfscussiw of Relationship of the Physical Data 

to the SIOU~J B.ationales aad Choice of .Yadels 

or Other Predictive .?fathods 

E. Supportiva Reports, Doctlents. and Rau Data Not From 

the Open Scfentlfic Literature 
3.5.6 Dlscusslon of Uhy the Raqulred Data are ?kcessary for ?Lking 

316(a) Determfnations 

3.5.6.1 Biologic81 Data. 

1. Phrtoplanktoa. The organisms of the ph9toplaakton 

comunity are a principal food source for most 

zooplankton and for rome fish species, aa9 -9 

tiso become important Fn relatlou to Fodustrirl 

or cecrutid water use if blooms of certain 

species occur, vhf& can hsve a vuisty of deleterious effects (a.g., clog filters and Fncrka 

pipes, lmp8rt tastes and odors to water:). 

Men9 water bodies, such 88 the majority of rivers 

and strum, cut be clrssiffed 8s "lov potent181 

?pp8Ct l .88” for ph@opl8nktoo, rnd relrtivdp 

Little infonmtioa Is aecess8.r9 for 8 3L6(8) 

daonstraciou. Neverthelur, more dat8fhd d&t8 

ma9 be necess8~ in some instances if phytoplankcoa is 8 subscuti8l cospoaenc of food 

ch~inr rupportfng the balanced indigenous population or if the the& discharge F, Libly to 

cause a shift tovarda nuisance specfas. Ev en 

if fftm predictlous mot be zude on the basis 

of the Increased data, these data may be 

aecusuy u a base for comparison with postoperational ooultorin~ SUFTIJS to detect longcetm c- icy shifts. 

A. Standing Crop Estimates. Estimates of 

standiag crop are useful In determining 

the tiportancr of ph9toplsnktoo fn the 

productivity of the impacted body of water. 

Productlvit9 is 8 prlnciprl factor Fn 

definlag high and lov intp8cc areas. 

8, Species Comosftion and Abundance. Tuonomic 

fnforaatiou will char&ccrrire the ph9toplanktou 

ssroclated with the dlschrge area 8ud will 

provide buellae data for detecting an9 

shifts Fn species coapositioo ~CCCYRp8Il9%Ilg 

thermal discharte. A change in carpositiw 

ts oftea an fadicatiou that a ouismce 

condition ~9 occur and that the food usb 

of the spsta is beFng altered. 
c. Dellneatioa of Euohotic Zone. The euphoric 

zone of 8 utter column is the upper layer 

into which sufficient Light penetrates to 

penit photosynthesis. The coaparisou of 

tttU foam to the conflgur8ticm of the 

discharge pluu til ladlcrte hov mrch the 

thermal discharge will affect the produccfvlt9 of the lapacted body of meet. 

2. Zooulankton and !4eroolankton. The tooplanktoomaropknkcou comuaity Fs a ke9 supportive 

component of the 8quaclc syst6, It U a prinurp 

food source for La7781 fish urd shellfbh md also 

wkes up 8 portion of the diets of son adult 

species. MUIT bnportaut species of firh urd wildl..Ue have plm.kconlc life sc8gos (termed mareplalktou. co dlffrrenciate cha from org8nlws 

which are phaktonic throughout their l otFr8 Life 

cycle). If 8 huted discharge 'tills or prevents 

davelopment of the meroplanktoa, fewer adult f-h md 

shellffsh vI.ll be produced each yew. Estuarine 

anvir-nts arm upecirlly cricic81 because of their 

high productivity md uclliutloa u spawning and 

nursery 8ru8 for speclu tith merophnktwic lamse. 

Speclflc typa of data 8r8 osencl81 for the 

f 0 Uovlag rusoas : 

A. Standing Crop Estlaatu. Inf omaatioa on 

stmdbg crop helps Ln defitig the ioportmce 

of zooplankton 8ndmeroplaakton Fn relation to 

th8 productivity of the 8ff8Ct8d r~scm. Aaf 

s:gPFf:c~t change in staodlag crop becodag 

evident during posc-oper8cioual moltoring ma9 

fndlcate an adverse FPpact resulting from the 

huted discharge. 

1. Species Comosition 8nd Abundurcr. These data 

will ldeatify dalornt ~8x8 la the syscea and 

prwide boo&e lnfotmstlon for observing 

changes accompmyfng th.~ldLscharge. Any 

l pprUfAtiVe tit8r8tiOll in thr Colrpoeition 8nd 

relative abundance of the tooplankton and wrcw 

p&a&m coostlcucu aa imbalance la the 

c-t7 and lndlcrter posslbh adverse lmp8ct. 

Spociu data uad related cheml colerancr 

fuforaation 8re 8ho useful Ln daveloping therm1 

llmlts for the effluent. 
c. SS8SOUS1 v8ri8tiOnS. Zhi.8 bfO=CiOU 18 

SSSSnCid for 8888SBing inp8Ct because different 

speciSs, vtch different therm81 tolerances. 

becme dcainant l e v8rying times of the put. 

It till also show vhen the bportant mere 

plan&err are present fn the diSch8rge uea. 

D. Die1 and Tidal Dfstributioa. knpling co shuu 

die1 and tidal fluctuations Lo depth dlstributioa 8re n8cessrry bec8uSe zooplmakton and 

aeroplanktoa orgmimrs dmonstr8te distinct 

vertical mwaneots which ma9 be 8 function of 

both light Lntenrfty Snd tidal Sc8ge. The 

organias 8re chur oulner8ble to 8 dtsch8rge 

plume Fn v8qing degrees at different tlmes 

of the day. 

3. H8bitst Formera. The role of h8bit8t former, ln 8n 

rquatic apta remains unquestion8bl9 unique 8ad 

l ssenrial to the propag8tioa 8nd well-being of fish. 

sheUfish, 8nd vildlife. PUrthemore, h8bit8c 

formera, prrticulrrLp In the nurine and uterine 

l nviromeocs , 8re 8 Uaited resource, slow to reestablish, end non-renewable in some cues. These 

organims ue subject to d8mege by I discharge 

plme Fn 8 umber of toys. Boocad 8qwcic pl8ncs. 

including kelp, aey be dm8ged or destroyed by 

ac8ssive taaper8tures. velocities, turbidicy, or 

sFlc8tion. Organlms aay be damaged or destroyed 

by chlorine or other biocides contatied in sinking 

plmes chat flcm rloug the bottm in vinter. 

The- discharges map Affect the natural brlmce 

of the b8Ctati 8nd tig8e populSclons, fmoriag 

the bacteria. This sfcuaffon, in cunx, could 

mduce oxptmn Iroels by lncrusing the 4~0unt of 

decorposing mscerials 8nd could adversely affect 

habitat f ormers. 

The proposed studies represent l minimal data 

be8e for the evrluetlon of the 8pplicmt’s 

l l~ibfllt~ for modification of thermal frument 

technology requirrrents. The d8t8 urn ll8C8888r7 

for the folloving reasons: 

A. XaPPinl,. Aaria mapping is required for a 

detailed drpiceion of the sprtilr distributlou of habitat formats Ln relation to 

tha projected and actu&l plume configuration. 
B. SoeCies Compositloa. Species composition 

lnforastlou -1 Ldentify the types of 

hsbltst toners assoclsrrd tich tha dischsrge 

viclnitt and provlda a buis for derormining 

chati colersuce levels for selected speciu. 

Also, baseline lafomaciou on diversIcy is 

l sentlsl to dotermine aa7 couporlrionrL 

shifts In speciea tith the sddition of hut. 

Speciu rsplacments urn often the first 

signa ot 8n ippeadlng ouls8ace condition 

that ulclmstslp luds to costly coocrol and 

l rsdicstion programs. 

C. Stsudlun Crop Esti.matrs. Studlsr to dstertine suronsl Fncruses In saudlag crop 

blomsss senve tw purposes. First, a 

oessursd iatreue Fn blomsss (dq weight) 

of prima- producsrs uver the grovfng 

suson rsprssentr 8 couserpstlve l stim8te 

of mt productioa, *lch bs turn repr*sant8 a 

gmsrsl musurs of tie functions1 well-befng 

of the hsbltat fotmers and hews ref lscts 

cbe poceutisl uell-bslxq of the orgsnims 

dspeadsnt ou tha for their l accssa. Verlflcatlcm of thir relstloushlp requires 

coucomlcant ssapllng of the bablcsc for 

cbs pressace or sbsencs of the principal 

sssociacsd spsclss. A seconds- purpose 

for sesndin~ crop l stlaetea 1s to ldentifp 

say sccslsrstsd pnah of mscrophytss vlth 

lncrurln~ tapersrurss, which could lud 

to oulsancs conditions. 

D. IdentLiicstfon of Threstened or Eodsnaerrd 

Species or Dominant Soecles of Fish Dependem Upou Habitat Formus. This fnf o~rlon 

ls useful in usosla~ inpsct fa the csse 

of rdvusa affscts from hutad d%schrge. 

Poceutirl indirect adverse lspsct might 

ochsmise be orsrlooksd. 

4. SheUfish/Ifscrolnvertebrstss. Functfoudly the mscrb 

fmertsbrsts fauna serves aan in atnerous usys. They 

are an import&at capooax of aquatic food webs aad 

aany lmartabratu us directly hportaac co aaa aa 

a source of hf+qusllt~ proesin snci u bsit for 

sport snd crrcial f lshesmen. They modify and 

candltlon squaclc rubstratss and also rid ln the 
breskdovo and dscompositlon of detritus, thus 

contrlbucfng to dstrttal food chsias, dscrital 

transport, snd nutrient cycling. Estusrlae 

systms us psrtlcularlp importsat because of 

their high productivity and their role as ourseq 

ueu for benthic species. 

A therms1 dischrge my hme s variety of effects 

on ascroirrpertsbrstes. 4wtic Fnsects having 

an asrgent stage my rater the atmosphere rsrlp 

as I ruulc of arttilcial hesttig of the use&r. 

The rdultr msy emerge into cold air snd die 

becsure of exposure, becauee food i:sw are not 

Ln phme, or because normal egg lsyfng condirlons 

do not ~1st. L~rp81 fonts of astins Fnvertebrat&s msy dsvelop at such high mseabolic races 

chat the sumlval of individuala asp be reduced 

during SStClfng or MCUraciOU. The-1 dfrchsrgu 

may stress rcosysrsma sad csuse shifts Ln comunitp 

l cnxccure such char although the coral bictmsss 

msy not chsnge significantly, desirable rpeclss 

my be rsplrced by less desirable species not 

irrvolved directly in the food chain. The dlscharge of hut may cause stratification, vhlch 

IMY dialnlsh dissolved oxygen fn the bottom 

layer and possibly l liainsts bsnchlc fauns. 

Specific types of dsts ars useful for chs 

folloving reuow: 

A. Stsndlne Crop Esti.msrss. These l stlmsres 

are useful f.n dstsmining the fpportaace 

of sscrolmsrtsbrstss to the productivity 

of the river or strou being iapscted by 

the dirchsrgs. k previously discussed, 

the productivity of the affected portion 

of the systsm Ls a kay factor ln defining 

lw sad high Impact arus. 

B. Canlty Structure. The total umber of 

spsclss and the relative sbuudancs of 

fadivldusl species (both capoasars of 

divenlty) fa sa squsclc systa sre s 

ftmctfoa of the physical, chaicrl, snd 

blologicsl characteristlcs of the system. 

Escsuss dlverslty ls sensitive CO signlflcsnt chsnges ia the chsrsctsriscics of 

the syatsm (such as lntroducsd hut), it 
C. 

csn be sn fndicator of l mlrumsntal stress. 

Addltloprlly', a reduction ia the diversity of 

s systa frequently rsrults La a diversion 

of production into non-weful forms. 

Drift. In floving waters, drift 1s en important 

surpiv~ mschsnln for many species of macroinvertsbrstss. Since it ts a purlve fuacciorr, 

the drifting orguias are subject to lethal 

tupersturu occurring Frr e therms1 plme. 

DrUt is a stepvise downstream phenomenon. end 

many l quecic lnreccs hsve a concomicsat upetresm 

movment of reproducing edults. The plume asy 

thus affect populatious both upetresa end 

dotrastrem from the aru where mortdfty 

actually occurs. 

D. !hOP in&. ?!spplng is nscesssr]r for l detsilrd 

repressntsrion of the distribution of rubsttstes. 

This grsphic Infomclou is fmportsnt Ln the 

design of sampling studies, evelustiag the 

sui~bllity of the systm for various benthic 

form8 * 

PLsh. The dlschsrge of wste heat can affect fish 

populsclous in many wys. The various dscs required 

us ascssssry in order to provide characterluticm 

of the Indigenous fish comnnmity for the dsvolopment 

of the EIS concept, to identify hsbltat utlliutlon 

by the vsrlous populstlous, end to provide baseline 

lnformstioa for compsrlson vith post-operstional 

studlu. 

Speclflc dsts psr~sters sre releted to poeeible 

adverse Impacts fra the-1 dlschsrge: 

A,, Speclss Lsvsl. fnformstian 01~ the spsvning 

habits of ladlvldusl species srs necessary 

for uruslng Impact bscsuss spsmrlng times 

ssy bs shifted by cheraal sdditioas or 

hsblucs msy be slrsrsd by scour or by 

changes in the hsbitse forma comunity. 

Rsbltst use by uy life stsge wy slmllsrly 

be sffscted. Migration Is an Important 

factor to coaslder becsuse cherasl dlschsrges 

can block upstram migrstloa routes of 

spuming adults snd downstrrar movaasnes 

of a~11 fish. Coadltlon factors are 
dl8. 

useful In eval~ution bscsuss hut additiona 

esy cau8e s loss of condition in certain 

speciss , l spscirlly in ulntsr vhea their 

metabolic race is still high but food supply 

fs love 

The lacldeace of dlsuse and psrssltlr my 

Factuse with s rise In vster tmperature. 

Age snd grovth data are helpful la coeparlng 

affected and ooo-affected areas, prt and 

port-operstimsl conditions. 

Comnrtlnicv Lsvel. Dscs on species cowpositioo, 

relrtivs sbundsnce, and prlncipsl usoci~tions 

vi11 define the domlnrnc fish species l f chs 

sits. ~rry epprecirbls &sage la there permeters 

slgnds an imbslsacs la the c cmmunlty sad mmey 

indicate sn adverse impact resulting from the 

thenul discharge. Species Fofomstion 1s slso 

nscs8ssry for dsveloplag therms1 lfmlts for 

the effluent. 

C. !4soulng. 3sps are required in order to repressat 

habitat l reu (used for rpsuaiag, migracloa, etc.) 

IIZ relatiou to chs coafigurstloa of the dirchuge 

plme, 

6. Other Vertebrate WUdlife. Dsts vi11 be required fa 

relstlvely few cuss for this blotlc utsgoq. In 

those cases where data fs requlrsd, the type of d8rr 

needed is decided by the rpplicsat. The dsts 

sslectsd should be the least smouat of dsts oecssssry 

to cmplscs this ssctioa of the dmoascrscioa. 

7, Reorssentstlve Imuortant Soecles. HekLry predlctions 

sbout "uhst till hsppea” are difficult tithout detailed 

laformstlou ou the l mriromaotal rsquirrentr of 

cmltlu or at lust msay populstloas and species. 

& oentloned in section 3.5.2, it is not l conomiully 

fssslble to study uch spscles ln srut d&t&F1 8~ uch 

sits. Therefore 8 feu spsclss are sshctsd for 

daretied hborsto~ and literature surrrey. The dstr 

requlraents of Tables A and 8 (sectlou 3.5.2.2) us 

rscomsndsd se beiag helpful co those making 316(s) 

dsclrloms for the follting rsssoas: 
A. They allov an l etlmstiuu of the rlts of the 

uus which till be ucluded for ksy blologicsl 

fuz~ctions and the durstlon of the uclusioa. 

B. They provide the basis for l c least rough 

predlctlons of high temperature sumival, heat 

and cold shock, rad affects on reproductloo 

and growth. 
3.6 Type III Lov Potsntl8l Impact Detsrminst1ous 

If the Rsgloasl Administrstor/Director decermiae8, after urly 

sCrunin# St~diS8, chat the site is one of lov potsntisl impact for til 

bioclc c8tegorles. the applicant my elect to do a "short tom” daonstrstiou, the "Lov Potsatisl Impact Type III Dmonstrscicm." The basic 

coacepc 1s chat chose 8ppllcsnts vhlch hsve rites snd proposed f8cllities 

vhlch obviously pose little poteatisl chrut to the bslsacsd fadigeaous 

populatioa should be required to do 1s~ utsnsive (and upsasiva) 

8qustic studies than other (more poorly sftsd or ochervlse having more 

poteati8.L for adverse tipact) 8pplicsacs. 

Type XII demoastratioas la general are essentially say sIteraw 

tlve danoastr8tiou type agreed upon by the spplicsat snd the Eegioasl 

Mmfnistrrtor/Dfrector. The Lou Potsnclal Lmpact Type III dmoastrseioo 

proposed here Fs simply a recommended "short fotm" daonstratioo vhich 

coaslders lnfomstioa from uch SFotLc category. This ensures thst no 

major biotic catsgo~ ls ignored Ilcogether 8ad thus ensures thse both 

the rsgulrcory ageuciss sad the rpplicsat hsve ewmtied Sad -de 

judgaasocs for esch biotic cstego~, but discourages collection of 

~~sss or uaaeeded data, 

After the prsldminaq screening scucilss sad detsmiastloas thee 

811 biotic categories are of lou pocsncisl impact, rhe spplicsac 

suanurites this Fnfomstlua (rloug tith eaginsoriag 8ad hydrological 

dst8 sad say ocher psrtinenc lnfomstlon) fn one m8stsr r8cionsle rnd 

submits the daPowtrstlon co the Esgloasl Administr8tor/Dlrsctor. 

The fonut of the rubmitts1 should be siPll8r to that sugguted 

ta section 3.5.5 ucspt that the RIS sectious should br deleted. 
3.7 Ocher Type III DMOnStr8tiOw (Biological, 

Eaginesrlng, and Other Dsu) 

Those applicmts not qrulifying for a Low Potential Impact d-onstration snd sot duirlng to do a Type II dmon8trstiou. may (vlth the 

urittsn cuactarrsnce of the Rsglonsl Administrstor/Dlrector) do 8 repdrr 

Type IIf d~ouscrstlou. & Type III daoartratiou prwldes for the 

suhmittsl of auy Fnfor~~ion which chs Rsglousl Adainistrstor/Dfrsctor 

belisvss msy be necessary or appropriste to fsc~ltats svalustlon of 8 

psrticulrr dtichsrge. This dsmonstration also propides for subaittal of 

any additlonsl iafonsscion which the applic8at msy wish to hsve considered. 

Esch Type XXI d~on8tration should conrist of lufofustion and data 

appropriate co the case. 

Docalled defialtion of 8 generally 8pplicable Type III demoartration fr sot possible because of the range of potsncirlly rslsvant 

fnformatlon; the develophag sophistlcstlon of Fnformstlao coUsctlon 

8ud svslustlon tschaique8 and kawtsdge , and the cue-specific ascure 

of the dsmonstrstiou. Prior to undertaking any Type 111 demoustrstfua, 

the. applicmt should consult tith and obtain chs sdvics of the Ragloud 

UmiaistrstorfDlrector regudlag a proposed speclflc plan of study md 

daouscr8rlon. Dectilon guidance my also be sqgutsd. 

If the site ls one of low potentid Wpscc for most biotic 

categories and/or thsrs are other factors (mall size or volms of 

wter impsc ted, lov percsacrgs of crou section of rscsivFng vstsr 

l ffscrsd, etc.1 suggesting low pocsutirl for aquatic tipact, the dsmonstrscion usy not need to be completed la much more decal1 thsa the Lov 

Potentirl -act daonstrstlon outlined Fn section 3.6. For most other 

sftes. the drronstrstion should reflect a degree of detail and degree 

of proof coapsrsbls to chs Type II dem8trscion (section 3.5). WhF1e 

Type 111 information msy be different la thrust sad focusI proofs should 

be generaLly u coqrehsu8ive u in Type If daoustrations and should 

rurrlt in sirilsr lmels of usursncs of biotic protection. 

kch Ftr of laforaation or data submitted 8s a part of a Type 

111 d~oaatrstion should be sccompsaled by ratloualss coaparable co 

thosa mtUaod la sottiow 3.5.1 sad 3.5.0. The forast of the 

dmautr8tioo should ba simllsr co thse outliaed la section 3.5.5 

except that the US ssctluus should be deleted. 
3.8 Decialon Crlterfa 

3.8.1 Siotlc Catogoriu 

Decirh~ critetla for each biotic category are given in section 

3.3. Tha R8gtoml hdainirtr8torfDitrctor vi11 compare the rationales 

(and other data) for uch bfoeic utrgory tith the decision critarir Fn 

rectfoa 3.3 and determine if tha decfsiou criteria h-r been set. 

3.8.2 Representative ~brportant Species 

The Ration81 Admfnistrator/DFrector will find the Representative 

Important Species Rationale and other RIS Fofomatioa co be unacceptable 

if tha information presented: 

1. 1s too Incomplete to allow a clear assesment; of 

2.. sugguts (or does not provide s couvFncing argument 

to the contrary) chat the balanced indigenous population msp suffer 8pprrcl&blr ham because of: 

A. high taperature sumfval factors; 

8. hut or cold shock; 

c. improper temperature for grovth, dmelopmeot, 

and reproduction; or 

D. the aclusioa of arus and volmnes of water 

fror the above functions In critical ccmbtnrtlous of time &ad spea. 

3.8.3 Resource Zones ln Aquatic Systema 

Ibe stratagles for reproduction, growth, sad surplval of the 

Fodigaxour bfou of frrrhmtrr , l stuariae. and marine ecosystems are 

keyed to spatial and taporal variatfons ln the structure (physical and 

chmical) of thm l uvironunt . rtris structural variation fa the euvfronment, l it rolaeu to tha biota end to uses by ma, has led to the 

coocrpt of ruource or ‘@value zuaes” for usa la maltaacing or predictfng 

the L-e1 of dauge to quatic systems from human rctivitles. Since 

such zouea rev Fo location, aim, semen of utilization, and criticality 

of fuactlon * thefr identFflcatlon is tiso urefti ln QlanoAng purposes 

such u tha ritlng of olxing roaee for huted dirchargu. Appliut loo 

of this concept involves the ldentlflcatlon and mapping of resource 
toaas lrrd criclcil fuactlous * so that mixing zones can be sited in 

at- having mIniSum adverse impact 00 8qtutlc resources. hslc precepts 

necessary to spplfcrtion of the resource malag concept Include: 

I. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

6. 

7. 

111 dirchrgu Fn tha vater body segment must be 

cooridered. 

T&o acceptable uu of &uge is rehtad to the 

ruource vrluo of tha impacted aru. 

In casw where tha l ffrctr of the dfrchrrged ussts 

are tr8nsl tory, the timing of oixiag zone use is 

related to suso~l utilization of the Impacted 

UU. 

The accepuble aru of damage Fs related to the 

coul mount of l qulvclent l ru avaflable fn cha 

uacsr body segment. 

brus supporting “critical functions” should be 

moldad (note if- 3 above). 

Acceptable damage lr related to species geaerrtioa 

time and/or frctmdlty. 

For 8 given loatiou. the auller the dauged l ru 

the bettsr. 

3.8.3.1 Tv~ic8.l R8rourco Vrluo Zones. 

The foll&g mnotrted list Frrcludes resource vtiue zones 

uhfch should be considered in the deslgaetion of mixlag tonaa for 

huted disckrgu: 

1. SPmnlnn Sites l Reproduction Is otwlously a 

critIca function in the sUrpiv4l of l sprcies. 

I’m factors of fsportaace Frr duQwtLng mixing 

zome are the oftm LimIted area of habitat 

ruitable for tha spmuiag of a speciea and tha 

limited tka d-g which rpwulng occura. 

* A zone hrping l “critical fmctiod’ is me that prwlder 8 -jot tmtributfon to prinrq productivity or ti oue that Is limited In utent 

rad necersaq for tha propagstlon urd sumiv8l of A species. 
ff the availability of spmntig rices for an Fnportant species Is Limited ln extent, then such arus 

can gmmra.Up be avoided and should aot bo dulgnrted 

for the dispoul of uate hat. If it is totlllp 

iapouible to mold such alms, then the use for 

mixing should be timed to avoid cho period of 

speming. Seuooll avoidance is only fusible ti 

the effects of tha disckrga are transitory. 

2. Food-Producing Are88. The productivity of aquatic 

systaa is directly related to tha inputs of 

organic Meter from green plants. Tha frecfloatFng, 

relatively motile microscopic plants (phytoplaakton) 

are short-llvad tith r8pld tumwer r8tes and thw 

May not be critical in term of mixing zones for 

heated discharges. me rooted vucular plants and 

macroalgae (m8crophytes) which, tith suitable 

substrate, grow from the shoreline to the depth of 

the photic zone (depth to which 1 percent of 

incident llaht penetrates) are relatively longlived and perform a nmabar of "crittcal functions” 

Fncluding: 

A. The production l d aport of vast qmntltles 

of orgmic fuel la the foln of detrlcuaIOU ue among the most productive plant 

cmttiu knows. 

B. As a result of an abundance of food and 

cwu. thay aeva u nursery arua for the 

Immature stagu of many finfish and shellfish. 

c. The trapping aad recycling of nutrients. 

D. The stahlllrrtiou 8ad btidFng of substrate. 

Included Fn the c8tegoq of food-producing area are 

the ~tbade--the interf8ce between terrutrial and 

8vtiC eaviromeuta-vhlch, fa addition to the 

ebuve muereted functionsI serve as freshnter 

rrchugo arau that motet freshmter Fnputr to labs, 

tivus, and utuariu. 

Bauueo of the man7 Important and criticd. functions 

perfomed, the umtlanda urd other 8rus of macrophytr 

production in aquatic sptsms should be avoided when 

planniag and designating mixing zones for heated 

dischr~u. 
3. NursorT be&S. These ue arua having an sbuadmce 

of food md cwer for the growth snd development 

of tha urly life stages of may finfish sad shellfish. 

Since th8 l rly life stages ue tha puiods of wingsouth rates 8ad muima Vuherbbtilty to predrtloa, 

the avallahifit7 of sulcrble uursery mus aey be the 

baltlag factor dotermialag the 8buadurce of 8 species. 

Thou, the zones of freshater, l stu8rino. 8ad MrFoe 

scosystems identified u nursery l eas h-e high 

resource value sad should genrrllly be molded when 

duignrtlag mixing zoaes. 

0. !iinr8torv P8thvms. krcluded La this utegory are 

routes utFLised for IQPmeUt to md frm SpAMing 

grounds, f l ediag grounds, sad aursaq areu; thus, 

the Itie stage lmofved may be adult, egg, 18svd, or 

juvaaa. In soma cuu* thus pbthV8y8 are very 

cfrcmrcribed; end total bloekrge could result Ln 

atumla8tioa of 8 popuhtioa la the uter body 

se-at. Since these pbthW8p seme l "critlcrl 

fuaction,w they hroe high resource value aad should be 

molded ubea plmalng the discharge of usts hut. 

In situations where the umga of ~athuys is s~soad 

and the effects of tha discharge us transitory, 

drleteriow effects aa be rooided by proper timing 

of dispoul. ti terms of povmr QhUtS, this sebsod 

us&g@ ir inpOtt&at Ln wbhbting the furlbtiity Of 

sumud mode operation of coolfng devices. 

A coarid~t8tiaa of zoam crlt1c.d to endurgarad species, 

wage by nterfwl sad vLldlKe, aad shellfish beds ue sddlcioasl 

rosourc* +elues that must bo considered tiea selectLag mIxLag zones 

for hutrd dischrgu. 

3 .a .3.2 Methodolon. 

Am dlmxmsed 8bme. discharge sites should be selected 

which vLU have the lust impact cm Fnportaat resource zmes sad 

“criticti functioas .n The 8~lfCbti~ Of this COUcept t0 tha 

s~rcti.oo of mlxiag tones Is 8 stepvisa procedure lmolviag: 

- A dtiinitioa of thr tlltSr body l gmeat. 

- Solectfoa sad listLag of 01s lrr tha water body segmaat 

sad sa l aaor8tioa of their strat8giu for propag8tloa 

urd sumivti. 
-69- 

- Preparation of 8 188~ of tha water bod7 segment shoving 

zones of resourcs use, including arus supporting "critical 

fuxlctlon8." 

- Amignmeat of 8 noericll v3ue. per unit au, to uch 

resource 1288. 

- Superiupose predicted plmes on resource mps Snd select 

Sits8 hmFng lust a&verse Impact oa resource values. 

1. Uater Body Se-eat. In l&es and l stuarles Wing 

discrete rad usFly defimble QhySiC8L bouadrries~ 

the duignrtioa of the uter body segment VFLL be 

8 straightfomrd process. In Large utu bodies 

such 8s the Crut LA8s, open coastrl sites, aad 

-jot river systema hrPLng no dSf laable and rruonablp 

sized phySica bouad8rle8, the seleccloa of the uter 

body segment may pose 8 dtificult QrOblm, Where they 

h8ve beea defined, the water body segments decerpined 

by the State Continuing Pl8aaiag Process uader section 

303(e) of ths Act till 8ppLy. 

Tho susoa81 movments of important species of rqtlrtlc 

life muat be considered when deflnl.q a water body 

segment. The spaualag sites, nursev situ, aad rdult 

h8bitat sites of many freshrrrter 8nd marine species 

(exmples laclude sa~oald~~ shrinps, Cr8b8, spot, 

croaker. flounder, white bus, nlleye, etc.) SS~ 

bS tidely Sap&r&ted sad iaclude phy~lc8lly dlffereat 

ater bodiu. SeSmlngly slight pacts In the different 

uua urSd by such species may result ia effects 

which, if considered cuulatlvely, uould be iatoler8blr. 

To svoid the potenttiLLy dlS&StrOUS consequences 

of QiSCnS8.L CoWider8tlon of adverse impacts, the 

mter body defialtioo should be sufflcleut to coaslder 

potentid *acts throughout the contiguous r8age of 

poprrl8tiuns of imporuat speclu. 

2. Remasentative Important SQecles. In geaenl, this 

should lacludo 811 specler 8ad cm ities of 

speclu that arm critlc8l to the functioning and the 

productivlt7 of the Squetic systa defined by the 

nter body repent. Sp8cific81l7 Fncluded ar8 

speciea or cm ities which are: 

- Curcid.ly 8ad/or recrutioarlly vrlruble. 

- Thruteaed or l udurgored. 
-7o3. 

- Primary producer+-particularly thosa comunitias 

supporting rrlat~valp long-lived, flxed-location 

species thee perform aulriple serrrlces (fom end 

stabFTise habitat, produce organic utter, prwlde 

cwu) . 

- Necuury (e.g., in the food chain) for the wellbeiag of species determlnad in 1 and 2 above. 

Included here are the ruvengara end decoqioeerr 

criticd to the breakdoue aud utiliutlod of 

organic aattar. 

!dau Preoaration. tips of the water body segment 

should, as a miain~um, lncluda depth coucours , adjacent 

m elands, eributariu and, ln l stuarlae sltuati~us, 

the average stiinitp gradient and srlinlty straclflcatlcm 

should be visually expruaed fn crosa secrlon. Rasource 

zmu and areaa perforahg “crltlcal functiow’* should 

be superimposed on the same or on a siailarly scaled 

aaP- To avoid overlapping detail, it may sometImea be 

duireblr to prepare separate nmps for selected 

sp8c ies . 

0. AssimlmMt of Values. Once the resource moues and 

moues support Frrg “crlciul funcrioas” have been 

identified and mpped. thea ollues per unit 8ru 

can be assigned. If the effects of the dlscharpe 

are traasitoq and the use of the resource zone is 

seasonal, the valuu may change throughout the yaat. 

If the ame mpporting 8 “critical funcfion” ir 

limfted ia utant and fs a function vhich limits 

tha abundance and/or ru.mlval of a species, then 

chat mm should be given a value of fnfinlty and 

thus excluded ftoa mixing zone use. Other zones aup 

bo aas%gned valuu accordlxq to chair 8ru and chelr 

la~ortaace in ~fntaiaing differeat species. 

3.8.6 %stsr" Eatl&e, Daonstratioo Irr 8 Vholr 

nm EagioIa mtrator/Director VFll find the dmouatratioo 

succustul K: 

1. It ia fouad to be acceptable la all of the cousfderattons 

outlfnsd Frr stepe 20-25 of the decision crafn (section 

3.3.2). 

2. There is no cunvlnc~ evidence that there till ba daage 

to tha bjanced, indigenous c- Icy, or c-lty tompoueats, tesultia~ in ruch phenomena aa thosa identified 

ln the definition of l ppreciable ham. 
3. Receiving water temp~raturss outside any (State weal+ 

llshed) mlxfng zone will not be in excess of the upper 

clapuacure limits for rumivti, growth, and reproduction, 

as appLtcab Le. of an9 RIS oceurriag Lxx tha tecelvfag nter. 

4. The receiving vatan are not of such qualit that Fn 

the absence of the proposed thermal discharge ucesslva 

gronhs of aulsance orgaaisms wuld uka place. 

5. A zone of paeeage till not be Impaired to the atant 

that it vill not provide for the uoraal am-me of 

populatioas of RIS, d m+nrnt rpeciea of fish, aad 

l coaomlcally (ccmsrctil or recrucloaal) species of 

fish. shellfish, and uildlffe. 

6. There till be no sdvuse Impact on thrutened or 

l udangered species. 

7. Thue till be no dutructluu of ualque or rare habitat 

tithout a detailed and comfacirrg juatlflcatloa of uh9 

the dutnxtlou should not consclcute a buls for denial. 

a. The l ppllcsnt*s ratiouales present convincing smuries 

explaining rrhp the planned use of biocfdu such as 

chlorine till not result ti appreciable bara to the 

btianced bdigeuous popuLatlou. 
-72- 

3.9 Non-Predfctfve lhmonstratloos (Type I, 

Absence of Prior Appreciable Earm) 

u of the d~onstraelcma done for !IRC under the PirPorendm of 

U~dersteadiag are predictive. Therefore, the predictive sections of 

this document mre conplated first. The EPA and other l geacles may 

decide co mount a separate effort Co rsvire thlr section at a later 

date. In the meansCIPe, moat of the tequlrmeots of swtim 3.2 

(Decision Trald , 3.3 (Early Screening Procedures) , 3.5 fTme II) , 

and 3.6-3.8, are applicable for deterainiag Lck of appreciable ham 

(Tme I drosstrations). The prtiv Lmguege which is inapproprtice 

and should be deleted is the language on predictive factors, predictive 

models, and Representative Important Species (rectloas 3.5.2, pafts of 

ocher sectloar, and section 3.8.2). 
-73-

4.0 Definitions and Concepts

The definitions and descriptions in this section pertain to a

number of terms and concepts which are pivotal to the development and

evaluation of 316(a) studies. These are developed for a general

case to aid the Regional Administrator/Director in delineating a set

of working definitions and concise endpoints requisite to a satisfactory

demonstration for a given discharge.

Adverse Environmental Impact

Adverse aquatic environmental impacts occur whenever there will be

damage as a result of thermal discharges. The critical question is the

magnitude of any adverse impact.

The magnitude of an adverse impact should be estimated both in terms

of short term and long term impact with reference to the following factors:

(1) Absolute damage (# of fish or percentage of larvae

thermally impacted on a monthly or yearly basis);

(2) Percentage damage (% of fish or larvae in existing

populations which will be thermally impacted,

respectively);

(3) Absolute and percentage damage to any endangered species:

(4) Absolute and percentage damage to any critical aquatic

organism

(5) Absolute and percentage damage to commercially valuable

and/or sport fisheries yield; or

(6) Whether the impact would endanger (jeopardize) the

protection and propagation of a balanced population of

shellfish and fish in and on the body of water to which

the cooling water is discharged (long term impact).

Aquatic Macroinvertabrates

Aquatic macroinvertabrates are those invertabrates that are

large enough to be retained by a U.S. Standard No. 30 sieve (0.595-mm

openings) and generally can be seen by the unaided eye.
-74-

Area of Potential Damage

The area of potential damage for RIS is defined as that area

of the thermal plume enclosed by the isotherm which coincides with the

appropriate (designated by the Regional Administrator/Director) water

quality criteria for that particular RIS. This area can be determined

from the plume rose data specified in section 3.5.3.

Balanced, Indigenous Community

The term "balanced, indigenous community" as defined here is

consistent with the term "balanced, indigenous population" in section

316(a) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and 40 CFR section 122.9.

A balanced, indigenous community consists of desirable species of fish,

shellfish, and wildlife, including the biota at other trophic levels

which are necessary as a part of the food chain or otherwise ecologically

important to the maintenance of the community. In keeping with the

objective of the Act, the community should be consistent with the restoration and maintenance of the biological integrity of the water. (See

section 101(a).) However, it may also include species not historically

native to the area which:

1. Result from major modifications to the water body

(impoundments) or to the contiguous land area

(deforestation attributable to urban or agricultural

development) which cannot reasonably be prevented,

removed, or altered.

2. Result from management intent, such as deliberate introduction in connection with a wildlife management program.

3. Are species or communities whose value is primarily

scientific or aesthetic.

For purposes of a 316(a) demonstration, distribution and composition of

the indigenous population should be defined in terms of the population

which would be impacted by the thermal discharge caused by the alternative

effluent limitation proposed under 316(a). A determination of the

indigenous population should take into account all impacts on the population

except the thermal discharge. then, the discrete impact of the thermal

discharge on the indigenous population may be estimated in the course of

a 316(a) demonstration. In order to determine the indigenous population

which will be subject to a thermal discharge under an alternative 316(a)

effluent limitation, it is necessary to account for all non-thermal impacts

on the population such as industrial pollution, commercial fishing, and the

entrapment and entrainment effects of any withdrawal of cooling water through

intake structures under the alternative 316(a) effluent limitation. The above

considerations will then make it possible to estimate the true impact of

the thermal discharge on the population.
-7s 

B&~&UC&d, fndlmnous Poouhtlon (3IP) 

?or the purposes of 316(a) dsmoascr8cioar~ the term “balanced, 

lndi~snous pOpId&CiOn" is synoaymow tith the tam “b81urc#d* tndigsaou8 

cmitj' as def lnsd sbcme. 

Cowuni C? 

A czarnity Fn general is ury sssrrblsge of populstioas lfvtig 

Fn s prsscrlbad us8 or physlcti babltat; Ft is an orgsolzsd untc to the 

utsnc that it has ch8rscrsrFsrics rddftioorl to its Fndfvidu81 and 

populaclon components, and f~nctforrs ss s unit through couplsd sstabolic 

cransf ormations. 

Criclc81 Function tons 

A zone Chat prwldss 8 major coacrlbucion to prinun productivity 

or fa one chat is lfmitsd in utsnt 8nd aecsrs8ry for the propagation and 

SuPivsl of s speciss* 

Director 

The Director of chs Strcs NPDES permit program in chose Strrss 

vhich have been delsg8tsd th8 progrsm by EPA. 

Dlschame ?~clnlCv 

Thr “discharge vlcinitj’ ir chrc aru described by 8 r8diUS 

chat 1s l.S tines the maxm distance from point of disc)urgs to 

wIthin l°C of ablent. Tim ares of the dischargs vicinity Fa bssed 

on 8 30-50X v8ri8cion La cha prediccivr therm81 plume modeling. 

bominsnt Sueciu 

Dominmnt sp8cies are dsflned 8s any species rsprssa~clng f iv8 

percart of the tocsl n-bar of orgmisu fa the maple colleccsd according 

to roe---nded sup1 ing p rocsdures . 

Estusrv 

An l scuat) Fe dsff.ned u a semi-enclosed coucal body of water 

which hu 8 frea connection vlth chs open rea; :t is thus strongly 

affected by cldrl 8ction, end tithin it 8ea utsr Ls mlxsd (and usu~llp 

Qe8sur8bly diluted) Rich fresh #tar from land drainage. It may be 

difficult co pr8clsal~ d81iU88tA the botandaq of l scwrine rad river 
h&ftatJ b the uppar ruchrJ Of J ftJJtl -tJr river diJc&rging into 

urine rrPtJrJ. Zhe fatarfrC8 tJ @rtSrJlly J d-c entity 98-g 

dlily end rusoarlly In geOgr8phical lac~clan. IO such CJJSS, determiruclan of hJbiCJt boundaries should be l sc~bllrhed by autu~l Jgrrmeat ou 

a cam-by-cm8 b-18. Vhere boundary determinscion FJ not clurly 

established, bath artuev Jnd river tmbitJt bialoglcrl survey requirrears 

should be SltfJfisd ia J combimd d~ceralmtion far emiranmmtrl 

effects urd best available crchnolag7 far ~lmirtng adverse impact. 

Par Field Effect 

A far fisld affect is any perturb~tiao of chr aqrutfc l caryrtm 

outside of the prims- study Jru that 1~ attributable co, or could ba 

upacted, from tha the-1 dlschmgo (taking fnta ~ccaunc chr fntersctfan 

at chm therm1 campanent tich ocher palhtm~cr). 

Par Firld Study Area (mSA) 

The far field study area ir that portion of the receiving 

#car body, uclu8ive of the prima- study area, In which impmts of 

chs the-1 discharge ad ftr fateractian vtth other pallut~nts are 

Ifhly to occur. The aru sLl1 include: 

L, The zones uherr th8 habitat8 are campersblr to 

thou aistin~ ia the prImarT rcudy Jru, and 

2. The wnes lnhabltrd by popul~tlans of orgasms 

that may encounter the the-1 rffluanc during 

their life hlstoq. 

Tim actual boun&ry of the far flrld study aru should be agreed 

upon by the Region&l Admlnistr~cor/Directar. 

FhbitJt Formerr 

Ilabitat forwrs are my ~8abl~ga of plants and/or mills 

chuactwized by J rehtivrl~ ru8ilJ Life stage ulth aggra8aeed 

distrikrtioa ad functioning U: 

1. A lhiry sad/or fomerly lfvin~ substrate for 

the ettuhmt of rpibiacr; 

2, Uthar a direct or indirect food source far the 

productlou of shellfish, fish, and uildlifr; 
-77. 

3. A blalogfc81 mrchanlsau far the st&lliutloa snd 

aodificJCioa Of S8din8ntJ uid cancrlbuclng to 

the devela~ene of roll; 

L. A nutrient cycling path or trap; or 

5. SpecFflc rites for sp8mlrxg 8nd providing nurses, 

feading, and cover arus for flrh uzd 8hellfirh. 

HJcralmertrbtJtrr 

Far this document, the term "~crainverrebrstes" my be 

considered syuonymous vich “aquscfc zecralmertrbrates” ss def Fnod 

Jbave. 

For the putpasos of thlJ document , rerophnkton ara defined u 

pl8nktonic life stages (often eggs or 18LP88) at firh or iavenebrstes. 

.igmnts 8re nano~anktonlc arg8nlas chat 8.m not pemment 

ruldJntJ of the l ru but p8ss through the dlsch8rge zone md vater 

contiguow co it. Ewmples include the upstrem m.lgrJtlon of spwnlng 

srlmon Jnd subsequent doun8tre8m migrstioa of tha juvenile fonts, or 

arg8nlma th8t inh8blt sn aru only it c8rtd.n tIma far feeding or 

reproduction purposes. 

Yulsance S~eclu 

Any aicrobisl, plot or en-1 species which lndlutes J hJJJrd 

co l calo@zal balaace or hu8n hulth lad wmlfara chat ir not naturally 

a dnriruat fucura of the iodigenow c -icy 887 be considered s 

ltuiu8ce spuiss . 

Bdsaacm speciu of phycoplrnlrtou fnclude those rlg8e t8x~ 

which la high concentr8tbn Jr0 kaotm co produce toxic, foul tasfing, 

or odorlfsrous cmpouads to 8 degree th8t the quality of #far is 

impaired. 

Ocher Vertebrate Wildlife 

The term “othar oortsbrscs tildllfe” includes tildlife which 

are vrrtebrstes (t .e., duclu, gusa, unacees~ etc.) but not f-h. 
-78. 

Phrtoplmktaa 

Plrnc micraorg8nfru such aa certain slgse, living unrccachrd 

Fn the uscer. 

Plankton 

Org8nlms of rol8c1vol~ au11 ~1~8. aostly microscopic, ch8c 

either hsve rel8clvelp ~11 powrs of locomotion or drift in tha 

waters subfact co the action of uwu 8ad curreacs. 

Prdmsm Scudv Area 

The prhsry study aru FJ the l acire geogr8phic aru bounded 

l nrully by the LOCUJ of the ZaC Jb<roe mblsnc rurfrcs irocherw 

(decermlnrd ln sectlou 3.3.3.5) se chase tsocherw ato dircributed 

throughout sn snnusl period. The ref8r8ncs obienc Caper8cur8 shall 

be recorded 8c 8 location agreed upan by ehe Rsgloud klminircr8cot/ 

Director. 

Princiosl ?48crobsnchle S~e~iss 

Princlpll mscrobenthic species sre chase damhsnc aacrofnV8rtObr8C8S Jnd pl8ncr ~ccached or resting on the bottom or livtig 

In bottom redimontr. tipples fnclude, but me not llmlted to, 

crusfacuna, oollurka, polych~8cu. crrtain m8crodgao, rootad 

muruphycw, end cord. 

Ragl0~81 AdainlSCr8COr (Director) 

Thir term r8fsrs co chs Ilegio~l Ad.miaiscracar of the U.S. 

EPA uc8pc th8t ia chess Sc8ces uhich h-e bo8n delotrc8d the NPDES 

parrit pro#rm, tha cam nfsrs co tb8 Dlroctor of the State NPDES 

pamit prqrr. 

IWranatstire, Lrportsnt Ssacles (IUS) 

Raprrsaacative, isportanc species are chose spec1ss which 

8re : represenc8tive, fn terns of tbelr biologicsl requir~eafs, of 

l brlurced, ladigenous corunity of shellflrh, fish, sad tildllfr 

Fn the body of #tar into vhlch the dirchar~e la udo. Speclflcrll+ 

included are those species which are: 
-79. 

1. ComerclJlly or recraJtlanJllp o8luabls (I.e., 

vichin the Cop cm species 18ndad-by dollar 

vdu*); 

2. Thruceaed or l ad88gered; 

3. Crlcful CO the stnzcuro lad fuactlon of chs 

ecological system (e.g., hsblcac tonuts); 

4. Potratirlly c8pable of becuming ~acslizad 

IlUiJAtlCS Sp@CiSS; 

5. NeC8JSAq la the food chain for the veil-being 

of JpscieJ determined In l-1; or 

6. Represencsclve of the the-1 raqufreaencs of 

important species but which themselves nuy aat 

be hapartaac. 

Shellf irh 

nil mollusks 8nd cmst8cuns (such Js apscers, elms, shripp, 

CrJfliSh, And CrJbs) which, in the cuurss at chair Ufr cycle, conscicucr fmporc’anc components of the beachfc, plmkcanic, or nakcaaic 

frun8 fn fresh and salt ucor. 

ThreJCaned or Endannered Specles 

A thrucaaad or l ad8ngered specias ir 8ny pllnc or Jnla8l 

that hu besn decrrafaed by the Smretwy of Commerce or th8 

Secretary of the Interior co be a thrucened or l admgered species 

pursrrrac to the Eadsagerad Specfss Act of 1973, aa mended. 

Water Bode Sement 

A Icer body segnnt in s porclon of 8 basin the surfrcr 

~c8rs of which Me cocoa hydrologic chsrscc8riscics (or flow 

regtdatfua pattams); comon meural physlcsl, chcsl, Jad 

blolo@csl procssses , sad which hsv8 cocoa ruccloas co acrmsl 

8crUs. e.g., discharge of pollucurcs. Where they hsve bun dafinrd, 

the uter body segmsacs determined by the Scat4 ContIming Planning 

Process under l Sction 303(e) of the Federal Water Pollucloa Control 

Act 8pply. 

Aaims1 micraorgsalsas l1.h~ unsccsched in wecar. me7 

fnclude rsull ~rusc8~~ such JS d8phnlJ and cyclops, 8nd Jiaghcelled JniPulr such 8s protozoa, etc. 
GUIDANCE

FOR EVALUATING THE

ADVERSE IMPACT OF COOLING WATER

INTAKE STRUCTURES ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT:

SECTION 316(b) P.L. 92-500

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Water Enforcement

Permits Division

Industrial Permits Branch

Washington, D.C.

May 1, 1977
TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

Statement of Problem

Introduction

Information Flow Chart

Decision Criteria

Definitions and Concepts

Study Format

Detailed Study References

Site Description

1. Site location and layout

2. Meteorology

3. Additional stresses on water body segment

4. Cooling water intake structure

Source Water Involvement 29

1. Hydraulic features

2. Probability of entrainment

Biological Survey Requirements - NEW INTAKES

1. Sampling design

2. Sampling methodology

3. Follow-up studies

Monitoring Program - EXISTING INTAKES

1. Sampling program --Entrapment-Impingement

2. Sampling program -- Entrainment

3. Follow-up studies

Impact Assessment

Page

1

4

6

11

15

23

25

26

33

39

45

1. Biostatistical analyses

2. Predictive biological models

3. Community response parameters

4. Biological value concept
TABLE OF CONTENTS continued

XIII. Acknowledgements

XIV. Literature Cited

Page

55

56
No.

1

2

3

-1-

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

316(b) Flow Chart 7

Existing Intakes

316(b) Flow Chart 8

New Source Intakes

316(b) Flow Chart 9

New Intakes (Not New Source)
-iiNo.

1

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Example Data Matrix

(Species I) Data Sheet

(Spatial Compartment [A])

Page

54
-1-

I. STATEMENT OF WORK

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972

(Public Law 92-500) require cooling water intake structures to

reflect the best technology available for minimizing adverse

environmental impact.

Cooling water intakes can adversely impact aquatic organisms

basically in two ways. The first is entrainment, which is the taking

in of organisms with the cooling water. The organisms involved are

generally of small size, dependent on the screen mesh size, and

include phyto- and zooplankton, fish eggs and larvae, shellfish

larvae, and many other forms of aquatic life. As these entrained

organisms pass through the plant they are subjected to numerous

sources of damage. These include mechanical damage due to physically

contacting internal surfaces of pumps, pipes and condensers; pressure

damage due to passage through pumps; shear damage due to complex

water flows; thermal damage due to elevated temperatures in condenser

passage, and toxicity damage caused by the addition of biocides to

prevent condenser fouling and other corrosives. Those organisms

which survive plant passage potentially could experience delayed

mortality when returned to the receiving water.

The second way in which intakes adversely impact aquatic life

is through entrapment-impingement. This is the blocking of larger

entrained organisms that enter the cooling water intake by some

type of physical barrier. Most electric generating plants have

screening equipment (usually 3/8" mesh) installed in the cooling

water flow to protect downstream equipment such as pumps and

condensers from damage or clogging. Larger organisms, such as

fish which enter the system and cannot pas through the screens,

are trapped ahead of them. Eventually, if a fish cannot escape

or is not removed, it will tire and become impinged on the screens.

If impingement continues for a long time period the fish may

suffocate because the water current prevents gill covers from

opening. If the fish is impinged for a short period and removed,

it may survive; however, it may lose its protective slime and/or

scales through contact with screen surfaces or from the high

pressure water jets designed to remove debris from the screens.

Delayed mortality to many species of fish following impingement

may approach 100 percent. For some species of fish, the intake

represents a double jeopardy situation where the same population

will be subject to increased mortality through entrainment of eggs

and larvae and additional mortality to juveniles and adults through

impingement.
-2-

The data presently available on the magnitude of entrainment

losses at existing electric generating stations, although just beginning

to accumulate, reveals very large numbers of fish passing through some

facilities. Results of one of these studies, conducted at the Detroit

Edison plant on Lake Erie near Monroe, Michigan, indicate that 400-800

million fish larvae may have passed through that plant during AprilAugust 1974. 37 The fate of these larvae has not yet been determined

but the data from previous years indicate that some may have disintegrated during passage through the plant.

Other studies have shown that mortality may be high among fish

larvae that pass through plant cooling systems 4, 38 due mainly to 

mechanical damage or shearing forces. 2, 5 The circulating pump has

been identified as the most likely site for mechanical damage. 4, 5

Coutant and Kedl 39 in a simulation study have demonstrated that the

condenser tubes are an unlikely site for mechanical damage to occur.

A large amount of data are available on the magnitude of

entrapment-impingement losses at cooling water intakes. The data

available on fish losses at Great lakes cooling water intakes have

been summarized by Edsall. 40 He reported the following losses:

About 92,000 pounds of gizzard shad at the

Ontario Hydro Lambton plant on the St. Clair

River in 6 weeks during December 1971 -

January 1972; 82,187 pounds (nearly 1.1 million

individuals) at the Detroit Edison Company's

plant on Lake Erie near Monroe, Michigan between

April 1972 and march 1973, when the plant was

operating at less than maximum capacity; 36,631

pounds (584,687 fish) at the Consumers Power

Company's Palisades plant on Lake Michigan

between July 1972 and June 1973, when the plant

was operating at about 68 percent of its total

capacity (the plant is now closed cycle); an

estimated 1.2 million fish (no weight data given)

at Commonwealth Edison's Waukegan (Illinois)

plant on Lake Michigan between June 1972 and

June 1973; 150,000 pounds of fish at the Ontario

Hydro Pickering plant on Lake Ontario in AprilJune 1973; 659,000 fish (weight unavailable) at

the Nine Mile Point plant generating unit number

one on Lake Ontario during intermittent sampling

from January-December 1973, representing an

estimated total of about 5 million fish at unit

one for that period; and about 67,950 pounds

(929,000 fish) at Commonwealth Edison's Zion

plant near Zion, Illinois, on Lake Michigan
-3- 

during September-December 1973 and Yarch-June 19?&, 

vhen the monthly conlinq water flov averaged I?nly 

about i5 percent of the rnaximllm c;lp;lclty. 

Approxindtely 1: .B?fln f isil of LG species vcrc’ imp tnyrd LC lqTd 

.qt the Northern States Pover Prairie Island Plant rrn t!lto ‘liSsiSS:;F: 

?fver. Al The Conmonvealth Edison Company’s Quad CLtlrs “!.lnt, 

;iz; ;,nr:E; ;;;;ttjip~t River, impinged an estimated l.H qLllin? 

The extent of fish losses of any given quantity needs to he 

considered OIT a plant-by-plant basis, in that the Langu,+qe of ser-t: ‘.. 

314(b) of P.I.. 92-500 requires cooling vater intakes CO “-inir?lze 

adverse environmental impact.” Regulatory agencies should c lc.lrl,: 

recopnlze that some level of intake damage can be acceptable if c“.J: 

damage represents a minimization of environmental impact. 
-4-

II. INTRODUCTION

This guidance manual describes the studies needed to evaluate the

impact of Cooling water intake structures on the aquatic environment

and allow for determination of the best technology available for

minimizing adverse environmental impact. The 1972 amendments to the

Federal Water Pollution Control Act (P.I,. 92-500) require in section

316(b) that:

Any standard established pursuant to section 301

or sect ion 306 of this Act and applicable to a

point source shall require that the location, design,

construction and capacity of cooling water intake

structures reflect the best technology available

for minimizing adverse environmental impact.

Sections 301 and 306 of the Act refer to the development of effluent

limitations and dates for achievement of various standards of performance

for existing and new sources of waste discharges. The steam-electric

generating point source category is the largest user of cooling water

in the United States and this guidance manual is directed primarily at

this category. Other categories of point source dischargers such as iron

and steel and petrochemicals for which intakes withdraw a major portion for

cooling water would also require such a determination. This document is

intended for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), State

water pollution control agencies, industry, and members of the public who

may wish to participate in such determinations.

The overall goal of conducting intake studies should be to obtain

sufficient information on environmental impact to aid in determining

whether the technology selected by the company is the best available to

minimize adverse environmental impact. In the case of existing plants,

this goal will be accomplished by providing reliable quantitative estimates

of the damage that is or may be occurring and projecting the long-range

effect of such damage to the extent reasonably possible. In the case of

proposed intakes, reliable estimates of any future damage are to be

obtained through the use of historical data, pre-operational models, and

the operating experience of other plants.

General guidance is provided for the development, conduct, and review

of surveys designed to determine and evaluate that portion of aquatic

biota potentially involved with and subject to adverse environmental

impact from cooling water intake structures. Guidance is also

supplied for the analytical methodology needed to determine the extent

and importance of aquatic environmental impacts. The environment-intake

interactions in question are highly site specific and the decision as

to best technology available for intake design, location, construction,

and capacity must be made on a case-by-case basis.
-5-

Information is not provided on available intake technology. Such

information is contained in the “Development Document for Best Technology

Available for the Location, Design, Construction and Capacity of Cooling

water Intake Structures for Minimizing Adverse Environmental Impact,” 47

which also contains additional references on intake impacts. Information

is also not provided on non-aquatic impacts of cooling water intake

structures.

This document will be most useful in situations where siting and

intake design have not been finalized; however, procedures to determine

and evaluate the environmental impact of existing cooling water intakes

are included.

Readers are cautioned not to depend too heavily on this manual.

More specific advice as regards procedures and individual site evaluations

will be available from the agency staff responsible for decision making

and the biologists who best understand the area in question.
III. INFORMATION FLOW CHART

-6-

The development of 316(b) programs is a new procedure for many regulatory agencies and user groups. To assist in an orderly processing of

data requirements for both existing and new cooling water intakes, flow

charts have been developed (Figures 1, 2, and 3).

The process for evaluating existing intakes (Figure 1) is intended

to be flexible so that the data requirements can be revised based on an

agency determination of the potential for adverse impact and the availability of data on the plant’s intake. It is expected that for some

existing plants, sufficient data may already exist to make further studies

unnecessary for a decision regarding best technology available. The

process for new intakes (Figures 2 and 3) is more extensive because of

requirements for data acquisition and models prior to site review and

approval by the appropriate regulatory agency. Proper intake siting, in

many cases, is the only way of minimizing adverse environmental impact.

To obtain the necessary pre-siting perspective, the utilization of valid

historical data and local knowledge is essential. A one- to three-year

biological survey is required to obtain, in a preliminary fashion, the

necessary data for assessment of environmental impact. A one-year survey

is generally of limited value. However, in circumstances where substantial valid historical data can be presented and the intake can be

represented as having low potential impact, a one-year survey may be

acceptable. A decision as to the appropriate number of years of preoperational data that are necessary will be made by the agency upon the

submission of proposed study plans and their justification (see flow

charts, Figures 2 and 3).

The type and extent of biological data appropriate in each case

will be determined by the actual or anticipated severity or adverse

environmental impact. Since the expected impact will vary, it is not

expected that each case will require the same level of study.

A decision will be made at the outset by the agency as to whether

the intake has high or low potential impact. Low potential impact

intakes are generally those in which the volume of water withdrawn

comprises a small percentage of the source water body segment and

are located in biologically unproductive areas, or that have historical

data shoving no effect, or which have other considerations indicating

reduced impact. High potential impact intakes will generally require

extensive field surveys or models to elucidate potential total water

body effects. New intakes will provisionally be considered high

impact until data is presented in support of an alternate finding.
-7-

Figure 1. 316(b) FLOW CHART

EXISTING INTAKES
-aFigure 2. 316(b) FLOW CHART 

NEW SOURCE INTAKES 

New Source Intake Prior to Construction 

1 

___ __.. .-.--_- Y 

iSubmit pre-construction study plans and justiffcation for 

agency review and recognition 

Decision made or appropriate number of years of pre-construction 

baseline data (l-3) and whether intake is high or low potential 

imnac t 

(High Impact! 

- 

or alternate 

Pre-construction data collection1 

and status reports 

site and plans 

Begin construction 

Problem solution 

Report pre-opcrat ion 1 

Y 

l~rogram modlf icatlon 
-9- 

Figure 3. 316(b) FLOW CHART 

NEW tNTAKES (Not New Source) 

New Intake Prior to Operation I 

r Submit pre-operational study plans and justification + 

for agency review and recognition 

( 

; Decision made on appropriate number of years of pre-construction 

i 

baseline data (l-3) and whether intake is high or 

low potential impact 

____- - _-- -. -_. -_--__ - --- 

J-7 

r”l 

High Impact 

&I Low Impact I 

1 Submit 

model study 

1 k 

Pre-operation data collection 

plan or and status reports 

alternate 1 

strategy , 

-- 

& r Pre-operation report< 1 

’ Xodel 

I 

activity 

1 

Agency renders Beet Technology 

1 Decision, approving site and plans 

(including study plans) 

, 

V r 

Best Technology 

Approval, begin 2-l Not Approved 

optrat ion under 

NPDES permit and 

follow-up studies 

including 

_ i ‘, 

Minor change 

verification of Problem solution 

model used 

J 

change in 

plane , 
-lOThe inclusion of several points ln the flow chart for I):c’nt-y rruit>v 

and approval vi11 ensure that all part les .lre ln ;rp,recment .ls tl) tI\c 

scnpe and speclflc details of *work planned <lnd vlll provide each I)arcb 

vith a set of specific goals and schedules for cnmpletton. These rev I ev 

points should also ensure that studies address the important envlrlwmental and plant operational concerns of all parties, thereby resulttn1: 

in timely and orderly completion. A further benefit from such revlev 

1s that studies conducted throughout a vater body segment can Se 

caordlnated so that methods utilized vill resillt in a comparable data 

base. This uniform data base vill allow for easier evatuatlon I-,E any 

subsequent cumulative effect from all intakes optrattng on a vater body. 
-11-

IV. DECISION CRITERIA

Adverse aquatic environmental impacts occur whenever there will be

entrainment or impingement damage as a result of the operation of a

specific cooling water intake structure. The critical question is the

magnitude of any adverse impact. The exact point at which adverse aquatic

impact occurs at any given plant site or water body segment is highly

speculative and can only be estimated on a case-by-case basis by considering

the species involved, magnitude of the losses, years of intake operation

remaining, ability to reduce losses, etc. The best guidance that can be

provided to agencies in this regard would be to involve professional

resource people in the decision-making process and to obtain the best

possible quantitative data base and assessment tools for evaluation of such

impacts. The Development document for 316(b) 47 is an essential reference

for guidance in these evaluations.

Some general guidance concerning the extent of adverse impacts can

be obtained by assessing the relative biological value of the source

water body zone of influence for selected species and determining the

potential for damage by the intake structure. For a given species, the

value of an area is based on the following considerations:

1. principal spawning (breeding) ground;

2. migratory pathways;

3. nursery or feeding areas;

4. numbers of individuals present; and

5. other functions critical during the life history.

A once-through system for a power plant utilizes substantially more

water from the source water body than a closed recirculating system for

a similar plant and thus would tend to have a higher potential impact.

A biological value-potential impact decision matrix for best intake

technology available could be:
-12-

(1)

(2)

(3)

An open system large volume intake in an area of high biological

value does not represent best technology available to minimize

adverse environmental impact and will generally result in

disapproval.

Exceptions to this may be demonstrated on a case-by-case basis

where, despite high biological value and high cooling water

flow, involvement of the biota is low or survival of those

involved is high, and subsequent reduction of populations is

minimal.

Generally, the combination of low value and low flow most

likely is a reflection of best technology available in location,

design, and operation of the intake structure. Exceptions to

this could involve significantly affected rare and endangered

species.

Other combinations of relative value-impact present the most

difficult problems. In such circumstances, the biological

survey and data analysis requires the greatest care and

insight in accomplishing the impact evaluation upon which the

judgment of best technology available is based. A case-bycase study is required and local knowledge and informed

judgment are essential.

It is accepted that closed cycle cooling is not necessarily the best

technology available, despite the dramatic reduction in races of water

used. The appropriate technology is best determined after a careful

evaluation of the specific aspects at each site. A detailed discussion

of available47 intake technology is contained in the 316(b) Development

Document.
-L3- 

Biological survey requirements suggested in this manuaL shnul~ 

provlde a sufficient data base to provide insight as to the best 

loazation, design, construction, and c‘apaclty characteristics ~pprr’- 

prlate for achieving minimal total impact. 

A stepwise thought process is recommended for cases vherc 

adverse envlronmrntal Impact from entrapmentiinplngemrnt is c,c:currl::y 

and must be minimized by application of best technology aval1ablt*: 

The flrst step should be to consider vhetnrr tnr .fcvrrse 

impact vi11 btl minimized by the nodlf ication <?f tnc ex,st inr: 

screening systems. 

The second step should be co consider vhether the .Idverscr 

Impact viL1 be minlmlzed by increasing the size of the int%lkr tal 

decrease high approach velocltles. 

The third step should be to consider whether to abandon the 

exlstlng intake and to replace it vlth a rwv intake at a different 

locatfon and to incorporate an approprlatr design In order to 

minimize adverse environmental impact. 

Finally, If the above technologies vould not minimize adverse 

environmental impact, conslderatlon should be given to :hr 

reduction of Lntake capacity which may necessitate insta!- 

latlon of a closed cycle cooling system with appropriate 2csL<n 

modlf lcat lons as necessary. 

Where environmental impact from entrainment must be minimized, 

reliance must be placed primarily on llov reduction and intake 

relocat lon as remedial measures: 

Rrduclng cooling vater flov is generally an effectlvr means 

for minimizing potential rntralnment impact. In fact, this VJ~ 5~ 

the only feasible means to reduce impact of entrainment where potunclally involved organisms are In relatively large concentrat iCJn 

and uniformly distrlbutrd In the veter column. Entrapment and 

fmplngement may also be lessened vith lover flov as proport idIn.? 1 IL 

fever animals vi11 be subject to contact ulth the Intake structure; 

water velocltles associated vlth the structure can be reducvd, 

enhancing probablllty of survival if lmplnged or of escape if 

trapped. Reduction of flov is accomplished prlmarlly by an 

lncroase ln condenser temperature rise or through recirculating 

cooling systems. When cooling vater flov is reduced, hovever, 

elevated temperature or the effects of an auxiliary cooling system 

can Increase the mortailty rate of the organisms that are entrained. 
-14- 

Site location measures may prove ef fecttve in areas of 

discontinuous, temporal or spatial occurrence (patchiness) 

of chore species subject to entrainment (or entrapment/ 

impingement). 

Enhsncing survival of organisms once entrained in the coolfng 

vater system generally appeers to be the least effective means fnr 

avoiding adverse inpac t ; however, operational regimes have been 

dorcloped to decrease mortality of entrained species vhere heat, 

chlorine or both exert the predominant impact. Realistic laboratory 

studies can lead to optlmal time-temperature regimes for survival. 

The effects of biocides can be reduced by intermittent and “splltstream” chlorination procedures. Hechenical methods fnr cleaning 

cooling system components where feasible can eliminate or reduce 

the need for biocides. The mechanical stress of entrainment Is, In 

many cases ( the critical factor in organism survival vlth the pump 

the site of mejor damage. At present, little can be done to 

minimize mechanical impact although potentially harmful effects 

may possibly be reduced by pump redesign which incorporates lov 

RIVI, lnv pressure and vtde clearance characteristics. Reducing 

velocity changes, pressure, and turbulence in the piping system 

shauld prove helpful. Entrainment screening techniques such as 

leeky dam8 msy have application in some CirCumStanCeS. Regardless 

of beneficial measures taken, many fragile forms vi11 not survive 

entrainment. 

In summary, the location nf a pover plant, nr other cooling uater 

use, coupled vith the associated intake structure design, constructton. 

and capacity results in a unique situation. Uhile generalities may be 

useful , the aptimel combination of measures effectively minimizing 

adverse impact on the biata ie site and plant specific. The best 

technology avallable should be established on a case-by-case basts 

making full use of the kinds of information suRgested for acquisitton 

in this manusl. 
-15-

V. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS

Adverse Environmental Impact

Adverse aquatic environmental impacts occur whenever there will he

entrainment or impingement damage as a result of the operation of a

specific cooling water intake structure. The critical question is the

magnitude of any adverse impact.

The magnitude of an adverse impact should be estimated both in terms

of short term and long term impact with reference to the following factors:

(1) Absolute damage (# of fish impinged or percentage of

larvae entrained on a monthly or yearly basis);

(2) Percentage damage (% of fish or larvae in existing

populations which will be impinged or entrained,

respectively);

(3) Absolute and percentage damage to any endangered species;

(4) Absolute and percentage damage to any critical aquatic

organism;

(5) Absolute and percentage damage to commercially valuable

and/or sport fisheries yield; or

(6) Whether the impact would endanger (jeopardize) the

protectton and propagation of a balanced population of

shellfish and fish in and on the body of water from which

the cooling water is withdrawn (long term impact).

Agency

This term refers to the Regional Administrator of the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency or the Directors of those State

agencies authorized to issue NPDES permits.

Community

A community in general is any aseemblage of populations living in a

prescribed area or physical habitat; it is an organized unit to the extent

that it has characteristics in addition to its individual and population

components and functions as a unit through interacting metabolic transformations.

Critical Aquatic Organisms

Adverse environmental impact may be felt by many species in all trophic

levels. A species need not be directly affected but nevertheless harmed

due to loss of food organisms or other associated organisms in some way

necessary for the well-being and continued survival of the population.

It is not practicable to study all species that may be directly or

indirectly harmed by Intake structure operations.
-16-

The critical aquatic organisms concept is defined in the 316(b)

Development Document. Generally, 5 to 15 critical aquatic organisms

will be selected for consideration on a case-by-case basis. Relative

to environmental impact associated with intake structures, effects

on meroplankton organisms, macroinvertebrates, and juvenile and adult

fishes appear to be the first order problem. Accordingly. the selections

of species should include a relatively large proportion of organisms in

these categories that are directly impacted. Generally, because of

short life span and population regeneration capacity, the adverse impact

on phytoplankton and zooplankton species is less severe. It is suggested

that, in addition to study of the selected species, the total phytoplankton

and zooplankton communities be assessed to determine if the area under

study is unique and important qualitatively or quantitatively. If

preliminary sampling or prior data does not support special or unique

value of these organisms at the site, phytoplankton and zooplankton

species will generally not be selected.

The following guidelines are presented for selection of critical

aquatic organisms for consideration in intake studies:

A. Critical aquatic organisms to be selected are those species

which would be involved with the intake structure and are:

1. representative, in terms of their biological

requirements, of a balanced, indigenous community

of fish, shellfish, and wildlife;

2. commercially or recreationally valuable (e.g.,

among the top ten species landed -- by dollar

value);

3. threatened or endangered;

4. critical to the structure and function of the

ecological system (e.g., habitat formers);

5. potentially capable of becoming localized

nuisance species;

6. necessary, in the food chain, for the well-being

of species determined in 1-4;

7. one of 1-6 and have high potential susceptibility

to entrapment-impingement and/or entrainment; and

8. critical aquatic organisms based on 1-7, are

suggested by the applicant, and are approved by

the appropriate regulatory agencies.
-17-

8. Assumptions in the selection of critical aquatic organisms:

1. Since all species which are critical, representative, etc., cannot be stud led in detail, some

smaller number (e.g., 5 to 15) may have to be

selected.

2. The species of concern are those most likely to

be affected by intake structure, design, construction, and operation.

3. Some species will be economically important in

their own right, e.g., commercial and sports

fishes.

4. Some of the species selected will be particularly

vulnerable or sensitive to intake structure impacts

or have sensitivities of most other species and,

if protected, will reasonably assure protection

of other species at the site.

5. Often, but not always, the most useful list would

include mostly sensitive fish, shellfish, or other

species of direct use to man, or to the structure or

functioning of the ecosystem.

6. Officially listed “threatened or endangered

species” are automatically considered “critical.”

7. The species chosen may or may not be the same as

those appropriate for a 316(a) determination

dependent on the relative effects of the thermal

discharge or the intake in question.

Cooling Water Intake Structure

The coaling water intake structure is the total structure used to

direct water into the components of the cooling systems wherein the

cooling function is designated to take place, provided that the intended

use of the major portion of the water so directed is to absorb waste

heat rejected from the process or processes employed or from auxiliary

operations the premises, including air conditioning.
-1 HEntrainment 

The incorporation nf i7rganisns into the con1 In): water f lnu ts 

ent rainnent . There are two generally recognized cypcs c-rf cntr,lLnmc~nt: 

pumped entrainment -- referring to those nrgantsmu that enter tllc I?[ ~ha* 

and are pumped through tile condenser, and plume entrainment -- rrl(*rrtn,: 

to organisms that are Lncorporated into the disch,?rKe plume hy ~IIC 

dilution water. Plume entrainment is nnt covered by section 3lb(b) ‘~IIC 

Is part of the thermal discharge effect to be considered ln conjunct:tln 

with thermal effects demonstrations under section 31b(a). 

Entrapment-Impingement 

The physical blocking nf larger nrganlsms by J harrier, ncncr.ll1.v 

snme type of screen system In the cooling vater Intake. Entrapment 

emphasfres the prevention nf escape of organisms and lmpingemcnt 

emphasizes the collision of an organism vith a portion of the 

se rut turt . 

Estuary 

An estuary is defined as a semi-enclosed cnastal body of water ut~fcll 

has a free connection with the open sea; lt 1s thus strongly Jffcctcbt! t:;i 

tidal action and within it sea vatcr is mixed (and usually awasur.lbly 

diluted) ufsh fresh water from land drainsge. It may be diff tcult tc) 

precisely delineate the boundary of estuarinc and river habitats in chit> 

upper reaches of a fresh vater river discharging into marine waters. 

The Lnterface is generally a dynamic entity varying daily and seasonall) 

ln geographical lncat ion. In such cases, determination nf habitat 

boundaries should be established by mutual agreement on a case-by-cdsc 

basis. Where boundary determination is not clearly established, bot!l 

estuary and river habitat bfologlcal survey requirements should be 

satisfied In a combined determlnatlon for envtronmencal effects and best 

availablt technology for minimizing adverse Lmpact. 

Habitat Fornerr 

hbltat farmers are plants and/or animals characterized by a 

relatively ae8rlle life state with aggregated distribution and funct ionin): 

as: 

1. a live and/or formerly lfving substrate for chc attachment of epibinta; 

2. either a direct or indirect food source for the product Ion 

of shellfish. fish, and vildlife; 
-19- 

3. a blologlcal mechanism fnr the stabilization and modificatton of sediments and contributfng to processes of 

sol! brlildingss; 

4. a rutrient cycling path or trap; or 

5. specific sites for spawning, and providing nursery, 

feeding, and cnver areas for fish and shellf tsh. 

Hfgh Potential Impact Intakes 

High potential inpact intakes are those located in biol:yqiclI:. 

productive areas or where the volume of vater vithdravn comprises A 

large proportfon of the source vater body segment or for vhich histnrlcal data or other ConsideratFons indicate a broad impact. 

Impiqement 

See Entrapment-Impingement. 

Lake 

Any naturally occurrIng Large volume of standing water IJCCII~~:~P 3 

distinct basin and, fnr purposes of this document, reservoirs .Inci 

impoundments. 

Lou Potential Impact Intakes 

1.0~ potential impact intakes are those located in biologically 

unproductive areas and having low flow or having historical data shnvinp. 

no effect or for vhich other considerations indicate low impact. Plants 

with low capacity factors or with fev remaining years of lifetime might 

be considered “low impact” despite their historical impact. 

For the purposes of this document, the term macrotnvertebrates 

may be considered synonymous wf th “aquatic macroinvertebrates” and 

are those invertebrates that are large enough to be seen by the 

unatded eye and can be retained by a U.S. Standard No. 30 sieve 

(0.595 mm. mesh opening). 
-2oYernplankton 

For the purposes of this document, mcroplanktnn are defined as 

planktonlc life scap,ee (often eggs or larvae) of f tsh or invertebrates. 

Oceans 

The ocean habitat, for the purposes of this manual, is cnnstdered 

marine waters other than those uater bndies classified as estuaries. This 

fncludes open coastal areas, embayments, fjords, and other semi-enclosed 

bodies of water open to the sea and nnt aeasurably diluted with fresil 

water from land drainage. 

Two prfncipal zones within the oceanic hnbtcat potentially impacted 

are: (1) littoral zone -- from high t Lde level to Inv t lde level, and 

(2) meritic zone (near shore) -- low ttde level to the edge of the 

continental shelf. 

Phytoplankton 

Phytoplanktnn are the free-floating plants, usually nicroscopic 

algae, that photosynthetically fix tnorganic carbon and are, therefore, 

primary producers in some aquatic environments. 

Plankton 

Plankton are eeaentlally microscopic organisms, plant or animal, 

suspended ln uatcr which exhibit mar neutral burtyancy. Because of 

their physical characteristics or size, most plankton organisms are 

fncapable of sustained mobility In directions ag.lLnsc u.lcer flow. Consequently, plankton drift more or less passively In prcvaillng currents. 

Population 

A population is generally considered to be conprlsed of individuals 

of the arc specico In a geographic area, Popul,ltlons exhibit parameters 

such 88 mortality, natalicy, fecundity, intrinsic rate of increase, 

density, l tc . 

Primary Study Area 

This lncludea the segment af the vater body Jeter’nlned to be the area 

nf potential damage. This concept fa mart perclnc*nt t~l arganigms suhfect 

to inner-plane passage, normally weakly motile or planhcnnic, and spattally 
-.!Isu’9ject co water boa:/ c~rrrnts ratErr than poSSesSing the abi:it;: :.‘ 

change locatlcn ;ndrpeodent of uatur mass movements. Animals cdpJSlc .f 

large scale movements, i.e., Tigrant fishes, wit1 TOV~ into tnls .zrc,i 

oeriodfially. 

Rivers and Streams 

A river or stream is a naturally occurrrng body of runnir,:i? : +~~ri: 5.1 

water, with an unbroken. unidirrct lonal flow, contained wltnln .I !.:s.. r, . 

channel. Rest!Noirs andjor Impoundments, for the our-poses of cn:+ :.‘ :-I .*. 

vi11 generally be vlevtid as lakes. 

Secondary Study Area 

The area uithin the water body segment outside the primary study 

area. Blota in thls area directly affrctrd by the intake structure 3.i.. 

or may not be a significant component of the total population of Lnd.ee.::,.= 

species. For many species. particularly pelagic fishes, tne tot2: pop~~i.ltlon may bt! spread over a vide geographical area. This arra could be 

considered the secondary study area. Houevtir, other intake structures 

associated vlth cooling water uses, e.g., power plants, may also S+Y 

Lmpactlng tht! populatlon In these other areas. This may be considrre.! 

in tvo ways: 

1. consider tht! total population throughout the Reographic*2: 

range, rstlmatr existing Impacts, and determine to what 

extent the speclflc intake structure adversely impacts 

that port ion of tht? population not already adversely 

stressed by sources outside the primary study area; or 

2. consider only the populatlon in the area of potential 

involvement and adjacent areas of occurrence not 

already impacted by an rxistlng source of stress. 

For example, when a number of Intake structurrs arc located u1tP11: 

a water body such as the Hudson River. Ohio River, Long Island <g)ur.d. 

Western Basin of Lake Erie, Narragansett Bay, San Francisco Bay. tit<.. 

either of the tvo approaches may be taken to assess the impact of t’:t* 

structure under conslderat ion. The total impact of all existing stresses 

may be weighed agafnst the total populatlon of biota studies and the 

adverse effects of the nev stress added to exlstlng stresses and assessed 

agalnst impact to the total system. The altrrnat lvr is to assign a sr~. t i ‘1 

of the water body not already impacted by other fntake structures dnd 

compare the segment of the community in the assfgned area to the rffcc.t 

of the slnglt! structure concerned. 
-22- 

Threatened or Endrngered Species 

A threatened or endangered spectes 1s any plant or animal chat has 

been determined by the Secretary of Commerce or the Secretary of the 

Interior to be a threatened or endangered species pursuant Ca the 

Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. 

Water Body Stmntnt 

A water body segment fs a porttnn of a hasin, the surface waters IJf 

which have common hydraulic characreristtcs (or flaw regulation patterns! 

common natural physical, chemical, and biological processes, and vhIch 

have common reactions to external stress, e.g., discharge of pollutants. 

Where they have been defined, the water body segments determined by tile 

State Continuing Planning Process under section 303(e) of P.L. 92-500 

apply. 

Zone of Potential Involvement 

The zone of potential involvement is considered the vater mass 

surrounding the intake structure and likely to be dravn into the structure 

iceelf or incn the associated cooling vater systtm. This varies with Cime 

and fs dependent on ambient water movements in the affected body of source 

vater an modified by the influx of cooling water at the intake structure. 

It will be dffficult to precisely define the limits of this zone of 

influence because of temporal and spatial variables. The zone of potential 

involvtmtnt alvayr includes the primary study area and may Include the 

secondary study area. 

Zooplankton 

True zooplankton art fret-floating animals which have little or nn 

ability for horizontal movtmtnt. They art thus carried passively along 

vith nrturrl currtnte in the vactr body, 
-23-

VI. STUDY FORMAT

The studies submitted as support for a finding that the cooling water

intake represents best technology available for a minimization of adverse

environmental impact should be in the following format to facilitate

agency review. At least two copies should be submitted.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Title page (plant name, water body, company, permit information.

rate).

Table of contents.

An executive summary of 2-3 paragraphs (essence of material and

conclusions).

Detailed presentation of methods used in data collection,

analysis and/or interpretation when different from standard

references.

Supportive reports, documents, and raw data. Data from the

open literature need not be included so long as it is

readily available.

Bilbiographic citations to page number of cited text,

An interpretive, comprehensive narrative summary of the

studies which will serve, in part, as the basis for the

agency’s decision. The summary should include a table

of contents and may include table figures. Sources of data

used in the summary should be cited to page number. The

summary should include a clear discussion stating why the

report shows (or does not show) that the water intake structure

in question minimizes impact on the water resources and

aquatic biota in the vicinity of the intake and throughout

the water body segment.

An appendix listing the agencies and consultants conducting

this or related work on the water body.

Reports generated in response to section 316(b) should be

recorded and forwarded to the National Technical Information

Service (NTIS) for recording and announcement. The folder,

NTIS-PR-184, available from NTIS, U.S. Department of Commerce,

Springfield, Virginia 22161, explains the procedure in detail.
-24-

It is the intention of the EPA to make the technical information

submitted by industries in accordance with 315(b) available for use

by other industries, scientists, and members of the public. This will

be done initially by placing copies in the responsible EPA Regional

Off Ice library. A similar approach is also suggested for State agencies.

In cases where demand for the demonstration materials exceeds the capability of an EPA or State agency library, the EPA Regional Administrator

may also submit the materials to the NTIS so that the reports are

available co the public in microfiche or hard copy form at the price of

duplication. In the meantime, EPA is developing lists of plants with

completed 316(b) demonstrations and will submit the plant name and an

abstract of each study to NTIS.

It is also noted chat the Atomic Industrial Forum has developed

INFORUM, a data system which will extract and index information from

reports submitted by utilities in accordance with sections 316(a) and

(b). Questions should be referred to INFORUM at 1747 Pennsylvania

Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20006, telephone 202-833-9234.
-25-

VII. DETAILED STUDY REFERENCES

This document, of necessity, is generalized to provide an overall

framework of guidance and conceptual approach. Six references are

recommended which treat various aspects of the study requirements in more

specific detail:

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water

& Hazardous Materials. Water Planning Division,

September 30, 1974, Draft, 316(a) Technical Guidance

on Thermal Discharges. (Revised draft to be published

in 1976.)

2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water

6 Hazardous Materials, Effluent Guidelines Division,

April 1976, Development Document for Best Technology

available for the Location, Design, Construction and

Capacity of Cooling Water Intake Structures for Minimizing

Adverse Environmental Impact.

3. Battelle Laboratories, Inc., Environmental Impact Monitoring

of Nuclear Power Plants - Source Book. Atomic Industrial

Forum, Inc. August 1974. 810 p.

4. Aquatic Ecological Surveys. American Nuclear Society,

F.W. Hinsdale, Illinois, Draft, October 1974.

5. Entrainment: Guide to steam electric power plant cooling

system siting, design and operation for controlling damage

to aquatic organisms. Amer. Nuc. Std. Publ. N18. - 1974.

Draft, July 1, 1974, 44 p. and appendices.

6. Entrapment/Impingement: Guide to steam electric power

plant cooling system siting, design and operation for

controlling damage to aquatic organisms at water intake

structures. Amer. Nuc. Std. Publ. N18 - 1974. Draft,

September, 1974, 24 p. and appendix.
-26-

VIII. SITE DESCRIPTION

The following information is generally needed to fully describe the

potential experiences of organisms which may be entrapped within intake

structures, impinged on parts of the structure and/or entrained in the

water mass taken in and circulated through the associated cooling water

system. It is necessary to describe the full range of resultant physical,

chemical, and biological parameters of these experiences which could be

encountered throughout the annual operation cycle. lnformation on daily

and seasonal fluctuations is of special importance in those waters

subject to wide variation in water quality at the specific site. Other

data pertinent to the evaluation of environmental impact of the location

or intake structure in question should be included even though not

specifically listed.

The following data are required for adequate description of sites

located on either fresh or marine water bodies:

1. Site location and layout

A. Location of additional Intake structures - Smaller scale,

map showing locations of intake structures, associated

cooling water systems, and other pertinent discharges

related to surrounding shore and water features in a

50-mile radius.

8. Site Plan - Larger scale map with topographic and

hydrographic data depicting specific location of

structure in the water body. Data required includes:

- Topographic details

- Hydrological features (see U.S. Department of

Commerce, National Ocean Survey Charts, where

available), including depth contours

- Water body boundaries

- Affected water body segment

- Location and description of other cooling water

intakes in water body segment

- Existing site with topographic and hydrological

features as changed by proposed intake structure

construction and operation (where applicable)
-27-

2. Meteorology (when hydrodynamic modeling is performed)

- Air temperature, maximum, minimum, mean-monthly

- Rainfall, monthly

- Solar radiation kcal/m2/day (average/month for

the annual cycle)

- Wind speed and direction. prevailing winds identified as to seasonal patterns

- Other relevant site specific data

3. Additional stresses on water body segment

- Location of existing or planned point sources of

potential adverse environmental impact

- Summary of impacts associated with existing or

future stresses (and citations to more extensive

analyses, such as 316(a) demonstrations, impact

statements, NPDES permits, etc.)

4. Cooling water intake structure

A. Structure

- Location with respect to cooling water system

- Location in water body, horizontal and vertical

(including skimmer walls)

- Configuration, including canals and channels;

detailed drawings

- Capacity

- Screening devices (behavioral and physical)

- Fish by-pass and handling facilities

- Average and maximum approach and thru-screen

water velocities, by depth

- Flow rates and frequency of occurrence correlated

with load characteristics

- Location, amount, and duration of recirculation

water for deicing or tempering

- Other relevant system-specific data
-28- 

8. Pumps 

- Design details (location in structure, cnnftgurat inn 

of blades, and housing) 

- Revolut Lens per minute 

- Number, capoc it ies, and planned operating schedule 

- Pressure regimes in vater subjected to pumping 

- Velocity shear stresses in pumping 

- Sites of potential turbulence and physical impacts 

c I. Btocides 

- Locat ton of lntroductton in system 

- nescrtptton and toxicity of biocide used 

- Timing and duration of use 

- Concentrations of biocide in various parts of 

cooling vatet system and recetving vaters 

n. Thenna 1 experience 

- Tabulatfnn of annual ambient temperatures, 

thermal additfon to cooling vater of various 

operating capac L t tea, and resultant t tmetemperature experience of organisms subjected 

to entrainment in cooling vater system 

F *. Other relevant data on cooling vater circulation system 

- Dissolved gases 

- Suspended solids and turb td tty 

- Other vaatea and chemicals added 

- Sire of condenser tubes, heat exchanger cow 

poncnta, vater piping, siphon pita, etc. 

- Malntcnance procedures, USC of heat treatment 

or deicing procedures 

5. Plant Data 

- Age and expected Iifetlme 

- Capactty factor and percent of tfme at fractional io.lds 

- History of intake model 
-29-

IX. SOURCE WATER INVOLVEMENT

The physical interaction of the intake and the adjacent water body

forms a base for assessment of biological impact by relating the behavior

and motion of local organisms with the flow of water around the site and

into the intake structure. To determine this involvement with the intake,

it is desirable to identify the type or types of circulation which will

be dominant in the water body, and to establish a program of monitoring

currents and other relevant hydrological and physical parameters of the

system. Predictive tools, such as computer models, are useful in

assessment of impact, and for delineation of the area of potential damage.

The approach outlined here is suggested for new plants having high potential impact when sufficient model accuracy is obtainable. The approach

may be useful for other plants as well, as discussed in the impact assessment section below. The modeling program should be discussed with the

agency in advance of application and should include sensitivity analyses.

1. Hydraulic Features

The dominant modes of circulation in the water body are

frequently identified in the literature and include channel

flow, tidal and wind-driven currents, estuary or gravitational

circulation, littoral drift, and others. The local currents

(or velocity structure) can be modified by bathymetry and

transient atmospheric conditions, and contain local features

such as eddies; their importance can he modified by their

effect on biological processes. It is also useful to identify

interface zones if several current regimes or physical processes are evident. Large water withdrawals and discharges

can be sufficient to modify existing hydraulic patterns enough

to create new biological habitats.

A program of monitoring the currents and other relevant

physical parameters is desirable for the study of source

water involvement, Whenever possible, historical data should

be used to identify the expected circulations and guide in

the selection of instrument stations, although as data comes

in, a re-evaluation of the monitoring program is useful.

the relevant parameters are water current, speed and direction,

wind speed and direction, tides or local water levels, temperature, and water density, Salinity data are important in

an estuarine environment.

The spatial distribution of instrument stations is usually

indicated by the circulation regime and local bathymetry,

but is best organized to provide input to and verification

data suitable for a predictive hydraulic model of the

currents. Vertical spacing of instruments should be

sufficient to identify any important depth variation in

the circulation.
-30-

The use of a hydraulic model requires several other specific

inputs to provide realistic prediction of currents in the

area. typical parameters include:

1. boundary geometry;

2. bottom topography;

3. bottom friction coefficients;

4. latitude of the area;

5. tides or water levels at open boundaries;

6. river flows;

7. temperature and salinity;

8. wind stress;

9. power plant cooling water flow races; and

10. other point source flow rates.

A significant period of time (two weeks) night be chosen for

a continuous (burst sampling) monitoring sequence to sense

periodic variations in the circulation, and another program

to sample changes on an annual (or longer) cycle. Careful

recording of placement and start times is recommended.

The instruments chosen should be durable and resistant to

fouling. The accuracy may be influenced by the scale of the

parameters but for water level should generally be at least

± 0.01 ft. and, for current speed and direction, + .15 knots

and ± 5.0° respectively. For temperature and salinity

± 0.1°C and ± 0.1°/°° respectively can be expected.

Special instrumentation for water current sensing may be

necessary at threshold speeds.

An instrument calibration program is necessary to insure

accuracy. Redundant marking of station locations and

provision for recovery of unmarked instruments should be

made.

Computer models as predictive tools represent the best

available predictive tools and are useful in assessing

water use and biological impact. Mathematical models

solve the equations of water flow and are used to

predict currents in the water body. Another model (of

water quality) can he developed in tandem to solve the

equation of mass flow and used co predict mass or concentrations of organisms under influence of the currents.
-31- 

The selection of the appropriate model is guided by the circulaticn 

regime and the geonorphology of the vater body. A number of 

mathematical nodels of tidal flov are available, and these can be 

extended to include channel flov. For example, the Leendertse 5, 

9 type square-grid models for tidal cuf- ents and larvae transport 

have been used. Finite-element models are being developed for 

tidal cfrculatfon, and may have advantages In certai fl areas. 

For river-bay situations, the channel-function model nay have 

special advantages. Three-dimensional models such as those 

described in references 12. 13, and 14 may be appropriate. A 

comprehensive summary of13vaflable models has been cornpiLed 

by Gordon and Spauldlng. The rationale for selection of the 

particular set of models should be justified by either enphas:z:nu 

their suitability or by demonstrating a lack of other sufficient 

models. 

Verffication of model output should be made for both current 

and organism concentrations. Data from the monitoring survey 

are useful for verifying the current model vhlle the biological 

sampling program nay be used to verify the notion of organisos. 

Dye studies nay also be useful In model verification. 

Hearts for delineating study area and source vater involvement may 

vary from intuitive judgments to highly sophisticated predictive 

models. The most logical measures, consistent vith the local 

conditions should be determined. 

2. Probability of Entrainment 

The zone of potential involvement of the cooling vater intake 

varies vith species of organisms and time but the core concept 

is the determination of probability of entrainment. The 

predictive models are useful for mapping probability fsopleths. 

This could be done by the simulation of drlfters with the hydraulrc 

model, or the spread of mass from point sources into the intakes 

vith the concentration model. Drogue or dye studies could be 

used for verification. Drifters, drogues, or dye may, however, 

be poor analogs for the organisms In question. A9 a consequence, 

any study of thte nature must be accompanied by justification 

chat adequate adjustment is being made for differences in 

behavior between the organisms and their mechanical analogs. 
-32- 

A map of probability of entrainnent unuld be useful in dclincat In,: 

the outline of the area of potenttal involvement by a ratlondl, 

analytical mthod. For exanple, the cnmputer hydraul lc model for 

currents could be Itsed to simulate the flaw nf drogues in the 

regfon. A simulated release of drogues (several per hour) uoul~ 

be carried out llnttl all drogues have either been entrnlned or 

have crossed the node1 boundarfes and left the area. The rat ton 

of entrained drogues to the total gives the probability of 

enttalnrncnt. A repetition of this procedure for other release 

points gives J Eleld distribution of probability. 

An alternate method Is tn simulate mass transport fron J field &%f 

points, wherein the ratio of mass entralned to the total release<! 

gives the probability. This method could be verifted by the USC 

of dye studies. 

In environments likely to exhibit density stratification, or In 

vhich the organisms stratify, it may be necessary to use multilevel sampling for all parameters, and consider strat tficat ion ~9 

the models chosen. Wind effects are more likely to be important 

In shallov vater. The spatial changes in parameters in stratified 

systems are 1 tkely to be larger, so this must also be incorporated 

in a sampling program. 

Obviously, models are highly desirable and the probability isnpleth 

concept is a poverful analyt Lcal taol. However, the time and costs 

involved vlll not be justifiable in many situations. 
-33-

X. BIOLOGICAL SURVEY REQUIREMENTS (NEW INTAKES)

The purpose of the biological survey is to provide a sufficient and

valid data base for rational assessment of environmental impact related

to the location, design, construction, and capacity of a cooling water

intake structure, prior to a final siting decision.

Due to the possibility of extreme fluctuations in overall abundance

of the species from year to year and shifts within a study area of its

centers of abundance, several years' study may be required. A term of

three years is suggested as permitting an "exceptional" year to be

detected and criticized on the grounds that events in so short a span

cannot be understood in the context of long term trends. A period of

15 to 25 years is one in which many cyclic biological phenomena become

evident, but a preliminary study of this length will be out of the

question except as it can be gleaned from historical data. A one-year

pre-operational study is generally of limited value but may be acceptable

for preliminary agency determinations in situations where substantial

historical data can be presented and the intake can be represented as

having low potential impact.

Data collected must be sufficient to permit analysis and reduction

to assessment criteria which will be useful in reaching a judgment on the

existence and extent of an adverse impact. Suggested measures for data

reduction and analysis, which are included in this manual, should

be reviewed prior to development a survey program.

Designation of species of the critical aquatic organisms to be

studied is the first step in a sequence of operations for the

subsequent biological survey. The species selected may or may not be

the same as the Representative Important Species designated in connection with demonstrations under section 316(a) of the Act. Differences

would depend on the grater or lesser effect on such species of

thermal discharges or intakes. Once species and source water involvement are known, the sampling methodology, survey study areas, and

temporal characteristics of the survey can be determined to suit the

organism selected, location, and characteristics of the intake

structure. Each survey should be designed on a case-by-case basis

recognizing the uniqueness of biota-site-structure interrelationships.

Biological surveys should be designed and implemented to determine the spatial and temporal variability of each of the important

components of the biota that may be damaged by the intake. These

surveys could include studies of meroplankton, benthic fish, pelagic

fish, benthic macroinvertabrates, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic

infauna and boring and fouling communities where appropriate.

Generally, the majority of critical aquatic organisms will be fish

or macroinvertabrates.
-34- 

Once the occurrence and relative abundance of critical aquatic organisms 

at various life stages has been estimated, it is necessary to determine the 

potential for actual involvement with the intake structure. An organism may 

spend only a portion of its life in the pelagic phase and he susceptible to 

entrainment. Migratory species may be in the vicinity of the intake for a 

short segment of the annual cycle. Some species are subjected to intake 

structure effects during life history stages. For example, winter flounder 

larvae are found in the ichthyoplankton during their pelagic larval phase, 

and are susceptible to being entrained. During later life stages, as 

juveniles and adults, they are vulnerable to impingement. Both entrainment 

and impingement must be considered in subsequent impact assessment. Knowledge of the organism’s life cycle and determination of local water circulation patterns related to the structure are essential to estimating an 

individual specie’s potential for involvement. 

Once involvement is determined, actual effects on those organisms must 

be estimated. As a first order approximation, 100 percent loss of individuals 

impinged, entrapped, or entrained could be assumed unless valid field or 

laboratory data are available to support a lower loss estimate. 

The final step is to relate loss of individuals to effects on the 

local population as impacted by intake structure location, design, 

construction, and capacity. It is important to consider the means for 

data reduction and analysis in the early stages of survey design. Data 

must be amenable to biostatistical analyses, as utilized in arriving at 

the judgment for best available technology to minimize adverse environmental 

impact. 

1. Sampling Design 

It is necessary at the outset to clearly define the objectives 

of the sampling program and the area to be sampled. Quantitative 

sampling studies are designed to estimate numbers per unit and/or 

volume. The major considerations in these studies are: 

- The dimension of the sampling unit. In general 

the smallest practical sampling unit should be 

used. 

- The number of sampling units in each sample. 

The size of samples for a specified degree of precision can often be calculated if there is some 

preliminary sampling information. If not, preliminary sampling should be executed before extensive programs are developed. 

- The location of sampling units in the sampling 

areas. Stratified random sampling is often 

preferable to simple random sampling. Strata 

can be unequal in area or volume, with sampling 

units allocated in proportion to the area or 

volume. 
-35- 

2. 

The survey effort should be intensive for at least tile first 

year after which, based on first year results and historical 

data, lover effort progams could be justffied. Survey data 

are usually of a time-series nature and, therefore, averaRes 

over time intervals wlthtn the series cannnc be assumed independent. This situarlon llmlts tks 

statistical procedures, Bartlett 

~~~l;~-~~~,~~~ ‘fl’inc 

Reference 19 is d recent example of the difficulties encountered when attempting to determine differences in portions of 

a time-series. The develnpment of more powerful statist ical 

methods for appllcatton to this type of data is necessary. 

It appears that only catastrophic impacts vi11 be revealed to 

temporal comparlsnns oE mnnltoring program data. Plant 

impact may be better revealed by spatial comparisons. 

The discriminating power nf surveys should be estimated prior 

to implementation. 

This can be done by design based on previously collected data 

at the site, or by assuming the variability of the system based 

on previous studies at similar sites. The expected dlscrlminating power of the survey should be adequate for the purposes 

for vhich the data are intended. 

SampllnR ?Iethodolou 

Recommendations on specific sampling protncol and methodology 

are beyond the scope of this document. The optimal nethodo!nRy 

is highly dependent on the individual specfes studied coupled 

with site and structure characteristics. Some general guidelines 

are provided here. ?fnre specific details are provided in 

reference 20. 

Ichthyoplankcon-Heroplankton Sampling 

Sampling gear used should have known performance charactcristtcs 

under the conditions tn vhich it is to be used, or Lc vi11 bc tested 

In comparison 4th a standard gear (such as the 60 cm. “boqn” net 

developed for purposes of ichthyoplankton sampling by ttlc 

National Marine Fisheries Service flAWlAP program). 

When a new Kear is intrl)duced, data should be included nn frs 

efficiency relative to a standard gear. Gear shnuld not be 

changed in the course of long-term lnvesttgattnns unless the 

camparac lve cff lciencies of the old gear end the nev can be 

satisfactorily demonstrated. 

It Is recognized that na sampling gear is, in practice, 

strictly qnancltative and equally efficient in retalninl: 

dtf ferent sizes nf organisms. 

A rAtinnale for the choice of gear, mesil size, etc., shnuld bc 

develnped fnr each sampl tny= program. In nlosc cases, LackinK 

9tr0ng reasons tn the contrary, a(io\jtion of a standard #car LO 

permit comparisons vlth nttlcr investigations Is recnnmcnded. 
-36- 

In general, teplfcace tows indicate that horizontal dtscribucicln 

of fish eggs and larvae and other planktonlc organisms is uneven 

or patchy in character, and that vertical distribution not nnly 

of actively swlmminp, forms but of eggs commonly shows SOIW 

atratification. This typically varies over 24 hours due to 

the influence of water movement and changes fn light intensity. 

Depth distribution of individual specLes of fish eggs ?ay char.Ce 

during the course of development, and buoyancy may differ Jt 

different periods of the spavning season. 

Night tows frequently produce larger catches and may shou less 

varlabillty than day tous for fish larvae Ln the sane *Ired. 

Both phenomena are related in part tn differences in net 

avoidance under conditions of light and darkness. qouever, 

certain larvae may be altogether unavailable to the usual 

plankton sampling gear at some time of a die1 cycle; for exdnp 

they may lie on or near the bottom by day, and migrate upvar~!s 

at night. 

Night sampl lng must be considered in survey design as essential 

for an accurate picture of the numbers of ichchyoplankton 

actually present at a station, especially with regard to postlarvae and young juveniles. Sampling over the entire die1 

cycle should be conducted. 

Characterization nf the ichthyoplankton in a study area made 

exclusively from single tows at a series of stations is 

inadequate. Replication sufficient to show the typical variation between tows will be necessary, and it must be borne in 

mind that this may differ widely for different species, and 

may change over the course of a season. In reasonably 

homageneous study areas, replicates can be taken at a subset 

of scacions and the results applied tn the rest. In certain 

clrcun8tancc8, c lose to shore. nr in the vicfnicy of the 

prnpoaed intake, more rigorous error analysis is advisable, 

and this may require replfcation at each station. Determination of a suitable number of replicates will depend on 

characteristics at each efte, and must be based on field 

studier. The most variable (patchy) of the critical species 

of ichthyoplankton under study at a given season will 

dctecuine the number of replicates that are desirable. 

.e. 

Confidence llmlts for estimates of abundance must be based 

not only upon variation between tovs at a given station, 

but must incorporate other sources of error, which include 

subsampling error (when aliquots of large samples are token 

for lab analysis) and counting errors. 
V-37- 

The lchthyoplankton-meroplankton sampling will generallv 5t. 

related to the impact of passing the organisms through the 

fntake structure and associated cooling water system, i.e., 

entrainment. 

Fishes and ?!acrolnvertebrates 

Sampling of fish and macrolnvertebrates vi11 be generallv 

conducted In reilatlon to the potenclal impact of entrapment 

and lmplngement. An exception would be juvenile and small 

fLsh of a size that uould pass through tntake screenir.g 

rather than be caught upon such screens. 

As prevlouqdy noted, spc?clf Lc samplLng methodology is drcai Ied 

eLsevhere.- 

Some specimens taken from the screens may appear healthy; 

hoveve r, species-speclf lc experiments vi&h controls co assess 

the delayed mortality to these flsh are required if less than 

100 percent mortality Is to be assumed. 

Potential effects at proposed intake structures should make 

maximum use of existing data at operating structures to 

extrapolate Involvement and mortality estlmates to a nev 

Intake. Attentlon should be given to experlments vhlch have 

statistically evaluated the effect of Intake modifications 

on Lmp lngement-ent rapment losses. 

In cases vhere preliminary surveys Lndlcate that the entrainment and entrapment-Lmplngement losses may be high, It wi 11 bt! 

necessary co rsclmate the Lmpact of these losses on the 

populat Lons that ~111 be Lnvolved. For each 1Lfe stage 

susceptible to entrainment and/or entrapment-Lmplngement, 

parameters necessary to adequately predict losses caused by 

power plant ulthdraual include life stage duratfon, fecundity, 

growth and mortality rates, dlstrlbutlon. dispersal patterns, 

and intake vulnerablllty. These parameters can be elther 

measured In the field or obtalned from available literature. 

Eetlmates of equivalent adult stock loss on the basis of 

entrainment losses of Immature forms requires a measure of 

natural mortality from immature to adult. For many if not 

most crltlcal specLe9, the natural mortality may be imposslble to determine and the Lmpact may have to be based on a 

reasonable judgment. Ocher data are required to project the 

long-term impact of the intake on the populatlon and to lncludr 

the population size, its age structure, and fecundity and mortallty rates. These data can best be synthesized using 

mathematical models as discussed in section XII of this manual. 
-3RZooplankton 

3. 

Zooplankton sampling utll generally be directed tovatds 

drterminatlon of rntralrunrnt Impact. I.oop Lankton are 

rssentlally microscopic animals suspended In water vith 

near neutral buoyancy. Because of their physical 

characterlstlcs, most are incapable of sustained 

moblllty In dlrectlons against vater flov and drift 

passively In the currents. 

In most cases, intake ef facts are of rtilatlvely short 

duraclon and conf lnrd to a relatively small port ion of the 

vater body segment because of short life span and regeneratlve capaclcy. Zooplankton, hovrvrr. should not be disrr.issr< 

from conslderatlon without a prellmlnary assessment of the 

fmportance or uniqueness of the species’ assemblage dt the 

site. 

Phytoplankton 

Phytoplankton are free-floating green plants, usually 

mlcroscoplc tn size, and are generally the main primary 

producers In the aquat tc food web. Again, the potential 

cooling vater Intake structure impact on phytoplankton 

muld be through entrainment. The short life-cycle and 

high reproductive capabllfty of phytoplankters generally 

provldes a high degree of regenerative capacity. In most 

cases, intake structure effects are of short duratlon 

and confined to a relatively small portIon of the vater 

body segment. Phytoplankton, however, should not be 

dlsmlssrd from conslderatlon vithout a prellmlnary assessment of unfqueness or special Importance of the species’ 

assemblage at any particular site. 

Follov-up Studies 

Poet-operatLona1 studies at nev intakes vlll also be 

necessary In order to determine If the design, location, 

and operation, In fact, mlnlmlze adverse environmental 

impact and vhether the model predlctlons utilized vere 

reallstlc. Some suggestions for follov-up studles are 

available In section XI. Hovever, the appropriate program 

at a new plant site should be detenlned In large part by 

the need for consfstency vlth pre-operatlonal study results. 
-39-

XI. MONITORING PROGRAM (EXISTING INTAKES)

The study requirements necessary to evaluate losses of aquatic

life at existing cooling water intakes can be considered in two separate

steps. The first is assessment of the magnitude of the problem at each

site through direct determination of the diel and seasonal variation in

numbers, sizes and weights of organisms involved with operation of the

intake. When losses appear to be serious, as a second step it may be

necessary to conduct studies in the source water body if there is a need

to evaluate such losses on a water-body-wide or local population basis.

However, before requiring such studies it should be realized that the

natural variability of biological systems, the difficulty of separating

other stresses on population size, and difficulties in obtaining accurate

and precise samples of the biota may mask the environmental impact from

cooling water system operation.

high and may range from 20 to

The magnitude of sampling variation is

300 percent of the probable numbers. 36

Thus, effects of the Intake structure often cannot be identified above

this “background noise” unless they are considerably greater, For

many species, adverse environmental impact may be occurring at levels

below that which can be “seen” with the standard survey and analytical

techniques. Such field studies therefore will be extensive and difficult

to conduct, and will generally require several years of data collection,

all without certainty of results. Such studies should not be required

unless absolutely necessary for the best technology available decision

and then only to address specific questions. Because of the above

difficulties, it may be necessary to base a determination of adverse

impact on professional judgment by experienced aquatic scientists.

In evaluating data from the following studies, it is often desirable

to assume “worst case” conditions where all organisms which pass through

the intake suffer 100 percent mortality. If the magnitude of the numbers

precludes such an analysis, specific mortality estimates may be necessary.

The following study requirements are based in part on the

recommendations contained in the reports of the Lake Michigan Cooling

Water Studies Panel 44 and Lake Michigan Cooling Water Intake Committee: 45
-40-

1. Entrapment-Impingement

The objective of this sampling program is to document the

magnitude of losses of fish life at operating cooling water

intakes. Since it is possible to obtain a complete daily

count of fish which are impinged by collecting the intake

screen backwash material, this intensity of collection

should be considered for application through one calendar

year. The data which result will most accurately reflect

the total annual loss by species. This approach does ignore

possible delayed mortality to organisms involved with the

intake structure but not impinged on the screens long enough

to be killed. If total entrapment-impingement mortality is

estimated by sampling from the screens, the sampling scheme

must consider day-night and seasonal differences.

If a less than complete dally count over a year is utilized,

dally sampling once every four days for one year is suggested

as the lowest effort which will be acceptable from the standpoint of allowing for reliable loss project tons reflective of

the plant’s operation. Both more and less intensive sampling

approaches may also be justifiable based on apparent impact,

intake data, spawning periods, and other site specific and

seasonal considerations. The 4-day interval for sampling is

based on observed variability in daily impingement losses.

For example, in a study of the Central Illinois Light Company’s

E.D. Edwards Plant on the Illinois River, numbers of fish

impinged varied from 7,000 on July 18 to 500 on July 19. On

August 23, 1,500 fish were impinged versus 30,000 fish on August

26. 43 Not all plants exhibit such wide variations in numbers

of fish impinged; however, until intensive sampling is completed

at a site, total loss figures will be subject to question.

Collection of the samples can usually be accomplished by

inserting collection baskets in the screen backwash sluiceway.

These baskets should have a mesh size equal to or smaller than

the intake screen mesh.

The following data should be collected during the sampling

period:

A. Plant operating data required:

1. Flow rate;

2. Temperature (Intake and discharge);
2. 

3. Time started, duration, and amount of warm water r’~~:r;:- 

lated for intakv deicing and thenal defoullng; 

$ . Total residual chlorInr contained In recirculated v,ltrr 

during condenser chlorination; 

5. Current velocity at intake(s) over the range of vater 

volumes used in plant operat Lon (representat ivt, neasurt’- 

ments or calculated values may suffice); 

5. Yumbrr of ttmrs screens are operated betvren sacpi:.:< 

Intervals; 

7. Tidal stage (where appropriate) and flov; 

8. Sallnlty (where appropriate); and 

9. Dissolved oxygen if intake vithdravs water from an 

area (or strata) of potentfally lov oxygen content; 

8. Data required from blologlcal collections: 

1. Species, number, length, weight, and age group (young of 

the year, yearlings, or adults) collected from the 

screens or reprrsentatlve subsamples vhen numbers c3f 

lndivldual species collected are very large. Subsasp. . :I.: 

approaches should be approved In advance by the Agec~:;; 

2. Representative samples of each species for determination 

of sex and breedlng condltlon; 

3. Numbers of naturally occurring dead fish In the area 

ahead of the lntake screening system should be estimated; 

and 

4. Perlodlcally conduct a test to determine the recovery 

rate of flsh impinged on the screen. This can be done 

by splklng the screen vLth tagged dead flsh and determlnlng the proportlon that are recovered Ln the screen 

backvash slulcevay. 

Sampling Program - Entrainment 

The follovlng soctlon describes invest lgatlons necessary to 

drtermlne effects of entralnmant of phytoplankton, zooplankton. 

benthos, fish , and shellfish at exfstlng cooling vater intakes. 

Such studles should generally concentrate on f lsh and shellf lsh 

unless the phytoplankton, zooplankton, or benthos are uniqllcll/ 

important at the site in question. 
Flsh and !leroplankton 

The potent la1 for damage to f lsh or sht?llflsh populat Lens bv 

entrainment depends on the number of organisms that pass through 

the condenser system and on condltlons experienced during passage. 

Overall objectives of the study are to determine the spe~lt?s 

and numbers of flsh and shellf lsh eggs and larvae dravn intc 

and discharged from the cooling systems and, if necessary, 

determlne the lmmedlate and delayed effects of cooling system 

passage on these organisms. 

A pump system Is acceptable as the primary sampling method, 

provided It does not damage fragfle organisms, and pumps are 

easier to automate and quantify than systems In vhlch sampling 

IS done vlth nets suspended In the cooling vater flov. 

Dlel sampling 1s recommended because the numbers of organisms. 

ttvrn in areas known to be good spavnlng and nursery areas, 

typically have lov concentrations, and thelr dlstrlbutlon in t lme 

and space 1s usually either changing rapidly or patchy as a result 

of natural condltlons. Therefore, adequate representat ion of these 

organisms can usually only be obtalned vlth continuous sampling 

throughout a dlel cycle. 

The actual volume of vater to be pumped to provide an adequate 

sample 1s dependent on the densities of flsh eggs and larvae in 

the vater surroundlng the cooling system lntake structure. The 

sample volume should therefore be detennlned based on the least 

dense species of concern. If no a prlorl source water drnslty 

data exists, then as large a sample volume as can be handled vLl1 

be necessary. Once lnformation 1s developed on the least 

detectlble denslty for species of concern, sample volumes may be 

adjusted accordingly. Thls point fs extremely crltlcal to 

acceptance of the resulting data, If the sample volume 1s too 

small the study vlll be blased and show fever organlsms involved 

vlth the structure than actually exfst. 

Sample locations In the Intake system should be located immediatelv 

ahead of the lntake screens and. when less than 100 percent mortality 

lr aesuaed, at a suitable polnt ln the discharge system. When 

leer than 100 percent is assumed, samples at lntake and dlschargr 

should be from the same water mass. At each locat Ion ant! sampling 

point should be located near the surface, one near the bottom, and 

one at mid-depth. If unlfom organlsm dlstrlbution can be demonstrated, one sampling depth may suffice. 

Sampling should normally be conducted continuously at a frequency 

(e.g., every fourth day of plant operation) allowing the estlmatlon 

of annual numbers of organisms vlth a 95 percent confidence interval 

which 1s + 50X. ?lore frequent sampling may be desirable dur lng 
-4 3- 

peak spawning seasons. Sampling should 1 ontfnue over at least 

one year. Sampling In subsequent years may be deemed necessary 

based on the results of the first year of study. 

Macrolnvertebrates 

The primary concern regarding the effect5 of entrainment on macrolnvertebrates As-does entrainment affect the rates of mortality, 

growth or reproduct Lon? Specific objectives are to detenlne the 

kinds and numbers of organlsms entrained, ta assess the effect of 

entrainment on their survival and reproduction, and to describe the 

seasonal and diurnal patterns of entrainment, Pumped samples are 

acceptable provided the pump does not damage fragile organlsms. X 

pump which oil1 transfer small fish without harm 1s often satisfactory for rooplankton and benthos. Non-toxic material should be 

used throughout the sampling system. 

Nets used to concentrate zooplankton and benthos from the pumped 

sample should be metered. or the pumping rate should be tlmed to 

provide an accurate determlnatlon of the volume flltered. Samples 

should be taken fn duplicate. Xf no vertical stratlflcatlon of 

organisms le documented, duplicate mid-depth or duplicate lntegrated 

samples may be taken. 

Sampling sites should be establlshed in the forebay, lamedlately 

ahead of the traveling screens, and aa close as posslble to the 

point of discharge. 

Samples should be carefully concentrated in non-toxic containers 

and inspected microscopically for mortallty and damage as soon as 

possible after collection, 

Samples should be collected in the forebay and at the discharge 

during a 24-hour period at least monthly. Duplicate samples should 

be taken every 3 to 4 hours during the 24 hour survey. 

Phytoplankton 

Phytoplankton are susceptible co entrainment and possible damage 

in cooling water systems such that rates of mortality, growth, 

reproduction, and primary production are affected. Studies to 

dete-he those effects should lnvolve microscopic examination, 

Yssuruent of chlorophyll concentrations, measurement of 

r&tee of primary production, and observations of cell growth 

and division. In most cases, effects are of short duration 

and confined to a relatlveiy small portion of the water body 

segment. Phytoplankton, however, should not be dismlssed 

from consideration wlthouc a prelfmlnary assessment of 

uniqueness or special importance of the species’ assemblage at 

any particular site. Special sampling methodology can be 

found in reference 20. 
Looplankton 

Zooplankton sampllnc vi11 generally be directed towards detcrllnatl:,n of entrainment impact by an lnt,lke structure. ;: (1 r-lplanictrrn .lre essent i;llly #nlcroscoplc animals suspcndcd in \J:tt(*r 

vith near-neutral huoyjncy. Hcca~~sc nf thrlr l)t1~3icnl ct!,~r ICterlst its, most arc 1ncap;lble of sust.llned mobilttv tn Jir(‘(‘t L~II+ 

agdtnsr water flow and drift passively in cl112 rurrc’lics. 

tn mnst cases, intake effects Jrti of relatively stlort C!IIC.IC ic)n 

and confined tn a relat tvely smilll port ion of the water beady 

segment because of short lift span and regcnerat Lve cap,?citv. 

Znoplaniton, tlouever, should nnt he dismissed fron cnnsijcr.Lt ~~‘9 

without a preliminary assessment of the importance or unlqcr<~ncs~ 

of the species’ assemblage at the site. 

I. Follorup 5tudies 

A follow-up monitoring program Is also necessary at existing 

plants to determine whether the approved intake in fact 

minimltes environmental impact. In cases uhere an exlsttng 

intake has been approved, lt wuld bc expected that the monicoring proWram could be on A reduced level fron that noted above. 

Hoveve r , where signlf tcant changes in tntakc locatton, design. 

cnnstructlon, capacity, or operatton have taken ptace, .-I pr~~gram 

comparable to the pre-operational nne shauld be fnlloved. 
-45-

XII. IMPACT ASSESSMENT

The goal of impact assessment is to analyze and reduce biological

survey data to a form easily conceptualized and understood in the context of best available technology to minimize adverse environmental

impact of intake structure location, design, construction, and capacity.

The following approaches are suggested for use, although their application will not be appropriate in each case:

1. Biostatistical Analyses

In general, the minimum reduced raw sample data should include

the arithmetic mean, the standard error (or the standard

deviation), and the sample size from which these calculations

were made.

If a large number of measurements or counts of a variable

(e.g., species) are made, the data may be summarized as a

frequency distribution. The form or pattern of a frequency

distribution is given by the distribution in numerical

form (as in a frequency table). However, the data is more

clearly evident in a diagram such as a histogram (i.e., a

graph in which the frequency in each class is represented

by a vertical bar). The shape of a histogram describes the

underlying sampling distribution. Known mathematical frequency distributions may be used as models for the populations

sampled in the study, and the frequency distributions from

samples may be compared with expected frequencies from known

models.

The spatial distribution of individuals in a population

can be described in quantitative terms. In general, three

basic types of spatial distribution have been described.

They are: a random distribution, a regular or uniform

distribution, and a contiguous or aggregated distribution.

The spatial dispersion of a population may be determined

by the relationship between the variance and the mean, as

well as by other methods. In a random distribution, the

variance is equal to the mean. The variance is less than

the mean in a uniform distribution, and it is greater than

the mean in a contiguous distribution. In general, a

Poisson distribution is a suitable model for a random

distribution, a positive binomial is an approximate

model for a uniform distribution, and a negative binomial

is probably the most often used, among possible models, for

a contiguous distribution.

Temporal and spatial changes in density can be compared

statistically. Significance tests for comparisons of

groups of data may be parametric when the distributions of

the parent populations are known to be normal, or nearly

normal, from previous experience or by deduction from the

samples. Often, non-normal data may be transformed into

data suitable for such testing. Otherwise, non-parametric

tests for significance should be applied.
-46-

2. Predictive Biological Models

Models used to simulate currents (circulation models) and the

dispersion of constituents (concentration models) are becoming

more available for use in assessing impact. These models,

when soundly-based conceptually, can usually be verified against

hydrographic data and, therefore, represent an important tool for

considering the influence of a power plant on its surroundings.

Diverse population and community models can be developed, but

the assumptions on which they are based are difficult to test

and the parameters difficult to estimate. Some important

parameters depend on long time series of data (tens of years)

and no level of effort can offset the requirement of time.

These problems with biological models can sometimes be overcome

by making “worse case” assumptions and estimates, but this

course may tend to produce a plethora of models indicating

potential disaster. Nevertheless, models are a means of

integrating the available information and the subjective

underlying assumptions about a problem in order to produce

the most rational answer based on the inputs. In this regard,

some models way serve an important rule in assessing impact.

As previously noted, hydrodynamic models in theory can he used

to predict the source of water drawn through a power plant

intake structure. This is done by simulating the movement of

drifters or the dispersion of a constituent originating at a

particular point in the area modeled. The simulation is carried

nut for sufficient time for most of the material to be transported

to the point of the assumed intake structure where it is considered entrained, or for the material to be transported sufficiently far away from the intake structure so that it has little

chance of future entrainment. This procedure must be repeated

(or performed simultaneously) for numerous constituent origins

and for numerous initial flow or tidal conditions. These

results will provide isopleths of entrainment probabilities

surrounding a proposed intake structure. The isopleths can

be compared with the biological value zone to assure that the

plant will not draw a high percentage of entrainable organisms

from highly productive areas. Various intake locations may be

considered to minimize impact. In practice, it might be very

expensive to calculate the probability of entrainment isopleths

(source area) of an intake structure because a large area may

have to be modeled and considerable computer time expended.
-4 iFor a glvrn (:t ltL~:al aguat lc organism, 1 I may be poeslblr to use 

hydrodynamic modeLa to ttstlmatt! the percc nt reduction tn annual 

recruitment resulting from entraLnment ot pelagic early Life 

stages, Uhen the source of pelagic eggs and/or larvae fs knovn, 

the dleperslon of thls blologlcal naterial around the study area 

and the consumption by a plant Intake may be simulated, Lndlcatlng 

the reduction In recruttment that ~111 result. Xn this procedure, 

entralrunent mortality Is separated from natural mortality. If 

natural mortality Is drnslty dependent, the impact of power plant 

entrainment vi11 be overestimated or underestimated vhen entralnment mortality 1s estlmated separately from natural nortallty. 

The method described above for estimating the reduction Ln 

recruitment resulting from entrainment can only be applied, as 

stated, for closed systems. For the more common sttuat ion vhrrc! 

some larvae are dlspersed out of the modeled study area (area 

for vhlch clrculatlon and dlsperslon is simulated) addltlonal 

aseumptlons are requlred. If It Is reasonable to assume that 

once organleme have been transported out of the modeled study 

area they have a Lov probability of contributing to support of 

the adult populatlon of the study area. Then the dispersion 

of organisma around the study area for a period of time equal 

to the length of the species’ vulnerable pelagic phase can be 

simulated vlth and vlthout the entrainment lmpacr of a simulated 

pover plant. By comparing the number of organisms remalnlng 

In the 8re8, the reduction In recruitment to later stages of 

the life cycle may be estimated. This approach vas used in 

reference 21. The approach lgnorrs tht! posslb Le Lmpact of a 

reduction in the number of organlsms dlspcrsed outslde the 

modeled study area and other supporting pllpul:ltions. 

For open systems vhere peleglc entrainable orEanlsms are dlspersed 

out of a modeled study area, it 1s often necessary to consfder the 

effect of a plant on biological material transported across the 

model boundarier 8nd lnco the system. If sufi iclent lnformatlon 

18 available, the concentration of organisms .lt the boundaries may 

be lnput to the model aa boundary conditions. Again, the sltuatlon vlth and vithout a plant intake could be simulated and the 

number or organisms remalnlng tn the modeled study area could be 

compared in order to derive an estimate of thr reduction In recrultment. The reduction in recruitment ~111 clhange 89 the 

population of the modeled study area 1s reduced and becomes more 

dependent on the input of biological material 3crosa the boundaries. 

Hydrodynamic models 8re of little value for predicting the 

entrapment-impingement mortality rate suf feretl by populet ions. 

In the case of separate but eimilar Lntakes, ~hts rate can be 

estlcaated after one Is operational. Results m,ly then be 

extrapolated to e8cimate the lmpact of additional Intakes. 

Predictive model8 for entrapment-impingement *trt! under development but have not yet been validated. 
-i,HSUC+ simulations reqllire knowledge 111 t\le life tahlc i(lr tllc 

species being considered. I.ifc table infor-nat ion for some 

species may be based on the literature. It my St2 pnss ible 

to supplement thls information vlth kncwledac Kained from 

f ielzi stud fes. The age-(or length-) fecundity functinn 

and the egg production-recruitment relationship nllst also 

be knovn. The latter may hc of three foras: (1) recrultmcnc 

as a line;lr function nf egg prodtlctlon, (2) rrcry;t!fn,tra;jj 

a density dcpcndent function of egR product ion, 

recrul tment independent of egg product inn. The clloice of CIIL* 

appropriate egg production-recruitment relatlnnship and 

estimation of parameters must be based on ttlc available 

hlstorlcal information on the spcc tes. At ledst twenty yedrs 

of data Is probably required to make such a dcclsion. In trlv 

absence of enough data, the assumption of a linear egg production-recruitment relatlnnshlp 1s appropriate. Yote that for 

a linear egg productlon-recruitment model, there 1s only J 

single equllibrilrm condition, and any plant related <Tortallty is Likely to disturb this equilibrium. 

If the populatton 1s not isolated, cxcllange with clthcr 

pnpulatlons may be modeled. The results of mark dnd recapture 

experiments may be useful for estlmatlng exchanp,e rates. 
-49- 

3. 

I‘hc aratlltrds for a~sscsslnx impact described in this sect:on 

are uscflll but of unkuoun validity. ‘lost ,~sscssmcnts hasc!. 

on biolS3K;fcal nodcls hnve :iet to be f ictd verif icd. ;)cv t’ 1.3,1- 

ment n! predictive nodels for .Isscssing impact sllrwld bc 

encouraF;ed but only Jftcr full cnnstderatinn of the diff icult tes involved, the cxpcnsic compared to the reltabllity of 

results, and tile dangers of .I “worst case” analysis. 

Community Response Para3cters 

The populations of all spec Les tn a given area or voltlne 

are defined as ;1 cnm~unlty. Although the term “c(~nmIInIty” 

is considered ;1 useful concept tn dellncat lng tllc group of 

interactlnc spccics In nn area, it is believed to be a 

subjcctlvc entity. Thus, for speclf lc stlrdles 3nc tests 

0f hypothesis, the composltlon of the com‘lunity rnilst bc 

strictly dcftncd. 

(ommuntt~ rtlsponsc p~ra~ncters, such as changes ln structure, 

llave snnet imes been studied and cst imated by certain mt11t ivariate clnssif icatton techniques. Va r ioIls measures of 

spccles diversity trr assnclatlnn cncfflcicnts have also 

been employed LO ne.isure connunity response to perturbat Inns. 

In estim;rting ccwiunlty dlversity, tile 3nc)st widely used 

indices .ire ttlose based nn information tlleory. l&en tlrc 

sample of species’ ahuntianccs may IJC cnnsidercd randnnly t.iAen 

f ran an eccll(Tgical cnnnu~~ity or subcnrlnllnity, tllc Slbannr>ll 

index (also referr4 tn as tile Shannon-Wiener or Shannon 

Ueaver Index) mdy bc cased. If the sample may not be 

considered a randiw set of species’ abundances taken frcln ,I 

LarKer spec its’ aF:r,rcj:.it ion I3f interest, ttlen tllc Rri 1 Irwin 

Etther index may be cnnputed vith 

conputat Index sh”ul’ be ““‘~~ .Ind, in either case the logarithmic ional ease * 

base clscd must bc stilted. 

Tllc sl\ortccrmin,:s of a11 exist Lng indices of spr’cies’ divrrstty and the biolnglcal phcnnncna which nay influcance 

thcsc vcl111es sttould be recognized. References 2H, 29, nnd 

30 should he cnnsulted for further exolanation of diversity indices and thctr utility. 

For the purposes at Il;lnd, the phrase “classiflcatinn nf 

commun i t ies” is util tzed for prwesses chat snrt species 

into groups, and it incllrdes both discriminat Lnn -2nd 

clustering. In gcnerdl, discriminatinn tcchnlqws 

begin uittl a priori cnnceptuaL disttncttnns nr with data 
-5odlvlded fnto a priori groups. Then one should proceed to 

develop rules uhlch separate data Lnto these a prior1 categories. 

Clustering techniques, on the other hand, use a priori selection 

of a measure of sLmllar!ty, a criterion, and a class description 

to flnd Inherent emplrfcal structure In data, i.e., clusters. 

Clustering does not use an externally supplied label and lnvolv~s 

ffnding derived data groups vhlch are Internally slmflar. h 

good rcvlev and summary of various dlscrlmlnatlon and clustering 

procedures is provlded in reference 31. 

The aquatic environment can often be stratified In some vay, 

such as by depth, substrate composltlon, etc. It is suggested 

that such stratification be done and that tables shoving the 

frequency, or dens lty, of each species at each environmental 

stratum be compiled. These tables are anaji)gous to the distribution cumes made In a gradtent analysis, L and are considered a natural and useful description for species assoclatlon 

data. It 1s suggested that these tables be the basis for 

certain multlvarlate methods of data analysis for spatial 

and temporal varlabtlLty, such as cononlcal variate analysis 

described in reference 33. In addition, for these data which 

now contain a prior1 groupings, the linear dlscrlminant funct lon 

may also be successfully utlllzed for testfng the differences 

among environmental strata uslng multiple measurement or counting 

data. 

4. BLologlcal Value Concept 

The concept of establishing relatlve biological value zones 

In the water body segment lmpactrd by a cooling water Intake 

structure could be a useful approach in determfning best 

technology available for intake design, location, and operation 

to minimize adverse environmental impact. The principal use 

of thls concept Is In delfneating the optimal location ulthln 

the vater body for mlnlmum Lmpact on the biota potentially 

involved with the speclflc intake structure. 

The ersence of thls concept is ln establishing blologlcal value 

of various zones for the water body segment (or other deflned 

area) uithln vhlch the intake structure is to be located. A 

judgment of value 1s made for the representative important 

species considering type of involvement with the tntake (entrapment, impingement, entrainment) and the numbers of each vhfch 

are adversely Impacted. Results are summed up by species, 

seaeonally or annually, and represented by graphical means to 

depict areas of the vater body highly important to the species 

and, conversely, areas of low relatLve value, thus potentially 

favorable lntake structures. 
-5lYettlodology. The frill louinK ?letilodoln<y for asinK the !IA,?! . .;:.li 

value cnncept 1s based on :let!lods devel.>I‘c*,! and ut ilizcc ;q 

connt~n~ty plannin,: studies JS descrlbcd in rrfercnrc I&. 

I’se of ttlc SInlogical VJIJC cnncept vould req”irt? .~ccept~r~~:c a\t 

the rc.l~on;Ibleness of sever.11 basic premises: 

1. T11cr~* are areas of Jlf ferent cnnccnt r It ions of rcpreschnt.1: LV,: 

1npt)rtant species vithin tllc vatcr body scgmcnt conprt+tn): 

potent i,ll sites for an intake structure. 

2. .\rcas of hlnlogicnl concentrations c-an hc cxprc1sscc :Y tt:r,‘\ 

of rclat ive value to perpetuiit ton 0i rcprcscrltac ivy- in;:~lrL.:*:l 

species PopulJt tnns in ttle vatrr body scp,,ment. 

I. The arca ni zone of least bioloRica1 valrle, expressed in 

rc!;lt ive terns of pnpulatlnn densities, would bc t!lc I~~~LTII 

It,cat ion fnr 3n fntake structllre In order to redlIce .I(Ivcrsc 

env i ronnen tJ 1 impact . 

This Ls not a preclsc method bec.:.lse cjf inexactness of different lat tng rclnt lve value between spcc Lcs Jnd diff lcul ties in 

comparing importance of loss betveen eggs, larvae, ,lnd Jdults. 

4ls0, Lt Is ‘lssumed that tile adverse impact on the populatL;lns 

of critical squat tc organisms 1s significant to some drL;ree .~nd 

tticreforc, tt Ls cJesirahle to minimize tllis impact, thus ,:lvini: 

importance, to best available intake locations. 

If one CJII determine that one spccles is more important than 

annti\er, one can vcigh it in some way. tf not, least cclnccnt r.ttions of crft lcal squat Lc nrganisms in any one location lnqic,ltc 

its intrinsic sultabtlity for lntake structure location. 3- 

A step-by-step procedure could include: 

1. Select crit tcol aquatic organisms; and 

2. Divide water body segment into spatial cclnpartments (USC 

hydrological model). 

For each species and spatlal compartment: 

1. netermine life stages potentially involved with intake 

and type of involvement (entrapment, imptngement, entrainmerit); 

2. Estimate numbers of organisms involved at reprrscntat tvc 

times during the annual nperat fan cycle; 
-52- 

3. Estlmatc numbers nf those involved CIIJ~ are L&,sc (deter-;:c 

percent survival or .lortallty of those entrained or ~nplll't-~) 

on .lrl annual basts; 

4. h:sC imate conversion rat ins to express t*zf,:s .IIIL~ I.lrv.lk* IS)51 

tn terms nf ntlmber of adults (tl~is Is a VJ~IIC Jtddj;ment ,inll 

assumes the 109s of clne cgt; is nnt a5 fTnportanc co sibrvlv.ii 

nf the species as tile loss nf an .idllI c) .; 

5. Develop CIIC data matrix fnr cnnstructinn nI t11c biol~~lIc.~l 

value level nverlay charts (Table I); 

6. CofIStrUCt cran.Spdrent IWCr1JyS for ea-Icfl SpCCicS IJn Ctl;lrc Vf 

vater body segment. Areas nf different impact An trr’ns \lf 

nrganisms lost due tn involvement witli tllc intake scrtlCt44rc* 

could be color-coded; e.c., areas nf -747st val11f2 could bc J,lrr 

gray; areas of lc;lst value, clear. r,cnrrA 1 Iy, tlirre lrve lD 

nf v3lue vfll sufflcc; 

7. Superimpose overlays for (111 reprcscntat ive important spcc 1~s 

on chart to obtain cnmpositive value, indicated by relative 

color, fnr all spatial compartments in the vacer body 

segment; and 

3. Analyze graphic display of relatlvc value snd identify 

light-toned areas as most favorable tntake sites, heavy 

areas as least favorable. 

The methodology is intended to be flexible. Var inus sriarlcs 

of different colors could indicate cnmparative value bctueen 

selected species or variations Ln density vitll depth. ThC 

value grades could bc expressed in terms of their rel.xtinn 

to pnpulat tons nf critical aquactc organisms ln tile overall vntcr 

body to provide insight on importance of the spccif ic scy,mcnt 

studies to the vhole system. 

The biological value concept for analyzing survey data in tVlc 

determlnat ion of best technology avai Lahlc tn 3inirniae advcrsc 

environmental impact appears to liave ttic principal appt Ication ii 

sclcctlnn nf the minimal imact zones for lncatlng tllc intal;c 

stfuc Cure. The usability nf tile cnnccpt is, of course, dSlt.jdependent. As noted, it 1s not preclsc, but at least incc~raccs 

multiple factors and presents a defined inllic;ltion of suirahilit:d 

fOt locatton of an intake structure Ln the affected vater body 

segment. 

Three-dimensinnal computer graphic cectlniques can also be 

portray spatial and temporal distrlbue ion nf hinln~ic.11 
-53- 

Time-series graphs can be useful in depictfng the dynamic 

nature of occurrence and abundance of a designated species 

during the annual operating cycle of the intake structure. 

The principal application would appear to be ln the determination of the optimal location of the intake structure. 

Also, graphic representations of the biologically predicted 

mathematical model output could aseist fn more clearly 

depicting intake structure impact on populatfona of Representative Important Species (RIS). 
-54- 

TAB1.E I 

FiXAWLE nATA HATRIX 

(SPECIES 1) 

DATA SHEET 

(SPATIAL CWWARTHFXT [A] ) 

I I 

f Lost I 

1 Numbers i Calculated F.quiva- I Value 

I 

TYPE Organism Involved (If assumed other 

OF I I than 100 2) I l.ost I lent Adult Loss 1 Gr.4de 

INVOLVEMENT 1 

I ERRS 1 Larvae 1 Adult ! Eggs I Larvae I Adult IL.1 L.1 A i E. IL. IA. 1 Total iI. II, III i 

t I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I 

f I I I I 1 

II 1 I 

Entrapment 

I 1 1 I 

I I I I I 

I 

Implnjiemcnt I I I I 

I 

I I I I I 

I 

I 

I I I 1 I I I 

Entrainment I I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I 

1 I I 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 

I 

Total Effect/ ! 1 I I 1 

I I I I I 

1; /I I1 I 

I 

I I 

I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 
-55-

XIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The concept of a 316(b) Technical Guidance Manual was initiated

by an interagency working group comprised of James Truchan, Michigan

Department of Natural Resources; Howard McCormick and Alan Beck, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency; and Phillip Cota, U.S. Nuclear

Regulatory Commission. The first draft of the Manual was completed

in December 1975, followed by a revised version in April 1976.

The Manual in its present form is the product of the following

individuals who provided comments and assistance: James Truchan and

Robert Courchalne. Michigan Department of Natural Resources;

W. Lawrence Ramsey, Maryland Department of Natural Resources; Allan

Reck, Alan Seers, William Brungs, Stephen Bugbee, William Jordan,

Tom Larsen, Harvey Lunenfeld, Howard McCormick, Gary Milburn, Eric

Schneider, and Lee Tebo, U.S. Environmental Protectinn Agency;

Thomas Cain, Phillip Coca, Bennett Harless, and Michael Masnik,

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Agency; Philllp Goodyear, Mark Maher,

and Roy Irwin, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; William Anderson II,

Hunton, Williams, Gay & Gibson; J. Roy Spradley, Jr., National

Association of Electric Companies, Charles Coutant; Oak Ridge National

Laboratories; Rajendra Sharma, Argonne Laboratories, Saul Saila,

University of Rhode Island, George Mathiessen, Marine Research Inc.;

and Gerald Zar, Northern Illinois University.

Special acknowledgment goes to Howard Zar, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, who was responsible for reviewing and incorporating

comments received into this Manual.

Overall coordination and preparation of this Manual was done

by the Industrial Permits Branch, Permits Division, Office of

Enforcement, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
-56-

XIV. LITERATURE CITED

1. Schubel, J..R. 1975. Some comments on the thermal effects of

power plants on fish eggs and larvae. In: Proceedings, Fisheries

and Energy Production, A Symposium. Saul B. Saila, Ed. D.C.

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