# APPENDIX D

Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle

1997 Annual PM 2.5 

# NAAQS Nonattainment Area s



# Emissions Inventor y Using MOVES2010a

Technical Support Document Mobile Source Highway Emissions Inventory

Executive Summary

J anuary 20 1 3 Prepared for:

Mobile Sources Section, Bureau of Air Quality Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

PO Box 8468 Harrisburg, PA 17105

- 8468

Prepared by:

Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.

1304 Concourse Drive Linthicum, MD 21090

410

- 689

- 3400

### Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area : Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Executive Summary

J anuary 20 1 3



# Exhibit of Contents

SUMMARY

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 1

R EVISED E MISSIONS I NVENTORY

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 1

A NALYSIS M ETHODOLOGY

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 2

DATA SOURCES AND ANA LYSIS TOOLS

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 4

A NALYSIS T OOLS

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 4

T RAFFIC D ATA S OURCE /F LEET D ATA I NPUTS

................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 5

T RAFFIC G ROWTH A SSUMPTIONS

................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 6

V EHICLE P OPULATION G ROWTH A SSUMPTIONS

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 7

I/M AND F UEL P ARAMETERS

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 8

M ETEOROLOGY D ATA

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 9

V EHICLE T ECHNOLOGY P ROGRAMS

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 9

RESOURCES

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 10



# List of Exhibit s

E XHIBIT 1: S UMMARY OF A PPENDICES

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 1

E XHIBIT 2: M OTOR V EHICLE E MISSIONS U SING MOVES2010 A

................................ ................................ .................... 1

E XHIBIT 3: S UMMARY OF A NALYSIS T OOLS

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 4

E XHIBIT 4: PPSUITE P ROCESS

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 5

E XHIBIT 5: VMT G ROWTH A SSUMPTIONS

................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 7



# Summary of Appendices

Appendix D

- 1: Mobile Source Highway Emissions Inventory

– An Explanation of Methodology

Appendix D

- 2: Emission Results for PM2.5 (PM2.5, PM10, VOC, CO, NOx, SO2, NH3)

(By Year, Road Type

, Source Type and Process )

Appendix D

- 3 : MO VES Sample Input FilesHarrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory : Executive Summary 1



# SUMMARY

This technical appendix supports the PM 2.5 

### State Implementation Plan (SIP) for the Harrisburg

- Lebanon

Carlisle 1997 annual PM 2.5 

### NAAQS area including Cumberland , Dauphin and Lebanon counties. To meet emission inventory requirements of section 172(c)(3) of the Clean Air Act, a regional mobile source highway inventory has been prepared for direct and precursor PM 2.5 

### emissions . Emissions are estimated for the 2002, 2007, 2017 and 2025 analysis years. The pollutants included in the inventory are primary emissions (including condensibles) of PM 2.5 

### and PM 10 

### and the precursor emissions of VOC, CO, NOx,

SO 2 

### , and NH 3



### .

On March 2, 2010, EPA officially released MOVES2010a to be used for all SIP submittals and future transportation conformity analyses after a grac e period through March 2, 2012. On February 15, 2012, EPA extended the grace period to March 2, 2013

. This stat e implementation plan provides emission inventory for the 2002, 2007, 2017 and 2025 analysis years using MOVES2010a

.

Appendix D has been provided to summarize the methodology and analysis results for the motor vehicle

emissions inventory. To complement t his executive summary, attachments have been provided with additional detail regarding the analysis methodology, the MOVES input parameters, and the output vehicle miles of travel ( VMT ) and emission results for the region . These include:



### Exhibit 1 : Summary of Appendices

Appendix Title Description

D

- 1 Explanation of Methodology Provides a detailed summary of the methodology used to

calculate the VMT and emissions.



### D

- 2 ( 

### PM 2.5 

### , PM 10 

### ,V OC, CO, NOx,

SO 2 

### , and NH 3 )

Emission Results Provides annual emission exhibits by county, road type

, source type and process categories in 200 2, 2007, 2017

and 20 25.



### D

- 3 MOVES Sample

Input File Provides examples of the MOVES input files.



## Revised Emissions Inventory

A summary of the motor vehicle emissions for the Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Area is provided in

Exhibit 2 including the individual county emissions and the nonattainment area total

. The emission estimates for all pollutants have been developed using the MOVES2010a emission model an d latest planning assumptions. Emissions have been estimated for 2002 , 2007, 2017 and 20 25

.



### Exhibit 2 : Motor Vehicle Emissions Using MOVES2010 a

( Short Tons/Year

)Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory : Executive Summary 2

Pollutants /

Year PM 2.5 PM 10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Cumberland

2002 456.90 517.15 3,938.99 56,428.72 14,483.42 293.59 154.22

2007 377.83 438.64 3,116.34 39,981.57 10,797.04 72.67 138.61

2017 163.11 227.72 1,638.84 25,808.30 4,847.75 26.16 103.24

2025 117.31 201.66 1,067.92 22,871.45 3,308.11 28.93 104.77

Dauphin

2002 402.36 465.31 4,160.08 59,314.05 13,106.01 275.82 170.53

2007 331.08 392.14 3,535.94 44,400.01 9,814.09 72.29 150.31

2017 154.42 222.22 1,891.44 28,662.68 4,503.85 26.70 109.06

2025 121.68 218.03 1,238.38 25,035.11 3,077.25 29.68 110.03

Lebanon

2002 193.88 218.87 1,841.30 25,183.50 6,233.98 124.45 64.96

2007 157.35 182.70 1,567.63 18,635.67 4,582.70 30.50 58.17

2017 66.47 91.90 838.94 11,455.64 2,047.17 10.75 42.18

2025 45.07 74.01 521.27 9,811.23 1,314.13 11.31 40.98

Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle 1997 Annual PM 2.5 NAAQS Nonattainment Area

2002 1,053.15 1,201.32 9,940.38 140,926.26 33,823.42 693.85 389.72

2007 866.25 1,013.48 8,219.91 103,017.25 25,193.83 175.46 347.10

2017 384.00 541.84 4,369.22 65,926.62 11,398.77 63.60 254.47

2025 284.06 493.70 2,827.57 57,717.78 7,699.49 69.92 255.78



## Analysis Methodology

Guidance documents from EPA were used to develop the base and future year emissions inventories for

the Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area . They include:

 Policy Guidance on the Use of MO VES2010 for SIP Development, Transportation Conformity

, and Other Purposes

, US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA

- 420

- B

- 09

- 046, December 2009

.

 Technical Guidance on the Use of MO VES 20 10 for Emission Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, and Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA

- 420

- B

- 10

- 023, April

20 10

.

 Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator, User Guide f or MOVES2010a, EPA

- 420

- B

- 10

- 0 36

, August 20 10

.

The highway m obile source emission inventory was developed using available travel data and EPA’s

MOVES2010 a emission model. The methodologies used to produce the emission data conform to the recommendations pr ovided in EPA’s Technical Guidance . A mix of local data and national default (internal to MO VES 2010a ) data has been used for this submission. Local data has been used for the primary data items that have a significant impact on emissions. These include:

 Vehicle miles of travel ( VMT ) by vehicle type

.Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory : Executive Summary 3



###  Average s peed d istribution

.

 Vehicle type mixes

.

 Source t ype p opulation (for light

- duty vehicles)

.

 Vehicle age distribution

.

 Hourly distributions

.

 Meteorology data

.

 Inspection/Maintenance p rogram

.

 Fuel s upply

.

For this submission, the 2002 base year traffic data source and environmental assumptions are consistent with past analyses and submissions . For the rest of the years, m ost local data inputs to the analysis process reflect the latest planning assumpti ons based on 200 8 data obtained from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation ( PennDOT )

, the Bureau of Motor Vehicles , and other local/national

sources

. N ewer data was availa ble and was used for traffic forecast growth rates

, control strategies (e.g

. Inspection

- Maintenance programs) , vehicle age distributions and fuel characteristics.

The analysis methodology is consistent with past statewide inventory efforts including the 200 8 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) submission. This includes the use of custom post processing software to calculate hourly speeds and prepare key traffic input files to the MOVES2010 a emission model. A detailed methodology is provided in Appendix D

- 1

. The following sections address the key input data

sources and analysis tools used for the emissions inventory for the Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Area

.Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory : Executive Summary 4



# DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS TOOLS

This section provides a summary of the key input data and analys is tools used for producing the emission s inventory. The key elements to the modeling protocol are described in the sections below. A more detailed description of the analysis process and tools is provided in the methodology report s in Appendix

D

- 1 through D

- 3

.



## Analysis Tools

The mobile vehicle emissions invent ory analysis utilizes several key software/programs for producing the county emissions totals. These tools are outlined in Exhibit 3

.



### Exhibit 3 : Summary of Analysis Tools

Tool Purpose

MO VES 2010 a Produces emission rates for primary

emissions (including condensibles) of PM 2.5 

### and PM 10 

### and the precursor emissions of VOC, CO, NOx, SO 2 

### , and NH 3



### PPSUITE Processes the highway data ; Calculates

hourly congested speeds for each state roadway segment ; Prepares MO VES 2010a input files ; Processes MO VES 2010a output
files into a summary report

.

CENTRAL Provides a batch menu driven process to

execute PPSUITE, MOVES 2010a and other

MYSQL steps.

The inventory reflects the highway mobile source emission estimations using EPA’s MO VES 2010a

emission model. EPA’s MOVES model was officially released on March 2, 2010 and was followed with

a revised versi on (MOVES2010a) in August 2010. Subsequent to the start of this analysis, EPA released a newer version, MOVES2010b, in April 2012 ; however, t he emission rates for criteria pollutants remain consistent to previous versions. The MOVES 2010a model provides a more robust estimate of emissions as compared to its predecessor MOBILE6.2. MOVES2010a has been integrated with local traffic, vehicle

fleet , environmental, fuel, and control strategy data to estimate emissions

.

PPSUITE represents an enhanced version of the Post Processor for Air Quality (PPAQ) software system that has been used for previous inventory and conformity submissions in Pennsylvani a. The software has

under gone significant revision s to ensure consistency with the MO VES 2010a . PPSUITE was used to calculate hourly congested speeds for each roadway link, apply vehicle type fractions, aggregate VMT, prepare MOVES 2010a traffic

- related in put files and process MOVES 2010a outputs

.

The PPSUITE software and process methodologies are consistent with that used for state inventories and transportation conformity analyses throughout Pennsylvania

. Exhibit 4 summarizes the key functions of

PPSUITE.Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory : Executive Summary 5



### CENTRAL is a menu

- driven software platform that execute s the PPSUITE and MOVES 2010a processes in batch mode. The software allows users to execute runs for a variety of input options and integrates custom MYSQL steps into the process. CENTRAL provides important quality control and assurance steps including file naming and storage automa tion.



## Traffic Data Source/Fleet Data Inputs

Traffic Volume Data : The PennDOT Roadway Management System (RMS) data serves as the primary highway data source for the county and functional class VMT estimates. The data source is used to provide a “snapsh ot” of the regional roadway system and traffic volumes in 2002 and 2008 (consistent with past triennial updates of traffic data). The 2008 data is also integrated with traffic signal locations. The data includes the average annual daily traffic (AADT) vol umes for all state roadways in Pennsylvania. To account for additional local roadway VMT and to ensure consistency with reported Highway Performance Monitoring System ( HPMS ) VMT totals, the V MT totals estimated from

PennDOT’s RMS are adjusted to match the annual 2002 and 2008 HPMS VMT totals respectively, as reported to FHWA. For analysis year 2007, VMT is adjusted to match the annual 2007 HPMS VMT

total.

Seasonal Adjustments : Within MOVES, annual VMT is split to monthly sub

- totals and then to weekdays a nd weekends using seasonal factors

. The monthly seasonal factors are developed from data

contained in the document s
, 200 2 Pennsylvania Traffic Data and 2008 Pennsylvania Traffic Data

, prepared by PennDOT’s Bureau of Planning and Research (BPR). The seasonal and daily factors provided in this document are based on statistical analyses of 2002 and 2008 traffic counts taken at permanent and in

- pavement ATR (automatic traffic recorder) loc ations throughout the state. 

### Exhibit 4 : PPSUITE ProcessHarrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory : Executive Summary 6



### Congested Speeds : B ased on the average annual daily traffic, a single set of hourly speed distributions are estimated by the PPSUITE post processing system and input to MOVES. To disaggregate the daily RMS volumes to hourly vo lumes, auto and truck hourly pattern data from PennDOT’s 2002 Pennsylvania Traffic Data and 200 8 Pennsylvania Traffic Data report s are used to determine the tempora l variations in

traffic volumes

.

Vehicle Population : Vehicle population is a key input that has an important impact on start and evaporative emissions. MOVES 2010a requires the number of vehicles by 13 source types to determine evaporative emissions. State 2002 and 2008 vehicle registration data (consistent with past triennial updates of traffi c data) was used to estimate vehicle population for light

- duty vehicles and school buses. The data was split to source types using MOVES 2010a default population data. For transit buses, data from PennDOT and the National Transit Database (NTD) was used t o estimate transit bus populations by
county . For all other heavy

- duty vehicles, PPSUITE calculates vehicle population based on the analysis year VMT for each source type and default MOVES 2010a ratios of VMT and source type population (e.g.

the number of m iles per vehicle by source type).

VMT by Source Type : The total VMT is disaggregated to the 13 MOVES 2010a source types. For this inventory, the vehicle mix was calculated for each county and functional class grou ping utilizing a

combination of:

 2002 and 2008 RMS truck percentages

 20 08 PennDOT and NTD transit data

 2 008 school bus registration data

EPA’s MOVES 2010a default distribution of VMT by source type was used to determine the remaining source type VMT percentages. The development of vehicle type pattern data input to the MO VES 2010a

software is described in more detail in Appendix D

- 1

.

Vehicle Age Distribution : Vehicle age distributions are required to be input by 13 source types . The distributions reflect the percentage of vehicles in the fleet up to 31 years old

. The 2002 vehicle age

distributions have been used for th e 2002 emissions inventory

. A recent 2010 registration download from

PennDOT’s Bureau of Motor Vehicles Registration Database has indicated a substantially older fleet than

recorded in the 2002

- 2008 period

. As a result, t he 2010 vehicle age distributions have been used for this inventory

. Due to insufficient data, only data for light

- duty vehicles are used as local inputs ; and heavy

duty vehicle ages are calculated using the internal MOVES 2010a defaults for each Pennsylvania County

. The registration data download is based on M OBILE6.2 vehicle categories

. T he data was converted to source types using the EPA convertor spreadsheets provided with the MOVES2010a emission mo del.



## Traffic Growth Assumptions

Traffic growth forecasting plays a pivotal role in estimating future year emissions for the region. There are many uncertainties affecting projections of traffic growth including the current economic conditions,
potent ial fuel prices, the impacts of natural gas industry activities in many counties throughout the state, and the future growth in population and employment. Growth rates for this emissions inventory were

based on an assessm ent of available data sources incl uding the regional travel model maintained by the

Tri

- County Regional Planning Commission (HATS) and PennDOT’s BPR growth rate forecasting
system

.

All SIP mobile source highway inventories include the review and assessment of county

- specific growth

rates from a Penn DOT study originally completed in 2005 and documented in the report, Statistical Evaluation of Projected Traffic Growth, Traffic Growth Forecasting System: Final Report, March 14,Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory : Executive Summary 7



### 2005

. As part of that study, a stat ewide traffic growth forecasting system was developed that incorporates

traffic data from P enn DOT’s Traffic Information System and socioeconomic forecasts. That forecasting system is maintained by the PennDOT BPR and is updated on a periodic basis. This system was last updated in December of 2009 to develop new statistical relationships between historic VMT growth and population (thru 2008). The forecast population was estimated from the Woods and Poole data “2010
State Profile”. The results of the stud y have been shared between P enn DOT, PaDEP, and other Interagency Consultation Group members

, including the P ennsylvania Transportation

- Air Quality Work Group ( which also includes EPA, FHWA, and representatives from larger MPOs within the state )

.

The gro wth rates from the PennDOT BPR forecasting sy s tem are evaluated against other available data including travel model growth and other insights. For the development of MVEBs, upper estimates of the VMT growth range are used for the forecast analyses. From an air quality perspective, the use of the upper boundary is conservative, and provides for factors outside P enn DOT or PaDEP control (e.g., potential socio

- economic growth above current forecasts, fleet age distributions, vehicle type distribution)

that in fluence motor vehicle emissions. Exhibit 5 summarizes the assumed projected growth of VMT for future analysis years in the 

### Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area

.



### Exhibit 5 : VMT Growth Assumptions

Analysis

Year Total Growth

from 200 2 Annualized Growth Rate

from Previous Year

Cumberland

2002

---- ---- 2007 5.3% 1.1%

2017 25.8% 1.7%

2025 49.7% 2.2% Dauphin

2002

---- ---- 2007 3.4% 0.7%

2017 22.7% 1.5%

2025 44.2% 1.9%

Lebanon

2002

---- ---- 2007 5.3% 1.1%

2017 23.6% 1.6%

2025 43.3% 1.9%



## Vehicle Population Growth Assumptions

Vehicle population growth forecasting plays a n important key role in determining emissions for future

year s for the region . For this inventory, v ehicle population was forecasted considering the growth from

three different sources:

 Household growth

 Population Growth

 VMT Growth

The household and population data w ere obtained from the PennDOT study documented in the report as discussed above, Statistical Evaluation of Pr ojected Traffic Growth, Traffic Growth Forecasting System: Final Report, March 14, 2005

. The forecast household and population w ere estimated from the Woods
and Poole data “2010 State Profile”. The final growth rate was calculated assuming the highest gr owthHarrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory : Executive Summary 8



### rate of household and population data but then limiting it to the VMT growth rate

. This methodology has been used for past conformity analyses and has been accepted using the interagency consultation process ( Pennsylvania Air Quality Workgroup ).



## I/M and Fuel Parameters

I/M Program: The i nspection m aintenance (I/M) program inputs to the MO VES 2010a model are based on past and current programs within each county (all Pennsylvania I/M programs are based on county boundaries). All analysis year s include Pennsylvania’s statewide program

. The MOVES 2010a model

ha s simplified the I/M program input parameter s compared to MOBILE6.2

. The default I/M program parameters included in MOVES 2010a were examined for each county and necessary changes made to th e defaults to match the actual local program.

In order to assure that emission controls are working properly, vehicle inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs have been adopted in some nonattainment areas. These programs have the added benefit of improv ing the fuel efficiency of vehicles

. The Pennsylvania inspection and maintenance (I/M) program was upgraded and expanded throughout the state with a phase

- in period starting in September 2003 and fully implemented by June 2004.

The program requirements vary by region (five regions) and include on

- board diagnostics (OBD) technology that uses the vehicle’s computer for model years 1996 and newer to identify potential engine and exhaust system problems that could a ffect emissions. The program, named PAOBDII, is implemented by region, as follows:

 Philadelphia Region

- Bucks, Chester, Delaware, Montgo mery and Philadelphia Counties

 Pittsburgh Region

- Allegheny, Beaver, Washin gton and Westmoreland Counties

 South Central and Lehigh Va lley Region

- Berks, Cumberland, Dauphin, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lehigh, Northampton and York Counties

 North Region

- Blair, Cambria, Centre, Erie, Lackawanna, Luzerne , Lycoming, and Mercer

Counties

The OBDII program is implemented in Philadelphia and Pittsb urgh along with tailpipe (idle in Pittsburgh and idle and ASM in Philadelphia) and gas cap tests. Tests in other regions include:

 Subject vehicles registered in the South Central and Lehigh Valley counties receive the visual, OBD and gas cap tests.

 Subje ct vehicles registered in the North region receive a gas cap test and visual inspection.

 Subject vehicles registered in the other 42 counties (67 total counties) receive a visual inspection
as part o f the annual safety inspection.

Fuel Assumptions : The MOVES2010a default fuel formulation and fuel supply data were reviewed and updated based on available local volumetric fuel property information. The gasohol market penetration

and RVP values were updated but MOVES 2010a default data was used for the r emaining parameters. Updated assumptions included:

 Using 8.7 RVP for summer months.

 Conventional gasoline used throughout the year for analysis year s 2002

.

 32% market share of conventional gasoline and 68% market share of 10% ethanol used throughout the year for analysis year 2007

.

 10% ethanol used throughout the year for analysis year s 201 7 and 2025

.Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory : Executive Summary 9



## Meteorolog

y Data

Updated weather information has been obtained from WeatherBank, Inc. ( www.weatherbank.c om ). The

10

- year (1998

- 2008) average minimum and maximum monthly temperature and relative humidity values

were obtained for each of the 9 airport locations in Pennsylvania.

The MOVES 2010a model requires temperature and relative humidity data for each hour of the day and

for all the 12 months for the annual analysis. EPA’s data converters were used to convert minimum and maximum daily temperatures to an hourly temperature profile that could be input to MOVES 2010a

. These assumptions are consistent with the 2008 NEI inventory submission.



## Vehicle Technology Programs

Federal Programs

Current f ederal vehicle emissions control and fuel programs are incorporated into the MO VES 2010a

software. The se include the National Program standards covering model yea r vehicles through 2016. Modifications of default emission rates are required to reflect the early implementation of the National Low Emission Vehicle Program (NLEV) program in Pennsylvania. To reflect these impacts, EPA has released instructions and inp ut files that can be used to model these impacts. This inventory utilized the August 2010 version of the files ( http://www.epa.gov/oms/models/moves/tools.htm ).

State Programs

The Pennsylvania Clean Vehicles (PCV) Program, adopted in 1998, incorporated the California Low Emission Vehicle Program (CA LEVII) by reference

, although it allowed automakers to comply with the NLEV program as an alternative to this Pennsylvania program unti l MY 2006. Beginning with MY 2008, “new” passenger cars and light

- duty trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of 8,500 pounds or less that are sold or leased and titled in Pennsylvania must be certified by the California Air Resources Board (CAR B) or be certified for sale in all 50 states. For this program, a “new” vehicle is a qualified vehicle with an odometer reading less than 7,500 miles. Pa DEP and PennDOT worked with the automobile manufacturers, dealers and other interested business partne rs and finalized procedures for complying with these new requirements. DEP focus es its outreach effort with the manufacturers and

dealers regarding what vehicles can be offered for sale and how to certify that the vehicles are compliant.
PennDOT’s role i s to ensure licensing and registration records include these certifications of compliance or that the vehicle owner qualifies for an exemption to the requirements. In all cases, DEP will use information obtained during PennDOT’s title and registration proc ess to oversee and audit, as needed, certain vehicle title transactions to determine compliance to the program.

The impacts of this program are modeled for a ll analysis years beyond 2008 using the same instructions and tools as downloaded for the early NLEV analysis. EPA provided input files to reflect the CAL LEVII program. Modifications to those files were made to reflect a 2008 start date for Pennsylvania.Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Nonattainment Area Emissions Inventory : Executive Summary 10



# RESOURCES

Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator, User Guide for MOVES2010a, EPA

- 420

- B

- 10

- 036, August 2010.

Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES 20 10 for Emission Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, and Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA

- 420

- B

- 10

- 023, Apr il 2010.

200 8 Pennsylvania Traffic Data

, P enn DOT Bureau of Planning and Research, 200 8

.

Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Development, Transportation Conformity

, and Other Purposes , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA

- 420

- B

- 09

- 046, December 2009.

Instructions for Using LEV and NLEV Inputs for MOVES, US EPA, EPA

- 420

- B

- 10

- 003a, August 2010.

Statistical Evaluation of Projected Traffic Growth, Traffic Growth Forecasting System: Final Report, Michael Baker Jr., Inc., March 14, 2005.

Me trological Data from Weather Bank, Inc., www.weatherbank.com

# APPENDIX D

- 1

Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Area An Explanation of MethodologyAn Explanation of Methodology 

### Explanation of Methodology

J anuary 20 1 3



# TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 1

O VERVIEW OF E MISSIONS I NVENTORIES

................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 1

H IGHWAY V EHICLE E MISSION I NVENT ORIES

................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 1

WHERE DOES PENNSYLVA NIA OBTAIN ITS DATA?

................................ ................................ ..................... 4

S UMMARY OF MOVES I N PUTS

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 4

V EHICLE M ILES OF T RAVEL (VMT)

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 5

A DJUSTMENTS TO R OADWAY D ATA

................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 8

V EHICLE T YPE P ROCESSING

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 9

V EHICLE F LEET AND P OPULATION D ATA

................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 10

E NVIRONMENTAL

, F UEL AND T ECHNOLOGY A SSUMPTIONS

................................ ................................ .................... 11

SPEED/EMISSION ESTIM ATION PROCEDURE

................................ ................................ .............................. 12

V OLUME /VMT D EVELOPMENT

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 12

S PEED /D ELAY D ETERMINATION

................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 15

HPMS AND VMT A DJUSTMENTS

................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 16

MOVES E MISSIONS R UN

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 17

RESOURCES

................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 18

HIGHWAY VEHICLE INVE NTORY GLOSSARY

................................ ................................ ............................. 19



# List of Exhibits

E XHIBIT 1: S UMMARY OF PPSUITE P ROCESS

................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 3

E XHIBIT 2: MOVES L OCAL D ATA I NPUT S UMMARY

................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 4

E XHIBIT 3: P ENN DOT U RBAN /R URAL AND F UNCTIONAL C LASS C ODES

................................ ................................ ....... 6

E XHIBIT 4: E MISSION F ACTOR VS

. S PEED V ARIANCES (PM2.5)

................................ ................................ ..................... 7

E XHIB IT 5: MOVES S OURCE T YPES AND HPMS V EHICLE G ROUPS

................................ ................................ .............. 9

E XHIBIT 6: PPSUITE S PEED / E MISSION E STIMATION P ROCEDURE

................................ ................................ .............. 13Appendix D

- 1 1



# INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this document is to explain how the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (Department) estimates emissions from highway vehicles for inclusion in its emission inventories and State Implementation Plans.



## Overview of Emissions Inventories

The Department’s inventories generally categorize emissions into four categories:

 H ighway vehicles

.

 S t ationary sources (major industrial, commercial and utility sources)

.

 A rea sources (smaller industrial/commercial sources, consumer products)

.

 N onroad mobile sources (including construction and agricultural equipment, lawn and garden equipment)

.

An evaluat ion of emissions from point, area, and mobile sources is needed to develop a complete inventory needed for a maintenance demonstration plan. This documentation addresses the mobile source activity and emissions for base and future years used to support su ch a demonstration.

Of all of the sources of air pollution, only the emissions of some stationary sources are measured directly and continuously through instrumentation. Emissions from all other sources must be modeled based on

available local data , i ncluding those from highway vehicles. In their very simplest form, estimates of emissions follow the following pattern:

Emission rate x activity level = emissions per time period (usually day or year)

Most emission rates have been developed by the U

. S

. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , in cooperation with industry and states, and are compiled and documented in to key references or emission

models. These include Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors (AP

- 42)

, the Motor Vehicle

Emission Simula tor (MOVES) model, and the NONROAD model. Adding up the products of the emission rates and activity levels for all sources of a given pollutant constitutes the emission inventory for that pollutant.



## Highway Vehicle Emission Inventories

Highway vehicles c ontribute significantly to air pollution, particularly to ground

- level ozone, which is the most persistent air pollutant in Pennsylvania. Ground

- level 

### o zone is not emitted directly to the atmosphere, but is formed by photochemical reactions between volati le organic compounds (VOCs) and oxides of nitrogen (NO

x 

### ) in the presence of sunlight. The long, hot, humid days of summer are particularly conducive to ozone formation, so ozone levels are of concern primarily during the months of May through September. Both VOCs and NOx are emitted from highway vehicles. In addition, fine particulates are also emitted directly by motor vehicles as a result of the combustion process (tailpipe emissions), re

- entrained and transportation construction dust; and formed

throu gh reactions in the atmosphere among the precursors VOC, CO, NOx, NH3 and SOx. Pennsylvania’s PM

- related emission inventory efforts focus on these pollutants.Appendix D

- 1 2



### Obviously, direct measurement of emission levels from all vehicles in use is impossible. In comparison to highway vehicles, estimating residential heating emissions is a fairly simple calculation because there is a constant emission rate and a fairly simp le measure of activity. However, f or highway vehicles estimating the emission rate and activity levels of all vehicles on the road during a typical summer day is a complicated endeavor.

If every vehicle emitted the same amount of pollution all the time, one could simply multiply those emission standards (emission rate in grams of pollution per mile) times the vehicle miles traveled ( VMT ) to estimate total emissions. But emission rates from all vehicles vary over the entire range of conditions

under whic h they operate. These variables include air temperature, speed, traffic conditions, o perating

mode and fuel characteristics . The inventory must also account for non

- exhaust or evaporative emissions. In addition, the fleet is composed of several generations and types of vehicles with different emission control technologies. This requires the estimation algorithm include the composition of the fleet (vehicle ages and types)

.

In order to estimate both the rate at which emissions are being generate d and to calculate vehicle miles traveled (activity level), Pennsylvania examines its road network and fleet to estimate vehicle activity.

For ozone

- related inventories, this is done for a typical summer weekday. For c arbon m onoxide (CO) and

p articulate m atter (PM) emission inventories, this may be done for a typical winter weekday , summer weekday and/ or annual conditions. Not only must this be done for a baseline year, but it must also be projected into the future. This process involves a large quantity of data and is extremely complex.

Computer models have been developed to perform these calculations by simulating the travel of vehicles on the Commonwealth’s roadway system. The models also generate emission s rates (also called emission factors) for different vehicle types for area

- specific conditions

, and then combine them in summary form.

The area

- specific conditions include vehicle and highway data, plus control measure characteristics and future year projections of all variables. The key mo dels used to generate this mobile source emissions inventory are:

MO VES : EPA’s MOVES model was officially released on March 2, 2010 and was followed with a revised version (MOVES2010a) in August 2010. The MOVES model provides a more robust estimate o f emissions as compared to its predecessor MOBILE6.2. MOVES calculates average in

- use fleet emission s for each of thirteen categories of vehicles under various conditions affecting in

- use emission levels (e.g., ambient temperatures, average traffic speeds , gasoline volatility) as specified by the model user.

For this mobile source inventory, Pennsylvania used MOVES2010a as approved by EPA. MOVES can be used to estimate national, state, and county level inventories of criteria air pollutants, precursors, greenhouse gas emissions, and some mobile source air toxics from highway vehicles. Additionally, MOVES can make projections for energy consumption (total, petroleum

- based, and fossil

- based).

PPSUITE : For the Department’s highway emissions in ventory, a post processor named PPSUITE (formerly named PPAQ

- Post Processor for Air Quality) is used , which consists of a set of programs that perform the following functions:

 Analyzes highway operating conditions

.

 Calculates highway speeds

.

 Compiles v ehicle miles of travel (VMT) and vehicle type mix data

.

 Prepares MO VES runs and processes MOVES outputs.

PPSUITE is a widely used and accepted tool for estimating speeds and processing emission s rat es. The software is based upon accepted transportation engineering methodologies. For example, PPSUITE uses speed and delay estimation procedures based on planning methods provided in the Highway CapacityAppendix D

- 1 3



### Manual , a report prepared by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) summarizing current knowledge and analysis techniques for capacity and level

- of

- service analyses of the transportation system.

The PPSUITE process is integral to producing key input files to the MOVES emission model. Exhibit 1

summa rizes the key functions of PPSUITE and the traffic

- related input files prepared for the MOVES County Data Manager (CDM).



### Exhibit 1 : Summary of PPSUITE Process

The following sections summarize the key data and methodologies used to produce the mobile source emissions inventory. This includes a summary of local data sources and a step

- by

- step review of the speed calculation process. The emission data and process has been developed according to

recommen dations provided by EPA in key policy and technical guidance as provided below:

 Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Development, Transportation Conformity , and Other Purposes , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA

- 420

- B

- 09

- 046, December 2009.

 Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emission Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, and Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA

- 420

- B

- 10

- 023, April

2010

.

The process has focused on developing an emissions inventory using the available tools and data to its

fullest extent. This includes the use of available local data for items that have a significant impact on emissions and applying a robust calculation process to estimate hourly traffic speeds.Appendix D

- 1 4



# WHERE DOES PENNSYLVANIA OBTAIN ITS DATA?

Summary of MOVES Inputs

A large number of inputs to MO VES are needed to fully account for the numerous vehicle and environmental parameters that affect emissions . These include traffic flow characteristics (as determined from the PPSUITE software), vehicle descriptions, fuel parameters, inspection/maintenance program parameters, and environmental varia bles

. MOVES includes a default national database of meteorology,

vehic le fleet, vehicle activity, fuel, and emission control program data for every county ; but EPA cannot certify that the default data is the most current or best available information for any specific area

. As a result, local data is recommended for use for analyses supporting s tate i mplementation p lans (SIPs)

.

A mix of local and default data is used for this inventory. Local data sources are used for all inputs that have a significant impact on calculated emission rates. Exhibit 2 summarizes Pennsylvania

- specific inputs assembled and used for this inventory

. These data items are discussed in the following sections.



### Exhibit 2 : MOVES Local Data Input Summary

Traffic Vehicle Fuel Inspection Environmental

Data D escriptions Parameters Maintenance Va riables

Vehicle Type Vehicle Type RVP Start Year H ourly

VMT Mix Model Year s Temperatures

Vehicle Vehicle Age Sulfur T est Standards

, Population Distribution Level Source T ypes, Humidity Frequency

VMT Average Speeds Ethanol Stringency,

Fractions (PPSUITE) Volume Waiver Rate, (PPSUITE) Compliance

Road Type Hourly Refueling

Distribution Distributions Controls (PPSUITE)

R amp Fraction (PPSUITE)

Emission RatesAppendix D

- 1 5



## Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT)

The VMT input to emissions calculations for Pennsylvania is based on information from the Roadway Management System (RMS) maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation’s ( P enn DOT’s ) Bureau of Planning and Research (BPR) . P ennD OT obtains this inform ation from periodic visual and electronic traffic counts. RMS data is dynamic

, since it is continually reviewed and updated from new traffic counts and field visits conducted by P enn DOT. Information on roadways included in the National Highway System is reviewed at least annually, while information on other roadways is reviewed at least biennially.

On a triennial basis, a current “snapshot” of the RMS database is taken and downloaded to provide an up

to

- date record of the Commonwealth’s highway system f or estimating emissions. Th is emissions inventory is based on the most current “snapshot” of the RMS data.

The RMS database contains all state highways, including the Pennsylvania Turnpike, divided into segments approximately 0.5 miles in length. These segments are usually divided at important intersections or locations where there is a change in the physical characteristics of the roadway (e.g. the

number of lane s changes). There are approximately 99,000 state highway segments for the 67 Pennsylvania counties contained in the RMS. Each of these segments contains an abundance of descriptive data, but only the following information is extracted for emission calculations:

 Lanes

.

 Distances

.

 Volumes representing Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT)

.

 Truck percentages

.

 P enn DOT urban/rural classifications

.

 P enn DOT functional class codes

.

 Number of signals (based on linkage to PennDOT GIS signal location data)

.

RMS volumes and distances are used in calculating highway VMT totals for each county. As discussed in the next section, adjustments are needed to convert the volumes to reflect annual conditions. In addition, the traffic volumes must be forecast to support future year emission inventories. Lane values and traffic signals are an important input for determining the congestion and speeds for individual highway segments. Truck percentages are used in the speed determination process and are used to split volumes to individual vehicle types used by the MO VES software.

R oad segments are classified by function, as well as whether it is located in an urban, small urban or rural area, as indicated below in Exhibit 3 . The P enn DOT urban/rural (UR) and functional class es (FC) are important indicators of the type and function of each roadway segment

. The variables provide insights into other characteristics not contained in the RMS data that are used for speed and emission calculations.Appendix D

- 1 6 

### Exhibit 3 : PennDOT Urban/Rural and Functional Class Codes

Urban/Rural Code 1=Rural

2=Small Urban

3=Urban

Functional Class Rural Functional Classes Used Urban Functional Classes Used

For Rural Areas For Small Urban and Urban Areas

------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ 1=Rural Freeway 11=Urban Freeway 2=Rural Other Principal Arterial 12=Urban Expressway

6=Rural Minor Arterial 14=Urban Principal Arterial 7=Rural Major Collec tor 16=Urban Minor Arterial

8=Rural Minor Collector 17=Urban Collector

9=Rural Local 19=Urban Local



### Additional Network Information: The PPSUITE software system allows for many additional variables

other than those available in the RMS database. Using these variables improves the ability of the Department to incorporate real roadway conditions into its estimates. The variables include information regarding free

- flow speeds and capacities, signal characteristics and other physical roadway featur es that can affect a roadway’s calculated congested speed. This data can be determined from lookup tables based on a roadway segment’s urban/rural code and functional class. Much of the lookup table data was developed from i nformation contained in the Highway Capacity Manua l

, PennDOT information on speeds and signal densities , and other e ngineering judgment

.

MOVES Traffic Inputs: The PPSUITE software uses RMS traffic data to prepare key inputs to the

MOVES emission model including :

 VMT

.

 T ravel speeds

.

 R oad type distributions

.

 Ramp fractions

.

VMT is the primary traffic input that affects emission results. The roadway segment distances and traffic volumes are used to prepare estimates of VMT. PPSUITE performs these calculations and outputs the

MOVES a nnual VMT input file to the County Data Manager (CDM).

Emissions for many pollutants (including PM and precursors) vary significantly with travel speed. For PM, higher emission rates are associated with lower speeds and lower rates are associated with hi gher speeds, as illustrated in Exhibit 4. To obtain the best estimate of vehicle speeds, the Department uses the PPSUITE set of programs, whose primary function is to calculate speeds and to organize and simplify the handling of large amounts of data needed for calculating speeds and for preparing MOVES input files

. The PPSUITE software prepares the MOVES vehicle hours of travel (VHT) by speed bin file which summarizes the distribution of speeds across all links into each of 16 MOVES speed bins for each hour of the day. This robust process ensures that MOVES emission rates are used to the fullest extent and is

consistent with the methods and recommendat ions provided in EPA’s Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emissions Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity

.Appendix D

- 1 7 

### Exhibit 4 : Emission Factor vs. Speed Variances (PM2.5)

In MOVES, typical drive cycles and associated operating conditions vary by the type of roadway.

MOVES defines five different road types as follows:

1 Off

- Network

. 2 Rural Restricted Access

. 3 Rural Unrestricted Access

. 4 Urban Restricted Access

. 5 Urban Unrestricted Access

.

The off

- network road type includes emissions from vehicle starts, extended idle activity, and evaporative

emissions. Off

- network activity in MOVES is primarily determined by the Source Type Population input

, as discussed in a following section

. The remai ning distribution among road types is determined by equating the PennDOT functional class with each MOVES road type as follows:

 MOVES Road Type (2) = PennDOT Functional Class (1)

.

 MOVES Road Type (3) = PennDOT Functional Class (2,6,7,8,9)

.

 MOVES Road Type (4) = PennDOT Functional Class (11,12)

.

 MOVES Road Type (5) = PennDOT Functional Class (14,16,17,19)

.

For this inventory, the MOVES road type distribution file is automatically generated by PPSUITE using the defined equivalencies.

Since ramps are not di rectly represented within the RMS database information, it is assumed that 8% of the Freeway V H T is Ramp V H T. This is consistent with the recommendations provided in EPA’s

t echnical g uidance

. S ource: Figure 3 from Implications of the MOVES2010 Model on Mobile Source Emission Estimates, Air & Waste Management Association, July 2010.Appendix D

- 1 8



## Adjustments to Roadway Data

Before the RMS data can be used by PPSUITE for speed and emission calculations, several adjustments and additions must be made to the roadway data. These adjustments are summarized below.

HPMS Adjustments : According to EPA guidance, baseline inventory VMT computed from the RMS highwa y segment volumes must be adjusted to be consistent with Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) VMT totals. The HPMS VMT reported for Pennsylvania is a subsystem of the RMS established to meet the data reporting requirements of the Federal Highway Ad ministration (FHWA) and

to serve as P enn DOT’s official source of highway information. Although it has some limitations, the HPMS system is currently in use in all 50 states and is being improved under FHWA direction.

Although the HPMS VMT and the roadw ay data used for an inventory emissions analysis are both based on data from the RMS system, differences do exist between them and include the following. First, the HPMS and inventory roadway data are “snapshots” of the RMS data taken at different times. Since the RMS is dynamic, changing constantly due to new data, differences will result between the data used for calculating HPMS VMT totals and the inventory data used for an emissions analysis. Second

, since the RMS does not contain many of the local r oadways, local road estimates of HPMS VMT are obtained through alternative procedures developed by P enn DOT

. To account for such differences, adjustment factors are calculated and used to adjust the inventory roadway data to the reported HPMS VMT totals

su bmitted to FHWA. The VMT contained in the HPMS reports are considered to represent average annual daily traffic (AADT).

Adjustment factors are calculated which adjust the base year RMS download VMT to the reported HPMS totals for that year. These factors are developed for each county and functional class combination and are also applied to all future year runs. Adjustments for the “higher” functional classes (e.g. Freeway,

Arterials

- major routes) are close to 1.000 since HPMS VMT is derived from RMS in formation, and the only difference in the data is that the “snapshot” for the emission calculations is taken at a different time than for the HPMS. “Lower” classes (e.g. local roads) require greater adjustment since a large part of the local system is not under state jurisdiction and is not in the RMS database. There is, of course, a significant amount of local road mileage in the state. It is assumed that those local streets that are in RMS are representative of all local streets in their area with respe ct to volume and speed, so that roadway mileage adjustment is appropriate.

Seasonal Adjustments to Volumes : The RMS contains AADT volumes that are an average of all days in the year, including weekends and holidays. PM and CO analyses require volumes representing monthly average conditions (needed for producing annual totals). Therefore, the RMS volumes mus t be seasonally adjusted. Seasonal factors were developed for each functional class and urban/rural code based on yearly count information prepared by PennDOT’s BPR. These factors are applied to the existing RMS AADT volumes to produce the monthly volume s. The same factors are also used to develop the MOVES daily and monthly VMT fraction files

.

Hourly Adjustments : Speeds and emissions vary considerably depending on the time of day

. Therefore, it is important to estimate the pattern by which roadway volume varies by hour of the day.

The 24

- hour pattern data provides PPSUITE with information used to split the daily roadway segment volumes to each of the 24 hours in a day. Pattern dat a is in the form of a percentage of the daily volumes for each hour. Distributions are provided for each county and functional class grouping. This data is developed from 24

- hour count data compiled by PennDOT’s B PR , according to the process in the

agenc ies annual traffic data reports. The same factors are also used to develop the MOVES hourly

fraction file.Appendix D

- 1 9



### Traffic Volume Forecasts : Traffic growth forecasting plays a pivotal role in estimating future year emissions for the region. There are many unce rtainties affecting projections of traffic growth

, including the current economic conditions, potential fuel prices, the impacts of Marcellus Shale activities in many counties throughout the state, and the future growth in population and employment. Growt h rates for the Department’s emissions inventor ies are based on an assessment of available data sources which include:

 PennDOT BPR growth rate forecasting system.

 Regional travel model, if available.

 Estimates of Marcellus Shale related activity growth, if applicable

.

All SIP mobile source highway inventories include the review and assessment of county

- specific growth rates from a PennDOT study originally completed in 2005 and documented in the report, Statistical Evaluation of Projected Traffic Growth, Traffic Growth Forecasting System: Final Report, March 14,

2005 . As part of that study, a statewide traffic growth forecasting system was developed that incorporates traffic data from PennDOT’s Traffic Information System and socioeconomic forecasts. That forecasting system is maintained by the PennDOT BPR and is updated on a periodic basis to develop new statistical relationships between historic VMT growth and population and updated demographic forecasts from

Woods and Poole , Inc. The growth rates from the PennDOT BPR forecasting system are evaluated against other available data including travel model growth and other insights.



## Vehicle Type Processing

Emission rates within MOVES vary significantly by the type of vehicle. The MOVES model produces emissions and rates by thirteen MOVES vehicle source types. However, VMT is input to MOVES by six HPMS vehicle groups. Exhibit 5 summarizes the distinction between each classification scheme.



### Exhibit 5 : MOVES Source T ypes and HPMS Vehicle Groups

SOURCE TYPES HPMS Class Groups

11 Motorcycle 10 Motorcycle

21 Passenger Car 20 Passenger Car

31 Passenger Truck 30 Passenger/Light Truck

32 Light Commercial Truck 40 Buses

41 Intercity Bus 50 Single Unit Trucks

42 Transit Bus 60 Combination Trucks

43 School bus

51 Refuse Truck

52 Single Unit Short

- haul Truck

53 Single Unit Long

- haul Truck

54 Motor Home

61 Combination Short

- haul Truck

62 Combination Long

- haul Truck



### The process used for this inventory includes a method to disaggregate the RMS traffic volumes to the thirteen source types and then to recombine the estimates to the six HPMS vehicle classes. V ehicle type pattern data is used by PPSUITE to divide the hour ly roadway segment volumes to the thirteen MOVES source types. Similar to the 24

- hour pattern data, this data contains percentage splits to each source type for every hour of the day. The vehicle type pattern data for this inventory is developed from several

sources of information:Appendix D

- 1 10



###  P enn DOT truck percentages from the RMS database

.

 Hourly distributions for trucks and total traffic compiled by PennDOT’s B PR

.

 Transit data from PennDOT and the N ational T ransit D atabase

.

 S chool bus registrat ion data from PennDOT’s Bureau of Motor Vehicles Registration Database

.

The vehicle type pattern data is developed for each county and functional class combination. First, RMS truck percentages are averaged for all roadways within a county and functional class grouping. Using this percentage data, the total roadway volume for any segment is divided to auto and truck vehicle type categories. The transit data and school bus data is used to further disaggregate trucks

, resulting in four vehicle groups (lig ht

- duty, school, transit, and other heavy

- duty)

.

From these groups, MO VES default Pennsylvania county VMT distribution s by source type are used to

divide the four groups into each of the MO VES source type s

. P enn DOT hourly distributions for trucks

and total traffic are used to create source type percentage breakdowns for each hour of the day.

Vehicle Type Capacity Analysis Factors : Vehicle type percentages are provided to the capacity analysis section of PPSUI TE to adjust the speeds in response to trucks. That is, a given number of larger trucks take up more roadway space than a given number of cars, and this is accounted for in the speed estimation process by adjusting capacity using information from the Highway Capacity Manual

.



## Vehicle Fleet and Population Data

The information on the vehicle fleet including the number and age of vehicles has a significant impact on

forecasted start and evaporative emissions within MOVES. The MOVES Model requires the p opulation of vehicles by the thirteen source type categories

. Pennsylvania county vehicle registration data is used to estimate vehicle population for light

- duty vehicles and school buses. The data is split to source types using MOVES 2010a default P ennsy lvania county population data. For transit buses, data from PennDOT and the National Transit Database (NTD) is used to estimate county transit bus totals. O ther heavy

- duty

vehicle population values are based on VMT for each source type using the vehicle mix and pattern data discussed previously. The PPSUITE software automatically applies default MOVES 2010a ratios of VMT and source type population (e.g. the number of mi les per vehicle by source type) to the local VMT estimates to produce vehicle populatio n.

Vehicle population is forecast based on projected household and population growth from Woods and Poole Inc. for each Pennsylvania county. The growth rate methodology includes:

 Choosing the highest growth rate between population and households

.

 Limiting growth as to not exceed the VMT growth assumptions

.

Vehicle Age : Vehicle age distributions are input to MO VES for each county by the thirteen source types. The distributions reflect the percentage of vehicles in the fleet up to 31 years old. The most recent

available registration download from PennDOT’s Bureau of Motor Vehicles Registration Database has been used for the inventory. Due to insufficient data, only information for light

- duty vehicles are used as local inputs; and, heavy

- duty veh icles use the internal MOVES2010a national defaults. The registration data download is based on MOBILE6.2 vehicle categories. As a result, the data was converted to source types using the EPA convertor spreadsheets provided with the MOVES2010a emission m odel.Appendix D

- 1 11



## Environmental, Fuel and Technology Assumptions

Information on environmental, fuel, vehicle technology and other control strategy assumptions were

determined based on a review of MOVES 2010a default information by the PaDEP.

Fuel Parameters : The same vehicle will produce different emissions using a different type of gasoline. Fuel control strategies can be powerful emission reduction mechanisms

. The MOVES2010a default fuel formulation and fuel supply data were reviewed and updated based on available local volumetric fuel property information. The gasohol market penetration and RVP values were updated for all the counties

. MOVES 2010a default data was used for the rest of the parameters.

Refueling Emissions : MO VES also allows users to calc ulate refueling emissions, the emissions created when vehicles are refueled at service stations. Pennsylvania includes refueling emissions in its area source inventory and not in its highway vehicle inventory. R efueling emissions are not included in the highway emissions inventory.

Vehicle Emission Inspection/Maintenance (I/M) Parameters : MO VES allows users to vary inputs depending on the I/M program in place for the area

. The inputs include:

 P rogram start year

.

 S tringency level

.

 F irst and last mode l years subject to the program

.

 W aiver rates

.

 Co mpliance rates

.

 P rogram type (test

- only, test

- and

- repair, etc.) and effectiveness

.

 F requency of inspection (annual, biennial)

.

 V ehicle type coverage

.

 T est type (idle, loaded, etc.)

The MOVES2010a default P ennsylvania assumptions were reviewed and modifications were made per actual program parameters.

Environmental Variables : Evaporative emissions are influenced significantly by the temperatures of the surrounding air. Hourly temperatures have been comp iled for each county based on information from WeatherBank, Inc. to specify temperatures from nine airports within the state

. Ozone analysis temperature and humidity values were determined using the procedures documented in EPA’s technical guidance. Mini mum and maximum temperatures for each month were converted to hourly temperatures using EPA convertors supplied with the MOVES2010a model.

A summary of the MO VES related inputs used for the inventory and future year estimates are attached

with the submiss ion.Appendix D

- 1 12



# SPEED/EMISSION ESTIMATION PROCEDURE

The previous sections have summarized the input data used for computing speeds and emission s for Pennsylvania. This section explains how PPSUITE and MO VES use s that input data to produce emission

estimates . Exhibit 6 summarizes PPSUITE’s analysis procedure used for each of the RMS highway segments in the state.

Producing an emissions inventory with PPSUITE requires a process of disaggregation and aggregation. Data is available and used on a very small sc ale

-- individual 1⁄2 mile roadway segments 24 hours of the day. This data needs to be processed individually to determine the distribution of vehicle hours of travel (VHT) by speed and then aggregated by vehicle class to determine input VMT to the MOVES em ission

model.



## Volume/VMT Development

Before speeds can be calculated and MO VES run, volumes acquired from RMS must be adjusted and disaggregated. Such adjustments include factoring to future years, seasonal adjustments, and disaggregating daily volumes to each hour of the day and to each of the thirteen MO VES source types.

Determi ne Future Year Volumes : The RMS database contains up

- to

- date current year volumes. However, to conduct a future year analysis, these volumes must be factored to the year being analyzed. Growth factors have been prepared for each county and functional class grouping. These growth factors are applied to the base year RMS volumes to obtain future year estimates that can be utilized by

PPSUITE.

Example:

A typical freeway link in the RMS database is I

- 80 segment 2500 in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. Th is link has an urban/rural code=1 which indicates the link is in a rural area, and a functional class=1 indicating a rural freeway.

The average annual daily traffic (AADT) from the RMS database for this link in 200 8 is 12,077 vehicles/day.

Growth facto rs have been developed to factor the 200 8 volume to future years. For example, to

factor the 200 8 volume to the year 20 14 , a growth factor of 1.282 would yield:

20 14 volume = 12,077 vehicles/day x 1.282 = 15,483 vehicles/dayAppendix D

- 1 13 

### Exhibit 6 : PPSUITE Speed / Emission Estimation Procedure

Data From PPSUITE Input Files PPSUITE Analysis Process Data from Roadway Source (RMS)

The Following is Performed For Each RMS Roadway Segment

Percent Pattern Distributions Expand to 24 hourly volumes RMS AWDT Adjusted Volumes

Apply VMT Adjustments Adjust Volumes for Peak Spreading (V/C thresholds for spreading)

Vehicle Type Patterns Disaggregate to Vehicle Typ e RMS Truck Percentages

T ransit D ata
School Bus Data

Calculate Link & Signal Capacities Roadway Attributes (Lanes, FC code, UR code) Speed/Capacity Lookup Table

Calculate Link Calculate Midblock Speed Approach Delay

Apply Post Speed VMT Adjustments

Prepare MOVES CDM Files

VHT by Annual RoadType SourceType Hourly Ramp Speed Bin V MT Fractions Population Fractions Fractions

Per VMT
<Optional>

Off

- line File Preparation

Vehicle Age

Distribution Run MOVES Importer to convert county input data Hourly into MYSQL data format Temps/Humidity

I/M

Parameters

Fuel Run MOVES

ParametersAppendix D

- 1 14



### Seasonal Adjustments : PPSUITE takes the input daily volumes from RMS ( which represent s annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) ) and seasonally adjusts the volumes to an average weekday in July. This adjustment utilizes factors developed for each functional class and urban/rural code. VMT can then be calculated for each link using the adjusted weekday volumes.

Example:

Again, assume the rural freeway link: I

- 80 segment 2500 in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. The AADT for this link in 2008 is 12,077 vehicles/day.

Seasonal factors have been de veloped for urban/rural code and functional class combinations. For an urban/rural code=1 and a functional class=1, the factor to convert from AADT to an average weekday in July is = 1.15

.

Average Weekday July Volume = 12,077 x 1.15 = 13,889 vehicles/day

.

Total VMT (daily) for this link is calculated as volume x distance. The distance of this link as

obtained from RMS is 0.2 9 6 miles.

2008 VMT = 13,889 vehicles/day x 0.296 miles = 4,111 vehicle

- miles / day

.



### Disaggregation to 24 Hours : After seasonally adjusting the link volume, the volume is split to each hour of the day. This allows for more accurate speed calculations (effects of congested hours) and allows PPSUITE to prepare the hourly VMT and speeds for input to the MOVES model.

Exampl e:

To support speed calculations and emission estimates by time of day, the July weekday volume is disaggregated to 24 hourly volumes. Temporal patterns were previously developed from

P enn DOT count data and input to PPSUITE. For the I

- 80 rural freeway l ink with morning peak volumes similar to evening peak hours (neutral), the following temporal pattern is applied:

Using the I

- 80 segment, typical hourly volumes which result include:

8

- 9 a.m. 6.0% x (4,111 vehicle miles/ 0.296mi.) = 833 vehicles/hour (vph)

12

- 1 p.m. 5.0% x (4,111 vehicle .miles/ 0.296mi.) = 694 vph

5

- 6 p.m. 6.3% x (4,111 vehicle miles/ 0.296mi.) = 875 vphAppendix D

- 1 15



### After dividing the daily volumes to each hour of the day, PPSUITE ide ntifies hours that are unreasonably congested. For those hours, PPSUITE then spreads a portion of the volume to other hours within the same peak period, thereby approximating the “peak spreading” that normally occurs in such over

- capacity

conditions.

Disaggregation to Vehicle Type : EPA requires VMT estimates to be prepared by source type, reflecting specific local characteristics. As a result, for Pennsylvania’s emission inventory runs, the hourly volumes are disaggregated to the thirteen MOVES sour ce types based on count data assembled by P enn DOT in

combination with MOVES defaults.

Example:

Disaggregation of the total I

- 80 VMT to the various source types would include the following:

Total Volume 8

- 9 am = 833 vph

Source Type Volume 8

- 9 am: Motorcycle 11 0.5% 4 vph Passenger Car 21 54.7% 456 vph Passenger Truck 31 27.9% 232 vph Light Commercial Truck 32 9.3% 78 vph Intercity Bus 41 0.1% 1 vph

Transit Bus 42 0.1% 1 vph

School bus 43 0.1 % 1 vph

Refuse Truck 51 0.0% 0 vph Single Unit Short

- haul Truck 52 2.2% 19 vph Single Unit Long

- haul Truck 53 0.3% 2 vph

Motor Home 54 0.1% 1 vph

Combination Short

- haul Truck 61 1.9% 16 vph

Combin ation Long

- haul Truck 62 2.6% 22 vph



## Speed/Delay Determination

EPA recognizes that the estimation of vehicle speeds is a difficult and complex process. Because emissions are so sensitive to speed s, it recommends special attention be given to developing reasonable and consistent speed estimates; it also recommends that VMT be disaggregated into subsets that have roughly equal speed, with separate emission factors for each subset. At a minimum, spe eds should be estimated separately by road type.

The computational framework used for this analysis meets and exceeds that recommendation. Speeds are individually calculated for each roadway segment and hour and include the delays encountered at signals. Rather than accumulating the roadway segments into a particular road type and calculating an average speed, each ind ividual link hourly speed is represented in the MOVES vehicle hours of travel (VHT) by speed bin file. This MOVES input file allows the specificat i on of a distribution of hourly speeds.

For example, if 5% of a county’s arterial V H T operate s at 5 mph du ring the AM peak hour and the remaining 95% operate s at 65 mph, this can be represented in the MOVES speed input file. For the

model runs, distributions of speeds are input to MOVES by road type and source type by each hour of the day; VMT and VHT is accu mulated by the same groupings for the application of the emission factors to produce resulting emission totals.Appendix D

- 1 16



### To calculate speeds, PPSUITE first obtains initial capacities (how much volume the roadway can serve before heavy congestion) and free

- flow spee ds (speeds assuming no congestion) from the speed/capacity lookup data. As described in previous sections, this data contains default roadway information indexed by the urban/rural code and functional class. For areas with known characteristics, values c an be directly coded to the RMS database and the speed/capacity data can be overridden. However, for most areas where known information is not available, the speed/capacity lookups provide valuable default information regarding speeds, capacities, signal characteristics, and other capacity adjustment information used for calculating congested delays and speeds. An effort has been made to enhance the RMS data with traffic signal locations using other GIS signal data available from PennDOT’s Bureau of Highw ay Safety and Traffic Engineering.

Example:

The speed/capacity lookup table is used to obtain important data used for link speed calculations.

For the I

- 80 link with an urban/rural code = 1 (rural) and a functional class = 1 (freeway), the lookup table provides information including the following:

freeflow speed = 65 mph capacity = 1800 vph per lane number of signals = 0 (per RMS linkage to GIS traffic signal locations)

This information is used along with the physical characteristics of the roadwa y to calculate the delay (including congestion) to travel this link during each hour of the day:

For example: The I

- 80 link is calculated to have a travel time, including delay of 17.76 seconds

for the 8

- 9am hour

.

Total travel time, in vehicle hours, fo r the 8

- 9am hour is calculated as:

VHT (8

- 9am) = 17.76 seconds x 833vph / 3600 sec/hr = 4.12 vehicle hours

.



### The result of this process is an estimated average travel time for each hour of the day for each highway segment. The average time can be multiplied by the volume to produce vehicle hours of travel (VHT).



## HPMS and VMT Adjustments

Volumes must also be adjusted to account for differences with the HPMS VMT totals, as described previously. VMT adjustment factors are provided as input to PPSUI TE, and are applied to each of the roadway segment volumes. These factors were developed from the latest HPMS download (conducted triennially) ; however, they are also applied to any future year runs. The VMT added or subtracted to the

RMS database assume s the speeds calculated using the original volumes for each roadway segment for each hour of the day.Appendix D

- 1 17 Example:

Using the Luzerne County I

- 80 rural freeway link example, the daily assigned volume is adjusted

to account for reconciliation with the HPMS VM T. RMS VMT (in AADT) for Luzerne County rural freeways totals 962,559 vehicle miles in 2008. HPMS VMT (in AADT) as supplied by

P enn DOT and reported to FHWA totals to 990,088 vehicle miles for the rural freeways. A factor is developed by dividing the HP MS VMT by the RMS VMT:

HPMS adjustment factor for Luzerne County rural freeways = 990,088 / 962,559 = 1.029

.

This factor is held constant in all future years. As an example, this adjustment is made to the

I

- 80 freeway link VMT for the 8

- 9am hour afte r speed calculations are made, and produces the final July weekday VMT for this hour used for Ozone runs.

I

- 80 Link VMT (8

- 9am) = 833vph x 0.296 miles x 1.029 = 254 vehicle miles

.



## MO VES Emissions Run

After computing speeds and aggregating VMT and VHT, PPSUITE prepares traffic

- related inputs needed

to run EPA’s MOVES software, which is used to estimate emission factors in grams of pollutant per

vehicle mile and to produce total emissions based on input VMT to the model. The process uses MOVES2010a, the officially released emissions model that was obtained directly from EPA.

The MOVES inputs prepared by PPSUITE include the following:

 Vehicle Type VMT

.

 Vehicle Population

.

 VMT fractions

.

 Average speed distributions

.

 Road Type Distribution

.

 Ramp Fractions

.

These files are text formatted files with a *.csv extension. The files are provided as input s within the MOVES county data importer

. In addition the remaining MOVES input data including temperatur es, I/M programs, fuel and vehicle ages are prepared manually outside of the PPSUITE process.

The MOVES county importer is run in batch mode. This program converts all data files into the MYSQL formats used by the MOVES model. At that point a MOVES run specification file (*.mrs) is created which specifie s options and key data locations for the run. MOVES is then executed in batch mode

.

MOVES can be executed using either the inventory or rate

- based approaches. For this highway emissions inventory, MOVE S is applied using the inventory

- based approach. Under this method, actual VMT and population are provided as input s to the model ; MOVES is responsible for producing the total emissions for the region. Under the rate

- based approach, MOVES would produce e mission factors , after

which PPSUITE would apply the emission factors to the link data and calculate total regional emissions.Appendix D

- 1 18



# RESOURCES

MO VES model

Modeling Page within EPA’s Office of Mobile Sources Website (http://www.epa.gov/omswww/models.htm) contains a downloadable model, MO VES users guide and

other information.

Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator, User Guide for MOVES2010a, EPA

- 420

- B

- 10

- 036, August 2010.

Technical Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for Emission Inventory Preparation in State Implementation Plans and Transportation Conformity , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, and Office of Transportation and Air Quality, EPA

- 420

- B

- 10

- 023, April 2010.

Policy Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for SIP Development, Transportation Conformity

, and Other Purposes , US EPA Office of Air and Radiation, EPA

- 420

- B

- 09

- 046, December 2009.

Traffic Engineering

Highway Capacity Manual, Transportation Research Board, presents current knowledge and techniques for analyzing the transportation system.

Traffic Data Collection and Factor Development Report, 200 8 Data, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research.Appendix D

- 1 19



# Highway Vehicle Inventory Glossary

AADT: Average Annual Daily Traffic, average of ALL days.

AWDT: Average Weekday Daily Traffic

.

Basic emission rates: MOBILE emission rates based on the applicable Federal emission standards and the emission control technologies characterizing the fleet in various model years.

Emission rate or factor: E xpresses the amount of pollu tion emitted per unit of activity. For highway vehicles, usually in grams of pollutant emitted per mile driven.

FC: Functional code, applied in data management to road segments to identify their type (freeway, local, etc.)

.

Fuel volatility: The ability of fuel components to evaporate, thus entering the atmosphere as pollution. Fuel volatility is usually measured as Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) in pounds per square inch. The lower the RVP, the less volatile the fuel.

Growth factor: Factor used to convert volumes to future years

.

HPMS: Highway Performance Monitoring System, PENNDOT’s official source of highway information

and a subset of RMS.

I/M: Vehicle emissions inspection/maintenance programs ensure that vehicle emission controls are in

go od working order throughout the life of the vehicle. The programs require vehicles to be tested for emissions. Most vehicles that do not pass must be repaired.

MOBILE: The model EPA has developed and which Pennsylvania uses to estimate emissions from

h ighway vehicles.

MOVES: The latest model EPA has developed with which Pennsylvania uses to estimate emissions from highway vehicles.

Pattern data: Extrapolations of traffic patterns (such as how traffic volume on road segment types varies by time of d ay, or what kinds of vehicles tend to use a road segment type) from segments with observed data to similar segments.

PPSUITE: Post

- Processor for Air Quality, a set of programs that estimate speeds and processes MOBILE

emission rates.

RMS: Roadway Manag ement System, a database maintained by PENNDOT from traffic counts and field

visits

.

Segment ( also referred to as link) : D i vision of roadway in the PENNDOT Roadway Management System. Usually represents 0.5 mile segments of roadway.

UR: Urban/rural code, applied in data management to identify whether a road segment is urban, small

urban or rural.Appendix D

- 1 20



### VHT: V ehicle hours traveled

.

VMT: V ehicle miles traveled. In modeling terms, it is the simulated traffic volumes times link length.

Vehicle Type : One of eight types, distinguished primarily by fuel type and/or weight, used in MOBILE modeling.

Source Type : One of thirteen types, distinguished primarily by weight, used in MOVES modeling.

Road Type: Functional code, applied in data management to road segments to identify their type (rural/urban highways, rural/urban arterials, etc.)

County Data Manager: U ser interface developed to simplify importing specific local data for a single
county or a user

- defined custom domain without requiring direct interaction with the underlying MySQL

database.

# APPENDIX D-2

Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary Tables

Appendix D-2-1

2002 Annual Emissions

Emission Summary Emission Summary by Road Type Emission Summary by Source Type Emission Summary by Process



### Appendix D-2-2

2007 Annual Emissions

Emission Summary Emission Summary by Road Type Emission Summary by Source Type Emission Summary by Process



### Appendix D-2-3

2017 Annual Emissions

Emission Summary Emission Summary by Road Type Emission Summary by Source Type Emission Summary by Process



### Appendix D-2-4

2025 Annual Emissions

Emission Summary Emission Summary by Road Type Emission Summary by Source Type Emission Summary by Process

### Appendix D-2-1 2002 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary

Annual (Tons/Year)

County VMT Speed (mph) PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Cumberland 2,716,303,242 43.9 456.90 517.15 3,938.99 56,428.72 14,483.42 293.59 154.22 Dauphin 2,971,887,651 43.1 402.36 465.31 4,160.08 59,314.05 13,106.01 275.82 170.53

Lebanon 1,147,912,300 45.5 193.88 218.87 1,841.30 25,183.50 6,233.98 124.45 64.96

Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle 1997 Annual PM 2.5 NAAQS Nonattainment Area Region Total 6,836,103,192

- 1,053.15 1,201.32 9,940.38 140,926.26 33,823.42 693.85 389.72

Appendix D-2 2

### Appendix D-2-1 2002 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Road Type Annual (Tons/Year)

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Cumberland Off-Network

- 35.05 37.53 1,982.17 20,918.36 1,437.47 10.91 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 709,502,404 163.77 176.78 438.07 9,349.12 5,027.02 99.61 39.71

Rural Unrestricted Access 510,435,781 58.55 69.29 373.18 6,110.03 1,841.99 42.87 29.20

Urban Restricted Access 706,464,620 117.24 129.02 444.30 9,432.74 3,652.63 76.17 40.61

Urban Unrestricted Access 789,900,437 82.29 104.54 701.27 10,618.47 2,524.31 64.03 44.71

Total 2,716,303,242 456.90 517.15 3,938.99 56,428.72 14,483.42 293.59 154.22

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3 Dauphin Off-Network

- 34.21 36.69 2,012.43 21,244.67 1,391.14 10.40 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 137,038,752 31.60 34.09 84.28 1,807.09 973.21 19.23 7.69

Rural Unrestricted Access 588,025,215 68.97 80.25 408.47 6,859.15 2,228.96 50.50 33.96

Urban Restricted Access 997,944,915 159.50 177.21 649.16 13,544.72 4,880.17 103.39 57.55

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,248,878,768 108.07 137.06 1,005.74 15,858.41 3,632.53 92.30 71.33

Total 2,971,887,651 402.36 465.31 4,160.08 59,314.05 13,106.01 275.82 170.53

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lebanon Off-Network

- 17.44 18.71 1,029.33 10,888.85 706.76 5.29 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 369,522,680 95.38 102.61 230.29 4,842.75 2,893.63 56.60 20.20

Rural Unrestricted Access 561,439,967 60.73 71.95 404.49 6,690.51 1,975.90 45.97 32.40

Urban Restricted Access 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Urban Unrestricted Access 216,949,653 20.34 25.60 177.20 2,761.38 657.69 16.60 12.36

Total 1,147,912,300 193.88 218.87 1,841.30 25,183.50 6,233.98 124.45 64.96

Appendix D-2 3

### Appendix D-2-1 2002 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Source Type Annual (Tons/Year)

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Cumberland Motorcycle 12,878,410 0.5% 0.80 0.2% 0.91 0.2% 58.14 1.5% 605.88 1.1% 23.75 0.2% 0.65 0.2% 0.30 0.2% Passenger Car 1,368,579,400 50.4% 44.30 9.7% 61.93 12.0% 1,460.13 37.1% 18,965.02 33.6% 2,307.77 15.9% 66.37 22.6% 85.31 55.3% Passenger Truck 697,030,800 25.7% 50.89 11.1% 64.73 12.5% 1,435.93 36.5% 23,329.68 41.3% 2,448.36 16.9% 49.43 16.8% 43.43 28.2% Light Commercial Truck 233,613,510 8.6% 26.23 5.7% 31.21 6.0% 466.09 11.8% 7,296.65 12.9% 863.19 6.0% 18.05 6.1% 13.34 8.7% Intercity Bus 4,948,523 0.2% 7.23 1.6% 7.65 1.5% 3.70 0.1% 26.23 0.0% 142.85 1.0% 2.11 0.7% 0.12 0.1%

Transit Bus 472,429 0.0% 0.49 0.1% 0.52 0.1% 0.41 0.0% 5.92 0.0% 11.14 0.1% 0.16 0.1% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 971,614 0.0% 0.67 0.1% 0.73 0.1% 2.01 0.1% 36.32 0.1% 13.29 0.1% 0.23 0.1% 0.02 0.0%

Refuse Truck 3,089,210 0.1% 3.08 0.7% 3.28 0.6% 2.58 0.1% 30.30 0.1% 74.70 0.5% 1.25 0.4% 0.08 0.1% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 121,257,153 4.5% 50.17 11.0% 55.52 10.7% 192.33 4.9% 3,933.27 7.0% 1,137.61 7.9% 23.66 8.1% 3.75 2.4% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 16,658,768 0.6% 5.32 1.2% 5.98 1.2% 16.34 0.4% 304.49 0.5% 130.29 0.9% 3.14 1.1% 0.51 0.3%

Motor Home 7,007,993 0.3% 1.68 0.4% 1.94 0.4% 18.88 0.5% 481.98 0.9% 63.14 0.4% 1.13 0.4% 0.26 0.2%

Combination Short-haul Truck 103,457,801 3.8% 111.90 24.5% 118.76 23.0% 78.85 2.0% 572.21 1.0% 2,862.31 19.8% 49.86 17.0% 2.89 1.9%
Combination Long-haul Truck 146,337,630 5.4% 154.13 33.7% 163.99 31.7% 203.59 5.2% 840.77 1.5% 4,405.02 30.4% 77.55 26.4% 4.19 2.7%

Total 2,716,303,242 100.0% 456.90 100.0% 517.15 100.0% 3,938.99 100.0% 56,428.72 100.0% 14,483.42 100.0% 293.59 100.0% 154.22 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Dauphin Motorcycle 14,817,144 0.5% 0.90 0.2% 1.01 0.2% 64.79 1.6% 691.19 1.2% 27.25 0.2% 0.74 0.3% 0.33 0.2%

Passenger Car 1,574,607,320 53.0% 48.43 12.0% 69.11 14.9% 1,589.23 38.2% 20,625.34 34.8% 2,572.79 19.6% 75.68 27.4% 96.76 56.7% Passenger Truck 801,958,160 27.0% 56.41 14.0% 72.60 15.6% 1,578.42 37.9% 25,315.24 42.7% 2,735.98 20.9% 56.23 20.4% 49.14 28.8% Light Commercial Truck 268,786,537 9.0% 29.57 7.3% 35.40 7.6% 512.72 12.3% 7,929.42 13.4% 966.68 7.4% 20.56 7.5% 15.12 8.9% Intercity Bus 4,009,064 0.1% 5.93 1.5% 6.29 1.4% 3.08 0.1% 21.61 0.0% 112.77 0.9% 1.68 0.6% 0.10 0.1%

Transit Bus 738,716 0.0% 0.77 0.2% 0.82 0.2% 0.64 0.0% 9.03 0.0% 16.83 0.1% 0.24 0.1% 0.02 0.0%

School Bus 302,502 0.0% 0.21 0.1% 0.23 0.0% 0.62 0.0% 10.71 0.0% 3.96 0.0% 0.07 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

Refuse Truck 2,382,358 0.1% 2.42 0.6% 2.59 0.6% 2.06 0.0% 23.24 0.0% 55.65 0.4% 0.94 0.3% 0.06 0.0% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 93,473,964 3.1% 39.76 9.9% 44.21 9.5% 152.99 3.7% 2,984.56 5.0% 878.72 6.7% 18.35 6.7% 2.95 1.7% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 12,844,205 0.4% 4.22 1.0% 4.78 1.0% 13.08 0.3% 230.38 0.4% 100.62 0.8% 2.43 0.9% 0.40 0.2%

Motor Home 5,402,485 0.2% 1.32 0.3% 1.53 0.3% 14.82 0.4% 350.62 0.6% 47.62 0.4% 0.86 0.3% 0.21 0.1%

Combination Short-haul Truck 79,740,325 2.7% 89.11 22.1% 94.96 20.4% 62.79 1.5% 452.33 0.8% 2,189.31 16.7% 38.30 13.9% 2.22 1.3% Combination Long-haul Truck 112,824,871 3.8% 123.31 30.6% 131.77 28.3% 164.86 4.0% 670.38 1.1% 3,397.81 25.9% 59.73 21.7% 3.21 1.9%

Total 2,971,887,651 100.0% 402.36 100.0% 465.31 100.0% 4,160.08 100.0% 59,314.05 100.0% 13,106.01 100.0% 275.82 100.0% 170.53 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lebanon Motorcycle 5,440,958 0.5% 0.31 0.2% 0.35 0.2% 26.70 1.5% 262.99 1.0% 10.34 0.2% 0.28 0.2% 0.13 0.2%

Passenger Car 578,206,900 50.4% 18.46 9.5% 25.70 11.7% 699.09 38.0% 8,524.48 33.8% 1,013.37 16.3% 28.08 22.6% 35.85 55.2% Passenger Truck 294,482,230 25.7% 21.76 11.2% 27.45 12.5% 676.86 36.8% 10,440.96 41.5% 1,074.72 17.2% 20.94 16.8% 18.37 28.3% Light Commercial Truck 98,702,480 8.6% 11.25 5.8% 13.31 6.1% 220.12 12.0% 3,321.47 13.2% 379.38 6.1% 7.67 6.2% 5.65 8.7% Intercity Bus 2,143,681 0.2% 3.12 1.6% 3.30 1.5% 1.60 0.1% 11.31 0.0% 62.03 1.0% 0.92 0.7% 0.05 0.1%

Transit Bus 220,397 0.0% 0.23 0.1% 0.24 0.1% 0.18 0.0% 2.74 0.0% 5.18 0.1% 0.07 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

School Bus 2,080,361 0.2% 1.40 0.7% 1.52 0.7% 4.20 0.2% 76.21 0.3% 28.65 0.5% 0.48 0.4% 0.05 0.1%

Refuse Truck 1,282,851 0.1% 1.27 0.7% 1.35 0.6% 1.06 0.1% 12.56 0.0% 31.13 0.5% 0.52 0.4% 0.03 0.1% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 50,795,522 4.4% 20.55 10.6% 22.72 10.4% 79.38 4.3% 1,615.42 6.4% 472.72 7.6% 9.76 7.8% 1.55 2.4% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 6,984,386 0.6% 2.17 1.1% 2.44 1.1% 6.73 0.4% 123.70 0.5% 53.68 0.9% 1.29 1.0% 0.21 0.3%

Motor Home 2,937,675 0.3% 0.69 0.4% 0.79 0.4% 7.80 0.4% 200.64 0.8% 26.44 0.4% 0.47 0.4% 0.11 0.2%

Combination Short-haul Truck 43,358,358 3.8% 47.37 24.4% 50.24 23.0% 32.92 1.8% 240.05 1.0% 1,214.84 19.5% 21.15 17.0% 1.21 1.9% Combination Long-haul Truck 61,276,500 5.3% 65.32 33.7% 69.45 31.7% 84.65 4.6% 350.95 1.4% 1,861.49 29.9% 32.81 26.4% 1.75 2.7%

Total 1,147,912,300 100.0% 193.88 100.0% 218.87 100.0% 1,841.30 100.0% 25,183.50 100.0% 6,233.98 100.0% 124.45 100.0% 64.96 100.0% County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

Appendix D-2 4

### Appendix D-2-1 2002 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Process Annual (Tons/Year)

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Cumberland Running Exhaust 351.67 77.0% 366.59 70.9% 1,560.45 39.6% 35,501.90 62.9% 13,041.78 90.0% 256.21 87.3% 154.22 100.0%

Start Exhaust 26.59 5.8% 28.79 5.6% 1,491.99 37.9% 20,761.61 36.8% 1,020.48 7.0% 6.97 2.4% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 9.29 2.0% 35.47 6.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 4.71 1.0% 19.66 3.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 90.43 2.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 572.10 14.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 79.38 2.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 56.18 12.3% 57.90 11.2% 22.01 0.6% 8.46 0.0% 4.17 0.0% 26.46 9.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.50 0.1% 0.52 0.1% 19.74 0.5% 2.78 0.0% 0.04 0.0% 0.14 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 1.33 0.3% 1.37 0.3% 2.02 0.1% 0.46 0.0% 0.21 0.0% 0.63 0.2% 0.00 0.0%
Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 6.64 1.5% 6.84 1.3% 100.88 2.6% 153.50 0.3% 416.75 2.9% 3.17 1.1% 0.00 0.0%

Total 456.90 100.0% 517.15 100.0% 3,938.99 100.0% 56,428.72 100.0% 14,483.42 100.0% 293.59 100.0% 154.22 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Dauphin Running Exhaust 306.81 76.3% 320.71 68.9% 1,687.60 40.6% 38,061.38 64.2% 11,711.61 89.4% 244.37 88.6% 170.53 100.0%

Start Exhaust 27.10 6.7% 29.35 6.3% 1,532.80 36.8% 21,114.00 35.6% 1,043.35 8.0% 7.11 2.6% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 10.35 2.6% 39.53 8.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 5.04 1.3% 21.01 4.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 93.01 2.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 633.52 15.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 84.09 2.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 45.95 11.4% 47.36 10.2% 23.33 0.6% 8.00 0.0% 3.26 0.0% 21.04 7.6% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.50 0.1% 0.52 0.1% 20.26 0.5% 2.76 0.0% 0.04 0.0% 0.13 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 1.10 0.3% 1.14 0.2% 1.68 0.0% 0.38 0.0% 0.17 0.0% 0.53 0.2% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 5.51 1.4% 5.68 1.2% 83.80 2.0% 127.52 0.2% 347.58 2.7% 2.63 1.0% 0.00 0.0%

Total 402.36 100.0% 465.31 100.0% 4,160.08 100.0% 59,314.05 100.0% 13,106.01 100.0% 275.82 100.0% 170.53 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lebanon Running Exhaust 146.88 75.8% 153.01 69.9% 646.67 35.1% 14,291.16 56.7% 5,525.44 88.6% 107.93 86.7% 64.96 100.0%

Start Exhaust 13.89 7.2% 15.04 6.9% 783.06 42.5% 10,823.68 43.0% 533.99 8.6% 3.64 2.9% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 3.74 1.9% 14.28 6.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 1.99 1.0% 8.31 3.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 47.36 2.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 263.07 14.3% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 39.08 2.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 23.83 12.3% 24.55 11.2% 9.13 0.5% 3.48 0.0% 1.78 0.0% 11.23 9.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.26 0.1% 0.27 0.1% 10.35 0.6% 1.43 0.0% 0.02 0.0% 0.07 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.55 0.3% 0.57 0.3% 0.84 0.0% 0.19 0.0% 0.09 0.0% 0.26 0.2% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 2.75 1.4% 2.83 1.3% 41.76 2.3% 63.54 0.3% 172.67 2.8% 1.31 1.1% 0.00 0.0%

Total 193.88 100.0% 218.87 100.0% 1,841.30 100.0% 25,183.50 100.0% 6,233.98 100.0% 124.45 100.0% 64.96 100.0% County Process

County Process

County Process

Appendix D-2 5

### Appendix D-2-2 2007 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary

Annual (Tons/Year)

County VMT Speed (mph) PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Cumberland 2,861,413,380 43.5 377.83 438.64 3,116.34 39,981.57 10,797.04 72.67 138.61 Dauphin 3,071,702,834 43.7 331.08 392.14 3,535.94 44,400.01 9,814.09 72.29 150.31

Lebanon 1,208,679,249 44.1 157.35 182.70 1,567.63 18,635.67 4,582.70 30.50 58.17

Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle 1997 Annual PM 2.5 NAAQS Nonattainment Area Region Total 7,141,795,464

- 866.25 1,013.48 8,219.91 103,017.25 25,193.83 175.46 347.10

Appendix D-2 6

### Appendix D-2-2 2007 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Road Type Annual (Tons/Year)

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Cumberland Off-Network

- 29.97 32.06 1,843.67 17,357.04 1,436.01 2.89 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 566,726,693 106.88 116.47 230.53 4,604.02 2,874.55 16.52 26.95

Rural Unrestricted Access 411,582,105 35.72 44.02 178.33 2,906.21 977.44 8.87 19.93

Urban Restricted Access 926,399,518 127.19 142.22 375.30 7,676.32 3,435.71 23.11 45.40

Urban Unrestricted Access 956,705,064 78.06 103.86 488.51 7,437.99 2,073.33 21.29 46.33

Total 2,861,413,380 377.83 438.64 3,116.34 39,981.57 10,797.04 72.67 138.61

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3 Dauphin Off-Network

- 33.40 35.85 2,214.96 20,806.94 1,556.95 3.29 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 182,025,609 31.11 34.02 72.61 1,490.53 846.86 5.06 8.81

Rural Unrestricted Access 644,259,423 56.02 67.39 264.72 4,456.40 1,602.43 13.87 31.65

Urban Restricted Access 987,501,870 120.10 135.55 392.72 8,300.09 3,239.18 23.37 48.74

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,257,915,932 90.45 119.34 590.93 9,346.05 2,568.68 26.70 61.11

Total 3,071,702,834 331.08 392.14 3,535.94 44,400.01 9,814.09 72.29 150.31

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lebanon Off-Network

- 15.71 16.85 1,037.08 9,631.09 735.42 1.54 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 354,472,782 69.14 75.28 146.64 2,874.28 1,851.05 10.48 16.73

Rural Unrestricted Access 458,974,747 40.99 49.88 197.55 3,222.94 1,135.25 9.96 22.33

Urban Restricted Access 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Urban Unrestricted Access 395,231,720 31.51 40.69 186.37 2,907.36 860.97 8.52 19.10

Total 1,208,679,249 157.35 182.70 1,567.63 18,635.67 4,582.70 30.50 58.17

Appendix D-2 7

### Appendix D-2-2 2007 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Source Type Annual (Tons/Year)

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Cumberland Motorcycle 13,452,716 0.5% 0.77 0.2% 0.87 0.2% 62.70 2.0% 406.31 1.0% 15.85 0.1% 0.24 0.3% 0.48 0.3% Passenger Car 1,429,610,600 50.0% 33.33 8.8% 51.23 11.7% 898.81 28.8% 11,334.43 28.3% 1,393.11 12.9% 23.84 32.8% 70.79 51.1% Passenger Truck 727,163,480 25.4% 44.44 11.8% 58.64 13.4% 1,273.00 40.8% 17,892.52 44.8% 2,070.73 19.2% 17.35 23.9% 41.65 30.0% Light Commercial Truck 244,982,390 8.6% 22.78 6.0% 27.84 6.3% 414.49 13.3% 5,673.01 14.2% 761.17 7.0% 5.73 7.9% 12.68 9.1% Intercity Bus 5,697,468 0.2% 6.26 1.7% 6.68 1.5% 4.06 0.1% 27.61 0.1% 123.66 1.1% 0.33 0.5% 0.14 0.1%

Transit Bus 431,731 0.0% 0.37 0.1% 0.39 0.1% 0.37 0.0% 5.07 0.0% 7.80 0.1% 0.02 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 920,674 0.0% 0.54 0.1% 0.59 0.1% 1.43 0.0% 21.44 0.1% 10.19 0.1% 0.03 0.0% 0.02 0.0%

Refuse Truck 3,406,962 0.1% 2.42 0.6% 2.61 0.6% 2.30 0.1% 21.69 0.1% 53.16 0.5% 0.19 0.3% 0.09 0.1% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 134,072,565 4.7% 41.20 10.9% 46.63 10.6% 153.17 4.9% 2,723.11 6.8% 922.83 8.5% 4.89 6.7% 4.08 2.9% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 17,910,301 0.6% 4.79 1.3% 5.48 1.2% 15.03 0.5% 244.51 0.6% 107.49 1.0% 0.62 0.9% 0.54 0.4%

Motor Home 8,006,877 0.3% 1.66 0.4% 1.94 0.4% 17.13 0.5% 378.38 0.9% 59.16 0.5% 0.35 0.5% 0.29 0.2%

Combination Short-haul Truck 115,916,958 4.1% 88.25 23.4% 94.88 21.6% 73.19 2.3% 460.80 1.2% 2,019.38 18.7% 7.59 10.4% 3.24 2.3%
Combination Long-haul Truck 159,840,659 5.6% 131.03 34.7% 140.86 32.1% 200.65 6.4% 792.69 2.0% 3,252.51 30.1% 11.48 15.8% 4.59 3.3%

Total 2,861,413,380 100.0% 377.83 100.0% 438.64 100.0% 3,116.34 100.0% 39,981.57 100.0% 10,797.04 100.0% 72.67 100.0% 138.61 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Dauphin Motorcycle 15,227,170 0.5% 0.85 0.3% 0.96 0.2% 74.89 2.1% 466.14 1.0% 18.21 0.2% 0.27 0.4% 0.54 0.4%

Passenger Car 1,618,181,170 52.7% 37.23 11.2% 57.21 14.6% 1,077.94 30.5% 13,069.95 29.4% 1,585.73 16.2% 26.78 37.0% 79.12 52.6% Passenger Truck 823,073,700 26.8% 50.29 15.2% 66.14 16.9% 1,521.80 43.0% 20,710.08 46.6% 2,367.67 24.1% 19.51 27.0% 46.59 31.0% Light Commercial Truck 277,301,163 9.0% 25.81 7.8% 31.46 8.0% 495.35 14.0% 6,619.34 14.9% 869.91 8.9% 6.45 8.9% 14.20 9.4% Intercity Bus 4,521,080 0.1% 5.02 1.5% 5.38 1.4% 3.30 0.1% 22.24 0.1% 95.80 1.0% 0.26 0.4% 0.12 0.1%

Transit Bus 671,865 0.0% 0.57 0.2% 0.60 0.2% 0.57 0.0% 7.62 0.0% 11.63 0.1% 0.03 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 285,279 0.0% 0.16 0.0% 0.18 0.0% 0.44 0.0% 6.31 0.0% 3.01 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

Refuse Truck 2,577,964 0.1% 1.86 0.6% 2.02 0.5% 1.80 0.1% 16.49 0.0% 39.06 0.4% 0.14 0.2% 0.07 0.0% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 101,490,740 3.3% 31.83 9.6% 36.22 9.2% 119.03 3.4% 2,046.53 4.6% 698.94 7.1% 3.70 5.1% 3.13 2.1% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 13,562,600 0.4% 3.70 1.1% 4.26 1.1% 11.75 0.3% 183.82 0.4% 81.34 0.8% 0.47 0.6% 0.42 0.3%

Motor Home 6,061,173 0.2% 1.27 0.4% 1.49 0.4% 13.13 0.4% 273.68 0.6% 43.85 0.4% 0.26 0.4% 0.22 0.1%

Combination Short-haul Truck 87,759,201 2.9% 69.29 20.9% 74.81 19.1% 57.27 1.6% 358.06 0.8% 1,523.30 15.5% 5.74 7.9% 2.45 1.6% Combination Long-haul Truck 120,989,730 3.9% 103.19 31.2% 111.39 28.4% 158.69 4.5% 619.74 1.4% 2,475.65 25.2% 8.68 12.0% 3.44 2.3%

Total 3,071,702,834 100.0% 331.08 100.0% 392.14 100.0% 3,535.94 100.0% 44,400.01 100.0% 9,814.09 100.0% 72.29 100.0% 150.31 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lebanon Motorcycle 5,730,460 0.5% 0.30 0.2% 0.34 0.2% 31.63 2.0% 179.14 1.0% 6.97 0.2% 0.10 0.3% 0.21 0.4%

Passenger Car 608,972,480 50.4% 13.96 8.9% 21.43 11.7% 470.58 30.0% 5,320.79 28.6% 628.53 13.7% 10.17 33.3% 29.80 51.2% Passenger Truck 309,751,000 25.6% 19.26 12.2% 25.21 13.8% 661.36 42.2% 8,506.89 45.6% 940.52 20.5% 7.44 24.4% 17.62 30.3% Light Commercial Truck 104,354,710 8.6% 9.93 6.3% 12.06 6.6% 214.72 13.7% 2,750.12 14.8% 345.29 7.5% 2.46 8.1% 5.38 9.2% Intercity Bus 2,435,517 0.2% 2.68 1.7% 2.87 1.6% 1.73 0.1% 11.78 0.1% 52.86 1.2% 0.14 0.5% 0.06 0.1%

Transit Bus 209,293 0.0% 0.18 0.1% 0.19 0.1% 0.17 0.0% 2.38 0.0% 3.69 0.1% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

School Bus 2,048,440 0.2% 1.15 0.7% 1.27 0.7% 3.05 0.2% 45.21 0.2% 22.40 0.5% 0.07 0.2% 0.04 0.1%

Refuse Truck 1,358,164 0.1% 0.97 0.6% 1.05 0.6% 0.92 0.1% 8.67 0.0% 21.24 0.5% 0.08 0.3% 0.04 0.1% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 53,480,684 4.4% 16.12 10.2% 18.28 10.0% 61.12 3.9% 1,064.34 5.7% 365.02 8.0% 1.92 6.3% 1.59 2.7% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 7,148,113 0.6% 1.87 1.2% 2.14 1.2% 5.98 0.4% 94.62 0.5% 42.14 0.9% 0.24 0.8% 0.21 0.4%

Motor Home 3,191,743 0.3% 0.64 0.4% 0.75 0.4% 6.82 0.4% 148.41 0.8% 23.41 0.5% 0.14 0.4% 0.11 0.2%

Combination Short-haul Truck 46,230,777 3.8% 36.26 23.0% 39.00 21.3% 29.25 1.9% 185.19 1.0% 817.11 17.8% 3.08 10.1% 1.29 2.2% Combination Long-haul Truck 63,767,869 5.3% 54.05 34.4% 58.12 31.8% 80.30 5.1% 318.14 1.7% 1,313.52 28.7% 4.65 15.3% 1.82 3.1%

Total 1,208,679,249 100.0% 157.35 100.0% 182.70 100.0% 1,567.63 100.0% 18,635.67 100.0% 4,582.70 100.0% 30.50 100.0% 58.17 100.0% County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

Appendix D-2 8

### Appendix D-2-2 2007 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Process Annual (Tons/Year)

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Cumberland Running Exhaust 286.02 75.7% 297.97 67.9% 1,009.54 32.4% 22,617.82 56.6% 9,357.99 86.7% 65.55 90.2% 138.61 100.0%

Start Exhaust 22.24 5.9% 24.08 5.5% 1,327.02 42.6% 17,183.43 43.0% 974.89 9.0% 2.29 3.2% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 10.39 2.7% 39.68 9.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 5.06 1.3% 21.10 4.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 117.55 3.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 419.14 13.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 107.64 3.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 46.38 12.3% 47.83 10.9% 14.86 0.5% 6.72 0.0% 3.03 0.0% 4.23 5.8% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.42 0.1% 0.44 0.1% 17.58 0.6% 2.43 0.0% 0.04 0.0% 0.03 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 1.22 0.3% 1.26 0.3% 2.02 0.1% 0.51 0.0% 0.23 0.0% 0.09 0.1% 0.00 0.0%
Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 6.10 1.6% 6.29 1.4% 101.00 3.2% 170.66 0.4% 460.85 4.3% 0.47 0.6% 0.00 0.0%

Total 377.83 100.0% 438.64 100.0% 3,116.34 100.0% 39,981.57 100.0% 10,797.04 100.0% 72.67 100.0% 138.61 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Dauphin Running Exhaust 244.52 73.9% 255.41 65.1% 1,030.04 29.1% 23,587.00 53.1% 8,254.80 84.1% 65.63 90.8% 150.31 100.0%

Start Exhaust 27.03 8.2% 29.28 7.5% 1,626.37 46.0% 20,666.56 46.5% 1,185.13 12.1% 2.80 3.9% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 10.63 3.2% 40.62 10.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 5.23 1.6% 21.80 5.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 144.14 4.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 488.50 13.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 127.77 3.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 37.30 11.3% 38.47 9.8% 14.78 0.4% 6.07 0.0% 2.35 0.0% 3.38 4.7% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.48 0.1% 0.51 0.1% 21.51 0.6% 2.77 0.0% 0.04 0.0% 0.04 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.98 0.3% 1.01 0.3% 1.62 0.0% 0.41 0.0% 0.19 0.0% 0.08 0.1% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 4.90 1.5% 5.06 1.3% 81.20 2.3% 137.20 0.3% 371.59 3.8% 0.38 0.5% 0.00 0.0%

Total 331.08 100.0% 392.14 100.0% 3,535.94 100.0% 44,400.01 100.0% 9,814.09 100.0% 72.29 100.0% 150.31 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lebanon Running Exhaust 116.10 73.8% 120.86 66.2% 420.32 26.8% 9,001.88 48.3% 3,846.04 83.9% 27.23 89.3% 58.17 100.0%

Start Exhaust 12.55 8.0% 13.59 7.4% 762.26 48.6% 9,561.14 51.3% 550.32 12.0% 1.30 4.3% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 4.28 2.7% 16.34 8.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 2.14 1.4% 8.92 4.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 66.58 4.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 204.54 13.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 56.38 3.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 19.13 12.2% 19.72 10.8% 6.17 0.4% 2.71 0.0% 1.24 0.0% 1.73 5.7% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.23 0.1% 0.24 0.1% 10.09 0.6% 1.31 0.0% 0.02 0.0% 0.02 0.1% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.49 0.3% 0.50 0.3% 0.81 0.1% 0.21 0.0% 0.09 0.0% 0.04 0.1% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 2.45 1.6% 2.52 1.4% 40.50 2.6% 68.44 0.4% 184.98 4.0% 0.19 0.6% 0.00 0.0%

Total 157.35 100.0% 182.70 100.0% 1,567.63 100.0% 18,635.67 100.0% 4,582.70 100.0% 30.50 100.0% 58.17 100.0% County Process

County Process

County Process

Appendix D-2 9

### Appendix D-2-3 2017 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary

Annual (Tons/Year)

County VMT Speed (mph) PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Cumberland 3,416,572,938 42.1 163.11 227.72 1,638.84 25,808.30 4,847.75 26.16 103.24 Dauphin 3,647,252,358 41.7 154.42 222.22 1,891.44 28,662.68 4,503.85 26.70 109.06

Lebanon 1,418,527,122 44.0 66.47 91.90 838.94 11,455.64 2,047.17 10.75 42.18

Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle 1997 Annual PM 2.5 NAAQS Nonattainment Area Region Total 8,482,352,418

- 384.00 541.84 4,369.22 65,926.62 11,398.77 63.60 254.47

Appendix D-2 10

### Appendix D-2-3 2017 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Road Type Annual (Tons/Year)

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Cumberland Off-Network

- 17.36 18.67 1,155.17 13,011.21 1,170.54 1.07 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 720,963,073 40.06 49.05 92.90 2,803.16 1,137.57 5.81 22.46

Rural Unrestricted Access 444,477,703 14.35 22.42 58.89 1,428.62 350.58 2.96 12.94

Urban Restricted Access 1,125,955,635 52.84 69.69 151.88 4,603.57 1,362.65 8.35 35.15

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,125,176,527 38.48 67.89 180.00 3,961.74 826.42 7.97 32.68

Total 3,416,572,938 163.11 227.72 1,638.84 25,808.30 4,847.75 26.16 103.24

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3 Dauphin Off-Network

- 20.19 21.76 1,388.98 15,377.94 1,207.08 1.25 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 242,342,793 12.54 15.51 30.84 955.11 351.54 1.89 7.54

Rural Unrestricted Access 690,547,379 21.84 32.74 86.91 2,185.13 567.81 4.58 20.46

Urban Restricted Access 1,244,701,051 55.00 74.42 167.90 5,167.12 1,353.77 8.99 38.34

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,469,661,134 44.86 77.80 216.80 4,977.38 1,023.65 9.99 42.72

Total 3,647,252,358 154.42 222.22 1,891.44 28,662.68 4,503.85 26.70 109.06

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lebanon Off-Network

- 9.36 10.09 645.57 6,716.67 563.04 0.58 0.00

Rural Restricted Access 450,659,872 25.81 31.55 59.21 1,685.77 732.16 3.66 14.00

Rural Unrestricted Access 500,737,561 16.35 25.02 65.99 1,549.63 410.08 3.34 14.70

Urban Restricted Access 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Urban Unrestricted Access 467,129,689 14.96 25.24 68.16 1,503.57 341.89 3.17 13.47

Total 1,418,527,122 66.47 91.90 838.94 11,455.64 2,047.17 10.75 42.18

Appendix D-2 11

### Appendix D-2-3 2017 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Source Type Annual (Tons/Year)

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Cumberland Motorcycle 15,992,578 0.5% 0.87 0.5% 0.99 0.4% 64.71 3.9% 290.25 1.1% 12.66 0.3% 0.10 0.4% 0.87 0.8% Passenger Car 1,699,520,600 49.7% 27.24 16.7% 48.16 21.1% 408.94 25.0% 7,989.67 31.0% 478.00 9.9% 9.65 36.9% 43.57 42.2% Passenger Truck 863,804,790 25.3% 31.42 19.3% 47.20 20.7% 702.86 42.9% 10,516.14 40.7% 1,096.73 22.6% 6.81 26.0% 32.53 31.5% Light Commercial Truck 291,881,270 8.5% 13.72 8.4% 19.19 8.4% 231.56 14.1% 3,590.05 13.9% 442.21 9.1% 2.20 8.4% 10.40 10.1% Intercity Bus 6,997,264 0.2% 2.88 1.8% 3.27 1.4% 2.47 0.2% 17.49 0.1% 64.11 1.3% 0.10 0.4% 0.18 0.2%

Transit Bus 511,077 0.0% 0.16 0.1% 0.18 0.1% 0.22 0.0% 3.19 0.0% 3.68 0.1% 0.01 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 1,102,838 0.0% 0.30 0.2% 0.35 0.2% 0.71 0.0% 11.67 0.0% 6.09 0.1% 0.01 0.0% 0.03 0.0%

Refuse Truck 4,776,131 0.1% 0.77 0.5% 0.97 0.4% 0.95 0.1% 12.71 0.0% 19.25 0.4% 0.06 0.2% 0.13 0.1% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 163,213,512 4.8% 13.78 8.4% 19.43 8.5% 76.09 4.6% 2,199.08 8.5% 459.83 9.5% 1.64 6.3% 4.92 4.8% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 21,802,204 0.6% 1.92 1.2% 2.68 1.2% 9.34 0.6% 254.97 1.0% 60.41 1.2% 0.21 0.8% 0.66 0.6%

Motor Home 9,922,060 0.3% 1.00 0.6% 1.30 0.6% 10.70 0.7% 288.11 1.1% 42.38 0.9% 0.13 0.5% 0.34 0.3%

Combination Short-haul Truck 143,836,813 4.2% 25.27 15.5% 31.26 13.7% 24.63 1.5% 169.21 0.7% 643.27 13.3% 2.12 8.1% 4.04 3.9%
Combination Long-haul Truck 193,211,802 5.7% 43.79 26.8% 52.74 23.2% 105.66 6.4% 465.77 1.8% 1,519.13 31.3% 3.13 12.0% 5.57 5.4%

Total 3,416,572,938 100.0% 163.11 100.0% 227.72 100.0% 1,638.84 100.0% 25,808.30 100.0% 4,847.75 100.0% 26.16 100.0% 103.24 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Dauphin Motorcycle 18,012,433 0.5% 0.96 0.6% 1.09 0.5% 78.29 4.1% 331.47 1.2% 14.38 0.3% 0.12 0.4% 0.96 0.9%

Passenger Car 1,914,169,802 52.5% 30.74 19.9% 54.68 24.6% 497.15 26.3% 9,225.45 32.2% 548.06 12.2% 10.84 40.6% 48.39 44.4% Passenger Truck 972,904,980 26.7% 35.29 22.9% 53.30 24.0% 851.79 45.0% 12,249.98 42.7% 1,259.06 28.0% 7.65 28.6% 36.12 33.1% Light Commercial Truck 328,743,880 9.0% 15.49 10.0% 21.74 9.8% 280.08 14.8% 4,219.04 14.7% 507.94 11.3% 2.47 9.3% 11.57 10.6% Intercity Bus 5,556,467 0.2% 2.35 1.5% 2.70 1.2% 2.03 0.1% 14.19 0.0% 49.98 1.1% 0.07 0.3% 0.14 0.1%

Transit Bus 795,753 0.0% 0.26 0.2% 0.29 0.1% 0.34 0.0% 4.92 0.0% 5.56 0.1% 0.01 0.0% 0.02 0.0%

School Bus 342,595 0.0% 0.09 0.1% 0.11 0.1% 0.22 0.0% 3.49 0.0% 1.83 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

Refuse Truck 3,619,620 0.1% 0.61 0.4% 0.79 0.4% 0.76 0.0% 9.91 0.0% 14.32 0.3% 0.05 0.2% 0.10 0.1% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 123,664,420 3.4% 10.84 7.0% 15.61 7.0% 60.03 3.2% 1,686.89 5.9% 351.35 7.8% 1.25 4.7% 3.77 3.5% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 16,530,332 0.5% 1.51 1.0% 2.15 1.0% 7.40 0.4% 195.36 0.7% 46.13 1.0% 0.16 0.6% 0.51 0.5%

Motor Home 7,517,585 0.2% 0.77 0.5% 1.02 0.5% 8.36 0.4% 216.14 0.8% 31.75 0.7% 0.10 0.4% 0.26 0.2%

Combination Short-haul Truck 109,018,740 3.0% 20.31 13.1% 25.61 11.5% 19.61 1.0% 133.26 0.5% 488.90 10.9% 1.61 6.0% 3.04 2.8% Combination Long-haul Truck 146,375,750 4.0% 35.21 22.8% 43.13 19.4% 85.36 4.5% 372.56 1.3% 1,184.60 26.3% 2.38 8.9% 4.17 3.8%

Total 3,647,252,358 100.0% 154.42 100.0% 222.22 100.0% 1,891.44 100.0% 28,662.68 100.0% 4,503.85 100.0% 26.70 100.0% 109.06 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lebanon Motorcycle 6,683,752 0.5% 0.32 0.5% 0.37 0.4% 32.12 3.8% 119.57 1.0% 5.47 0.3% 0.04 0.4% 0.36 0.9%

Passenger Car 710,277,500 50.1% 11.27 16.9% 19.63 21.4% 219.56 26.2% 3,518.45 30.7% 219.85 10.7% 4.00 37.2% 17.86 42.3% Passenger Truck 361,008,560 25.4% 13.00 19.6% 19.27 21.0% 374.64 44.7% 4,831.75 42.2% 501.28 24.5% 2.84 26.4% 13.41 31.8% Light Commercial Truck 121,985,200 8.6% 5.76 8.7% 7.94 8.6% 122.14 14.6% 1,681.98 14.7% 199.99 9.8% 0.92 8.6% 4.30 10.2% Intercity Bus 2,979,718 0.2% 1.21 1.8% 1.37 1.5% 1.03 0.1% 7.30 0.1% 27.17 1.3% 0.04 0.4% 0.08 0.2%

Transit Bus 251,807 0.0% 0.08 0.1% 0.09 0.1% 0.10 0.0% 1.50 0.0% 1.74 0.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 2,450,680 0.2% 0.62 0.9% 0.74 0.8% 1.47 0.2% 23.70 0.2% 13.00 0.6% 0.02 0.2% 0.05 0.1%

Refuse Truck 1,885,349 0.1% 0.30 0.4% 0.38 0.4% 0.37 0.0% 4.86 0.0% 7.56 0.4% 0.02 0.2% 0.05 0.1% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 64,742,367 4.6% 5.25 7.9% 7.39 8.0% 29.48 3.5% 817.32 7.1% 177.72 8.7% 0.63 5.9% 1.90 4.5% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 8,646,349 0.6% 0.73 1.1% 1.02 1.1% 3.59 0.4% 94.02 0.8% 23.20 1.1% 0.08 0.7% 0.25 0.6%

Motor Home 3,936,438 0.3% 0.38 0.6% 0.49 0.5% 4.14 0.5% 107.91 0.9% 16.46 0.8% 0.05 0.5% 0.13 0.3%

Combination Short-haul Truck 57,062,847 4.0% 10.07 15.2% 12.35 13.4% 9.57 1.1% 66.36 0.6% 256.25 12.5% 0.85 7.9% 1.59 3.8% Combination Long-haul Truck 76,616,555 5.4% 17.48 26.3% 20.88 22.7% 40.75 4.9% 180.95 1.6% 597.47 29.2% 1.25 11.6% 2.18 5.2%

Total 1,418,527,122 100.0% 66.47 100.0% 91.90 100.0% 838.94 100.0% 11,455.64 100.0% 2,047.17 100.0% 10.75 100.0% 42.18 100.0% County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

Appendix D-2 12

### Appendix D-2-3 2017 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Process Annual (Tons/Year)

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Cumberland Running Exhaust 113.02 69.3% 118.72 52.1% 366.05 22.3% 12,794.29 49.6% 3,676.42 75.8% 24.62 94.1% 103.24 100.0%

Start Exhaust 14.49 8.9% 15.70 6.9% 791.47 48.3% 12,795.49 49.6% 635.70 13.1% 0.91 3.5% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 13.39 8.2% 51.16 22.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 6.12 3.8% 25.54 11.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 72.72 4.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 174.30 10.6% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 148.77 9.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 13.21 8.1% 13.63 6.0% 5.11 0.3% 2.80 0.0% 0.79 0.0% 0.47 1.8% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.22 0.1% 0.23 0.1% 10.43 0.6% 1.75 0.0% 0.03 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.34 0.2% 0.35 0.2% 0.60 0.0% 0.17 0.0% 0.07 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%
Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 2.32 1.4% 2.39 1.0% 69.37 4.2% 213.81 0.8% 534.73 11.0% 0.15 0.6% 0.00 0.0%

Total 163.11 100.0% 227.72 100.0% 1,638.84 100.0% 25,808.30 100.0% 4,847.75 100.0% 26.16 100.0% 103.24 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Dauphin Running Exhaust 102.69 66.5% 108.23 48.7% 370.52 19.6% 13,282.09 46.3% 3,296.14 73.2% 25.03 93.8% 109.06 100.0%

Start Exhaust 17.76 11.5% 19.26 8.7% 970.83 51.3% 15,201.28 53.0% 769.18 17.1% 1.11 4.2% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 14.25 9.2% 54.43 24.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 6.36 4.1% 26.50 11.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 89.38 4.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 207.32 11.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 178.39 9.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 10.94 7.1% 11.29 5.1% 5.09 0.3% 2.65 0.0% 0.63 0.0% 0.42 1.6% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.25 0.2% 0.27 0.1% 12.79 0.7% 2.00 0.0% 0.03 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.28 0.2% 0.28 0.1% 0.49 0.0% 0.14 0.0% 0.06 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 1.89 1.2% 1.95 0.9% 56.63 3.0% 174.53 0.6% 437.81 9.7% 0.12 0.5% 0.00 0.0%

Total 154.42 100.0% 222.22 100.0% 1,891.44 100.0% 28,662.68 100.0% 4,503.85 100.0% 26.70 100.0% 109.06 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lebanon Running Exhaust 44.16 66.4% 46.34 50.4% 146.55 17.5% 4,737.89 41.4% 1,483.81 72.5% 9.98 92.8% 42.18 100.0%

Start Exhaust 8.22 12.4% 8.91 9.7% 454.99 54.2% 6,633.59 57.9% 357.44 17.5% 0.51 4.8% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 5.08 7.6% 19.42 21.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 2.53 3.8% 10.54 11.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 41.23 4.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 84.10 10.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 77.15 9.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 5.34 8.0% 5.51 6.0% 2.05 0.2% 1.08 0.0% 0.32 0.0% 0.19 1.8% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.12 0.2% 0.13 0.1% 6.00 0.7% 0.89 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.13 0.2% 0.13 0.1% 0.23 0.0% 0.06 0.0% 0.03 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 0.89 1.3% 0.92 1.0% 26.64 3.2% 82.12 0.7% 205.56 10.0% 0.06 0.5% 0.00 0.0%

Total 66.47 100.0% 91.90 100.0% 838.94 100.0% 11,455.64 100.0% 2,047.17 100.0% 10.75 100.0% 42.18 100.0% County Process

County Process

County Process

Appendix D-2 13

### Appendix D-2-4 2025 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary

Annual (Tons/Year)

County VMT Speed (mph) PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Cumberland 4,065,195,348 38.5 117.31 201.66 1,067.92 22,871.45 3,308.11 28.93 104.77 Dauphin 4,284,796,042 35.2 121.68 218.03 1,238.38 25,035.11 3,077.25 29.68 110.03

Lebanon 1,645,073,978 43.7 45.07 74.01 521.27 9,811.23 1,314.13 11.31 40.98

Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle 1997 Annual PM 2.5 NAAQS Nonattainment Area Region Total 9,995,065,368

- 284.06 493.70 2,827.57 57,717.78 7,699.49 69.92 255.78

Appendix D-2 14

### Appendix D-2-4 2025 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Road Type Annual (Tons/Year)

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Cumberland Off-Network

- 14.16 15.27 741.80 11,855.25 1,082.84 1.13 0.99

Rural Restricted Access 894,335,880 23.60 34.49 60.00 2,578.75 702.45 6.66 23.77

Rural Unrestricted Access 478,551,774 9.56 18.06 33.42 1,064.87 182.95 2.84 11.38

Urban Restricted Access 1,375,034,588 38.84 66.89 114.18 4,190.55 868.22 9.85 37.04

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,317,273,106 31.14 66.95 118.53 3,182.03 471.66 8.45 31.59

Total 4,065,195,348 117.31 201.66 1,067.92 22,871.45 3,308.11 28.93 104.77

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3 Dauphin Off-Network

- 16.83 18.18 882.34 13,757.85 1,077.57 1.31 0.88

Rural Restricted Access 300,619,046 7.97 12.02 20.81 888.92 217.51 2.17 7.86

Rural Unrestricted Access 743,533,951 14.31 25.91 48.99 1,637.49 297.94 4.40 18.00

Urban Restricted Access 1,520,047,192 45.51 84.03 142.75 4,727.40 895.87 11.16 41.94

Urban Unrestricted Access 1,720,595,852 37.06 77.90 143.49 4,023.43 588.36 10.64 41.34

Total 4,284,796,042 121.68 218.03 1,238.38 25,035.11 3,077.25 29.68 110.03

County Road Type VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Lebanon Off-Network

- 7.67 8.29 403.23 5,934.11 454.01 0.59 0.34

Rural Restricted Access 559,034,770 15.08 22.00 37.95 1,539.53 450.96 4.19 14.84

Rural Unrestricted Access 539,203,222 10.72 19.87 37.04 1,145.64 215.20 3.21 12.95

Urban Restricted Access 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Urban Unrestricted Access 546,835,986 11.60 23.84 43.05 1,191.95 193.96 3.32 12.84

Total 1,645,073,978 45.07 74.01 521.27 9,811.23 1,314.13 11.31 40.98

Appendix D-2 15

### Appendix D-2-4 2025 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Source Type Annual (Tons/Year)

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Cumberland Motorcycle 18,961,776 0.5% 1.04 0.9% 1.19 0.6% 74.13 6.9% 323.14 1.4% 14.40 0.4% 0.12 0.4% 1.08 1.0% Passenger Car 2,015,055,704 49.6% 30.38 25.9% 57.38 28.5% 299.62 28.1% 7,826.67 34.2% 301.21 9.1% 10.34 35.7% 44.57 42.5% Passenger Truck 1,024,172,200 25.2% 30.04 25.6% 50.11 24.8% 382.37 35.8% 8,060.86 35.2% 574.31 17.4% 7.16 24.8% 28.84 27.5% Light Commercial Truck 346,080,100 8.5% 10.71 9.1% 17.57 8.7% 129.93 12.2% 2,971.99 13.0% 270.46 8.2% 2.35 8.1% 9.79 9.3% Intercity Bus 8,615,209 0.2% 1.49 1.3% 1.99 1.0% 1.41 0.1% 11.60 0.1% 34.79 1.1% 0.11 0.4% 0.22 0.2%

Transit Bus 576,503 0.0% 0.07 0.1% 0.09 0.0% 0.11 0.0% 2.21 0.0% 1.87 0.1% 0.01 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 1,236,419 0.0% 0.15 0.1% 0.22 0.1% 0.41 0.0% 10.12 0.0% 3.66 0.1% 0.01 0.0% 0.03 0.0%

Refuse Truck 5,129,146 0.1% 0.32 0.3% 0.58 0.3% 0.49 0.0% 10.28 0.0% 9.76 0.3% 0.07 0.2% 0.14 0.1% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 198,472,744 4.9% 7.77 6.6% 15.37 7.6% 58.46 5.5% 2,529.76 11.1% 393.98 11.9% 2.03 7.0% 6.08 5.8% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 26,306,324 0.6% 1.13 1.0% 2.14 1.1% 7.74 0.7% 305.28 1.3% 52.46 1.6% 0.26 0.9% 0.81 0.8%

Motor Home 12,123,184 0.3% 0.68 0.6% 1.08 0.5% 8.05 0.8% 273.28 1.2% 37.34 1.1% 0.16 0.5% 0.41 0.4%

Combination Short-haul Truck 172,306,845 4.2% 11.59 9.9% 19.71 9.8% 11.09 1.0% 103.48 0.5% 351.39 10.6% 2.51 8.7% 4.91 4.7%
Combination Long-haul Truck 236,159,194 5.8% 21.94 18.7% 34.22 17.0% 94.11 8.8% 442.78 1.9% 1,262.49 38.2% 3.80 13.1% 7.87 7.5%

Total 4,065,195,348 100.0% 117.31 100.0% 201.66 100.0% 1,067.92 100.0% 22,871.45 100.0% 3,308.11 100.0% 28.93 100.0% 104.77 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Dauphin Motorcycle 21,124,419 0.5% 1.13 0.9% 1.29 0.6% 90.88 7.3% 369.46 1.5% 16.10 0.5% 0.14 0.5% 1.20 1.1%

Passenger Car 2,244,878,126 52.4% 35.11 28.9% 67.75 31.1% 365.40 29.5% 8,932.93 35.7% 343.62 11.2% 11.80 39.8% 49.91 45.4% Passenger Truck 1,140,986,280 26.6% 34.10 28.0% 58.43 26.8% 467.04 37.7% 9,366.54 37.4% 659.19 21.4% 8.16 27.5% 32.22 29.3% Light Commercial Truck 385,546,210 9.0% 12.30 10.1% 20.62 9.5% 158.76 12.8% 3,495.81 14.0% 313.61 10.2% 2.68 9.0% 10.96 10.0% Intercity Bus 6,682,703 0.2% 1.28 1.1% 1.81 0.8% 1.22 0.1% 9.51 0.0% 27.46 0.9% 0.09 0.3% 0.18 0.2%

Transit Bus 898,688 0.0% 0.12 0.1% 0.16 0.1% 0.18 0.0% 3.58 0.0% 2.98 0.1% 0.01 0.0% 0.02 0.0%

School Bus 381,198 0.0% 0.05 0.0% 0.08 0.0% 0.14 0.0% 3.07 0.0% 1.17 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

Refuse Truck 3,808,250 0.1% 0.28 0.2% 0.55 0.3% 0.42 0.0% 8.12 0.0% 7.44 0.2% 0.05 0.2% 0.11 0.1% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 147,771,150 3.4% 6.59 5.4% 13.86 6.4% 48.78 3.9% 1,938.66 7.7% 303.91 9.9% 1.58 5.3% 4.70 4.3% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 19,587,414 0.5% 0.95 0.8% 1.92 0.9% 6.47 0.5% 233.61 0.9% 40.44 1.3% 0.20 0.7% 0.62 0.6%

Motor Home 9,027,634 0.2% 0.55 0.5% 0.93 0.4% 6.66 0.5% 209.27 0.8% 28.28 0.9% 0.12 0.4% 0.32 0.3%

Combination Short-haul Truck 128,313,370 3.0% 10.15 8.3% 18.67 8.6% 9.42 0.8% 83.41 0.3% 272.48 8.9% 1.92 6.5% 3.72 3.4% Combination Long-haul Truck 175,790,600 4.1% 19.07 15.7% 31.96 14.7% 83.01 6.7% 381.14 1.5% 1,060.59 34.5% 2.92 9.9% 6.06 5.5%

Total 4,284,796,042 100.0% 121.68 100.0% 218.03 100.0% 1,238.38 100.0% 25,035.11 100.0% 3,077.25 100.0% 29.68 100.0% 110.03 100.0%

VMT PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Miles Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lebanon Motorcycle 7,707,746 0.5% 0.38 0.8% 0.43 0.6% 35.74 6.9% 128.53 1.3% 6.09 0.5% 0.05 0.4% 0.44 1.1%

Passenger Car 819,096,800 49.8% 11.96 26.5% 21.70 29.3% 156.06 29.9% 3,345.24 34.1% 137.45 10.5% 4.06 35.9% 17.47 42.6% Passenger Truck 416,315,120 25.3% 11.91 26.4% 19.06 25.8% 198.36 38.1% 3,623.26 36.9% 254.29 19.4% 2.84 25.1% 11.39 27.8% Light Commercial Truck 140,676,610 8.6% 4.28 9.5% 6.73 9.1% 66.13 12.7% 1,366.55 13.9% 117.14 8.9% 0.93 8.3% 3.87 9.5% Intercity Bus 3,686,120 0.2% 0.60 1.3% 0.77 1.0% 0.56 0.1% 4.68 0.0% 14.47 1.1% 0.05 0.4% 0.09 0.2%

Transit Bus 284,708 0.0% 0.03 0.1% 0.04 0.1% 0.05 0.0% 0.99 0.0% 0.85 0.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.01 0.0%

School Bus 2,798,524 0.2% 0.30 0.7% 0.43 0.6% 0.82 0.2% 20.25 0.2% 7.57 0.6% 0.02 0.2% 0.06 0.1%

Refuse Truck 1,995,031 0.1% 0.11 0.2% 0.19 0.3% 0.17 0.0% 3.75 0.0% 3.68 0.3% 0.03 0.2% 0.05 0.1% Single Unit Short-haul Truck 77,668,646 4.7% 2.73 6.0% 5.20 7.0% 20.88 4.0% 913.17 9.3% 147.16 11.2% 0.75 6.6% 2.29 5.6% Single Unit Long-haul Truck 10,289,272 0.6% 0.40 0.9% 0.73 1.0% 2.75 0.5% 109.65 1.1% 19.50 1.5% 0.09 0.8% 0.30 0.7%

Motor Home 4,742,639 0.3% 0.24 0.5% 0.37 0.5% 2.88 0.6% 98.50 1.0% 14.02 1.1% 0.06 0.5% 0.16 0.4%

Combination Short-haul Truck 67,436,953 4.1% 4.18 9.3% 6.65 9.0% 4.00 0.8% 38.81 0.4% 134.27 10.2% 0.97 8.6% 1.88 4.6% Combination Long-haul Truck 92,375,808 5.6% 7.95 17.6% 11.69 15.8% 32.87 6.3% 157.85 1.6% 457.65 34.8% 1.46 12.9% 2.97 7.3%

Total 1,645,073,978 100.0% 45.07 100.0% 74.01 100.0% 521.27 100.0% 9,811.23 100.0% 1,314.13 100.0% 11.31 100.0% 40.98 100.0% County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

County Sourcetype

Appendix D-2 16

### Appendix D-2-4 2025 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle Area Emission Summary by Process Annual (Tons/Year)

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Cumberland Running Exhaust 72.27 61.6% 76.77 38.1% 220.97 20.7% 11,014.55 48.2% 2,225.04 67.3% 27.50 95.1% 103.78 99.1%

Start Exhaust 12.33 10.5% 13.37 6.6% 435.44 40.8% 11,565.86 50.6% 375.90 11.4% 0.92 3.2% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 19.43 16.6% 74.22 36.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 7.51 6.4% 31.32 15.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 40.76 3.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 109.25 10.2% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 176.17 16.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 3.94 3.4% 4.08 2.0% 2.66 0.2% 1.65 0.0% 0.23 0.0% 0.30 1.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.14 0.1% 0.15 0.1% 5.65 0.5% 1.49 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.11 0.1% 0.11 0.1% 0.23 0.0% 0.08 0.0% 0.03 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%
Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 1.59 1.4% 1.64 0.8% 76.80 7.2% 287.81 1.3% 706.89 21.4% 0.20 0.7% 0.99 0.9%

Total 117.31 100.0% 201.66 100.0% 1,067.92 100.0% 22,871.45 100.0% 3,308.11 100.0% 28.93 100.0% 104.77 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Dauphin Running Exhaust 70.39 57.8% 75.00 34.4% 228.90 18.5% 11,275.62 45.0% 1,999.48 65.0% 28.08 94.6% 109.15 99.2%

Start Exhaust 15.16 12.5% 16.45 7.5% 531.70 42.9% 13,499.91 53.9% 446.43 14.5% 1.12 3.8% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 23.22 19.1% 88.70 40.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 7.82 6.4% 32.61 15.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 50.19 4.1% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 133.78 10.8% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 215.59 17.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 3.42 2.8% 3.55 1.6% 2.75 0.2% 1.64 0.0% 0.19 0.0% 0.29 1.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.16 0.1% 0.18 0.1% 6.92 0.6% 1.70 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.10 0.1% 0.10 0.0% 0.20 0.0% 0.07 0.0% 0.03 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 1.41 1.2% 1.46 0.7% 68.36 5.5% 256.17 1.0% 631.10 20.5% 0.18 0.6% 0.88 0.8%

Total 121.68 100.0% 218.03 100.0% 1,238.38 100.0% 25,035.11 100.0% 3,077.25 100.0% 29.68 100.0% 110.03 100.0%

PM2.5 PM10 VOC CO NOX SO2 NH3

Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct. Emissions Pct.

Lebanon Running Exhaust 26.82 59.5% 28.47 38.5% 80.77 15.5% 3,876.53 39.5% 860.03 65.4% 10.60 93.7% 40.64 99.2%

Start Exhaust 7.00 15.5% 7.60 10.3% 247.67 47.5% 5,833.55 59.5% 208.72 15.9% 0.52 4.6% 0.00 0.0%

Brakewear 6.10 13.5% 23.31 31.5% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Tirewear 2.97 6.6% 12.38 16.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Permeation 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 23.10 4.4% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Vapor Venting 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 50.79 9.7% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Evap Fuel Leaks 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 88.03 16.9% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Crankcase Running Exhaust 1.51 3.4% 1.57 2.1% 0.97 0.2% 0.59 0.0% 0.09 0.0% 0.12 1.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Start Exhaust 0.08 0.2% 0.08 0.1% 3.22 0.6% 0.74 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust 0.04 0.1% 0.04 0.1% 0.08 0.0% 0.03 0.0% 0.01 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Displacement Vapor Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% Refueling Spillage Loss 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0% 0.00 0.0%

Extended Idle Exhaust 0.55 1.2% 0.57 0.8% 26.63 5.1% 99.79 1.0% 245.27 18.7% 0.07 0.6% 0.34 0.8%

Total 45.07 100.0% 74.01 100.0% 521.27 100.0% 9,811.23 100.0% 1,314.13 100.0% 11.31 100.0% 40.98 100.0% County Process

County Process

County Process

Appendix D-2 17

# APPENDIX D

- 3

Harrisburg

- Lebanon

- Carlisle Area MOVES Sample Input FilesAppendix D

- 3 1 

# MOVES Run Specification File Settings

Sample xml file forma t

<moves> <importer mode="county" >

<filters> <geographicselections>

(Specify County to be run) <geographicselection type="COUNTY" key="42041" description="PENNSYLVANIA

- Cumberland County"/> </geographicselections> <timespan>

<year key="2 025"/>
<month id="00"/> <day id="2"/> <day id="5"/> <beginhour id="1"/>
<endhour id="24"/> <aggregateBy key="Hour"/> </timespan>

< onroadvehicleselections>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" so urcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fuel typedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fue ltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/>

<onroadvehicleselect ion fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/>

<onroadve hicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long

- haul Truck"/>
<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypena me="Transit Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid=" 61" sourcetypename="Combination Short

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasol ine" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltyped esc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltype desc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fue ltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long

- haul Truck"/>

< onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/>
</onroadvehicleselections>

<offroadvehicleselections> </offroadvehicleselections>

<offroadvehiclesccs> </offroadvehiclesccs>
<roadtypes>

<roadtype roadtypeid="1" roadtypename="Off

- Network"/> <roadtype roadtypeid="2" roadtypename="Rural Restricted Access"/> <roadtype roadtypeid="3" roadtypename="Rural Unrestricted Access"/> <roadtype roadtypeid="4" roadtypename="Urban Restricted Access"/> <roadtype roadtypeid="5" roadtypename="Urban Unrestricted Access"/> </roadtypes>

</filters> <databaseselection servername="localhost" databasename="42041_2025_00_25_Avgann_mi"/> <agedistributio n>Appendix D

- 3 2 <description><![CDATA[]]></description>

<parts> <sourceTypeAgeDistribution>

( Specify Age Distribution data file name for county being run)

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ MOVESInputs \ AgeDistribution \ 10Reg_RepCty \ 2025 \ 42011_2025_SourceTypeAgeDistribution.csv</filename>

< /sourceTypeAgeDistribution> </parts> </agedistribution>

<avgspeeddistribution>

<description><![CDATA[]]></description>

<parts> <avgSpeedDistribution>

(Specify Average Speed Distribution data file name for county being run

– As prepared by PPSUITE post processor)

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ Out \ PA_2025_Avgann_Inv \ \ 420 41_2025_00_25_Avgann \ CDM \ avgSpeedDistribution.csv</filename> </avgSpeedDistribution> </parts> </avgspeeddistribution>

<imcoverage>

<description ><![CDATA[]]></description>

<parts> <imcoverage>

(Specify I/M Parameters file name for county being run)

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ MOVESInputs \ IM \ 42000_2025_IMCovera ge.csv</filename> </imcoverage> </parts> </imcoverage>

<fuel> <description><![CDATA[]]></description>

<parts> <FuelSupply> (Specify Fuel Supply data file name for county being run)

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ MOVESInputs \ Fuel \ MOVES2010a \ 42000_2012_FuelSupply.csv</filename> </FuelSuppl y>
<FuelFormulation> (Specify Fuel Formulation data file name for county being run)

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ MOVESInputs \ Fuel \ 42000_FuelFormulation_MOVES2010a.csv</filename>

< /FuelFormulation> </parts>
</fuel>

<zonemonthhour>

<description><![CDATA[]]></description>

<parts>

<zoneMonthHour>

(Specify Meteorology data file name for county being run)

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ MOVESInputs \ Meteorology \ 2008 \ 42041_2008_met.csv</filename>
</zoneMonthHour> </parts>
</zonemonthhour>

<roadtypedistribution>

<description><![CDATA[]]></description>

<parts> <roadTypeDistribution>

(Specify Road Type Distribution data file name for county being run

– As prepared by PPSUITE post processor)

<filename> C: \ PAMOVES \ Out \ PA_2025_Avgann_Inv \ \ 42041_2025_00_25_Avgann \ CDM \ roadTypeDistribution.csv</filename> </roadTypeDistribution> </parts> </roadtypedistribution>

< sourcetypepopulation>

<description><![CDATA[]]></description>

<parts>
<sourceTypeYear>

(Specify Vehicle Population data file name for county being run)Appendix D

- 3 3 <filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ Out \ PA_2025_Avgann_Inv \ \ 42041_2025_00_25_Avgann \ CDM \ SourceTypePopulation.csv</filename> </sourceTypeYear> </parts> </sourcetypepopulation>

<rampfraction>

<description><![CDATA[]]></description>

<parts> <roadType>

(Specify Ramp Fractions data file name for coun ty being run

– As prepared by PPSUITE post processor)

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ MOVESInputs \ RampFraction \ rampfraction_defaults.csv</filename> </roadType> </parts> </rampfraction>

<vehicletypevmt>

<description><![CDATA[]]></description>

<parts> (Specify Annual VMT and VMT Fractions file names for county being run

– As prepared by PPSUITE post processor)

<hpmsVTypeYear>

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ Out \ PA_2025_Avgann_Inv \ \ 42041_2025_00_25_Avgann \ CDM \ hpmsVTypeYear.csv</filename> </hpmsVTypeY ear>

<monthvmtfraction>

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ MOVESInputs \ MonthDayHourFractions \ 2025_MonthFraction \ 42041_2025_MonthVMTFraction.csv</filename>
</monthvmtf raction> <dayvmtfraction>

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ MOVESInputs \ MonthDayHourFractions \ dayvmtfraction_avgday.csv</filename> </dayvmtfraction>

<hourvmtfraction>

<filename>C: \ PAMOVES \ Out \ PA_2025_Avgann_Inv \ \ 42041_2025_00_25_Avgann \ CDM \ hourvmtfraction.csv</filename>
</hourvmtfraction> </p arts> </vehicletypevmt>

</importer>
</moves>



### Sample mrs file format

<runspec> <description><![CDATA[MOVES2010 RunSpec Created by CENTRAL4 Scenario: CUMB 2025 ANNAVG Avgann Emission Inventory with user's data]]></description > <modelscale value="INV"/>
<modeldomain value="SINGLE"/> <geographicselections> (Specify County to be run) <geographicselection type="COUNTY" key="42041" description="PENNSYLVANIA

- Cumberland County"/> </geographicselections> <timespan> <year key="2025"/>

<month id="1"/>
<month id="2"/>
<month id="3"/>
<month id="4"/>
<month id="5"/>
<month id="6"/>
<month id="7"/>
<month id="8"/>
<month id="9"/>
<month id="10"/>
<month id="11"/>
<month id="12"/> <day id="2"/>
<day id="5"/>Appendix D

- 3 4 <beginhour id="1"/>
<endhour id="24"/> <aggregateBy key="Hour"/> </timespan>

<onroadvehicleselections>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenge r Car"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetyp eid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Co mmercial Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sou rcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcycle"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetype name="Passenger Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="11" sourcetypename="Motorcyc le"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="21" sourcetypename="Passenger Car"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="31" sourcetypename="Passenger Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselect ion fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="32" sourcetypename="Light Commercial Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercit y Bus"/>

<onroadvehiclesel ection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School B us"/>

<onroadveh icleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid ="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="41" sourcetypename="Intercity Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="42" sourcetypename="Transit Bus"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="43" sourcetypename="School Bus"/>

<onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single U nit Short

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Comp ressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Ho me"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid ="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="3" fueltypedesc="Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combinat ion Long

- haul Tr uck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short

- haul Truck"/>

< onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/>

<onroadvehic leselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="2" fueltypedesc="Diesel Fuel" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long

- haul Truck"/>

<onro advehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="51" sourcetypename="Refuse Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="52" sourcetypename="Single Unit Short

- haul Truck"/>

<onroadvehicleselec tion fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="53" sourcetypename="Single Unit Long

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="54" sourcetypename="Motor Home"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid=" 1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="61" sourcetypename="Combination Short

- haul Truck"/> <onroadvehicleselection fueltypeid="1" fueltypedesc="Gasoline" sourcetypeid="62" sourcetypename="Combination Long

- haul Truck"/>
</onroadvehicleselections>

<offroadvehicleselections> </offroadvehicleselections>

<offroadvehiclesccs> </offroadvehiclesccs>
<roadtypes> <roadtype roadtypeid="1" roadtypename="Off

- Network"/>

< roadtype roadtypeid="2" roadtypename="Rural Restricted Access"/> <roadtype roadtypeid="3" roadtypename="Rural Unrestricted Access"/> <roadtype roadtypeid="4" roadtypename="Urban Restricted Access"/> <roadtype roadtypeid="5" ro adtypename="Urban Unrestricted Access"/> </roadtypes> <pollutantprocessassociations> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaus t"/> <pollutantprocessassociation po llutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Run ning Exhaust"/>
<pollutantprocessa ssociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Ext ended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="2" pollutantname="Carbon Monoxide (CO)" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/>Appendix D

- 3 5 <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="1" processname ="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="15" processname= "Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processk ey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="3" pollutantname="Oxides of Nitrogen" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle E xhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non

- Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non

- Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollut antname="Non

- Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="11" processname="Evap Permeation"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non

- Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="12" processname="Evap Fuel Vapor Venting"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non

- Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="13" processname="Evap Fuel Leaks"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non

- Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/>

<po llutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non

- Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non

- Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="17" processname ="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="79" pollutantname="Non

- Methane Hydrocarbons" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hy drocarbons" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="2" processname="Start Ex haust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="11" processname="Evap Permeation"/>
<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="12" processname="Evap Fu el Vapor Venting"/>
<pollutantprocessass ociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="13" processname="Evap Fuel Leaks"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="15" processname="Crankca se Running Exh aust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="16" processname="Crankca se Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="17 " processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="1" pollutantname="Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons" processkey="90" processname="Extende d Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="V olatile Organic Compounds" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="2" processname="Start E xhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="11" processname="Evap Permeation"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="12" processname="Evap F uel Vapor Venting"/>
<pollutantprocessas sociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="13" processname="Evap Fuel Leaks"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="15" processname="Crankc ase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="16" processname="Crankc ase Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processke y="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="87" pollutantname="Volatile Organic Compounds" processkey="90" processname="Extend ed Idle Exhaust"/>

<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutan tname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5

- Total" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5

- Total" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pol lutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5

- Total" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5

- Total" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Sta rt Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5

- Total" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="110" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM2.5

- Total" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="116" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Brakewear Particulate" processkey="9" processname="Brakewear"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" p ollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/>
<pollutantprocessas sociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="112" polluta ntname="Primary PM2.5

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Organic Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/>
<pollutantprocessa ssociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Organic Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Organic Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Organic Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Organic Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="111" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Organic Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollu tantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Sulfate Particulate" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Sulfate Particulate" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/ > <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Sulfate Particulate" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Sulfate Particula te" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/>
<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Sulfate Particulate" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pol lutantkey="115" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Sulfate Particulate" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="117" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Tirewear Particulate" processkey="10" processname="Tire wear"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="1" processname="Running E xhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="2" processnam e="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10

- Total" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10

- Total" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10

- Total" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10

- Total" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassocia tion pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10

- Total" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/>Appendix D

- 3 6 <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="100" pollutantname="Primary Exhaust PM10

- Total" processkey="90" processname= "Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="106" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Brakewear Particulate" processkey="9" processname="Brakewear"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/ > <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Elemental Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="102" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Elemental Carbon " processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Organic Carbon" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantna me="Primary PM10

- Organic Carbon" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Organic Carbon" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassocia tion pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Organic Carbon" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Organic Carbon" processkey="17" processname="Crankca se Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="101" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Organic Carbon" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Su lfate Particulate" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Sulfate Particulate" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105 " pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Sulfate Particulate" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Sulfate Particulate" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start E xhaust"/>
<pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Sulfate Particulate" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="105" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Sulfa te Particulate" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="107" pollutantname="Primary PM10

- Tirewear Particulate" processkey="10" processname="Tirewear"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="11 6" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Brakewear Particulate" processkey="9" processname="Brakewear"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="117" pollutantname="Primary PM2.5

- Tirewear Particulate" processkey="10" processname="Tirewear"/>
<pollutantproces sassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="2" processname="Start Exh aust"/>
<pol lutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idl e Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="1" processname="Runnin g Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust "/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="15" processname="C rankcase Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase St art Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" proc esskey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="31" pollutantname="Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idl e Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="2" processname="Start Exh aust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollut antkey="91" pollutantname="Total Energy Consumption" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="1" processname="Running Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociat ion pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="2" processname="Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="15" processname="Crankcase Running E xhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassocia tion pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="16" processname="Crankcase Start Exhaust"/> <pollutantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="17" processname="Crankcase Extended Idle Exhaust"/>
<pollu tantprocessassociation pollutantkey="30" pollutantname="Ammonia (NH3)" processkey="90" processname="Extended Idle Exhaust"/> </pollutantprocessassociations>

<databaseselections> <databaseselection servername="localhost" databasename="early_NLEV" description=""/> <databaseselection servername="localhost" databasename="calevii08" description=""/>
</databaseselections> <inputdatabase servername="" databasename="" description=""/> <uncertaintyparameters uncertaintymodeenabled="false" nu mberofrunspersimulation="0" numberofsimulations="0"/> <geographicoutputdetail description="COUNTY"/> <outputemissionsbreakdownselection> <modelyear selected="false"/> <fueltype selected="false"/> <emissionprocess selected="true"/>

<onroadoff road selected="true"/> <roadtype selected="true"/> <sourceusetype selected="true"/>

<movesvehicletype selected="false"/>
<onroadscc selected="false"/>

<offroadscc selected="false"/> <estimateuncertainty selected="false" number OfIterations="2" keepSampledData="false" keepIterations="false"/>
<sector selected="false"/> <engtechid selected="false"/> <hpclass selected="false"/> </outputemissionsbreakdownselection> (Specify output database file name for county being run) <outputdatabase servername="localhost" databasename="42041_2025_00_25_Avgann_mo" description=""/>> <outputtimestep value="Month"/> <outputvmtdata value="true"/>Appendix D

- 3 7 <outputsho value="true"/>
<outputsh value= "true"/> <outputshp value="true"/> <outputshidling value="true"/> <outputstarts value="true"/> <outputpopulation value="true"/> (Specify input database file name for county being run)

< scaleinputdatabase servername="localhost" databasename="42041_2025_00_25_Avgann_mi" description=""/> <pmsize value="0"/>
<outputfactors> <timefactors selected="true" units="Hours"/>

<distancefactors selected="false" units="Mil es"/> <massfactors selected="false" units="Grams" energyunits="Million BTU"/> </outputfactors>

<savedata> </savedata>

<donotexecute> </donotexecute>

< generatordatabase shouldsave="false" servername="" databasename="" description=""/> <donotperformfinalaggregation selected="false"/> <lookuptableflags scenarioid="" truncateoutput="false" truncateactivity="false"/> <internalcontrolstrategies > <internalcontrolstrategy classname="gov.epa.otaq.moves.master.implementation.ghg.internalcontrolstrategies.rateofprogress.Rat eOfProgressStrategy"><![CDATA[

useParameters No

]]></internalcontrolstrategy> </internalcontrolstrategies> </runspec>