• 

I & '° • ' ~ • P-... 'I ,• 

,,. ~F ID:A63413 

...... -

.. .. ~ ,1 .... . ,, _.. .. :Cam1f111cat1CUJ ~ecurityn I aaaume that the ~b~ect1ve, ~· to~ ;you aware or . - ...-; - ., . , . 

,,. . .,,._ .. .__ 

:r1'\tt m.111tary ft&'ROJ!! in- tbe pUt ~ 'flJaf in the future again play • . : ... - i - '• ·-:4:.· ... _ --. . . - - - .. - • • I!- ... -

.. . " . - . .. - ' BOQll. after ·the close ot Worl.4 War II_, aerv1ce achools began to aak tar - ' - ,, -...\. - 4 .. 1 =- .. r ,,. • ~ - .. ' .... ' .. ,. _, - -.. .. 

· · ... -1.ect~er• tci tell their •t~ent ott'icere •ometthing about our crn>tologic 

, - - ..... -~~· ~ ·"1£' ... • 

activities d~·in& the war. 'l'here ~ at ._first aerioga question aa to the ..... _ · . 

aavi.-ab~ilitJ _Or._litt~ the ae~ur1t1 veil •¥ff1c1entJ.T to permit 41acw1111on or ,. -

. - the 1ubJect, but 1n time ~ ~f'irmative 4ec1s10ll vu JlllMie, 'l'JJe of'ticial v1en • . - p ~ - . - --

..... "" - -J. "' .... """ .. ..: .. .. .. " 

of the~ 1'aval War ~~ge cm, t1' mtter were 1tated if a ~~ter dated 5 Februar;y • "''i, •">...-¥. ... ~,.,"·,... "-. , • • I .. o 

"''" ~ •I ,.• • • ........ :~ .: I ¥' r • • t -

• ·19461 and 'b9cauae the J.etter admir•bly a ta tea th011e vieva I •ball read two - • • ~':\ • .... f - •., T" - • "' 

. --_'_ -._ ~ l. From ~he ~oaf#ent or tbe College 1 Mmiral R. A. Spruance, to the Chief 

.z, or Bantl. 1cat10DS, Admiral i. B. sto.ne. • • .. .! '!"" • c, ... .. ,..,. 

Yl 

.... 

... -

- .... 

~-: 

·• .. _. 

"'I ..,~·~ .. 

· •peaker; the_ letter said I • r '"' '!I' .,_ • ., ~I -" ·. 1' 

. . ... ., - .. 'lB1J' ~ee:.~nt ot the. aubJeat matter empbaaized t_iM. ... value or . . .... . " . " .. - .. 

eaaipuii~c=~~i~ inteUigence to DIP:Yai c'!'!""'""er~, the vital. importance ot # ... f - - " • 

_ ~~iz?.~ th8 eec~it;y or our. OVD. cc;maw:ii~at~~ :tn~Uigence act1vit1ea, ~ - .. f.. - • ... ... ·..;.. ..... - '.. .. - .. " ' ... 

~ an«_ ~he nec~aait7 for observing t~ pt"incipl.es or OOlllllUDicat;t_on aecur1t;y 

·. ~ · .... ~ · ~- 4..efP~~ ~·~.t eneay -c~icat~on ~tell~~nce. I,.conaider that the 

• I.. ...~,. .... • ..... --4. .. : ,. t • •' I' ,. ... 

~.;n.l.ue ·to~ derived frCD the 1n4octr1Mt1~ ot ~eniar officers Of the Navy 

"" ~ . . . in_ tbeae F_inciplea tar ~tveigba &n'Y possible loaa or aeaui-1t7 resulting . _ .. . . -

·. f°rQlll. a :pe.rti!-1 ~evelation or ~ activities in. the JU'f; var, :part1cuJ.ar17 • "" T 1 I • .._. . . - .. 

\ 

- iA viev or tbe diacloeurea vhicb ~a:ve~ been made in the J,J1"81• • .. . •• • j.I,. ., -· ~ • 1 • '!,, ... I " • '" ., 

d' 

€0proved for Release by NSA on 04-08-2014 pursuantto E.O. 1352B . . . . • :C.."' . ·· . .. , ~ ; 

0 

•. L t 
. '

'·. 

. ' 

REF ID:A63413 

The 1.atter cont::l.nueas . -.... " .. · ..... -· "It appiara axiC11Btic that the tull benefit ot'coimmmicat1on 1ntell1-

genc~ can 'be obtained only vbe~ .u· aem.ar otticera realise it• 

potentialitiea tor vinn:f.Dg and losing 'battles and vars~ ."Ud when their 

\ 

..Ctiona are temperecl 'b7 camplete JmovWge of the elemnta ot cammmicat1on - - - - ,. .. - . -

intell!&enae ,'"rather than b7 incomplete an4 1Daccurate intarmation obtained 

throu.gh the c~la of gossip." - - -.. ... . . .. 

·NJ tal;k being ~ivided into three pericida, I vill give you first some ~ 

t~ htataricai bac~aund ot aryptoloa. Next v111· come ~presentation ot the basic . 

armer IUJ4 the apjaratus vhereb7 Commmication Secur1"t7, ar tor abort, COMBm, 

principl.ea, pr-ocedure• 1 machiner1', and organization whereb7 Communica.tiODS 

Intelligence, or, tor abort, COMIMT or SIGDT, in British term1.nol0S7, is 

. - . obtained, haw 1t mq be properly used llDd 1ateguarde4, an4 it• unrivalled 

. . utilit7 u au intelligence veapon 1n the conduct or moclern wartare1 and finally 

will come a presentation of the r 

··· Thia. 'beillg a 'l'OP SJOORE'l' lecture / I vill 'begin b7 read.ing tram a J.J1il Sl!X!RE'l' ~ ..... ""· ~ 

I v111 ·preface the rea4ing 'bJ" remiD41ng 7Cftl that 'b7 tbat date the var waa all . . - •' 

" over~-ar at ~ut V-B &rl4 V-J 4&111 bad 'been celebrated ·~- m0ntba bet~e. 

.. ,, '\ .. -. 

-· 

..... ' ' 

J:' _'Many 0t ~ DO doubt re1m1ber tbe lou4 cJ.amat.- on the part of certain 'Y'OOif'erou.s 

. ' 

member• ~ ~,onare•• vho bad tor 19ara been inaiating upon' learning the reasons . . " ~ & ~ I "" 

v}Q' ve ha4 been caught 'bJ" aurpriae in auoh a 4iautroue de:teat u the Japa.neae "1.i. ... 'll ~ 

~ 

:l.utlictea upo.n ua at Pearl. 'l'hia clamor had to be met, for theae Congreaaman 

< 

' 

.. c• ,. 

..... I .. ~ 

-2-

( 
~F ID:A63413 

. -

• "' 

:~ .. ooxi~id~. -that the truth 

I 

couid no loiiger be buahi!d up o.r held back because ~ .(" .... ._ :_ ~I I " .. 

" ... \.' ~ 

.'an~·~ caD.:t~uing need 'tar military •ecrecy, becauae the var was over. 

1 -· '?here_ ~ be~ 1nve•tigaticm11--a half' dozen ar more ot tbem .. -and nov there was .... , . . 

· to 'be a gr&nd finale Joint Congrea•ional Invest:t8at1on vhich not only vould 

- ·titaoU \n-inB"into tbe open every detail and exhibit uncovered bi ita own 

. ' ' ' ~ 

lttngtq bearingis but voul.4 a.ho 4iac1oae to_ America and to the vhole vorl4 

. . , .-vvJtli'~ that bad been aai4 and shown at all the previows ~ ail4 Navy 

·- .! •• 

-. . . 

' 

•J. ....... _ .. 

- . - · : ": There came a clq in the Congreaaimia1 Hearings vhen the Chief of Staf'f' ot I •' • 

' . . ; · . tbe ]J .s. Arlq a~ the tillll!t ~ the Pearl Barbor Attach, 5-•tar Gener~ George C. 

a. ... I J .. 

~1tball,, vaa called. to the vitnea1 •t~. Re teat1t'1~ -ror aever&l long, long 

.· ~· 'l'~ the end ot hi• ordeal. he vu psticmed about a J.etter it bad been 

rUlllol"fl4 be 1cl written to Oovern0r Dewey in the Autumn ot 1944, dur1Dg the 

. ' 

l'reaident~ 'Campaign. General Marshall balked. Be p1ea4ecl l.ong. a.n4 ll'lOlt 

f&l"Del'.ltl.7 vith the Camnittee nOt to torce him to 41.acloae the letter or 1t• 

~ca.tents, because ~ neceaait7 far continued aecrec7 about code matters, but 

to no avail •. He bad to _bow to the will ot the m.jo.rit7 ot tbe Committee. I 

now rea41 

- ·nu.s .. citizeu 41-covered lut week ~hat perhap• their most pQtent 

lecret weapon of Wor:i-4 War II YU not radar, not the V'r tuse, Ba\ the 

. • ~I ' l I ~ 

a.tc;ml ,bomb, but a ha.rml.e•• l.ittle m7hine which crn>tograpbers pa.inll-

. tU~ COIUl~ted in a hidden room i:t F<n"t Wahington. With this 

machine~ 'built afier Je&r• ot trial and error, ot :interence and deduction, 

~~ograpbera-~ d.upl.icated the decoding 4ev1cea uaed' in 'l'okyo. Testimony 

.. 3-

. ' . 

• I 
,_. 

~ ............. I I 

... 

'• 

.. . . ,~ 

..... 

REF ID :A63413 . 

. . - -• • I 

. . 

'bet<re tho ~l Barbor COllllit"ttte :bad. alrea41 •hown tba~ the machine . ... - .... - - ~ 

~~ u 'Magic' vu in uae long betare December 7 1 ~9';1 bad given ample 

- -· ' ~nillg ~ tlle Japa • aneak attack tt ~ U .s. 'bru_•. bata hll4 'beeii em.rt . : 

enoup to realize 1t (TIMB - Dec. 18) • Bow General lfu'•bal.l. continued 

" · · tbe ator7 at 'Magic••• magic. It had s ..., . 

1. "._ble4 • rel&tiveq •-.l.l U.S. f'or~e to 1n~ept a Jap - r .., ii: 

1DVU1on tlee~. vin a 4ecia1ve victar;y in the Battie c( the Coral sea, - -, ... 

thua KTiDg Australia u4 :Rev Zee.J.an4. ... _ 

'"l 

' t. ttOi:veD 1;h8 U •. 8. t\lll advance 1ntaruat1on on tbt~ize at the J&p ' • A 

. f~c·~ ~~~ on IU4va,1 enab1ed the nav,y to conc~a~ ahipe which . ... · otherv:t.e might have 'been 3,••• miles awq, thua aet up .-i ambullh which . ~ . ~ ·~ . . ' 

. · p!ove4 to be the turn1na-po:lnt victoey at the Pac~i~ "'l• . 

3. "Directed U .s. aulnar1l1ea unerx":1Dgly to the •• Jane• where Japanese ;I." . 

· COl1T019 vouia be paaaillg. ~ 4. "Jy decoding maaagea trom Japm•a Ambaaaado:(O.Jiim 1Jl ~l.ill, ~ . -- -

otten repartizlg interview• with B1tl~, 1t bad given our forces iJ!val.uable - ~ i._ t ~ .. ---..- -

. 1n1'0l"Dl&tion QD German var plaDa." J. 

'rIMB goea on to give mare detail.a at the.t atc:xey-, to vUoll ve shall. return. . .l .. '• : ' . - t·=~: ' , .. 

It 1a ha1'4~ nece••&r7 to tell J'OU bow caret'l.ll.17 Magi• val guarded bet«e, ~. _. \ ; '': >·I. 

4uring, an4 after the var. It 111 at1U ~ caret'Ul.17 guarded: Even tbe tact . . I . ""' . .~ - I ,.II ?f 

ot it• .xiatenee vu knovn to ~ a ver1 :rev persona at ~ time ot Pearl •. 

larbor--ti.t ia.· u iapartant elemnt 1n an:f' attempt to explain vb7 ve were 

.. ,._ -.... 

caught by aurir18• • . ' 

-.. ':l)Ql •a)'ll, in connection vith thia pbaae ~ the atar;r ~Magic during 

· : "So priceleaa a poaaeasion V&8 Magic that the U .s. high COD'Dand 

l.1~ 1n coutant tear that the Japa 'woul.4 diacover tbe secret, change 

their cOcte mcl\iner;r, (aa4) tarce U.S. crn>tographera to atart all over aga1D.." 

.: 
REF ID:A63413 

· ...... ' 

~,; 

.z-:.; ...... ~ .· . -.. - .. '· t • 

·' . . ' -~: hal-1 Jtiiobor ~i;' but I lllUSt iiot tail to teli ;you that ~neral Ohamberl1n1 

·~ 

. Vbo WM ~thur•a G-3 throughout the ·var 1n the Pac11'1a, bu writtens "'l'he .-. ·• .. r .. . .;;.,. 

!Dtormat1on.C-2"p.ve C-3 in the Pacific Theater alone saved UIS DBll1' thousand.a r _: 

- ' 

· f1f livee and eharteiied tho var bJ' no le•• than two years." ' . We can tt put a . -- ... ... ~~..pd ... c~t• ~ue on what our poHeaaion at COMil'l meant in the ~ at 9'-~"\.'"''' ~..:.. - .. .,. ., .. 

•'• 

• ~..; .... ••viQs 1iVfiBJ but ve can DBke & d0uar-&ZJ4-centa estimate ~-vbat CQMllff meant .. -

,' 

· -· 'b7 ~hor~~ the war °b1' tvo ,ear~. I m4e a. calculation and tound that $J..lf 

· · apent tor-COONT is worth •1,11•• aP.,nt tor other militar7 activities and DB.terials. ":. f' ' " ~ ~.. - - - _- • 

·. . . 

- : - :tn abort, when our cammn>4era bad COMIN'J! 1n World War II they vere able to . . . . \ J. . 

pU.~ what ~~ :r~cea the~ had at the right ·place, at the right time. But when 

... . -. .. .A";, · the)r 4i4n•t. ban it--&Dd thia baPiiened, too, .. -their torcea af'ten took a beating • ~.. .. .. _.. .. - •, 

- •I"' °"J.,. "-' .. I hopil IIY!!t not tJ.:1e4 70\ll" patience by a~b a leDCthT pref'ace to the ·- . . ... , .. -·~ ~ 

~ •' 

· .. ~ .. teal au'be.~e ot.'147 talk, 80 let•• pt 4own to~-· tacks, and since a bit -- f.. - 4...:., -,. 

. . ~ 

•. · Ot bistqr;y !a &l_,.. uaeful 1n introducing a aubJect belcmging to a epecie.l - . .. - .,,. ,. f : : • ... - • - • 

I' ,- - • • I\ ol 

'• 

u4 ~'&nl)'1818. TbeJ" are but oppaaite t'&cea at'"~ 8W Yer:J' Valuable COinJ ._.. - ... - lo. -

tor p:togr••• 1n one inevitabl.,- leads to FOires• in the otmr. • - .. .. .... ;... • .a .. 

. •, . - .;,- - ,..,. .. - -4 .. "' .. 

Xt time 'perilit'tect ve coulcl go tar .back into biatC?Z'T to aeo the ear11eat - . .,.. __ 

t ... I "I' o • • • • 

· \be art ot niting 'becaW.e _there 1a roca to YODder which cam tirat, ard111ar7, .- . 

. ,. ·.· 

, .. •'I:' .. .. .=-· .(' -r 
REF ID:A63~13 

. 

1 ~ 

jl.2' ·- \. :II 

..,,,. .. ~ -- . - -. ... ·~ .. ; - .. ..... ""~ - .... i.y r '"II .1 I .I • ; 

,. __ tnteliiatbh vritfna .er unintell:iai'ble; aeez;~ writing. 'J:natanceti ot cipher .J:. \ •t ~· - - ~..... .. ... ... ... 

-, .. _.. • • I .C: ~·..d :, ,..,• '" • - • I .! " • • "'... .. 

r . .:: Vt tqu¢ in tlie ~f.bl'.e 1 tor Uaiitpie; but ve must pa.Sa· av'8r the h:f.at027 ot the ' ·. . . ' ... .. . ... .. ... ..... ~ .. - f ~'\it "' - - ' I ,.'f. -· .. • 

-, .. T~<_- . .' ·~~ 4qm O! ~mta1«>a vit!i'tbe"torego:lng •insle mention. There is, however, ~ .. .;. ...... 1" .. olP I .I'll\ '" I • I I ' " • 

.. '

.. 

, (2). 

I • ._ • ..... it ~·1,1' • ~ - ,,. • .I • • - ' - I .. 

ont ~:Ii-.-~~~ hiatoq which b vorth7 ot special notice, the acpale, which 

-:>-!::-.'t~ .. · .· .~-: ... _ .-· - 'f. . • .· .. : .. ----. _, -. 

1a the ~)..ieat cipher 4ev1ce hilito:ey reaar4a am which vaa u8e4 by the ancient ·-'I. . ... t .. ... ' .. ,. ... 

. .... ".. . " .. .. ... • )I<•. . . . ~ 

JAcedaol11ana 0r Greeb tar military aecrec7. !bey bad a vocx.\en cylin4er ot - ..... .. .. . . ... .. • , .' _, ', ... • I '; •.. • .. 

~ ... ~ ... -- -·-.. 0. .:;..... ~.... • '" • I ........ r -

;. i~it:tc' 41me~iw,· arOUDd which tiiey wrapped spho..ui- a piece at par~hment; .r ;! .... '.. ' •• .. 

.. ;- --. - • . :. .: '· -. :: - . . f-:"' . ,. . ' • . . 

; '"1· ~ then wrote the meaaage &croa1 the e<\gea of the ;parebmnt, u:mroum 1t, aa4 ~ • 11• •.,. .~. I • .. t • 

"' .. .. "' ,,,. .. v 

·,; .,. • : - ... ...=.' -· ' - - -

~- .... ;·;· '1i.nt 1£ lo' 1t1 deatinati~ b;y courier, where tbe reci.~tant voul.4 ~ind tbe 

~\ '" ~ . . •. . .;' . ~ ~- . : . : . . . . . ., ' \ . - -~ ~- . .'· . ! . . . - • . - ~ 

: .' :pat'C~t·· around an. 14entic~-4imens1~ c7lin49r, aDd th~~ 'moing together ·- ... .. .... .. t• I • ..... II .. • II. ' .. .. t I • _. '\, I I .. i 

~,- ---~~-~~:.;the .. ~ite ot ~~tera ~epresenting the meas~. ~, by th~ vq, ~be - - c.. • - ~ - .;, -•. ·_. L , .• ~ '\ . • 

J ~ • • • - ... - ' ,'I :~ .. .. - .. :.lk .. 

· tat;m vhi$!h the. European f'ielcl ma.rab&i atUl carries u one Of. the insignia ot ,_ "l' • • • I <Cl \ 

. . .. :.'·"" ...... . -" ""'* .. :1 • ·-·.-- ~ .. - ·-

· -1, 'Ji~ at'tlae 4er!~•- trcm_ thia ver7 inatrument. ·- ,w 

-.. · ... s ..f. .. ... • - • • ~,. .. , •• 

/I~ .,; .. .,... ' I 

.. ,~ '6 ~ •t- • "' 

.ti; i~ ve~ kxiawu that Miua Caeaar uaed cq,ptographJ'--a 'Yer7 simple '" I '- ... \ 

-- ' , - .. ' .. .. 

11!6th<>A--~ca'-=e ~ be 414 vu to replace each ~tter 'by the ~ that vaa .. _.. -4 ,. .. " - \. • ;.., - hi 

., 

r 

. • I ._ I*\ 

in. \es!:nn:f.nge ot iio4ern ~olOQ can be traced 'back to the clays at .., . .. - • -c.i.. ..... • 

• P .:; • •• I • • ~ -~ 

.... ·~~-.Fine~& an4 cbancer:i.ee of"the Papal statea, b8stan1n8 .Ven betare the year - .. 1:'. ~ .~. • ,~ • .Jo 

~ I ' ... I I~ ,_. "':- ... • ill ... - , 

,.. • • • .. _., 0 • • - I '" - • ...,,· -

(Jt..11) 1381. I 1bow next an alphabet ot that perio4J it 18 interesting because it ... -.. ~ ... ~~· ·;· ,. " - " " .,• .. ,,...... .. "i' • ~ • I • • ,,.- W • • • ,. 

~ th!it even in tb.O~e ear]:J' 4aym . they alread.1' bad .: recognition. ot the ballio I loo .... ':"., • :• • ' r I 1 • 

• "" rt.~-:- . - ' .. . ... . ... , ·- ' .. - vtabiea .C?f v~t V.teau single ar monoalpba'betic 1ubet:ltut1oii. Solution ot this ·~. -. .. - ":.:. .. . .... •:... :.'"•I .. ... ... .. . . .... . . ,... :tJ'pe ot' ci:pber, ·u JOU aU knov, i8 acc<D.Plia11ec1 'b7 tald.ng ..tvantage ot the f'act .. » . I 

.. 

l' 

, . 

. 

. 

,,_ ... .,.. •1 .. t ..-r •i' 

- r ·..., , .. 

..,. . 

- ~--~~5. ,.. :: 

.6- ........ -

.· 
.... .... <" • 

.... :. .... 

REF ID:A63413 • 'Wlr • .. 

- • ... -·:· ... 'I.& 

¥¥!~--:~ .... ~~. a. .. --·_,;~,.~---·.·~· .. •' .. J ... !•~.. .. 

•. --'; J I • < '1' "" ~ ,. ,.. • ... 

.. • • - .. 4 .. ~ .. r.-.. i ._ :"' --.... ""- ')" -· !.,.y ~ ... • i, .r.it I., '" .. ,. l 

.: .• ·1·. ;_. .. · '\b&t_ .lh& !et~s.~Ql. the alphabet in laQgua8ea are wse4 with greatly 4U:fering . : . : j~··j, J ... - ' ~ .. 

~ • ,.- .. ~ JI- I ,,.'1- r • ' I'' 1 

~·~if-,, ·Lo ~e~iea. Thta slide ahova tbat the ear'.q Italian cl")'Ptographers understood 

.... '" ~ -.. ..· .... "-~ -.. ' ,r I I I 'II .. 

tbie · tac,t VU! introduced stumbling blocka to 1olution 'bJ" ba~iDg the hish .. frequency .. -.. -

. ' 

- '"";: •' , .. 

.. ,t:J .. .. ' 

• . . . letters ... repreaen~ by more than a •iDgle character. l: v1ll a44 that the earliest •~• .... It..., ,. • .M·,. I ,3 ;:··.... 1 ,. ... t ':' •• 

.. .... _~... t 

ti-act ~(~tbe wQ:-1.4 . pleases on the au'bJect ot ~1PtcsraPb.lr' or far that •tter, 

. ·"' ~ .. ~ - -. . - ...... .. -. . ' - .. - -~. Stec~ (4fmonetta. Be sots forth the principle~ and methods of aol.viDg I ' : ... : .:;f: I"; l"'"o • ' '., 

c~era iD a ~7 cl.ear an4 concd.ae tarm. 'the t.tret book or extemive treatiee • ,,. ...... t,... ' ... ~ • • 

~ '• , .. • ...... t t .. .... .... 

. "' . .. ·.. - - . . . . . : . (21t.5.~) on crntographr ia that b7 a German a'bbot naued Trithemiua, who wrote his 

t.· ... . ~ . .,..,, -;:1 .. • . 

'' , . w~ntal Yal"k in iS,1. Be planned to vri te tour volumes, but he quit v1 th 

" ....... .:. ... ' tbe thii-4 becaut' he Vl'ot' so obscureq and made euch fantastic claims that he . ~ 

~ . .. ~. 

·" ..: " ... • • .,> - I •• 

-;\/ So\ chm-pd vi1ih being in leque with thf. Devil. 'n1q marned hia booka, aa a ".. .. .. ' . ... 

mtier or :raet. Thia JDa7 be a good :place to present a . •lide vhic:h ahowa that 

.:; ·-. "L ' r 

•, . 

-. -..,. ' 4qa 'ot crntol~. 

'!.... • ,. 

("5) The next allde I ahow ii a picture ot what Cl";y,pi;ographers wi'U&ll7 call the ~·,1.. .. 

. ·. . -. . . . - ' -

Ylpn'ere Sciuare at Vi4Je~e Tab1eJ a aet ot tve:uty-a1x alpha~ta au.ccesaively . 

- . . .. · ~~"., : _· 4iepl.aced. ~ let.._. per rw, with the plaiD.:.text letters at the tope or the • - .... I"'~ - I • S ~- :' ."'. ~-. ' • • 0:.. 'I • • 

..... -.... _.. . .... . .. ... . 

: ..{.. .. :c:•faar•, th8 key-letters at the aicle, Gd the cipher letters in.aide; 'l!he method 

"-; .... ~· ' ·:· . . .. , 

: ~. - . "·. . :. . '. . 

- ~~~: ';7·6t wdng the table :la to agree upon a key vord., which caua•s the equi valenta ot ''"' ·" 1.,. .,, • I ' I I • "3 - • 

•• r •... - ... 

. . . 

.,)· ~·_:; ·. ·~·t1a0' ;platn-t~ let~r• to cllaqe accar4tDa 1~ the rov 4e•1gnated bf the ke7 . '!' .~ . . : . , . a-....... p .. .. - • #' "'· -~ • ""' .. 

• ";..): 1 I .. u,... " \ 

· , :~ :.f. ·: . i.tter.. lt'.OW 1 V16enere alao baa an interest to tbe pro:teaaicmal cryptologi•t .. . ....... . ~ . . . -

"' .. 4 " --- ' 

""-'·.. - '& ":. • " ,,. • 

·. ·~:: ·/ 'beca~~ ei'bCIQgh he 11 cmmonl7 are41te4 with having invented. tat aqua.re, he ~ ~ "'-... • I .. : ,.. •' ,,. + • • ' 

.ill r.,, r r ~, •• Y• 

.. ., . .. 

• r r.. , I i; "';'~'I: • ... .. . ~ 

\': I ......... ::' 

·~ -·· , ...... ~ _ .. ;• • J .. _ .-
- - - - ·- ... r-"-. 

REF ID:A63413 

I .. ~ 

.. , , .. 7"... .-. I 1' ... 

;,.. .. • ' ,: r .. :-· .. • 

• ~~ "t"t~ cu.b•t ·and; vbat•a more, never 11ai4 he 414. . - .. . . . 

.. '"l 

. . • 'I:. .. - ·' • ! ... . .· 

· ~ :o.e.zt_ c:rJPtographer I. w1•h to ment;on is a 1renc~, Francois Vieta, -~ 

.. L -t-·• 1 , ... • ,, •• ,/ 1 .• 

. - . . .. . - ,. 

, · · U eminent matbQmati~it.n, t~er of modern algebra. In 1589 .he became Councelar ,.. . ... .- - .. • . I 

·~ .. ~ ... ~ ... ! t I I I ':.';. .. I II::····..... I • I .. :t •• I .. 

• • ·._ • i.:. ot 1'u°l1Ment at"'*J.IO'!#a amt then Pr1V7 Counaelm.-. While iii tbat job he solved a -· .. ,.. .. loo 

. . . "' • .. ",. : ~ I .. -· • 

Span1ab cipher ayatem ~ing :mare than 5ff characters, ao that all the Bpan1ah 

_ .. 4le;patchee tall~ into J'rench liMds ~e eu117 read. Ph1ll1:p II ot Spain • ·- "'r.. .' ~ - • : • ' ... : ~ I ~ 

·: .: .. ~ . ' -- . · : · <:vu •Q conl'!nc~ ot tho aat'ety ot his cipher that vhen he learned that the l'renah -~ •, ... I I ;a;.•" t ~ •""'" , 1 

1 I 

- " ... ... .. .. ,,.. .. : - • .... -;- II'.;;_ ... :·· ;.. • - • .. - .. 

fti"4' mrare ot thf coritente ot his letters to t~. Ne~lcmda, be complainec1 to r# • • ... 

~ . 

(,.2)' tbe Porl-. that the_ :F.rench were us1.Dg sorceey against him.~ Hcre•s a slide that ,.C. I _. • • 

-_,•lion one oi the ~eda ot oiphers the court or Spain -was then utng. Vieta 

y ·- : . : - --~ . . J • • • 

I • • -

~ -'• t. ... call.eel on the ~a:rpet and ma.de to e~:ln how he t4 solved the ciphers • 

' . :'' ; ~ ~ ' . .: ., . -..• - . ·'· ·~ . ...... . ··• ·. . . . 

- . .. _.. ~ 

x want to Jump nov to. the period or tl!e Aw!r!c~_ ltevolut1on, in u .s. hi11tar7. . ' 

.. - .. .. ... 

· · · · · ~ cipher •111tems tised '11' th8· Americana and b7 the Britiah; u well as the code • I '",- I ,;:.• • • • •.. o .... 

,. I .•of' 

- .. .... .. _... - - . ,. •YBtems 1 vere almost identical t In one c~e, in tact 1 they ~-e4 the same dictionar7 

... . . 

: .. e. codt; book! .. ' 

"' 

l'az: a¥1tionai aecurit.;y conventicmal vm-ds were used to represent t~ names 

·-· 

· Of per•ons an4 plaCes. The British used the :tollovin.S cede namess 

,ti. 

. .:-~i ~. "::·~~ 

.... .- . . ' 

. ·. 

. --.. .~ 

.... ' 

" : 

. ' 

• • .11,f· "' . :.... 

. • .-t ..... 

.... .;. .. ,. . -· . ..... ,,.. .. ~' ,. .... ~ ... 

., 

. 

.. 

... 

• > 

.. ' 

~ . ..... 

. - - . .. .. .. .-· 

i .--:i~s ·ot_ Cities .. fbi.W"J.~ - Jeruail.l.em . -·.· ~-. _ - :!Jetro1t - Alexand:.ria ·-~.. •"i - • '"'c-- -r. 

• ... ot l!fQ'a 

- i : • Rivera .- :o.:i..,r..re - :Red. Sea 

, ' -

.. • .. » ~ 

. I 

' 

:. . .. . 

:._--

Susquehanna - jorc!au '"'"! .. , ... 

lnd~--- ~;l.eeea Congresa- s~ 

_...a-

.• . .. t ., 

' ' 

_ .. .~ 
-.. 

- . ~· ·~~ . ... •• \s ,. . ' . ., REF ID:A63413 

. .. e--• Ji-~"i. "! -• - r ! .. : ' .. 

. . ·· .. ~ ·_-· •..; : .Tbwe_vu:·111 ~£can ..fio •..-.to iave ~n,. Kevolu't1Qr?.'• cme~ NSA1 

::., ¥: I t •_ :!.-:;,, ,' - • • • • • ·~ ~ f • " '".: ._ .: •"' • 

- l.J' I ~ I ... • I 

•f·~: • I ,,.. 1'"'.,t .&1 : h• ,..,. •• • I - & • • • I 

.: .. -~-; t~. be :w.•• ~i~ ~~t. 'to C~eas, !1LD4 1 i~ ~ cla~, be mnaged to 

t : ' ...... . .. . ,. ·~ ·. - . : .. ·~Ill .. ~ ..... ~ .... • ~-:. - .,,. .. • -

4~tpb£ .iiea:rl;y all, ii not all, ot the l\r1t1ab · cocle ·mea•ap• intercepted 'b1' I • W • • ~ • ·"" ! ' 

tbe Amer~t:au. o.t cqw:o•e 1 the onq vq in Yhich enem.r :me••aae• could be obtained ,. .( 

- _ .. 

' ~ .-

6-0.' thef.~ i\QQ8h ·~ COl!l;PUed to getting~ m.ter:lal ~ ra41o iDtercept. I 1"' I I • 

..... 

(~~l) ~ mxt ~~ ah~ ~pi~• ot a code or "17llabar;y~, ~ .. ve call it, uaed . - ' . ,,,. - .. - .. 

.• _ pt:'i».c~:ple. ~·· u ·a :pai-t1~ ·o:r the ~~~ing aection. You vUl uote that the "' I I .... _ :,:i1 - I r I .,; • I I" I .I I .I" .. • _.. 

. ' . • , • " ..,.. • " • 

1 

I 

1 

• 

1 

,/."'I. I 

1

• 

· ··"-'.~ ... ic4 FOlll•; are 111 c0llieaut1ve 01"4er bui! their -..n~nga ere in no - .& 41 .. ' 

.. • - ".!,";,. .. ; .. • • - ... •• 

• .. e ••.. r' :i; .. - , ..._ "", .,, ,. 

:·· il~'bet.:1~ ~~at '&ii, "!rb1cii mewj;hat iou" haft to have- another aectiou, ~.. \., .. , • I.• • °i'"" 

"' • I ~ • : .. ' -: ' ' 'I f' .t" ... "' .. ' 'I I' " ' ~ •· ... • > ' i& 

~- .1. ti.: c:~c04:t.ni· ·~t.ion . 1D ~ic:h the vcr4• are· ~.~phabeti~al order, and their ' .. .. ... ·. . .. ,, 

·;;. . t«l'dv61.eata .;._ '·i..n rauctai. ar4C.. Thia ·~t at •1•tea even todq 1a in extensive .. ·-., ,. "'f: ' .. .,. J • 

.. ~ .. ,. I •:;. " ·-

••• J~ter1Qll v8.a M &U-rowid pniua, u4 I •hall !Jave aomet~ to aay about .. ,. I I I • ~ ' • ._ 

hia ;d-. crptograP'h1'. ~ i1ttle l>it later. 

'S'•, • -, 

. '

"._. --- . .. ... 

· .. l'• l'P-."e 7ou.'Ye ~mid u •chool children all~ •bout lleliedtet Arnold Yben 

. "' I _. • r • ... .... :.. - • • ' • • - I I Ip l.i I • ' I 

• ! 

' .... 

. 

he ,,.. -~he C~iDg aeDeral. of the American :iorce• at West Poin1;J but :you ... & • .. ~ I I 

.. ;- J • 

l'J."O'bal>q 4~•t kz:l:..ov the;~ P.ac:tic&lq _all h1a exc-~ ~ cammmica.tiona with Sir ....... .. J • _,,.. - -

~--Clinton~· CompenAer at -tii.; Britiab :r~ces 1n America, were ill cipher 1 or 1n 

.. lnvlafble iuka. . -, . ~•'•;,l.Jl 1.nterea"ttng al14e •hawing one of _.Arnol.41• cipher 

.. ~ ~ ~~ . -

. . - ' .. 

••aage11 in vhich be otter• to ;1w up Weat _.,., -- ... .,1 ... -,to - ....... 

. -

. 4•.·,; 

.. "r - • .. :.,.· " ~ 

<t; ... 

.•. . ~ 

:-"'. 11~_ ~ I' p I II I Ii._ .... !.•... .. • ... 411 

. ·, ... 

..... -

·., 

. , 

. . -

, 

--
-·· 

' , f • .. : ...... 

.~, 

7- •• 

. ~-- .- ... _' . ,• 

.•' REF ID :·A634l3 _ .. 

.. •"' .. :• I ~ - I 

~ \ ... '·" .. • : 

1 

Tr r ••,. .J r lit 1

1 

•' ;. 

.- ... ·- ~ -"'"-.. i ., .. t • ' .,. - • i'l: ·r" .. ... ...... ..... >..-\. .... • • .. ..,-... -..: ,, ... • ,.,,, .. i - • .; cf:'-. -' 

~'. -~ P~1D.t :~· -1.2~ ,·,,;,,. _ Here:~ an~~her ~e ill .;hi ch be ~ve tbe Br~ tiah 1ntormat1on 

,. •, " " I H~ I ~ lfl I·~"- • r! ~ I I ,. ~ ~ .. • • • ..... • I • •"' - • 

't .,., r "' I _..,I , - ~·r • L,_ & ~ l/f ~,,..·• ._ • lo 4 _. - I .. 

.· 

.... 

. , 

t . 'l which might have_ led to the capture of hi• crnmnander-in-chiet, General 

r' .,,.. • I .. ..:.i., ./ • & ~.J.. " I ·~ ~ • 

Weeh1Dgt~:-1>ut Wash1ngt~n-~s too amart to be ambuehed--he went by a route 

ys-s.. ' - .. ,' ~ - • - • .. .. • .. _ .. I•'' 

. ' ..... '( 

'"'~r i_ I ;. :. • :.,. } & ., I .1 • 

· ·~ O"Uior than thel oD.e ~ aa1cl he 1 d take • - · .... - -~,, - . ·- . . - •'i';'• I I 

•, - t think y~u'll be iAtereated to hear a bit more about that one-man NSA • ~ '" I I I ii' I 

.... -" - I'"-'$ • • 

•• "':'. • ~ • ., T • ·~·-

.l ~ilt1one4 a couple ot moments ago. Bia name was James Loiiell and besides 

' - \,I:' > .............. .. .. ' .... ~ . - ]" ..... 

:·· ····betng. ~ ~~U-tra~ ccypt~logist :ilBCwaa al.Bo .a member of the Continental 

' . - { 

- ~ .. '. C"onirese. There 1 8 OI!-. record a very ii..teresting letter Which he wrote to 

. .. , . ~n.er~ ~at~i~l Greene, vi th a cop"¥ to General Waahi~c;m. 

'li' 

. . Here it ia. 

1b.iladelphia, Sept. 21, 1781 

., .. / 

Sir: 

.. - i ..... 

You ~e eent 1oine paper• to ~ongre•• which no one about yc>u could 

cteetpher. Should auch be the case with aou.,_;you. have latel.y f'orwarded .. - •, 

• - < 

. _:t pres~ that the result of m:f pa.ins, herewith sent, will be usef'ul to ... 

I took the papers ou.t or Congre•• _'F'u. 1 and I do not think it necessary _, 

t~ let it 'be kQOWD :\\ere vat m;y aucceas baa been in the attempt. 7or it • I.. - • - ll I - .. • -

~ .I - .. • .... ~ ' 

· l!ipt>eBl"• ~~p ~ that the Enemy make only such chaoaes ·in their Cypher when 

..· ... 

~ 

they meet vi th ifnatorturie, ,(--.lml'llClin1:~-lllllC519C:U!OPiall;itlilaa<:UIQO!Dtle~tlWC 

an4 the7:e:f'ore if no talk C!t Discovery is made _:by me here 

~ ~ your Family y0u ''11Ja1 be in chance to dr3.W Be~fi t this campaign from 

lllf.·-aat Kigfit '• watching. . .. ~ ":;: ... 

I am. Sir with much respect,. 

Your J'riem, 

. •-' .• 

~ tel.11~.YOU about Lov~ll-I ah~ ~4 to "111¥.~c~t of ~t interesting 

· ·. et'a in _cr~tolagi~ hiator7 an epiaode _I l.earned about ooJ.y recentl.1'. When a 

. .. _ . .. -. 

- •'lo • ' • r 

· certa~ ~••aae Ot · the revolution1ata came into Clinton 1 a poaaeaaion he aent 

·L·. f 

., .. 

~ ' 

' " 

'"- - - ·--.. ·. 

-10- ' - -il-

. - -' '. -
J ,. •:.. 

.. " .... ;,. --~ .. ' ~ . . ..... _.,,. 

-, -.REF- ID.: .A.:63 4:13 . t. .. " . -. '.' •, ' .. . ~' 

~ . . ,... .. 

·._hapenect :that :ln hi• c'aman4 there were a couple ot otticera who tancied tbea- - "'~"' .. ~ I I I I 

- 2 -

........ - -.. . .. .. · ~ - - .. -

altlve• c:rJPtoloel.•t• an4 the7 WJ4ertook t0'1olve the mea•aae, a oop,y ~ vhicb • •' ., ~ "! :...,- I "" 

• 1\ ' ... -. I • • 

. .; : · r: ·;... '~n- ~e bef~e 1end,,. the or.o1ginal ott to Lon4on. Well, tbe7 gave Sir '° 3';t I .. ,.. .... .,/ I • ...... -- I 

.. ".'.;' ~ ,. • I '" ~ t I • 

~ ,~ll17 ~ir eolutim and be actecl upon it. 'l'be operation turned out to be a 

"'!'. <..; 1 ;.- , - .ill - • ' .... ;.. ·== 

. ' 

tricnid to real it to Ida. \lhat be 41cln't know, however,-~ that hia f'riend 

,,. .. 

WM -oae .or c;te~al Wuhingtan'• •ecret agental . . . - - ! 

. -- :: ... · .. 

.. 

.·· .. ,. 

e. 

-. 

- 1°'! •• 

-· in .America vasn •t ver')",gl"eat, 

not the cue 1nlur~ :11' it 8\te4 at Book& on the \IUbject 

IUl1 1tu41ed. Here'• a ieture ot the trontiepi e to a 'book: 

-11-

. ,.. ··-

.. . 
•. " 1, . • • • . .. ,,, . 0 A 

. ~ - • "ff . -, REF ID:A63413 

' ... - • • "' - r r 

... -· I 

' . . ,. • r • ,• - ... : • ,fi! 

] andm.rJr. . in tbe ~:f,8tor7 of cr;ypto.lc>gJ. . ..• . . . ;.- . ·~ .. 

·-

Proteaaor llor~t 0Wieur, cit M..I.ir., " . 

....... ; ·· .. ~ lD his t..mou.' 'bpok enti\,lecl Czbernetic• calla that' 4eci~ment the greatest ., • ... : .., I ,. .. r • ,. ..t :" • ... .. • I!:• "'" • "" • "' .. • .. : ,_ J!' ..... 

- ., , 

. ,. · ··.good 

tea-t; ~-Ji~ biat.ory al cr;yptol.06)', but· tbe/pro£eaaar ie wrong. The cr;ypt&Dal.ylli8 

' .. . 

·:.. .. ~avlief:r·· • simple'~ .I" the " clifficul.t .. ~t "-• t~ rec~~~tion ..... ~ the -~e , 

-~· 

...... - .... 

. . UM!- it~:·~~~ ~ ~ '• 9orry ~ can_• t. go into that n.oti, but I do want to add 

. ' 

'·.tbat it q.- "Ver1 fQi-tunate tbat the earl.1' atudeAta ot iuPtol.ogy didn't even .. .. .. "" 

_,. ~ 

,, . - . ~ , - - :--.. -. - - .. .. .. _ 

· ·~ .· .. ~ : . · aua~~t that ~ ~iaDa alao uaed. cr~t0fl:\"&.Ph¥1 there.~· crJPtographic 

,,- ...... - - "\ -· "\ - - ., -

· · ~ " : bic!rog.l.nJbica, ·it JOU can i..n8g1ne auch tbinga • • ? ..... ;. ~ I ... .. !fo • 

~ ..... .... ~ • .. I" ._..,.. •. 

There 'ia ·QQe .Ptr•an I ahOu..l.4 mention before comi..ng to the.period ~tour ,. - ... -: ......... :.. • .. - • • - - - II'" .. 

- • .i T. ,.. " - .. • : . .,~ ..- ... ;;: :: -~ .. • .. 

• ·..i .. :, Ci~}.l. Wu-.;~~~ ~llan Poe! in J.842 or:_. ~eaboute. ldncl.led. au. interest in 

. ' 

.. -

.. - ' 

... ...... - ... , I Cr;JptOF"&~ by hi8 famous &t~ or "'fbe ~ici Buan I and by •ome articles Qtl 

-.0S. !1J. • r 1 "' .. • 11 11 - ... I .... • • • p • 1 • • • 

· · - ·. . : '_... · '. · · · perhaps 

CJ.7Ptograpby in Qe'Wapapera attr1 Journal.a of the period. Far his day he vas/t'be L • •r- • r I' Y" _. "' _.· 

.. ~\. I ... r r " 

• "-I .. " .... ; 

biist infqrmed. _p'eraon 1n the U.S. on <:.;rntoiOiic •ttera. If \ ~- & ' I r 

.. ~- .... J .... , '"C • I I "' • "' ... I I 

. .. ,, . 

:-..,,: 

• 

. ·' 

-· 

·.' 

·'' ·, 

· '1)e Jlerial or the Ci vii War ar. the ''War :Between. the Sta tea" 1 ill U .a . I I • ~ "" ., 

·~ "-. - - r.., ... .. . .. r!',.. • .. . • 

ldatori was, as. ~ result of the invention am1 ~ewlopment of telegraphy, & 

' ·,p 

:periocl that eav the uae ot crn>tol.OQ" ~ a larp V8.J. Here ia a picture ot '• F • ' • • • - • • 

a contederate cipher device, captured.at Vicksburg. The device is a cylinder 

:xmt»lmrJlilmm•••• 1•¥•+we•wfwl•u tac<A••wt• CMj•illarllli:iaiclkJ!llllltllimibaitl8,i1CGDill:DltxcmE .. -"..C ;-· 

.of ¥0¢, ·co~ered with a sheet of pa.per be~ing· alphab~ts, the alphabets of 

~t.HMMWA.tb~~··ae~:xa:x•" ILX«f.,.puc: 

the Vigenere t~ble, in other words • Here is a 

1; I t!Dhg:ialqPwWll«J~Xlll;adt91wepxiUlapxks~JK 

a . knob 

pointer tbat ;you coUJ..d al.ide, am. a ehmb 'ppv with which ;you couJ.d turn the . . .· . - - - ... 

c7lill4er according to the key letter•. You might like to Jmaw two of the k.eya • I I '" I .-

~ .. '··1 ">; 

1-

.# ,._ 

,,-... -. ; ·. - .. "-! -.... ~ 

.• 

,. -12-

r .,.- I r_. . •. 

... 
, .-

_,.· 

...... (-1• • 

... ' .. . . .. .. . J.:-

! 

. 

'~-">. .. ' ... , .. ' ... ., . ' 

... 

r.... J' ~ ' ~ .. - • 

-=:":-~ · ·~~ vi~~ met ..... ' ..... 

_ . -... : . 

. --~· 

•, 

\ ,.. 

RE'F· ID!A634!--3 

. . . 

.. 

; 

(Signed) A. Lincoln." I ~ the President. vas kidding a bi't1 . ~ -· - .... .. ... ,.. )- ..(.. 1 "'.r 

.... ... ~ • . ., - ;.a... .. _·: ::" 

<' • • •· •• ~ be ~ have ~keel cont14ence in the 9tt1c1al crnitos;ys_tema ~ the aame I. ,.. - ':II .. 

... ,. I -

' , . - . . ... .. - .. r:.· .:.. ~... • - - • .. ~ - .... . .. 

. ft.7 that Preai4ent WUson 1-cked ccmf'j.dence in thfJ 1:;odes of the State Depa.rt .. '° •... _..... 1. .... I °' ,. .0 • I .. 

.. .. - . -, -" &-mint, 

t4 .. -:;. -~:i·.1 .. _ " ./_- ... !-• ....., ..., .. ..-...... .. 

as can be aeen in the slides Which I DOW' ahOlf. 

.. • - a\• 

, .. 

-

A 

·. :. · Thia 1• a pbotoaraph ot a J>88e or ~o f'ran the code book am cipher •111tem .. . . .... - . -.... f, .. 't : 

· ~ · .ua~ b7 the Ped.~'4 ~ • Tlle7 be.d Yb&t ve call. "rou.te c::1pbere" 1 tba.t ia 1 the7 '°" - • I , "' 

., .... I ;• '• • ~- • 

· .. ·~"":. ... ~'", .. ;, .. ~ .. .. · .. ·. _. - ~- .. ,.,.. .. _, ..... 

•. -~ a ~tJ:i.z v1th 1u41cat1oos ot the rallte to be tolJ,Olfe<l :S.n 1nacr1'bing and .. . • • I ,•. .. .. I I 0. i 

·l'"~·.:. .. ·t.r~,~l'b:t.ng the word~ of the. me•saae. Here's~ 10\1 write the meaaage inl 

. . • I ,. - I 

·. ::· · ~ho t~st ~or~, ~eaonA, thh't\6 f'ou.rth• .t1!tb1 a1Xt!1 and ao tortb~ then ;yoa • I ~ ..... r ·,. '- •: - ,·• j ~ • °' a ";/I' • o ,.. •,. .,":.. -

t-.tf'.,,. - - "'4.. .. • .. -

_.- ,."!.:-* ~-~1; ar::~or4~,t~ ~¥r rou.te. AD4 be:e ~ tbinf, ;• complicated 

rf /;¥ '"'Y I"" .. • '•,. , • I " • _. i.. "'~ '• 4' 4 •,. • • • 

~ t >I"' -.> - • _. I: :JlO ,. r ''" • ' : • ,.-.. • 

- .. - ,. ' .. - · · 'l:9' the use of arbitrai7 ~quival.eDta tor the ,._,a ot 1.lqportcmt people • .. ;, : .. •• _ • .r I. .. , ; • ;- • ... :1• ,,..... .... ,,. • .. . ';. 4'- :i ... .. - - .. '· ... «'3;,.:., .. ~.. '""' ... - -,. ~ ~ , .. ,... • • Ill" 

.. .- -

' l .. J 

• 0 .. ,,.; .. I fl • 

. . - •. 

. ~ -. 

.. ~. 

.. .'1i ~ .,. ~ 

' _ .. , ··· -- --~ ~-... ... .. ' . ' 

... .. _ -', 

. ' 

.--~·· .. \ 

. , -, .. . -~ ... .. 0 •• I' I 

, . ~ . ... •l. ;:._ • I •, 

• ••• If .. ~ 

. . . • L •,, .. • 

-~ - ..... .,_.,..., • ·- :..> 1 •(.; ' •• • .. ..ia.,.= 1-"t - .... ··-· -'·"'.#•~ - • 

~ J: .. '~: .. :4J!:11 ~· ..... .M.~~ ~ 

. 

•II ...... 
·, 

... . 

.._"t ,I , 

'""' . .... .,. . 

. , 

. . , 

. ~· 

.'· .· REF .. : ID : A63 4.13· 

. . ... 

. - .•lre•i4~~1; ot "~ u.s_,n 1a J,-ep."eaented b.Y "MD" 01" "Asia". It bad. tvo • , -" •• I .. 

-.: ._, .' ·e'l)li"Nl.en1;ii; ~ oea. llare are • .._ Gt t.ba . .,.;.;. Gt t:amowo • m" veU-- A .~ ·~~ ot -tlitt' :pedall. I i-,;· Vith • ~ t.ba c~ set Gt d.:eJlm" .,,,·»}-· 

•.. :~· ~ ,. - ,t.V,..ri ~~ 

... Lfl~ 'booke wted b7 the Federal Ar'/113 4uring that period. 'l'he next al14e 1• & ;picture 

•· .... ? . ,,, ~ ' 

•.'I("~~ 

.. 

., 

. -

..... ~ 

:t • 

i • 

... : . 

-

_,... .. . ... .: -, ,,.. .. . 

Of a ~~·· sent ~o General Or&Dt in one at_ tboSe route ·c:l~a. I shall ... - .. - .. .. -

. . -~ 

. . 

. , 

A!;ter .tbe C1vU W.,r1 er Wal.' :Between ~ st.;:tea, the use at cr;n>tograph)r ,,. .. _· ! .. •• • ~ • -.. • • 

• "lo ... , 

. ... .. ,.,. -... '.:. ~ - ~ -

1a United Ste,~i ldi].1ter,y attatrli' YeDt into a clecl1De1 becauae there vu a <e!.-~- • ,- • "" " ... :. - - ... : -

~ I• .. 

~ tbe War ~per~~ publ.1•hed a cale c~ _•code to ~ure Secrec7 at Telegrams". I - '" • I '.. - . .. · .. n, i~ ~ ·0i7Pt0Fapb1c curie111t7 aD4 no tribute to the 1m1C1Dat1oa. at the otticer 

.. 

. 

.. 

. .., 

· ...... 

-•' 

.. .. .. 

,. ~ ..... 

-·· 

··. 

. 

' , ..... , .. .. .... .,, 

- ~ - .. . .. .. 

;"' I ...... ~'"' • '6.·~ ' I: ,J 1' ":,. "' L 4 C 

. ~ .q,. teaP<ma1'bie for ita p.ooduct!on, because he copied aim.oat var4 tar ~or4 '" • -- •• ... "t •• '?. I "' ' 

'~ - 0:, ..,,.,. 

. ' ti, tiU. P'Pi tb8' 1n11truct1aaa ~or ue, u4 the &tTanC-nt ot contents 1'rca ... . . ... ~ , .: ... I' ~- •• ., -

"}.-.: ... (. .. "' . 

" .... ' . ~ 

.... .. 

- . 

~ .... ·' 

. ' 

,. 

',.; 

'• 

. ~ ·- -

... . " 

- ... ;! 

-· 

,.. ... ... 

-, .. '. . . ·

.L'-" 

.. .Jo ..... 

. 

.. 

.- • . 

, 

.'" c• 

. . 

-

J, 

.. 

~~·~ : . . - -- ... .-~ ~ -

·. 

of'""- • 

·..; 
... . ... . . ,, .. •, . • ........ 

Ir ,. f • ....... ,-• • I.;"._ : j 

•,I : .. '~ ~ _,. di,...:. •_.I" " .~!. • I •' 

I r'!. ... o fl',,,. •- ~ "' r: .. • I t .. .. t· . I .. , ,-..: •• 

-~·I r-,' ·,_· • l'lf ' ., I ._,. I ~ I ,I I ~"'~ : 0. -~ I• I • 

• • ~·i ;~.-~ ,, .. ~~c;lal .~oct~··~ »ieture .c.i£ vbich i .ahaV 1A tliia _aii4~ tis ·vbicb papa ot • .. ti .. .. .:, .. ~jt :~~ .. » ': :· • .. ..... • - .. .a:. .. - !. ~ - .. • -

.. ... 

• "' ~... .. ,.. -... - • ';.!' • .. ·- I., : -· 

•• • '# ~ • 

. ~/~ both caie. are J].ace4 aUe b7 •148 tar your im~ticm. :But gooil old Lieut. 

·:·~~· ·."· ...... ~ .. ~- -~:. >~··. ~< ·, ... '· . "· . .:~ : . . . . . . . . 1 'Coloatl. ~JCC1"1,. 414 ~ve a 11ttl.e a~k at 1mg1Dat1~. See wbat be cb&Dged .. .. 'C • , .., ~ .. -. "S""' ~- 'I. ; • 

.. ;o' ... ,.... - • • .I">• 

·-.·,.. .... ,,, ..... 'Ir.~• ~' ~ "... • .. 

:. ~ ... :,. · {bar~ P,1nt .. oU.t tbe at.nor 41t:terence•) • But believe it or not th1JI vu the 

. =.:... / '~ :·. ·~- :--~~ .. - · .. ,\· .~ ·}.. • .• . ·-~-- • ·~ - _J·: .. ·· · ·: ~ ~911e· t!Jll,t . tJie Anf¥ ue4 4ur1D& tlw Sjauiah-American War aa4 in the cop1 1u I ~ IT' .. • • 

.. • I ill 

,; I " • .: I .. ,' =' .t, 

. . ;;: . rq cdlle~t~~, ~--ti. 1n11:i.4~ of ~:~on~ _c~, there aPP,tU• ~ ad.41tive > .,, •• r A • • • • • i{• ·•· ".,, ·, • • : 

... ~~bat~~~~-~,~· ~!lave t~t co:w·~-~ ezhibtta ~- ,,· .... ., ·:j. 

; . 

·:'f bw.°e VU .. liti;Lt·. U8~ tor-louDd crJP~~tema tben be~uae radio WU Juat in r I '! ' • • I :. • .; '" 

1 :: : ·-~- .• >,, 0 o '.; '. ~ • A ': • • 

0 

" •'~ • • = • 

:-- ~; · · it• . ~~c7 4~~ tba:t. var an4 there wun •t much 4aDger fran 1Aterception at . , . 

. · ,. .. "'''"'c. 

I. ..... ,... • 

~ · · : · (The ·Navy COde 

' .. ' - in ~he Spanish ~rican war--if there's time.) 1-. I .. '" • 

~1-.·_; .'- ~~ ie99 t~ ~~ts~ o.tticer ~ertook the :prepG-atian ~a auitabJ.e "" ~ ~ '. ... - .. ~· - ... " • - t ' 

- :.· .. 

~ ·co4e, ~~CllJ. V.. airea~9d.--the Chief s1.aMi Officer l'!:•nnal l;:r: 414 all the 

jW'i, I " :11r ,• • I II' L- ... ,.• •1 I ." _. • 

~:.. ...... : . ~ .. _. "" ... ; "'.;. - .... - .. _ .. ;., ,. .,., 

,var'k-~ ~ ~ 1912 the "fipher at the War De~nt" vu publi•hed 'b7 the .'" I .,,, 1' '=°'" f' • '" 

•:L·· I ...... ·-··I~ ... • !- ... ... ~-.- .. '" I I I I 

· , M.Jutant Oerl.eral. In 19'6 a rev.la ion at that book vu pub11ahed, am in 191.5 I ·~ -.. . .,, ' t 

. . 

.. , . . ~,. ~ -~ .. ' .. ~ .. - .· • .c~~ ~ code, -~ War Dewt!!et Tel;e.E&;ph C!?!l•, vu published. But, ' :"" f ,.F • ~ • • ... ~A,• ,.. .. '" r .. : ' • 

...... "= 

:· . . . . printer .'believe it C1C' AOt, that code vu printed 'b7 ·a commercial 11•1• 1zl C1evelalll l :r .. .. .,. • • , .. 1,. '"" I I • 

. " . ' · · ~.At last that 1' . ~~t .fq pred~eaa~ in the ott1ce ar the Ch1~:f' Sipal. Otticer "· .. =~: ~.~. ~~·:·~··:·.-·. ~·; >. : . : ·_ . ... : .. . ~ . . : . . . tol.4 me vbeli. I t~ over trQlll h1m. id JaQuar7 1921, after "tq Wor.14 War I service .... . - ... .. . 

... . •.:;,I I ' ' 

• .. .. 1' I " • 

....-r.. - .I'-~.. ~ ~ - - - .. -

•• , 1 ~ii Warl1 !'U' I -- 1~ August 1914 cr;yptology entered upon a maw &ml .. . .... ' - . ""i, '1111.. '• .. .. I l • .Jf' 

., .. ~q,:l.d •xpl.UiOll in·. 1nirant1cm an4 4evelopmeAt, am v8 iauat Aav_ turn our attention 1 • • !'° ,..• • " I 'II J -

1

1 ' "' '?."' ,,. •";' I. " 

-.. . . 

io t\18.l'l:~.ipll ~;.....~",, :.~t ·1·~ &D4 4eveiopaent. 

- . . -s •. • . - ... _.. ·-:. . ·1 • • -15- , .. ,• . . . 'I .. ,, ! .., • c'; I... .. J.jw. 

,: I ·~"" ~· ... • ' .. ~.. ..---

.... I'" • .. • ~ 1,.., a 

·:..: .· . ;~~- . '. . ~-·-~·:~:·: ~~ .. '-<: , .· - '· •.. .... r • •"' :; • "',,. !. 

.... '' . ... 

"'"' • ...! 

J. • 

. ·,;· 

With Berta'• 

,, .. 
~ ~ ··- ~ r: ~ ~ .. -. .. ... • ,-.. _ •• .I' 

I .,,,-..·~~ f" 

i . .. . . ,. . . . REF lD--: A63 413-- "!o' .. I ,. \ .. 

•. "' ,__. :;:_!:• ·•-. • : ..... -~,.. ~ 1. •I ~ o. .,. : .. "'• ,,_o' t .;r ...; ~ .. :r... - .. ·" ,. .... -.... ,... ..... .. \,. "" .... .1- .... 

• >t"_ \~ i:" f • ,- ' t • I ~ "' i o" ; r '".,. .. :.. - "' .. I .. '°', I - I - ~..,.~,. 

; . ; • · ··'· 4110~ Oi ~ •o-cil:iea ilert&'!an W.vea ua ·Mi.remit i • ;pNat1cai 4emonatrat1on •.. :'•a., .. : .... • -·•ci~ '•. : r •""., I ,,.;_< , 

... .:: ... , ... - ... (• , .....-..... . ...... ,,. .. •,. . .. ... . .. \' ..;.. .. ...... • • l' ... ,.\,, , - .... -" • • .. ... . .·- -·. • • :....' p.' .· .. ~ •. • , • • •.• • . . . ,· . .· .. • ,,..,"' 1 

•• 1 o-;e,. I " r-=- r.... N'p - I' • -. 

.-:.: l-~.::~'.·~'Of .• spf;ing bj-'viftlea;~ & MW 411'& in.ldllt&r7 C:Clllll\\lllicatic:U VU uahered in, 

. ~ .:~:~\: . '::.. -. .· ·: '.: .... ~- .. ·. . -~: ' . ... . ,. . . . . '.., .... :'::.~ 1. .., 

1 • ~"' '-:. .. (! t .. J, - I 1 I ,, ,,.,,,,. l\jlo 1 • o. 0, .,"• I """t -I • •-:, 

··. · ;/: /. .a·~, 'fil a&noait';\.-.. vbat '\rough\ about ~ interest u4 • DJW. •• ~ tD. • : .. • -I,• - °' '!.. ~ ,._ •.,. I I I·. ..• _. • "'- .. - ,.. • ; • "' 

- .... • . .: i .. , • . ""' • • : • '· "' . ,. ~ 

· ;-..... "· ' · · ·-· -"-litarv .. ,- ... .\ : .. • • • C .. -. ""' r ,, .,. .ljL.\. pl 

.':'!~' - .. ami~;···ia. ·:brat lldlill •a&e at v1releaa, ar raAiO, u it iaoou came to 'be 1 1 ._( .. '"'''... ·•t .:;:'.. ...... .;;~ .-- ... "T I .. _.. -.. 

.. ,. .... - ,.l t• :c ·>;M .. "i">-1?1!:· ·:11;-i- ,. • • • •· • 

--~~ ~··~.1: '• ~* . ~~ 

,·.~ r ·: •ii i't·"M•it-j~~&l.,.,...&1t>p••••lta•t1.,,PiC9uPJpc\ ...... • ldebpk08 · , , -"°;i-' 'cal.le ·in American terminology, was made in Europe before 19 but wide usage ... ., .... 1. .,.., -• ~ 'Cillo' w" • ~rl..i'~._ "".-·' '? • .. • 

•• --·~,,.· .' ;·:· ~ •• ~ f"'" ~ I "' ~ ....... .'"'!., ,r r\ .. ;, . 

., .; ... ,.• I u-.. . ··•·•· s .,..•a_ x . , : , . ' 'of it was" in WOJ,"ld War I. Developmenj;s in cryptography J.a.gged a bit, as we shal.l - . . )· : ... · see. · · · · , · - · · · , ~ I I ....... lo. I ...... ~- • • & ,/tl"f.... • 'W e 

·- _. ·. ~ · · ·. , . Jilt~ coadul to these clevel~ta a tav word.a •haul.a 'be· aa14 about the · •. - : ·• t ,, _, ;;. ·-: • . • ·:..- • ' :~. • '• • • , _.. . . 

• · ~, • ..._.. r •. , • ~·'f • .:. - • • :. Some of you well remember 

J.,·· U~s; I »Oi1,1oo. 

• "I .Ir I -

Yi•• ~ v~ ~ Aliiee • • .mi tba Central tower•• "Z" :AR~ 

.. J. 

.+ .. . - ~ .. '!. 

l:aov ~!_4f!nt W~mi •trove ~ prmiae4 'to Jsaep tbe U.S. ~t at the war, how •, .... ti' '• • .. ,s.. I .. I .. 1 1 I ~ ... '"" I • 

- ... . - . .. ... ·,• 

.... : ! 

• ... L...:-. ·too Fou4. t~ t~t .... \t.s·. •111P&tble• tar- the 110&t .. iCt ~e with the Alliea, 

:~:,_:·~.",,I·-..:..· .. ~ ' _. ··. L• • .• , . 

: ••Pea~ the ... 1t1eh, 'but tbere were ~the 'li.s. builS:re4e ot tbouam• at .,. •.1 .. ~..t~... I ~... -"" 0 a,a. • • J I 

.- ~~, . . .. . ·ofthem 

ae~~ic.n; fDil. Clel".mn •JD1.PAthiaer•, aa4 . ..u •1mMltm8:11111' -!lllhm•••• exerciaed 

.; - ................ ·'_ .. : ,,,_:t .. ,_.!" :.. _... .. : ... : .. -

. ... . ...'""'':.I '• ~ 

~ 1:4 1m;pc:rt.8.iat role 1J1 bel.pinc to prevent our ent.1.7 into the war on either aide, .- .. '-= ,,t"' .. .. • • :! .; ... 

.. .~ • 'II • : .. ,..... ... .,_ ?:-'"'· .. ~: .. ~ • ~ . .. .. " i ... .. • 

. . ·_..f/111.eUt af~ c1i the aide at the All.tea. 'l'ba Dr1tiah tried their beet not 

" : ..... _. ~~ ~ •• ... :- .. f .? :> . ~ . : . . . ~ . : . . ' . . : ~-' : 

" ~ \0 ;provoke er' !rrl".iiate the U.S. fut even ilo tb8re were tiimea vhen British high- .. "i- I 

... : .... : ..... •.. :.~ :·... •• ~ " ..... I'" 

:·~~action-al.moat irrect:pitaied ua into the war .. 1net them~ '11ere were 

• "'.>· I.: • ' .,.... -\ . , - .. , ,. -:. =· • • • l .. .. e • 

. ~ 

~·I • ':a,1.. • • 1 I• \ 

1(1mie t.Cttvi"tiee .tawarcl PNPared:aeaa 11114 uatic:maJ. 4eteue in' cue c:lrcumatancea , ,. ,.- ,,.. ,,.~ "" • ,.. ' I w ~ ,, I • • '"' ~"' ..... • • "' I • • • • \ 

•• .'i .. .. .. ..... ti! I •I • ... • • • 

.. •.•'Jo ~ .. • ._, t I .''.II! .. • ; 1\ 

. -. : ~· ~ _u:tri iaiio the .. ~ unavoicla'~le, 'but t.heae ~t!vit1- ~en•t at much., • ~ I "' t • 'II• 1 • • • I I 

: ·_ ·.~'· ._. -~.if.:_··:-·. ·:,_.,."I. , ·. · ·· ~· .. nothing ,,- • 

~- ··_: -.ocoWit": 1'%D tile ~oe:ic t1eiA, tor exan&Pl.e~ --rj! _•wa vlut 'beillg dona b7 .. .. • • - ..... .l=' -,. • .. r:. I • p • P'" I r..•._ 

, - •'2 ;u ~ - • • .. "" r ., ' • • "= ..i. .. - ..,- : .. ~ "\.. 

..; • .... ,1• '\., • .. .... • • • ~ ~· . • ' I, 

: ,... ". · ti\ber th.e ~ ar the BaVJ. Tvo ~ att1cere 'became illtereated in the aub.iect ... "'". IO .. - p 0 I .. • ....... - ... , - I' t - • I 

r • ~ ~ .' I I' '".._ • 

'.4.·~ ~ ·~--~~ ~1~:-eot ~-fiz~~~ "." 111lit..., cipban, "bJ the , · .... e. • ~ • .... _ ...... •"a .. "' .. .. '·1 .. ' . 

''I• • ..... ..,. ' - l. I ::" I ~ ._ • •,, ~ "' 

:" .r ., t. t..• 

• •· '"·:41tc• ,,. '"'"'l .~~1w-.... :.. • .;..;__ "'• II .,,~--. .. ' ~ ..... ,11' .i! 

~~-· • ~'-P , ... -.:. • .. • . t ~·~1.l:•°V •• , 4,•~'"'"t~ .. ~ ..... ~-~ I ,. 

~ • :t.. I , -0. • l'I,.~ ":!- ~ 1 f t _... 

~ Iii. l.. . ~<!'".. • • • - ,:, .: ' .' .. , ... , 

... 

.· ... ··-

•. 

\ 

.,\ 

•. 
·. 

9 •• 

• .. .. .I 'I' .. • 

.t > . '• 

'· ,.,: .... ,..,,. r 

r -·• """' ,~"' I _ ... 

REF ~D:A63413 

< 

" 

. ·.then. c!'-it~!n ~~r Kitt~ t I •·-WC•·we ~. iiii2!:1~MIA1'9"' tbe "t!9!1I -.~ ....... -:.. ..... , :.- . , • ... ., ....... .. i ..... 

J"A <.I ,/ • - • . ~ -r111.s IJJ/l.S Ii . ~l.tsn;t ;, a. i&Acsp1- 'But .;:Uaeae were almo&tl)Fivate venturefJ of':f'ia1a..UJ", .. .. :;. 

flh'I" ...... 

-- ... 

. •itber Service, no" DW ciphe~a rue being dreamed u:p; J>.O cipher devices er , 

. ~ ··ct;lier ~hbieu were being :tnveatipted err invented. As tar cryptanalytic 

. o.pera.ti?9---well, •there Juat vere none :vlUtever.·in either Service, o.ud, -rar that .. I ... 

• I "' ~ 

atter, ·1n th_e whole government. A pt"iva.te reeearqh institution near Chicago, 

"'.,;; Ill ,. - I 

,. the R:lver'bank ~t.8:1icratorfea, ot which ! ha.ppellC!d to be n. member, vorking in & 

; . - ... .. . 

-.. _ - . ... ' - , . -t~...i~ clilfere~t _field. of 'science, 'began studying cryptology all4 soon certahi 

~a .¢'. tbe ~ta.ft were W~k~ on IOOIB&geS which were furnished US 'by variOWI 

... · .. '· - $0Vii:t~ttt de~ts and agencies" in Washington. Most at these were solved ... .. - ., .-- - . MA retu:t:ne4 to 'wuhingtan,. am the •tafi 'became DKXl."e am. ~e a.dept. :eu.t, ~ 

"' .. . :.._. 

'11.%14_ ~I this WM not even a ~i-~over:omental &g,encyJ it WU operated U & 

patriotic °Seature &QI! at hi• own expenl~ 'by tbe mD.n who, in 1915-161 as an . ........ - ·-

; -U~te .AD.\ ~oltlV bua~sa:laan, Colcmei George J'ab1an, f'~~aav the inevitable ... 1 I I O • o. "f' • ~.I 

I } - W .0': oll ~ 

fn't:ey ~f the U ~ S • , f.n.t~ the 'War I VhOl.l.T unprepe.re4 f'or azt¥' ar:yp'tal.ogic work• 

'• - 1'b8 cd~e1 was ~:I.pi, tdr on 6 AprU 1917 thc·u.s., &l:moat suddenly 1.t seemed, -. . - ., · -, · · ~ 4e~J,a;ed war On Qer:aan:y. • Jl~ did tbi• cane a'boutf It cmae a'bout ~ it c114 - . ·.. .. - . , 

:~. 

· u a ~~IUl.t · ~ a· ntce ps_;;ce ot crypt~tc work by ltr:i.tiah· crnrtana.i¥tia · . . ' . . .. ~ I 

' •t• in ion.tan on a ••sage now vorld.-tamoua aa the Z:l:mmermarm Telegram. \ .. • - r" ; .. - .. f 

' -- ~ . ,, ' . ., 

- . --

. ' 

' ~ -•asap t!rat ·Came from. the Qerman Vareigu Minister in :Berlin, Arthur -.• • ., • " I 

- . .. II W , .... 

.. ~L.~ .. then ;_t on to the:~ Mbdetei .iil Mexico' Cit7. Here'• the meaeage in the 

·_ .. ; _ .. ,"--: ". . ' ·- - . -~ ' . .. ~ .. . -, -~ . . I ~ I I I. ·~ .. p. - .. . ' '· ~ .. : . .: . ~17-

......... - ~- . ~ "':-.. . '.. ~ ... ~. 

\ 

__________ : • .....____,;. l-. ? ___ ..........:. ___ ""'---'-''---____:----'-----'---~----------- ~· 
-. 

REF ID:A63413 

-·· .·-

·- fQrll in YlliCJ' ':l"t ~ t;ra.111Qd:tte4 "to Mexico. I von•'tf go into tbe •tar;r about how " _J.- .. . - '" -M' 

- · tbe li-1'\iU_ll aolved it, rar this vu d:ramat1~ aD4 ccmu>].eX, bec~uae it involved 

.. ._ ~ 

tbi reconatructi~ at two ratl:uir mp co4ea. !he aol.utian rep:esented a 

28.1 Here's a picture of the young British Naval Reservist who 

· _ · g'ts most credit--Ensign DeGrey. tb"at-clu1 :piece ot vork. But I do want to~ a tw vord~ abou.t the political 

~tt~ct• ot tbe 1olut1on, and. about British ·ci.eWrneea 1n the bandlin& ~.the .. .,_ " 

. ' . c!~t ~C&'Ue it ;fi~GS & good illuatraticm ot bar utute, 41~tioal.171 the)" ar~ '· 

!a l 

.. 

bave al.i-eac17 •aid,· ·- it reaul.tecl in lriDFng ua into the 

.. 

war cm their ai4e. ~ _ - . . . 

', ~2 c Here 1• th& tranial&ticm ot the Z. T: It wae 1mpc:rtant becauae the message aa14 . ~ . 

. be.re, ~eal.b_g v:f.th a. Foposa.i to be JDa4e to Max1oo, vu the •traw that broke the 

.. -.. 

;- - cuel1t 'back, le~ ~the K144le Weat ba4 'been "ver7 1ukewarm toward the 1clea 

-

&bout .l'etUi:AiDS . Texas, Bew Mexico aD4 AriBOD& to Meltico,: that~ aomethiDg - el•~ 

' 

· f.p.i.n. so, we sot into tho var within & coujle ot WMk8 after tbe Britiah gave . . 

~ 

--·:'JU -.D4 Ye baa eate.bli1be4 tbe autJ-.nt1~lt7 at the trwlat1on r:4 tbe ZilllaermaDn 

... . . · ... ! I. 

. '• ... 

. - ,, . 

_ t.r.l.egraa. A 1M1" ar so .. o the telegra · ao4 ep1ao4e vaa the aubJect or one ot 

-.. 

··the •er1e& at Walter Crcmkhito*• ''?ou Are 'tbere" 'teioviaiorl p:ogram. Aid.a book . ...,,. 

... . 

.jut about ab: veekl .. o. I 'brought a caw with•· 

Well,, u 1 aaicl a tev :minutea ago, Oil 6 ApL"il l.917 ve were in the war u 

. -, . -

~l,l.1gere1ita aD4 th~ begq. poppiDg, •apecial.J.¥ in. Jl9" on little varl4 at 

. . 

11\fer'bal.ak Le.bora.toriea. lie 'began tra1A1Dg more people and doing JllClre so1ut1on 

. 

· vOrk-:...U :paid tor bT Colcmel hbJan. We hat •••ace• to ao1ve that deal.t with .. ,_ 

·- -. . , - ; • :'a.. -' - .. ..:.

.. ·-~ .. "-

.\ 

\ 
•• •1 REF ID:A63413 .. •: .. 

. - ... ... t ... ' . 'W' ,,,.. 

.. ... .• .. ........ .. ... - . 

: ,.. -~ .,.out l'e6iCh'bcr OD our 80\lthern bor4er U ftll U ........ tJat 4ealt Yitb the ., • ... 1~ I 1,1 I I .. • I o - ::" " -., • .. , 

.. :r '°'iy~tiea - Ot eavn. ,. ~t•. I .-.,"1,°'1_.1 ~ 

•' . ~. ,,.. Qae rather iDtere•t:f.Dg cue, 111 which % happened to Pla7 a .. 'I. - .. 

at~~ to· atir up· a re"8Uion in Xmu.a: the i4•·'be~ to cause ao mu.ch . . -

. ~ ·- • --~'b1e in tn41a that the ~iti•h ~'be tcrcect to vitb4rav troopa :t:rc:a the •"' "' I ,. • ... I I 

. . 

·: _': __ We9~n l'rcmt to quell 4:t.a~ba.ncea in X.arU.a. '.rbe~e Bin4~ vere negotiating ~ C " • :: JI • ' ... I "' !I, ,r 

. ' .. · -

. ",. .-f"t11: ~ ~ch&a; ot a:rma an4 amunttion in the united. statea, vith tbe 1Aea· or· .. I ' ..._ 

:~ 

•4iMin.I thea aYtir to ·India. Since the U.S. vu -~utral., it vu ega1uat our CM\ . ' . ·- .. ..ao.. .. • 

law• to'~t aw:h ua4ertald.np .p!nat a trieDIU.7 aatic:m. Sob 'buaiDeaa ba.4 

I • • .& ' 

• . y to 'be cODlUc:ted. ••cr•t~ &ad. that 1a hov crnto8rama entered into the picture. : ,,,. • "' :·-:. :: ... • "I • .. ,,, 

... '· . . ·-

·.sl~. l*'e ie 'one psp at.._ ~ iQQg, •even or eight-page letter th&'t; vu 1ntercej,ted ~ ·...... ... "' .. .. • • I T .a. 

.. • .L". I \I 

~ 

':. -- ' . - _,._... . .. .. 

the t0» llin4u agent in tbe United Statea am h1a cbiet ill Svitserlan4. . ' 

.... ' " . ., 

.... 

r ·• .. 

lieen ~e4 'b7 Rum'bera "which in41aate4 •pacific lettera 1n aam ardina:r7 book . ... . .. . ~ 

.. .. . .. 

~. • . -v'hi.ob coUl.4. 'be· ~led. 'bJ an agent without :arouaiDg aupicion. Each group or ~ .. ... - . . . 

~· ~lireaentea the psce nua'ber, the line :a.umt:ie~, and. ~ position number in 

'' •' '"' I • 

.. . ........ ... · tN ~ ,ot. ~·t key 'bock~ AU ve :aee4e4 vu ti. 'book, 1>ut mitortunately the .. ... ... .. .. 

1.. 

h ' 

- JJ1JJ4u ta~ t9 tell in hi• letter ·vu tbe 1ioo1r. vu, ao Ve bad to go ahead ·and S' ...... , • ·: .\. 

Vy to solve the ••HP without it. It vu iol.ve4, 'bu.t there :tan•t time to •' ;:, • ."!. .,. ~ " r ; 'llo I ,. "" 

..... .., _, "! -

.. .... . -

toll. JOU bow it· vu done except to ··~ that by varldug back and forth between the 'I 0 " " 

• '" ·~ I • "',J 

,. I ... -t·-

....... ut the biPothetical k.eJ'boOk1 buil41Dg up the variOWI wards on various r 4 

··, . ' ~ ... :~ .. ....... : . - . ~ 

. ~ 

.... .f r I •.., •" 

r ~ •I . ~ 
REF ID:A63413 

_. a book dealing vitb. tm hietoey ot German ;pol.1t1cal phUoeopbJ, ecOl'J.Oml, 

and 

01" Jliatcr;r. I hmiW and hunted •i6+ • C'' for that 'book,. / f'1nall;y toUDd it, 

all ri&ht. It vu P1'1ce Collier'• aermy;y: aqg. the attr.na. This meaage 

t:lgure4 1A a laag-4ravu out tr1al 111 au l'rancieco, vbere tll.ere were about a 

'lbey were searched 

ca.e JUDdu -.uap4 to •ecrete a SUA 1a h18 cJ.othe• u4 ill the midst ot the court 

a 

ptioceed!Dge ahot .. HiDllu who l:la4 turned State'• ev14eAce, vmreupou the 

UQited States mnball, a great bi& .fellov, six teet tour, •t&ading 1n the 

back of t)ae COlll"t, drew bia Wt8,P011 anrl 8hot the firat BizdU dead• ~y were 

both cleacl right there, vithin. tvo or tllree aeccala. 'lbat•a the vq that 

trial eJllle4 up, rather 4rama.t1caJ.l1'1 I'd say 

To go back to the work at the R1¥erba.nk. Laboratories, ••= • tbe MJutant General besan aeming us otticer• for training. 

&' {)..,, Kere •• a picture ot one cl.ua, ti. bigge•t amt the la.at one I directed before 

being ccmmiaa1cmed aD4 goiDg directl.7 to :rruce 1 t~ asorv1ce at GHQ, work1Dg 

That picture spells out a message in cipher: KNOWLEDGE IS POWER. 

on Qermn cede. u4 cipher•. /And now tor & qUiclt-look at the aort ot thing1 

liblt,Qtml .,___. .... J .. i ... Jtitl11Cdk:lllli!'*8c 

I toutld at GHQ when I got there and was assigned to work. 

Let•• tirat tab a l.OOk at ud 41ec\llla tba uae ot cipher aptema by the 

_.,:() .. 
REF ID:A63413 

nrioue 'belligereDt•, 'becauae tmae were Wlel t~ taatical JIUl'l)Olle• in preterence 

I I w co4• aDll aode •1Stem 1 Yh1cll C&9J • a later develoi-nt.. Here'• a. pictwe 

tit the c1}1her •iatea •e4 aad :ateue4 'b7 t1ae Jtuaiaraa. 'fov. Y1ll. note that it 

1a bUed 1lpOD. tbe ol4 V:Jpnere p:-bciple, uatna number• imtead ot letters. It 

rtrp"Uenta a cue 1Dvol:ri.ng CID17 a aet ot 7 er 8 alpla'ti.g uecl repetitively, b7 

a U7 mmber, rcr aubltitutioa. ~18 vu tbe 4ecipberilaa table. lhlleian iDept;itwle 

in ccmrmratcatiou, and ••Jl9Cial.l.7 in crntoa:rapq, oa1t. tba de&l":Q"J becaue• or 

it tbe7 lost the :aa"i. ot Twmnenbtrg, vbich sr•UT ocmtr1\nrte4 to their being 

I BJ knockecl oat ot tbe var. '!be MXt alJ4e ia a p1ctU1'41 ot a tactical cipber 1;y1tea 

uae4 'b;r' thii :P.Nnoh. It vu a tnna:poe1tion a;ratea, tbe coJ.uma beiD& bee 

tnuar1lle4 accord.ing to the col.aa.r lr.e7J in a441ticm, certain dill'turbiag 

ei-enw cw inw the •tbo4 by taJdng att the letter• 11a 41agoul.e. And. here 

I;} S.. a picture ot tbe qatea U1e4 b;y tlle I'tel1an ArWf3 in Worl4 War I. Again, it 

ii onl7 & Y&riatioa. ot tbe ol4 Vip'oere •71"-• Here ia & Q'ltell uae4 bJ' tbe 

~ 'bepM1DC ill t.bl latte }*rt of 1917. It vu :1Aveirte4 'bJ° them, <:r1 I 

•boul.4 •&71 tbq izwente4 a cl.ever oOllbiDation ot two ..tbo4a. We callo4 it the 

~ oipber beca\1ae the cipr text ccuiatec.\ exclw.ive~ ot thoae letters. An 

alphabet 1il lm'e1 arraage4 accor41Da to IC9 ~~pl.an,, with the coordill&tea 

-ABIUVXJ tb!t l.ettera or the -•ap were replace! 'b1' 1)91r• ot coordinates; fer 

uupl•, tbe letter au repreaented b7 NJ, Ul1 ao tc:rth. The whole waaage 1a 

vritten aut in tht letter• ADJ'GVX 1A & tr.uapoeit:J.on cltaaraa at the top at which 

1a a DJ1 teftl.o,pe4 trca a kq vor4J the letter• are tben taken out at tbe 4iagra 
REF ID:A63413 

111 colllllDU' :tuhicn, aooortling to tbe lreJ' ortler. Tha'\o •Jmtea vu a 'bran4 new 

tb1ac 1u llllitG7 crn>toll"&Pb7 am e&Ulle4 :AO end at bea4•cbe• tor the AUiecl 

~ta 111lt1l it n.a 4illccnere4 "'*8~ llow a •olution coul.4 'be a.cbieved. The 

•olutim 'WU not • pur&l. ona \N.t 4epmle4 upm •peci&l. cu .. J howe'ler, the•• 

MJi:pene4 •o att.n. that we coul.4 'MDk on them occun"ing pract1oal.l.7 ~7 41.7. The 

JJJJUfX •18'- vu used by the OermD high c(IWDlntt aid it vun't l.OQg before it 

vaa 41acovere4 that it 7f10. ..U a 1tu47 ot Jwtt the nuaber u4 4!rectiou of ADMVX 

waapa 70U cOUl.4 inter cetain tbing11 If.bout the tactical. •1t\aation and, mo.re 

D;part&D.t1 ,.m coul4, with aa111 4qree ot ua'Ul"auce1 predict what aight happen 

_td. 1A \h:eee er tav:r 4a1a at a «ertdn •eater ot tbe troa.t. Bitre 1a an «Dtap.\o at a 

oi.rt ,..et UJ1C11J. th9 .ADJUVX interaqta. Thia, pAtl.emim,, 1a the f'irat illustration ' 

that I mow at in hietary of one ~ 'the buic Finciple• or vtlat we c&l.l. 't_!-!fic 

.L±..J ~ill &ml tratficr 1ntelligenoe. (lxpl.ai.D. cbart.) tftae next al.14e give• a 

picture or tbe ac:rt; ot "JNl.letine" 1 u we called thn1 tat ve pu.t Olrlt vhen the 

AD1GVX ....... were read. 

rrr tactical ....... the llritillh and. Americana in Worl4 War I used & 

-.tbo4 lmov'll U t!le ~air Cipher 1 ~ :Lnftnte4 'b)" Lcr4 PJ..ayt'&ir 1 but he 

41tbl •t iaftlR i't--Sir Charlell llbe&tatone inve».ted 1 t. 
REF ID:A63413 

UZ1US'4 l.PtAr• ot. \be &l.pbabet. (I UMl J are treated u tbe 1ame letter). If 

c Lieut. Mauborgne, whom I •ve already ..,.. ~ u ~ ~ atutt. In tact, u ofi'1cer or tbt American ArtrI¥ / 

mentioned and wbd .. later ~CM.r Sia;aal Officer, Majf•ai r .a•.,.•sl wrote a little 

l.H•ona· 

I 

'1'he Btttd.Ak.;, developed a cipber device 1n Warl4 War I. They ba4 

t:be :rz..cti .m ~r-r1oana that all tbe Allies ahou.lcl u.e it t«r tactical 

cc.rtaioatiOQaj cbut to the cbagi"in ot the Britieh it vu newr put to use, far 

reasov.s that I !:?' t.ell you later. 

¥

7 Sllik\llitri .. l1c'HlcJlldrJtxi1il.il!ttJCl"6:Mmu•lk· iaHrJlc I· 

' 

So ~h ror .. ci~ aDd. c1]1ber ayatema used 1n Varld War I. How, 

l '4 l.!Joe ~ """ • tw ,,-. a'l>oUt t.ha colles ...i. coa a;ya-. A code !1 

t 

·~ a ·~ ~ dictiOIUU")" L'1 which the. vOi'da 1 ;phrases am 11eni.noee are 

);,!;. 

• cc: I Wei.al ~1cation compe.ay•s codebook, which ~ f3tfer to their 

cu.tears t~~· tcu'll notice tat each at these code groups differs 

tl'Cll. eVWJ) otfilw-40de aroup 'by a~ lea.at two lettera. 

'.'?: 

~ 

-23-

-:i ... ~ 

--, ...... -
REF ID:A63413 

a aiDgle en.or 1a it,; v1t.h a li<it 1D0re trouble 2-latter errora can &J.eo be 

---~~~c~ 

code, or a code for the automotive industry, and so on, thq get wide distribution 

by purchase. But codes JDa7 also be bighl.y specialized in. character 1 as in the case 

lllllaac:illecb'e1~ili~-~ith~~ 

~ of the one I show in the next slide. 

- L' ,._ 'tJICSl .. 1CtlCl1 Sias tou bow 1 tbeto &l'& certain people who 'believe tirml.1' and. 

practioner 

aa4e book put out 'b:f a pxt6I w.idDt:>\W>JiAda•1D•• •• 1u the.t field, a 

•ode tbat ia 1a EQgliab aia.:1 beach. It I B 41.eiU' tbat tbe purp09e or 1 t 1a 

a.re is 

DO att«r vbere ';(CllJ/or be~ Tbu1 if 1'0U eboul.4 ao awq on a t.rip Mid wan-& 

• 

rather 

JOU are suttviDC from, er,_. ___ vbe:t. )""OU tJ:d.Dk you are auf'te.ri:Qg trom. 

professional. 

&l"wp correepoodin& to J'CNr m&laih. l<IW', note that. t.be s •• who got 1lp 

t!tt1cuJ.tiea, becaUff iiheo• code group;. 41tfer bJ' at. l.Mlt three le'tters.llMt 

_.J_ ... 
REF ID:A63413 

pretty Mr1oua tb.1Dg 1t pu. eent a mH!hP i::el 11 nc hi.a ~bat yw think 1'0U are 

because is wrong, 

•lttt.i'iDC trc;m c<*a, btrt/\.ba cc4e grou;pJ baVi.aa beeA prbl.e4 ill tnm.mi••ion, 

Prier to Vorl.a War I the uae ot code boOka tcr taot.1.cal. purpoees vu 

th~ too mch a'baut the pofl&ibilitiea ot aolv1- coh. F.arl)t iA l9l.6 tbe 

exl11b1te ot •uch booka .. were ac\o•ll~ vaed tor the ~·· 'rboae who woul4 

auine them. TM CAl.7 elide that l will allow ie OOll that vill give :rou a 

unprepa.rednes s 

picture at the Amric&ll Anq•a 11w'M'l'*t$ 1A Worl4 War I tor code cormrun1eation. 

-25-

--
REF ID:A63413 

In all. I•ve n.14 thu. tu- &bout OUl' World Wu I aqpto-COlllDUDiCa.tiona 

I • 

'between OeDeral Perahina and Wubiqtou, ta1t inatance. I 414 mention the War 

Depa.rta!nt 'rel.qrapb Code ~ 1915, which we ba4 vben ve entered the war aa 

a beUigvgt. It 1.1 vitla •ome aaclllest but alao •Cllllle amwsement that I tell 

J'O'l. th&t •oon alter ,,. Jo1.ue4 'the ltr1tiah the;r told \1S 1 with u :mu.ah delica.c,-

Well, atepa wve tU:en right q\Uclrl.y 'to :produce a new &ad atCh •&fer cod$ 

tat.llipnce an4 ~ agent commmic&tiana. It vu &l.ao about tllie time 

that our lfa'V')' begu to ilrprove its cam1Wl1C&tiou aeorec:r by •opting a cipher 

.2 I r .. VJ' Cipher Box. It .... a •at"t ot •trip cipher •yatem. aD4 l have & picture 

ot it. 

ot ~ and w ba.d aa4 vanted to have no part in it. Maybe we were 
' ' . REF ID:A63413 

Aud here 1a • good po;Utt aio which to brillg to a. cl.oee th1• f :I.rat. period. 

w.•u cOAt~ vith a 'bit mre butaey ill the aext pertol bu.t it v1U be 4evote4 

to w.tchillg tbs 4evelopmnt.s 1n a cl1rect1ou opened up bJ' 1Aveat1one made about 

~ tilm '1 Varl4 Var I. 
REF ID:A63413 

S[,IDJm rcB S:EOfiD f!!IOD 

l>.AOE - St.IDB llO. T~ 

6 229 Maraball.-Dev•J' 

8 155 Rl'P 

254 Katae Op. 

ll ~ /Chart ahO!iiDg bulletin p:oduction, average daily volume 

\.or claU7 meaaga 1 Dec 1941-31 Aus 1~5 23, ~ Chart ahowi:Dg FogN•• ot a me.a•ase. 

12 ~~ Trithemiwa 

13 G.11 Dl.and.ol 

16 139 Analog deciphering machine 

llt.S Another deciphering •chine 

l37 Brute Force 

17 ~ Slide Run Unit 

Section or Wing of I!K, Arlington Ball, 194-5 l,. Purple 

151.5 Purple dud\naater 

17-A I-l .AnteAna f'1el4 at Bot, Germ&nT 

I-2 Intercept position 

l-3 Intercept poaitiOll 

18 x .. 1 AB.ml 

X-2 ADI~ 

X-3 ATLAS 

X-4 NJ!LN3 • llOQART x-, BOGAR'? 

X-6 DUCBBSS 

X-9 SOLO 

X-1• IBM 714 
REF ID:A63413 

period 

TM title Gr tb1a. I Pea- JS hi at Wl'J talk, might veU be "The 

to you without. IQ' ca111na tm to 10W" attentiOD--amt there vm be ll&ID88 ot . 

Beptated ettorta :b&w been Jlllde to perauade h1a to vr1te hie account ot 

tbe p-eat events in which be pl..a)'ed au.ch a decis1Te ;pan. Re bu ro:plle4 
REF ID:A63413 

vrittm, amt atnce :be vou14 not 11r1te uale•• :be could teU the truth be 

-.v.t to keep au.mt.• 

Coul.4 1t be that among other reaaona v'h1' Oentf1'81 Mareball held the bel.iet 

tllat •no boD.eat hiatory at sq war bas ffllr 'been wi-1tten• be felt that 1f tbe 

COMift t'acts were inclu!led in the h:'! story the l.aUl"ele crt c...,...mera ~ the 

wilmtng aide mgb:tn '" loot ao •hi.IQ' aa thmJ' ~ appear! I a mre 

ot J9U'& ago abou't a allitm:T figure mch 1n tl1e current DWB. ? think the 

- st017 flrl.te apropos in ccanection 'rith What I've Just •aid • 

..... 
REF ID:A63413 

-3-
REF ID:A63413 

-.1l1t.a1De4 rallio aila.ce1 our aourc• ot intcration were about lalved." 

" 

w1'u ve beam to plA:f toptber 1l1 the 01'Y,Ptologio (C&t'dem J ve :tCl1lmt it uaetul 

(l.) Spac:tal .urtellJ.cenc•• vh1ch comu trc:a the aolutioa IUld praceaatng ot the 

lMtcau.I• 1t came, ao to speak, "right out ot tbe barae'• mouth•. (2) 'l'rattic 
REF ID:A63413 

~ •••• _., .. ta *JplJ.cable to auch things u the.u callata,u, 'the trequenc1ee 

~. t&e 4inat1oa. t# fautiap, u4 ao m u4 rrom ~ c~ 1Atormat1cm 

trca vhich &ets!M!! can 'be clravnJ u4 (3) V•tber ~l'"8*ce, v!11ch cam• 

:rrc. tbs t't\1117 or u. UIJJQ''• weather-• .... , nich 11l ftl"t1me Ul4 nen in 

,...aetm to•~ d.earee, are~· In th1a alience it•e bar4~ 

MoeaA:rJ' to mat:ton :bow' ~ & role the 'WJ6tbu plap :ln tbe conduct ot 

nr. 8loeA'U7 llSA bu alao beeD. u•i&De4 ower....U reapana1bU1t7 for m.nrr, 

er electrmic 1Ate1Upnce,. wt I YOQ•t 10 l.oto 't;llat 1n We talk. 

Tber9 ia ~Med for • 1iO give 10ll a tlei'lm.tiOD at Ccatlll'l', but 

JllC"hapl I aboul.4 aite ite three principal obJecti"NS. 71rat1 to provide 

authentic intcxtmatlaa tar policy .ura, to &lJFin tha ot the realitib ot 

the iA'tern&ticmal aituat1QQ, ot the Val" •king capa.'bil1t1ea &D4 wlnerabUitiea 

ar for.ip cawstrie•, u4 or the Urteatioaa ot those cawrtriea vith reaptet to 

or. IM'ICD\1 to •ltat.mte the element at 8\l?'p."iae S'rom u ac-t; ot aggreasicm. by 

-.otJmt cowitq. Th1r4, to prort4e unicpe 1ntor-.titxl ... ential. to the 

naan.rul ;rolel:lutiaa, aDI 'l'ital to a abort.en1ng at. the per1o4 ot ho9til1t1••· 

It-. 1a r .. poue to th1a thircl u4 J.u1; obJective at CCMillT tat World 

W'er ll P.ft a lr1ll1ut wver.. I*••~ JOU vOtSl4 ti:o4 1;be 4etaile4 at01:7 

ot tM nee..... at BnT 1 Arw.11 and. Arrq Air CO&"'lJ9 ~ta 1 amt ~ tllllt.r 

oiipoeite :mmblra 1a the .. ituh Service• cc a.r.n, lt&J1an aD1 Japmeae 

w...- 1n 1farl4 War n b1gbl7 iDtereatiDC 'but ti.re Jwat iaa•t 'UM. I 

thi:Ak tbe cOl'ltenta or tbe ll&rahal.1-Deve7 lettc* 1 troa vidch I l-.4 a bit in the 

... , .. 
REF ID:A63413 

World Var II. It 1a Ulltartunate that General lllraball'• J..e'tter WU d.1ac1oee4 

2 .2 1 atf'icee ot tbt varl.4. General -.Zehall, ,.ou•U remaber, 1J:l hie letter to 

•tow the point to the preeent 41 lm 18 that vo have goua 

ottSotall to the Jap&Deae G<M!.rmaent. T1Mtae are •till in the coda 

'· ' l 

111.ro ~ ZUrtber tbe critical. u.ture of th1a ..-t-u.p which voul4 

right tiM. further• ve wm.-e &bl.e to concentrate OA our ll:ad:ted torcea 
REF ID:A63413 

"Ope;raticca ill tlle P&aif'ic are lsr~ gu14e4 by tbl information we 

obta.1n at Ja.pmne 4.epl~. Ve kDow' their 1treDgth in nr1owa 

lJ7' reuon or our au'tmm'iDe acticm J.arsel7 resulte .tram the tact that we 

DOW' th& ..Uillg 4at4ta all tbe rautea ot tbeir eonV0311 aa4 can notity 

om' nt.mr1De• t.o lie 1a vatt e.t tlle proper po:Lut. 

ant1c1p.ted1 in Ja1a 4utruct1ve attacks • 

............. 

"'l'.be abad.uct ot GeneriLL lU.•enbawer • • campa1p aArS ot all operat10ll8 

.... 
REF ID:A63413 

.Amr1.ca!1 livea, 'both 1Jl the comuct ot curreAt opca'tiona &D4 in 

' 

It Till be helptul to 11at in aequence the atepl 1.trrolved 1A the production 

' printtna ant\ 1n Marn operator 14utU'1catioD.. 

' ,_ 
REF ID:A63413 

Tbe i:Atercept.ioa ot tbe tratt1o 1• 1'0t onl¥ a complicated but also a Yf1r7 

...,._1ve ~1••, coetJ.7 in nt'l!lbera ot :peraoimel. aD4 equipnat. It' tbere 

"" U. I'4 •how a tw el14ea ot tJ'pical intercept at.atiau and illtercept 

poeitiCXMJ. t'Oll aurel.1' mut realize tbat the 'buiDe•• ol 1n:tercepting a •••-ae 

wtaU. a11dlar to ta -~ iientical with that or: receiv1Dg a meaaage when tbe 

recei'ftr it a leg1tim&te _.ber of '\be n4io net.. ~ interc~t operator can 

b&r4J.1' bteak in an4 aqt "liq, 'bucl 1 l di4n't pt that last arou:p. Repeat. it, 

p.i.ae•. Thtl 4etect1on an4 ooWina <r record.ins the intercepted. e.u.eJQ' traffic 

puHCl cmrr ~ ldp ... apeed ca1111111nicsatioaa •JWtelu U a~ complicated but 

illpc:rtan~ atep...-aa4 setting the 1J1teroept capy ba.ek to vtaere 1 t ean be worked 

on, that 11, gett1Dg 11; there in good ti.me, 18 alAo c~cated and highly 

~t. J61ch ot 't.be t.rattic bu to 'be tonarcled eJ.ectric&lly to be o1: 

~ing' 111CN tbaD hiatorical hltereatJI aad thia reqμiree tbe Ar1lad Forces to 

allooate to 1ISA special. Cf'C!llltnfoation channel.a &D4. tacilitiee solely for llSA•• 

OlfJ1 an4 ~ uae. BSA 18 tbe largeat user at oJAtcrtrical cOU11111:Gica.tioua in tbe 

1rar14; ita cc.mun!catiomt center at Port Meacle 1-odl•• two 111llioc. groupe a 

tq; it 11 the large1t center ill. tbe vorl.A. It 1a fairly obrtoua that i't•'• 

om- commm1cat1cma peopl.e9• Job to pt tbe tre.tf1c to the 4eeka ot tbe trattic 

~'ttl am tbe ~ta u tut u po11ible am u acaurateq u poeaib1e. 

Loolte4 at :trca a pm'el.J' pbil.Oll()J;lhical or l.osical. point ot view, CC»Wfl' 

operatiom an4 aat1vit:t.• sllould bt, au4 to. the tr.a. k"VY tbe;y are, conducte4 

YithiA Ka't'al CQWl!:1n2cat1on connanOe amt by lla'Y'al Ccmnul:lcatiom ptraODAel. X 

'tl:l1D1t thie tit logical beeaute tbey are certa1nJ7 the ... senc1aall.7 .. those 

-9-
REF ID:A63413 

•Jl'bea, '118.t 181 8J8...._ am mee.ml tor getting •aeqea frCD cm:'ts1D people 

to certain othar paopl.e--ve call them ariginatc:r• u4 llddreaseee.. '!be ODJ.7 

amt 1iba JIZ"iac1P&]. 41tterence betWeen thU Qll"tUJUlrJ' t7,P9 ot ccmmntoatiOIUI am 

vhat goes en 111 the p:eo4uct1on at C<Jilllr.r 1a tbat we interp09e ~•elves between 

the actual Ol."!ainatara an4 tntende4 a44reaaeea ot the ••saae•, tbat 1•, withou.t 

"tbe:lr permtaaion and otten without eftll their Jmolrlectae we prt OUNelna on 

tJ:ae ••ease• a tltrect and. eaa7 process; ve have to nm ar work out the ap, 

amt th.ta Sa ot'teD Yf1r7 4Utiault but it has 'been done in tbe put aDll vU1 

prom'bl1' be 4one •1D in ruture ,... .. Laat17, there'• the Job al tl"analatillg 

'tbs wse,ge•-tbia •U&l.17 1.Dvol"f'ea !M)'sng the Aecee•az'7 aOl."1'eot1ona and 

CplaDatC1L7 a.otea1 amattmea. '&ere 1a an illpartant eoroJ.lm7 to what I'• 

•iq!Dg i.re aml it !a 'that tJaa real. ke7 to neceaa 1n the pl"o:luct:f.on or C<lall'l 

u aceUence 1A our own ec:M11m1 oaticm .,..._.. Unlee1 we can aet the tra:f.':f'io 

•t&t10D8 ~ al.lo to thoee authorised to rece:l.Te tbe tilllLl CQllift, 10t1 'r• cma4uctin8 a_.. e.:raratae, aa1; a real opr.rat1on. 

'l'he amt\ atep attar Uterception 1• firatf1c anal.JB181 that ia 1 the 

recOD8't.ruot1on ot '\he radio mt• ot the eDeJQ" ad the loo&ticm. or their 

tramld."ter at..timm. 'tlaia giTel Tfll!7 111port&ut 1Dfarat1mi on two counta. 

Jil'at of au. esta'blill!Wag ar recout.nctiq the mta Ci.,. JOU artezi ot 

-1•-
.-;, .: ,;., 

REF ID:A63413 

..., tM a -· ,... the callaipt w t'requtDC:iM C'e oMnpd ra~. It 1a 

all through World War II 

• oaoioUs thiac 'Qlat/• a.r.ans .. nu. 'tO 'be Able to CbaDaa their calleians 

tt ttdllr ,,..., e, wt )"QQ. nm C&A .,-t 

'IM- uzt •te», ot ~O\ll"ae, u ~1a, to vbich l'U return ill a 

1A ~i.ca1 aa4 ein-ore liiJ" c:ip»r cl.era am a.o Oil. 0rn Obi•• &Gilw• 

You must bear in mind that all this business is conducted as a very large-scale 

iz p..-1•• P' ••M=ooaxt MQidtatli:GDEcxfmtMAAGtd~ 

production or exploitation operation. You are not deal.ing with single or 

jtaa't & tfN $71 .... a 41¥••tbere &r• tbowlendB ot 'Uliea. X•U ahcM )"OU by a 

/ J't .I - I .__;,, . .,; -ll-
REF ID:A63413 

ll'QhJ* r dt..\tlliamew. 

'°evaluate 1i.1ae ccamrr 11114 to collate u4 cbeck it with intcnation trom otber 

~ 111. which oue tbe 1.D.teUigence people ehoul.d be able to detect the apur1oa 

ibU lJu to be 'fe.17 • Vf!lq' car~ coutrol.led. I'(&" th11 purpose there are 

a:gecial crnto-e19teml amt •pecial eecurit;y otticers 1 u4 the 4ecr1}>ta are 

llept out of the narm1 cammj cation er •••aae eeJ:ltva, so as to keep the 

•mber at peracm Heiug them. to an absolute mtntam. Allot them have to b&ft 

D'• a J.ona-h&ire4 egg-hee4; he wears thick apectaci.,. bu long vhiekera., Yith 

l L .... 

-12-
6.lllJ 

he comeis up with the answer, shA\i~ YtiAP ~~as a development the•smart 

crJPtaaal.yst geta himsel.f' an assistant, or clerk, or a secre't&l"J', as shown in 

this slide. Well, that picture or the preceding one is tar 

a• I ~JIAl:Dmtx M.-.....XlllH11MolLJ&*e'1 1'*"•";aU''• *'llDX. 

f'rCllll the truth tbese 4qa1 tor cr~111 and CCllift 11 "'big bua:l.Desa" 

billim dollar• an it eveq ;Jl!ar now. 

1Dclu41.ng the use ot hip •peed electronic •chinerJ' amt 41g:t tal computer•, 

am. ot which I 111 •how in slidea to cane. Some are ataiw'ard machine•, but 

:most17 ve 4eY1ae and uae mod1t1eat1ou ot them. Mare 1mpcrtaatl7, ve have 

rec.ti, gone iato 'the 1DTent10A1 developaent, ~ ]FOducticm. ot h1gll17 

a:pec1a11-4 electrOllic c~1c p.daetr7. At tbia poiD.t I mat take 

a~- ,,,...nte to clarif7 the picture amt 1D eim;pl.e I.angu.ap tell ;rou wbat 

.-aeta 4o tar ua. M I aa14 before, tbe mre mmbllr ot permu.tatione and 

• 

bolf'le4geable goveraenta vbat 7ou are up age1nat m-e 1111~ quite complex 

great JllL11.tiplic1t7 or :bnc>tbeae• ea.ch of vhiob II.Wit be te.ste4 out, cme after 

'\io 4eT111e abort cute for testing the hypotheses, ab.art cute otta based upon 

the uae ot atatiatica and atatiatical theories haYiD& to do with the relat1Te 
REF ID:A63413 

frequenc7 ot J.et.ter&, p&US or aeta of letters, words, Seta ot Yards, and ISO 

on. One• having devised tbe proper teat or tests tar each hnx>tbeais, er tor 

• 

several amcurrent JJnK>theees, humrm labor could be eet to work making the 

ld.111on& or te•ta in order to f'iml the correct hJpotheais er to cut out the 

..,..t. m.Jorit7 ot 1.ncorreet ODes. 'When ea.ch teat 18 complicated, or le.agtbl', 

it 1• obvious tm;t 7ou t4 have "to h&ve 1 u we used to 881' 1 factorial a Chiaamell 

to 4o the Jpb, or else the Job 1'0Ul.cl take e0118 ot time. But it i8 our 

experience that t/l/Veey teat which can. be made b7 .hand can 'be mechanized, and 

it 1e turtber our exper1eace tbat 1n moat cases it 1a pl"&ct1cabl.e to build 

-.chiJMt• vhich vUl make the te•ta. I 40D 1t ban to tell 1'CJU that -.chines 

4on•t tire u rapidl.7 u humane,, they don't need D1Ch sleep, or time out for 

.ieaJ.a, ar tor recreation or tor auch thiags as aho.pp1Dg1 low-making, etc.--

1n •hart, tbe "care and teedlag ot machines" 1• a relat1wq much more s1mple 

111a.tter than the •care &D4 :teed1ng of humn 'beings." So, we have arnt•u119ta 

who 4eYile the testaJ then Ye :ba.ve CrJPt&n&l;ytic en&ineer& Who mechanize the 

teata, then dnise, invent, develop, aDd produce the mach1Des to perform the 

teat• at high epeed. We bave to have •1.D.tenance engineers to keep the :machillea 

1D good vorlt1na order; aDl1 the crntanaJ.y1;1c aasistants vho examine the output 

ot the mach1.nea an4 who are uaual.17 abl.e to take the correct hn><>thesia al' 

rn correct onee aD4 go on with them to the f'1nal •taae where a key is 

:recovered. Bext ve ~ have to have other mchizlea vhich applJ' the recovered 

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-

REF ID:A63413 

theae atepe, let me empbu1ze1 the -.cb:tnea can do ool7 om t!Wlg1 theJ' cu 

ODlJ' pertona, at a high rate or splM!d, proceaaea wbich the buman brain and 

J:uin4. cau perrarm. 'but cml.7 at a 11l11Ch slaver rate • tet 111e emphasize that tbeae 

18Ch1ne1 4an•t,, they can•t, replace the thinlting processes involved in 

ftS.a ~ be a gocd place to r-4 a paragraph or tvo tran a Yer':/ recen~ 

4-star 

publilhed. book by retired/General Albert c. Wedeme71!1' to ahow you what mis• 

concepticitm about ceyptology can be entertained even on the highest levels, when 

the intarmation comes, as the .N&V1' letter I read you at the beginning of the first 

period states, via cbannela of gossip. 

Oeneral Wede•,m:o states., 1n co1U1ect1on. with h1a d1seuasim1 ct U.S. culpa.bil1t7 

1n the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, 1 that Presiclent Rooee'Velt had em.pl.e 

vhicb coul.4 'break &lfl code prort4e4 it vu :re« tbe r!P't cm'billat1ona b7 

.... •tter at l'outiae ... 

Vcul.4 that we bll4 MA a\leh a machine tben.·-ar that we b-1 it. DOii 1 tm: tt 

Ir 
REF ID:A63413 

•1mpl.e though.ta. It 1a to be hoped that the mt or General. Wedemepr'a book 

ia more accurate in other rellp!c'te than t't is in rep.rd to crypto1ogic on.es. 

low, X want to sbov' )'OU Vhat acm- ot tbeae •chines look lll:e. Here is a 

•uaJ.oC' because although it cloaa vbat the enttJq'a Cl'l'Pfioa19tem does, l!lll7 

Nsemblaace between it am! the ellelJl1'& ach!ne is purely coincidental.. 'l'o 

apl.a.:ln.1 !'ll IQ' thias ID a ~7t1c pl"OCesaing center, va try to duplicate 

Yith a tf!V people what thouaan41 ot people on the enev aide are doing, tor it 

t.akea thousands ~ aol41era to encipher aD4 decipher tbe •asages of the lllUq 

!aeadquarters 1Dvolve4 in 1nter-comm:unicat1on. All these messages, ar moat of 

them are :lntercepted, t!M17 all :f'lOW :f.UtO 0De place I aD4 you. CBJ1 only have a 

certain nm1ber ot peopl.e to pz'OCHB them. If you have the kq ~ keys, then it 

leeoma a pro'blem at proc!uction-lirse deciphering; 10 ,,. 4eviae special machine• 

to 4ec1pber the messages. Aa I 11a14 before, t'be machillea _,-not bave 1UJY 

what their aehinas 4o, aDI do so at a h!P rate or speed. Bere•a a picture ot 

./ another such device. 

I t/-.). ~ In tb1a next •114e 7DU •ee a tabulator 6 a etamard tabulator 

'lf1tb a special attacbment 4eT18ed by our own engineer• •uacept1b1e Of doing what 

t :, 7 Wit e&l.l "brute torce• operations, vbere you are try1Dg to solve a 'thing on the 

'ba•i• ot repetitions which are ~ev an4 tca'ttered over a large volume of meaaagea. 

Ve111 1f' J'OU'Ve got m1111cma and m1U1one ot: letters,, or coc!e groups6 the 

locat:ton ot those repetitions is a pretty labortoue tbtaa 1f' you have to 4o it 

-J.(i-

.... 
REF ID:A63413 

'bJ hand, ao we speed the •.rah up A achine ot thia ld.114 will locate these 

npet1t1cma tu, sq, one-ten ... thaw1andths ot the time that it voul.d take to 4o 

/3 (~ 1t by hand. Here ta a specialized mahtne, again a tabula.tor, with an sttachmellt, 

!am'e, that 11 uaect tar pu•!D& the text ot one 1DM1aage agaiDat the text ot 

uotber 111i!8aage u order to :t1D4 certa1D slaU.iaritiee 1 al! perbaps d1fterencea, 

ar layibe bcm>logies, and it 4oe1 it automatic~. '.rbese relqs are set up 

aacord:1J18 to certain e!:lrcuitry'; you atart the machine, a.ad low a.ad behold, it 

pl"Clduce1 a pr1J1te4 record of the message repetitions -rr Vbat not. 

Here is a mchine which I personal~ call "Rodin" 1 after the piece of 

work by the gN&t 'Prench sculptor Rocun, who sculpted a piece ot eangineering 

lmOwn a.a "The Thinker." Thill machine al.moat thi.Akl. WbAt it c1oes :ta tbias 

rou. teed into it a certain number or hypotbeeea and you tell 1t, "low, you 

...,,sne theae bJpotheses an4 come u:p with one vhich vtll auawer all the 

tollowmg coa4:lt1ons .• D.e •chine takes the tit1r•t lJnx>theais, let's sq, 

aamSnea that, .m as eom u it comes to a contradiction it &&18 1 "Hell, that'• 

ao gooc7.J I•U go be.ck and take up the next one." Aad ao on. It teats the 

)Qpothe1es, ODe after the other, at a bigh :rate of speed, at electronic speed. 

1'hat'• ODl.J' ene 11-.U aect1on o'f the •chine. 

I tJ- I To give an idea ot size of machine installation at .Arlington Ball, 1945--one 

wing.We 11.ow have mare modern and nm.ch :faster machines, and I'll :mar sbov. you 

I ~t .. :rw or them, Just after this next a11de-... the Purpl.e machiDe--reconstructed 

I~<) ( entirel.J' by crnrt;anal.7Bis. We also built machines to take faulty Purple masagea 

and decipher them. 

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REF ID:A63413 

Before abowiDg 10\l a :rew of our never :machixl.es I want to switch to anotber 

ptoJector and this sives me a chance to abov a -rew slide.n related to intercept 

x .. 1 vark. Here's an antezma f':tel.4 at Bot, Oerma.D7 abowirlg two tJpea CJt masts ana 

x• mobile intercept Ta.DB. Next, an intercept 01J9r&ting position at a Navy station -

I-3 OD Skaags Ialaud and one at Bremrbaven. Practically ell tbe e9}11pnent is apecial.:q 

._signed &Del developed bJ' ar tar RSA, and a. greo.t deal. al the intercept 1s taken 

ill record -r01!'14, on macnetic tape as a rule. 

17-A-
REF ID:A63413 

41odea •ualL- u -.ne1;to COL"e• pera1 ta m:lniaturisatim. 'l1be alide abova A'!LAB 

' ' 
REF ID:A63413 

Becaua• ot tlMI cmplnit7 at lllC4erll h1gh-gra4e CZ')'pto-171te9, tbe ar•t 

-.Jarity td tbma cunot be aolftd in the fittl.cl 1 e:tther at the illtercept •ite 

fill' at a rear beadquertera. CertaiA. lw..gra4e a79tema u4 a certain amouut; ot 

waftic aJl&l181a cu be ;pertmwid 'tlJ' fiel.4 \UJJ.ta. Aa I •"Ye al.reed7 aaid acm 

C<laft iroc•••1DS can. be 4one ill tbe ti.el.A to meet certain iDIDedtate meda 

ot 1'Hl.4 ar bue c~s, er f'ar.ocea &fl.oat.; 'bu:t as "ihe orJPliO-&JBtema ge1; 

mare cmpl.1cated 1 • begjnning to be dCNbtt'ul how tar this CAD 'be pushed. 

.. . . ... .. .. .. . ... '. ~ 

CctWiT proce••iD8 1• eaaential.11' & cozwlex Mt1Vi:t7 aD4 llUCla. ~ 11; C&D be 

d.~ well only at a.,1ar proocesa1Dg centera where the lJ.mited mmbera Of bipl7 

akille4 prr•CJDDe.l cu be CODCentn.1*1 azul "ffR'7 apec1a11se4 ~1c acb1Der7 

Cfm be :f.uta) 1 ed am a1Atalm4. It u not enough to inatal.l. tbem.--70" lmov 

tbe7 have to be •1Jl'tia1M4 U4 tllat •a aot eaq. ft.ere 18 DO JOOl 1A civil 

aocUpt.tiou tr:r ~1c -asmering and •5.nteDance ;perammel-·tbia i• 

u i.mpartallt :tact. to r 1aiber. We •ve got. to 1ira1n our am 1a p:ret't7 mal'q 

au cuea, 

l vant to aq a ftlr YG."da abou.t tbe ar•t 1Jla.pcrtauc• ot coar41mtU.C 

COMil'.f actb1:t1• Vi\h otber illtell1.pr.ae op!l"atiou alil v1th i;be tactical 

aS:tuat1on. .Al.'IJ:aouP C<IWl'.r 1a the moet rel.:lable, the llllCl8t time~ u4, 1a tbe 

l.oag 1"111l1 the .. 't iwptzlsift k1DI ot 1atel.11gem-e1 it wt, u I•w add 

"betare, Rill. be *9aluatecl, collated., carnlate4 al coordim.tecl vitb 
REF ID:A63413 

a certaia t1'aJIM,eM atatt MCtica to a aertaill Japa.Des• ill' .Paree uDJ:t, :req.ueating 

one COILTOJ cmmander reported. in a 

1ol'ftd ill Wala~. 'fvo 4qa after the OGGVOJ' left, lb? zg •• llC ... 

his 

...... Vld.eh VU WO intercepted &DI aolft41 , 0 B that - ba4 been aig11tecl 

That B-29 

:dlD AOtice t!lat -.uge a'bollt the B-29! .; .1ut 41da't -.ppm to be cru1111Dg 

Uoun4 there; it wu •eat there to be obaerved. 

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REF ID:A63413 

it ia avu.:ll&ble. 'l'his ma:/ lead to carelesnne11e which quickly je-opardizea 

COMD'J." eQQl'cea • or course, the f'ul.1 val.ue or C'CMIN'l' cannot bP ree. ti.zed. unl.e•• 

operat1cmaJ. U&E! U -.de or 1t; hCMe'V'er 1 Yh..~ ~tion 1-sed. OD it iS contem.?;U.&ted, 

poHible c~ondsa a'l source must alvaya be bcn"Jle in mind ad the danger ot 

JDiU.tary a4vantage is .aever &lone sutt:tcient grounds r~ r:taktng the loss ot 

tbe source-this te a carctinal pr1ne1:ple. 

Also we must bear 1n m1Dd that crT,ptosyatems i.ire ueue.l.~ world-wide or 

&Y'8a·wic1e 1n 41atr1bution and cbarJeeA M&df' ~• a result ot suspicion ot 

eOIQ}t'omise ~ tbe:ref'ore have a far-reaching cons.-.qwhlee on the ability to 

proluce C<llDJT elsewtlere. The OoJll!laDl!er seek1.ng .., minor dftntage by usi;qg 

COMiltt in one local:tt:r '81' thua dt!pt"ive another COlllll\llder o't much greater 

I 

14itant.age ar even den)' it to a Commndar at a 1118.Jor operation 

Jlina~., &nether aspect ot ooard'!.natian 1• that between the ~attms 

officers ag4 the CCJmrl' ofl'icers The COMD'l' authorities should be ca.re:ru.u.,. 

oriented to give the optimwa CCMtraeEt tar operation• 1n progress. There are 

Juat so ~ :tacU1t1ea ~ personnel a"l81lable1 and only a part ot the 

enortao\IS amount at traffic can be obtained and Pl"OC:eaaed. 'l'heref'ore 1.t 1s 

•••nt1al that ti. CCKDl'l' producers be ce>dtantly informed ot current am 

planned operat1QDS •o .a to direct attention 'Where JDOllt needed. This vaa a 

ftl!t, "'leey :lnl]i1artaDt po'lnt to get e.crosa. It 11as a 41tt1cult one to get acroaa 

'bffawse ccaman4ers 1D. cl:lal'ge ot large-sl!ale operationa ore natura.Ur leery or 
REF ID:A63413 

'telling ezq outa1ders Yhat the: were ,Plawling to do, and the how, vb.en, aad yJ:Jare 

ol the iapen41..og operation. Mu.tual confidence must be eatabllahecl, ao t.aat, the 

COMIW'J! pl'oducera learn what the operations atatf 18 pl.aDnl i>g,; tile;,- suppat"t eacll 

other. 

Th1a isn't the onl7 ar the most important kind of coopu"atioa. 'IJia~ ill abaoJ.ute:Q" 

vital tar 1uccess in CCtaNT p:roduat1on, which u.ovad.&711 l.11 done on a real.J¥ worldwide scale &ll4 requires a. great deal. of cooperation of all aorta 1 UODS ~ 

tbouaanda of 8killed peraonnel scattered pra.ctic~ aver micb ot "1le e&1'th 1a 

1ur:raca an4 separated by hwJdreda or tbouaaa4a ot miles. ~ integration and 

41rection of' the COOlf.l' effort 18 a trltl1' huge mil:Ltar7 enter;pl"iae aDd requires 

& higb cxrder ot JllaDll8erial abU1 t;y alld intelligellce. Let me close thi• Jllll"t 'bl' 

aq1xlg that not cnly doea NBA have a large number o:l vorkera 1n COMifi endowed 

with great intellectual ca,pacit7 but it also has aw.ilabl.e to it am uaea the 

braiu al 11cne ot the Ftlateat ac:1en.t1&ts al this ccuntr;y. 'rbq CClll8 u 

conaultanta amt adviaers; they work OD NS.A. contracts, an4 tbc7 help .NSA in o'tber 

ft18 1 for 1nltance, 'b7 :moral support when it comea to reach:11'g iAto high pl.aces 

1n government :ror money aDd people. 

'l'bis ends the COMilfl! ,Pm"ticn of '1113 preaentat:S.on. In tbe Dat am. t1Dal. 

period we'll devote our attention to COMSEC. 

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