THIRD PERIOD 

,z. re•••• 

I will. new ~e the definition relevant by reminding 

>••+••tiMd1':tilm:xlHllbxi.:00!3'1:MM~---d,&R.x1WMx:Y9XMU~~~ 

but nevertheless quite 

:'<RI 1 wauxtm~md11daxllelo,.• iM:*•4XIL".,it:aaGld:l•xJn:diXi8'fM:MttialtilldUIHll 

~ECREl] 

Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 03-26-2014 pursuantto E.O. 1352\3 '• 
REF ID:A63418 

1apar-tu't epUCde ot ~Wit' at.__ Pacific duriDg Wcr.14 W&l" II, and I vUl 

• 

accompanied by a good ~ VIP's, 

JTe•id.ent ot ti. Unit.I Stat.a, 1:» mda lilJ'iCM~ .,. .. ..,.,,,.~:*lMtic 

J ¥• 'fbeymet 

19'-3.t the aequel to which _,. be •~ised by an atticial Jape.neee .NaV)' 

the -.sq while clirectiJJC Operation. t:roa a f-orwar4 }dition. 11 

Aa u atte.o. the cue, tbe connuoique d.i4 not i.u the "1k>l.e truth. 

he ..t Yitb aa aeci4ent. I dm •-t kn.av vbo f'irat uH4 ta tollowi.DC terse 

maybe it was Jimm;y Walker, then Mayor of New York City, 

1t&teJMmt;'bUt it 1a 4eci4edl.1' appl.ica'bl.e 1A th!• cuei •J.coideJa:ta don't happen, 

t1ieJ' are brought &'bout". U .s. laT7 comm.miaatiows 1JrtelliaeDc& expert. were quite 

regularly reading practically all the Japanese Navy's messages because its cryptosystems were not secure In the case of Yamamoto•s inspection trip our Navy bad 

•'••c11 .. •111c••t1·•1t111c-i11~•••a*>l11atu.czti r "+ .. tqM' .. •'•' ott.eK ~-· ___ , ratt1•..-

his schedule down pat to the day, hour and very minute -.e~ 

-2-
REF ID:A63418 

so ma. It vaa rel&t1vel.)r -..7 to bri.Dg a'bo\tt the "aac1clent" t-.oto vu to 

.uthr / .m it•• obViou.a that hie 4•th was AO accident in tba cl1ct1onar;y ae1U1e 

later P'ft ri.. to a tcmnh&t a.auaing exchlu>ge ot '1'0P SJCRn tel.etp:"am bet.ween 

'1'<*10 u4 WubingtoD.1 an4 an.r the war -.. all ovw certain ot tbell turned up 

11& \be :rorreatal. Diar1ea 1 trom vhicl:a X will now read (Pap 86)1 

"The i'oral. aurremer t.ooll: place Clil the 4eck ot the u .s .s. M1Hour1 

att Toqo J&7 on Bepteaber 2ad. TM aood ot avd4e11 relief trCd long and 

bH&k1ng -.10Q u CWJllU>l.1fie4 'b7 an uuains exctaange a rev 4qa later 

at urpat '1.'07 8S:U'l' telegraa vktch lo:rr••tal put into h1a 41ar;y. In 

t.be eath\la1ua ot victory acaeODa let out. the etar1 ot hav a l.~3 

N1a1ral. t-.-.ato, tbe Japa.ruaae lla'Val Cr=mm'er-1.A-Chiet an4 arcl11tect. 

to tlM -.r:i. Jlarbor attack bad bed brtercepted e.-1 ahot 4owu 1A tlamea 

u a ruult at t.be A.rican abilit7 to 1-..4 the Japweae cod.es. It wu 

'the tirat p&blic renl&t10l1 at tlMt Yark ot the crnt.aml)'tic 4.1via10l1 

auA it broupt an CCW.•bed cable trca the 1.ntel.ligUce \lla1 t al.ready 

~ at Tokoi... 111 the interrogatioo ot Ja.paueae ll&val ollicera. 

-3-
REF ID:A63418 

Yawmto ataey 1a 5;692· All tbe people orer vbon clea4 Wies the etory 

vbich 1• a'b<:nlt all that can be expected.• 

w1,ly and how what bad happened to them had come about, and recently published books 

,_,.,.,..,.Aidlllax1aaam'IUll\H'kaG1&Siro+•4P4ii••~~-.-, 

by Japanese 

~>M·t'WlJ 1 ••• ,, .. ~>6·••• w\w:J:K:iJ1cLaOJ)-pm1qrr~ 
REF ID:A63418 

Ji&vy otticera em. mt quite ~with atatementa attribu.tiDg their defeat to 

poar: CCM3~ on tbeir ~. &Di excellent Amr1can COMIJfl' u4 C<J4SJI:. lar example, 

1l'.bere 1a Captain hchida'• book entitl.84 M1.!ml Tbe Ji:attle tb&t Doane4 Japn1 

Chapter YilI, p. J.Sl; 

"It Mldr&l Yazamoto anci lai.9 atatt were ~ d.illtur'bed 'b7 

,Per•iatent be4 weather and. 1q lack at mtar-.t1oo amcerAi»g the 4o1Dga 

at the G9IQ' 1 thcJ' YouJ.4 b&Te 'been tru'.q diam!Q9d lM!l4 the)" lmowD iim 

ac\ual. GJ1eJ1tY •1tua.t1on. PQlt ... war Amrice.n accounts .a it cl.Kr that the 

United States FacUic Fleet lmev ot t!Jie J&pa.aeae plaD to inV'ade M1h1q 

nm betare our torcu bl4 at.art*'. t.raa ~ vatera. A.a a r•ult ot aame 

ill 'breaking the priAcipal. co4e then in un by the Japa.neae Bavy. ID tbia 

YQ' tbe tmeJ1Q' vu abl.e to lee.n ol our intentions almost u qW.Ckl¥ as n 

1:&a4 4etermiu4 thea OUl"•el.TU •" 

(Bare u an aside vbat Wenger told u to 41.abellet 1l1 4ecr,pta.) 

It ia har4l7 Meel&&l'J' to tell JOU that Yith tbe aAvu.cea made 1n the 

.. , ... '._ 
REF ID:A63418 

old ._ 

1.acl.111U..og communteat1on aJWteu 1 the/ •o.-ca.lled ,.' "pencil-a.nd-,paper cipher•", the 

and 

mM•opU0.t6t\ • .u Cipher deTiCeB I fr,M Code• mliXJalh____ Of former 4a.ya became 

camnunicationa had to be •peelled up; am\ obvioual.3' the road &logg which crypto-

:•c••a -~ developnent bad t.o travel vu that vbich, by .. t '..,_. 

or electronic 

electro...mechanical/ a.ppe.ratua, apeed in crypto-cOllllWlicat1ou would at .least begin 

4eviaing an4 4evel.oping better •M.' s•• mana tor ceypto-c011m1ulica.tion came 

vb1ch were now lal"~ 'b)" radio and were tmref'ore auacttptible ot interception 

:t' a ••I cryptana.lysia lad l:N!ten made much .llOl'e ettectiTit by a4vancea iQ 

A brief hi1toey of the aventi<m Md developnallt at e:rypto-4.evices, 

vUl proceed DOW' wi t.b •CID9 al.id.ea • 

-6-
• 

REF ID:A63418 

.bide traa tbe mah earlier Beyt.al.a uted b7 the &l).Cient Greeks, tbe eerl1eat 

oipber derlce lmowu to b.iator;y ia the cipher 4ielt, f'ir• t described by an Italian 

45. 

'l"be MXt alide ahova a aiail.ar sort of vbeel wbicb aPJ19ared any years 

t:: ... ., k: 

wuei ot the ciplml- 41u with byword.a. I have the Porta"witb me. 

45"."f The DeXt elide picture• the U .a. Ar'tq Cipher Diak, which wa.a used in the 

per10ll J.914-19181 e.Dd vllich follow• ex&ctl.7 the •ame pr:llleipJ.es that Alberti . 

recmgen4e4. It Heme to ave t&keu a. long ti.me -ror the Signal Corps to get 

caught up Yi th Al'bert.1 ! 

Bow I know it takes a 1<mg time to nurse a patent through the United States 

Patent. Grfice, but Alberti 'S deTice VU f'inaJ.11 pa.tented 1n J.92lf.. Here it iS • 

lext 1a a picture of the Wbeatatone Ceyptoaraph, tbe f'iret real improve ... 

llSQ.t OD. Alberti'• device. I have tbe only copy ill the United Ste.tee, maybe 1n 

t.i. 1tarl4, alld I•ve bl"ougbt it with me. Sir Charles WbeatatOlJe interested himeelt 

• 

1a ceyptogra~ aud. i.Imtated hill 4evtce 1A the latter part ot the decade 187f. 

It a uot Juet a aimple cipher 4iak. It. conetata ot the o:tdicary alphabet an 

tbs out•id.e and an alphabet on the ina1de 1 tbe latter beillg a m.1xed sequenceJ 

bl.it tliere 19 OQll a4d1tio.ual important teature .. -tbt alphabet Oil the outside coa.ta1Ds 

27 -places, the oae on tbe 1.n.ide 1 16. 'l!beH 1a a ditferutial gear in the device 

ao tb&t u you cmc:ipber a mean,ge and t.uru tbe big or "m1Dutett band to the letters 

tct tlle plain text, the ..U or •J:aour" 'bald e4vucea oae 1tep tor each complete 

-1-

-- . 
REF ID:A63418 

rtn'OlutiOA or the "ld.mlte" !mad, Just ... in a clock. At the clole ot tb18 period 

tboll• ot 1°" vbo vou14 like to eum'J ne tbe device my 4o ao. 

l'ov ill 191T1 in cut11ag about tor a f'1el4 ciper 4ev1ce tar ue OA tlle 

We1tern f'roa.t, our Britiab all.tea resuacit&tecl Wlleatatone'a princ1pl.e, embo41ecl 

1t ill a little clittereat. mechanical. :f'orm, &ml m4e thouaands ot them. Here 1• 

44 OD1t ot tbea iUl4 here ia an American cow ot tAe Br1tieh model. It baa a 27-um:t 

al:pbabtt OA the au.taicle llD1 a 26-wu.t one on the 1n114eJ but there is now one 

a441tiom.l amt ver.r i.Jlaportant feature. l'ou will D.Otice tbat 'both alphabet& can 

AW 'be -4• Y&'l'ia'ba m1Xed Hquencee, vbereaa before, ia the o:r1g1na1 Wheatstone, 

cnq the 1zmer alplmbet coul4 be mrie4. In fact, & good J11a.1Q' were Just. about 

to be 1•ne4 to tt.14 \m1ta1 11ot ~ :Britiso 'but also 1reach an4 American. All 

fcaocea W9l"e to ue it. But even 'betore tbe7 coul.4 'be :put into use it vaa shown 

'tbat the eecur1t7 ot 1ihe device wu 1.oa4equate ao4 they were vitblrawa.. I bad 

•Clmthing to 4o with demnetratiD,g the inllecur1t7 ot tAe device and vhen I 

rMCMd. Amrican GHQ in l'ranc:e about three month& later I t~ I vasn •t a bit 

»OpJl.ar with cer'taill llritiilh, Jlre.ncb aD4 American crY,Ptologists. Reliance 

coat1Auecl to be pl.aced iJ1 codes. 

4't 4 :lext aomea the cipber cylimler A J're=h knq reserve of'ticer, Ccmaadut 

Jumoiea, tried to iatere•t tbe l'ruch Ant:t in a 4ev1ce which he called the 

'*Cr)'p'tographe C711nr:lriqwe", ar CJ'liDdrical. cipher. Ba device com1ated. ot 

& "1"1811 at 4.i•b vith a ce.utJ.·al hole ao that tbe7 can be llCWlted upon tbe 

•be.ft; 498Ch 41ak 'bear• u al.pba'bet (ot 25 letters iA this caae) in diam-ranged 
lbO 

REF ID:A63418 

1ag letter or A\aber tor u•ellbling tbea upon the ab&ft 111 •ome uy order, •o 

You put ytNr •••ace in.to cipher 21 letters at a "tilM (bec&\We there are 21 

the other 24-rowa at cipher tut. (JJuerin uaed a 85 ... JMtter al.phe.bet.) 

TbU principle Hemed to be & Wtrl' good om and. muaaps in it ap:pee.red to 

be quite sate, but Be.zeries never got anywhere in his attempts to get the Army 

.-...:c:c:JiiaAdlltn ..,_, »• '91'\1Kbl11Mcm:h:tbe •..; 1kb•1•4• me••'*'•• t ., km 

to adopt any of his ciphers. --talildi-~;"'5 i Mli 8 N id'i8*1tetlWMW '' '•-Me:dh+•11 \e .,._.._,... 

\(,o t In l.91.5, u. America Anq ott1cer, Captain Pal'ker Hitt, abau.t whom I have 

~q 

-I I 

/ 

Be~ uothi.Dg about Jueri••· Ria clevi~, hovever, took the farm. Of atrip11, 

you.... 'rb1a vaa Jlitt'• Yer'¥, very crude f'irat ahot at it.1 &04, as a gift 

the interesting items in 

frClll him.1 it is aJIJl:Al(l/rq collection. Bare i• a better model., one be 

-4e 1Jl 19151 with tbe paper •tripe mounted OD. vood--'W'ooden aliders. That 

4ev1ce vu brought 'to the atte11tion ot the then SigDal. Corps MaJor Ma.uborgne 

{)t; '3 ~ tM :rs na' f ORU at b UT±~ 1 u llltOpted in 1922 b7 the u S ~ ...,,-

It became 

~ -r-
REF ID:A63418 

5• le.H:r1ea6 'by a ceatu:ey. Here 19 the :tirat pep ot hi.a cleacription of h1a clev1ce1 

5•.1 

which he calle4 "-&e Wheel. CJllber." Baro 18 tm second page. ?ou aee his calcul.at10Df 

C'l"JPtologiJlta aOCID cue to tbe conclusion tbat •ecur1t7 voulcl be :mch inereaaed. 

cipher clertces uae4 b)' tbe Armed J'arcea, an4 later b;y the State Depa.rt.ment and 

51.U the 'l'reu\1?7 Depart.amt. Here ii a picture f:ll tbe :f'iD&l Anf'I" &trip cipher device. 

The strip cipher• carried an enarmoua amouat ot tr&f't1c. 

the l'R?' 1925. Aeconling to its inventor the lCryh& vu tbe lut vol'4 1n tbf! wq of 

•chine. ~e ian •t tine to expl&iD tbe mchine, but 

-11-
REF ID:A63418 

~ .:... ~ I 

llere 18 ... OUTA!l"\lllpbabet "ill! bm"e an :7pbabe't • \'fbe Wsf" al.pbabet • 

' \ '\ \ I I 

1 mounted on a di~ wb h is ;Otated q accor41~t' the toothed/' 

\ \ I ~ I 

whe 1 which 1• in r The alpha~ cu be rearranaej if\ 70u wish, Y:f \ I ' ,F 

iec~• 'ari wllich ey ~ priDtell ~o tile ~to1om a 

\ I \ 

i wn mixed ~ f>et ;you et.art y the f'irat 

\ J \ 

a ~poaite it, uq. wi\1te it 

\ I \ 

\ ' \ 

down. eable disk will _,lip a ~1A \ ~ ~ \ 

\ ' I 

or ·-· .,... o ·-· ·~ 11a tbo.t, ~},j.. •""'7Pfi t1\ 

letter, write' awn tte eqμivale.i, and give the buit.~~~ua~_ low\ 

here ia & 41eeertation OD the ll'Ullber at - perwtatiOD8 Ul4 (..Olilbiuat1QQ8 the 

IrJha mchi.Jle atf'orda, 'Wl"itten by a German mathematici.aA. All I have to •&7 

about it 1• tha.t 1D thia case, u 1D -.D1' othere1 merel.1' the number Of 

permutat1ou a.114 cClllbiu.tione vhich a given machiDe attorda, l1D the bird• 

nothing or 

that aing in the Spring, often have/11ttl.e to do with the caae. Much depeDd.a 

upon Juat what k1D4a ot alpbabeta are uqll.O)"!d &Dd e:xactJ.¥ how t.beJ' are 

eaplo;yed. large numben ot permutations aDd comb1Jla.t1o.as don't trightea the 

er~t &1i all. For example, to give you a simple ill1.U1trat1oa, take a 

•1.mpl.e ll.Olloalpba.betic aubstitution cipher. The number at alphabets that can 

be p:"oduced 1• tactorial 26--tbat.'• a large,, large number--4f3 quadr1U1ou, 

291,Ji.51 trilliou, 126,61' billions, 635,584 millio:aa and a few more but JOU 

lmow &8 veil aa I that you clon't sol.ve the mcmoalpba'het1c substitution cipher 

'bl' u. exha\18t1on •thod. There are ver7 much eimpl.er W8i1& at doiDS it. 'falre 

uotller examples Suppoae you have & mch1:ae tb&'t prav14ea hulldredl ot m:1.111ou 

-11-

~ 
REF ID:A63418 

ot m1xe4 alpb&beta tor \We in encipherment, that is, tbe alphabets are 

prieaented aucce••iftl.7 ill a tixed eequencft. Such a •chine would give poor 

aecur1t;y 'beoauae iA beaV7 trattic JD11DY meseagea would be enciphered b7 the 

aame sequence at alphabets, producing a condition which the cryptologist calla 

•depth". Whea. thil is tbe cue be proceed.a to •o1ve the •flt ~ message• 

verticalJ.l, column by column, and when be* a tin1•hect be can read the measagea 

mown alpha.beta an ueed the trick can 'be dooe with Juat tvo me11agea. 

To return llCN' to our general aurve7 at crypto--.chinea it became clear 

tbe.t there we.1 a l.ll"U•iq need 1Jl the mil.1tary u4 naval aervices tor two 

tlP"• ot aut~g, machines, that 1a, •chines wbicb vouJ.d get out ot the 

f irat. we .aeeded a small mchine tor low 

echel.OA or fielA ~e , ~l:l Rehmt!~ second, ve needed a larger and perhaps 

high-security, 

electrical.17....,.,.&ted" macnitle fCfl' ~ h1gh-cC"IJJ!1!&0d use. Let us take 

up tbe ti.rat. ot the•• two types am aee what happened. 

J 7 / I •how * aext a developae.ut moclel at a •chine ,:SWllS sz aetec! by the 

ns.rector ~ ~ ta.boratoriee at that time vu a gt"e&:t believer in autonomJ 

am he vaan 1J JCina to have Wuhington tell him. anything about haw things vere 1''" 

.. 'to be 4ont!!. Vbtn 1 t cama to 4evel.oping a cipher machine 1 be decided tbat be 

&DCl hi• st&tt C!1dl4 pro4uce a really good mchine without the help ot the 

crntaue.119(.. So bit proceeded cm thia basie 'to u• up the t~ bit ot money 

not permitted 

We iA Washington were rt bl::I even to know wbat 

-12-

... ' . 
REF ID:A63418 

to ua. When w f':Snall;r vent to picll. up the •chine, I talked to Colonel So al¥1 

Bo, vtio tol4 me with •~ pr-14• that h1I nacbine WU all 9Challical. aAd that there 

vu nothing in the vq ~ an. electrical acb.ine ar optrat1on that 10!.l eou.ldn't 

came to a sudden and ignominious end. The whole development re 

which wasted what little money we bad for such business. 

Jov ...e coma to a 4evelO}llll!nt vbich 1a ot con.s 1derable interest to u.a. 

] ~ t; I Here•• a pietlrre ot a gentlemn Mme4 &.ria C. W. BapliA, a SwecUah engiDeer 1 

11tho vu l:'ftpoD.eible tar the inVention and development ot one at the mch!nes 

that all the aerrlcea used in World War tI in aree.t quantities. ML". ltagelin 

Urlce in l~f.Jt.l tor reaaona that will pl"ese~Jbecome cle&r. 

<: 

ot m ..... "not 1.11veAW here" J but t21e dee ie 1011 to h&Te them. m4e fox: a.o4 used. 

-l.2'2\,-
REF ID:A63418 

by tbe United Sta.tea Anq wae a uc1s1oo on & le..-.1 bigMr than rq own, ar.id. 

~~11: it turne4 out, :&c*it•ftlb that 'Ilf¥ •\l}Jelriora were right., ror 

ow: troops a.t J.eaat lm.d scmthing tar low-eebe.lon Cl'"JP'tO-Communiea"tioaa, vbereu 

1.t I'd had rt Ya.1' theytd. mvo lad no'thing but pe~U-an4-paper c1pbers, Ot" tlMt 

K-~ davlce 1 or the strip cipher device--all too slow • 

.Rw 31.ltlt a bit about. Ur. Jkgelj u. Ke d14 vl:aa.t l best describe as a. 

hyateron-pl"oterai.l. -.cb&t '• a. tour-bit vo.rd £rom the Greek aea.ni!lg w do a tAiag 

1® ba"Ve a nervoue Qrukdowu. Be 414 it tbe other lrq. De bad a AerVOUS 

breaJr4ovn am whUe he VU recoverag be .inYeAted this -.Chine--e.ncl 00 lD8de 

or bpteron ... pt'o'tctrOQ it you're going t,o do oae .. 

{}''>; llaI"e•a a pictw.; at Baplin'e ve:cy tint IWl.Chl.Qe. X've brought one c:tl hia 

a con.equenc• w built in .Ama::tca, for Wlorld War II,, tl:lia •ix·lfbee.l Hagelin 

-.chine, vhicli lllllq ot you llO doubt lmow u Converter K-2119. li?aa:..U t ' eeY"' in:x 

>W*Mfd'pl.-dF--.wri;p&kt:~XU*""'Mi•~««dabr>!iipai; 

•itW•xMw•d~tuu~\ftoK We built tbs M-289 aac:ordJJlg to 

Amerieu inch.....meaau.rements &04 :.peciticat1cna, aG4 Yi'\h "-1-ican toole, rather 

-13-
~63418 

tbarl EUl"PJl8U metric ••auremnts w:w1 tool.a, @d we built u astooiehi.Dg number 

/ 

/ Mlu::w' Ot 7ou JlllY' know that the ll-21f9 had a aer1oua, a var1 serious aecur1t7 

I 

weak.Deas 1 about which 1 • u say a tw words later. Thia 1a a picture ot one 

~() ~ ot th.t Ba.gelin -.cbU.a u mod1:tied b;y aome ot our QI' s 1n Italy. The K-219 

bas no priuting machan!Hl and you mow how reaourcetul GI'• can be. A couple 

ot tbem scrounged }art• here aQd. there u4 improved tbe:f.r machine to make it 

Inaide tbe cover ia a cartooa ot a couple ot GI's getti.ng reed)" to test a 

bome-md.e atill terr the production ot you.-lmow-vbat. The caption at the batten 

at the cartoon •&111• "Yee, but will the damned tllin3 vorkt" 

Kaw, Mr. Jlage.Lin proceeded to improve his ma.chiAe u4 thia ie a aide rtew 

JJ,)rJ' \ ot cme ot bill lateet mcdeJ.e ..... the CX-52. It pt'i.Ata not onl.1' the plain text but 

aleo the cipher text, am it incorporated a much im.pl'O'ffd ciphering mechanism, 

because tbe vbeel.9 1 i.Aatee.d at being permanently f'ixed upon the abaft, are 

4emountabl.e and can be rearranged in 728 cUtferent wqa. The stepping motion 

tor these wheel.a i• ccmplicated 

-J.4-

~ECREl] EO 3.3(h)(2) 

PL 86-36/50 USC 3605 
'?hat ia tlle fatal weUDelH Of aebines o! the type at tJM J( ... 2f9 ai¥5, a tho bi& 

probi.m in connecti® v1th the uae ot vba.t ve call key-pnerator ~ 

~ 

A cipher machine which has been built and proposed 

t;ype• ot devices. :aw wt' ..._rllltAer-WliG Ill"" liucMea••w 

for use by the Marine ..,i.(_ ~~...,. (fr<..v ,~. ;p<. C''ZA '.t 1 if .1. t· f..,, !.i:., , 

Corpa is a 4ouble )1 ... 219 a.chine, and,,~t 1a an improvement aecurity-wiae over 

tbe a1Dgle M-219,, but It11 eorry to eq that it too bu the 

I think we will have 

something better very soon, and I've brought a. model to show you. It doesn't have 

--~1111tiN;~P1-atli11J~~~~#:wnB*M••--t·+I-· 

the weakness of the M-2~9, and has a much higher degree of security. Moreover, 

-.:apwlmsittSX.lalfU E&"1lfG~llli:tJJW~~-~ 

it requires no source of electrical power--not even a dry cell--and it produces 

W!JS"kJc~cn.-. 

a printed record. 

lov for a quick review ot tbe dewlopBAt ot what we call electricalrotar mchinea. Tbe f1ret one I •hw--aleo a product ot tbe Begelin Coaq:ia.ny 

1n Stockholm--vu raot a real rotor device of the type we ue• today but I 

4on 't want to go into 4etaila. I .reJ.7 vant to •how the device, which 1• 

59 DOV connected to a Remillgtan electric typewriter 1 ao tbat inatead ot writing 

clow. letter1 one bJ" one you can. make much llOl'e •peed b)'" havi.og a printe4 record. 

Up to that t!Jle 4evtce• of th1e aort vere onl7 of the lamp-1nd1cator-ty:pe ot 

you'd •chiAe- Y~pr•e• a key am a light vould light; ~ have to write down 

the letter flatbed on tbe light ti.Dk am. tben tbe cipher vbeelA voul.4 atep. 

~ECRE:l] 

-1~-
REF ID:A63418 

Tm nut tarwvd. ate:p was taken w:be11 Bagelin made the printillS mec.buia• 

l15" aa iategral part o.t the :machine 1taelt. Bere is the ~' tt;.e pr1nt1Dg 

meallluliaa 111 in 1-re, aD4 aav the whole aasemb.11' 1a very J1111Cb a .. &ller and more 

'5'1 Kov I •how a Gtlrma. ma.chine uov11 aa the &1p, a commercial model, 

l 

111.vented u4 ]Rlt on tbe -.rket 1n about 1923-24. It comprised a ke7board 1 a 

l1ght bulk, a aet ot electric wheels called rotora 1 aDd a e.U dry cell for 

J)OWW. ID thia cue the enc1pher1Dg-4ecipber1Dg circuitry ie more compl.icated; 

1-t aoea :f'rca a key ot the keyboard, then through a contact on a tixed entry 

pl.ate or stator 1.Ato these ateppiDg rotor• ,asid 'bJ' means or a retlector ar 

plate 

revar•iJJg • t c 1 back through the cipher rotors to omt ot a b&Dlr. ot lights, so tbat 

the current goes through the rotors twice, which complicates things a good deal. 

==~·=:::.~~7ot:·r:;tc:wa:~ 

the •teppi.Dg ot the rotors 1• euch tbat tbe nachi.D.e has a rather short cycle aa 

•uch th1ngs go, leas tban 263; it ll"U a l.ittle lea• than 233 because o:f' certain 

factors into which it illn't neces&a.1:7 to go. 

rotor machines 

I'm SoillS to take the vari0\18 deve1opmenta ot through World 

War u. At the mmeAt, and 1n period at time to anticipate German development• 

1n thi• field, I want to go directl.1' to the Amr1can devel.opm11ta in rotor 

""{\ mch1Dea. Fir•t, I ahow a picture of the late Mr. Bciward B. llebern, a 

C&litornian, who •••• imepementl)r to bave thought al rotor DBChines • I 

uMd Mr. Heberu oae dq how l:le happened to get starte4 on such things aD4 he 

.. •a14, "Well, ;you aee I. waa in .,ail". I ea.id: "lli Jail, what tort" Be aa:l.4s 

-16-
REF ID:A63418 

t'Barae tbieverJ"." I aake4 him: "Were 10U guilt~T*', whereupon he aaid1 "'l'be 

l'1i... the id-. of a cipher mchi.ae. Here 1e his very tirat mcdel.. I"t 1a poseible 

that be built it u an item ot occupatiOA&l t.huaPJ while 14 Jail 'but I think 

it -=re likal.7 that be \Nilt it after be got out ot Jail. It ma a ke~, 

a lett-hand stator, that ta, a riDg Of e6 statiOAery cOD.tacta arranged 1u a 

c U-cul.ar 1'aahion to ou ot Vhich tAo curreat goes vbe11 & kqbo&nl luq la 

clepresaed; a rotor ot 26 .. po!Ats, and an ait stator ar 26 conta~ta ou th.ta 

aide. I't 1a illlpQ1"'tar1t to note that there 'WU no reflector ro1i01"; the tne bere 

lamp ligbte • 'l'mre was Ju.at oae rotor it1 hi• firat mcdel, vhicll he 'built ill 

1922 or 1923 tor the IJ.u IO.ux JQ.au. Here 18 the first :pr10.1;1ng model. mde w 

'tnavriter coimecrtecl theret.o. QMt intereat.ing thfJaS &'bout llr. Heber.n's rotor• 

ln1 pa rotor•, tar tbeae a.re 4etacba'ble wires, ahowiag tbat at an ear~ date 

in any kind of a high-security rotor machine. 

1Jlparta.nt feature ...,..Q"'Jl*"'~·"--..--•h •' Thie abova hi• DeXt step. 

l-1~ \ ltov we bave three rotor• iA caacade. 'rhS.a, too, vu a TerJ' im,portant step--

the cuca41Dg et.feet vu a great advu.ce 1a. cc:mnection Vith rotar11. Here I 

'l~ ahf.N' hi• aext de'ftlopaent--a 5-rotor mchine.. Hee are tbe rotor.s removed 

1 ':, trca the achiDe to •bow 10U what tbq look like. 'l'heJ were atill variable 

-J.7-
REF ID:A63418 

the Arrq 1a th~• dqa, becauae they absolutely' b&4 io b&ve secure --.ns tor 

speedier 0C1111'Wlicat1cma tr011. Wuhington to the 1lee1; CO!!ft""er• a.ad, at course, 

t"or intra•tleet conaunicatiou. 'l'be !JaTy thouaht th!• Bebern model & •ui table 

:ac>dne &D4 tbe)" got an appropriatiOD tor tbe purpose, a large aum ot mcaey 

tor th09e Aaya, •75,1••· The7 proceeded then to negotiate vitb Mr. Bebern. 

I vu uked by tbe hea14ent ot tbe la.val Boe.rd that had been appointed to study I 

tbe B•bern •chine to give hia ..,- personal. opinion at ita aecurity. I had no 

ill.Chim &ad the ll&T.J bad cmly two,, both undergoing aervice teats. But I 

perauade4 the War :O.partmeu.t to purcbue a ~hine tram Mr. Hebern. I eat 

am. etll11ed. it ~ eaae veea-.. tbree or f'our weea.. The whole at my out.tit 

ccmmiated. ~ m;yaelt am\ a Worl.d. War I veteran, an ex-prize tighter, with 

tJP1, &114 I 9.7 aq that he coul.4 cow trOlll clrart letter• or cipher text with 

abaol'ute acourac7, but that'• all he coul.4 4o. The ·r••t ar it vu up to -· I 

j l I 

All I ...,., I •tu41e4 the llebern m.chine wttU u 14ea tor a aolution came to 

/ 

/ 

_, wliereupon I wu.t over to tbe !ia'Y7 Bectioo, which was then. in charge ot a 

' 

.// ' \.-t 

Lt .. 'Struble, vbo1 now.}• Vice .Mairal Struble, Retire4, with u enviable aervice 

I 

/record. X .. 14 to Struble, "Lieutenant, I 400 1t thiDlr. that -.cbiM 1a quite 

u •ate u you thi.Dk it 1a." Be aaid.: "Oh, you're craq1 11 I •aids "Does 

,. 

'l 
REF ID:A63418 

thi• mean that 10U cballeuge •T" vbereupon be 8&141 -Yee". So I saith 

I aaid1 "Bav about ten mu.eagee put Up on yow: machinet" Be pve me tbe ten 

maaape aUl vith •ome tn>ina help trom that ex-prize fighter I worked on them 

until. X got to a place one 4q, at the cloae of buaiDe••, vhen I bad reduced 

tba tut ot cme ot the ••eage• to e iapleat tel'U i I knew tbat in the :tirat 

11De at tbe text at "Uat maaage the lettera Which were tbe aam but I 4i4n't 

know vbat the letters actually were. Let ua aq, tor 
REF ID:A63418 

1.mttance, that the :t'irst, the aeveuth1 the ninth letter• were the aame, what ... 

ever they -were; the ••ccmd, the 11eventee11th aD4 tbe twenty-third were the ea.me, 

I~ ", and •o o.n.. '!'hat'• all I had when l left 'for ham tbat evenine;. We vere going 

to aGWJ tOJ."t ot & part7, am I had these letters in rq mind, at least tbe onea 

that were 14entical. and their pos1t1ona. kl I was tieiDg a black i.ie, i't 

aUddenl.y came to •, and I can•t tell ;you to tbia da1' Jut how or from wbere, 

but the whole lille ot text :tell into place with all tbe repet.itione in the proper 

placei "President ot t!:le United States." I could. J:l.ar4l.y vait to get to the 

ottiee in the morn.1.Dg,&nd to 'llJ7' intenae gratification I. tOUDd. that "'13' aubconscious guea• vu correct. I recanatructed tbe ten messages, turned them. 

over to Lt. Struble, and there was a considerable amount ~ excitement after I 

allowed him how I '4 reuooed eut a aolutiOA. The Ba.V)' Department cancelled the 

order that thq had pJ.ace4; the BeberD Canpa.ny, which bad been aellii:lg stock 

on tii. buil or great proapecta, veDt to pieces ..... __ ...... Mepmlll• I 3 lt 

Bebern, teying to recw.itate what he could from his unf'ortunate encounter "W'ith 

4.1; and ao1d it 1D the northern part at the atate at about $2.f"f. The 

California Blue Sq Lava 414A *t like tbat sort or coad.uct and Mr. Bebern epent 

& )'ear 111 pr1.1on, I giving him lots of time and opportunity to think up improvements on his ma.chine. 

iJacp4'f*w wm>ttxsat:llSK~JllMd1wNt••~~-11rr•trtc• 
REF ID:A63418 

DMp1te rq aolution ve thought tbat the Bebern principle vu atlll a 

good ODe u4 kV7 vent ahead with Mr. Bebern after be got cnit ot priaon. 

172.l• Hw••• a picture ot the la.at IBChiDe he built for 1'be lfaV7• Bebern wanted 

to get pa14 tor it uatur~, but tbere vu Juat ODe hitch--the mchine 

voul.411 •t work and vben thia vu pointed out to hia be 8&141 "Sbov • vbere 

1 t •&111 in tbe contract 1 t bu to work", aa4 wlaen the1 oouldn •t, he vu 

pa14 ott. TM lla'Q' then clecided that the7 ha4 had enougb ot Bebern and 

went into reaearch am. 4eveJ.oi-nt tmmaelves, a laboratory bei.Dg eatabl.iahed 

in the liavy Yard. Year• later tbe .Bebern beir1 brought auit 1n the United 

States Court ot CJ.aim agaiJUlt the United Statee tor .5i1 8ff 181f, which vu 

aettl.ecl laet l\lllDler at a cou14erable 41acount, $38,fff. 

I'• going to llbov )"OU now a tw al14ee ot the Arrq 4evel.opmmta in rotor .. 

t;ype Cl'JP"to-machinea. 'lhia, atter the 6ebacle I've told :fOU. about, vu the :f'iret 

abot that we in tM Signal. Intelligence Service in the ottice ar the Chiet 

Signal Otticer, in Wuhington bad at cleTeloping a 1118Chine tor the Artq. It 

171. 1 :ba4 a kaYboard, a lisht-ballk, 5 rotor•, am. now an intereating teature--an 

external ke)r1ng mechani••· I ha4 come to the conclusion that int.rnal control 

mchania• tor atepping rotora had a tund .. ntal veakneaa J that ia, I telt 

that 7ou _,t not Jake tbe rotor• depend upon themselves tar the stepping, and 

I cancei'Yed the idea at having an exterDal ke;y, tar mmpJ.a, a teletn>e tape, 

which would atep aloDg an4 control the stepping at the rotor• :in random 

fuhiOQ • Theae tapes vere CCl!q>09ed or & •eq\Mmee ar ranclOiR charactera 80 that 

ti. rater ateppillg waa quite errat1e 1 &D4 tbat vu our tirat abot at it. 

-21-
REF ID:A63418 

I think the principl.e 1e still quite sate, eapec1al.17 1r the tapee aren•t 

Ji tllt th th'a tar are GP:11w •&11¥>91l'lilB -.1-.."j} We MA baxee ot about 111 .key 

ape• trCD which JOU aoul.4 make tbe ael.ection tor tlMt 4q accar41llg to tbe 

ke71Dg document. A •er1oua practical veakneea, ot cour••1 was the neceaait;y 

tor producticm and 41atr1bution or t&pea. The machines fwlctioned all right 

but 'betore even ten ot them bad been produced ve bad hit upon a new priDcipJ.e 

tor the contro1 or tbe rotor •teppiDg. I tried rq very beat to get the Sigoal 

COI"J>S to change the devel.opMJlt right there and then, and ahift to the JWW" type 

ot oontro1. I vaa practicall)" thrown out ot the office of the chiet ot the 

41v1sion with the re-.rk, "Go back to YfNr 4en--you inventara are all alike. A 

nev and better idea every da)r. If we liatene4 to you inventors we'd never 

pt &oythiDs out." So we had to put the idea on 1ae 1 that 18' in aecrfley. 

172.4 I vill avitch DOV to the lf&V7 MARlC I ICM, the electric cipher achine, designed, 

dnel.oped an4 built by the llaT)" without arq help trca Mr. Bebern. It had a 

uv t1,P9 ot control macM-niea fcr rotor atepping1 baaed upon the uae ot Bowden 

wire• ar tlexible cab1ea. 'rbe7 were tricky ud gave riae to a lot ot ditticult;y 

-12-
REF ID:A63418 

sequence 

uy/ ? ••• or tre..moua length bu'\ with oal;y 1.5 d~ent star'tiDg points 

tau•ll ~- ldier ..,.._ X -14 a'bQ.lt auola a a:l.tuattm a rev ll1Dutea -SO· 

/ Bow thit came t.o be tM aue I d.o not Jmov, tor there vaaA•t &lJ1' coan\ination 

or coll&bcratiou 1A those d&ya vith A:rm::i crntologtata--ve didn't e'ieD. know tllat 

auch a mchiae 1114 been t' r m: ' b'U lJu.ilt 'by 1'aY7. Each service went its own Wf!J.3• 'Wbe'\ 

ther• came a change 1rt. command in the Baq code and signal section the new head 

4ec14ec1 tlJa.t that 4evelopaent had iODe tar enough u4 he we.D.ted SOia help from. 

the Anq 1t he could pt it. le came to see me cme dq aD4 told me that they 

vere 1A 4Ut' lcult;r a.D4 needed Dell ideu if we bai a.rq. I said: "Well, we 

or I 

have a good. idea but it'• aearet,." lie uked: "Well, what do you/b&ve to do to get 

it released so that you can 

/tell met" I told hiD11 "I'll have to pt permission fl."om. the Chief' Sigcal. 

ott'1cer"; vh1cb I p:roce«led to do. I mention this apecJ.tic&lly and ask that 

7ou believe ~hat this vaa the a1tuatton in tho&e days--there were .ArBf3 aecrets 

ucl Navy ••oreta, ud :aever tbe tvain did meet. When I told the Chief Sig?lal. 

So I told the liaV1 abcnlt the Army idea. for rotar control, I showed them the 

c1rcU1'tiz7 u4 d'ttlr llClllll delay the thing waa adopted. The dela)" was caused b7 

kY)" 4cntbta tlaat auttic:tent cnarrent •••••-••a••lllD could be obtained through sets or 18 or more rotors-.. 

to 4o v:b&t eleowical VOl'k 1-4 to be ctcae. 

tlle7 vere ha'V'iDg contact troubl.ea v J. th tlJeir rotoraj :But the ma.c:hinea were built 

b7 the Teletype Ccrporation, a very competent organizatioa.1 and were highq 

rt~ ~ aucceaaful. Here iB a picture ot the MARK II ICM, laV1' terainoJ.OQ', ar the 

SIGABA., knfT tera!Aologr. It it hadn't been rar the f'act that we got toge.th£ ~ 
REF ID:A63418 

The ECM-SIGABA came into use just in good time, and it was used 

1*:tmc:W.~ .... ~DOllllS:dato:~.:¢GWJClloedl!~~c.tOll~--:.XW.CC 

~ our Bri tiab Allietl. Ms t •ii 1 T.heJ' aew t.l».t n 1-4 a mohirMJ at thia 

it was U.S. policy on the highest level in both the Army and the Navy to 

.vi llifJ1AXIM•'W'"41tmUp>~-...9*oM'Mk>QbMew41u9uegl+Rs ~ 

h.ile4--tbe7 Ju.tt voulc1A't belt.,.. it& Om rwon tor tbia mm•at :polic7 wu 

perhaps entirely needlessly, 

cmtr apiD. I 40A 1't bow holr' miq ld..l.l.iona ot 4ol.l.ara were •PD'I; / IJ I tl;txx 

-24-
REF ID:A63418 

\bat,,. had 'to Anal.op, p-ocluce, an4 use an adaptor tas: our m.ch1ne ao that it 

111 oOlild 1nter-oomam1eate with tbe British '?D'BX, aDll tbe :lritieb ba4 to 4o tbe 

aw tor their acbiDe to 1nter-cccan10tcate nth the Rm..SIQABA. But 'by the 

end or 19'3 ,,. ..,... able to amrt'1nce the autbaritie• that it YOUl4 be all right 

and ttnall;y the Drituh were al.lon4 w have our waehiDaa wxt.11 tblJ' cOUl.4 

ccmplete "11111.r 4.neloi-nt• &DI be on their own.. I tb1.Dk 11; YOUld. 'be Rice it 

there wre t1119 to explaiD. tbe eeypto-pr1Ac1pl. .. ~ tbe D:M-SIOABA but •uttice 

it to •&7 '\hat ve Jmov ot ao cue ot aol.ution ot thi8 m.cMne an4 ayatem 

thrcuglwut the war, u4 it is atlll iJ:L 1en1ce u a hish·sra4e ott-lim mr:h1ne. 

Duriug i'ta wae ill Warl4 War n there vu ont poea1ble ccmp:caiee vJUch raioe4 

quite a atar:a vbml it wu 41acontre4 tb&t •om J'rennbwe.n W liberated a u.s. 

Arrq truck aD4 trailar••the latter oareying all the a8th Dd.v1aicm•1 HQ cipher 

aobinu an4 •teriel. :lu.t the stutt vu soon t0Wl4 where it ba4 been 4umped 

~the l'renohmn-·iD a DeU'b)r r1wr. The epillo4a vu cme which caued tbe 

S1cnal otttoer a1i4 other ottiaer• to be tried b7 court art1al.. We had ao4 

•Ull have w:ey atr1ot rule• 1Dllee4 abau.t aateparcting th1a p«get, aD4 in 

mentior:dng thia :point I abclll.4 aq that n veren•t vorr1e4 'by the thought that 

by tbe thOQglrt that tbq vouJ.c1 learn how SoCJd it vu an4 would caw 1t .. -thua 

cutti.Ag ott om" COMIJrr. I cu bar4l.7 retraiD rt-ca telling J'OU ODI ot the flJDD¥ 

t.h1DP about OUl" not giviDg tbe nacb'ne to the Britilh when tbq needed it ao 

4Mp9r&tel.7. l :ment1one4 the atrict rule• about •af'•suar41Ds it--vho coul.4 aee 

.. 25. 

\ 
REF ID:A63418 

\he tl:dna, Yho coul.4 eervice 1t, and •o on, &DI we aav to 1t that tho•• rulea 

*1ntenance 11tn were Jmocked oft an4 there vu no'bo117 to aervice the •ch1 nee. 

Jlova't'e?t, a V'er7 aJdllful. Britiah Ba Ott1cer, au. electrical engineer vu JIL'•••e4 

into eerrlce amt ha Minw1ne4 ~ SIG.GM there tar a vh11.e. I'• ave )'W 

YOA1t be utonh:bed to learn that vheA be got be.ck to Laa40ll he built tar the 

BAP a :mchine buecl upou the JD4..SIOABA Pl."inciplAJ 

:t want '° ab.ow you next the cipber -.chine vhich vaa Wied very extena1vel.1' 

71'. I by all the Oer-.n Armed force• in Varl.4 War II. 'J!b1a wu a .mo:U1'1cat1on ot 

'tl:Mt1r calll9l"c1al Enigm -.chine but u important moditicatio.n, 1Atl"oduced 

wben Bitler came into paver, at vh1ch time the ccanercial axlel. wu Y1t!adravn 
REF ID:A63418 

,4 •• ., ... • .... I" t• .,..,,.., .... •4: r•,r-•1• •~~ t-·•·•• 

-(IJfJ. JIQlll =:• zM"•ullll& •*4iM a T7!l0' Art u.r. are tbe rotora--tbey are exactly 

.... 

" , • t • • ' 4 ' , • t • i T I 

t 9ll•Wktl±. 11 I 111 , t• , • r r *'" 

• ' • .. • 'L .. ... ' ' ~ I • C • t .. 4 • T • o I 

that 

4rrq amt Air J'arce m&ehine u.cept/ it W cme mare vbMl ul tbt rotor Yiringa 

.. 

. 

-~· 

·~~~~~~~~~--'~~~-:~~-
REF ID:A63418 

vu ;pl&ce4 1u this mold.Ji~ but it ,,.. :a.ot put into ua.e until the var was over. 

am. accepted a ebaUenge to so1ve th1a Jr.ind at c1pber •19tem. It'• too long 

a •'bcn7 to go into right now ba\ u a result ot the •olution ti. .Arlrt:f dropped the 

proJ&Ct. I think it was 1n a vtq too bl41 'becauae vben ve bad a Deed far 

this th.iJlg. The big trou.bl.e or eourae was tbe prc4uct1on tlD1 cU.11tr1but1on at 

258 these key tapes, a:a4 it 18 a problem which 1a atUl with us. Here *a an ee.rJ.7 

an4 ued "tflr7 aucceae~ to encipber tel.et1',Pt cQlllW11catiooa. It 'U8e• iaot 

pertaraW tapu lau't rotor• vbich atep in BD errat1e taabion wt not aa erratic 

u 1n tbe JDl..SIOA'BA. But eftU vhile 1n nrvice, 1t bed. veakDe1&elJ fl'Vftry once 

ha4 ftakr.ii•Me vbich ooul.4 be explo1te4; vhereupon we voul4 proceed to tighten up 

u4 ao cu. *1'he -.chine• u-e atill 1n uae, 4o1Dg valiant 1errlce becauae w• were 

able to inccrparate llOZ'• an4 more 1mprate4 features in it. Ite nev de•18Dation 
REF ID:A63418 

._. ci:ts. Here 1e cm. •ucll -.chine that vu Unl.ope4 'b1" Ars, tcr tbe :purpoae, 

caUe4 SIQMlli,. We wo i.i1 ue4 tar .obinea tor encipberu.,/conver1at1ona, ~ 

~ auace11tul. l&ch terll1nal ooat O'Nl' & 11111 ton 4oll&\"• and 'there were 

8ftel1 ot tbell.. 

at all J.mrp ~. 'fou not oa1T Jw.n to !aaft 41ttere.ut Jd.D4a to meet apec1t1c 

-29-
REF ID:A63418 

that Slot e1w.t'Jb047 cu Nd. tr'flt1'1'bod,y we'• --se• 1 eva. ill the aw tUil.1' • 

'8Jie IU.4vq J.Mk llap;peM4 priaril.7 'becauM th1a J.ut p:1DC1ple YUR1t in .tfect 

at that ti. in u.s. •a'ftl c:caramscatiou • 

.. 3•· 
REF ID:A63418 

or t!Mm. i'he r t lli• ehtuJ I :a.umber at '.bolder• or e.rntographic mater1al.a 

u) tf.S ~ 'J 010 J 

•wt a a J u a s •11 •cs• a •'ti.-Octo'ber J.945..,..m. m1mt ¥OU1 thie ia v.s. 

I.raw an4 u.s. lu!tq A1r Carps alone. It doe• not cOUlhler u.s. Na~,vhich had 

aor 

u pmt er perba»s ar-ter diatr1but1ouJ/tlJe State !>epa.rtmnt, th4' 'l'l"•a.sur7, 

also 

letter. liln atr•t.x•lln•rrw•1am11° "t e.11•1r1tn• '?'he Je:s;emee/haQ. veey 

these certificates w:re aent by rs\io ~ then w voul.4 l'1.rd & cue like tb16 1 

1iMre ., chapa 

1Fn r t t f tid cert1t1e4 the 4e1truction by ~ ad \bit ec.tter1ng ~ 

- _Olflt clap -. -tlllh-.. "BO If vu o'btlerved. 'b7 binoculare ;,ben he t«* a apt.de and dug a 

1n 

hole. 4\1111p14 the collebooa al14. tbe tablet 1.u that bole, mi pcnr-4/ ·~-water. 

111.to tbe 

WeU, 1n dw: time, aoae ot O'.J.r ,p!tOple ana.k.ed out, 4ua £1 P 

1 b /IAl.D 

hole, got O'Llt tbe material a.rd broua" 1t in Ill laJ I , Ats It I I ft14:t4r1..S. ou~. 

f 

f.u recover)'" <4 crJpto-aterial. helped a pw.t a..i beaause it ea.ved ua an 

~ 

a4 labor u4 set ot tables. 

aTDmt ot "Um/to zrecmatruct tbat lC"ticuJa.r code/ i"bere \#ere 

-31-
REF ID:A63418 

Yoo baTe aeen tbe 1a,po1'tllDt Worl.4 War lI devel.op119At.s in crnto..apparatu.t -.DI n.aw it'• t1- I ahand J'O'I. a bit at the new· OMS, conce1ve4, developed , ad ill 1<*8 cue• produced llJ' the now central.1sec1 crJ"PtOlosic apnc7 at the 

; •If ea "' •? r ,,.,. • n ""JI 11 ..... ,, n1 ·:4., 1rML z u 1 ,,,_.. r 

t1cat1Clll1 i• acccapl.18bed wberewir practicable, b;f el.im1.Mt.1Dg aa ~ feature• 

•o u t.o •lia!D&te vellkae•••• caued w h\UllUl .rrar. We muat taM into account 

oacuioaa\ly and inevitably .a aiat.Uea; they are prcme to error• or oa1.aa1on 

-~-
REF ID:A63418 
-

\ 

.. REF ID:A63418 .... ... 

1 I'ft ~ -iom41 to ;prewan1I a ,.,_.:Lal ._-:t.rca cOJ11Suc our -

and. tu.rJWlg our awa veapolliJ apiDlt ua • 

.low let'• 1ee p.:Lcturea ext SOIDe ot tlJe .., appa.ratue 1 vllich will aoOA be 

rea4y fer 1.eaue. 

thouaamla ot tbea bave 'been iaeued to our IA!L'O all:l.ea. 

\ tar • ._- intercept ill c-it ill :l.lq>allai'bl9 to tell - the oil'Duit 

18 :l4le and vhttn it 18 car.r11Ds a mesage. 

\ 

' 

\ 

I - --- - - -·-- - -- --- --- - ---

This am "the next slide 61.l"tt a. 'bit. ou"&; ot ar4er but I did.n•t lave glue 

al.idea for them am have to 'Wle the smU.l 35 ... o.ue1. Thill ODii •hoviDg tbe 

' IJL-36)JCL .. J6 is the one : ment10l&ed betare as havi&lg been devel.oped fOI' tl1e Marine Corps. 

(PeJ.7)better 1.h&n the KL-36 aud be :tar eater. 
REF ID:A63418 

teleprinter a1pher -.chine but it l:M1a all the conveniencM ot an on-line mchine 

&mt eliaiD&tee ecee ot the waJmeaaea c:4 the latter. The aohim geueratea the 

lreJ' u vell as tlut ind.icatora far meaaagaa. All tbi opm"&tor bu to do 1a to 

tne tJae lldrea•, pmch a a'tarting key on tbe acbtDe, Ull then iroceed to type 

.. 34-1. ... 
REF ID:A63418 

&DI DOW ugilergo1Dg Hn"ice teet. I"t 1a a -.ch1De vhicb eabodiea & teletype . 

printer a4 •• a llll car4 tr# ke;yiug prpoeea. So tar aa the ahip 1a 
REF ID:A63418 

W.7 hip aecur1t¥ au4 ucelleD.t qua.lit.;r. a.ad la net a pusb-to .. talk machine. 

X-3 o 

wb1olt ....,. 'the S~ I •atiaued a ffltl minutes ago. It uaea tbD vocoder 

' 

priDa1pl.e, vhich t1el4a talk tbat ia intelligible but of poor qμali't•7. What it 

you O&Zl ue lt CXl *»iJ' COlll'al"Cial te1ephone ciroui\. fn t1'e U S. or Circuits of 

l'-

'Hnd.ml ot Worl4 'W'c II 41qa. vhich aoet over $l,ffl1 1J8t. The X'f-9 gives \ 

tram tlw teleph<me Com.ptlll¥. ;;e a.J.eo ha'ffl a •imi l.ar 11nk 'betvoe:u. t.hc- !faV)"' Secur1'Q' I 

A&eAC7 are located. 

' • ~ 
REF ID:A63418 

IA wU:t I •ye ifuat aboved 1'0!.l '11 notice tbe .emwbMta placed. on telephone 

•ecurit)' 4erlau aDll qate., am on aut~tic telepriritt.nc a)fteml.. Tho~ 

or hull-open.tea deT1ca 19 t:1rer, an4 tboee ur nm-auta.tic octt-llne cryptoctaphic Ila.China 111"8 4rawing to a cl.olle. ADll.1 lut to be meat1oue41 NBA crnrtoengineera _.. 4oil:ag 4evel.opaent wark in cirlmiou. •J1tfmll•-encipbere4 teleria1on--

vbicb vill. doubUeaa coma into uae within a tw 1'J&l"•• 

But Y11;h all. these modern iaFOffl1Wdrt.e I 4cm •t 1ih1Dk the 4q baa 1Bt 

4mmed when it OU be aai4 that lmmm1 t&C'\cxr• that -.ke fer crn>to•1Dlecul'it7 

Jmve been altcptber el1•' nat.eii. Perhaps 1 t '• 1il"Qe that at 1ibe 9CIEn cceam: 

tachnologJ ca11 be &&14 to 'be abee.d o:t CCllXIfl! tecmoloQJ mt with ever-increuiDg 

a;pee4 ot elect.roD1c ~ic a.ppa.re.tus tbe p.p cu aDll perhaps Y1ll be c-J,oeed 1 

\ta.let• 'bb!t ca.file e:ogjneer• keeJ1 pace with that appu:a.tu. In abart, it ia the 

ap-o.14 battle between arar aad &t'llQL4wpierciag proJectUe•. In the llll&lltime 1 

cCBPmScatarw aaat lceep "1ieir aua;rd. vp &DI. ellf'crce tM 1"Ul.d •llpplied tbea f~ 

opwra'ting tbair ornto-eqm.iaente. In cic.ing t:bia period let • remind 70U ot 

the follorin&I (l) that ti. eetabliab•m:t an! 118.iJ:ltenanoe at CCJ1W1a1cationa 

aeour1-t7 i. a reaponaibility at cc rn4J (2) that tbm'e area•t arq •hart-cuts to 

Mhie"f'1D8 c:omna.1cat1oaa •ecurS:t71 u4 (3) tAat .__ l"Ul.es ot COMSIC 11\Wt be 

tol.l.on4 to the letter 'b;y eftr7'b()4y c~ with c<v.~E but 11Jrat ea:pectal.:q 

'b1' c::eypto-open.t1Da per•omwl. It t!:aeae r•'n'l«ra are tolloWe4, tbe omuc.. are 

&oocl iibat JOU VOil ·~ 1-rn ~ OOll8S: rule9 bJ' accUa"tl 
REF ID:A63418 

With the tarego:tng rearu I bring to a close s, talk CA COMilft' and COllJJI:. 

If tl:Le:re 1a arq last word or im,presa1on that I voul.4 like to leave v1th you 

let it be tha"t, 111 111 o.ph1cm.1 COHSJOO, though l•H spectacul.ar and leas 1ntereet1Dg 

'flh1a opinion. fte t:l.r1t 1a that aecrecy :ln the ccaduct of ll04erJl large-acal.e 

illjpartance to tbe.1r aucce••J Tith.out ae:nrre camu.nicationa 'tbere can be little 

Hcaa4 reaaan. ta oa.e that 18 not ao o'bv'iows. It ia that your COMIN'J! •~cease• 

t1z1ai re•ult• -...t .:pu• to reach those no cu ue them are secure. 'l'heret'ore, I 

C<»«BJX: 11 4m'bly impartant, mce am4 tuat., to protect 0\11' own pl.au aD4 move- , 

, a'fiatement ot vlat I'll 'mcdeatq call h:ieamaA'• Lav--samet'hing :patterned atteio I 

•aeea. It JQU'n up ap;lna"t e'J.llal er 8Tilito nperiar tQL"cee, amt it the COMD'l' face 

In "tbanldna J'OU t~ JOlll" p.tience in lJ.atening to sv rather l.eDgtb7 

411courae ud ~or )'our' courW.7 1n J11Q'i.Ds such caretaal. attention to vllat I 

.. 35 .. 
, 

REF ID:A63418 

baTe ~ tf% J'O'll" 1at~tion1 Ut • inYite those ~ 70\l vho care to 

exntoe aCWt ot .,. .mibit. to oa. up to \be table M1"• am ve can l.oolt at