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/ REF ID:A62839 

eonfh\ent:tal 

Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 12-18-2013 pursuant to E. 0. 1352B 

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REF ID:A62839 

'.fhia lecture, tbe aixth and laat in this aer1ea, cleals with cnptoloq in 

the pr1ocl :tran. the em ot Worl4 We I to the end ot 'Wm'l4 liar II (Vnclaaa1t1.ecl 

mter1al only). The empbea1a :lD this lecture is up ccmmmicationa aeauritz 

(C~) not cmJ.y because 1D the f1Ye preced.ty lecture• tbe emgle!ia vaa placed. 

verz larp1l upon CClllllND1aat1ona 1Dtell1pnce (CCMm) but alao becaua~altl!Ngh 

not aa opctaculal' aa COIIlrl,~:;:;;.~ real:!¥ - 'lital 

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to Rational Security t!:Bn C<Mm. 

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' You vill recall tbat. in 

' ' \ ~ ~ \,, ::;::.~~,.,.·~~.'$\':\ r'\'" 'W\~ the :first lecture ~=ll.ed to your attent1an an article vhich appearedAad: ..... vaa 

, baaed upon a le"tter/.. the late General George C. MaraJJall, then Chief' ar Staff ar the ' 

• 

' ~ A.rtq, wrote to Governor Thalaa E. Deve;y, Repibl:l.can camliaate tor President in the J l~ ~ ""~-~~-... ~ ~.14 ~~ o),'Y]..t I 

l~ eleotic:m. c:uqa1gn.A In tmt letter,vhich ••written an 27 Sept. 1944, General 

Maralall practically begged Governor Devey to uy nothing during the canp1gn. about 

a certain piece ot very vital 1nf'orma;t1an which Ceneral Marshall bad reason to believe 

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REF ID:A62839 

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'1h1e 1 the si:d.h an4 t1mU. 1.-c'Wft 1n th!• n:r1• en 'bbe b~ ot 

~ 

c~~ 'W1ll be def'offd to a Pftl8en.t&'t10J1 ot "~ d dflt'elopllll!l1'' ot 

end ot Wcrld War ll. 

JXl"C)dUctton ot 1IOte cQ!lllex JlleClwl:SceJ.., eltOtrlcaJ.,ana elecUonic ~l?h1c 

~ ~~~ ..... jo ~~ t;;( ~ ~"£. ~~ ~"-~~~"1;'}:1; rnt-'I.. aw~~,,,.·~ 

a~"ua" and vith ~e concmitent adwncea in the production Ot llOl'e \.. 

~ft~~ ~ u-.-rk.# Jt,.M....... ··~ so:pblltica'\ed aeoban10&1., el.ecViee.1.16124 e.1..C~f\·~ air ~ -r:J. "'f O'\,~~ f~~~1~~~~~ 

A. 

'PCbzH«w1 ..S&the waeew• pl'Oduaed b)r~•~ ~ c-1.ex ~c 

macb:tnea. !heae tw ~ea are !mer-~ted because, '9o uae a £ol"".w. ~ •!Du>l.e 

~ ..... ~M-4-~~..;,. 

analogy, ~~pby end ~e repreaean the~ h.cea Qt -. aingJ..f:t 

com,~~ 

<- b& nice U l cO\llA go .._. ~~~ 1n ~to th&le 

/~ 

s.~caied ~ &P,P&'r'a'bus I will only note a.t 'this point a cc:mnent 

"f i~ York: lienry Holt mad Co., 19511 PB&e 474 .. I 
REF ID:A62839 

S1gt2ltJ. Corp& otticen like ~ l'Glin4 WI ~ "although Coagreas 

ctua make a ~, 1'\ takff c<llllJIUdoa'1c:ma to -.ke hill a cQWMU1der." 

It 1a ~1• •s to Dllm4 Oenera1. Bradl.q'• Nial'k b'31sh1• 

ts how I WfAh he bad YJOJ:ded 1•: 

B1pal. Coi"»ll ottioera like to retWJd \US thA 0 a.1.tboue,h Cone;reas 

can Dake a gGbeftl., t• take• rapid and secure ~cnmm1oati.cna to mike 

him a good O<HNIWMW." 

911.a ~ 1n tac" be the keyn• ot 1shU lACiU.re. tn ~er 1f01ild8, 

CCllll\Dd.oniona securi!z, m: CCJBBC, vill be ita ~ ~ an4 the one I 1f'1ah 

I 

brt:e:nd.e'1 "° ~ and piil ilhe bl.W on wh~ wu i-espcutble tor 11be debeole. \ , 

f.ncl.uding 3l. MEw 1945 open hea:r-mga were ccmducted, in the course or 'Which sane 

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'bJ:ousbt into toaus certai'n 1::lroab1escne points 'Which atU1tom1ahe eubJec'\ ot 

~~~ -- ~oua cliacuss1orus and vri.U.SS •o bf£1.ien the a4'tack waa "euslJleencl" b7 

/I. 

·p;.dd~-~t CW:i: te.J ~~.~~~, ~ w~r ~ Q.6 c.4~ 

C<-4 ~ ~' ~..,..,.°'-~ ~ iet!2.. ~ o-4. - '+e.. "~~ ~~. '101t Md.a~ m ~ntns fact ta tba.1l bot.h the *41oMty am. M:lnoriv J~.~ ... 

~s ccta1sa1D glowing W!butea to the l'Ol.e ~ by CClilD'l! bfd.'ot'e and d~ 

(N':.I\ T~J~~>\j&e.~ No.+,Ctt\9S'9, f.S"i 

wr pan~ :bl Wcn-ld War II. Xn ~first 1ect\Jl"eA.I presQllted a 'bi'l~ 

With~ - skUl., 2e&l., end wa.tchtUlnese '\he 11ltelligeDCe 

se.rriaes ot the AftlT S1gnal. Coi'ps 6\lld 1'aV7 Ottice ot 1fcral cainnmcauou 

bl"Qke Japmeae codes .a. ~epted messages betweeti 1a1e Japanese 

Cov~t and S.tB spies 8Zld. agents and ambasaadon 1D au. :peris at the 

wai:'l.d and S\U'Plled the h1Sh autb01'it1es in vaab'JnpOft reUabl.e aeczreb int~1an ~:pect!Dg J&pmeee deeiefts, dectsiOJ181 and opei'at1au at 

lu:me, 1D the 11nite4 Stsateis,, mid 1D otbet" coanta-les. Altbouab tbetre wee 

del.rqa 1n the trm\llaUcma or nany lntel'Cepta, the ~e se:r\'icea 

had tumisbed w 'bboae htgb authorities a J.a.rge n\1Jlber' ot Japeneae me._. 

vh1ch cl.eu'l.1' bAS.cated the gl'Ol!JUg resol.w ot the Japmese aaverw' 

on war bef'are Jleaemb9r T, 1941. 

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REF ID:A62839 

ht thetoe be a ~ iatega.Unn ~ ktfq and B&T.v inielligence 

e.seno1ea in oira.er to l!m>ld the p1V*11JJ or 4J:r.lded J'e81)0!1S1bUit)" which - \ 

expel'tenoe baa Jl8de to a'blmdlmt.1.y. G.pparent; that UJOn ettecidng a UD!fied \, 

1ntel.11gaaee, ott1ce1'8 be seleotld:.1'~ ~e WWk 1'ho PQHeas the \ 

ba.Ckg1'o\1nd, pellCbant, and c&llfiC1t1 ror such :woa for an extemded pCtr!ocl 1 ,~~ 

- or um -in- order tb&11-they ...,.. beccae ~: 1n the 2"8Zd.tica:ti01» mt , " ... retinemettba or their t1el.4 ameQl.oy "'1d• ~oir or k210trl.edge in ·~ - \ 

mLl.uating mneJ'ial. t-eeeived. 'lhe aaaigmletlt 9t t\1i ottiaer h&Y1ng an l 

Qtitud1t tar 8ueh voa ebould. not ~ ··h1Js iawog:tea• nor uteet h1B- I 

~i<ma. Bttio1ent ~· aenicu at'e jud u ea~ 1n ~ ~peace ae in 'W&1"1 and w.a b2ttlDch ot OU'f' armed. ....ncea ~ a.1..1'8.Y$· '··. 

be &.."'C01'd.e4 the ~ ~ale vbich 1t -d~. 1 \._ 

r 

I - "'8t - MM ot ~ l'oc•-..t.ioa bu-~ ~.._ )'\ 

but how te it bu been pOUibl.e au4 pncti~abl.e to 1uure tha' "11G J"ee!l'ICttenc!tttia¥ ·~ ,_. 

- .v be ot ~:b to d-.e 'Whllt the diatmguuhed cam'Al'ldei- wha1 I hlwe ~ 

%n tb.eu ~ M"1rtt!M " Allidd Farces ~, 1lbtt 

B\i.tUh 8'ail.y OllUW,lppect. their ~ ooueague.~ ~e tediout ~ 

or ~ ~ the Britilh bad def'oted to VfJU througbout tihe Vb1'1.d 

ga:re tbem a 'Y$at ~ which we nner- CJYW'Qane" 111e .Am«rican 

khq'a l.cms neglect~ ~sence tftftttrag,.. lSOOll wneotea. by ilhe ~8 ~ ~ ini-ual. und~. Fa:t 1ioo JmV' yeat'a tJ1 -the Pfe.pa.'!atiOD 

or ott1Cer9 ~or conmend assignment•, v& had ontrl.ooked the need. f~ ~iaJ;tv.atian 

Sn· 1IUCh ·acttn:'1ea u ~e. l:'t ia ~eid.c. to U8\mle i;b&.1J eftl'Y 

otticer w the capaci.~ anc1 ilbe 1ncl.1D&Uon t~ t1el.d o,,,..,,,d. ~ ue 

uniquely qual.1t1ed t:or statt tntelllgeno• dutiea .ad ilsdeed YOUl.d ~t!!r' to 

denote 1sbe!r otde'2't to thoae taeka. Yet iUtead ot ~ qua.1.U1ed ott1een 

tor iJnelligeJice aaldgmaanta, we J:'Oilated 11hem ~ ccmte:ntton&l duty tours, 

*'dng 

tound 'bhemlelTe& 

e.~ 

auigt'led 

11"'1.e 

to tntel.l.f.gence 

uae ot th"1r 

dutte.. 

&p901&1. 

And 

~entil. 

in ecae 

Milt:lta 

•ta'ti0!$ ~ 

0-2 beoame a dumping s;rountl. ~~ ottieer.ta ill auited to line eamaand.. I 

1'eCall how ~~ I &TC1ded the branding '1lat came with ari ~e 

adisraaent, 1n ..,. ovn c~. tlad it not been t~ the tmi~ qua.Ufi.ed. · 

~-llho ·*' captbl:y' tUled 1o tmQ.Y a!t our ~e jobs tllJ!loughoat 

the 

~ 

~, the ~ would: haYe found iUel.t ~ ~ed. t~ c~ 

l*r&onnel. 
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REF ID:A62839 

autbor:lud. w d1acloae it. '!he :S.DfOl'atim 4ealt vi~ tbe ti.ct that the u. s. ha4 

~H-~ been rea41Dgl\.Ja:paneae coclea and c1~aven before tl:le attack on Pearl Barbor. !be • I 

I 

onq wa the 1Df'onat1oll which bad eVNptitcmsl.¥ been given to Conl'DOI" Dna7 true 

. 1f.~ ~, . - but more 1mportant V:.re ~ Pacta)~t (1) the •r ., at111 in p!'ogr988J (2) the 

J&Jl&De&e were at:S.11 ue1ng oerta1D at the pre-Pearl Barbar crntoa111ta.,; and (3) , . 

the U. S. val still reading the eecret eC111111UD1cat1cma in_ theae a79temB •• well aa 

certain other enemy cammm1cat1one. Therefore, it -· vital that GonrDor Den)' J 

not use the intwtion which bad came ~to hU ~~·!~ oar ~ing Jap- ~t~~~ ot.~ ~~:r~~ ' ~~-t&~IA.a 06'~ ~~4~;\ ~~~ ~~~~.,_,,~~ 

r. 

r 

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aneae secret ccmnm.1cat1ona prior to the attack on Pearl Barb~ I •• 14 1n that 

first lecture tba~ I might later give further extra.eta f1"Cll 'fJME•a accomat l!Uld, Jo 

ccmtimf-tbe atractst\t:;~~ • J d llllB th••-...-., lleft 

the7 are: 

/0eneral Mareball bad. a long aeries ot bad. llCllellte after U. s. ~ra, ahalring a auap1c1au amount ot foresight, •hot 4CJVD .Adrll1.ml 

Yamoto1a »Jane at Baupinville 1D 19'1-3· Goaaip raatle4 through the 

Pacific ar.d into lllah1Dgtan $o1ockta11 :part:lea; General Maralall got to 

the point. ~ aakiDa _!.'be nr to tiDd an Officer 'twbo coa1d. be aa4e an 

eampJ.e ot • .- ('.l'he PBI, tearful ot looltins lib • Gestapo, retuecl): / 

Once a 4ecocler vu caugbt 1D Baetm V)'1Dg to sell the secret. 

Once, vell-maan1ag agenta ~ the Ott1ae at Strategic Senicea ranaac11114 

tbe Ja:paneae Fabaaay 1D Liaban, vhereupm the Jaim a4optec1 a nev oo4e 

tor militaey attaahla. '!hie aocle reamed unbroken more tlan a 1981' 

lateritl' !'he want aeare of all came during the 1944 pres14ent1al CIUllJIB1p, 

when George Mareball heard tba~ .~• E. JJ1!1ve7 knev the aecret am 

might refer to it 1n apeecbest--

Yet for all these f•r•, 'the JaJB never 41acOYere4 that tbe U ~ S. 

wa 4ecOli1ng their maaagea. EYen after the surrender, the Arrq etill 

uae4 Magic •• a p:lde to occu:saticm moves; thmgb it bad. once been plane4 

to aeDd a vbola •1"'1111' into l'orea, Magic •hove4 that a single reg:lmeD.t 

vaul4 be enough. 

The letter, on atatiGDe17 ot the Chief ot Statt•a Ottice, bare a bol4 

head1ng1 TOP Sll:JU!:l, POI MR. DIWft''S EDS <llLY. Candidate !'.balaa B. Deve7, 

bi8 auri0111ty :piqued., read. n:p1417 thraugh the tirat tvo iangrap: 

-~~~~~~1f~~~r;.9~.tv~~~~·~f3J­

~~~w~w!,~~·~W.r.f." 

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REF ID:A62839 

!l'he Colonel, ap1D in c1v111an clothea handed. over another letter 

:frm General Maraball. The General bad changed b1s m1a1 acmevbat: 

/J_!!,_!P..1~ ·~~1ng to have JOU read Vbat ccme!' bereafter vith the unliintanding that you are bcnm4 ~to can-

·mun:lcate to any other ptrscn any ,orticna an vhich ym do ~not now law or later receive tactlal knowledge frcm aaae 

other source than myself ••• You lave IQ' vol'4 tbat neither 

·'tba Seo:retarJ ot War nor the Preaiderrt ha.a •11¥ mt1Dat1on 

Whatsoever trlat such a letter baa been addNaaed. to 70ll-/ .. 4F 

!'Bl LOCDD nu:. Thill time 1'm Dne7 :rea4 m. Aa be turnecl the 

pases, be beaame the ftr1t nan auta1cle the high C01Mni to kDav tbe 

f\ll.l 1toq ot "Magic" aid vhat :lt vu accaaplishing m tbe liar asawt 

the Ja111.tfl JlfJll'M The letter c1aee4 with a plea: 

/:μ... presenting tbis •tte:r to 7CJU, tor JOU!" aea:ret 

:lntormt:lon, :ln tbe hope tbat JOU v:lll see your 97 clear 

tO"·avoid the tragic nlllllta vith vhf.ch ve are now threateaecl 

1D the inaent JIOlitical caapign.""'-

Tan Devey locke4 the letter :ln hill files, vent back to b1a fll.ect1oneer1ng. ThCNgh be had. 1mollD before tbat the U. S. 'bad cracked the Jap 

aale, bad auaptctecl that thia intonation aaet grave d.cNbta on Pnnklin 

Booaevelt'• role before Pearl Barbor, he held b1a tongue. !rbe war Dasartment'a moat valmble secret •• 1reJJt out ot the campaign. 

MEl!:tIRG A'f A 1URERAL. Recoat:lag th:la ator,y at the Pearl Jfarbor hearing last veek, General Marshall recalled. that be &Dd 'lall Devq never diaCNBaed the •tter 1n 119racm until they met at l'ranklin Booanelt '• funeral 

last April; "I aak.ed Mr. Deve7 to came with me to the War Deplrt.nt am 

I ahall8cl him current Magic ahov1ng Ja1BD9ae moveaenta • Bia attitude wae 

triend:cy and. gniaioua~ 

Bad Maraball ever tol4 Franklin Rooaevelt of the letters to l>eweJ'T 

Said Marshall: ''.rhe President 41ecl without knowledge ot it.• 

SECJUa' LCBl' 

'l'be Pearl Barbor Ccmittee bl1tbal.y toaaecl a•J me at1ll•aeeret u. s. 

la n 1 11• weapon. George Maralall's letters to Governor Dew:r Jsll-.... ment10De4 that the v. s., with the help~ tl'le Br1t18h1 :bad dea Germn 

aa well aa Japmeae •aaagea. George Marshall begged tbe Caamittee to cut 

O\lt these reterenaea. 1'be CCllBlttee retuaea. 

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REF ID:A62839 

!be Marahall-DeWq corre1pGDd.eDce 11 10 1lllportant 1D crntologia hietoJ7 that 

~ 

I :teel that the vhole ot it ehcNld be :lnclUl!ecl even in thla brief biato17. Wban 

the lette:r -· v:r1tten it •• , o:t ccnarae, 'lOP ncm,am it -· ~ urde:r sr-t 

sftllwil ~·are"1lj# aerta:ln mem'bera at the Joint Congret111cmal CClllld.Ctee • '111 llloe•'9 

J1 ~ atl• al t111 CAtaell w !&Sim .... tbat OeDe1"al lfa:ra!lall rewaled. r ecmtenta.W 

~ u· 1 a; r !Ima.,, i• 1•*••• came 1nto tbe pabl:la 4alla1D not c:al)' m the 'ft'17 -

~~ -vtb~ that General lfanh&ll ~ to flaae it :lD ev:l4ence - ~be l •**•• aauaecl a ~enCamnittee nn pabliaW.tr s rtt tlis tlf tlu Ir «•••• alld. pat cm. ale b7 tbe SV»er· 

cm.ten.ta ot the lfllnball-Dave1 cmTeapmdence we Snc1.eed. euch a aenaat1cm. t'bat 

LDI aagasine p-1nte4 the whole ot it in 1ta iaaue ot 17 Decelllber,1~5 1 v1th the 

"*--u..-:mwn W'l'BRS.aa._ 

GEREl1A.L !OLD CA.IDIDA.B VB BlD BRODI JAP CODI 

Daring tbe 19"- eleottm cupigD General Oeorp C. Maraball 

vrote tvo lette:ra to BepabllCUl CaD4Yate 91ama B. Jlaw7, telling 

b:la tlla1; Artq arntosra»hera ha4 broken tba Ja]lallllae "ultl"& • eolle. 

Thill faet .. firet 1'8Ye&le4 1D • •tarJ' b7 LD'I M:ltor I Jobn C!allbe:r• 

lain, which aPJB&NCl 1n LDZ, Sept. 2r.. Mlll'llJall'a PD'JIOH, C>luber· 

lain vrate, wa to fo&taU Dne7'• reftlattm or that f'aat in a P· 

atble attack on the BA.evelt adm1n1stratim 1a Ja:sane•• :pol.S.07 beta.re 

Pearl Barber.. !'he utml text ot the letten zrea1ne4 eeoret until 

lut week, when Oeneal Manhall appeared. befon ~ COngnaeioDal 

Camaittee 1Dveatigat1ng Pearl Barbar an! mde the letters pibl1o. 

'!be7 aweu belar. 

Whe11 !le hlt4 t1D!ahe4 nacl:lng the tint two JU'&PllJlba ot t1le 

f'trat inter, OOVernGr Deve7 •tappa4 becauae, ae tbe Cbulberla:ln 

arttole rqortet.., "the latter aigbt pa:l'b~ cmta:ln •tertal vhiob 

ba4 aJ.ziea41' cme f:raa other aomreea, and that arJ:1f/&7, a -.ntidaw 

'for Prea14ent -· Sn J10 poaiticm to -- bl1D4 l'l'Qlliae•. n General 

/ Maramll sent the letter back as.am v1th an :lDtracl.uct1an which rev Javed. the sowrnor or b1D41ng cOD41ticmll. '1'h18 tillle 'DeweJ' Na4 t.he 

letter u4 after muah tbmgb't and 41acm1lan 4ecidecl not to •ke me 

4ur1Dg the campaiga ot U7 :lntOlr'mtion he prev1ou~ bad. 

f; -V so fv u I aa - it ma 11eitheJ' - .--...... a:i.oic.~ tt -· v11o l)jl" ~ gave Governor Devey the :l.ntormt1on. But it 111 a taot that •• a 1&trS:-otic c1tisen, 

he acceded. to General llarahaU•a request - be JB4e no u.e whatever ot tbe vital aeeret 

1nformt1on during tbe OllllJ&ign or after 1t. '!JMB'• account apec1t1aal1J" atatea that 

Deft)' "held hill tongue. 'lhe V&r De~t '• aoat "Valuable secret •• ke:pt mt ot the 

campaign." .S ~~ ,.__. io A-t. ~. -w.y.r.: 

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REF ID:A62839 

(FOR MR. DEWE!'"S EYF.8 ONLY) 

25 September 1944 

~ Dear Gofernor: 

I am writing you vithout the knowledge of any other peraon except AdDliral King (vho concurs) became we are approaching a grave 

41lemma 1n the political reacticns ot Congreaa regmling Pearl Barbor. 

What I have to tell you below ia of such a highly secret nature 

that I feel oanpelled to uk you either to accept it on the bash or 

J011r not caamunicating it• contents to any other peracn aad. returning 

the letter or nOt reading any further and. returning the letter to the 

bearer. 

I ahould have preferred to talk to you 1n perem but. I could not 

devise a method that vould not be aubJeat to press ancl radio reactions 

aa to why the Chief of Staff of the k1:lq voul4 be seeking an 1nterv1ev 

Yith you at thia }l&l1;1aular mment. Therefore, I haw tll?'Ded. to tbe 

method at this letter, to be 4el1vered by band to you by Colonel carter 

Clarke vbo baa charge of the most secret documents of the War aad. Navy 

Departments. 

In brief, the militaey dilemma resulting fran Congreas1ona.l political battles of the political campaign 1a tb1a: 

The most vital evidence in the Pearl Harbor matter conaiats ot 

our intercepts of the Japanese 41plamt1c aamnmicatiom. OVer a ,11erio4 or 19n our cryptograph people analyzed the cbaracter Of the •chine the Japmeae are usllig for encoding their diplomatic mesaagea. 

Based en thia, a corre1ponding nachine was built by ua which deciphers 

their maaages. 

Therefore, ve posaeaaed a wealth ot intO!'lllltion regarding their 

moves in the Pacific vhiah in tum vas furnished. the State Department• 

rather than, as 18 popularly supposed, the State Department providing 

\18 vith :SnfOl'JIBtion - but which unfortunately Jlllde no reference whatever to intentions toward Hawaii until tbe last message before Dec. 7, 

which did not reach our bands until the toll0tf'1ng day, Dec. 8. 

Ifov the point to the present dilelma is that ve have gene ahead 

v:lth this buaineila ot deciphering their codes until ve posseaa other 

codes, German as well aa Japanese, but our •in basis ot inf'ormtion 

regarding Bitler•• intentions in Europe 1• obta1Ded :f'rm Baron Oshia •a 

meaaagea f'raD Berlin reporting h18 interrteva Vith Bitler and other 

otticiala to the Japanese Government. 'l'beae are still 1D the codes 

involved 1n the Pearl Barbor events. 

To explain f'urther the critical nature or this set-up which 

YOU.14 be wiped wt almost 1n an 1natant 1t the leaet ampiaicm were 

arot.Uled regarding it, the Ba.ttle ot the Coral Sea vas buecl en deciphered. meaaagea and therefore our tl!IV shipe were 1n the right plaae 

at the rigbt tiM. Fdrtber, we vere able to concentrate en CNr 11mited 

forcea to meet their advances on Midva.7 vhen otherv~, ve almoet certainly vculd have been ame 3,000 miles out ot place-;q 

We bad tull intormation ot the strength ot their forces 1n tbat 

advance and also o-r the smaller :torce directed. &~1.Det the Aleutiana 

which finally landed tl'OOllB on Attu and K1ska. 

Operations 1n the Pacific are largely guided by the 1.n:f'ormation 

we obtain ot Japanese deployments . We knov their strength in various 

garr1sana, the rations and other etorea cODt1nu1ng available to them 

and what 1a of vast importance, ve check their fleet mGV'ementa and 

the movementa ~ their convoys. 

Tbe ~vy losaea reported trcm time to time vhicb they sustain 

._ by reason of our submarine actipn largely results :f'rGm too fact tbat 

~~lt°Fo~ ~ ~~~CPD~,.u .._~~ ~ ~ """"1. a.o-. ... "' .. ~"'"t ~( r· "° "w. ~ r. 

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REF ID:A62839 •:} 

ve know the aailing dates &D4 the routes of their ccmTCJ18 aD4 can 

notify our •ubarinea to 11• 1D vait at the proper point. 

Tbe current raids by Mmiral Balaey'a carrier torcea Clll Jap .. anese shipping in Manila Jay and elsewhere ware largely baaed in 

timing on the known aovementa ot Japaneae CCXlT018, two of which were 

caught, as ant1ci:pate4, in his destructive at.tacks. 

You will understand 1'Jim the foregoing the utter tragic ccmaequences i:t the preaent political debates regarding Pearl Barbor 411-

close to the enemy, Ge~n t1f Jap, any auapioion or the vital sources 

ot inf'onation ve nav pomseaa. 

'1'he Roberta• report on Pearl Barbor bad to have vith:trawn. fraD 

it all reference to this highly secret matter, therefore in portions 

it neeessar1ly appeared. incomplete. The ume reason which dictated. 

tlat couree 1s aven more imp;>rtant today because our sources have 

been greatly elaborated. 

A• a further e:sample of the delicacy of the situation, acme of' 

Donovan's people (the 008), withou:t telling us, 1n1t1tutecl a aecret 

search ot the Jap.nese Embaaa;y Offices 1n Portugal. AB a result 

tbe entire militaey attachl' Japmeae code all over the world vaa 

changed, and though tbi• occurred over a year ago, we have not yet 

been able to break the nev code and have thus lost tbia invaluable 

inf'ormtion source, pu'ticularly regarding the Eur<>p!an situation. 

A recent speech in Congrea1 by Repre1entat1ve Ba.mesa voul4 

clearly suggest to the Japanese that ve have been readiDg their ooclea, 

though Mr. Barneaa and the American public would probab]Jr not draw 

any such ccmcluaion. 

The conduct ot General EUenhover'a C&llJl&ign and at all oper• 

ationa 1n the Pacific are aloeely related in ccnception and timing 

to the intonation ve secretly obtain through theae intercepted 

codes . '!'hey contribute greatly to the v1.crtory and tremendously to 

the savings of American lives, both in the ecmduct ot current OJlel'a• 

tiClDB and 1n looking toward the early termimti0t1 of' the var. 

I am presenting thill matter to you, tor your secret 1.nf'oraation, 

1n the hop! that you will see your way clear to avoid the tragic results vi;tb vbicb ve are now threat.ened in the present political cuJ181gn. I might add tbat the recent action of Coogreaa in requiring 

Araq and Navy 1nveat1gat1cma tor acticn before certain dates bu I 

ccmpelled me to bring back the corpe camander, General Gerov, vhoae 

trooim are fighting at Trier, to teatity here vbile the Germana are 

oounterat.taaking his torce• there. Thia, however, ~ veey minor 

mat-eer cmJ&i'ed to the loss ot our code 1nfoniat1on::VPlease return this letter by bearer, I will bold it in my 

secret tile subJ~ct to your reference shculd you so desire. 

Sl!X:OM> Im'1'ER 

'fef' SBeRl!P 

Faitbf'ully yours, 

G. C. Marshall 

(J'OB MR. DEWEY' 8 EYES ORLY} 

27 Sepmber, 1944 

Mr Dear GoV'ernor: ~ 

Ci! 

Colonel Clari:" my meaaenger to you or ;yesterday, Sept. 26, ma 

reported the re•ul\ o£ hia delivery of my letter dated. Sept. 25. As 

I understand him you (A) vere umrilling to ccxmnit youre~lf to Ul1 agreement regarding "not cc:mmnm1cating its content• to any other person" in 

view ar the tact that- :YCN telt )"OU already knev eertain of the things 

----...~ ..... -+e.-a ~~~,,..,,, ... '"""' A JL~-- . .,u:) LI e"'- _a ..p~- •\ C'--

~"l.Q\.i, ~~~~~,..~O'loNA"\AWI.. n-- ·~ ~~a...tP..wic.ir. ~ 

1r°~t:. \\ ~.Q~ -W,t:r. ~ 
REF ID:A62839 

probab~ al.reac17 referred to in the letter, •• suggested to you by 

seeing tbe word •cryptograph," and (B) you~ not teel that auch 

a letter a1 thia to a Presidential candi4ate could ba'Ye been addreaaed 

to )'OU by an otficer 1D m:t pition without the Jmowledge ot the President. 

All to (A) aboV'e I am quite willing to have you read vbat ocnea 

hereafter vitb the UJJdentan41Dg that you are bound not to communicate to f.D1 other penon any portions on which you do not nov have 

or later receive tactual lmmle4ge frm aCllll other source tban myaelt. 

Aa to (B) abOYe you have 1111 Y01"d tbat neither tbe Secretary ot lllr nor 

the Preaident bu any 1nt1mt1ca vbataoever that 1ucb a letter baa been 

addreaaed to ;you or that the preparation or aen41ng of such a aClllllUDi• 

cation vaa being ccma:1clered. 

I u1ure you tllat the ml.y )lersODI who •w or knOlf of the e:silltence 

ot eithar thia letter ot 1ll1 letter to )'CN dated Sept. 25 are Adm1nl 

King, HYen key o.tf1cen reap:ma1ble for ucur1t7 or Jailitar;y COllllUDications, and my aearetary who tne4 tbeae lettera. 

I am trying my beat to •ke plain to JOU tlat tb1a letter 1a 

being add.reeaed to you aolel.y oa rq 1D1t1at1Te, Admiral king laving 

·been ccmaul.ted ~ &tter :the letter vu dratted, and I am persisting 

1n the mtter became the 11111tar;y haarda :Involved are ao serious 

that I feel acne action 1a necea11ar7 to protect the mteresta ot our 

armed forces. 

(The aecond letter then repeated. aub1tantial.17 the text of the 

firat letter except tor the ftret tvo paragrapbs). 

LIPB tailed. to note that the last- two aentencea in the penultimte :paragraph _.., ,.. r • ...... 

I ' ~ I '" 

Of the RP'irat Iatter•.vere anitted tram that paragrapi in the •aeecmd Letter," but 

- ~ there is no ez:planatica for the cn1aa1cm. Perhaps it va• •imply for the •ate ot 

brevity, but thia seems improbable. 

In my firat lecture 

) . l · I called attenticm to the tact that the acaomit given 1D the TlME ft1cle gives 

/ credit to Ar'lq ~lyata tor prOY141Ds the aecret ccmmnmicationa mtellipnce 

"which enabled. om- Navy to wm such spectacular battles as thou ot tbe Coral Sea 

catime :lntelligence vhicb enabled our Navy to vin these battles vu produced by 

1'avy cryptanalysta. One cannot blue the editors ot TDll ror making •ucb a bad 

91~ error because the aource of the error can be traced directly to Marshall'• letter 

A 

-~ - it.elf. Several )'8al'8 ago I aaked by triencl Colonel Clark, vho had carried. General 

" 

Marshall 'a letter to Governor Deny and vho vu at the time a high-level Officer 

-'1 -

.. .. ' ,, 
--- - --- -- -- -- --- --~-- ---- --

REF ID:A62839 

in G-2, hov euch an error bad crept into General Manh&ll 'a letter, an4 vu told 

that the letter vhiah m4 been preJ&red for General Manhall'• •ignature did not 

.J 

meet Yith the General'• whole-hearted. apprOY&l &ml that tbe General bbuselt ha4 

mcdit1e4 it. Perla»& that 18 holr the error to vb1ch I have ref'errecl crept into .iX • 

~r<bt coul.4 ~ ezptct General Marshall to be entirely familiar v1th 

Ditway, nor •haald cne or1t1c1ae him tor not being able, 1D hi.If 'ffr'7 bm7 cla711 and 

l ' .P ....... t .l aid lfa'V)' c~ic arpn1ut1ona. It 1a ot coune pe1ble, tmeed,,. ~..., !'*'""' U---

1 • ... prtah\I s ~ ea•&& B91Bi .,. lfr11ng the ~ie; IC' •• 8•al Bea ud ot MM t'> ' I' 

~ ~ 'j.k o.r:1~ ~ eaM1 NI 

I\.• weW. • •• • tl a , .... _ . ,. naval aperat.icmaAeam trcm meamagea read. b7 Ans:r crnt• 

~.ec.- ~ ~~ J .~~A. 

~~ 

analysts, and thia ~- vhat ccru:u-ed ~ral Marahall" ~c:.£. ~ 'fea.. cu.l..t'"-~ ~ 

- ~~~~"\b..,A<>-~l.CP, ..t.. -H...:..,. P.o.e...+.:.w o./ "te... J~~'-·~~e ~~~·~~~Q: ~-Jwr. .. 1~0.,. 

S e t.he j,ericd. during which the diecloeuree ot Joint Congreaaional In• '~ 

WJet11!11ltlm ......, -. d1eeloaun1 vh1ch vere d1eaetrouil eo far ae eonceme the i 

iJDportant accompli•hment• ot the two aervicea before and a.tter the Pearl Barbor 

attack 1D tbe t1el4 ot CCllllllUllicaticma 1ntell1gence, • I' R ~ 1' l:ae been written 

and 1a DOW 1n tbe pmlic domain reprd.1ng tbOae accampliahmenta, but fortunate~ 

DO technical utaila ~ •1sniticance have been 41aclcaed.. Binta here u4 there 

are in ab\mdance in the •llY boob ancl articles tlat baYe been publi8bed by u. S. 

~~ 

vriten a1Dce tm end ot 'World War II; but more than hinta ot the great p.rt pl.Qed 

" 

by C<JID'f in u. s. ld.litar;y am naval auccesaea a1'e to be tound in bccka and article• 

man,, and Italian armed forces. 'l'ime does not pt1"11l1t citing 1D thia lecture mny 

- 8-
REF ID:A62839 

of the•• hint• or definite atate.nta, but tbe following tvo are ot particular 1Dtereat because they ccncern tbe Battle of M1dvlq, vbich 1a ocma14en4 the Clll9 Yhich 

turned. the var in the Pac1f'1e trm a :poaaible Japanese victory to me of igDom1n10WI 

defeat: [F"~.3J 

I:t Admiral Yammoto am hia etatt,....vere ftP~ diaturbed b.t tbll 

J19J'Silltent bad veatber an4 by lack of :lnt'oratim ccnce:rning the doinga ot tbe enemy, the)' wvW4 bava been ~ 4:la•J94 bad. tbeJ' la1olfD 

the actual eneJQ' a1t.ua't1cm. Poat-var Amr1cu accounta .ta it al.ear 

that the United statea Pacific Pleet 1lnev ot the Jaiane .. plan to invade Midvay even betON CNr torces bad eort1ed traD :bale vatera. As 

a reault of sane amazing achievwnta by American 1.ntellipnce., the 

eDeJDy lm.4 •uaceedecl 1n breaking tbe pr1nc111&l code tben 1n ue by the 

Japanese •V7 · In th1a vay the enemy vu able to learn ot ~ ,,intentions al.mo9t u ciuickly u we had cleterm1Ded thea ournlve•.~ 

~ ~ ~ * .... Jjr.; 

The diatinguiabed American HaYILl biatarian, Prote••or Suniel E. 

Mor1ac:ID, cb&racterizee tbe v1C'tor1 ot United State• ~ee at Midny 

as "a rlatOI")' ot intelligence." In thie j1J\gmnt the author tull)' 

ecmcurs, tor it 18 beJ'Clld the eligbteat ;pm11b111ty or 40\lbt that1he 

advance dilcOYeey ot the Japmese s>lan to attack vaa tbe f'ON!I08t 

111.Dgle an4 1mmed.1.ate came of Japan'• 4eteat. Vieve4 trcm the Japanese aide, thia success of the enemy's intelligence tranalatea itaelt 

into a tallure on om- part - a f'ailure to take a4.ecp1.te precautions 

tor gmrding the secrecy ot our plans. Bad the secret or our intent 

to invade Midway been ccncealed vith the same tborOQgbnesa as tbe :plan 

to attack Pearl Barbor, the outcaDe ot this battle :might vell have been 

d.itterent. But it vu a victor7 of American 1ntell1gellce 1n a mch 

broader eenae than jut thu. Equally a• ill}>ortant •• the -poaitive 

arlvancementa or the enem;y'a 1ntelligen.ce CID th18 OOCUiClll vas the "l-. ~ 

ne~t1vely ba4 and 1neffeat1ve hnctioniDg ot Jara~ intelligenc~ 

lt la the aecond extract aboYe vhich ia or eptc1al interest to ua at the llm8nt, 

am, in _particular I the part ion vb1Cb refers t.o "the Deg&t1V8ly bad and 1nef'fectiV8 

hnctioniDg ot Jaianeae intelligence." , 'l'ba JIA;tfl 1 author ~~ ~Aa bit too aevere on 

the JaJBDeH intelligence organ1•t1on. I ay this beca-.e tbeir cryptanalystll wre 

up aaiaiilat much more aoph1a1i1cate4 cr,yptoayateu tlBn 

~~ they~ or vere qualified to 

aolve. In fact, even 11' they bad been extreme~ akpt 1n cryptanalyaia it VCNld 

/ have been ot no avail - u. s. high-level cammm1caticms wre protected by ceyptoa19tema ot very great security. 

- I 
------------...,,,==-,....---- - - -- - - - - -

REF ID:A62839 

Thia brings • to a pbaae ot crntolog vhic:h 1a of b1gbnt 1mfortanoe •the 

pba•• vbich deal.II with cC1111mD1cat1caa aecur1t7, or CCJISJ!X:, aDl I ah&ll cmts.n. ~· 

aelt largely to 1ta;!11atorical 

~"'=---.A.... background in *,(•• ~ I:. Arma4 Paree•. 'lhe 'backgromld 

1a a verJ broad one because it ehoal4 1nelub the backgrOand. ot the tlevel.opnenta ot 

~' l~ (1.-) 

each ot the three camponenta or c~x~ecurit;r,,.._ tranaa1••1on aecurit,', aD4 

L~> plqaioal security of crntamter1als. But since time 18 limitecl aD4 becawae I think ,.. 

1CJU voul4 be more intereated iD the pbue• :pertaining to crJPtoeecur1t7, I vill emit ~-t 

~~~~~o-g~~~ 

reference• to ti 1 tstehs1 a:r the otber two cCllpODent". A~ even in limiting the data 

to cr,yptoucurit7, I vill have opportunity ODl7 to gift aane ot the h1gbligbt8 ot 

~~ tbe devel.OpDent ot tbe iteu that cm:prille our" crn>tamter1ala, anitting CCIBenta 

an tbe biator;y ot t'be 4nelopient and 1Jllprovemnt or our techniques, procedure• and 

practiaea, all Of vbich are extreme~ 1Jlportant. 

I sJw.11 begin the ator)' with a def initim vbiah yw will find in any gocd EngU.l'lh dictiaa&r1'1 a 4ef'11lition of the vord. •accident.• YOl.I vill get. the point ot 

what may aea to you right nov to be merely another ~ S¥ fre919nt digreasicu tram. 

the •in theme, but if' it be a digreaeion I think JOQ rill naverthele•• f1n4 it ot 

interest. The word "accident• in Webater'a UDabr14gecl Diat1mar)" :la defined. u 

toll.ans 

1. Literal.17, a befalling. 

a. AD event that takes place without one'• f'oreaigbt or ez,ectatioDJ 

an undeaigned, aud.clen, and unexpected event. 

b.. Bence, often, an UDdee:lgnecl and untoreaeen occurance or an afflictive 

or unf'ortUD&te cbaracterJ a miebap re•ul~ing in inJU?'1 to a peram 

or damage to a thing; a aatnalt;rJ u, to die by an accident. 

!here are turther det1nit1CXl8 ot the vord but vhat I've given 1a •utticient tor our 

purposes. But Yby define the word! "'-.t bu it to do v1th C<llSBC t 

-10-
REF ID:A62839 

-· ~°'O,'NJt,,Q_,~ ~ paniecl by any of his highest-level" assistants, journe,ed several times halt-way 

~ ~ ~ «s.. ~ ·4"""' ,. ~- around the vorl4. He" journeyed. in aafety-11~met vith ~cc1dent. AOa. the other 

tf t:-

~t'*i. band, :ln April l9'f3, Admiral Illoroku Yammoto, Ccmmaader in Chief or the Canbined ~· 

tw-~ -b a.. ~ \-

Fleet or the Japaneae,,.Navy started out on vmt vas Just an ordinary inspection trip ~f ~. ~ o.. ~~1'1-ffa ~F~.1'"), ~ r 

but it turned out to be a CDe•way trip for /\.1J)Je Mutiai;. f lb 1£tzcMs 131 ii I emccl Ml ~a 

~ ..w-so ~ ~ rr1 it.a.. a.t:t~ 0-- '°~ ~. ~ ~ WT.-6 ~ ..;_. r _t. 

' y~ ~~ 

lo.. an official J-ae lla"f7 OCllllDD1~ 81:at1ng that the Adml.nl 1114 met a glor1- - ~ p 

vhile clirecting operations in a naval en@l!Lgement against superior enemy torcea. r l' 

" ' "1btf 

B:ut' we kllav that this vaa s~J.y not true; Admiral Yamamoto "met with an accidellf,lJ ~ r 

--~~ f 

But scime bright peraon,.._1t vaa the late JiJmrO' Wlllker, when Mayor of Nev York City,.... Ji 

J' n 

«" » vbo ea1d tlat ·~·- :".'t Juat ~ :.. the7 are braugh\ about.•~ i W~~M)MTM.W.. """'AW~°""'.)a"4K! r~ 

/\Admiral Yammoto d14 not die~ by accid.ent; he died. because our Ha'VJ' knew tbe f 

schedule ~ bis trip d.GWD to the,._last ~ detail so that it vaa JIOS&ible to aet up an 

.. ambush with h1gb degree of ,fH•Aia aucceaa. Here is the st0l'7'u told in an inter-

' 

eating manner b;y Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey, U. s. N.l ~ ~ .Jbe.ril ~ 

A~~¥~:'&1 I ret'Ur'llecl to Nouma in time to sit in on an operation that 

was amaller but extremel.1' gratifying. '?be Navy's code experts bad 

hit a Jaek pot; t.bey had 41scoverecl tbat Admiral Iaoroku Yamamoto, 

The Commander in Chief of' tbe Imperial Japanese laY)' 1 •a about to 

visit the Solomons. In fact, he was due to arrive at Ballale Islfmd, Just south of Bougainville, preciael.7 at 0945 on April 18. 

Yamamoto, who bad ecm.ce1vecl and proposed. the Pearl Barbol'' attack, 

bad also been vid.el.7 quoted as saying that he vas "looking forward 

to dictating peace 1n the 'White House at Waahillgton." I believe 

tmt this statement was subsequently proved a canard, but ve accepted. 

its autbenticit;y then, and it vu an ad41t1cmal reason for his being 

N'o. 3 an my private list or public enemies, close:cy trailing Hirohito 

and Tojo. 

Eighteen P-38'• of the Army'• 339th Fighter Squadron, basecl at 

Henderson Field, were assigned to make the interception over Bu:ln, 

35 miles short of Ballale. Ya:mamoto•a plane, a BettJ', accmipmied 

b;y auotber Betty and covered by six Zekea, hove :ln sight exactly an 

acbaclul.e, and. Lt. Col. 'l'hmas G. lampbier, Jr., dove on it am shot 

it down 1D f'lamea. !rhe other Betty vaa also ahot d.ovn tm- good measure, plua one ~ the Zelma. • • • We bottled. up t'.be story, or course. 

Ckle obvious reason w.s that we 414il •t van~ the J&'P8 to know that we 

~ "-'~'i&9\-~Gl"av·Bill, Nev York, 1~7, pp. 155-157• :..-

.... 11--
~ 

0 

REF ID:A62839 

had broken their code. • • • Unfortunately, somebody took the 

St01"1 to Australia, whence it leaked into the papers, and no 

doubt eventuall.1' into Japm • • • • But the Japs evidently did. 

not realise the implication any more than did the tattletale; ve 

continued to break their codes. · 

Admiral Halsey's Story contains a good nany more 1natances ot cryptologic 

significance and interest to \18. Other authors, both American and Japa.nea~ cite 

a:lm:llar 1natances. One Japanese author atatea in categorical l&Dg\Bge tbat Japan 

vu defeated beca\ISe of poor CC>tSEX: on tbe JIU't. of the Japanese Navy aid good. CCllINT 

on the part ot the Amer1aan Navy. 

~ But lest you get the impreaaion that eneJD7 intelligence agencies lad no sue• 

...o f,.-.. cesa at all with secret communications of u. s. Armed. Forces, let me tell ;you tbat 

J 

j~~~ 

u~ 

~il 

they did have some suc:ceaa and in certain inataDcea, veey aigniticant success. 

C' 

There ie not time to go into this scmevhat disap}>Ointing or cl1saillus*11ng state• 

meut but I can aa7 that as a general rule the successes were attributable not to 

~~ Ca..tl... 

technical vealmesaea in u. s. Cf'1Ptoaystems but to their improper use,.._or certa1n 

-A.. 

low-level ones, by unskilled>rimproperly or 1naUffic1entl.y trained. cr,ntographie 

~~ clerks. I my as well tell you right nov that this "'bas been true ~or a great nany 

i_ -1:! 

J

-~ years, for centuries as a matter of fact, becaue as long ago as the year 16o5 

~ i hancls BacOll, wbo wrote tha first treatise ID Engllsh en the sul>Jeat at oryptoloQ, 

l~ ~·~~~-.. ---- : ~~ "'~t •ii• ••nH•••• !! in , g ,....,. 

-r '!'his Arte of CYRh!rine• bath tor Relative, an Art of DiscYI>her-

!!'!S!; by supposition \Dlprotitable; but, as things are, ot great uae. J :i_ . / For suppose tbat Cnh!rs ,,;e well mannaged, there bee Multitudes ot 

.to V them which exclude the Dia~rer. But in regarde of tbe raw.ease 

' and unak.1llfulnesse or tii6hand.ea, t"'-·""'"' which thev ... aae, the \.' .J H ... V~ r# -

_ .s greatest Matters, are many times carryed in the weakest Cyph&rs • 

. ,J1 When electrical and particularly radio transmission entered into the picture_, 
/ 

~ i' 

REF ID :A62839 IU ~ °'"'° F'" y 1 {~·(Ir°" 

ta.. j from a at\ldy ot tbe procedure• med 1n tranmi1aicz the 4h'eet1on all4 tlov of , . A 

Jf-a~~-~J . 0 ·1.,*'m1, the call aigna ot the tn.uamS:ttiDg and receiving ataticiu, etc., 

" 

enceJ publiahed in April l~ by tbe Oermn Mil1tal'J' Docment Sect1m, a Canbined 

• 

:ar1tish, Ce.nadian, am u. s. Staff" 

["',fL·J ~~~ n.. CoMtr4if 

/s1gml intelligeneet.•• a chief' acNrCe ot information 1n tbe 

Germn Arsq. In the earierll theater, where there vaa offensive 

warfare primrily, the aigaal intelligence service vu vell-orpn1ae4 With well-defined :purpose•, efficient per•armel, am adepte 

equipaent. In tbe course ot tbe ~1.gn., it wa reorgani&e4 to 

exploit to the full.eat the aucceaa al.ready experienced, and, by 

1943, there exi1te4 a cca:plete and smoothl.7 f'Unctiming mch1De 

eutticient to met all 4emma:--- (~.~) 

lat ot their a1goal intercept naaeaa cam fraa lolr echelm 

tratf1c. Armored aD4 artilleey radio neta JU•ius operational tranic 

nre tollond cloeely and were one of the chief aourcea ot siga&l 

intelligence. Artilleey :radio neta vere giYen tint coverage priority. 

A,art fl"al ••aaae• :lnterceptecl in code or in clear, a igaal proeedllre, 

pecul1aritiea of transmitting, and c:tsraateriatica of Alliecl radio 

operators ptOV:lded. •l10l"lll0ml aaaiatance in helping to eftlmte aipal. 

1ntarat1on. The Germna noticed. that call •isna wzre often the aame 

tor a unit over lcXlg »er1o48 and that even frequencies re•1Ded uncmngect tar veeka at a time. ,( r· ~) 

))Iring the :lnvaaion, the G-28 in the West clrev about 6o per cent 

ot the operat1caall.:11mportant intonation trcm aignal 1ntelligeDCe. 

Tbe rem1Ding If<> percent •• derived. trClll all other t1el48 ot intelligence. 'l'be amount ot 1ntormat1on decreased during the montba ot 

mobile vart'are. nir11ig the retreat, altbougb the :paaa1bU1tiea ot 

obtaining informtion became lees frequent., the amount ot intoniaticm 

frClm signal intelligence rema111ed high. Moat or the inforation .. 

deduced. tran the orpnir.ation or enemy radio trattic uetvora, trail 

d.eoocled meaeage•, and. trm tba radio !>eta at the •nel!IY Air Fare• 11&· 

1aon otticera vhO wre at.tacbed to ground troop1. Due4 upon this 

intorration the eftluation center ot aigxlal. intelligeD.ce often Q8'Mt 

to CClllcluaiona vhich, at firat, acnmded. hypothetical to tl!e openticmal c,_nd and nre therefore doubted.. In 90 percent ot all these 

caaes the eventa verit~ the aigDal intelligence 1.n:roration ao that 

event\ally more credence vu giftD to 1ta cancluaicns." (fll.2.) 

-13-
REF ID:A62839 

A great •117 exaplea ot 1Dteraapte4 .. aagea of tactical amtent are c1te4 

although the clocument vu originallJ' 1.aauecl with the loweat •ecurit:r alua1t1cat1on 

then 1n ue (u. s. "Re.Victed."f Br1tiab-canad.1all "For official ue only".) I viah 

tbere were time to quote at greater length :trcm tha \metul brochure. 

tbemaelV9a, I hardl7 need. reiterate vhat vu pointecl. out 1n prn1oua lactllNS u 

to the prof'ouncl ettect ot tbe advances :In the science &Dl art ot electrical CCllllUD• 

...__ t-=t+ 15 - [\4· o'~J 
/ 

//, 

.;>! 

I 

.( ,/ 

REF ID:A62839 

-- -· 

, tJmil the edYm\ ot elecVcmic C1}111er mabc1nea JI08" C~C &P»l'ft,~US 

~~ ~~~ 

and de'fieea were bull" upon or ai-cnmd,..c1rcular rota'tng mellbera ~cipher 

A ~~,~I -

whe;J.s, cipher d1ak.s,,9'c. ".ae •817 elri:ten ftf me the earl1en,P1cture ot 

'o....~ 

8\1Ch ,..&l:lias appears 1n a ...... ,1ae bJ' an Italian cJ'1Ptolog1a' named Albel"\1 whose 

'l'l'attat1 1D Cttra was lrritten 1n BClle about 1470. It is the oldest 1'!'aet on 

cr;nfJogrqby the vorld now possesses. Here ts a photo ot Albeni 's disk (Pig. 6), 

but I ~t uite tile tiae to ex»lA1D 11' except to 88\V tba" ~e d1g1'\a l, 2, 3, 4 

. ~ WJ.(1~~)5~~ were ued 1M> encipher code groups and,.. that ~e letters ~ the c1J.lhet' or1563 1D Ba.pl.ea,, '1lere appear 8eTeft\l cipher d1ske;en4-" 1n ihe cow vbi~ w.s 

~ ./ giTen 11e aa a gift by Col.onel hb,an thq areAin working condition. Here ia a 

/ 

// 

plotirre ot one ot them (Pig. 7). In this TerSion 11he a.ence uaee IQllbola as 

cipher cbal'acters. And ~ nobcx!y ~" up anyt;b1ng mum better for a loag) 

long time. I' seems, in tact, tha' racn Ol1l1' did nob~ think ~ AaDyth!ng new or el'eD 

saae iBQjroYwwwts on the aqf"sl Alberti or Porta dieksrut those 11ho <lid any~-

Lecture Bo. 4 or this seJ;'iea you were shown a pic"Wre ot "11e cipher diak "inTm:ted" 

put 111 oU'b in the f01'Ja or a. cyliJld.er' (see Pigs. 13, 14 and 15 ~ Lea1Sure No. XV). 

1!le c1Pier disk used by the S1g'Da1. Co.rps ot \be tJ. S. Aft(Y dUl'ing the decade 

~"'~~~~X·~ 1910 to iyao, tbat is, during 'the period 1ncl.ud1.Dg/\Vorld Wazo I, ws no1ab1Jlg bU't 

l.6 
REF ID:A62839 

/ 

I 

/ 

WJ:i'dr•bopa=Ot ilbe u. s. Pa1umt ottice, but in lgr?4 the ancient deri.ce was 

1m;pJ:cmaen\ O'ff!r 1fbe Signal Corps Tel"sion-a blank is added to both aequences eo 

/ 

~~o-t~~ tba'b the space between YOJ'ds could be enc1Jliered. "'lkl4lt, as you baTe lea.med, is 

a taUJ.. weakness it seen 1n the cipher 'text; 1D "11e Bun1d.ngton dffice the spaces 

between words would be enciphered bUt 1she cipher text would haTe space eigns, 

--.........., 

GemaD National Soc1al1ns were banned as an orgamza"i~ the Nalls used this . 

~t1on ot the old disk--11' had the 10 dig11ss on. both the outer and the 1m1er 

sequences tar encipberlng digits (Fig. 12). 

'Ble :tirst s1ptticant 111prarement on the old cipher disk was that IISde b;y 

./ Sir Cha.Tles Wheatnone, who\iDYen~~-~. ~~~~a cipher deYice which 

\(..,;;._ 

v v ./ be called T~· Be described it in a Tol.urae en1i1'1ed ~e Bclentitic 

./ :Eapers ot Sir Charles Wheatstone\, published by the Ph181ca.l Society ot London. 

l"( 
• 

-

/ 

/' 

v-

/ 

/ 

REF ID:A62839 

·~· .~ 

b.t Sir Chlwl.ea did was to mite the o\Rer c:11'cle ot letters (tor the ;pl.ain texts) 

~1se the 26 letters¥ the aJ.pbabet;p1'US one addi'Uonal character to 

s 

npresent "space." The imler c1rcle, toll cipher equ:bal.ents, contain~ only 

~ 

the 26 letten ~ the alphabet and t.b.ese ~be disar:ranged 1n a llixed sequence. 

,' ~~~ 

'l'wo hands, like the hour and D1JNte hands ot a clock, were 1l"O'rided., "under control 

~ 

or a ditterentd.al ge&:' mechania, so that as the long w "Jld.nute" h8nd is e4ft11Ced ,.._ 

to make a. c<nplete circuit or the lettei-s on the outer- circle~ letters[cm-t.he 

on the imler e1rcle9-d Wtswsta Ja.a te.ce ~1he cta~i In Pig. 13, tor 

)~\.- .~ C:- -A ) f - c 

sxampl.e, the plain text letter G :ts represented by the cipher let1;eJ> A, tt 

/\ 

. each enci.;ghel'ment. · In th.is way, identical l.etttlrs ot the ple.1n text will be 

represented by different and ftl"1i.ng letters in the cipher text, depen<Hng upon 

During World war I, scee 'tilae in 1'17, the Brit~sh Arnr3' rescusitated 

l.8 
REF ID:A62839 --. 

./ now net l.cmger the ''mnute" ad. "fOtW" b8a4a bu'\ a stngle hand. 1dth an OJMdng . - I ' 

0: -W'"'.Jl I ', 

· er w1D4ow that amat~ "'eol.oeea ~ the ;p1alD ~]11114;. of.per l.e\ten, 

w~;&~~~~ ~~~~L~°fi~ 

v ,..;IS- inner ob'ale ot • ..,._~•,._3~ee& &a • •••••~•=• ags'*>st the .outeJi 

I • ' -..._,..___~-~•• --==-----·-----.om -- \ 

/ cDcle at eepents, which are Dade ot a su'bnmce upm ~~~ :;._,. b;) .. .............._ ........ ~ 

written 111 pem11 or ill ink, [xn ;;_; ~' on ~e ~ •-'~ ~ 

/ 

------------- ' 

,..... it ill Ri'f'el'baDk Pllblicatlcm no. 20, ent1tl.d 8nel'al. Mtcb1.n e Cipen an4 Metboda 

k ... ,,, ~'1""3· 

~er th~ SolntanJJa4• A~ Jl9'bod at eol.uticm was,./Js'flae/J. 'bJ ,./\...,, 

Whine waa 111 the musema ot a ~ a small. town m connea,1cus.t 119-4 

-t"" 

llam'en. I waa !Uterened !IDd. wrote to the ~ ot the Jmlem., i.-equeet:f.ng 

the WU" Department. Imas1ile rq aetons.abnen't and pleasure when I unpacked the 

~-.to~ 

box ~ -ae, an4 :tomd a deYice, bea~ made au4 en.cased in a n.ne mboSB1Q" 

~ i9 -

, 

., 

I 

.. 

\ \ 

\ " ,, 
/ 

l 

/ ' 

/ 

' -

REF ID:A62839 

~--

cue, vtth its im'ento:r'• nw, »eosua Wa4.nortrb, $1d 1ibe ~/ lA\T~eaat&Yelt an 

tlie rec.- o:t Ge UMhSxae, 'lldoll ,... t19'b1rlg buil ~ nnico. IJ1t tile \i'bea'8to:ae 

~'t.4.- ~ i.a--u-A ~ ,+cs 

~· !are's a~ at t.• {ng. 15). 4 b$.1.itrte the *'4el. ~ 1llk1t 

' I - ~ (" 

'b1 ~lid-.. Meehtd<!f.1111~.,. :oilllw to th6 Bl1'1eh 21ocU.ttcattOD,exc~ 

~ 1nsteM ttr ~tins • 'ib.e ntto ~ \0 26 .u nov on the ratio 33 to a6 .• 

- (;).~ • ' - ' ~ r ' - - ~ ~ ~ U.s ).)A"l' 

a., Deel• ~ .. @:i ~ Af:'llll' ~Crla" fift't Cb1et or ~,,. :e.A-. 

/\ ., - " 

~· woctate ttt at Wbi~ w ~§tr -~Wba&tatoae b7 ~- 6o 

' ~y-~f:t~~ 

~ sra. thsa sawrztion. Jie e.1.a0. ~ the Ddti$h" ~a ~ eemQfJ' 

1lhse waa ctll;Y' oae html!. GiA4 both ~ caul.4 be mde rd.Xed eeq;u11111)ea. 'Dd8 

' 

ta -.av ol~ alJOWl\ 1ft ft&, 16 as nga:4& to '1le··~ ~e;-4 I ~ere 

. - ~~~~l~~-Jek~~I~·-~ 

the, 1mler' one cOl\1.4 a1s0 be ~ but"I am now uot ft1ie u to th1a ~· 

'• 

\ 

\ 

\ 

\\ 

1D e artt~e =nt1'1.ea n~ a 20 ronaellea~ (25 1.~ • F ·\ .. _ 

'··, 

&l.Jbabet} 0 publt&becl- SA l.891~ ID tld.a derioe ~ !aJ a cmttal. sba:tt;. cm vbich -

-~ - _,;'/ 

i5•tu ~'~· 

i6 es!!! Bend\la• ~~Vol. XX, W• 160-165. 

20 
REF ID:A62839 

ca be~ 20 ~~cm thli ~-or which ue ~~ mXM 

C£._,.. ~ 

~or.a; le\tel'$ each .. !Ile d.UU-fltl ~ea.- t1a •srt 1D acme . . 

~ ~~ ~ ~ -~~%-~~~~~~){,~~ tal'efOtJ~ °"" ke1 ~·;... 1ae ik.at 20 ~ ot tho .»ltdn ..... ot ...... ,,..... 

/ ' -

- a\ip 1 t# _. ~ ftg. 17 {JI sots ~ ~ "Z &a ~bl.en);~~ 

~-~,,Q,~-..G1c.L1.1.·Jol.O~~~~-~t.L.JUl'~~·~,). "-· - '-

r "- I - ~c.:J 1c.-~¢~ ~ 

A #!J1 • c1Jha' _. Clr1e _, tel.eO _.,. Olie ot the ~ 24;iJl1'zea at l.ftbitrsj .1 1 J'", • 

_ ,-~e~h..~ ~eii~-»~f ;i, rrh'..vaflb-~.11r-~~·.J~~ 1whlob,aze ~ea. IJhen.1'1* --~ ...... c-<-.-1

[ _ .,- "",P-- f\ ~ 20 ~ ... '!.....-... -~ 1-.....---~\S.. .,-'1'~ 4f'llt ~~.,JI\, ....... -.aA VlO>h\ ~ • ~'-' 

a-A~~ ,; 

fO decipher a tre1nse~ o.- takes the ~ 20 ct:Eher' letters, au_.. A.. them ' > _,..-'-.. < -· / 

~ ~ ___..., - ·== ----~~ " - ~-------~~~-

"OQ the d$1.ce., -the dieka ~ tw.te asllembled qn the' abaft :lD *°.~e ~ - ,.,, - ~-~ .,.. 

the ~ or- key ~ ~ end th<;lt'l Jlllll ~ the dole ey--linder"oee:t'Ch1Dg 

'- - ----------------- ~ - ""'1"-A.. """":,.__ 

rm- a~ <'I letters 'Bh1ch ~Q.IJI !DtAlUgihle ~. 1lti~ Y.t..U. be" only oue such 

~ 

_ 10 teas~ FrienCh ~, t11e Mu'q\ds de Viea:'ts, "allowed aw 

V'' 1111Me&ge:9 ~by =emUt ~the Eezei'iea -~eal cipher could be ~Yea..17 

M&ybe ._t u '1l1q :BazeM.~ --·~ too eucceesf'\al m Uli- a~s. to -. the 

upcm a cetifnl. ~. Ill:stead ot d18k$; Hf.ft'-& dn!clS utJfic1 e:LS<UJ:lg s~ aa4 ~ '". _ 

I'. \. 

(f.t ,wt . ~ - . --· '~-,,~ 

s.a ~ pie'bUN ot ~ ..,.,.- ftrlit. ~ .. *1eh he »t"e~ to •.sst?t tt. in l.~3 · .'... ,- I " " '·f 

or 1924.~fts· ~fl MI ~eained about h1e 64tice ac:ae ts- ill 19J.T lfbile ~w., , <-r(l - -- - Ji!f ' ~~ 

at· Bt~,_ 8nd ~ved • ebRllrMBO .asae;e put up bl' lb. Jtf.tt, a Rlvel'bak ·"~.Ji· 

'), ... ~-.c~~-.£."";\ 1~ ~£<.tf:;:_,,,:' ~-£~~t~ ~ .... '1(0-.,,._e~ti dt-..-~~ ~ tor a dAQ'. "'X dib1

' ll8e ~ like- what I could or 1l18ltt have l.~ ~· 

··1 

-17-_-t!~~---,a.e-§liittr!r-. _ n de ~-}.!! ~ seeretes,,DJ.rts, 18~3- p~OO ... 

\ 

\ 

\ 

21- \ 

' ,\ 

• ,_ 
REF ID:A62839 

·--

'-1 

"t4io llfes J':l:edJna~beeause a• 'bhat tile t hadn't yet come acz"088 the de Vi.eris I ,..-

- - ~· ... "):"' 

capts. llitt ~ b1s derft.ce to the atteM;totacot the then 1'1or MaubO,l'grie, 

had -.de ·a model. using disks 1nstead ot atr1p8. X haTe that model, a present 

trcm Gett&l'al.-Mauborgne ~years~" 0 It is ma46 of\~~~~~Teriy h-.TYt-.;; 

spec1ally-deT!sed al.pbabe'ts. In 19191 after '11/J' retura to Ri~benk trora ~ eerrice 

,' ~(~ ~ 

"/ 1n the ABF, Mauborgne sent Riverbank the"tint 25 letters)at a set at 'j!"J 25 .41f' 

if.,-· 

J to MaJw Ye.l'dl.e'y', 1n a.:?. Bo~ nen solved the ueseages, eYen after a good deal 

tor oUJ' cOl'Ql.ete l..eck at O'tiOeese, 'When I cae acroas the plain texts ot thoee 

. ~\~~~~~oeAM~~~-~ 

messages in e. dusty oJ.d. file 1n "the otttce ot Chief' SigDal Officer. ~- is a 

/ · picture of the ~jot the tint six messages (Fig. 20). Ma~gne, llhen 

I chided him an the unf'a1mess al hie challenge messages 1 told me that h$ had not 

prepared tbera h111selt•-he had an under:Ling.~_{Major Fowler was his name, I still 

22 
,, ... ·\ 

' 

'{ 

ll 

- L 

REF ID:A62839 - -e, 

- l')'V 

to Sal.ft the cballenge meeaagQ that ~ueed Maubotqe to go ahead with the 

.,~1 "-' ,, 0-(f' ....... •."'-") 

In lsE, a. ....,_"!!le Oolle&g\18,_ the late capt. J.obn M. Maa1y (Ptof. add 

llee4 at '\Ille lle»Oinlm -at llllgUGll at tile Uld.'teftltW at ~) 1*o1'1!1>11-to .- ,\ 

attetaUO!l. a photostat ~a bal.ograpbic 11&GUDer1pt in the" collection ot .1.,!ft~~. \ \ ' ,\' 

-- Pa~ in the ~ ot Coragres$. It consisted. ot two pages entitled U!Jhe 

' 

an electronic d1git&l cCl!Q;nlter-,.t~ the total. maber is ~cal. 111 etze. 

\ 

;/ eerrtoea 'to deftl.0» a ~1eel UsWQIMl" based llpOJl tb1s ptnoipl.e. X won•t '1 

~p Ci»}ler ~e 'l)'pe)M-138-A (J'ig. a3.). This tom used an e.1.lllinum ba8e 

J , j 1lrbo 1ih1cb @atUiel e 'lfel"e· cut to hold la!IP• c~ strips Of el.#l&bet• eh1ch 

~ 

OOtliUL be al.1dc-'fJISil;y Yitbin the ob$T'QUl1 s. It ~ ~ -interest »'you i;o ieam that "" ~ . -

23 

., ' 
•. - r 

,>, 

'REF ID:A62839 

tJ,..,.,.J- w:.,._,, '-" r- f'-\A-~ (CJ" ~ I I•• ' • 

u;seCL tram 1935 to 1940 or l9it2 by the Am:! !the(Be.T.Y, lthe coas~ Gu.ud and the • " )1- " - ..>,..._ 

/V'J.,.,..,.r,_j__ 

state Deptatment. It was used as a back-up sys'betl even a.tter the two/\~ervi.ces 

' -- . ~~ -t~--m-,, .. Ci.~~~..; ... ~ aa well aa the Departmenil ot State began empl.oying ~l t b'1 :Md. ~1i:tier -.chines 

~ h.1.sh speea. aaa. secunty. 

\ 

nius tel- we ban been deaJ:hlg 1111.b cipher de'lices ot the so-called ''bandopel'ated" tn>e. None o£ then can reaJ.1.y" be cons1d.ered as being "mcbines, 11 that I' 

\\ 

\ .. \:. 

:pl'Od.uced. We come now to f t1Pe)ot- apparatus 'Which can be calledf Dilehin':;3 ~ ~ 

~~~ 

, such~ tb...,.,. sb.OWD. 111 l'tg. 24. I' 1a called the~' the m&ae ot :t.ta. 

\ \ 

' Gem ittrenWl", who '1Dtortu;Datel.y aai'.llJd.tted std.c1de a tev ~ ago, ~ \ 

·~~·~v.---trbJ.~~~-~.AL~ ~~ r1.1r~~;ro-e~. because" 'h.e hilf3::e& to Bl!J·• a liNOoes1 el Ma: &Rrea"M:ea. The K:ryba has a tix!!d 

\ ... - \ .. ·-. 

Both sequenoea ot letters can be l!8.de Jdxed &l.pbsbets (the segments aft l'matabl.e 

and int~le on each. sequence). 'l'he hendle at ~e right ~enes to ir1ltd a 

... cL~-e-1~ ... 

rather powerf'Ul [ona:J steel )'~pzoing which drives +.be rotatiZJg member on which 

or closed, depending upon the "setting" or key. rus wheel.. contro:Ls the 

the: lett~ ot the ci;pher sequence aze mounted.. 1.I!b.e initial juxtaposition of: the 

24 
'. REF ID:A62839 

161-t zi04e1 of '1ie K\'!vb&J ae ftpada the t1"t J.IOClel, whs.Cb OW Cl1, the m»$et 

;f 

/ 

tb1$ nm 'al.1de _(ng. 27) 70\\ see a moM»e wld.ah "PZ'eeeata a J8ther aa:rked . ' 

• v 1s ~~cal msobtne ~as ~phe BoieU. lfete- ~or 

..-. 

to tba1' Oil 811 ~ t)pea1ter. 'D&peallUg a keJ' Oil 'tbiS ke7i>oad C&UMS . . 

the ctl'cu~;ts betaeen the ke)'8 at the ke7boal'd. aD4 the ~ ot the tmi.i.catilJg 

boeltd. 'l'hen_ 1811 't tdm ~ ehow J10U the 1Dtlenlal.1DZ'ka wbieh coa~ 'the rotats.Dg · 2, 

I 

I 

\ 

\ 

' 

' ' 

\ 

\ ... \ \ 
,. 

' ' ' 

j 

REF ID:A62839 

WIHlld• 'Wh1cla .. USed&te41d.t'b the ~-Wb'ble. • .. t.• a alW 

(ft&. 28) 1lld.oh .8hon 1Jhe as~ WU o.oanected to a ~/\Q»eill'.tMr,, 

~ 

'• 

llOd!fted to be --ta bJ tJIBU1leir flQI t1a ~O ~· ct -c!OUIU1 

' ' ' ~ :; . ..... 

/ i.t ,,.. ~ •y the ~ ate.P 11QU14 be to ~ ... "°~-.--hant• ' . - aa ~ ~ at the ~»hie ~· !Id.a ,w o8D a.le in \be ~ all4-

" 

· 1ftnr we cent to 'th* nmt-.and ~ ft1"1' ~t. aerel.OJ111«11t, one ~ 

ooacet"ftd 1'T a Bla'opeaa ~_, 

~ ..,,.. ttGU.owed &Odil ~,bub 

~ ' 

1ad~ b3r aa ~ ~. In '1118 llilYwe the eb'OUf.• beM~ the 

I (:t ,,,,... 

klQ'B ot the ketbOll« an4 the 1'IQa o'L the S.41aattng boe:M aft' w.rteJJ. ~ .... 

~·1~· ~yr..o-~~-?,A~-.b • .. >. -- -r~ 

,_!EltntfRlfr aembel'a oalleB;~torsT Jn a.ope the ftat a? such MCb1,,.. pd ~ 

. the ~ t• pt;ll'Cbue 'b1 ~ ~ one s.a dhown u the am:\ elide (ftg .. 31). 

I 

r 

9le iech:lae ... ·~~ Nne4 the BIIOMA-f• aOl."'1• or w..- enoi»b~ 
REF ID:A62839 

IJI Fig. 1 at the left (labelecl I) :la saa the acltble with the top cowr l'late 

J 

At tile l'lght 1n J'is• 1 (la'belad n), tbe- top oanr plate baa been ~a, •XJOSUIS 

' 

- a •Ud.1'.?' circle o~ contacts on tlJe f1gbt face; Wil'ea JMaing tbrougll to rotor connect 

..... ' 

tbe rotora c• 'be aligned to the inltla..1 kq aetU!g. At the l.eft ~ tbe ti.rat rotor 

~ 

'"'- . 9. • S. bt"o'°' 

/ 11 ~ ata-.r, on the ~J)berT of vbicb are &1eo 26 let~ ot tbe a3,pbabet. Thie.~· be:iP 

I ' 

\' ~ ..... -

al.so has &' circle of 26 e~pace4 ccmtaots, 'bV.t/ ~se &l'8 OJlllr Ol1 S.ta right f'ace 

· o~d bT and associated with tlle 26 Jre7et/ ot tlKt ~. Dre comect1one 

. . -st~ 

/ between the 26 contact• on tbe .-...._ -4 the 26 mtckes ot tbe lrQ'boar4 are n.xect. 

st-~ . /" 

Dtlt tbe ~·•11 1a rotatal>le ad .ita JIOS1t1on at &117 t1- can aleo be seen through a 

·~ . - ~~ 

'W1n&W, la'belecl 3 :bl J'S.g. 1 (I),, ao tl1&'t 1lhe 1n1t1&1 1$9tt1JJg or the,..atRtofil' aad the 

. . 

I used tlle expression "in aasc.ae" a 1annent ago 1 in rei'ening to the :totors, which -

-"2...1-

.-
I ~ I I 

m ! ~ 5 

f ~ J J ~ 1 . r 

• 

ct b f ~ I ~ r ! 

i ! 

ft. 

f 

!;1 ~ N i I 0. I I 

~ 5 . " 0 I i f I : 

I i f i J ;.i II ( f 

' f .t ( l 

~ ~ ... ~ 

f' f ~ 

. : I t i 

\ ) ! -Ii· i 

I "~ . I ti .... ~ ~~ 

' ... 

~ 11 ~ I f 

f f't f i 

r ' ; · ! 

t I. I · I 

' l .. It 

I f I i 

· I I 

• t!I p. • Po g .. i; 

~ I f. I 

a rr Ct 

J ; i i 

: i I 

r 

I 1 

I D "' 0 1f 0 ..,. • G I"\ ts f·. ~ ~ ~ 

I : ! t 

a ' ~: i 

1 I 1 . • rt ~ 

I I { ! 

~ " ,. 

...... \ \ \1 ""'-.. 

. 

' 

l I I i ~ I I ~ I f 

0

f ' ! ! : I j i ···\ "" 

a .. 'Ill .. o I i .. a i i 

" =; ' 8 i ' ! f f I ; I i i ' 

i I rt I ~ f I B ~ --c I f ~ ti' ~ f 

. ( ! .:>: ~ ) ~ i a 1 1 I a ~ 1 .t I 

i ~- B : II .. f I i ·• lt Ill I 

f ' q ·~ I =- I . r· .. .. a r J. ! i .. ' 

• r , 1 1 1 ... : ~ ~ r ! _ 1 ! i }\- • ' ~ 

f 5 · B i 11 .. ( 1 .. t: • I a 1 

I f I II J to i I >.I ' f ' i - ~ ( -- -! i I 

I I s Ii f ij Ii i i l 'I i ' I " 

'8 .. ! I r I . a a I i I I " 

! t ; 1 i t '8 1- f ! I ' i ~ ~ ~ j -

ID' ... 1 .... " a • i 1 =1 • "' a 1 

: ! ~ i f S f l 5 f a ~ 1· J f i 

i ' ~ ~ ~~ & I\ ! r i ~ f ! • -~ ·.. ,,;: ~ . I ! I , f : 1 --l r e IJ ~ I r r ' ir f i l. 

i; 11 f i 5 I I · iii.- : !\!. • I : ~ F a 1 \ i. ~ ~ ?: Ii ~ l ,.~i t; I\ .f f • ' 

ft \ I ... I R I .. 

ct- \ ' ~ l)' " . 't 

II.----- ('" ,// 

~ hj 

1-1 

t:I ..... 

~ 

"' h) 

m 

w 

"" 
/ 

REF ID:A62839 

ot tbe 1181111! ke7 to prochace a difterent eqm:valmt. I won't take the ts. to tell 

al~ 1'1-,tw>o 

JOU about laoY the :rotors are caue4 to ll4:flmce so that 1a•11 i!f tiu;ru..a-Aetters ea 

A. 

cil'eUit.a 1• ~ bJ' amll. 4r7 cell.a in the box at 'b 'llPP'J' right in Fig. 31 (II) • 

. means apectacv.1.R .. When Bitler cam into JIOVU'i ~sales were piobibited. 

Forces 1A World W&r II. 

. . ...., ~~ '~'o) - kvv __ 

In tbe u. s.,, a Ql.l.ttonia 1JWeDtor --J; llebe:rn ~lT ccmcei'ftd a macbsne 

~ )+w P~r ~ u~ ~~ ~(J'AJ 

vb1ch be ea1le4 an "electric coae". a r• 8'"'lar to the mmMA but With 8Clll8 1mp>rtent , - , 

r I 

41tfbl'ence•: · tbe ci»ber &1.Jlbabeta procbace4 bJ' 1 t wezae not reciJll"(IC&l ana., lllDl'eOftl', a I 

I' 

ERICMA, ~ electr1c:al currents made on.11' ~ tra~e through the rotor{ ratber tllaD. 

c...t. ~ )'€v=. ~ ._. ~ FNterM.A ~ t-P~ )~..)\,."\.<) ~ ~41' ~c:r"'-4. p4""v 

two_, ...Ill em:litmmezrt the C1U"Z'ellt nat ·48 .,. 4'Nn~ thl'oagb the roto.rs,..ana. in "' " 

~~...t~ ~.~~'f~· ' . Cleci~f\.m tbe nverse Clireat1cm" &re 1a a a11ae .<Fis· 33) ~ ilhav8 Bebe.rn'a 

' 

will note that W• moa.tl has but one rotori also, tbe cipber maclrlm ia ccmnected to 

ad41 tional. Tirtue ot the Bebern machine wu that the wiriDds 1n tbe rotor wee ftl"iable, ' - " r 

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a teat\11"e not incorporated ill tbe ERIOMA. rotors. Jfebenl 1.Dtereated our Rny iD bis 

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- z..q-
_ ..... _,, ,,,,JI--~-- REF ID:A62839 

l&i'se macldne nqu:lring cona14erabl.e 8DI01mta af electrio power' an4 lleno• una1d.te4 tor,.... 

.r ~ . . / 

~ uae 'b:I' small UDS.ta 11l :field aperations. In the late 1930' a the Ami 'beceme ~sted 

1 ,/ ~ a w.U. mechanical machine 11lftntecl by a SWediah ~ Dllllll!ld llJ'itn. ,,. .... .., .... 

MocU.tications des.ired bJ' Anq wre iJ'JcorJOrated 1n t!le macbs'Ht{" wb1oh vu c&Ued ... !' 

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CODYel"ter M-209 and OYer 100 ,ooo Of tbera vere mamatact)11f.d in tbe JeU'8 1942•194'1- bit - ~ 

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posi tiona t~ae]3' to the lJmgth ot the tape. 1'l:le boles ve procl\lced by a 

b7 meamt of which tbe tap is aclY&nced rtep by step. You vUl. note tbat there are 

LI. ..... - -i; ... -~ .. -,. ~--
REF ID:A62839 

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- ft.ft~ -cm whielt. ~ tllel\ilele• ~-- 1,.eee e ~ amiear. 1J.'!1& -3atter A.1 t~ empl.e, 

~~'.. 

~ 

is l'8preaaated lfl ,.,• :bo!B t1n the lat and 2nd level.SJ tM ~,ell.th ~ 5th le'Yela ~ 

i..tl~~' ~~~~~k~'\.~~l«c, , •• NMIM; tbe letter I,,.. by holes 111 JIOSitions 2 and 31 ..-. ~d t!le rlsbt•hand - 'k ,, -~ 

-~r:;.~~~~'b~'3l-F'~>~~~~~ 

~-ot t'lla ~ ....,-,-~ labelad ·~· - "t1pre9",_n-Pctt~. 7 

!he• ...., eqai....:lmt to the •11111n• ea4 "UDaMtt" ._,. on a tJp!Nri- ~,jr . I 

•lover" an4 "tl.PJIW" cue. When the "letten" key 1a dsprease4, tile chanctera I 

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