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~·~ID: A4:14~5 

CowrulUCATIONS nnELLIGENCE 

A Presentation· by 

MR~. 'WILLLUI F. FRIEDMAN 

to· the Faculty and StUdents of Class 50-B 

. Air CommUn.ication & Electronic Staff or.fic@ll's I Course 

29 September 1950 

_ _,,....,.._,,,,.·,.,...no NOT Destroy R~turri'i7i he e=. "':"'l 

NSA Technieal library when_no..,onger needed ~~, 

~~ S- ?o~ O n_ GopyNn. J. ~-. 

\ 

eclassifi ed and a roved for release b ' ' I 

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A presentation by Mr. flUli,a.m F. Friedman to the FacUlty 

and Students of Clas;! $0-D,, Air CoraJ.lltmication & Electronic 

Staff Of'fiCQrs' course, on 29 Septembet- 1950 · 

Colonel Sheetz, tlentlemen; First l want to assure you of my approeiation of the opportunity to come hara to ta.l.k to you on li.\Y subje..ct. In 

ilwiting ce to speak on the subject 0£ Colllllunica.tions Intellisence., it 

was indicated tho.t trthe objective of the presentation is to create an 

awareness or the back{μ"owld, devolopment, and z:immer . ot enploymont of 

this vital military weapon." Commmicationa Intelliecnce was not alwayo 

regarded as vital. I ac re:ninde~ ha:re of a story tJlat I read ao:Jc years 

ago in an old book,, and the otoey. l"il£\Y bo apoceyphal, but I give it for 

1'11at it is wort.ri. It seems that about two thousar>d years ago t.'1ere was 

a Persil.ln queen wilose na.:ne was Semira."Ilis and who ·took an .interest in 

ceypto~aphy. Whether it was boon.1.iSC of that interest· or other unno.tunl 

circwstances, the record doesn•t say,·but aeynow" she raet an unt~ 

death. Presumably s."tle went to Rcavenp or perhaps to tho Qther place; but 

having left instructions as to the disposition of her :iv..udns; t.lriey built 

for her nn :Wpoaina mausoleum in which her eareophagus ·rested. On the 

outside of the mausoleum th.ore was cnrtred a oossago,, Which eaid,, nstey, 

Wa.r'J traveler l .It thou art toots ore; hungry 1 or in need oi' money 1 

unlock the riddle of the cipher nrawn bolou' and you will be lead to 

riches beyond all dreaos of ll'Val'ice.tt nten undernenth it :!S.cre mis a 

cryptogram. For several hundl'"ed Yeal!.'S the possibility 0£ sudden wealth 

served as a lure to all the experts who t:ried their hanM at deciphering 

t."1.e messar;e.; but they were mthout suc~ese,,. until one dey, presumably, 

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al.Oll3 came e. lon~i&lkered, bespeotaclod individual ntio,. at'te:rworking 

st it for a considerable length of time,, solved the nesp~oe. It gave 

him detailed instl"liotions £or roaJan;; a secret entry into the tomb, 

'When he r.;ot inside he .found. mi instruction to open the sarcophagus, but 

he had to solve another message in order to do so. Possibly it involved 

.finding the correct combination to a 5-tumbler lock l Well, he solved 

that one too, after a lot o.f work, and opened the sarcophaeus a."'ld found 

a lxT.6. In the box was a oosaage in plain lan~'Wlge, and this is mat it 

said: "Ch, thou vile and i."'la~tiable .monster, to disturb these poor 

bones J If thou hadst learned something uore useful than tho art ot 

deciphering,, thoU·lfoul.dst not be .tootaore1 hungcy, or in need of money in 

Uaey times in the co\U"se of the past thirty years I have had occaaion to 

wish that I knew the Old eal's address ao that I could put QB a first 

indoraeLlellt to tho basic ooanunicat1on the sinele word •Concur." 1lell1 

atzyhorr, it's· been on interesting lite• it not financially lucrative. 

llow I ma· goi.ne to read you· a short paragraph .f:rml ~ !!§~ine ot 

.Decer.ibe~ 17, 1945. 11 1~ic is the Word for Itl 

"U.S. citizens diacovorod last week that perhaps their 

most potent; secret weapon 0£ i'/orld War ll uns not radar 1 not 

the VT ruso. not the atom bomb, but a harmless little machine 

which eryptocrapllors pa.instal.dngly constructed in a hidden 

room in "\fa~hineton• t'l1t1l t.'1.is machine, built after years of . 

· trial and errctt-, o£ inference and deduction, cryptosraphers 

have duplloatcd the decoding devices used in Tolcy"o. Teatimocy 

before the Pearl Harbor Comittee had already sh0ll'l1 that the 

maci!ine kn.own as 'l.la6ic' was in use long be!ore December 7, 1941, 
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had given ample warninn of the Jap&t sneak attack iJt only u.o. 

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braae ha~ had.been smart. enough to realize it.· General Harshall 

now continllt'ld the ~tory of •Magi.e's' magic." 

And then it- eoea on to aay what that story 'fla.S. I hope I*U have tirde to 

retum to it a littlo bit later on. 

i 

I hardly need to stress the necessity for secrecy in this businees. 

IIope tor future success depends to a very great degree on maintaining 

secrecy with re~pect. to past aehievements. Qlanges aa a l'esult of suspected 

compromise of cryptographic systems are easy to cake and very hard to follmr. 

The effects of l.eak.aeo or compromise are not local. - they are widespread, 

because of the widespread uee and distribution o_f ~~ular Qryptographic 

systems'." Durl.ng \fo1·ld \Tar II1 I might sa:y 1 the· continuance 0£ our success. 

hung 'by a very slender thread. I am J;"e::linded at thiB point of an instance 

of this sort which happened-just a .short time before 1941, and to a.void 

. . naming nru:aes l Will s~ly sa::r that th.era was a ohap in a co.i-tain capitol .c\? 

of the world who sent a message to his home government in which ho said 

that he \'ra.S t:;etting a bit. woi-rled about their ce>mraun:i.cations. In eubstanco,, .~ - ,, , - . ' I ·• .._, ·:. '•'\ . 

he saids "You know, these many telesraph1c cJ:cha.nges that we are i:w.vin~,, 

4ealing wi. th this matter in hand;. have put a great e"train on oll?" cipher 

system becauae they he.ve made it necessary to be very volwdnous in our 

ctor.respo11denco, 30 tho.t I :wi aftoaid that perhaps some third party mi~1t be 

reading our co~unications" X think we ought to do so2J0tt1ing about this 

r-!Ght aw~.u Well, we read that1 and we •re~ cuch upset !or tear that 

they would tiake the hint and that fJOUEfthing would happen. so we lfere on 

tenterhooks and pins and needles .for two or three d;:wa until we got the 

reply from h~uartcrs. You can imar,Jine how agoa 1dth excitement we were 

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until the r.iessag$ was processed to i;.be point of intellicibili ty. To 

paraphrase the reply,, it said, .,.,fell, you southern exti-emity or a 

honte•s 4Datoo\V'• don•t you realize that lfaat you A1"8 saying u· way out 

ot line? Don't you lmow that our systea ~ the ma.chine has eo Jl1Bl\Y 

Pet'r4Utat1ons and canbina~ions it's incon.ce1vabl.o that anyboclv should be 

able to read t.lieae communicatio1'1S without ha'V"J.n8 t.hc maohine and the 

key? Now,, don't you worry aey more a.bout it. You •tond to your Olm 

business; and we•ll 'tend to ours.• \'lo wero very happy vtien we read 

that one• '?he tbtead was indeed a W'r'J t.hin one that time becauee it 

was possible to do quite a tnmlber of things to ttsoup ·upn the system, aey 

one ot 1d1ich would have oacupied us f<'Jr oont....~s to c;et back into a state 

o£ readability. 

I hardJ3 need to give you a definition ot cxn.aunit:nt.torl:s intell:igonoe,. 

or Cot.~, at we call it tor short• llo doubt 1lajor J.(orr.ison has altea(\y 

dealt with it, so I will s11!4)~ cite its three main objectives. first -

to provide authentic· inro.rmation for policy makers; to apprise thco of 

the realities ot the international situation,, of the tr.W making capabUitJ.ea 

and vulnerabilitiea o! !orei(;tl countries• and or the intentions or those 

cow.1tr1es ltl.th roapect. to war. r,cconcl. - t() elioinate the elomont or 

eurpriee b-or:a an act of alIB%'6Ssion by another countl.-y. '.third - to provide 

unique information essential to the aucee$srul prO:Jecution, ruxl vital 

to a u;1orten.ing ot_. the "period of hontilities. 

How,. the background o2 ci.;:;I~W, Whici1 la based upon tho ocience of 

crypt:mal;rsisSc ho.s a lone eirl vci•y i11tt.'l'Gating historJ \lhich is inextricably 

boum up with td1e history of crJ;>tography. Tho two are but opposite faces 

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-seeR!T 

ot the ea.:le coin,, fol" prosross in one inevi ta.bly leads to pro31'eSs in 

the other. ue.nce, uhile ~ talk :is to be deVoted lar&e:la' to oryptanalyei,s and canINT, I nU hn~ t() deal e.lso, to e. cort..-dn extent, 

with QI";ptogra~y and com:Qunications security 0it9· COHSF:C. Now, because 

of the secrecy or cloak of silence \lhich o££ici~ sun-ounds tile 

'lfhol.e.tiold ot cr.YPtolog,y and egy>eci-al.ly cryptanalytics,, it is obvioua 

that authentio inroxmution ,ti.th reference to the back{iound and develop--

mGnt 0£ the science i.n i'oreicn countries is quite sparao; and al thour.;i 

after i.iorld ~7o.r II we loarned. ouch .:reearding tho acconpliShnl.ents in 

this field of ·srork b,y Out' enemies, secur-1 ty %-u:los prevent ~ aaying 

very- uuch about hmz good -or bnd they were. in oonpnr'lson with ue. ! can 

onlf cive a tairl:Y good e.~ount o-t u.s. COHiln' activities up to a certain 

point of time, and ewn then· I will no-t be able to say very muc.~ about 

tho u.s. Navsr-•e COilIN'l' aotiV1ties,, because I <19n•t know very -uiuch about 

that background and prefer wt to eivc airt inforzaat.ion llhie.'1 I can•t 

docunent. In ~ case,, I cdeht say a.t thia point that our relations with 

th.e navy 1..'l the ·early da;:rs were such a.a to preclude my knowing very much 

. about what tha"J ~ doil'l61 ·am Vice versa. In the course of ey talk I 

Yill give illust..ra;tJ.o1ls ot crtJPtanal.ysis, some of 'Which f'orm part 0£ ll\Y" 

own experien~. Modesty would dictate their Ol'llieai.On, but because ot 

theil:" :possible interest I TIUJ. use t.hcl'l and will here and: now ratlko a 

general apology roxi th~ U$C of the personal pronoun. 

Uow may w& have tho £il."st alidet plee,sa,. Cl'j-ptonraphy and C1'})ta~ais go b~ck to tho dawn of tho invention of wr·ltinf~, and here I 

show u.n instance ot cipher in tho Dible. In Jerem.iah 25126 occurs the 

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a:pression ttAoo the kine· ot Sheehakh shall drink· after tJ1em~t' Also in 

Jeremiah 511Ult "HOW- is Sheshakh takenl" l'fell,1 f'or ~' 1'iWly ye&rB 

that~ *'She$W.kb" remained ·a ::ustery. ~ere nano such place. 

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But then a~-ae~ discovered that it you 1t'rite the twentzy--.tvo letten 

of the Hebrew alphabet ~two rmro; eleven a.nd el.even, like this,. 10u 

:iet· up a 6'Ubstitution alphabet 12hcreb'J you ca."i roplace tho letters by 

those stand.'1.ne oppoeitc th$1, For ~le.,_ "Shin," is represented by 

•Beth" oi- 'fio'J verse.1 ao that "S11eshakh," translates ~Dabe1 u or 

"Babylon." 'lhe VO\t8lS had to Q3 supplied. I.tloidenta.Uy, mruition:i.ng 

the :Bible,_ one m.i.ght ~ that Daniel1 'Bho \la:! the tirst psyehoana:t¥ot1 

waa also the first crypto.nal~'lit. ! say psyc..l-ioanacyst1 because you 

remember how he interpreted ?febuohadne:nsar•s d:i'eam. 1n the Eible•e 

C4rn WordQ, "Nebuchadne1uaa~ dreaxJCd ~d, wherewith his spir:i.t wa.e 

t:toublod,, and s1eep . 1-"ake i'roo him." But ,.,hen ha woke up he just, 

oouldntt ee•a to ra*8ber them. ~ oon'd.nrr he ealled ror his aigio1wls, 

astrologists~ and ~ean sorcet:& n..J.d aaked them to interptet the dream 

he•d had d'urif.ll; the nifibt• !he"J asked h.1Jl: "What TIM the cirea.1l?" and he 

said, "1fell; I don't rei.ie;llbe:r it~ but it•a part ot your Job to fiud that 

out 4ll1d then to interpret it~tr ?.bat was a pretty stiff nssignment,, and 

they .tailed to make good1. tr!tlch irked Nebudladnezzo:- no end. rdngs had 

a naaty habit ot cttopping your ho.ad off in those days 12 yru :failed; oo 

in th1a oase it oo::ios ep no surprise to learn tuat liebuchadnezzar passed 

the 1'0rd along to dei;Jtzoy ~the wise LlM or 91.Lhylon, ineludinc Daniel. 

Well, when the Kill&'$ &'Uar<i. ell.le to t;et ::1aniel1 l)a."l.1.el asked that he be 

-t"i ""e. . Givan a bit or~.. 'lhcn, btJ sooe hocus-poauc .. the record aimply eeys 

tiiat the secret was ~alod tA Daniel in a ni3}lt mion - !)a.'li.el "88 able 
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to reconstruc1> the drearll and t.~on :Lnterpl*Ot it.. ~~- yoare later, 

Nebuchadnezzar's aQn •. Belehassau-.; was 4-iving a tea.st, and du:ring the 

course of the feast the finger~ of a man's ~1ond appeat'Qd on the wa.U 

behind the candlestick and wrote a eecret meseat.10; Be~s~ wae 

wry m.ucl1 up!et and. called for 111$ soothe~~:i chaldean soi"OerenJ, . . ~ . 

Wig1oians and so on> but they couldn't read t.he OO$saec • apparently 

the"J couldn•t even read the cipher chQJ,'acteral Hell,, Daniel l'U called . : '-: 

in and succeeded not onJT in res.dint:; the WJ!'iting on the lt'all,) 1tMene, 

mane; tekel,; ~ .. " but also t.he m&aning o£ ~e words •. His. 

interpretation •as "Hene!t .. GOO hath ®tibered thy kingdom. . and finished 

it. "'Tekeln .... !hou art w~ed: in the balanc.ea and found WQ..'lting. 

"Upharsin,_11· or rather "Peres," (apparently the c:liap 'Who- did mo handlf?'"l ting on the ftll knew a thine or two about cryptography• because 

be used '"wriants i") - ·'!by ld.nG<lou shall ~ divided and given to the 

!loden and Persiru13 .. n 

The next is. an Ulusta-ation of tho earliest cipher device history 

reCQrds; a device w~~icb. llaS called a ~·' wrod by th~ ancient 

-l.-f' ·J ,_l ' . 

Laeedsmon1a.ns or Greeks. 'l'h.cy had a wooden cylinder of epocii'ic /\ 

d:imensiQns.t. around which t:ley wravr>e4 spi:>ally tl piec~ of parchment; 

they tl1en wrote the mes~ aero.as the edge~ or the parelulent, unmnmd 

it,. and sent it to its desti.."mtS.on, wi1ere the rccJ.pient ttould wind 'b 

parcbr:ie:nt around an ident1calJ¥-dimensioned cylinder~ wxl thus bring 

together properly the bits of letws r~:resenti1J6 tJ1e ooesage. 'H1is 

diagram, .inoider"~;. is not correct •. 'Iho writing was done along the 

edges of the p.o.rei1ment, Wl I said before,; and ·not aaS'umn in this 

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guz. 

picture. And, by the way,. ~le baton w~lich tho Thu"openn fiold uarshaJ: 

still carrion oe one or the insicnia of his high office derives Crotil 

·t~ very ill8~t. 

caeaar1 of course, is ~ll known in history to have used Cr3PtosrarbY ..- a very ci.>jplo method.,. obviously,. be ca.use all. he Uid vma to 

replace earil1 letter by the one that was £ourth .b'om it in the alphabet .. 

Cicero wns ono v~ the inventors of what is now cal.100 ahorthc.nd.. . He 

had a el.ave by the lllllile or Ti.ro who wrote £or Cicero his· recorde and ao 

The beu_:i.nningo of: modern er-J'Ptography ~c to be i'ound in Venice, 

in ~la Papal statoa,. about 1400• . I show next an alpha.bet of that period 

which is interesting nere)¥ beca.uso it s:ioe that in those early da_)ru 

they alread,y had a recognition of the basic wesknees of what"°" call 

si?1glo or racnoal.,,".>!iabetic aubatituticn. SOluti<m of this- type ot cipher, 

as you all lcnow1 is accot:l!>lished by u~ing data based upon .trequenc:i.ea. 

I don•t have to ~o into that because all of you,, at aa?E time or other, 

have read "The Gold .nug, 11 and understand that sort a:r analysU,. But 

this slids ahowei that tho early Italian ceyptagraphets introdooed a 

~:lethod or disturbing th.e normal frequencies_. by having the high•i"requency 

letters represented by more tl1Wi a sincle ·f:hiiract6r'.:· ' I r...ll add that 

the earlieat traet that the world pOSSO$&e$ on the subject ot cryptograpcy 1 

o?" far that matt.or, erypUmalyais,,. :le tJ1at which waa lfritten in 1474 byn Mesapol:ttan~ lllhoee ruwe wa.o Sicoo Simonetta. Ue sets forth the principles and 

methods of sc>lving ciphero, simple ciphers no doubt, but he describes them in 

a ver..r cloar and concise torr.a. i'l1e tirat book 01" axtenaivo treatiae on 

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6E6REt 

Ol"J'Ptography 1$ that by a German abbot nariod '1.Tithemus, Who wrote his 

mon\J'llontal ~rk :Ln JS:u. iio plannod w vlr!tc foui- volur&aa1 but ho quit· 

With the th~d one b&eause ho purpo.,el,y wrote tJ<> obseurcq and made such 

f'anta:stic c~ tt1at he cot eh~ged with boing in J.cmguo With the 

nevu. 'lb&y burned hio boo.ks, as a matter of fact. 

We are aoing to jlDp a. • ..,~ now to oome GJ(al'JplctJ t'rOil1 1'aQre reoent 

history• This Slide Bh<JWS Q Cipher aJ.phD.bet and. aysteil USed by Mary I 

Que$ll of Scots ... in the :period 1%., or thereabouta. 'lhere was $ll 

Italian cryptQgrapher ~hose na:u.e was Porta and Who urote a book, 

publish(d in l.?6.'.h in vhich he shond certain types o! alphabets tJ1at 

have corae dmm in histoI"'..r iun arc known ncn1 as Porta•s ilph8bete. Here's 

an ~lo ~t tho ?Ol'ta. 'l'ableJ shoning one alpha.~et td.th koy letters 

A or D, another alphabet with key lctt$rs C or n, and so on. l: don't 

want to 30 into exaot]3 haw those key lc~tex's a.re uaed, but it is 

sufficient to say tba.t even to tbia ~ cr;ptoara'1l8 uniiit:; the ?Qrta 

$1.phabets a.re occasio~ encountered. Incidentall,y 1 · Porta llas quite 

a flll.l.aw. There are lots of people who refer to h1a bo-Ok but have never 

read it, I tQok the trouble t4 ha.VI) it translated to see just Ylhat he 

did f'J~• a.'1(} he was. in m:f Opinion_. tllC Gl'Catast 0£ the old cryptographers. 

Incidentally, alao hQ was the inventor of wmt we know as the _camera 

obsoura,. the progen1tor of Out' modern c~aa. l think alao he was one 

ot the earliest of c.ryptana4rsts nblo to solve a syste::i or ke.YtMl aubetitution, that is~ llhere the lt~y ia chang.tne consistently as the oessage 

und$I'goee enoipherment. Porta* a table waa o.ctnally used. in official 

correspondence. :Iere is c picture of a table thut ilO.S found among tho 

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REF ID:A4148562 

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at.ate papers of Queen EJ.iaab9th •a tioe, used £:or C17'...i.mm1~a.ting With the 

Engl.iah Ambassador ·eio Spain.. It u,aed Porta• s al?ha.beto. 

Tue ncx:t slide I show is a. picture ·of wo.t cryptogt"a.phen unual)V 

' .. .P call the Vigenere Square or Vigenere Table; a. set o..i.. twenty-six 

alphabets sncoessively displaced ooo letter per row, with the plain-text 

letters at the top oi'_ the square a.'le1 the key-letteJ"S at tho side. "n1e 

met:iOcl o! using the table is to agree upon a. key word, llhich causes the . . 

equ.ivnlents or the plein-teJtt.lotters to change aooordin[t to the manner 

i.'l which the key c.."iunges. ii~', VigenJro also has mi interes~ to ~ 

because AlthoUGh he is eoorupnly ex-edited with havin{; invented. that square, 

he really didntt and_. what's more, never said he did, ~Iore•s a picttn-e 

of it as it appears in his wn book,. It goes co1lSiderab:cy- beyond what 

the c>rdi.nal":f reference& sey o.bout his table, but I uon•t go into those 

d1.ff$'.'enoss because tt1ey•n technical and perhaps of no great interest 

to ycm today 11 

t.ll1e ·next. cr-JPtocrapher· I l?ioh to nent1on 1$ e. Frenchraan,,. Francoia 

Vieta, an ezm:dnent matJ1er.i.atlc1an1 · fowner o£ modern ¥4-ebra. In 1509 he 

became COUnce:t.or of Parli.ml1Cl1t at Tout"s and then Privy Counselor. 'i"fhile 

1n that job he sol"18d a Spa.niah ~i9hur system using ~e thnn Sao 

characters, so that all t.'le spanisll <Uapatchea tallinc inw French hands 

were eas1zy read. Phillip II or Cpain '~-as so conv".UlCed or the safety of 

hin cipher that lllhen he found the Frend:l WJ:"e-awa.re 0£ the contonts 0£ his 

letters to the J-letherlands, he complaJ.ned to th.e ?o_pe that the Pren.ch were 

using ~cery; against him. . Vieta was called on tl1e c~t and made to 

explain. Here is another exil!il'lc of another old official eipher. Hera are 

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the alphabets; and a el.idins card, Which could be ehUted up and dawn, 

was used for chanzing the key~ Ol" aS- a_ means of changing the key. Here 

is anothor, called the ''two-square cipher," or t~alpbabet cipher'*; 

it involves coordi~tes: · hero is one c~:iplete alphabet and here iet 

. . 

another one; the coord:l.nntcs are Usod to r-optcsont t."le 1ettero. '!hat 

wne actually uood ~ Olarles ;r•s ti::le.; 1627, in coLlUlunicat~ nth 

F"'t'tmce and FJ.nrxle?is. 

I Ent to jur:ip now to the ~ riod of the noorio~m r..evolution~ in 

u.s. histoey~ 'lhe eyste:ls used by tho .Ar:ericans and by the British 

were al.moat identicall In one cnee, in factJ they used tne saco code 

book I I have seen ref'eren.ces to an American mo seems to have been the 

Re•olutionts AFSA, for ho was the cipher~ to eoneress and it is 

claimed that he managed to decipher nearly aU1 ~£ not al.J.1 of the 

British code messages intercepted by the America®• '1".ae next chart 

shows a picturo of-.a eode or ttsyllabary, 0 ~ we call it, used by ThoctUS 

Jefferson.. Thia sy~ is constl'Ucted on the eo.call.ed two-part 

principle. This is a portion of the decoding section. tou m.U note 

that the niu:ierieal· groups are in co~ecutivc order but their ineruiines 

D.r(? at randoLla They have no alphabetical order nt aU. lt s~zy ~ 

that you have to have another section, tho encodinu sect.i.on,, in Vilhich 

the uords ere in alphabetieal order,, and their equivalents are in randoa 

order. 'I11ia sort Of systetl even today is in extensive Ul,lO. jefferson 

was an all-around geni,us1 aw I shall have sooothing to acy about hitl and 

<:ryptography a little bit later en, I hopo. fiero•s an interesting slide 

s;iolnna o. picture of a letter wh:l.ch is kumm aa "the iJenedict Atnold 

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Indecip.'li.erable Tt"easonable cow Letto~. 11 :tt. hos never been deciphered. 

It rends,. "I have bought a c"':' and cal.t troll Gel1. John Jo:mph BU;l.lis," · 

ond so forth. fho l"eMon that it h...~~n•t been deciphered is that there 

isn't enolJ,f')l of it to forr.t tho basis for a solution. 

I om ~inr; to say a £ew wordo about Fe,yptian hiero~i-0s tot the 

reason that I tbinl1: that that represents the next and a greo.t landr.lark 

i 

in the history of crypt<:>graphy. About 1821 a Frenclu:.m• ·Cttampo:Jfon, 

startled the world by beginning to publish translations of Egyptian 

hieroglyphics~ Thia ia a picture of' the Rosetta Stone. It ia a. tri.io 

l.i..'lguo.l inscription: EeypUan hierog)\yphics" followed lTJ F,,gyptian script 

¢all~ 11 ~otic11 a..11d thon Greek. 1\ll three texts nere ru!SU'!led to S:J3 the 

Slll'1e thinr.~ of course, It was 'trJ oeans or this tri-lingual inscription 

that the FeYPtian hioroglyphio uriting was !'irullly eol-ved, a teat which 

represented the s~ocessful solution to a cryy>tana.lytic proble??11 tb.e .I:Jajor 

part of which was lineuiotic in charaoter• for the cryptanalytic. part 17SS 

relatively sil'1ple. In the hieroglyphics there ru:e tirl.113$- that fle call 

c;:artouches, th.at is, chal'acters enclosed in a l'ectanele :::iarked by a 

~avon line. Hore f.¢'e sOile exal'!lples. This one woo on an obelisk., o.rrl 

wa.a suspected.of ;oeprosenting the nana Cle?;?atra. I suppose the reason 

for that assumpt1on was the rer>it1tio~ he~c of two ch.ara.atera at a proper 

di$tanco to represent the tm> A •a of Cleopatra. By W::i~\lj the various . ~ .... 

ce.rtouches1 writill{; them out carefully,. studying them on the baais that 

t.'1i$ cartouche was Cleop~tra., it turna out that by ta.kine the characters 

i.ll tJ:1a cartouchc,s, substitutin~ their equivalent Rooan letters and putti.ng 

the:l in tue prope~ places in other c~touchos, bit by bit ~~:\UlpOlion wae 
REF ID:A4148562 

- steRE! 

able to e~tablish nanea otucr than Cleopatra, s~:i ~ ?tol.ecv, iilexarder·1 

a.rd so on. 'l'lmt' s th:e · way in ilhl.ch o.· start or im. tial break was made with 

respect to the Ros~tta Stone, ani Egyptian hierot;l;yp.ucs were .fino11'r read. 

It was verJ fortunate tna.t the OOl"l,y $tutlents ot Fie:vptoloa didntt knQw 

that the FQpt~ also ueed oryptoora:pcy l So:l<l of their wri tiv~ are not 

onl¥ "pl.e.in-tm hi~~i03.,u but they elaQ had "cryptograpn1e hitll'Oglyphics" l Here,. for inatauoe, i.EJ an ~le at subatitutio~. '11mt 

charaetei- in plaoe 0£ t.~is ooo means "to apeak •. r• You see t:1e .f'i!l(;el" 

pointing to. the m.outh $ and ·f)C) on~ 

' . 

Now I am ~oing to juq> to the pel"'iod or the Civil tinr or the H"ffar 

~n tha State'*,'' in tr.s. history. Hore is a pictlll'& or a cipher device 

used by t.lie Confederate AnJy,. :captured at Vicksburg,· one ot our ifuseum 

tre~es. The dfJVice ta a eyliwcr ccvm-ed wiill n aheet of paper bearing 

~ . 

alphabet$ .. the alp~labets of" V~ table~ in otbor words, a. pOinter 

that you could slide; nnd a thumb knob with Which you could turn thG 

eylimer nccorwn~ to tho key lettcy.s. 

There is one per$0n .! pass~ over in netting to the. CiVil Vi~ period. 

Edgar Allan Poo, in 164~ or thereabouts,, kindled an interest in cryptoa;raphy by his loooua story 0£ "The Gold Bug, u QX1d by some articles on 

¢ryptQgt'aphy in newspapers and journal.$ ot the period. 

Here is a picture of n message, authentic with<>ut question,, llhidl 

was sent by ?resident Lincoln to G<m11 »urnside. It's very aitple. It 

reads this way, of course, and cakes no senseJ b'J.t if you read it back• 

warda it ookes excellent aonsai ltlf I should be in a boot ott Aquia 

Creek at dark too.orrosr, Wedneedcy ·eveni~, could you wit.i-lout inconvenience 

l3 

SEGRET ,.,;:_. -. -. ·-. 
I I 

• REF ID :A4l.48562 

~ECRQ 

meet tie cu1d pas& tm ho'U.1' or· two with me·1 (SiGned} A. Lincoln.u X ttli~ . . 

the .:?reaident was kidding a bit. 

'l'his is ·a phot()craph or .a paL,-e or two from t.1.io code book and cipher 

system usod ~/ the Federal Ar:Jr/• · 'lboy had 'What is cal.le~ "route ciphettt1 ° 

that is1 a matrix wit,.11 indioations ot route to be. followed in 1tl8eribing 

and transcribing the wor&s 0£ the niea~. Here•$ how you write the 

. mes.sage 1n1 the first lmrd, second,, third,.. fourth, f'ifth., Sixth and so 

f03."thJ then you ~e them out according to another rout.,. An<l here the 

thing is complicated by the use Qf Q);'bitrarJ equivalents for t.'le names 

ot inlpo~tant people. "President of the .u.s.•• i.s ropresentec;l by "Ada-1''. 

or "Asia." !t had. tv.ro equivalent$,,. you. see. Here ~e some of' the names 

ot f'mimus or well .. lmown officers of that pariod. !. have with me tocU\Y 

the complete set of cipher book$ used by the Federal At'nV during tb~t 

. period, am atter Jfq talk thoso of' you mo, tdith may come up mid exauine 

them, to(;eU.ier vdth. certain other ~bits. The next slld$ is a picture 

or a uenaa30 sent to Ge.."'le:ral Grn."lt in. one ot those route ciphers. I 

ahaU not tcl;:e tizae tor~ it. 

There io ~ ex.l);:lJle ot a type of. ~oret lft'itinn ~loyed by the 

Fren¢h in tM Franco-Prussian ~7ar .. · It consisted or code BJ"oupS written 

out f'ttom a code book.. tou re.'oo:nber that in tho Siege of l':irie the 

Frencl1 'Were cocpletely cut off3 110 ·that messages had to be sent. out by 

pigeon. 'nle r.wp$age 1"US photogr~phod dovm,. and - thiC:S1 I believe, was 

the first and eal'"lieat ~le of micro "4riting uoed tor t'lilitar/ purpoaes -

the mospage •as.t as I said, photQeraphed ;dfK'A and seiit out by means of 

oerrier pigeon. This is a capy of one of' the o:xaq>les, 
REF ID:A4148562 

Utor the Ci~-1. ifar'" or \'far Between the States# the use of crypt.<)... 

gra.phy in Ulitod States llilit.ar,y affairs went into a decl:l.oo f'or a long 

P•riod or peace, and was broken only brie£13r by the Spanish-American 

war. In 168!) 'Che ~ra l:lepartm.€",nt publiohcd a. code called ncod.e to 

Insure ncc..""Gcy or Tele~, n bll3ed O!l a small COOll!lereia.l code, al:~at 

word i'or lwrd.. I have a caw or that with ne and if you 1r-lc;h tq ~ne 

it youtll :;.-et .SOi:ie idea· of hOTT naive we 1m1"0 in thone dafs 1 In tl1e 

Spanin!l-.".!Jericcn 'i':ar thore 11as wry littlo use wade or sou.~t eryptograpny, for ''° used that code,, Ylhich had no :tecreey- l11"1.atever~ but t: .. cn 

In 1899 tbe Cllie.t Sl,.;nal 0.t'fieor undertook t:io preparc.tion or a suitable 

code. Zconorn:r was stressed .,,. the Chief' nir.;:r..."ll Officer porsonall;r did 

all the work. In 1902 tho "Ciph~r of the ·,-;er Department11 lms-:nlblished 

by the ,.\djut&nt General. In 1906 n revision of thnt was publiohed, and 

in 1?15 a oo:.apletGJ.y nett code, ttJ.e -;ib.r :::e~1Urtment Tcleuraph Code1 "'as 

ptibllshed.. nut, believe it o:r not1 tluit code was printed by a cc.:..-c:;icreial 

house :.n Cleveland I 

~·it!J eoo:ie now to the :·:ol'ld \rar I period. Wi'U1 :ioi~tz•a di$covm'"'J ot 

the ~o-cr.J.le:i :rertzian waves and ~'la.reoni 1 s practical. deoonstration of 

eicnallillb b,r wireless, a new er.'.l. in military cont:iu..1licctiorts was usl1orod. 

or radio, as it soon ca:.:e to be called, t."aS in :rorld iiar I, but developments in cryptography laeGC<l a. blt_, aa we al.all oec, 

Flr3t; I vlll d:!.sc:us.s the t..actical '.u:Je of cipher syste.'18 in 1Jorld 1far 

I 1 b~caiwe tru;;ise were 1.J.$ed in prefe1·cnce to code s:;rstems, whicil car.ta lntcr. 

He:re ia u. pict&:re of a d.phm:- systm 'USed by' t..'le Russians• You vrlll note 
. ' that it is nothine but the Vizenere principle all over a.coin, usint 

numbers instead of letters; for it repl"esonts only a case involvillG a 

·aet of 7 or 0 ~p:Uabets used repetitively, by a key nwbe:r, for. 

substitution. ·'l"his wa.s the decipherine table. ·The next slide is a 

picture of a. .f'ront•line .cipher system used by the French. It was a 

tra..."'lspQsi ti on system, tho columns being here transcribed aceorclin3 to 

the colur.inar key,; in ·ad.dition1 ce1.,ta1n dieturbing elooents c~e into 

the raet?2od b'.r taki.ng off the letters in diagonala. And he~ is a 

picture of the syste.on use~ by the Ital:f.o.n Art1J1 in Uorld r;ar I. Again; 

it is onlg e. variation ot the old Vice~l'e ~tam• Here is a systom 

used by the Oomnns~ invented by t.\um11 or., I o.."lould sa:y; it Wo11S a 

co..lbinat:i;.on of two methods put to2ethet" in a very c;lever ~. _ <Je 

called it the ADFGVX cipher ~caiise the ciphe;r ~ consisted exclusively 

of those letters. An alplmbet in here, arranged according to sooe .Preai'ranGad plnn, with tho coordinatell ADFGVX.! the letters of t.l\e ocssage 

were fuon replaced by pairs of' coordinates; for example; tho letter R 

' ' is represented by AG, ~nd so forth.- Th.en a numerical key, developed 

from a key wort!, is written over the x•a,, A's and so torthJ and tllo 

' . letter~ are then taken out in col'llllDS according to tho key o:rde?". That 

syateo WP..S a brnnd new thing in military ~;ptogrilphy and causod no end 

Of headaches for the Allied ·Ceypte.na.lysts until it was discovered just 

how the solution could b<! achieved. 'lhe solution was not a ccncral 

solution but depended upon special eases,, but these happened so often 

that we could bank on them occurring. That Cipher systan waa used by 

the Geman hieh command and consequently somoone soon discovered tha.t 

l6 
I I REF ID:A4148562 

tECREl< 

if' you made a ehal"t based upon the number of ADFGVX messages intercepted_, 

1ltiy you could diecover.certnin things about the tactical situation and, 

m.ore important., you could,. \Ti t&1l &>I.le degree 0£ asaurancc, predict what 

mi!P t happen. Thia is a Ohcu1; uhich we got up in the AF.F be.$ed upon 

tlm &'1FGVX intercept. This, contle.'ilen, is the first 111\J.Stration that 

I kn01' of in hioto:ey o£ ono of the basic principles 0£ traffic analysis, 

and t.ra..t"fie intelligence.. '.ihe next sUdo gives a picture 0£ the sort 

0£ "communiques" we issued,; u Bulletins" tbat we put out Wilen the AUFOVX 

messages were road. Here is one of o. aet of messages, dated Uove:nber 20, 

1918; of course the liar va.s over: but tltj.s givea very important inforr.iation about the w!thdrawal 0£ llackensents aruq into Ro~a. CJ.~1ere is 

the German text·o.nd there is the translation, ·an ;i.nterestinc and 

authentic massage. 

For tactical mesaage2' the British and .Amoricrum in World War I uaed 

a methOd known a1J the Play.fair cipher,, inwnted allegedcy by Lord cyon 

Playi'air,; but ho didn•t invent it ... Sir Charles ··:Jllea"tstoml invented it. 

~-the-way, Wheatstone, who is credited with inventing the electrical 

bridge that is known by· his nm,10~ clidn 't invent that britlr;e - a chcq;>. 

nruned O:irioty really did. %e uet..~od .of Playfair enci9!1ermerrt is to 

have a aquare 5 x .$, in which you start in w1 th q. key word1 t! ten tho rest 

of the unusod letter:J of the alphabet. (I and J are· trC'.a.tcd as the sew"le 

letter)• :rr you want to encipher 11 atn the equivalent is ''v.r"; by diaeonals, 

and so on. Tb.ore is an example o£ hOTr a .measaee is enciI'hered. In ·~hose 

days, 19'.l.4,, that was regardod as pretty hot stuff. In £act., an officer 

of the Jln.C'ioan Arey (later he becor:ie Chief' 85.GJlSl Officer,. :.:ajor General 

17 
I " 

&Cau'borgne) wrote a little trGatise, published in 1914, 1n lfllioh he 

dealt with this Pleytair ciph"r systm. The ti~e ()! his wrk is 

11-An Advanced Pro":.>lc in Cr9J.>togr~4n f"lod~,.. our most elementary 

students are eiven thinua of t.hat sort to aolve altar a fmt leseons-. 

T'!le} British t.nrq proposed a ci.?ber deVice in tiorld war I. niey 

had manufactured a great tlal\V of them and dist.rl,bute4 t.b.o"QeandSJ 

they proposed to the Franch an1J the An\ericane that th~ use tho SB!Dl!t 

thinu tor tactical eonnunica.'tlons. but it was never put to uae i'or 

l'easons that I hope to tell you later. 

r1ow, I•d l.ikn to say a tew words about eodea nrd code systems ~ed 

in world \lar I. I think you all know that a code syatan ia Oil.l>lY a 

30rt of dictioMriJ in which the words; phrases &"ld sentences are 

r·~resentable ~ arbitrary ci"oups 0£ lGttf!rs ~ figures. Uere is a 

page from a coaanercial telegr~ or coill'Je1"'ciul cable ca:ipany•e codebook,, which they otfer to tl1ei.r qustomers,. You'll notice thnt eacl>, 

ot these code groups ditfera !'ra) every other code group by at least 

two lettere. We call that "the two-letter ditfere11tial.." The reason 

for ha.Vine !IUCh a differential is that ei:Tors are s0taetiaea made in 

tra.vimisaion.T but the l.1kol:UioQd ot lllll.ki.nft two erroro · in the allr.ll group 

ia not nearly as gi-eat as mct.ng a single error.· 1be 2•1ot't'Ar 

ditterential afford$ r.iethoda of readi~ cor.recting a gr0\4) i£ it ha$ a 

single error in 1ta with a bit more trouble 2 .. 1etter errors can also be 

correeied, now,. code booka am codes are compiled to be suited to 

eeneral OJ' sr>ecific kinds or bUsiness. Tiley are r;eneralized,, like 4. . . 

seneral trad.• or shipping code, or a code tw: the auto::::iative industry, 

18 
I' • I 

and $0 onJ but. t."ley may also be higllly spooial~ed in charact~. 'l'!le 

.nmct slide shows a hi8}lly opecialiaed code. You know~ there nre cortni.n . . 

~ople who bcli~ve £i.rml.y and iroplici~ in t.he 90~ of healing by 

a'Ui!_gestion and what not,. ontl horo io a picture of a code book put out 

'b,y a gentle1~ vtio waa a profesro.0~1al can in that field• You •U notice 

tbat tho purpose of it wae,, of courae,, to be ablo to receive treatlAent 

.trom or by your own practitioner no matter Where you went, '.l'huit1 if you 

io op a trip aai went to consult- -:1our practitioner, you con aand hini a 

~aatle am toll llic what. you think you are auft'ering .t'tv.l. vt course, 

you think you are sUffering trotn thio1 t.lult or Uie other thing. 1.ihe 

oode U in F.riglish aM ~enOh.t arri yo-.i '#Ould Si.mp~ represent your 

illnes3, Ol" alleged illness, by a code group. Now> note tluit the t;enUeIr.1411 1Cho got up tllis code was pretty well versed in the iiitri.cacies of 

code and communicationo d:if.fic~ties 1 because t.~eae coda groups dift~ibtJ at least thl'ee letters ~aehJ tho reruson, · ot course, is that it uould 

be a pretty serioua t::ing if you aent a raeesat;e eayine that you think 

you 4re suf tering rro::q::oma.,, but t.b$ group is earbled in tranatlission so 

that ;you get the treatment £m- convulsions. That 1r0uld be p~tty tough t 

i'rior to )forld -:;a:r I ti10 une of code books for taotioal purposed 

WU thOU&ht to be 11.ilprncticable, largely because Q£ the c:lil'ficultiea of 

oompilin€, reproducinc1 distributing and protectin(: t.'le bool"~. I don't 

think they tl1ougb.t t:>o 1'.3.Uch. about t;lo poaalbili t10$ o:t s-olving code. 

Ear~ in 1916 t..~e <1ermans began to uac .field codees /1 and the Allie• soon 

followd suit. ! had some slides to show. you pictures or paces ot the 

L . 

code books or th<> various bolli0errnts_, but ! will omit thett and szzy- . . 

19 
' . REF ID:A4148562 '.·, !":-' 

that I also have broU3llt exhibits of such books as 1701'e actual.icy" used 

tor t..~e purpoee. 1.'hose vl:.o would like to soo 'tiaat they were like are 

•elc(IDB to cot)(! up attei- this talk and ~ th~~ The only slide that. 

I Will shmr in one that. lfi.ll :.:,-1.w you a plcture of the ALlerit:Wl Arnv'e 

inadequacy in :forld Wnr I tor code co:-i1lmnicntions.. Th~ ia aut£1entic "" 

I didn't make it up """ l'. round it ill tl1e records. Itt~ a. code gotten 

out by the S2nd Infantry Bricade,. dated l..7 Ap:ril 1918, ~ it is what 

•a called rtt.'le bilsebal.1 ~ode.tt 1.t you wanted to_ say lfJdUed/l you said 

"at.ruck out0 ;"'«ouni$d11 :rra.s represented by "hit by pitched ball,.," and 

so forth - Vt>'r':f elementary. 

m:i\T ! O.nl Cooing to a YeJ7 interesting e:<ail.£>16 o£ the use of Ciyhers 

by Ger.rum ac;;ent:;J in the t~·orld \,'ar I period •. Here ;ts a ci:i)her message 

llhlch 1fl3B fo~ on ~ Geraan spy in the United State$ soon after he 

Cl"otti!ed the Uox.tcan border into Texa8111 Atter so;:ie weeks it wne 

deeiphered ~ G-2 ta code-.:Jolvi.ng oreanization in Uasld.~ton1 uz..a 1 as 

it was called. Here iS tho deciphered Ge:NGn taxt, and th.is 18 libct 

it said~ aTo 1}'110 ltiper:ta1.conaulnr o.tfioial.e ot the Republic of :Uexico* 

strictq s~t • 'lhe bearer or this ie a subject or the !lxlpiro Who 

' 

agent~" And so tortn. ~o -Court sentenced hitl to be shot; President 

Wilson commuted it tt> life imprisonment,; and he was out of the pokey after 

only om year l 

Here is a. messac;e which is probably tbe most famous rooss~e :Ln 

published er,yptanalytio hiswry to date. This is the oessaue Whidl 

brought the United States into World War Iit on tho ~ide or tbe Ik"itieh. 

20. 

8~@R~ 
t I ~ 

~ 

-~F ID:A4148562 

In 1915 .... lG it mis vm.-y much catch ... ae-..Qatoll-Cllll 6$ to \7hich aido the 

Aioorioans wet>e go1ntJ to jo.in. Our Br.'i.tiah trienqs, later our allies, 

did certain th:izJ3s t..,ltat we did.nit liko, and there was a good deal 0£ · 

talk about their ne£ari.ous bohaVior. :aut thi~ l!M3SEiage., eolved by tho 

Br'ltish1 brought us in on their. side. It was the str8,.1'1 that broke the 

camel's back. It is known aa 11 the Z~ tel&gr&l .. 11 It went to 

tho German legation in ttexico City hom Cot.mt \Ton &>rnstortt,, the 

German anbaasadot in lfashington. 1.he uethod of solution ! vron•t go 

:lnto. Their eleve,..ness in the handli113 of the case is a aood ill~tration 

or how astute., d:i.plQl!latica~~ our l3ritish Me008 ara, for, ao.I have 

alreactr said, 1t resulted· in bringing us.into tne War on their side. 

!Jere is th& translation 0£ t)le thing. It was important boc~use the 

me$Sat,;e $a1d tne Germans were aoinr; to res'll!OO- l.UU'estrioted eulx:larine· 

. ..· ltlU'fare and this part,, here, deallne Tti th a deal 'W1 th Hexico,. mis the. 

straw that hroke the· ~ts back.· People in tJ1e Hicldle :Jest Yiere 

Ver:/ lukewm.'"'J toward the idea. ot our set tine into the war - QI\ ·either 

~id$ .... but when the Ger.'llElIW boean taikl.na about ret\Wllinz to U.exico, 

Texas., New U.exioo and AriZQna, that was e~th1...Ju eiae again. so, we 

got into the Ttar 'lfithin a couple 0£ wec!-:s a.tter· tfl..e Britim gave ua 

and established the authentieitu of' the tzranelation of ._,the Zi.uJ.i!ler..as.nn 

Rere :ts 13:nother t{\essane solved ill.World ;rar I by the Bz-itiah and 

maw,, an.ilabl~ t.o our autJ1orities in flasl:in,zton; a e(:lbota.ge nessage talki.Iig 

about who were reliable saboteurs and llhat they should do. 'Ihat message 

fi~'Ul"'ed in a. lon;.; t lon;,; · trial. before tbe C-erman•Aruerican 1.ti,xed Claima 

21 

see~ . -· _ _. 
I ; 

' REF ID:A4148562 

Cominis-sion• in uLieh the Germ.ans were charged tlith certain aets of 

sabotaGe1 notab~ tllit Kingla.nd fire and th') Uln<;;k 'l'orn explosion in Hew 

Jersey. Most or you are too young to renember thQse incidents. 'lbe 

trial resulted in a decision in .fa"f'Or or the muted State$ claimants, 

llho were mmrded a0me Gl£o,,ooo,ooo, Here is a mensage, in secret i."lk1 

t.~at figured i.n t~e Bl.aclc 'l'o::l Cas-e: a pace tram the llluebook E~azine1 

on which there was a UC$$(l!!e written in inviaible ink, a mt'.":.c1 we run 

i..11to ooeaaioualzy evm1 in ra.odern warfare• 

~;ow I come to a caso in which l ttas involved. In 1916 .... 1? t~,e· 

Germans fi~od. · a large number of Hindv.s in tbair a ttq>ts to stir up 

a :rebellion in India, tho idea being to cause so much trouble .·in IncU.a 

that the British would be forced to withdnrw troops froa the Western 

front to quell disturbaneea in India. ntese Hindus were negotiating 

£or the purc.'1.aEJG of ar.ns and ammunition. in t,.he United Statca and sending 

them over to lndia. Since the U .s" W'a$ neut:r~1 it was a.sawt our own 

l8WS to pcroit trach urrlertald.nr,a ar;a:l.nst a friendly nation. So the 

business had to be conducted secretly and that is. how aryptoi:;ra."JS 

entered into the picture~ n:ere is one pare of a l.ona; sewn or eight-pa(;e 

letter that was intercepted between the top Hindu agent in tile united Statee 

aud his c.."lie.f i.n $11'.itterl.and. The letter COllaisted Of groups of f'igurea, 

in which were interspersed eoiJB plain-text worda. I l."eeot.,7n1Zed p:retty 

quicl".J.y thai; the 1etters of the se~ text had been rcplaoed by ntmlbers 

wh:tch indi~n.ted specific lettora in a book. F.ach group ~t nu:nbers 

;reprc19ented .the page number, the line nurab3rJ and the·poaition number in 

the line of the lettel:o. All I needed mis the book, but unfortwiat~ 

the Hindu .f'ailod to tell ae wat 'the. book was~ so I had to co ahead atx1 
~ . , 

try to solve t!te ::oeasaae mtl1.out it. It -r1D.S solved~ nnd I'll &1mr you 

Yer';! brie.:f'l1' tne method. .As I said, th.ore wore words, pl.ain .. 1ieJro wordas, 

interspersed thr0U3bout the oipher text, and I would moko a gue:;11;1 at 

'lilat the n'llQerical. group oetore or o!'tor a p~n ... tOxt, word r~>reaented. 

HereJ for exaq>lei ."Formed sa:.:iething, 1t'ith soroothinm·" I asaurn.ed 

that this ti.rat •rs_oiaetning" vollld be the word "ooomittee;" a:Xl that 

meant that Oll !_lni~e ()S,_ the fourt'.'·. line~ the second letter 1n the line 

GB a OJ the third to ho OJ tho tourth UJ the t:i.!'th another ~~, but the 

$ixtb letter in tliat line was not indicated. .Instead, the next group 

junped to another pafte-? ~ llbicll the lettets I 1 T, T~ and so on ere 

~. \Vell, by aW>sti tu.ting saae of' these g\le$SC8 in their pr~ 

positio11$ and Qald.~ tabulations or thia aort, l assur.i.ed ~w.t the first 

fiw letters of this wol"<l camttee" c~ f'rom th$ word ""cor.aunioationn 

on page 65, li~ 4; t}10 n~t t}ll'Ce,,. .f.'rOQ a word haVinr; n'lv.r&" in it, Slli;:h · 

~ 

as "attent1onn~.; but the laat let'ter~ E,/rroo another page al.together and 

I could only ~ more data bef'oz-e 1Jald.~ aey euesa as to 11tlat the word on 

pab"8 721 line 2,. mieht 'be. ~ world.llB back and forth, building up tile 

variou.e word& on various pagoo of the book_. then building~ the wcr:da of 

the meeaage - one h~ped tho Qthe:r - l 1"1.nal.ly cot certain clues as to tbe 

sort ot book involved .. tba\ it was a book dealil:J3 uith the history of 

German political. philo"1)hy, econoey-, or history. I hunted and hunted and 

hunted for that book~ I finaJJ.1' totind it1 all ni;ht. It wns Price Collier's 

qen5 .and ~e aemans.. ThiS r:iessllL,re .ti&~ in a long-draw out trial 

in San Pranc:i.s.co, where there wero about a hundred and five Hindus on 

trial ei.n\ultaneoualy. One or the :Iindus turned Stat~•s evidence and got 

2) 

l~-
/'. 

' I 

.~F ID:A4148562 

hLnsol.t in bad with the others. 'f,:ey were aoarohed evet"'J da,y before 

tbey ~into.th<;; court. but one dey, the day after I testified,. one 

:I ind up manar;ed to secrete a gun in his clothes Md durine ·the midst 0£ 

tho proceedinas :shot· the. Hindu wi16 had turned State's e'Viclence.- were--

upon tlle.TJnited States r.iarshall:; n great big f"ellow1 si:! feet four; 

standinc in the back or the oe>urt, drew his weapon am $lot tho i'irst 

HWu dead. They wore hot.~ dBad ~ight· tbero, Wit.lU.n tl?o ·or three seconds. 

That's the 1'ta;r that trif.t.l ended up., drnmati~·· 

' I'm coi..'l!~ ta. P845~ over the next slide. It. fig'Ul"ed in the oU . . . 

- noandal in· tne d~s 0£ · 1924+ I waa tiOVfJJ."IllDtmt, witness in that caae,, 

iiav.i.n:; 30lved th1' mesGages 11hioo discl.osed sof.lB 0£ the facts that lead 

to !!r. Fall.'s 3oing to prison. !io WQ.D Secretar-.r o£ the Interior, if 

you recall, I think he died only recently• 

The rum ri.mne~s in t.:1loae lamentable dl.vs of prohibition, used· some 

very ;:;ocxl codes am ci?hers" aere ia a particulnr case whel'$ a ;·10e2'ace 

vas encipiiered b'J tai.cinC c~e groups out o£ one botJk1 transferring the 

cOde numhera for those erou9s into anothor book .and then add.inc a 

constant value to those numbers, finu~l'ti tho lottel'""GrQup equivnl.ente 0£ 

the final nun.berQ1 then enciphering those letter groups S This was euch 

a messat;e• All I had to do was to find the tvro code books,, tho ndditive; 

and the cipher alphabet.' Lighyfuing rttruck one nic~1t old the job was 

completed in a few houre. · · 

'r.1ore ltere SOile inter~tine t!-.1.nus., •ork~ on the jQb in peacetime, 

wltez1 we '\TOuld 1;et ;;ieasaces troo various eovernment agencies- to sol~. 

24 

r;_%l~~t 
\ ' I REF ID:A4148562 

SEGR~ 

Here :l.ES one that came to the r.hite House arx:l mis e~ to us by the Secret 

Service. It vas addressed to the President and had this dagger· etuok 1n 

alter this messa:;c. !£ you read it backwards o.ixl take alternate letters 

it aaked Prosident Roosevelt: 0Did you over bite ?. lemon?n 

Nmr I ar;i goi:n;:: to JUl.'!lp to the question of cipher deviqen.; because 

they repreaent the raodeni tl'endot I'w al.rea.d;y wontioned to you ·the 

point about the invention nnd introdta-ction into wide 'USS£'9 of rad1o,, aiVl 

their effects Upon mill tary ~tter$, espeeiall,y upon cr,rotolor:y • Traffic 

in large quantities bee~ available tor interception ani frt,ui:Jv1 and 

hence iop.rovement in Cll'Ptog?"aphy had to eonth It c~ slowly but 9uro]3 ! 

It1 connection 1'Tith theo;l'Otical advances in ccyptoeraphio oethod$ came 

inventions of' cryptographic derlces and maehineiJ. A brief history ot 

these will th~rei'ore be W:teM. 'n'!at is a picture of f.he earliost crypto,... 

graphie device on reoord,. except tox- the acytal.e. Thia is taken frQ!S a 

book by an Italio.n named Alberti, published in 1470, and is juat a pair or 

alp.i-iabete1 one re-volving conoentrieall;y upon· the Qt.~cr; .so that you could 

cha.nee the relationship of the t1R> Ulphabets. 'lhio wheel is representad 

also in the Porta book,. and., ~the1q,. I have with me tod...v a eopy of 

the ori~inal edition of Porta_, with the cipher Wheels in place .ond in 

worl~ order. This was published in J.!>'63.. They did,n•t have any dlUdron 

in tho19e days_. obViDualy, or otherrdse tneao th1n;::s -.uldn•t be here, and 

in eood working order i 

I know it takes a lonr; tiaB to net a a~tent thro1J01 the patent office, 

but Alberti• s device was finally patented. in l86$1 tho invantor har>pet'l.ing 

to be the then Cbief" Siuruil Officer -Of tho "A:rtry, llajor Albert J. t~. 
REF ID:A4148562 !S~(;g:(/1£ c 

Believe-it-or-not, the s&ie t}d.nc wan used by the Si.;:;nal CQtps of the 

Un1tod states Anru a.D a .new invention perhaps,,. in the period 1910 to 

1918. 'lherc is a more recent invention qf 1iie sorae thing. 1ii.e patent 

a!'fice doetm ft l~ave. good access to literature Oll the subject 0£ crypt°'"" 

locy, · so every once in n. whUe a th1Il8 tha.t is as old as the hilla cote 

throuun the patent o.ftice• Now we CO!,IJ.e to an intereati:ng d.ovico. I 

mentioned a little wlllle aco that the ~itiah proposed a cip!icr dev-lce 

for use on the Western Front in World \far !,. -uncl a little bit of histwy 

or that development is j,ntorest.inu. Hero is a picture 0£ a device 

invented by Sir Gharles Wl1eatstone~ the .eo.~t British ootbema.tician,. 

}X17sioist and electrical encineer~ He was al.ao a cryptographer or sa:ie 

stature. The principle of ti•e 'Wheatstone cipher 1.lheel is just a little 

dit.rerent i'rom that of Alborti•a or the Signal Corpo-. 'Ihi• oaa has an 

alphabet or 27 charaetera and .nn inner alphabet. or 26_, with an eccentric 

motion intluenced b-,r the letters that you wera act~ eoing to enoiph&r. 

fiith this ha.-ld1 you oee, you co around tll:is •a:r• and, for elCai:IPle> i.t tile 

letter II ie represented by E, on tho next revolution H is reprElecnted by 

tJ-,o next letter; Which happens to ba a V for victor. Now tho Ek'itish took that 

baaic invention, and souped it up a bit. Peri1npe you noticed that on the 

f'irat Slide the outei:i alphabet consisted Of t.'1e letters in normal English 

orde:to, on tho :i.nner alphabet_ tho letters were in miXed ordor,. What they 

did waa to add the idea of a mixed alphabet on tho outside or outer alphabet. 

They changed the form: of the device itself, but the cryptogra:tXiic principle 

is identic:.U.. Here it is. ~ey had a great t.laJ\1 0£ .these manufactured. 

I •as at that time, in the .\utumn or 1917 3 world.ng at the P.ivat"bo.nk 

26 
REF ID:A4148562 \;~~~J§~ 

am tho American d"JPtogra:ihers in l~ur.or>e. It ftB sent to Washinr;ton, 

approved tho:r-e lJ¥ the Jll'""'l peopl.o; but SOGlCbO<\Y there etaid.; "Well.- let's 

eee what thie! .fellow out. in ttticago thinks about it.. so they sent us a 

set of i.'ive Ver'"i/ ahort teat T.iJlBS8fl&$ enciphered by this device. 11.ll I 

knew was that a device based upon iih.eatstono pri."lcipl.es -.as probably 

involved.. Uy ~l.Qyer ~ to me and gave me these five meesages,, each 

uessacre only 35 or so letters long. He said• uz want you to solve t:nia 

absurd am unfair. I don't ~ant atv ~rt of such a test. Besides .. I 

tlave other i'ish to try~ 11 Iio scid.1 °toun{! fila111 on th~ last dlly of each 

month you r;et a little green piece of paper with ey nat1e in the l01Jer 

right lu;in<l corner. If you vrould like to -continue racei ving those pieocs 

of paper, you will $tart woi-k on this right .a11''f' .•~ I snid1 ffyesJI Sir 111 

Well, lT.r hocu.a pocus whic..l\ I won't t;o into, I suoceeder;l in reco~tructing 

wJ;at_ I thought ws t..l-io ho.sis £or the ciixin.e of these lettera 1n here, the 

letters of the inner slphal.>.et. Th.e word on nhieh it waG· based se~ "to 

there is no way o£ rcconstru.ctin{; the outer alphabet by analyaie.n At that 

t1:ae I hadn•t invented the principle of' doint; so., alt.nou.jl about a dozen 

years later I did so. Dut in 1917 t!le:re· "'88 nothine to do but try to t,'UeSS 

what tho keyword for the outer alphabet micht be, by trial and error,. nnd 

I ~ this aSli$llmptiom Ii" a !ellow was .roolish enoll{;h to use a wi-d like 

»ciphm-19 as the basis !or mi.x:lng one nlphabet1: he•d be likel¥ to use an 

associated word as tho basis tor cixi~ the other!' I triad evel"y- mrd 

27 _...,.$""E~c:15Br;~r-r -
associated in my mind With the word "cipher>" one after the other,, and 

it took ninU'tes to test each guess. I tho~t ot words. li~ ltalphabot .. 

secret,, substitution; r/heatstone,. 11and ao on., Fino.U.y, X exhausted r;q 

efforts~ !!rs. F'riedr.lanj who was ttzy' rie,.tit iwxl i:um at the t1oc1 was 

sittin[; in another- part. of the roca., and I said_. "Elizabeth~. wi.U you 

stop what you •r$ do~ and tlo ao:;:ie'U'lin[; tor me?" $ho said,, "";Jiat do 

you want Ill8 to do~ t l ~aW, "?.fabt yourself co-tafortablo. I am m>ine 

to stJ.y a trord to Y'<>U.t atll I want you to. oome back at me ni'ili the first 

word that pops i..11to your head." Sh& m..'.lde_ e. po.s:::; or two lfith her lipstick 

In about ten rainutea we had reconstructed the Quter alpha.bet and solved 

the aasaCtieS. The first 03essage sai<h "'l'his cipher i.s absqlut~ 

incleciphcrable.0 ti~ telegraphed the solution to 'tfashington,, word got to 

London:t and they had to kill the project. ?.hen I cot to the JG' 1n 

F:ra."lCe I wnsn •t very well liked by our Bntiah friend.s11 '!\mt ·~.'heat.stone 

principle is atttibuted to Sit' Charles,. but not lonu ago by sheer t:.ccident 

I Ca:1lO a<U"Oss tlllsdevice: it'fJ in our tmsoum now and was made by a .- . ~ / 

1: 

------- -- -·- - -- - ---.... --- . --

Major Decius ~~adsll'orth.i' u.s • .t\rl!W'• llad.sworth ~ aide to General Wilkinaon., 

ot Revolutionary fame, and he later b~ Chi&.f 0£ Qrdnall(:e. aw he 

~ 1nt.ereeted in ciphers I dontt·know,, but. he~ made this 

device. It bears on it .,. t!rl,.a is a veey po~r picture - th~ d~te 1817, while 

"Wheatstone c<>ncei.ved his device and deec.ribecl it in :uno. Henc~, eredit 

tor the inventl.on of the so--ca.l.led mteatstone principle beloDJa not to an 

Englishman_,, but to an Ai.'nerican.-

I coue now to a ~ipher device allegedl¥ invcmted by a. Frenc.."lman,, a 

C~t Bazeries, and cnlled the itoipher aylinder. 0 . T£1e Baleriea deVice 

/-:c ,:::-· 

' 
.,, . ~ID:A41485~2 

consists of a $aft on mrl.ch are Jl)OU."'lted 20 disc$ ..micb. can bo arran3ed 

in koying order; ·each di3C boa.ri,nz an ident.i.fyi,ng mraber and having 3 

ditferent W.:pbnbet on it, ?iavint; set. up the discs 1n 1:cy omar,. you 

line up t.lJ.o letters of 701,1r plain text r:icsaace thus: · «Je suis 

i.nclechiftrablc" ( 11 ! a.Ll indeciphe:t'ablo") is tihat it says. on this ~; 

and ~or yotn" ci;:'lher text, you can .take 5" Orl!J of· tho other horizontal 

' 

li~s of c:i.pher letters. Thi·s look~ like a. system based upcn an 

~ '~~ _-\ • J, 

e~-::c~J:ent. ~rinciple, but it. is quite roac.!ily solvable these da7s - if ',._ ;;- .· ': ~ - . ·) 

. -: j~,:, ~ ' _"; - .~ :'..' "- ~ :. ~. 

you havo tJ~e device .. The p~inc1plep hmrevor~ was .~o~ inv~ntod by :· · ~ .:.·: .f~,~~/: L • 

. "· r· - \... 

Bazo:rios; it w~ invented b,;t. our cmn i.rhorJ.l~ J0fter~on; aoo here is :1ls 

d~acri,tion of the device which he called "tho ·~lheel Cypher,n using 

exact.J.;r the s...-ine pl"'inciple.. l had on intaraa'ting ti.me .tlirn;inf; up tl10 

.tacts in eonnection Tii.tb an article I WSB asked to urite tor the 

def:in1tive edition of Jeffoi•(Jonts ttriti11,GS ?lO'R beill6 published at 

Pr".Lnceton. Iu 1915'•16 a. Unit..ed C·tates ;\r..v' officer. by tho UDJOO of 

Parker :Iitt inde:peJl4ently invented that scwe pl'inciple aaa.111, t.~is t;l.a:I 

nut in the tom of disca, but slidill(; .$trips,. you see; this is a picture 

' -. ,... t 

educat.:L'll.G raysGJ.£ in 'cr'JPtogr.a.phy, and ahe brought c.long hei• husband ta 

invention.; sa~ring it wap pretty hot stuff. Sie put up a c.11.allengo i;1esse.ga 

on the device,, w11ich 1 f?Ol~ed. by hocus pocus, yotl mir;ht Sn\f t like this: 

I thou..;ht to ucraelf'_. •

1

wel.t; this 'l~, Hrs •. :iitt., is beautiful and 

tf:fl~t kind of a k0J• would She be l:U!e~ to use ror roixi.ng up the order 

of the ~trlpa? \rell, she mi-t;ht uae the 1'.ey 1Rivorbank LD.borato1'ies. '" 

29 
REF.ID:A4148562 

~--

That ws it I In 1918 that same principle l:TOO ad(>pted by the United State$ 

Arnu Si~l Coli>SJ thet"e it is~ the u-91, device. '.lhis, a& you see, \119$ 

.25 discs with diffcront~ mixed alph.abeto; you can put them· on in Mr.f 

ko,r order you please, ..,_ ex.actJ.y the s&~ principle tl& Je.f!erson •.a or 

Bazeries' or <litt'a de'll·i.ee er.rployed. ·.1e used Cipher DeVi~e :l-94 for 

quite a UULlber or years after :.-:orld War I ID.th so;:;ie su.cceus.. 'l'ho ;-JaV',1, 

t.tie ~a;rin:3 Corps, and the Coaat Guard aloo uacd it. ~ adol)till6 :att's 

sliding stl·ip foru, uhich lends itself better to ciiane;iriz the u:ixctl 

alpha.bets :f"requently1 110 aot greater ae<;urity in a 'device we called 11 the 

a~ l!J ciphern Ol" Cipher Device E-lJO i~1 the A~. 

This. gentlemen, is a picture of the very t'irst SIGTOT or one-tine 

tape C7.:rptograph1C trarum.ission .machine, produced by t..'le AT&*r Col~mny in 

1918, too late to ba used in Y!OJ"ld War I. The prin~iple is: here you 

pertornte a ta:.>e bearing your plain-text message., here you have· a. previou.slyprepal'ed lceying. tape p~sing tbrouj.t a tranmaitw~, hP..re ia another keyirl[! 

tape passing thrOU£..'1l nnother trn:nSJil1tter; these tapes ara dif'torent am in 

tb.e form of loops of different di.ametem. suppose this one is a thousand 

characters in leflGth and t.'1e other 999. It ~ou st.a.rt ther4 out at initial . -K 

given poirtts, aceordin{t~indicator.s> those two points won•t come to~etb.er . ~ . . 

again until you have encipherect 999•000 maractc:t's t A pretty cood prine1ple, 

but,, again, on a ohallenee, • t.~is ns alter I came baok trQO the A."SF, was 

de:n.obilized and then went back to.Chicago to the Riverbank Laboratories -

on a c.iallen~:;e, l solved a set of 1aassaces in the systera,, wit.tiout haVing the 

ca.chine or the keiJ tapef!• This was nuppo:;ed to be absolutely indecipherabl.o; 

0-2 said so in writing in a letteJ.'I si[pled b'J the Director of !;illtary 

30 -
(l 

. '} . I \ 

' ' ~F._~A414B562 

~ 

IntelligGnco, but I \'ro$ able to solve tirie thing, as I have jUst aaid1 

wit..:O,.out;. having i..'le tapes, without lmowinc hQW long they ."•ere., or the 

rnaclllne• It 1fa8 a long and interesting solv,t;ion.; but' I haventt the 

time to ao into d.t. 

This 1~ a picture of 11 new type ·o! cryptographic machine• A 

· gentlenan b',r the nDEe ot, !iebern out in Oalif'ornia. cane .forth in about 

1922 .... 23 with a keyboard, a :t"otor Vlhicb acts as a SWitching·cQmutator ' . ·, . 

really" The ourrent from tha k0'/bOD.i-d depression$ entera at this side 

(a fixed comutator).; goes through.the wheel here,. eXitn at this fixed 

cQ!llUtato~1 and then to the light•bank 01~ .typemter •. Now, this machine 

had only one rotor. In a.bout ~e or four years, after collaboration 

with the Navy, he car.13 out with a. tiv~Wheel. ma9M.n01 five r:otore• you 

sea, and th~se are .the types of rotors that ho W!ed., w'aich eave pretty 

hi~h security. The Navy uae abot.."t· to adopt theee th~s. TherJ were 

about to place a contraQt for·$1S,ooo.oo with- Hebern. !Ioir that hit me 

when the chief Qf the Ha.Vy Code and Signai Section; Liout,enant Stt"Ubel -. 

. . ' . - . .-, ' .. 

now Admiral Strubel ·-in charge ot the"8~' Fleet 2.n the 11aters around ' .• '~ -- -

Fo;tUOsa - told Qe. what the Ua.vy had in tho W'a.}r of cash for cipher ra.aelrl.nef] l 

We in the Army' didn*t even ha.Ve a doμar for that stWt of thing at that 

tifae i · Well~ Strubel asked tae: "What about it?n I said, nI•U stwtr it.n 

I studied the matte~ for about Gix weeks before I hnd a i"e<.'illy good iQ.ea •. 

'l'hEm I went to Strubel and $a.id, *I think I can solve oossages." He eaid, 

11Youtll have to ·sl101r me.n I Stlid, ".All ri6bt,, I accept youx- cha.Uence~" 

He $aid; "OK. What <lo you uant?'t l said.; "! ~1t ten racasages set up on 

your 1naQhine.~ ·He eavo me the ten raessaaeo; mid I solved tpo thing. 
It was a. curiot:s tl1i1'13 that happened to 1:1e one evening as I wae 

gettintt dressed to co out" I'd been world.J1g at the problem; of course, 

and it took weeks of ;untinti distributions and finding w:y WD\Y ~ound. 

I had one asoiatarit at the time .. he was a veteran. an ex-prize fighter,. 

with ~rQs$ed-cyes, cauliflower ears nnd all, and he wnsn•t ouoh help.; 

exce!)t in typing.- I had reduced a probloa involving t.UJ.liona and 

milll.ons of alphabet~ to a place uhcre I had one lino of 26 letters 

r&luced to n cortain form~ 1.£ I could solve that one line I would have 

.a start-. \Yell,, I went homo thnt evenin,z I mentioned. much preoccupied. 

I had a clear picture in ~ mind of this one J.in6, but all I knelr 'WU 

that certain letters were t!le ~' certain ones different .., and, of 

courseJ :r kept in W.nd the specific positic:ms ·ot these letters. For 

instance, the first aix letters were all different, but the )d, 7th.; 

14th,· 19th and 25th were identical; thft 4th, 21.st arid 26th nre id~ntica.1.,, 

and so on. 'Well; 11$ I said before, ·while cettirl[,; dressed. to -co out to 

a party tha,t night, !'id<Uing with nw bl.a.ck bow tie, all of a auddcn it came 

to me 11l a single :f.'la~, like lightning,, The phrase t!lat wuld exactly 

fit the positions of too repeated oml t.'le ditterent letters was '.'President 

of the United States.• Tti.at wns it I The next day I caae in and veri£i.ed 

the aaaULlption. In a ff!il days I handed the !faVy a solution; they killed 

the order. The Heborn ti:rm went to pieceeJ :!ebem.11 the inventor and 

president of the f~1 wound up. in $0n Quentin for El couple Of years 

becauee he ran atoul ot Cal.ifo:rnia.'s flblue-~ey laws•" You see, tnc ttebern 

Coapaf\Y''a etoek had s1'Yrockotoc1 on the hot tip that a ~~avy order WWJ ooiaing 

through} and \Then the Ua.v; order did.nit co:.10 thro~1 as ant1cipated1 tbe 

stock dropped to abQut ~2.00 a si:uare,. Hebern piekod up a<.uo or the $2.00 
~ ,,_ ,· ' REF ID:A4148562 

fffi'~--

stuff, wnnt to a dilfer1,mt p3l"t of the etate., rurl sold it tor ;,)l0.00,. 

'!'he California authorities didn•t U. that,, so they put h:im in th.o 

hoosegow. 

'l'hi~ is a picture. of the liI:"St eipher 1ria.cl:Q.ne invented am built 

in Ruropo, called tho Eni(jla. It was sold on tbe conraercial market 

. . 

until t.'1.e Hazia on::la into pOlrer. l'.iexoe are the rotors, you seie; .four of 

tbooi here, a lwfbo:ud and· the lisht bank. You press th.a keyboo.rd1 the 

rotors step, ~ the lumps llcht up. you position these rotors accorJi. ~ 

to prearrail,~ed keying inQtruetions. Uow, also in Europe a bit later 

th.are ~re other inventors~ :!ere· is a cacl-dne calleq tb.e Kryha~ which 

was considered to be a very conxplicated run difi'icult thine .... nobody 

could solve it. · Here is a German pl"ofessor Y.no put out a treati.se on 

tho 1ndeciph<1rabil.ity'. of t.tie thing, 3howing hQlr ~ pemutatioll$ and 

combinations there were. EVerybOdy in the world could be provided wit.h a 

machine and a. di.f'i'erent key" there wei·e so uruw perrautations and combina ... 

tiona available. neu, ~entlcmen, merefy the nudber ot permutations and 

eombinlltions tna t a given cipher system. at.fords 1 like '•the birda that 

81.nc in t.M· a,tpring, 0 ha.vo noth1ng to do nth the c.a.se, or at least WJrT 

little. It all depends i.wonthe nature of tlloso porrautationa ~d 

co:.ab1nations,, that it, wat tilc>J are basi~ in the Qryptographio 

aenae. For instunce,. take tllc pri.nciple of l'3.0!100lphabetie aub$titution,, 

. tho principle Poe used in tt~e Gold Dug.u Thaoreticalfy1 with a 26".-letter 

alphabet you can ;Jake 26 S cipher alphabets~ now 26 ! is a la.rge nwber= 

v·, "-I 0, I , 

40J 29l,46l,:?6~60$ 63;.} 5G4.,900.t~100~ that is, four hundred and th!"e8 

quadrUliona, two hundred riinety~<me thousand four hundred and sixty-one 

33 
REF ....... __ ID:A4148562 . 

. OC:Cftti 

trilllonu, one hundred 'b'te:lt;r-.eix thousand siX hundred and five billions,, 

$U hundred thirt'J•.t'ive thousand five hundred and ei@lty-f'our Jililllons. 

Quite a large n\l:lbcr. ao, if' you wera to try to &iOlvo a cipne~ such aa 

tha1' in "'!he Gold aucn and wero to go at it simp]\y by tl""Jiite all those 

quadrilliona of permutations of the alphabet, ;yO"l.ifd ne4d lots of time 

. . 

and .lJanpor•er. aecause it has bGeO calculated that mQrely to \Yl'it.e down 

thQee 9ermutations it would take a fhouaand m.:uion men llOrldng a 

thousand m.ill;lon years to do the -majQr part ot the joQ -.. not all of it -

and the soroll would reach from Eatt1l fo.r beyond the planet Mol"cur,y 1 

Yet, any o:t you can aolve ft'J:i10 Gold Bugtt cipher i.n a fell minutes,, despite 

the vast n'IEJ.ber of wmutatio~ trult a 26-letter alphabet of£ord~h 

Here is a pioturo of a $Wodi~h aachine of a.bout the snoo.periodt 

a keyboard~ a liaht banlq a..'ld o. set of rotors. The rotors ara ot a bit 

di!'ferent typ$ in thi" c:ase~ of course, the light-bank cype o£ taa.chine 

was :slow•· You had to sit down and cow by ha\1Q and so C)UJ ao the 

inventor of this machine hOoked it up ~th an electric RSl'Jincton typewriter, and that 1'8$.· the :t.'it'st model or ·a erinti!1j cipher maohino. iie 

later modified ii:- so ~ t.i:> havo the pr1nt1ne nl6chanism self-contained 

in the czt';ptof;l'&Ph:t and t~t•s a. picture or the oachille from tho out.side; 

arxl there 16 a picture of tb& internal worldll(_;a. '.ihere is the keyboard. 

Here are 1;be mtoi.li.i~ comu.tatora; witli pins 1:bi.ch o.re put in and out of 

effective positions, li~ce 9n our Oonvel'te:r ti-209. 'Ihose pins drive a 

·certain lever~ here" wnich drives the switchina cojlutatora; ·which are in 

here-1 you aan also pit-c::i the effects ot the comutatort\ by r.ooane or these 

plugs,. Here :1$ the !}rinti~ o~chnnisci. '.n1is style you tu recognize as 

belng very siuilai- to that in Couve:-ter tflo-209• 'lho text is printed on a 

tape. -
• "· •' ,, 't REF ID:A4148562 

~EORQ 

Years ~o,. of coUl"ae,, 0011."l:iderable ti1ought began to be devoted. to 

th.a cncipbement of teletype communications. Aside .from.that 1918-19 

A,T. e.~ T,,. COOJ?WW r.saQh:tno that I showed you a few tU.nutes a.eo, this Ea 

the :f'!rst of tt10 teletypo cipnar attacllL10llts develQped for ~ecurity 

purposes. It wnu an invention of Qolonel Parke"fi !:iitt, mo retired tr~a 

the Army about 1925 ~d joi11.9d the International Toleptione and Teloer<lPh 

Colllp81V, tlhere he devoted hiu.self fo~ two or t.~ree yf>QI's to produo~ 

thia machine. 'l'here1s tho internal. weclianion. It bad keyine llbeels 

11hieh af'i'ect.ed the .five baud.a representing the teletype cbara.oter4h 'l."lese . 

wheels ·m.11•e .:;;: di£i'or~tial dia':leters. This one had 101 pcinta, this one 

99.; t.!'11.S one 91; and so on, dQ!in; so that it he.d sn ~]¥ long period; 

but the lenati1 of the pet'iod, again~ like "the birds that sing in the 

spring," has little to do With the case. · Tne r.Jachino we.a put into test 

usage in the Stnte D~t,. which called t;pon the War Del>artrnent to 

1ISke a security evnluation. l was a$Signod to the job1 and had an 

inttn'eetin.a ti.mo with thifh ihe State Department. put up a ~ies ot 

massages. Tiley were sta:nped in ~t a cc:rtain hour, about lO:OO o•clook 

in the ~ming; about lO~JQ, t!r" Saloon,. thf.' chief or the Sta.te Department 

eonmunications., called ue and said_, tl'.ftle raaehina ie out 0£ order, ua.Ybe 

yen'. oan fix it.11 X so.id, "I'll be up there in a few minutes." I slipp$d . . 

a piece of paper in rq pocket., and hustled over to the· State Department, 

fucn in the old State,·wo.r, a.rd Ha'1J' Duilding. Upon ntrivol,, SalJUon •a• 

apologetic. "I'm sorry,w he said, "'I t!'ied to catoh y9u,. but you h&d 

a.lrea.tt,r left. It•s workinc again, so I won*t t.?'ouble you.ti I mdd, •

1

By 

tJ.ie way; I have a qUQ.Stion to as!: nbout those uesuages." He inmediatel.y 

got auspicious and &JkedJ "~'hat. do you 1tont to know?" And I said.11. 
• 1.. •• 1• ' 

HSave you cot the plain texts to those ueosaees here?"' Ho ~ hi."ilSelf 

firm:! tr~ m.o and said, "tle--el., yes.0 I said_, 'trihere are they-?u I!e said,. 

"In that aa!e Qvor there .. •t: I s::Ld,; flWell.:a I'll sit here~ You r:o over 

to tl1e aafe a.l'ld d1g out oassaee no. 7-. I want to ask a question aoout 

it•" Very reluetantl.y t.c cot up,, opened tho safo1. pulled out uossage 

No. 7, and; nth his back to Ll.oJ. the ucsa~e 'be1.n{: held clu$e to lli8 

veat., said.1 ttm1at is it you \lant to know?" I pulled out 11\Y piece of 

paper, a.nd I sai.d:; 1'rlell1 lloes it sey -?" and l ;re~ him tho llho~e 

message.. He all:lost a~t dmm on the f+oor in astonishllent. T:'Ul.t was 

o~ .35 ninutes .or so ofte~ it hq.d bean recei:Ved.· The m Company 

burned its .flngers -Qn t:lis d~volopm~'t;. 1 gave up tOO. invesbent a.n.i never 

tried ~gain. Itve tolcl you about the A'J0~T Corapany atueytng nod inventing 

cipher cachines1 a.nd tne ITteT. Cmpany; the Autcr.1at:tc 1'J.<!Otri.C CanJ>at\Y of 

C:1icagoif and the IW C~ also tri~ their hands at ,it &lld failed. 

The basic reason for these .tail'Ul"eS is that without first-class oeyptanalytie .aw.dance nobody can invent o. ~ryptoerarnl,¢ tuichine that i$ 

going to stand up undel' org~zod attack; by cryptanalysts with the.· proper 

itknorf how•" 

Thi$ is C~nverter ?...'-,209,, which we adopted; it 'Ir~ a SWedish invention 

end iS pJ."ett;:,r good.. It Wl1D th.e only thin~ lff;t caue a.cross in 1940 suitable -

£or our us• in tho fie;J,.d. · ilei'e B.l"e keyine Tih~ls. liere is a barrel oi" 

mow.bla etave•h which are affected by t.bc keying wj1"3Jt~ ~he stavea, u 

the'J rio;Je to ~ left, o.nd in ~r from o to 2S~ affect a print wheel, 

ruxl t!lero is the tape. A very neat gadzet but a bit ~l.<nr and not too 

seoure when you have two or more messqeeo in t..'1.e aan~ settiug. 
ll. _.·.. ,) . . 

~..Ail4B562 ----..!. 

mm, the rest of the time I would like to devote to a brief 

discuosion of crypt.analyt1c ga.dgetey. This, to my knowl,.edge, is a 

picture of thEl first .cryptanalytic aid, so.:iething I got up at 

Riverbank wey back in 1916, I tl1ink it was: a pair of 5laas plates 

guides or grooves in vlhich alphabet strips could be slid up and dorm 

in order to align letters and study theo, for various purposes. I don't 

re;:iember now l1hy I put dmm. on it "The u. s. Uar College.rr I had no 

relations with them, but it was nice to hani the.a a present, so I a.:.J 

that. I made those strips with r::sy mm hands. '!his was a wheel with 

rubber letters tho.t I could arra:nf;e in any order I ploased to make up 

alphabets. There•a another view of tho thine, and here's a mole bunch 

of them put tocother, for whatever purposes necessary. 

:row, .from that early start have co;:;ie a great nany verJ" interesting 

developments. Here is a picture or a oemo dated October 30, 1934, which 

I sent to Captain Ki?1g and ;:~ajor Akin, now C!lie£ Sit:;n<ll. Officer, and in 

which I made so:ue reraarks. You can see evidences of tears or aaybe d!."'ups 

of blood on this thin.:.;. I was asldnr; for a little bit of money to :;et 

so·:.ie IB!! onc:1inos. I said, . 11Plcase do your utraost to put this across for 

me. If you do~ we can really begin to do worthwhile cryptanalytic work • 11 

Well, the plea was sm cesaful - we eot it. Here's a picturo of part o.f 

the contract, you aee, dated the 12th of Uovembor. It took only a. month. 

And here is what Tie were i;cttin[;, and see these prices. '1fuen I think of 

the millions of dollars which the .Arr:\Y''s Si~nal Intelligence Service spent 

· durinD Uorld War II .on this sort of thine, I ru:i amazed that frora such 

lowly ber,inniIL3s should havo coue that great establishment of IBM apparatus. 

This is a root1, just ~ Tiint; of sevcrnl in our headquarters duri~ tie 
...... · 1 I . \ 

}3EF ___ ID :A4148562 <;:u;;,1b9«~1 

.ar; wlth ta.bulat.ine raachioos,, heret 'just ono after the other IBU 

~chines# either -standard or :nodified· for svecinl. jobs •. 

You knl7YI the· J'.'1~t~ the average per~on -has ot a aypte.M~et. 

He•.s a lone;•ha:i+'• lie ~a:rs thick spectaelcs,. has lone vtdskers with 

crumbs in them and fiO OllJ he eoes into Ci\ huddle ~th himaelf' am 

pretey soon he cooes up tr.i.th a.n ~r, Well, that's far from the 

picture these drvs. Cryptanacysio and conmWU.c.:i.ti,QUS intelligence ia · 

"bit; buainess" n~, and I want to ~ay a word .or two about that aspect 

or the subject~ crypt~sia of taodern system$ has be<m i"~ili·~ted," 

if not :lade possiblej by t.ne use £Wd application Qf special C1";':9teuJ.al¥tio 

aids, including the use of high ~eed oachinery o£ t.~e type }ictured 

here~ $0-m are s:~Dllda.i"d madlinea, but. ~ostly vm devise and us& 

modification.a of those machine$._ Moro ll:Iportantly' n have ·1"eeently 

eone into the· invention, deval()pttent, and produotiQn of ele~tronic~ 

cryptanalytic gadgetry. At this point I muat take a few tlO!ilents to 

clarify tbo picture and·in sinple langusse tell you whtlt sudi cadget.$ 

do tor l.1$.• As I a<UQ be.fore, the nwaber 0£ pe;"mUtat.i,.on:J- and cow.bi.nations 

a£~c1"':1cd by a cryptosyf;tcr..a per ae isn't too significant. It's \'fhnt they 

arc basically from the standpoint of theiT nature cr,ypto~o.phical.ey 

5J,'e&ldng. In modem Cry",t:>tunalyeis libat you are Up ·agcinst are complex 

cryp'(;.osystems which u.sual.1¥' involve,, for their aoluti<m.;' the making or 

a ereat multiplicity of hypothe~ea each or which ·o.ust be teeted out, o;&e 

after the othor~ until you fin.1 the correQt one. The job of the cryptanalyst is to devise shorl cuts for testin$ the hypotlu~se:J, short cut$ 

oi'ten based upon the use of statiotics rcl.a.tive to f'requenciea. Onoe 
'·L •· '' ·1. 

b'.tJ?;;a?F rn·:A414B562 ----

havin::.t devised tho p;i;oper test or tests f'or · each· hypot.i.esis:, or to~ 

eevere.1 001:icurrent hypotheses, hu:mn labor croi be set to \70rk m.akina ' ' 

the millions of tests in ordor to find the correct hypothesi&J or to 

ca.at out the vast majority 0£ incolT'cct ones. Tihan the test is coq>li• 

cated,, or lengthy"' it· io obVious tha.t you'd have to have:, l.lS we used to 

5ay• factorisl ! Chinn;.oon to do tho job~ or ~lae tho job 1r-0uld ta.ks eons. 

But it is our experience tha.t ever,/ teat much can be ma-de, lr.:f hv.nd ean 

be mechanized, 3Ild it ia rurt.i1er om"' OX'.,?eri.ana.e that in ewst eaees it is 

practicable to build uiachinos Which will cake the tests. I don't rui.ve to 

tell you that .rmchines don t t tiro as l"'apidly as hum.a..'lS, they don't need 

much sleep, or ti.-10 out tor meals, or· tor recreation or for auch thinge ae 

shopping, love-mah~, etc. - in sh.ort/1thc cnre e.m .re8dint; "of Gacid:u.f'.?e 

:ls a relatively much more .$imple watter than ·the f1caro at"'ld feedinr; ot 

huoan beines. n So, we hav-0 cri;pta.nalysts who devise the tesw; then lie 

have c:cyptaruilyti<: mlt.,~ers 'Rho :nechani&e tile tests, and devise, invent,. 

develop, and produ~ the machines to po.rforo the te.sta .at bit;h apeed.J 

then we have ;naintenance engineers who kee:_J t.hc tiUlChines in good 11orki.ng 

order; then we have cryptanalytic assistants 'ilh.o exai:aino th.Q output o:t 

the :..mchinea, am Who nre ugual~ able to taL--e tbe correct hypot.'lesi.8 Ol' 

fart eorrect ones and go on with them to the final. etilf;e where a key is 

recovereclJ then o i;iay have · other :.Jnc!Iinos n'i1ich apply the recovered l~eya; 

to specific rJeSSa{jBQ and produce the J>lain texts fro~ them.- But in aJ.l 

these atopa, let oe einphaei~o, the 1Jachin~ only perfom,, at a hi~ ratAt 

of speed.. processeis w,U.ch the human brain and hand e~ perfom but only 

at a much slower rate .. these oocilines don•t,. they can•t~ replace the 

thinldnG proceaaea involved in cr-.fPtanal3ais. 
. L. . '' \ 

~lWlcr ID:A4148562 

How, I w.lllt. to l;lhmr yov. whnt som of these taa~"f)i00$ look li!:e. 

Here is a hit1ily-apecial1'8d. machine for decipheri!lb 1JeS~acesJ we call 

it an "analog" ~cause altho~ it does what tho eilel:l\Y''s ceyptosysteci 

does, 8lzy" re.seza.blance bc~n i.t and the m1el'ey''s ma~hine is purely 

coineidentcl.. To explnin,,. I'll e;,i;y thisi In a cr"JPtanalytic procesa:i.ng 

center., wo try to dupli-0ate l'lith · o. tew. p$0ple what thousands or people 

on the cnem.y s:Wo arc doing, for it takes thouoWlds of s<>1diers ta 

encipher e.nd decipher tne·a.,asagea of the Qany" headq~rs ~nvolvcd in 

intercoumunication. All these nesS3.Q"Ga1 or most of th~ a.re intercepted, 

they all flow into one place, r-.ml you can only hnve a certain nrubor of 

people to proceos them. it you have the key or ke-.1s,. th.en it becor.ies 

& problem or )r-0duction-line deciy::erinr;; so ve dense apecial oochines 

to decipher 'the lleosages.. As I said before, the oach:1Jle ~ not have £\J\Y 

resemblance l'batsoever to 1;ho ene~"'s cryptographic tJachine~ but it 

duplicates \that their machine doe(!; and does po at. a lli@ rate of epeed. 

Here's a picture of such a defice. !n this. next slide you aee a tabulator, 

a standard tabulatorvrith a special attachment devi(ted b.:r our own GnGineers 

susceptible of \'il.at we call doinc "brute !Ol"<;e*' operations,. Where you are 

tryine to solve a thing on t.'le batJia of repetitions which are fert and 

scattered o~r a larue- vo1\ill0 of oassages. Well-> if ~ou•ve eot r.rl.llion=:1 

and :millions o! letters, tho location or those ropeUttons is a pretty 

laborious thing if' you have to do it by hand; so we f?Jpeed the search up. 

A mclrl.nc of this kind will locate tbose repetition$ in_, say~ one-tenthoU8andths or t.11e ·tine that it would take to do it by hand. :Jere i~ a 

speciallged ::.a.chine, a.cain a tabulator, With an atto.c.hrJ.ent, hero, that is 

40~ 
..._ .. ,, I s£H!.!: ID:A4148562 · ~ ,.,,,!~~J . 

. · 

used for passinG the text of one :.:casac:e ar;n:!.nst the to.st of' another 

r:1e:~ma:.;e in order to find certain simil~.;..tiea, or perhaps di.f'fcrences,. 

or :tlBW'·be homologies, and it does it nutouatic31.ly. These relays are 

aet up accordi.n.t! to ~~rtain circuitry,; you at.art the naehinc, and 17 

and behold,, it p:roduces a printed record of tho :ilcsaucc repetitious 

or \'lhat not. 

Here ls n :;ia.c~;J.ne ·which I pors0:nally ccll . "Rodin." Red.in vtas the 

Great French sculptor who sculpted a piece of en£:ineeri!l(;; kn~m rut 

"The Thin1ror~ 11 This -~.iac.'1ine alraost thinks. ~1i1at it does is this: you 

eet U!}, or give it, or. .feed into it, a certain nunbor of hypotheses ond 

you tell :lt,, "How, you ooi;awine those hypotheses_ C.::c,>. co;.:e Y4 w~~. one 

which Will answer all the i'oll0\1inr; conditions. 1t T'ne rJO.chinc takes tt1e 

.f'1ret hypotheses,. let's sa:y1. e:xa:ai~es that, and if it cooes to a c<mtra .. 

diction it says, "Hell, tha.t 1 s no Good; I'll eo back and take up the next 

one." And so on. It tests the hypotheses; one after the other, o.t a 

high rate of speed,· nt electronic speed. That 'a only one s:aall sec.ti.on Of 

the machine. 

Well, \1e 1va got left here a few ninutea in which ! should say oometl1:1.ng 

about the current et:aployraont or oonner. of -eUlployracmt 0£ coI;Jl!runications 

:lntelli;;once. I •ve tle'Voted two houra to talldng about the 00.c!:ground and 

devel.C>pl'.Jent and haven't .said very trucll about the oonner of its employment, 

\iell,, \'IC could discums. that under vario'W1 headings, but it is o-bvi.oua f"rol!l 

the dlscloauros of the eorigreasional Pearl Harbor Cociaittce that the oarmer 

of it~ empl~nt in ahortenint; ·dorld War II tiust h~vo boon very ei'ficacious. 

I wish I hud the time to. read yo-r.. the •·rh<>l~ of the i!ars:~o.ll•'Oewey: 
.. d \ 

.. '-· ·' 

correspondence that the article in~ was based upon, but I think 

that just a brief extrrict '7ill be sufficient to give you a pretty 

good idea of tho contribution COMIIJT r.iade t<>Wal'd our w-~ Uorld 

War II. These are all in that correspondence, nhich was practically . . 

broadcast to all the chanceries arrl war offices of the world when it 

WD.S di5closed . during the Congressional hearings. General liarshall, 

you•ll rer.iember, in his letter to Governor Dewey~ sent during the hot . ' 

political car.ipaign of 19h4, was a.skill0 the Governor not to use certain 

inf on.la.ti on Dmvey got by surreptitious channels. Here are so!.lle excellent 

illustrations of the raannor of employment of counrr: 

"IIow the point to the present dilemma is that we have 

gone ahead with this business of deciphoring their codes 

until we possess other codes, German as well as Japanese, 

but our main basis of informn.tion regardinc Hitler's intentions in Europe is obtained from Baron Oshiraa 1s messages 

from Barlin reporting his interviews with Hitler and other 

officials to the Ja.panene Government. · 'f'nese are still in 

the codes involved in the Pearl Harbor events. 

11To explain further the critical. nature of this setup which would be wiped out almost in an :instant if the 

least suspicion were aroused regarding it, the Battle of 

the Coral Sea was based on deciphered r.iessages and therefore our few sl~ips were in the ricilt place at the richt 

t:tue. Further, we ware able. to concentrate on our limited 

f'orcea·to meet their advances on lli.dway when otherwise we 

aL1ost certainly would havo been saw.e 3,000 miles out of 

place. 

1111e had full infomation of the strength of their 

forces in tnat·o.dvance and also of .the smaller force directed 

azainst the Aleutians wi~ich finally landed troops on Attu and 

Kiska. · 

"Operations in the Pacific are largely f!Uided by the 

i..riforaation we obtain of Japanese daploy~ents. Ne lalow 

their stroneth in vnrious garrisons, the rations rurl other 

stores continuing available to t.'1.ec, end \lha.t is of vast 

ir:iportancG, we check their fleet oove:aents and the movements of their convoys. 
; REF ID:A4148562 SECREi 

"Ti!e heavy losses reported froza ti~ to tiL1e which 

they sustnin _by reason of our suruilrine action larcely 

results from the fact that we lmow the sailine dates. and 

the routes ·or their convoys and can notify.our submarines 

to lio ih wait at the propor point. 

"The current raids by. Admiral Halsey' a carrier forces 

on Japanese . shipping in I!anila · &\y and else;;here were 

larccly based in tioin~ on the kriomi movements.of Japanese 

convoys, two of 'Which were caught, as anticipated, in his 

destructive attacks. 

* * 

"The conduct of General Eisenhower's campaicn nnd of 

all operations in the Pacific are closely related in con- c~tion and timing to the information Tie secretly obtain 

through these intercepted codes. They contribute greatly 

to the victory and trez::iendously to the savillGs:of .American 

lives, both in the conduct of current operations and in 

lookine toward the early teruin:ation of the war. 11 

* .. ~ '{} * 

What I ;J1il going to say next is _very. important. Tho interception 

of forPign communicotions and subsequent processing requires the services 

of mu1erous communications and ether trained personnel. In Ol"der that 

the product may be most useful operationally, nnd not ;;.1erely historically 

interesting,.the intercept traffic.has.got to.be.forwarded as' expeditiously 

a~ possible to the proceasine center, and after processincr the Ctl.!.IHT 

product must be promptly .trcma.:iitted to the people who evaluate it from 

an intelligence point of view, integrate or collate it with. intelligence 

from other sources, pass the results then to other intellicence personnel, 

and, in some cases where it .lakes a difference - a ereat difference, 

seconda perhaps - see that it is traasa.itted dirc~t to operational 

commanders. The need for tra:ined communications per~ormel, intelligence 

43 
.. ~ . REF ID:A4148562 -~~""'4£'C""""R-t....,,,.r--

experts, radio and electronics encinoers,, m.atheooticians, linguists, 

CI"JPtanalysts, and other highly skilled personnel,. military and 

civilian,, is therefore quite obvious. It takes a lal'Ge ore.:inization. 

In 1939 or 40, the.totality of personnel in the Army and Uavy devoted 

to this work was about 300. In 194~ we had 311 000 I That gives you 

some idea ae to what it takes, aside from m:illions and millions of 

dollars tor equipment,, both. communications equipment and this type 

of equipment that I cave you a little stor,y about. 

SoI!le of the cryptanalytic and cowunications intelligence proceeses 

can be accomplished in the field to ceet certain illDedia.te needs of 

field tactical cor:llllanders, and these have been provided for by each of 

t.he three Services in order to meet special needs in this cateeory. 

But communications intclli:;ence processing involves a rather large and 

intricate compleJC of a good !'.la.ny activities,, much of Tihich can be done 

well only at major, large processing plants \'lhere the limited nUli1bor of 

hiGhly sldlled personnel can be concentrated and ver-3 special specialized 

cryptanalytic machinery can be inatalled and maintained. You see, we 

have to concentrate the std.lied personnel because 'thEra are only a g .. 

limited m.u:ibor or thera. You can•t find people trained in this field in 

civil life,, because there is no need for cryptanalysis in colllLlerce or 

industry, so thnt when wrrr co:iea we don't havo a large pool of trained 

civllis.ns from which to draw to augment our forces. We've got to take 

basically intelligent people uith w od backgrounds, and good education, 

and train than ourselves. The clearence process alone takes months, and 

while durin{; that tiae we cnn rr.J_ve them some basic training,, the more 

complex phases have to be absorbed lareely by on-the-job training. 
Wow, I wnnt. to say a fev1 uords o.bout; the very ereat importance 

of coordination of comuunication intelligence activlties w.i.th othor 

intelligence operations and the tactical situatioil. · There you've got 

to have certaiil cover met.'iods. F'or exru.;iplo, men ~ decision has been 

made to take acti~n based upon coinfilunications intelliGence, a caref'ul 

effort must be oade to insure that the action cannot be attributed 

to co1JL1unications intelligence alone. Otherwise you will kill the 

goose that lays the golden egg. tfuen possible, action must always be 

preceded by suitable reconnaissance OI_' othe~ operations which will serve 

as cover or deceptive oethods. For·exanple, if there is a convoy out 

in the middle of the ocean and suddenly it is attacked by air, the 

question mlght well rise, it\7ell, ho1'r tho hell did they kn0i1 vre were 

out here'" ucy off the beaten track'la You see, you make cover for that, 

perhaps by air reconnaissance - or it seems th.at .wa:y to the enemy. 

Another aspect of coordination between operations and co.ili.lUilications 

intelligence is to be mentioned. The crn.uunications intelligence 

pro~ucers must be carefully and fully oriented to give optimum coverage 

of tactical. operations in progress, or conteIJplated. There are jμst so 

many i'acil1t_ies arrl per.sonncl available for com.raun1cations irti:.elligence 

work, and there's a great deal of traffic, an enormous amount. Only a 

fraction of it can be processed, so you've ~ot to neelect the rest. 

It's.essential, therefore, that the ~ommunications lntollir,ence yrorkers 

be abreast of the · current situation so that they• 11 lmOVI where to put 

their r.iaximum effort. Also, their Y-.nowledge of the tacticnl si tuntion 

is essential to a proper interpretation of certain results they obtain. 
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I+~ :i.l:Iportant, also, to correlate the coiJounic2tions intelli~ence uork 

£1 tactical operations in another phase of operations. If in exuberance 

ur bombers knocl:: out ene!I\Y' radio ·stations, 'the very success of such an 

operation has repercussions upon cor:im'll!lications intelli[~ence. You see, 

putting those stations out. of business mal~es unavailnblo to us a lot of 

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traffic; so that operations of this sort must be coordinated vr.lth the 

COll!\lT aui:.hori ties• There is onother reason for being very careful to 

coordinate, and that is that cryptosysteus are usunlzy world-wide or 

area-wide in distribution, and if you don't coordinate tactical operations 

with your CO!~I~JT aut.liori tics, so as to cover up your source of inf or:.mtion, 

the enany will soon suspect that his cryptosysteil has been compromised 

Tihich would have far-reaching consequences. You see;,. a commander 'Who is 

a recipient of C01IT1T and seeks a minor advantage by using it in one 

locality ~ deprive cor.unande:rs izl' other areas of much greater advantage; 

you wunt to be sure that you don't comprorJise the source of information -

that 1 s the important point in this discussion. l~hile lmaviledge and · 

expe:rienco point.to the necessity of exploitiUG e'Very possible advantaee 

tfl..nt the situation affords when you 2et this stuff,, ruld in the heat of 

battle the temptation is, of course, very· rireat to use the material whenever 

it is avcilable, nevertheless this often may lead to carelessness in its 

use, which ~ lead to jeopardizing the source. Of course, the full value 

0£ coil!Junicntions intelli~ence cannot be realized unless operational use 

is na'1e of it. However, Tihen action is contemplated based upon such 

intellieence, the possibility of co:aproraise or the oource must always be 

46 
~~~' /. ,. ' A41AB562 J'J .L . '{ ,;,i -c; ·1 / •.c REF ID: • 

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, l'.}f~·- ~:r . -. ;'.. ·~ ~·· '-·. ,· ' ,.._ ,: .. ' - .. - • I ~ -: 

1«:. .. ".~ r.·,.-; '.f· ~ '.1. . . 

~/~~_)i~:i:d~~:: :::: :::::ai: ::i::::::::;::i::~ /'--/'_,"I the loss of the sotirce.' 

t,,,..., 

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. !·.; Well, gentlemen,, it 1 s 10:00 c)t'clock •. r''m sorry that we don't have. 

J a.rry time to answer questions, but I welcome you· to examine the e:xhibi ts. 

If I cari answer a question-while. you are doing so, I \:rill be glad to do 

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j that. 'lhank you very much for your courtesy and your attention• I 

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