Slip Op. 15-102 UNITED STATES CO URT O F I NT ERNATIONAL T RADE

SIGMA

- TAU HEALTHSCIENCE, I NC., A.K

. A. SIGMA

- TAU HEALTHSCIENCE, LLC , Plaintif f

,
v. UNITED STATES , Defend ant

. Before : Gregory W. Carman , Senior Judge Court No. 11-00093

OPINION AND ORDER [Plain tiff’s moti on for summary judgment is denied ; Defendant’s cross -motion for summary judgment is g ranted ; Plaintiff’s motion to strike is denied as moot .] Dated: September 3, 201 5 Leslie A

. G lick , John C

. Monica, Jr. , and Christopher C. Yook , P orter Wright M orris & A rthur LLP, of W ashington, DC, for pl aintiff.

Alex ander Vanderweide , Trial Attorney, Civil Division, Commercial Litigation Branch, U.S. Department of Justice, o f New York, NY, for defendant. With him on the brief were Benjamin C. Mizer , Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and Amy M. Rubin , Assistant Director, International Trade Field Office . Of Counsel on the brief was Yelena Slepak , Office of the Assis tant Chief Counsel, International Trade Litigation, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, of New York, NY.

Carman , S enior Judge : Before the C ourt are cross mot ions for summary judgment and Plaintiff’s motion to strike certain expert testimony. See Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 64, and Mem. in Supp. of Pl. Sigma- Tau HealthS cience , Inc.’s Mot. for Summ. J., ECF No. 64-1 (“Pl’s MSJ”); Def.’ s Cross -Mot. for Summ. J. and Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Its Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. , ECF No. 68 (“Def.’s MSJ”) ; and P l. Sigma -T au HealthS cience, Inc.’s Reply in Supp.Court No. 11-00093 Page 2
of its Mot. for Summary J./Opp’n to Gov’t’s Cross-Mot. and Mot. to Strike (“Pl.’s Reply ”) , ECF No. 69. Plaintiff Sigma

- Tau HealthScience , Inc., a.k.a, Sigma

- Tau HealthS cience, LLC (“Sigma

- Tau” or “ Plaintif f”) moves that the two products a t issue in this case

— (1) Acetyl LCarnitine Taurinate Hydrochloride with 1.5% Silica and (2) Glycine Propionyl L- Carnitine Hydrochloride USP with 1.5% Silica (hereinafter collectively “products at issue” or“LCarnitine”) —a re vitamins and properly classifiable as “vitamins” under the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTSUS” ) subheading 2936.29.50, which carries duty free
treatment. Defendant U.S. Customs and Border Control (“Customs” or “Defendant”) crossmov es that the products at issue are not vitamins and properly classifiable as “quaternary ammonium salts” under HTSUS subheading 2923.90.00. For the reasons stated below, the products at issue are properly classi fied under HTSUS subheading 2923.90.00, and accordingly, Defendant’s motion for summar y judgment is granted and Plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is denied. In addition, Plaintiff’s motion to strike is denied.

BACKGROU ND This action originally involved fifteen entries of eight products impor ted by Plaintiff from its Italian parent company into JFK International Airport, New York, between 2008 and 2010. Def.’s MSJ at 1. The eight products are listed in Table A : 1

1 For ease of reference, the Court assigns product identification numbers to each of the subject products as shown in Table A.Court No. 11-00093 Page 3

Product ID No. Product Chemical Name 1 Acetyl L

- Carnitine Hydrochloride 2 Acetyl L

- Carnitine Arginate Dihydrochloride, USP with 1.5% Silica 3 L

- Carnitine Fumarate with 1.5% Silica 4 Lysine L

- Carnitine Fumarate Hy d rochloride with 1.5% Silica 5 L

- Carnitine Inner Salt (also known as L

Carnitine Base) 6 L

- Carnitine Hydrochloride 7 Acetyl L

- Carnitine Taurinate Hydrochloride with 1.5% Silica (trade name L

- Tauro) 8 Gycine Propionyl L

- Carnitine Hydrochloride, USP with 1.5% Silica (trade name GlycoCarn)
Compl. ¶13. Between 2009 and 2010, Customs liquidated and/or reliquidated Plaintiff’ s entries, classifying Products 1, 3, 5, and 6 under HTSUS subheading K2923.90.00, 2 which entered duty free, and Products 2, 4, 7, and 8 under HTSUS subheading 3824.90.92, 3 which carr ies a 5% duty. Def.’s MSJ at 2. The K designation in this subheading indicates duty- free status in accordance with HTSUS General Note 13. 4 Id . at 2 n.2. Plaintiff timely filed four protests against Defendant’ s decision to classify Products 2, 4, 7 and 8 under HTSUS subheading 3824.90.92. Id

. at 3. In its protests, Sigma -Tau argued that all of its products, even those that Customs classified

2 HTSUS subheading 2923.90.00 provides for “Quaternary ammonium salts and hydroxides; lecithins and other phosphoaminolipids, whether or not chemically defined: Other.”

3 HTSUS subheading 3824.90.92 provides for “Prepared binders for foundry mold or cores; chemical products and preparations of the chemical or allied industries (including those consisting of mixtures of natural products), not elsewhere specified or included: Other: Other: Other: Other: Other.”

4 Without the K-designation the HTSUS subheading 2923.90.00 carries a 6.2% duty.Court No. 11-00093 Page 4
as duty-free under HTSUS subheading K2923.90.90, should be classified under subheading 2936.29.50. Id

. Plaintiff applied for further review of Protest Number 4701-09-100897 regarding Products 1, 2, 7 and 8, which resulted in Customs issuing ruling letter HQ H081683 on August 27, 2010. Id . In that ruling, Customs confirmed that Product 1 was a “nonaromatic quaternary ammonium salt compound provided for in the Pharmaceutical Appendix, and thus properly classifiable duty -f ree under HTSUS subheading K2923.90.00.” Id . However, Customs also confirmed that Products 2, 7 and 8 “were mixtures of nonaromatic compounds, and were thus properly classifiable under HTSUS subheading 3824.90.92.” Id . Customs denied two of Plaintiff’s protests in part and denied two in full “in accordance with HQ H081683.” Id. Subsequently, in December 2011, Customs issued amended laboratory reports, which concluded: (i) Products 2, 7, and 8 are separate chemically defined organic compounds and thus

are properly classifiable under HTSUS Chapter 29 as quaternary ammonium salts; and (ii) Product 2 was provided for in the Pharmaceutical Appendix. Id . at 3 -4. On February 10, 2014, the parties agreed that Products 1 through 6 are provided for in the Pharmaceutical Appendix and thus are properly classifiable as duty free under HTSUS subheading K2923.90.00. 5 Partial Stipulated J. and Order , ECF No. 37 ( “Partial Stipulated Judgment”). Consequently, the two products remaining in controversy in this case are Product 7, which is known by its trade name as L- Tauro, and Product 8, which is known by its trade name as GlycoCarn. Def.’s MSJ at 4. Defendant explains that these two products could not be part of

5 The tariff classification for six of eight of the products agreed upon by parties in the S tipulated Judgment is Customs’ proposed provision but with a K designation which grants duty free entry.Court No. 11-00093 Page 5

the K -designation stipulation because “ neither taurinate nor glycine are provided for in the Pharmaceutical Appendix, [thus] these two products are not entitled to duty- free status with the
K- designatio n.” Id . The Clerk of the Court severed entries 237-1325768- 3 a nd 237-1329667-3 from this case, since those two entries entirely encompass ed products no longer at issue, assigned them a new case number, and disposed of that case by joint stipulation. See Co urt No. 14-00042, Stipulated J. , ECF No. 3. On October 20, 2014, Plaintiff moved for Referral to Court-Annexed Mediation and Defendant opposed. See ECF Nos. 48, 49. The Court denied the Motion for Referral to CourtAnnexed Mediation in Slip Opinion 14-133, ECF No. 52. On November 7, 2014, Plaintiff moved to compel certain discovery but subsequently withdrew its motion. See ECF Nos. 50, 62. In its motion for s ummary judgment, Plaintiff also requests as a part of its summ ary judgment remedy

“ costs, expenses , and attorney’s fees, as may be recoverable by law. ” Pl.’s MSJ at 35. Defendant counters that such request “is premature and wholly inappropriate at this time.” Def.’s MSJ at 4 n.6. In any case, Plaintiff has not filed for costs in the form of a Bill of Costs pu rsuant to USCIT Rule 54(d)(1) or for fees in the form of an application pursuant to the Equal Access to Ju stice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d), and USCIT Rule 54.1. Plaintiff moves the Court for summary judgment, arguing that L- Tauro and Glyco Carn are “properly classified as ‘ vitamins ’ under HTSUS heading 2936 .29.50 and thus should be duty free.” Pl.’s MSJ at 1 . Defendant cross moves for summary judgment, arguing that these two products “are completely described by the terms of HTSUS heading 2923, as q uaternary ammonium salts,” and thus should be classified under HTSUS 2923.90.00. Def.’s MSJ at 4.Court No. 11-00093 Page 6

DISCUSSION A. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review The Court has “exclusive jurisdiction of any civil action commenced to contest the denial of a protest, in whole or in part, under section 515 of the Tariff Act of 1930” pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) (2012 ). 6 Summary judgment is appropriate when the record shows that “there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the mova nt is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” USCIT R. 56(a ). Parties agree there is no dispute about the facts and this case is ripe for summary judgment. Pl.’s MSJ at 25 ; Def.’s MSJ at 6. Although Customs enjoys a statutory presumption of correctness in its classification decisions, this does not apply to pure issues of law in a summary judgment motion before the Court. Universal Elec. Inc. v. United States , 112 F.3d 488, 492 (Fed. Cir. 1997). The Court “does not defer to Customs’ decisions because it has been tasked by Congress to conduct a de

novo review, and to determine the correct classification based on the record made before it.” Id. at 493; se e also 28 U.S.C. § 2640(a) (1)

. Ultimately, t he Court's “duty is to find the correct result, by whatever procedure is be st suited to the case at hand.” Jarvis Clark Co. v. United States , 733 F.2d 873, 878 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (emphasis in original). Resolution of a disputed classification “ entails a two -step process: (1) ascertaining the proper meaning of specific terms in the tariff provision ; and (2) determining whether the merchandise at issue comes within the description of such terms as properly construed.” Pillowtex Corp. v. United States , 171 F.3d 1370, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 1999). When “the nature of the

6 All references to the United States Co de hereinafter refer to the 2012 edition, unless otherwise specified

.Court No. 11-00093 Page 7
merchandise is undisputed, . . . the classification issue collapses entirely into a question of law.” Cummins Inc. v. United States , 454 F.3d 1361, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2006) ( internal citations omit ted)

. B. Pro posed Classifications The parties agree that the proper classification of the two products at issue hinges upon the primary and only active component of the products, L- Carnitine. See Pl.’s MSJ at 4 (“ LCarnitine is the b iologically active component of the two products .”); Def.’s MSJ at 2 2 ( referring to “carnitine as “the lone biologic ally active component” of L -Tauro and GlycoCarn). The products at issue are listed as “L

- Carnitine C ompounds” on the protests. See Summons, ECF No. 1. Customs rulings demon strate that subject merchandise which includes the active agent L

Carnitine is typically classified as L- Carnitin e. See , e.g ., N011436 (June 1, 2007) ( classifying Levocarnitine, also known as L-Carnitine, which is a trimethlyammonium salt derived from an amino acid ); NY F 80631 (January 11, 2000) ( classifying L- beta

- hydroxy trimethylammonium butyric acid, also known as L- Carnitine base ). Accordingly, the Court ’s duty is to determine the proper classification of L

- Carnitine, which will apply to the two produ cts at issue. 1. HTSUS Heading 2936 Plaintiff contends that the products at issue are properly classified as vitamins in HTSUS subheading 2936.29.50. 7 Pl.’s MSJ at 4. “Vitamins belong to a specific and unique category of

7 HTSUS subheading 2936.29.50 covers:
Pr ovitamins and vitamins, natural or reproduced by synthesis (including natural concentrates), derivatives thereof used primarily as vitamins, and intermixtures of the foregoing, whether or not in any solvent: Vitamins and their derivatives, unmixed: Other Vitamins and their derivatives: Other : Other.Court No. 11-00093 Page 8
bioactive compounds, based on their vital role in the human body.” Decl. of Yesu T. Das, Ph.D. (“Das Decl.”) at ¶ 8, Pl.’s MSJ at Ex. J, ECF No. 64-4. Dr. Das, a chemist , explains: There is no single overarching common chemical structure of vitamin s— vitamins are represented in a variety of chemical structures and no two vitamins have the same chemical structure. Therefore, products are classified as vitamins due to their functional use, not due a particular chemical structure. Das Decl. at ¶5. Sigma

- Tau imports both products in “25 kg drums from Italy where it is produced as a bulk powder,” and “ sells the powder to intermediate manufacturers in the United States that further process it into (i) single vitamin tablets and/ or pills and (ii) sports drinks or protein/food bars.” P l.’s M SJ at 4 -5 (internal citat ions omitted). Plaintiff emphasizes that L- Carnitine “is also commonly known as ‘Vitamin Bt ’ and appears on the HTSUS Pharmaceutical Appendix and other scientific sources.” Id

. at 5 ( internal citations omitted ). Drawing on similarities with vitamin D, Plaintiff offers the following definition of vitamin Bt : Vitamin Bt is produced in insufficient amounts by the human body for normal nutrition and must be supplemented by external sources, both in infants and adults. The two products at issue are simple analogs of Vitamin Bt in that their other chemical components have no biological activity in the human body and do not change the essential nature of the products. A deficiency in Vitamin Bt in children can lead to ill ness or death. In this way, Vitamin Bt is an essential nutrient to all humans. Clinical studies have shown that humans require an exogenous source of Vitamin Bt products from outside the body to supplement the body’s limited internal endogenous production. The principal biological basis for the necessity of Vitamin Bt is its role in the body’s energy generations. Specifically, it is a transporter for the fatty acids in the cell s’ mitochondria. Without it, the body is not able to properly generate energy.Court No. 11-00093 Page 9

Id . (internal citation omitted). In support of its contention, Plaintiff provided e xpert testimony about vitamin Bt from a chemist , definitions of carnitine and vitamin Bt 8 in the Merriam Webster d ictionary, and excerpts from scientific texts

. See Pl.’s MSJ at Ex. G. Plaintiff further asserts that its proposed heading is “a principle use provision” and thus is “governed by the Additional Rule of Interpretation (ARI) 1(a): ‘[A] tariff c lassification controlled by use (other than actual use) is to be determined in accordance wi th the use in the United States at , or immediately prior to, the date of importation, of goods of that class or kind to which the imported goods belong, and the controlling use is the principle use.” Pl.’s MSJ at 26 (citing Prima l Lite, Inc. v. United States , 182 F.3d 1362, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 1999)). Plaintiff insists that it has “put forward an abundance of affirmative evidence demonstrating that its products at issue meet all of the Carborundum factors 9 because [the products at issue] have all of the physical characteristics of vitamins, are sold in stores that specialize in vitamins ( e.g. The

8 L- carnitine refers to the levo -optical rotation of carnitine. See Def.’s MSJ at 8 n

. 8. Parties agree that there is no functional difference between L

- carnitine and carnitine and use these terms interchangeably. So will the Court.

9 The Carborundum factors , which are use d to determine which goods are commercial ly fungible with the imported goods, include: use in the same manner as merchandise which defines the class; the general physical characte ristics of the merchandise; the economic practical ity of so using the import; the expectation of the ultimate purchasers; the channels of trade in w hich the merchandise moves; the environment of the sale, such as accompanying accessories and the manner in which the merchandise is advertised and displayed; and the recognition in the trade of this use. Aromont USA, Inc. v. United States , 671 F.3d 1310, 1312-13 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (citing United States v. Carborundum Co ., 63 CCPA 98, 536 F.2d 373, 377 (1976)).Court No. 11-00093 Page 10
Vitamin Shoppe), are purchased by other companies as vitamins, are used by end- users as vitamins, are advertis ed as vitamins, are deemed vita mins by many scholarly articles provided to Customs as part of Plaintiff’s protests, and are recognized as vitamins in the industry in which Sigma

- Tau operates as vitamin manufacturer.” Id . at 27. To supports its proposition that LCarnitine is a vitamin, Plaintiff cites the deposition of Dr. Ken Hassen, CEO of Sigma- Tau (Dep. of Dr. Ken Hassen (“Hassen Dep.”) , Pl.’s MSJ at Ex. E, ECF No. 64-3), and the declaration of Dr. Das, expert chemist for Sigma

- Tau

. Id . at 28. Plaintiff asserts that Defendant offered no rebuttal evidence regarding how the products at issue are actually used, and therefore, “the evidence shows that the products at issue are properly classified as vitamins, specifically under HTSUS 2936.29.50.” Id . at 29. Plaintiff further asserts that the products at iss ue are properly classified by using the rule of relative specificity of GRI 3(a). Plaintiff purports that its principle use provision trumps Defendant’s eo nomine provision because the “ general rule” is that the product is “generally more specifically provided for under the use provision.” Id . at 32 (quoting BASF Corp. v. United States , 497 F.3d 1309, 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). 2. HTSUS Heading 2923 Customs contends that the products at issue are properly classified as quaternary ammonium salts in HTSUS subheading 2923.90.00. 10 Def. ’s MSJ at 7. While admitting that the “identity of Vitamin Bt as carnitine was established in 1951,” Customs asserts that “the

10 HTSUS subheading 2923.90.00 covers: Quaternary ammonium salts and hydroxides; lecithins and other phosphoaminolipids, whether or not chemically defined: Other.Court No. 11-00093 Page 11
description of carnitine as Vitamin Bt has little use or applicability today, and has no bearing on whether the substance functions as a vitamin in humans or is classified as a vitamin for tariff purposes.” Id

. at 26 (internal citations omitted). Cu stoms explains that the “t” of vitamin Bt stands for “ T enebrio ,” a group of several mealworms that demonstrated a dietary need for carnitine in the original study. Id . Customs argues, however, that calling carnitine “Vitamin Bt” is a misnomer because “neither carnitine nor Vitamin Bt is recognized as a v itamin in humans.” Id . at 27. Customs further contends that Plaintiff’s products are not akin to vitamin D. Id . at 28. Customs expounds that even though L- Carnitine “has an essential role in metabolism, it is not a vitamin, because the body of a normal individual makes a sufficient amount for daily needs.” Id

. at 25 (quoting Def.’s MSJ at Ex. S, B. Burge, “Carnitine in Energy Production,” Healthline (July 1999) at 9). Customs offers that L- Carnitine is a conditionally essential nutrient only for rare people who, for “genetic or medical reasons,” cannot produce sufficient amounts in their body. Id

. at 25 (internal citations omitted). Customs posits that Plaintiff’s “reliance on vitamin D’s classification designation to support its preferred tariff subheading is misplaced, as is [ Plaintiff’s ] comparison of vitamin D ” to the products at issue. Id . at 28. Defendant explains that , unlike vitamin Bt, “vitamin D is specifically provided for eo nomine 11 ” under HTSUS subheading 2936.29.5020, and is “ listed as a vitamin in the Explanatory Note to heading 2936.” Id

. at 28 -29. Defendant posits that vitamin D differs from L -Carnitine in that vitamin D “is usually produced

11 Eo nomine means an item is “identified by name.” Len -Ron Mfg. Co., Inc. v. United States , 334 F.3d 1304, 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2003).Court No. 11-00093 Page 12
in quantities low enough to necessitate dietary supplementation for health” versus L- Carnitine , which is “sufficiently synthesized and abundant in our bodies.” Id . at 30. Accordingly, Customs claim s that Plaintiff’s proposed provision, HTSUS heading 2936, “does not even partially describe the products” at issue and that its own proffered provision, HTSUS heading 2923, “is the only heading that encompasses the two products at issue.” Id . at 7. Defendant asserts that “no analysis beyond GRI 1 is needed because the imported merchandise is
not prima facie classifiable in more than one HTSUS provision.” Id

. 3. HTSUS Heading 3824 HTSUS heading 3824 was the basis for Customs’ denial of Plaintiff’s protests pursuant to HQ H081683. See Pl.’s MSJ at 2. Large swaths of Pla intiff’s briefs are devoted to detailing Customs’ erroneous classification of t he products at issue as “chemical products and preparations of the chemical or allied industri es (including those consisting of mixtures of natural products), not elsewhere specified or included” under HTSUS subheading 3824.90.92. 12 See , e.g. , Pl.’s MSJ at 5 -18; Pl.’s Reply at 1-3. Customs originally classified the products at issue under this tariff provision in HQ H081683, and Plaintiff argues that Customs is bou nd to the classification stated in that ruling letter in this litigation. See Pl .’s MSJ at 32. While the Court agrees th at Customs was bound by the tariff provision stated in its ruling letter for the purpose of classifying entries, the Court disagrees that Customs is bound to argue for the application of an admittedly

12 The Court notes that Plaintiff refers to this provision throughout its papers as merely “foundry mold materials,” but Defendant asserts that it “never classified the products at issue as ‘foundry mold material.’” Def.’s MSJ at 17 n .19. Rather, Defendant explains that its Newark laboratory originally erroneously classified the products at issue under the basket segment of this provision as “mixtur es of nonaromatic compounds e xcluded from classification in Chapter 29, HTSUS.” Id . at 15.Court No. 11-00093 Page 13

erroneous class ification in this litigation. 13 While arguably useful as background, the Court finds that arguments regarding HTSUS subheading 3824.90.92 for the products at issue are moot b ecause Customs correctly conceded “ that HQ H081683 incorrectly classified the two products at issue” under HTSUS heading 3824. Def.’s MSJ at 18. Consequently Customs “disavowed the accuracy of this tariff designation.” Def.’s Reply to Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Cross-Mot. for Summary J. (“Def.’s Reply”) at 2. Consequently, Plaintiff’s assert ions regarding Customs’ concession as an invalid attempt to change its classification are without merit

. See Pl.’s MSJ at 17. In the case at hand, the Court’s duty is to determine de novo the correct classification of the products at issue. Any admittedly erroneous classifications by Customs in the past are not
per tinent to proper classification by the Court moving forward. The Court give s little weight to Plaintiff’s arguments regarding HTSUS heading 3824. Defendant’s concession of error regarding ruling letter HQ H081683 benefitted Plaintiff and led to a partial settlement of t his case. The Court agrees with the parties that HTSUS heading 3824 is inapplicable to the products at issue in this case. C. GRI Analysis Classification of merch andise is governed by the HTSUS General Rules of Interpretation (“GRIs”). Avenues in Leather, Inc. v. United States , 423 F.3d 1326, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2005). The GRIs direct “the proper classification of all merchandise and are applied in numerical order.”

13 It does not escape the Court’s attention that Plaintiff propose s a tariff classification here that differs from the one asserted on its entry papers.Court No. 11-00093 Page 14
Carl Zeiss, Inc. v. United States , 195 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 1999). The Court may not consult any subsequent GRI unless the proper classification cannot be det ermined by reference to GRI 1. See Mita Copystar Am. v. United States , 160 F.3d 710, 712 (Fed. Cir. 1998). According to GRI 1, “classification shall be determined according to the terms of the headings and any relativ e section or chapter notes[.]” The possible headings are to be evaluated without reference to their subheadings, which cannot be used to expand the scope of their respective headings. See Orlando Food Corp. v. United States , 140 F.3d 1437, 1440 (Fed. Cir. 1998). “ Only after determining that a product is classifiable under the heading should the court look to the subheadings to find the correct clas sification for the merchandise.” Id . Tariff terms are “construed according to their common and commercial meanings, which are presumed to be the same abse nt contrary legislative intent.” Len

- Ron , 334 F.3d at 1309 ; see also Medline Indus., Inc. v. United States , 62 F.3d 1407, 1409 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (“ Tariff terms are construed in accordance with their common or popular meaning.”) 1. GRI 1

a. HTSUS Heading 2923 The p arties submit that the products at issue fall under Chapter 29 “Organic Chemicals.” The Court agrees. Next the Court considers the possible headings under Chapter 29. The Court contemplates the first possible HTSUS heading, 2923, simply because it comes first in the numerical orde r. The first step to resolve a disputed classification is to ascertain “the proper meaning of specific terms in the tariff provision.” Pillowtex , 171 F.3d at 1373. This heading lists
eo nomine chemical compounds, and the first enumerated chemical compound is quaternary ammonium salts

. The next step is to determine “whether the merchandise at issue comes withinCourt No. 11-00093 Page 15
the description of such terms.” Id . It is undisputed that L- Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium salt

. Accordingly, L -Carnitine is classifiable in HTSUS heading 2923. Further, a review of Customs rulings shows that Customs has previously classified other L-Carnitine products under this heading. See , e.g ., N011436 (June 1, 2007) (classifying L- Carnitine from the Czech Republic as tariff number 2923.90.00 with a free duty rate under EN13); NY D80631 (January 11, 20 00) (classifying L -Carnitine from Japan as tariff number 2923.90.00); NY E82956 (June 18, 1999) (classif ying Acetyl -L- Carnitine from Italy as tariff number 2923.90.00 with a free duty rate under EN13). 14 Further, Plaintiff does not dispute that its products at issue could be included in this heading. Instead, Plaintiff argues that this heading is less specific under the rule of relative

s pecificity pursuant to GRI 3(a) than its own proposed heading. The Court finds that since LCarnitine is chemical ly known as a quaternary ammonium salt it is prima facie classifiable in HTSUS heading 2923. b. HTSUS Heading 2936 The Court contemplates the next possible HTSUS heading, 2936, which provides for vitamins. The first step is to ascertain the meaning of the terms in the heading. See Pillowtex , 171 F.3d at 1373. This heading covers all kinds of provitamins and vitamins and their derivatives used as such . In construing a tariff term, the court may rely on its own understanding of the term

14 Defendant elucidates that NY E82956 is “a ruling not at issue in this case,” but a proposed modification to it was “the genesis of the amended laboratory reports,” which led Customs to reevaluate HQ H081683. Def.’s Reply at 3 -4. This ruling letter has not yet been revoked, despite Plaintiff’s allegation.Court No. 11-00093 Page 16

as well as upon lexicograph ic and scientific authorities and other reliable sources

. Kahrs Int’l, Inc. v. United States , 713 F.3d 640, 644 (Fed. Cir. 2013) ( internal quotations omitted ). The Court notes that v itamin Bt is defined as carnitine in Webster’s Di ctionary. See Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2559 (1981). 15 Also , under the definition for “carnitine ” are the words “called also vitamin Bt .” Id . at 340. 16 Further, Defendant does “not dispute that carnitine was called Vitamin Bt” when first discovered. Def.’s MSJ at 26.

15 L- Carnitine is vitamin Bt. See Vitamins and Health Supplements Guide, available at http://www.vitamins -supplements.org/carnitine.php (la st visited Aug. 31, 2015).

16 “L- carnitine” is explained as follows:
L- carnitine supplements are used to increase L

- carnitine levels in people whose natural level of L

- carnitine is too low because they have a genetic disorder, are taking certain drugs (valproic acid for seizures), or because they are undergoing a medical procedure (hemodialysis for kidney disease) that uses up the body's L

- carnitine. It is also used as a replacement supplement in strict vegetarians, dieters, and low

- weight or premature infants.
L- carnitine is used for conditions of the heart and blood vessels including heart

- related chest pain, congestive heart failure (CHF), heart complications of a disease called diphtheria, heart attack, leg pain caused by circulation problems (intermittent claudication), and high cholesterol. Some people use L

- carnitine for muscle disorders associated with certain AIDS medications, difficulty fathering a child (male infertility), a brain development disorder called Rett syndrome, anorexia, chronic f atigue syndrome, diabetes, overactive thyroid, attention deficit

- hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), leg ulcers, Lyme disease, and to improve athl etic performance and endurance. (footnote continued)Court No. 11-00093 Page 17
The next step is to determine if the products at issue fall within the meaning of the terms. Pillowtex , 171 F.3d at 1373

. Defendant asserts that L- Carnitine is a “conditionally essential nutrient” “principally used as ingredients in workout supplements, not vitamins.” Def.’s MSJ at 24, 33. Defenda nt further asserts that L -Carnitine does not fit into the d efinition of vitamin provided in the E xplanatory Notes (“EN”) to Section VI, Chapter 29, Sub- Chapter XI: Vitamins are active agents, usually of complex chemical composition, which are obtained from outside sources and are essential for the proper functioning of human or other animal organisms . They cannot be synthesised [sic] by the human body and must therefore be obtained in final or nearly final form (provitamins) from outside sources. They are effective in relatively minute amounts and may be regarded as exogenous biocatalysts, their absen ce or deficiency giving rise to metabolic disturbances or “deficiency diseases.” While the Court may refer to the ENs accompanying the tariff provisions, the ENs are not binding. Upon review of this EN in particular , the Court notes that portions of it contradict the tariff term that it should be explaining, and therefore, the Court disrega rds those portions of the explanation . The portions of the EN which read that vitamins “ cannot be synthesi sed [sic] by the

The body can convert L

- carnitine to other amino acids called acetyl -Lcarnitine an d propionyl -L- carnitine. But, no one knows whether the benefits of carnitines are interchangeable. Until more is known, don't substitute one form of carnitine for another. WebMD, available at http://www.webmd.com/vitamins

supplements/ingredientmono-1026-lcarnitine.aspx?activeingredientid=1026&act iveingredientname=l

- carnitine (last visited Aug. 31, 2015). This popular source lists L-Carnitine under the category of “vitamins and supplements.” Id

.Court No. 11-00093 Page 18
human body” and “may be regarded as exogeno us biocatalysts” directly contradict the fact that an enumerated vitamin, Vitamin D, in the tariff subheading is synthesized in the body and produced endogenously. See Pl.’s MSJ at 15, Def.’s MSJ at 28-29. A non-binding explanatory note th at directly confl icts with a tariff’s enumerated items is afforded very little weigh t. Accordingly, L -Carnitine is classifiable in HTSUS heading 2936. Upon consideration of these scientific and lexicographic authorities, the Court finds that since L- Carnitine is commonly known as v itamin Bt it is prima facie classifiable in HTSUS heading 2936. 2. GRI 3 17 When goods are prima facie classifiable under two headings in the HTSUS, “[t]he heading which provides the most specific description shall be preferred to headings providing a more general description.” GRI 3(a); see also Kahrs , 713 F.3d at 647. This is called the rule of relative specificity. S ee Len

- Ron , 334 F.3d at 1313. Under this rule, the Court looks to “the provision with requirements that are more difficult to satisfy and that describe the article with the greatest degree of accuracy and certainty.” Id. (internal citations omitted)

. Plain tiff avers that the rule of relative specificity directs that use provisions trump eo nomine provisions in the HTSUS

. See Pl.’s MSJ at 32-34; Pl.’s Reply at 13-14. It is a “convenient rule of thumb” that a “product described by both a use provision and an eo nomine provision is generally more specifically provided for under the use provision” but only when “ the competing provisions are in balance.” Kahrs , 713 F.3d at 647 (internal quotations and citations omitted).

17 GRI 2 is inapplicable because it relates to incomplete or unfinished articles or mixtures or combinations.Court No. 11-00093 Page 19
It is undisputed that HTSUS heading 2923 is an eo nomine provision, but disagreement arises as to HTSUS heading 2936. While Plaintiff asserts that HTSUS 2936 is a use provision, Defendant counters that it is a hybrid of an eo nomine provision and a use provision. Def.’s MSJ at 3 3. Upon application of the Carborundum factors, Plaintiff concludes that the products at issue are principally used as vitamins. Pl.’s MSJ at 27-29. Therefore, Plaintiff asserts that its products are vitamins under the principal use provision. However , Defend ant takes issue with Plaintiff’s assertion that HTSUS heading 2936 is wholly a use provision. Defenda nt parses the heading and offers that the first segment of the heading, “provitamins and vitamins , natural or reproduced by synthesis (including natural concentrates),” is an eo nomine provision, but the second segment “ derivatives thereof used primarily as vitamins” is a use provision. Def.’s MSJ at 33. The Court agrees. Thus, the Court must decide whether L -Carnitine falls under the eo nomine or use part of heading 2936. Plaintiff maintains that L- Carniti ne is vitamin Bt , which falls under the tariff term “vitamins” within the eo nomine part of the provision. Pursuant to Jarvis Clark , the Court considers if L- Carnitine also fall s under the use part of the provision, “derivatives thereof used primarily as vitamins ” of HTSUS heading 2936. The Court first notes that the term “thereof” relates back to the first phrase, “provitamins and vitamins.” The term “thereof” cannot mean merely any substan ce. Accordingly, to fall under the rubric of the use part of heading 2936 , L

Carnitine would have to be a derivative of a vitamin or a provitamin and be used as a vitamin

. The Court then looks to the common meaning of these terms in Webster’s D ictionary. The definition of the term “derivative” is “made up of or marked by elements or qualities of something else.” Webster’s , supra , at 608. The definition of provitamin is “ a precursor of aCourt No. 11-00093 Page 20
vitamin that can be converted into a vitamin in the organis m.” Id. at 1827. The example provided in the dictionary is that ergosterol is a provitamin of vitamin D2. Id . Applying these definitions to L

- Carnitine , the Court finds that L- Carnitine is actually vitamin Bt, not a derivative of vitamin Bt , and does not fall under the use part of the provision. Therefore, L- Carnitine only falls under the eo nomine segment of HTSUS heading 2936. Accordingly, the Court must compare the two competing provisions through an eo nomine lens. Applying the rule of relative specificity to the terms “quaternary ammonium salts” and “vitamins ,” the Court finds that the term “ quaternary ammonium salts” more specifically descr ibes L

- Carnitine than “vitamins ” because the chemical name wholly describes the products and is specifically enumerated as the first item in the heading. 18 Hence , L -Carnitine is properly classified under HTSUS heading 2923. Next the Court looks for the proper subheading within heading 2923. Upon review of the possible subheadings, the Court finds that the proper subheading is 2923.90.00, which is a basket provision for “Other.” 3. General Note 13 The Court finally considers whether the products at issue are listed in the Pharmaceutical Append ix , which is designated with a K and afforded duty free treatment pursuant to General Not e 13 to the HTSUS, which provides: [w]henever a rate of duty of “Free” followed by the symbol “K” in parentheses appears in the “Special” subcolumn for a heading or s ubheading, any product (by whatever name known) classification the such which is the product of a country eligible for tariff treatment under column 1 shall be entered free of duty, provided that such product is included in the pharmaceutical appendix to t he tariff

18 This may have been a different case if “vitamin Bt” itself was enumerated in heading 2936 but it is not.Court No. 11-00093 Page 21
schedule. Products in the pharmaceutical appendix include the salts, esters and hydrates of the International Non

- proprietary Name (INN) products enumerated in table 1 of the appendix that contain in their names any of the prefixes or suffices li sted in table 2 o f the appendix provided that any such salt, ester or hydrate is classifiable in the same 6 digit tariff provisions as the relevant product enumerated in table 1. General Note 13 to the HTSUS. Thus to qualify for K designation, the product s at issue must be listed in both Table 1 and Table 2. Table 1 lists the base compound and Table 2 lists prefixes and suffixes around the base compound. Customs concedes that L- Carnitine is listed in Table 1; however, Customs postulates that the products at issue do not qualify for K designation because the prefixes

— taurinate of L- Tauro and glycine of GlycoCarn

— are not listed in Table 2. Plaintiff argues in the alternative that these products, if classified under HTSUS head 2923, qualify for duty free treatment because L -Carnitine is listed in Table 1, but Plaintiff does not even mention Table 2

. See Pl.’s MSJ at 11 n.4. The Court finds Defendant’s reading of General Note 13 to be the correct interpretation , requiring that the products at issue are found in both Tables 1 and 2. Taurinate and glycine a re not found on Table 2, and the requirements for K designation are not satisfied. Therefo re , the Court finds that L-Tauro and Glycocarn do not qualify for K designation. Accordingly, the Court holds that the products at issue are properly classified under HTSUS subheading 2923.90.00.

CONCLUSI ON For the reasons stated ab ove, the Court agrees with Defendant that tariff subheading 2923.90.00 , HTSUS, applies to the products at issue. Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgement is therefore denied , and Defendant’s Cross Motion for Summary Judgment is granted. Finally,Court No. 11-00093 Page 22

Plaintiff’s m otion to strike “and preclude any purported expert testimony or opinions not properly disclosed or supported by scientific authority pursuant to Rules 26 and 37” is denied as
moot. Pl.’s Reply at 8 -10. 19 Judgment will enter accordingly.

/s/ G regory W. Carman Greg ory W. Carman , Senior Judge Dated: New York, New York

19 The Court did not rely on Dr. Matthew Birck’s testimony as an expert in its analysis. September 3, 2015