- -;i.----· R,EF ID:A4148560 

SECURITY OF RADIO TRAFFIC 

Lecture given by Major W. F. Friedman, 

Sig-Res., at the Signal School 

January 14, 1935 

Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 11-18-2014 pursuant to E .0. 1352a 0 

0 

-· 

I'll 
f"~ ... REF I.D :A4148560 

~ -Q"-QI Pf"."''-' ht:\J I rti ~ ~ .. u 

SECURITY OF RADIO TlW'FlC 

A lecture given by 

Maj. William 't. Priedm!l.n, Sig·Res. 

Cryptamlyat, 

Oftiee of the Chief Signe.J. Officer 

at 

The Signal School, 

Fort Monmouth, Bev Jersey 

January 14, 1935· 

RESTRICTED 

l 

'.0 

'..--!, 

;[Jc-;·; 

J,r-:: .' -

·'- ' cl 

•I ·,! :.1"; 

-: /. - ~ 

' ' '...1 

. .._ 

u (~ < \;; 

' ~: ' \ 

r- r-:;_(· 

)'• 

·' f.; 

~ 

z 

en 

~ > 

~ 

co 

...... ~ 0 

c ::J 0 

ls ,, ';;;?' :!,) -0 

~ r--i 

~~ t ·~ ~ -.. 

·.: 0 c: '< 

g-...,., 

"\ ::s~ 

:::l ....: 

r' 0 :; 

g8-1 ("') 

<:.> l'CI Er: .,_..,, m CD I 

'< .., ... -.. ::I 

<?> .., .,, "" 0. 

.,, 

k ci. 
REF ID:A4148560 

RtSTt~l ~-1 ~O 

c.ro_those present tQda.Y it is almost unnecessary to mention that secrecy 

. ·-

:ln 1;he preparation of plans for, and the prel1.minary or initial. phase~ of, 

military operations is a_vite.l element in the-success of those operations. 

Since, in modern wifare, the_ latter can luμ'dly be ·conducted without signal . . 

communication, it foll.o~~ that the degree of secrecy or security with which 

such coxmnnn:!.cation is a.ccomplish,ed contributes very ma.terially ~o the success 

or failure of.the operation$. This_ brings me directly to the subject of 

eimaj. communication se~uritY_, the aim of which is to nulliff as completely 

~e possible the efforts of the enell\Y to intercept and learn the mea~ oi' 

the .messages translilitted by any of the agencies of sigDal communication.· 

Passing over e.. long_, a.nd intere~ting history of the development of 

electrical signaling, we come at once to the sta.teroont that if signai conmnmication seeurity has been·a factor in the results of wa.~fare in the past, it 

is today more vital to success than ever before, because more than ever before 

has the art of electrical ~igna.ling become a.Ji es~ential factor Ui the art of 

warfare. 

I sha.il have nere little to se.y concerning the subject of signal 

comrminication security aEi regards wire methods of comanmication. Were it 

p9saible to restrict military signal communication to wire method$ e.icolusively, . . 

the problems of security would·be much eimpl:lfied. Bu.t radio methods are 

here to stay, .and :While the use of radio in we.r ma..v not be so extenaive as was 

visualized by the o:verenthusiastic ArmY devotees up to 1932, it is certain 

· . that radio will be an ~beoluteJ.y indd:apensable means of communication for 

I . . 

certain elements of a lcomma.nd (aircrart, mechanized forces, and rapidly moving 

units) and "1111 be a reliable, v~ry useful.means.of ~merge:zicy commwiication 
REF ID:A4148560 

RESTRiGl ilJ 

for other elements. It is possible that, within tb.f:! discretion of an 

army commmder, it w1μ be used as a regular means 9f comrminication, and 

not onl.y a.s an emergency means. Only time., and '·:reai· action will tell. 

But the very nature of radio is such that eneirv inter.¢ept1on of messages ... 

t~tted by its means ie more tea.Sible, arid therefore it 1~ in radio 

communication tba.t the principles of sadurityare iOOst appl.i~ble. How 

can w or rather how should we cond.\lct ;t-adio d~~cation _.so that we 

may prevent informat1o~1 . . convey~d by its me~ . fr~ fall~- ·. ; into the 

. ~ I 

of unauthor~ect perscl).S no matter hov remote f~om.~onnect~on with ~"ntiaJ. ' .. ~. ' 

en~JIW" services? 

Getting down to f1mdameuta.ls, t~ we kno',f three and only three . . . \ 

basic methods for· m&intain1Dg secrecy 1n .·radio c!;~m1nun1cationf3. . Fii'at, we · \ J • .1 . • • 

' • . , ' - I 01 ~ ' ~~'• I ' ' J \ '\ ' 

can manipW.ate or do something or other dix:Etctl.f to the s~ltng elements \ -_ . . \ I • • 

themselves to di!')guise the impulses correspo+ to the /lettefs. trans- \ . . ~ . ' . 

mitted.. Seco~, we can, to a greater or leste1r degree/, cont~oi or guide ... 

the e1ectrica.l. . signals to their pr.oper destil'.18'.tion by appropriate apparatus ,., . . . . ~ . . 

so that interception outside· the pa.th of tra.n's~ssion is impracticable or I . . 

I 

impossible• Thirdly, we can use cryptogra.~ic'method.s to disguise the text 

transmitted. 

As to the first means, although :t a,n pc>~ a coDmlWlication ~ngineer, 

I . 

nevertheless I have made SOI!lf! study in th~s field. More or less complicated 

j . . - methods of disguising, cbailging, or h1di~ the electrical signaling elemen~s 

. :I ' . 

have been devised but none ot them, so 1?pr a.a I. am aware, will yield more . 

than a.relatively minor degree of'securJ.ty -- that sufficient to prevent 

i.i 1' 

casual Usteners-in ~rom hearing, 1nte.1t~pting, recording, or understanding:: 

the signals. They will not stand up un~er organized attack by persons baving 

( 

2 I 

RESTR~ Cl ~!3 I 

\' 

I 

\ 

\ 
REF ID:A4148560 

R~ • ,_~ "~I'· t <I 01 ED 

, 

an incentive to re&l the messages and provided v1tif the necessary ~quipment t~ in~rcept the signals, whatever the charac-t;ierist1cs of the latter 

ms:, be. ()f all the.se methods 1 t ~ be said tbat they will o~y · caus~ 

some annoyance - they will not yield true secrecy. ,~ng f3Ueh methods I 

include those which reduce the letters t~ pl~l-~t~code elements (BaudOt) . - ,; . 

. . . ' , ' 

e.nd shift these units about; multiplex' niethods ~~ch require accurate syn;-

chronism betwe~n transmitting and rece~ving s~tions; ~thPds which su~:timpose 

variable superaudio frequencies UpOn basic, shiftiM ca.rr,ler frequenct~SJ in . . . . . . ' •: ·,/ I . ' ~ ,· 

telepho~, especia.lly, inversion method.a usi;ng 1sid.e ba.nci tranSmisaion; band 

inversion methods, and so on. PhonograpM<;'. a.nd\ o.~c1ll~phic equipnent is 

' 

available today which, in the hands ~f experts, 1fendera the detection, record- '!. ~r ~ 

ing, and interpretation of such signal.S 'Possible. It is ci.ear· that while • • I { 

. ;· 

methods of this category yield s~ficient secr~cy for commerc~ or social,_ 

use, they do ~ot and can not render.tiif;: degree~¢' ~~curity re~red for milt . " . . - . - . I '' 

1 ta.ry, naval .or d1~tic communic~tione w~c:~ are• to b. e. keptfl secret for 

- a.ey cons~dera't>le lE!ngth of time against the organized attack o the crypt- . . . ! ···. .. . 

analytic services of f oreti.gn governments. · / · .: · · 

. As to the second basic method mentio~d above, namely that i11volv1ng . . 

\ 

\ 

the use of' special apP9-l'atus such as direo~ive antenna and directional radiating .. . ' .. I - I 

' ·1 - . 

. systems, we all know that at the present e:ta.ge of development the secrecy feat- . , 

I 

urea of such methods are only of relativell.y 6l1Bll value. Broadly speaking, I 

. . - t 

the directive antenna. of "today a.re associated oniy With large, ~ixed atationsJ . ! . 

the art as regards small mobile or Po:J't&ble stations such as the mjority Of ·• I 

military stations must be, is Just in i~(;l. infancy. As to What will be the 

outcome of the Ultra-high freque~cy m~~ods using ~cror83S (l cm. to l meter), ., . I 

3 

,~_,-:,P:()1t!J 

ilt::..i...•m 
REF ID:A4148560 • -· v ir---.n- KC.5T\t\G 1 tU 

X think it too early to sey •. ~ese methods achieve some degree of 

secrecy because these radio waves behave very much like light rays. 

They ca.n be ref.iected e.riu :refractedj Sna. 'they can be directed to .specific 

' 

spots by means of mrrow beams of rays. But at· the\ present nimnent not only 

is.the size of the ~eceesary reflectors a prohibitive factor in portable 

eets, but also the art in general awe.its farther development of radio tu~es 

permitting of high output with. m1cror~s. An4 ev~n assumillg the prese;mt 

difficulties to be ·overcome, there still re>.ma.i~ some qu~stion as to whether . . i . . \ : . ~ 

·\ . l.00 per cent or complete d1rect1Vity can b~ ·attjaij:>.ed.1 for it 'ap~.ars that 

·i 

any sort of reflectipg obstacle· in the pa.th of t)le beam will reflect and . . I ' . ' ' \ I . 

disperse a certa.iD amount of' the energy. With amplifiers capa;t;11e of 

amplUying a millionfold,. can we ·be a~~ .. that ~uch stray 7ef~~c~d vav~a 

will not afford sufficient energy to. b~ detected, amplifi~d~ ·,!fui\recordedt\ ·. . · . · . , . · , I, \ 1/ 

In this connection t would like to qU.pt~ a pa.t,agra.ph fr9f11 a 1'f.cent article-

. ·by Mr. W. D. Hershberger, Associate P,bysic:fot At the Xa.bo~to~:ies he~' 

11Also it. ~hoUld be born$ ~·mind. tl'la~ although a Jdio-

! ~ 

optical system uay- be ma.de highly directional, only reMtive secre- - . . . ! 

cy is secured. Of' necessity, a beam. has a. finite wi,dth +ven .~the . . 

most highly favored case of a vell-:cd,nstructed searchl~t. Once a 

I , , 

tra.nsniitter radiates power into~ .~Pl~~ there. is ~ method \for checking 

the presence or absence of unwanted listeners, If such ai listener should ' . ' / ·· . ' 

possess better ~eceivins equipmen~.i~¥n that possessed b~ those for vb.Om 

· the messa.ge is intended he could :qiperate either con~iderJbly off the - I - ~· . 

• ,!'- , 

l - . i . 

"A Survey of. Radio-op. tics n by W .D~· ~erahberger, . Associate.. l'bYeicist, 

Signal Corps laboratories, 'nle Si ~ Corps Bulletin, JuJ.Y-August, 

1934, No. 79. . ( j . . . Ii,{ . . 

4i' i 

RES TAJ ~J EO 

' . I 
REF ID:A4148560 

RESTRtel [tj 

a.xis of the bea.m or a.t a. greater range, It has. been \)y .no means 

demonstrated that 9-centimeter we.yea are limited to the direct line 

of sight any more than 70- ol~ 1SO·centimeter waves. TrUe no one has 

ever signaled beyond th~ horizon with such waves, but not until we 

ac~ua.JJ.y have sufficient pow:er to even reach the horizon should we 

. venture opinion$ as to what ·might happen beyond it if we had the 

power. 11 

Mr. Hershberger concludes hie article as follows 1 

. ltThe latent possibilliti~s of the radio-optical waves are I . 

most promising, but theiIL. ful.ler realization is conditioned on con·· I . . 

tinued technical advances. l:f the progress ma.de during the :PB-St 5 . . . i 

yea.rs is iz:i,dicative of ;4,,hat nay be expected in the futlire; the. field 

will ~saume an incr~siDg imports.nee for the Signal Corpf;l. The use 

of radio-optical e~u:J.);mlen.t for portable beacons for aircra.ft, for 

liinited range di~f}J~ional signaling in all varieties of' atmospheric .. ·-./1 ·" 

conditiOna, as wli, ~ other uses which suggest theJ11Selves, can r6adi;cy . I \ 

I 

I.eavfng.ttμs'phase o~ the subject, ve come now ~o :the third baeic 

metho~ mentioned ~bove., f~r d~hieving secrecy 1n radioc~mzmm,ice.tion, viz., . . 

the use of cryptegra~. \ln .a. report datet;J. October l9, 1934, to.the Research 

alld Peve opment p1vis~onJ ~igO, on the subject of nTransmissi:on secrecy," • , .I f I • • :. • • 

~jO:r;" Richard H. R~n8e~ /, S~-lles., an a~knowledged, expert in the radio field, . . 

after · conai~X'iilg a·ecp.ec; ~thods applied to signa.linS elements (the first 

. . J \ . . method mentioned by·~· a~9ve~, says! . . . 

. . I . , ~ . . 

· · 1'By a.ll oiids t1'e· most complete and se.tisfactory method of 

·, • ..... , Ii ·~ I: • • ' ' 

obtaining aecpecy in\telegraphic commun1ca.t1on consists in using cipher. I . \ . . 

' ' 'rbere are a,:U grades of codes of such type requiring more and more labor I . . 

\ 
REF ID:A4146560 

RESTR\01[0 . 

in translation. In addition tQ the letter by letter substitution 

there is of course the word and ph?;ase _aubstitutio~ which gives a 

"1de latit\lde- tO secreting 1.11essages in this form. 11 

Major Ranger concludes his report in t~ foumring words: 

11 It is·f'elt tha.t secrecy for telephonj.c tranamiee1on . . 

would involve terminal equipment much.more involved tbaJ'l the work 

vouJ.d just·ify. Thie woul,d ·be i-e,rt1cuJ.a.riy true of anything for 

airplane or front line use and 1 t · "'rou.ld ee~ that the ~ecesse.ry secrecy 

would have to be obtain~d by code even foi: telephQllic work.. For tel-

• . • 1' ' " • .-· 

egra.phic work it seems 1~hat straight ciphering is by all means the moat I' 

effective method., because it requires no special equipment in the comnnmica.tion channel.· 1

fur1;hermore, l7ith the devel.o~nt of printere 1 

it is felt ,that the. enciphering and deciphering equipment may readily 

be inserted at each.terminal. so that the operatioDal becomes practically 

• f 

auto~tic with very· quick and ef'f'icient service for the se~ice intended 

and very .difficul~ or interpretation by any other. ~t would therefore 

seem t;ha.t thie la~~f me't/hod is the proper method of attack on secrecy." 

Before taking up @-.~_aatau the question of codes ~d Qiphers, I 

"· \. 

think it t;ldvisa.ble to discu.ss for a few moments certain other phases of radio 

communication more or· lel"B directly COJ?D.ected. With the question of secrecy 

in space. teier&rai;hy.:/ .I te:f'er to. the matter of radio frequencies, radio calls, 

procedure, a.iidrease'.~ ·&11.d. ·~s,18-nattiies. . . I 

Radio differs' ~f~ wire eo1lllilUilication in many respects, but there . ;· 

is one differeric~ Which is of great importance.in connection with secrecy. it 

f / . . is this s in the c,aee of wir~ telegraphy, if you see a wire line and want to 

I/ ; -, , ; ~ . \ . ' 

locate ·the soul".ce 1·0£'. the\ electrical ~es ~ided by the wire, yau must , . \. . 

6. 

RESTRHHEO 
actually and pbys1ca.l.ly follow the vtre to the point where the signals are 

f'edinto it; but in the case of' radio telegraphy, you can locate the transmitter '1ithout actually seeing it, though it be nian,y. miles away. l put the 

. . matter in simple language so that you may more readily visualize the m.111 ta.ry 

conseq'liences of the vcssibility o1' radio direction finding. It mans that 

Without even attempting to read the messages transmitted by radio, if they 

. a.re in cryptOgraph:l.c form, ve.lvable irif'ormation ce.n be obtained nerely by 

locating the tran.emitting stations, studying the chare.cteristice of the 

transmissions, the ste:.tions with 'Which,_ th$}". communicate; when and hciw much 

they transmit, and.. so on~. 'Whc .. t this valuable information is, I hardly need 

point out to·_ you: the -locatio:t:J., disposition and grouping of the en~ forces; - . 

' ' ' 

in other vords, his order of battle, and his ·intentions. 

This is an aspect of r~dioconmunication which I should enlarge 

upon a.t this point •. ~t us ese1.1.me ~hat tne stations .AB, en, EF, 

· GR call one another, and 1~hat ~he enei:ey radio intelJ_1gence service bas 

intercepted the calls. At the IllOlllent we vill e.esume that these call.B mean 

little or notb.ing to the eneiey-. But as traff'ic among these stations proce~ds the si:tuation ~lea.rs. The location of the stations become known, of 

course; but the actual volume of traffic, even if the subject matter is not 

' μnderstood, will enable the enemy signal inteiligenee s~rvice to determine . 

certain fact!. . An increafi}e 1.n volume of traffic may indicate the movement 

o:t troops, or ei.gain, an attack. In fact,· e.n outeta.nd1ll8 instance of the . J' 

~e:fulness of this sow·de of infc.rmation is found in th~ case . of the eocalled ADFGV'iC Cipher eystem empll.'>yed by the German Army on· the Wee:tern Front •' 

in 19i8. (Cite story of' chart of activity,) -Another extremely important 

. instance, wa.e in connection with 'the American St. Mihiel drive. Just bef(?r~ 

this attack there were macy indications .that. the Germans bad vrithd.ravm and the 

ad~e:i.bility of advancing the ini'ant:cy_without artillery preparation wa.~ serD-""~po 2 '1f=F1 · 1 nts 1 hi•'~ i .:..:i.f 
REF ID:A4148560 

R~STRiClUl . 

iously consid~red. The final decision to ma.k.e· the attack as originr~ planned 

was based on the evidence of the radio-directio.n finders,· which ccmclusively 

indicated that tne enellzy' radio stations were still active in their Qld locations~ How ma.ny J\Jrer:foa.n soldiers owe their liv~a t.q this one case of 

alertness on the. pa.rt' of the siSnal Corp~ intercept and gonio1.netric se?'Vice, it 

is impossible to say. ):'ou my ga.m some. idea. of tlle importan.ce which General 

Nolan, Chief Qf G-2. in the AEF, placed upon the vs,iue of tt.e goniometric service 

when he said, in the dispaasiona.te tone of his :f'im.l repol'.'t i 11Zt"rom the gon- , ' 

iometric service· it· w's possible to get mu.ch vaitiable informtion, obtainable 

from 1),0 other 60~ce j in regard to eneley' intentions.' II . 

Now in co~cting this informa.tion, the data upon which it m;y be 

. . ' 

based consist of ;radio frequenciee, cia.lls, procedure, addresses and signatures. . . . . 

'l!heee a.re intiiliatel.y 1 directly, and \.UJ.e;'>'Oidably connected "iii th the technica.J. I ' 

. i . . . . . . operation of tlje ~tatione, with the handling of the tre.ffic, and with the ori1 ' ' 

·gins and dest~t.iq~s of the individual me$aages. let us take them up in the 

I , . 

order mentioneqi) 

·~ I , . 

Rega.rdin~rthe ma.tter · of radio frequencies and 1 ts re lat ion to security, 

I can say but' lit.tie. ~t this time. . It is o"bVious that a complete knowledge of 

I I •·. ' " • . 

J ·'' ' . • 

the f'requet4:~61 einPl.oyed by the different unit$ is of great and immediate help ., '• 

' . to the enEm\}' 14 Jinter~eptiilg the messages· •. Ca.n these frequencies be shti'ted about . 11 . . 

',1:.1 

as often, for ¢xample:, as we can shift ca;!.l signs? . If so, a greater degree of • l 

eecU.rity wilJ,./¥ Jior~d in proportion to the frequency .and thoroughness of the I . ~ , . . . 

shif'tiQS ~ ~~~~teiY i80 diff~ent cba.nnels sepirate by 20 ~c. are available 

. ' f1 ·/ . . . 

for A;rur:f ~e ~,der the p~~sent set up of a~aiened fr~qu.encies and equipment, and, j ' I I , • . 

1,, 

! I ' ' ' 

\ 

·, 

\ 8 

R£S1RlC1~D 
REF ID :A4.·148560 

ftESTR1 Cl EO 

with the exception of .the sete assigned to forward infantry e.ti.d cava.J.rr 

units, all A:diry sets are ot the universal type, so that frequency-shifts 

can readily be mdeamoDg the latter. It is my understa.~dillg that certain 

limitations introduced by the present fixity in_ frequency of th~ sets.used 

by front line infantry and cavalry units m~s a. thorough shuft'lillg of the 

available frequencies impracticable,; 'but even a partial shuffling of. fyequencies is better than none. · The important principle to note ~ this 

connection is that the most thorough changes and shif~s should be ma.de. 

among the most mobile \.lllita, vri~h other shifts a.s thoroughly and as f;requently as pra.ctica.ble, and· certainly each time a unit moves to a new position. lf' mechanized cavalry, for exml!.ple, have used freque_ncies a., b, 0 1 

and din the last -~ement, they_should not.use the same f'req~ncies ip 

the next action. Aga,in, for example, if the lst_Divisio~ is to(]ay occupyi:Dg 

a position on the front as a pa.rt of the I Corps, and tomorrow is moved to a 

nev position and fo:rnu;i an element of the III Corps, a complete change in fre·-

quency and calls uaedby the Divi1;1ion net is indicated, otherwise_ the ene~, 

by taking be~ring~ upon the tranemitters of the lat I,liviei~n,· noting the same 

:frequency and the eame calls, vill know at once that the division has been moved 

and can draw definite conclusions from this f'act. 

In short, a knowledge of radio frequencies, if the latter a.re not 

changed, not only facilitates the interception of the traffic, but also leads 

rapidly to identification Qf radio nets; the letter rapidl.,y leads to identifica· 

tion of types of unite and their groupings, finally to the actual :i.dentifica_. 

tion of numeri~l designation, when other information is at hand, 

In the foregoing remrks, I ~ve· alreaey more than alluded to the ~ 

played by changing radio calls. If they are not changed frequentl.y, they lead 

not only to an easy identification of' .unite, their location, and group1oge,: put 

9 R~STRiel~D ~ ' 

' 
REF ID:A4148560 

RfSTRtlHEB 

SJ.so they assist the enemy crypta.nalysts in the attacks upon the text of the 

messages. For instance, it is easy to see that if' an intercepted message 

Ca.rries Vith it not only the text but a.J.so indications as to the location of 

the transmitting station, its call sign, ·a.nd. the.call sign of the receiving 

station~ this inf'o;rmtion will assist the eneil\\f cryptana.l.ysts to identify the 

· .comrmmicata.nts, \1here they a.re, e.nd 1;o vhat group or superior l,lnit they belong. 

This often then e.f'f ordS some ba.sis for assumptions as to the general tenor 

I 

.of the mes~ e.nd gives clliea to the possible presence of ce~in vo~ in 

"'· 

. the message, It is often the case that vi.thout tbese clues, solution is dela.yed 

or rendered impossible. 

You Will immediatel.¥ ask: how practicable -~s it to make such wide 

and frequent changes.in :frequency assignments and ce.ll signs? Ia this not 

goizlg to place a tremendous and i:mpos-Sible burden upon the signal· officers of 

the units concerned? Those of you who haV(::! ever had eJtperience in· the mer$ 

~sical labor involved in getting up l~sts of frequenciea and lists of cail 

signe for one field a:rnw will probably answer the foregqing question post1vely, 

eey111g that :lt will be impossible to make these frequent cba.pg~s. But ~ WiU 

·9.sk you.to suspend your final judgment until! have outlined to you a mechanical methc>d vhich can be epiployed in the production of these lists;i which 

we have but recently worlrod out in connection with the production of cod.ea.· -· , ' 

I think yo~i.11 find it of considerable interest/ but c.t this point in my 

talk I wi,ll stop only to ear that ~ think i;he mecha.nica.l ·method can be applied 

succeasfUlly to this problem, so that fre~uent ~ thoroush shifts in frequency assigmnents and in radio calls will be quite practicable. 

A few minutes· back t~e matter of radio procedure was mentioned as 

being connected wit}l the question of security. Basica.ll;Y, the purpose of 

radio procedure is to ~cilitate the movenent of traffic by reducing the· a.mount 

of conversation exchanged between operators and b~ standardizing the reduced R -SF'· SP:~ · . lo n: m~;, 
~F 

~ 

ID:A4148560 

conversation so as to ·avoid ambiguities and questions. From the secrecy 

po~n1f of view the importance of a. strict adherence to authorized proced~ 

is to be _emphasized. Every tilllB a. tranamitte.r is operated means a. -time 

when bearing~ my be ta.ken on the emission. That is one poini. Another 

~ . 

point is that 1f operators are permitted to engage·if.l mere gossip,· they . . Will be Certain to disclose information Of value . tO the elleJJ\Y o And finally I ' . ~ 

a strict adherence to au~horiz~d procedure ~s to a certai1\" degree an aid 1n 

authenticating _the transmission of our own messages a.nd will make the trans .. . . I 

mission, by the ene~, of false and "decoy11 meseagea harde~· 

The le.et of the subsidi.8.ry preliminary c.onsiderations to· mdio . 

security is th.9 matter, of address and signatures. It is obvious·the.t these . ' . . . . ~ . 

must be hidden or· disgliised. Various methods suggest themselves for the . . 

purpose. They may be ..cryptographed in the same code or cipher that is used 

for the text of' t~ ZDef?S⩾ but if this is done it greatly weakens the 

code or cipher. They may be cryptogra~d in a. special code or cipher, adapted 

only to this purpo~eJ but _this adds one.more system tc. $11 alrea~ burdensome 

list of systems. Finally, the radio . calls themselves may be empioyed to serve 

not only tor their own specific purpose but ~ w;; addresses and eigm:t.ures. 

To this proposal I~ seen? serious objections, but the ilBtter-is still 

under consideration. At this time, I can o~ quote the appropriate pa.ragraph 

( from_ the rec~nt~:~~sued Tentat~ve Cryptographic_Security Manua.11 

11 18. Ad~sses and-signatures. - a. Much important tactical. ' -' 

and technical information can be obtained by e.n alert enem_v merely from 

. a study of the addresses and_ signatures .of cryptographed messages. For 

this rea.sonthese indispensable· parts of every message must be disguised 

or hidden. 

J ll 
REF ID:A4148560 

RltSTR\G1k:EiJ 

~· eryptogre.phed·meese,gea within the military establishment 

. will not be addressed to specifio individuals by suniames of addresses,. 

nor Will they carry e.asignaturei? the surnames of apecific individuals 

as the.senders of the messages. 'Eley will be addressed only to and 

signed only by (or in the name of) the conmanding officers concerned, 

W'11ng their official designation or tit~ of office. Xn,the case of 

~eceived messages, the specific officers to whom copies are to be dis• 

. tr1buted will be determined. by the commnding officer of the headquarters 

concerned·or by his admirlistra.tive officer. 

£·.In the theater of operations, in messages which aretransmi·tted in normal or abbreviated form between field units in tactical 

nets·(radio, wire, telephone, visu8J.), the tactical call signs of the 

units concerned,. as giveμ in the heading of the message, will also serve 

·al? the address and the $1gna.ture • In no case. will ~ addreSf?, Or the! . . 

signature appear· in the text of the me.ssage, . either in plain or in· secret 

language, except in the special. case cited 1n ·subparagraph ~· ·At the 

rece1v1JJS message center the official designation of the addressee and - ' ~ 

of the sender (as. 1ndicate4 by the ca.11 s1guB appearilJg in the heading) 

will be inserted in the positions reserved for.these items on the $.Uthorized 

field meaeage blank. ·· 

~· When a ·Illeasage is intended tor an individual not permanently 

assigned to the headquarters to which the message is sent, it will nevertheless be addressed to the coIIll1Btl~ng·officer of the headquarters concerned 

and the first few words of the text will indicate for whom the message is 

intended. lf the text of the message is to be cryptogra.phed, information 

as to the addressee v1ll be ~ryptographed in the same code or cipher ae 

that used for the text; the surname of the person for Whom the message is 

l2 - RESTRW1l~ 
REF ID:A414B560 -----·-..,~n Ktb I Klb I ttJ 

intended E:Lnd the aur~ ot the sender rray b~ used in these eases.. The 

plain text of such a message 1ISJ be as followsr "For Lieut.;. Col• John Doe 

stop You are directed to return to permanent station at once signed 

Richard Boe"• 

e. In the case of code or cipher nesaagee in the zone of the 

interior, a.·apecial address a.nd-s~ture code will be W3ed in accordance 

with the instructions governing the employment.of that cOda•". 

I cannot close these preliminary remarka without directing brief 

attention to the opportunity vhich ra.dio communication affords for organized, 

coordinated attempts at conscious deception of the eneIIW'• If 1-t is p:>ssible 

to gain information from a. mere study of radi9 calls. and t::a:fiic voltiI.lle as well 

.e.s traffic direction, it is Just as possible to deceive the ene~· by deliberate 

dissemination of fa.lee calla and false traffic. But this is a. subject which 

. / 

requires much thought and extremely careful control, othe.rwi:tle it will either be 

wholly unsuccessfu.l or it will defeat its own purpose. I know of onl.y one or.two 

cases of succesef'Ul deception of this sort. (AEF mobile d\Ul'.lley etatione1 Allenby 

1n Palestine.) · i:t seems to me that by e.nd large it is much safer :rzerezy to take 

cognizance of the ·part played by radio calls, the direction and voltUDe of traffic 

in the derivation of importa.n"f; information and. 30 tar ae possible keep the trattic 

·at e. perfectly even level at all times, rather than to try -~o deoo!i::ve-the ene!IG' . ' 

by radio camouflage measures and take ~ good chance of over~y..ing o~'s .band. 

The job of keep1ng the tre.ff'ic at an even· level is sufficient to lteep all- hands · · 

busy: If radio cam.Outlage is to be tried, it should be left to specialists. under 

··the direction of the highest commander involved., just a.cs tile imposition and · 

lit'tillS of radio silence is left to him. 

13 

.ftfSTftl CT ED 
RE-~560 

Ha.villg referred to the matter of rad.1o·s1J.e11ce, I will point out that 

this ie a very important means of e.c~ieving radio security. 'l'he greatest problem 

1n connection With it is not so much when to impose it aa When, how, and why to 

break it. During silent periods the signal officer DI11at understand the general 

tactical as well as the special radio situation in order to know when and for 

what kinds. of messages the silence vill be a.nnuled at his comma.nd. He must be 

guided by doctrine and the special instructions in effect during the operation. 

The period of radio silence is often assumed to be a period of rela.xation for 

communication personnel but it should, on the contrary, be one of watchfulness 

and preparatiOn tor a.J.l communication personnel. 

Having diepased of these preliminary matters, we come now directly 

to the question of codes and ciphers. 

Let us note thE:i .list of systems now authorized for use in the military 

service. (Par. 39 CSM) This ia quite a formidable list and one my question the . 

practicability of handling so ~ different systems. But a. stud¥ of Par. 33 of 

the Cryptographic Security Manual soon shows the reasons for such an extensive 

list. (Read Par• 33 • ) 

It will be admitted tbat at the present stage in the art of cryptograpey, 

tor such a far flUng organization as our military establishment, the necessity for 

wide distribution of methods and for systems to cover the three categories of 

secrecy dictates the use of all· the systems listed. 

You may inquire as to the possibility of cryptographic ma.ohine!Y 

suppl.$nt1Dg certain of the codes mentioned• You a.re perhaps aware that all over 

the world th~re is a.t present more or leas fever1eh activity1 along the lines of 

the development of mechanical and electrical cipher apparatus.. Most of these 

devices, I feel sure, have come to the EJ,ttention of the Chief Signal Offic.er and 

we have studied them·with great care. None of them have been found to be · 

wholly suitable for our service, . If the Chief SigDal Officer could have ~ 

only l per cent of the money that civilian agencies have spent in this country 

. RESIR~e1~n \ 14 I U • ~·- ·\ 
alone during the past 20 years in their efforts to produce a_suitable cryptographi~ device, .I am S\U'S our developments along this line would have been 

.-

completed long ago~ _ The ~sic reason for the failure on the .\pa.rt of 1ihese ~ ... ". --

civil agencies to produce a really good machine is that the inventors that 

have worked on the problem have a.U been excellent mechanics, excellent 

dra.f'tsmen, excellent fabricators - but not cryptanalyste, or at least not 

vi~h sufficient experience in modern crypta.na.lytic theory and .. practice. (Here 

- . 

relate one or two recent experiences with cipher machines.) -

For your-own inforna.tion I Will tell you a bit ~bout our confiden1;1a.l 

de~lopments in this field. -(Here tell of Cipher Device Type M-134 Tl and 'l'2.) 

The successful completion of this project (and I.foresee no difficul-

. ties in this respect) should provide us with appropriate machineey- for secret 

intercammunication between our large, fixed headquarters both in the Zone of 

the Interior and in the Zone of Communications. If this is done, we my find 

it possible to discard our War Deplrtment Staff Code, We.r Department Confident:lal 

Code, and War Department Telegraph Code, for the ea.me ma,.chine, '\dth ditfe~nt 

. cipher keys, can serve the purposes of these three codes, v.\.thout ~ daJJger of 

compromising the most secret communications, for which tbe War Dei;e.rtment Ste.ff 

Code is :tnten'ied. Hmv far d.0-wn this ma.chine can be· ta.ken in the combat zone 

remains to be determined. The complete apparatus consists of ·a cryptographic 

unit and a printing .unit, but_ the system is flexible as regards the presence or 

absence of the printing unit of th~ mechanism. - I see no reason why the complete 

mchine ca.nnot function succei:iefUlly at GHQ, -e.nd at A:tmy Headquarters. Without 

the printing element, it is entirely feasible to take it down to Division Head- . . . . 

quarters, in wh1ch case it.can replace Army Field Code. I am not so sure that 

it vill be possible to take this ·mchine· 'oelo'W' Divieion Hea.dq~ters. If not, 

can we develop a ene.ller autona.tic device for-Gecret communication within t~e 
REF~S~560 

·DiVisionY Can we develop any sma.ll device which will give the equivalent 

security_ of olir Divi~ion Field Cod.et For I muat say to you that at the 

1

present state of the art, a code such e.s our Division Field Code, if frequently eha.Dged and·properly handled, yields a. greater degree ot security and 

is faster than any small, practicable cipher device that ~ c~me to rey 

attention. The development of a device to re.place the Division Field Code 

vtill tala) coneidera.ble ·time, and. ma.t-·not be practicable in ihe end. In the 

- . \. meant• we must re}¥ upon this code for communications ·Vithin the D1Vision. 

\ 

I 

\ . 'l'he question arises nova how frequently can nev edi tione of the 

. l)1vis1on Field Code be prepar~d~ I will re~ to your mind that this code 

is a two-pa.rt, cross-reference code, each ~ containing approxim3.tely 6000 

lines of text. OUr l.at~st copy comprises 100 pa.gee of printed uatter. With 

our present methods it takes fi~ men approximately one month to produce the 

mnuscript for such ~ code and the mnuscript in this case consists of tne 

text typed on 3 x 5 tiliDg cards which t~n go to the G~r~nt Printing Office. 

But I .have recently developed a method. for prodltcing code manuscript by 

nachinery and. this method can give' us a complete 'manuscript in not JnOrE! than five 

or siX days usirlg the tull-time services of but two men ·for the Job. You will 

no doubt be interested in this method o:f code production and I think it well 

'W'Qrth explaining in some detail. (Here go into the detail.8, usiiag scheme for .. 

mul.ated in presenting natter to The Adjutant Genere.i.) 

There ie no doubt whatev~ in ffl3' mind but tha.t in case of emergency 

this automatic rm;?thod would be the one we would find most useful, and most 

practicable. It has all the advantages 0£ speed, acc\U'acy; and eafe1;y. 

Moreover, in the field the mnuacript could.be reprodu~d photolithograph1cally 

by our Engineers, or, if GHQ is provided with a printinS plant, by whatever· 

· agency controls that ·plant. . Perba-ps the Sigml Intelligence Service GHQ would 

16 
REF--fef.IU lEI B 56 0 

be provided with such facilities purely for the purpose. 

In discussing the production of lists of frequency EiSSignments and. 

radio call signs, I referred to tbe possibility of' devisillg a mechanical method 

for their production. You ~11 no doubt see now what I have in mind. Here 

.. again I see no obstacle to the_use of these very efficient machines for the 

purpose and you, in turn, can appraise the proP<>Sa.l from your point of viev. 

l shall be gla.d to discuss this matter further and answer questions which ma:y 

occur to you. 

The p:rc>duction of code books, cipher tables, cipher alphabets and 

keys is but the first ·step. in a rather long and somewhat complicated cha.in. 

lou know that by recent changes in .AR 105-5 and ~05-25 1 the Chief Signal 

Officer now bas the responsibility not only for the production of manuscript for 

codes and ciphers, but also for their printing, storage, issue, and accounting• 

The safeguarding of the final documents is a problem in itself. Without adequate control over these phases it is usele~s to expect much of a degree of 

security. Proper storage space at 'f;he production center is vital, but no 

more so than at the headquarters to vhich the cod.es and.ciphers are is~ued. 

Definite, detailed, and quite specific regulations governing the hand.ling of 

the documants by all personnel coneerned are also necessary. And tina.l.l.y, Without 

a properly instructed and caretully indoctrinated using pereonnel, even the . 

very be~t cryptographic systems can be readily a.n.d quic~ compromised. In this 

mtter of_ instruction and 1ndoctrim.t1on we have recently made an important 

step forward when the Chief Signal Officer prepared the Cryptographic Security 

Ma.nu.al already mentioned. This me.nua.l., approved by the Secretary of W~, bas . 

thus far bean given only a very limited distribution because it contains certain 

ne.tters which are secret and which therefore cannot be widely disseminated. But 

17 
it is contemplated that another edition, in which these secret pa.i":'te have 

been deleted, will be prepared and will then 'be given a comprehen,sive distribution. Its study should nater1e.lly assist 1u maintaining security in 

' .,, " . . 

regard to the storage an,d. baildllJJg of the documents themselves, and in the. 

handl.irig and filing of cryptogx-8.phic messages. and their translations. In ·• . ' . . ~- . . \ \ .- . . 

the latter connection, under the new regule.tiotis these matters in the field . . . . ' 

and at a.li fixed posts fall under the jurisdicti~n·of the aignal. officer· of 

the headquarters eta.ff. Heretofore it has been ·the case that a.t some lieadquartere codes and ciphers were handl.ed by the Ad.Jutant General, at others / by 

G-2,, at still others by the Signal Officer. There_ was no uniformity of procedure or regulation. All this was, of course, not conducive to security. 

. . 

~Y definitely placing responsibility for these matters under one head, e.nd it 

was logical that the sigca.l officer be .that head, i~ is certain that cryptographic security as a. whole will be strengthened. 

Furthermore, with inc~aicg attention to natters of' security it is 

possible that the time will come vhen there.will be ma.inte.iileQ. at every headqua.rters a rot$titlg roster of ."security officers 11 such as we oow have in the 

W$r Plans and Training Division. Their duties in this regard, which are, of 

course, in ad.di tion to their regular duties, are to make daily inapectiona of 

the quarters.where codes and ciphers are stored,_to see that safes and cabinets 

containing them are· properly safeguatded and eo on. I Will remind you at this 

point that under the proi>er tables of organ1za.t1on, the Sigzla.l intelligence services at ~ ~d GHQ' provide for ~ !l communication security unit 11 , the funat,ion . 

of which is to stud¥ our own radio traffic and report· on violations of the 

~1nciples of radio security~ This unit works upon mes.sages :f'urnished it by 

18 

RESTRJt;:.~ 
our own inter.capt service. I~ has nothing to do with solving ene~ intercepts but of course ite experience is directly correlated with tbe exper-

_· ience gained by the code arid cipher solving personnel of the signal intelligence service. It 1s obvious, without my going into the subject in detail, 

·that we shOUld fail pretty seriously in our d~ty, it we did not take advantage . ' . . 

of the E?xperience of the solving -personnel to gain hints ._for the· security of 

our own methods. Close cooperation betwe~n these. unite is therefore very 

necessary. 

All tMs is but a mod.est beginning, it is true, and there remains.· 

' . . much to do ~}' way of .further instru~tion and stud;y. It is only by keeping 

, everlaatingly at such a. job that real pr?gress in security andra.diQ discipline 

can. be Die.de. 

It is.rey-un~ersta.nding that these talks with the Advanced Class al"(! 

more.of the nature of round·table discussions. t have mde·a. hasty survey of 

the subject and Will now.be glad to try to answer euoh questions as present 

themselves to you as a. result of my ~marks. 

19 

RESTHlbTt.9 .· 
REF ID:A4148560 •l .. ' - ·~ 

-

1&1116lEB