~· . .:. --.. __ , 

r 

G2•ASA 461 

TOI O<rall 

~A72903 -..:'~.......;----= _. 

.. 

.( 

DA'J.'JO AUG 1 2 1954 COJDJIUl'l' NO• 2 

!laJor w, E9 Alldrusa/147/Ext.620/ssl 

•:)~RY !:?E!Cl.f!.,.CE:>FER 

t-t,, or G"n~.al U~A 

Ch11!', i\• nJ ::.s::ur 1\J l\P"ency 

. 

( 

I /i 

1, f 

I 

; 

' ' 

I 

I 

~ 

f. 

! • 

f'. SECRET eclassified and approved for release by NSA 

t - - ·--~.::'!_~-- .-_,_.~N ?. _., n ~ 'd "J f I J n 09-29-2014 ursuantto E.O. 13526 - .... _ .... ~ .. '-••A __ .l • .iL. -.r.-J '~- _ -.il.-...i...L. ..i .!.JI-.-~•- .c t_. __ :i. _. "l _ ......__.. 

I I I 

Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 05-16-2014 pursuantto E .0. 1352a 
' 

°)? I 

__,,. 

REF ID:A72903 

C9des and Ciphers 

The aituntion mdsting during the latter part or 192lvith 

referenaa to ,...ar Department activities connact.ed ttith cedes o.m 

ciphers uaa highly conplicated AlthoUgb the J.CotS G-2 cont1n\1ed 

to exercise full gemro.l swt supervision over the conduct of 

such o.ctivitiea, an official egreemnt bo.d recently been concluded 

wherein the Chief' Signal Off'iaer \'lould a.asp the sole responsibil1t7 tor the future conduct or all code end cipher cocpilnticn 

(cryptography) On the other hzml, the 3oiDt. rnr..Sto.te Cipher 

Durea.u, under llZ-, Ynrdle7 1n Nev 'tork City', vaa still perforalng V'I' ... ~ 

the~ccde nnd cipher solutia.!1 function (Cf'l'Ptmla~is) .,-A~ 

~ tor the Arr:JT, nhils !he Adjutnnt General remined chorged vith ;_,_.._.Jr'\. ~fT-

~ ... ~,,~ printing, storing, ies'1ing1 and o.coounting fer o.ll ceypto-mterinla u.--~ '6._....~ 

\.,... ~] C. """'~ As an ndditional involvemnt, the Na'VJ' repartmnt recantq had c.~ _,.. ~ -t"\-.-

~~x, P.·t.a·l:)"decided to build up o. strong code o.nd cipher orgonizo.tion of. its. 1 f-

*..A-o- ~ ., 

~ mm and these elemnts often a.ppenred to be in o.ctive coapetit:lon " 

~ ~ 

-

with the corresponding krr:v units. * 

* Friedmn, 11Histor,.. SJS,• Seerot, PP• 33-14, .... ... ( 

Regardless ot the l:llJl1' bandicnps inherent 1n this f'c.ult7 ... l 

"'!" 

aystec of divitled control, a. large mo.sure or inportent. progress .... 

concerning code o.nd oipher work could still be reported Thus~ 

short]1' ntter the conolUBion or rorld t"'nr I, Jito. Ynrdle7 mmged 

J36 

_..z::-"" c./ zt: I --- ... J 
REF ID:A72903 

siciRi&iJi 

The key f'igure in the :rnpidl1' developinr Sir.ml Corps cryrtc-

.gra.i.-hic ef'f'ort was Mr ~lillJ.nn F. Friedmn b. reo.l veternn of 

this type of' endoo.vor, Mr Friedmn was one of' the m~ of' the 

select group of' cryptogro.phers originnll)" enplo19d by l~ George 

1.-~~~ £'\ Fo.bfnn at the Jliverbnnk Iaboro.tories in Genevn, lll:inois, ::I.a &a ~ 

~;e-~~~~b~~~j~b~t.:~ i <?.o--b..~~re- ~~.-a~ ....... ~~~ .D•to""' a-X;; 

--.... \ ~-:-,.i! ~!'e,y~. ~~~ ..... ~o/ ~~Sot~~~~-~~ \J 

I (I/ f ~-=r- - IL - \ r:,~ ~ ~\..-..~ _ c:: Fab':'-~-~~ _:_ii, _~?:""•:-V-.:;.f---i:;;;;=--~ ~: ~ ~i ~ ~ 

i' 

t ..r/ ~. .,(liSUtencnt 

c- -

1n the Sigllal 

----Corps during 'Porld rer l~~~·:;--;; I, he cont!hued 

l'rr/ 

to pertorm responsible CZ'l'Ptogro.pbic o.asignr.1ents both in !DD and 

with the G-2 Section of' the /iD in France Foll.ming the .Armistice, 

h0t1ever, 11ith the Signal Corps desiririr to p-cnt h:la n permnent 

Arrrs coocd.saion, the exon:!ning physicicna untortunnteq detected n 

11tunctionnl heart diaturbo.nce,• a.Ml ftlvornble o.ction could not be 

token ::ln his co.se Nevertheless, he no.a im:ed:l.ntel¥ hired on an 

individual contmotml basis by the Chief Sir,nal Off'icer for the 

;>urpoae of compiling n bad~ needed set at nev \or repnrtmnt codes. 

On 1.6 November 19211 vbsn be f:lmll.J' could be given pemiment tenure 

as a rer Deportment civ1J:5nn emplo7ee1 he vns nppointed to become 

Chief' Crypto.ml18t tar the S:lgml Corps mid plc.ced in charge ot a 

nevq torcel! Code nnd Cipher Oor.ipilntion Section of' the Research 

cm Developnent !livision, Qftice ot the Chief' Signal Otticer * 

I.JS 

SECRET - ------_ .............. _____ , ....___ ........ ____ .._...._...__-........., ____ -~--------
·~03 

* 0.t.. lecture on the Origin nncl Developt!ent o£ the .rnv 

Security Agency, 1914-19471

11 Confidantinl, l.hrch 1943, p ?, 

Arey Security, -aahington, D C Be:reof'ter cited as 11 Iecture 

ASA 1" Contidontio.l Mr Friedcan 'a initial so.ln17 ~r this 

neu appo1ntmnt no.a $41 SOO per armw:i. 

1fL- Friedmn remined 1n this consequential position directl.J' 

under the Chiot Signnl Otticer until 1930~ During this extended 

period, with tho belp of on:q one o.seiatnnt, be succeeded in carrying the f'ull veight of the entire code conpilntion laid tor the - or 

Departcent. Ho uo.s a.lso persom.11¥ responsible f'or the prepnrntion 

ot the tirst mnuo.l covering the subject at ceyptc.ncqsis tor use 

b7 the United States Arrq * 

The principal obistacle ataziding in the VrJ.7 at sntiaf'c.cto17 

progress for the rar repartmnt code solution progmll during these 

enrq pea.cetiDe 7enrs vo.s the serious dif'f'icult,- consto.n~ en- ; l 

countered 1n se~ing suttiaient intercepted mterinl upon vhich .... 

to bo.ae o. suitable nmqsis :Curing rorln -nr I, this mtter ha.d 

been a.cconpliahed 1n o. relntiveq siDple mnner by mo.ns or contidontinl nrrnngemnts concluded vith coccercial telegro.ph ccnpc.niea 

l.39 

SECRET 

v 
M£Hl'72903 

reriod vcs the ?4-94 Cipbor Device 'rhis contrivnnce, conaistinf 

of a mtnl A~r 

~~~~~~- fWad qr 0 aer101 of aapnrateJ.r revolwblo 

lettered disks, hnd been ninvented11 in 1917 bJ' l&J.j (later lhj 

Gen ) J 0 Jhuborgne, Chiet of the EngilJOering nnd Research 

Division, Of'tice ot the Chief Sigml Otticer * In 19211 therotoro, 

'llS 

~ 

Seel rD, CSO, ££tic1ea, on CmtoerrILhT onft Cnptann!va1! 1 

1942, pp le9.03 This »-94 device VG81l178Ml~1J1as '------ w~ ~,, 

identical, both in fOJ'D and prinoiplo 1 

~ 

to tbs ~gga&D oy.l1W!U -

Elesi1tmd 1D colon1nl tiJ:Jea by Ur Thoms Jefferson lloreover, in ,... 

19141 Col l'o.rker Hitt ot the Arr:rr Signal Corpe conceived tbe sBDe 

idea., bat falW--fe.-ce~~el'lElar aodol tlmzec4 • 

- tollcming o. aeries ot aecur~t1 teata vhioh tveQt7 7eer1 lcter 

turned out to be bnd3.1' 1nconclua1ve, tbe device UlllJ otf"1cin~ 

~I r 

a.c:"opted as_stnnclOJ'd /J,rr:fl equipcent. ~ LU'G.4 ~ c:a.t4.o ~1,_~ ~ 

t\~io~~~ ~the~=~J.i+:~~ili;!:~:c!vitiea, 

the poat-wnr shortage ot nvnilnblo f'Ubda also soon coDDencel! to 

throttle the code and cipher eftart ot the T"'nr Iepartmnt For 

example, the Dlnck Clm.aber vea o.ble to receiw ita f'ull C'l00,000 

npproprmtian f'or n 1920 onl.¥1 while the follcmine 19cr this 

a.ggregnte lltlO'UJlt ua.a cut exact]3' in half' * Jloreover, by 1929, 

S!CJR:JET 

" - ___.. __ --

--
\ 

I 

I 

l 

. 

~· c renchod such an unantistnctorr atato that lbj. o. S. Albrir..ht, ~~· ) 

.. the rm>. otticcr direct~ in .ohnrge ot r,enernl atott aupcr'!1B1on . over such fun~tions, decided to prepare n detn~d study covering tho s\ll)joct 1n order to ~:lng the mtter torcof'ull7 to the 

attention .of his superiors. Oien coc.pleted, this study strongly 

urged thnt all t71l1' Dopartmnt a.ctivitioa ot this apeoinl mture, 

including those connected uith aoarot illke, sho\llr. be ooncantro:ted 

uithout further dolo.J' under tbe direct supervision ot the Chief 

Sigml Officer. The rooomielldntion vaa procptq accepted in full 

by Col. Stanley H. Ford, ~VlofS, G-2, and duly fonmrded to the o H 

Chief' ot Staff, along v1th concurrences fro1:1 the G-11 G-31 G-41 

t:m, IUJd CSO. Fimll.71 on 5 /.pril 1929, thia bnaic chm:age in 

o I 

functi01U:Ll responsib1lit1ea tar the rar Depcrtrent received the 

torm.l approvnl ot Chief of Steff Genercl C. P. SUilDero.ll.. * 

* 1riedmn, 11HistOS"J' SIS,• Secret, 'rnb nc•. See al.sos Report 

Ft 1920-29, MID 248-20-3941 Records ot tmGS, Im>, No.tioml .Archives. 

Defore mch could be o.ccoapliebsd Ullder th1a mv aitw:.tion I 

.- ~ tbs wo:r of nctUllll.7 conpleting the trmister ot the rnr tepartcent 1, t r ... 

~qtic activities troi:i Nov !ark Cit7 to r'ashington, D. C., 

\ ' 

there oocurred one at the t10st a.m11nr, ewnta 1n the entire historf 

of' td.litm-,' inteW,genca. 'rhua, in heh 1929, trith n mm mtioml ... 

ndn1nistmtion entering into ottica, Ml'. Hem")" L. Stiman vc.s 

• 

/ 

SECRET ' ' ' 

--- -------- 2.-

I .. '"' I ,,. I 

- -... ---"'"------

! .. ' - ~-; 

·-· ------- -- --.-=--'ta.~~" 

.. t~ r ~'t 't I I _.. I I. 

---- -----, t ... ..:...C 

I 
- - - -.- - - -------------------------~~-

rJ 

4 

~ 

,J j 

j D 

.i+ 

~1D-U..lim!!ll1.:1_? 9 0 3 ~~~ Ll.\S~--n--

appointecl Secretri.1')" ot Sto.t.e. For the first tev nonths of his 

tonuro, DO Dl.Ack Chamber bulletins tte:ro presented to hiD, in ~".a 

hope that he tlifiht first bnve on opportunity to becom sutticientl)' 

crionted in his du.ties to npprecio.te fully tbe tremendous 1np01"t 

ot their extremlJ wlunble content. Ear:cy in l~ 19291 tlhen the 

tim trc.s ~nsidered ripe for such notion, severa.l tro.nslo.tions ot 

J'npa.mse aoded r.mssa.eea ne:re then pl.need on bis tlesk. Hia :reported 

reaction thereto prowd to be both violent end eriticcl. He not 

onlf lot it be lmonn :ln no uncertain term tbnt be regE'reet' the 

interception of f."oreign goverm:iontal cccmnicntione as a. 8higbq - . WJethica.111 procedure but aleo directed tho State Ieportcant to 

ceo.ae ia::edia.te~ all further o.ctivities ot tb.ia prirticulcr mture. * 

* 

~., P• 9. See also: Inrdley. QP• cJt•• Chnptf'r_JX. -;-1 .efv 

j f .1 There are scattered 1ndicmtiona nvnilllble which Digbt be con-

~,. ~i\ 

11 ~\ sidored ns point:ln(§ touard c thesis thnt this UJJtavorable decision 

... 'f.=" atemad o.ctmU,. tl-oB l'rasident Boowr himelt', :rnther tbnn froa 

~ J~J ... St:lmon. Such v1etr find& som decree ot support f'roa an 

~ }\-·l obaenation clong tba lines ~t, in 1940, ~when Nr. Sticaon bem ~.J:Jf . l ~fl • - • ." 

. ' . SeoretaJ7 ot T"ar tor the aecom tim, he proceel'.ecl to receiw , f-j 1' ~ !nterae~ m~ial ~~17 wi~ DDt outoo.rd dis~ , '. 

~ l ~ ot pro~at. In this sam connection it should ~lso be recnlled 

J """ 3; Jl d lj tbo.t Col Vnn Demn previously bad roported c decided umillincneas 

' . on the part ot 1.fr'. Hoover, t1hile tho Jat~er fies in c!U'rf;e ot the 

European n~ zelief' pro~na 1n 19191 'lio cooperc~ t11th the_J.mricen 

int.elligenco authorities tunctlordns at tho Fence Conf'erence in I>uia. 

' . 

' _, 

'' I ' ' fl. I ' ~ .., ~ .... 

, - ," ... :· t ... \~ 1'1 

i -~_:_:..._l ..!.:_ __ ,.._.r, : "-1 Jr \ ... , _ ........ ~.~ ~ ~t\ 1 

/ 

.., ,:• 

... ' ~ '. 

-
/ 

Friedmn atrongq urgo(l that four JOWl~ civilirn~thcttt Ltf1l" ~ ~ ..... 

preide\28 Wijleotlence ht -.,ptolosi=l-~ahould be carefulJ.¥ ~' t 

selected nnd 11a&iSZJSd to the JUm SlS in oft'er to undergo intensive~-~ ~ ~ Ml't"""'- ~~ ..... trn1n1nii.inder Bis Omi persoml direction This praiseuorth7 er...J, ~\. ,,,_ ~~-

project nna f':lrst otticinl~ authorized nnd then mintahlet' in the ~ ..... ~ ~I, 

trice ot Dr1J1Y subsequent obatnclea, lnrroq tbroui;h determned t'~ '+' g,"'" c~~ ....... _ support furnished by Im.J. David ll Ore.tit~, Chief" ot the rar ?lczul 

c.ZJd !raining I iviaion, Office ot the Chief Si~l Otticer, * fhe 

* 

~•t P• :12. 

u.l.timte vnl.'1a to tho mtion ot a\1Ch n fomnri! loold.ny personnel 

policy become plninl1' eviclent upon the renlizntion tmt, ot the 

mn -or1£dml~ selected to participate 1n this unique tJPe ot 

trnining, nll oacupie<! key positions 1n comiun1cnt1ons intellif;ance 

C'urinE. rorld 'nr II and tbr~e ot thea lnte:r served c.s diviaioml 

ahief'a vithin the depo.rtmntnl aeourity nt'BD07 1taelf' * 

* Tho first four t1BD to be ohoaen under this special tra1Ding ~ ... ... 

pro~ 9701'8 Kr {Colonel) FrarJlc D. Ronlett, Mr. (Colouel) Lbrnblm <; (C~) 

S1nkov1 Mr ASol.Dmn lt\lllbnck1 nm Mr John D Hurt TheJ' nll 

( ~ tl SECRET ~------~~: .. ~+' _ _i_,_~- _ _.L -

Jt 

' _...._ 
I -903 

' 

2. Durint~ FI lc;)2, the sWl of (.200 wa allocated to the &IS 

f'roc nvnilnblo Sir.ml Corps funC'a tor the purpose ot prcct,1r1nt 

oquipmnt and supplies in support of o scnll secrot 1rdt lnborntor1. 

'!'no yonrs la. tar, &to. t.. J. l4cGrc.il1 o. m t1oml.~ promnent cher:d.at 

uho tins nlso n l.Ulita17 Intolli,,"';Dnco Roaervo Otticer, tJos persundod 

to devote c. considerable o.nount ot his peraoncl tice to inatru.ct 

additional personnel concornint1 secret ink tocbniquos. From this 

oodeat sto.rt. tho S JS r,ro.du.a.lly succeeded in orso.n1•1ng o.n up-todn to l.G.borntory Drnnch, \"lhich cont!nUocl to funot:l.on in an outstnndinc mnner tar tho rest ot the peaeetim period. * 

* (<2:iA- \..M..J, • c I<. ) ~., p. 19. Co.pt1:'1nA.1AcGra1l nns lo.tor trnnaferred to the 

Sir.rial Corps Ileaerw. 

3. Tho o.cquisition ot auita.blo rind autficient torei(;n coded 

mterial tor sntiatyinf, SlS crypta!Jn~ic requiremnts continued 

to constitute o. mjor problsn for tho SibJJL!.l Corps authorities to . solve. Iiloreover, the ComUDicc.tiona /1.ct ot 19 Juno 19341 eatnbllshilll'.~ tho Federc.l Cotlt'NDiontiona Comd.saion, * ta.iled in n~ mnner 

to relax the strict prohibitions earlier proclnimd 1n tho Radio 

.t.ct of 1927 nr.o.inst interception nctivitioa 1n the Unitod States. 

152 

SJECRET 

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. --~903 

For this Jenson, aever(ll propoeala hnc! been nlreney n~wneeC!. 

prior to 19.321 by tho reapona1blo tdlltcry intolligenee otticirlla,. 

to :install rm I~car1sn 1nte•oept atntion on C~1e torr1toJ7 

Canal Zonsa U?Jfortunnteq, tbe mterinl obtc.:lned froci theae ~tot1ona 

~ / at..UJ-nn:mSnaA unaa.t1af11cto1"7 tor rnr tepQZ'tnent ar1pto.:no.J.Jtico.l 

} purpoaes, sinm the cocr.mnico.tion units conce:rmd had to be considorod aa being primrii1' occup:loc! 1n trniniDr. o.ct1v1ties umlor 

the direction of their OilD respective nreo. coDmllt!era. * On 30 

- * 

au.cture "81~ " Conf':ldentic.1, P• 23. 

lhrch 19381 therefore, tollon:lng n vir,orous o.ppeo.l in the mtter 

to the Ch~f' at Stott, General IAllin ~mis, by -the ACoi'S G-21 

Colo:ael McCa.be1 tbe Chief' SiGDnl Officer, General ll:h'llbor0191 vo.a 

- grnnted apec1t1a authorit7 Hto mintain ant' opero.te 1n tim at - . .. . pence under strictaet provisions to insure aeareq, such rndio 

intercept c.nt' C17P~ical services o.e ere neceasor:y tar train--

ing and no.tionnl defense purposes." * This oomntoua decision 

153 

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REF ID:A72903 

SECRET 

A.rr.t:1 Field Coc'.'.e 

n1r Departoent Contidential Code 

Division Field Code 

.1.:1.r-Grouncl Liaison Code 

Alpho.bota tor 14-l36 Cipher ~ae * 

Sees 11Gc:aeral Mobil111ntion, Unit ?lcn and AccocpQDJinc 

I'npera,• 1 Jul 36, Conf'1dentinl1 J.DD t/tl 24-40l-490n1 Records ot 

hDGS, um, lil tionnl Archives• 

S. Lnck or adequate funds to. auatnin vi to.l resenrch and ~ivelopcent for coDCunica.tiona intel.JJ.r;ence equipoent wo.a of Gl"o.ve concern 

to tho SlS authorities during the ea.rly stages of the operations . - . 

of thnt acency. ls.ccord:lngly, olectrio contra~ tor a mchim designed 

to speed up encoding and decoding procedures could not mke c.n initial o.pveo.rance until 25 July 1933, trr.£~ a patent covering an invention of tbia type waa tiled on bohalf' or Ji'. Frlodmn hicselt. * 

* Deaisne,ted ns the "M-l34-L Converter,• this nan tnchim vaa 

cocplatei'. by 1937 but, due to subsequent :rune. lio1.tntions1 only a 

C:~~~re a.c~uall.y nvo.11Llble tor use at the tiDe or Pearl 

Harbor~ Seo 1 "lecture ASA.," Conf'1dent1al1 PP• 10 mid 25. On 2 

/,.pr 361 nll SIS inventors, incluclinr, lt'. Friedmn, r:m.~.e n cocplste 

ossigncent o£ their individual pa.tent rir.hta to the Secretory ot t'l'.r. 

Early in 1935, enoUtr;h D?DBY 1101 also_ secured enabling tho SIS to 

_purchmRf sevornl mM mchinas for necassnry naaistnnce 1n the 

156 

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______ l" 

I, 

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---
I . 

• \ I 

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, 

REF ID:A72903 

SECRlE'tt' 

performnae ot ita mDJ conplico.ted :cintheD!1ticcl to.aka .. * Icportnnt 

* 

See 1 11Supplament to Anmml Report ot Chier Signal Otticer for 

FY 19.36,• CC Si~ .319.11 Haticmnl Lrchivea. 

illprovementa t1ere further 1ntrodu.cec1 relatin~ to mnunl civher 

~<'i,~~.) devices tor uae in the t'ield, through the adoption Of'/\ c mv contrivnnce md~ of lettered paper atrips vhich could be inserted 

altmg a tlai:~~...r":"~;;d_.,-;.hte~ ~e ~ recentq dev~'{,y the Swediah inwnter 11r. Doria Hsgalln. * 

* ntecture ASL," Ccntidentio.l, P• 17. 

FiJu!.J.q, ta7ard the lattor prirt ot the period, air,n11"1cnnt ~osroas 

vna ranched in the construction ot nn oloctrical a.utotntic coding 

and e.ecodinfl mchina that gave distinct protd.ao ot being o.ble to 

aatiafJ nll. ot tho otfic:lnl :cd.litarr aha.racter1atice previous]1' 

~ > 

foraulated for guidinc devolopmnta along such lines. * Tbe baa1o 

. ' 

* 

-sees Ibid., 'pp. 26-20. , 

principlea 1nvolvec1 1n this pcrticulu mchine t1e:re promptq revenlef 

to tho coa."lUnications nutho:r1tiea ot the Navy, ao tbnt this extremq . . 

vnlunble J:>iece ot' c111tnr,. intolligence equipaent could be ei'fect1wq 

-fw-1,(14- ~ ata.ndardized betneen tbe two aervicea Ttithout c".eley'. * 

, 

. ' . 

.... ' ~ 

. 

:._':. 

•'9. 

' 

~ 
I -

REF -rn: A729"03 

SEGRE.rr'- -~ 

110479 

A RE~'1 OF THE HISTORY OF THE MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVISION, , 

DEPARl'MENr OF THE ARMY GENERAL STAFF • 

.. -- The section, 11PEACEl'IME NEGIECT, 1919 - 1941" will not be coJll!?l.ented 

upon because the revielier does not reel competent to do so, since he is 

only fa::d.liar with this section in a general historical way. 

The section, "CODES AND CIPHERS," is well written, and as !"'lr as can 

be checked against records or the Arrff3' Security Agency, is as complete as 

a short. chapt.er could be. Only a rew corrections were noted and these were 

not serious. 

On page 137 there is a reference to Herbert O. Yardley's book, 11The 

Al:-e!'ica..."l Black Chamber." Alt.hough in this case, the statements cited here 

are substantially correct, other statements in his book should be checked 

against kn~wn sources before being rahed upon. 

Tne last sentence on page 140 needs clarification. Althoug."'1 the 

Cipher Device M 94 was in wide use tliroughout the Army-, there were also 

available, in limited numbers, two high grade convert.ers for use in important message centers. These were Converters M-134A and l4:-134C. The first 

converter was placed in service in Corps Areas arid major Headquarters in 

late 1937. The second converter was issued i1. late 1941. Com1clrter M-134A 

was declared obsolete in 1943 after Converter 1':-134C ·was in full use. The 

Cipher Device M 94 was also declared obsolete in 1943. 

In the Cipher Device M 94, and sllldlar devices 1 there were four separate invent.ors. The first was Jefferson1 who was the first and original inw 

ventor in c~al times. The second was Etienn9 Bazeries, or France, who 

invented a i1'1i.la.r device in 18911 and had no lmowledge of Jefferson's invention. T e third was Captain Parker Hitt 1 who also without lmo-"1ledge of 

either Jeffe on or Ba.zeries devices, conceived the same idea. The fourth, 

and last, wa.s General Mauborgne. He had examined Hitt 1 s invention in 1917,, 

and about 1920 made the M 94. l 

_. The last paragraph on page 149 is not accurate. Mr. Sinkov is not. ' 

;iri.th the Arrey Security Agency but is 1t1"ith the National Security Agency 0JSA). 

J.:r. Rowlett is presently with the CIA, Mr. Kullback is uith NSA, and Mr. John 

P.u_-rt. has retired. • -

On page 156, there were 69 of this Converter in use. It was almost in-

~ssible to secure f''tlllds for development of nac"1.ines 1 and still ha:ear to get 

money to man.ufd.cture them. 

On tli.e sB.!:'.e page in reference to the IBU machines. These were rented, 

not purchased. 

~~.c_e.{ .. ~ ~~--~~~~ ....... -~--.'------"~~~~ ~--;%.LI' ... .,, \ ... ., 

- ~. \ ':'tf'...... l.:"~~-' ~-.. ..._.:_ 'lr ,., lid~-.., 1- ... ee~~ ',( 

I > 

.,, 

-· 

... 

... _ 

---

. 

-
... ' • i 

. ' 

REF ID: A":/-2 903 

SEGRE~~ 

Cn pe.ge 157 lll reference to the paper strips. This was a modification 

or an invention b,r Parker Hitt, who in 1915 conceived the idea or nunrolling" 

tre alnhabets of the M 94 lllto lon~ metal rods ~~th a scra"'lbled alphabet 

pasted upon one surface of the rod. The present strip system, U ]JS, was 

developed a~ound tne year 1934. 

, 

DR. 

;.=-~""~ EVSRr CONDER 

Historian, National Defense 

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SECRET 

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