4(%

#/.34)454)/.

OF THE 5NITED 3TATES

E8K@FE8C:FEJK@KLK@FE:<EK<I
# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

7E฀THE฀0EOPLE฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀IN฀/RDER฀TO฀FORM฀A฀

MORE฀PERFECT฀5NION฀ESTABLISH฀*USTICE฀INSURE฀DOMESTIC฀

4RANQUILITY฀PROVIDE฀FOR฀THE฀COMMON฀DEFENCE฀PROMOTE฀

THE฀GENERAL฀7ELFARE฀AND฀SECURE฀THE฀"LESSINGS฀OF฀,IBERTY฀TO฀

OURSELVES฀AND฀OUR฀0OSTERITY฀DO฀ORDAIN฀AND฀ESTABLISH฀THIS฀

#ONSTITUTION฀FOR฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OF฀!MERICA

!RTICLE )

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!LL฀LEGISLATIVE฀0OWERS฀HEREIN฀GRANTED฀SHALL฀BE฀VESTED฀IN฀A฀

#ONGRESS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀WHICH฀SHALL฀CONSIST฀OF฀A฀3EN


ATE฀AND฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTATIVES

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4HE฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀SHALL฀BE฀COMPOSED฀OF฀-EM


BERS฀CHOSEN฀EVERY฀SECOND฀9EAR฀BY฀THE฀0EOPLE฀OF฀THE฀SEVERAL฀

3TATES฀AND฀THE฀%LECTORS฀IN฀EACH฀3TATE฀SHALL฀HAVE฀THE฀1UALIl


CATIONS฀REQUISITE฀FOR฀%LECTORS฀OF฀THE฀MOST฀NUMEROUS฀"RANCH฀

OF฀THE฀3TATE฀,EGISLATURE฀

.O 0ERSON SHALL฀BE A 2EPRESENTATIVE WHO SHALL NOT HAVE

ATTAINED TO THE !GE OF TWENTY lVE 9EARS฀AND฀BEEN SEVEN

9EARS A #ITIZEN OF THE 5NITED 3TATES฀AND WHO SHALL NOT฀

WHEN ELECTED฀BE AN )NHABITANT OF THAT 3TATE IN WHICH HE

SHALL฀BE฀CHOSEN฀

;2EPRESENTATIVES฀AND฀DIRECT฀4AXES฀SHALL฀BE฀APPORTIONED฀

AMONG฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀WHICH฀MAY฀BE฀INCLUDED฀WITHIN฀

THIS฀5NION฀ACCORDING฀TO฀THEIR฀RESPECTIVE฀.UMBERS฀WHICH฀

SHALL฀BE฀DETERMINED฀BY฀ADDING฀TO฀THE฀WHOLE฀.UMBER฀OF฀

FREE฀0ERSONS฀INCLUDING฀THOSE฀BOUND฀TO฀3ERVICE฀FOR฀A฀4ERM฀

OF฀9EARS฀AND฀EXCLUDING฀)NDIANS฀NOT฀TAXED฀THREE฀lFTHS฀OF฀

ALL฀OTHER฀0ERSONS=
฀4HE฀ACTUAL฀%NUMERATION฀SHALL฀BE฀MADE฀

WITHIN฀THREE฀9EARS฀AFTER฀THE฀lRST฀-EETING฀OF฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀

OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀WITHIN฀EVERY฀SUBSEQUENT฀4ERM฀OF฀

TEN฀9EARS฀IN฀SUCH฀-ANNER฀AS฀THEY฀SHALL฀BY฀,AW฀DIRECT฀4HE฀

.UMBER฀OF฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀SHALL฀NOT฀EXCEED฀ONE฀FOR฀EVERY฀

THIRTY฀4HOUSAND฀BUT฀EACH฀3TATE฀SHALL฀HAVE฀AT฀,EAST฀ONE฀

2EPRESENTATIVE฀AND฀UNTIL฀SUCH฀ENUMERATION฀SHALL฀BE฀MADE฀

THE฀3TATE฀OF฀.EW฀(AMPSHIRE฀SHALL฀BE฀ENTITLED฀TO฀CHUSE฀

THREE฀-ASSACHUSETTS฀EIGHT฀2HODE
)SLAND฀AND฀0ROVIDENCE฀

0LANTATIONS฀ONE฀#ONNECTICUT฀lVE฀.EW
9ORK฀SIX฀.EW฀

*ERSEY฀FOUR฀0ENNSYLVANIA฀EIGHT฀$ELAWARE฀ONE฀-ARYLAND฀

SIX฀6IRGINIA฀TEN฀.ORTH฀#AROLINA฀lVE฀3OUTH฀#AROLINA฀lVE฀

AND฀'EORGIA฀THREE฀

7HEN฀VACANCIES฀HAPPEN฀IN฀THE฀2EPRESENTATION฀FROM฀ANY฀

3TATE฀THE฀%XECUTIVE฀!UTHORITY฀THEREOF฀SHALL฀ISSUE฀7RITS฀OF฀

%LECTION฀TO฀lLL฀SUCH฀6ACANCIES฀

4HE (OUSE OF 2EPRESENTATIVES SHALL฀CHUSE THEIR

3PEAKER AND OTHER /Fl฀CERS฀AND SHALL HAVE THE SOLE

0OWER OF )MPEACHMENT

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4HE฀3ENATE฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀SHALL฀BE฀COMPOSED฀OF฀TWO฀

3ENATORS฀FROM฀EACH฀3TATE฀;CHOSEN฀BY฀THE฀,EGISLATURE฀THERE


OF=
฀FOR฀SIX฀9EARS฀AND฀EACH฀3ENATOR฀SHALL฀HAVE฀ONE฀6OTE

)MMEDIATELY฀AFTER฀THEY฀SHALL฀BE฀ASSEMBLED฀IN฀#ONSEQUENCE฀

OF฀THE฀lRST฀%LECTION฀THEY฀SHALL฀BE฀DIVIDED฀AS฀EQUALLY฀AS฀MAY฀

BE฀INTO฀THREE฀#LASSES฀4HE฀3EATS฀OF฀THE฀3ENATORS฀OF฀THE฀lRST฀

#LASS฀SHALL฀BE฀VACATED฀AT฀THE฀%XPIRATION฀OF฀THE฀SECOND฀9EAR฀

OF฀THE฀SECOND฀#LASS฀AT฀THE฀%XPIRATION฀OF฀THE฀FOURTH฀9EAR฀AND฀

OF฀THE฀THIRD฀#LASS฀AT฀THE฀%XPIRATION฀OF฀THE฀SIXTH฀9EAR฀SO฀THAT฀

ONE฀THIRD฀MAY฀BE฀CHOSEN฀EVERY฀SECOND฀9EAR฀;AND฀IF฀6ACAN


CIES฀HAPPEN฀BY฀2ESIGNATION฀OR฀OTHERWISE฀DURING฀THE฀2ECESS฀

OF฀THE฀,EGISLATURE฀OF฀ANY฀3TATE฀THE฀%XECUTIVE฀THEREOF฀MAY฀

MAKE฀TEMPORARY฀!PPOINTMENTS฀UNTIL฀THE฀NEXT฀-EETING฀OF฀

THE฀,EGISLATURE฀WHICH฀SHALL฀THEN฀lLL฀SUCH฀6ACANCIES=



# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

.O฀0ERSON฀SHALL฀BE฀A฀3ENATOR฀WHO฀SHALL฀NOT฀HAVE฀ATTAINED฀

TO฀THE฀!GE฀OF฀THIRTY฀9EARS฀AND฀BEEN฀NINE฀9EARS฀A฀#ITIZEN฀OF฀

THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀WHO฀SHALL฀NOT฀WHEN฀ELECTED฀BE฀AN฀

)NHABITANT฀OF฀THAT฀3TATE฀FOR฀WHICH฀HE฀SHALL฀BE฀CHOSEN

4HE 6ICE 0RESIDENT OF THE 5NITED 3TATES SHALL฀BE

0RESIDENT OF THE 3ENATE฀BUT SHALL HAVE NO 6OTE฀UNLESS

THEY฀BE EQUALLY DIVIDED

4HE 3ENATE SHALL฀CHUSE THEIR OTHER /Fl฀CERS฀AND ALSO A

0RESIDENT PRO TEMPORE฀IN THE !BSENCE OF THE 6ICE

0RESIDENT฀OR WHEN HE SHALL EXERCISE THE /Fl฀CE OF

0RESIDENT OF THE 5NITED 3TATES

4HE 3ENATE SHALL HAVE THE SOLE 0OWER TO TRY ALL )MPEACH


MENTS฀7HEN SITTING FOR THAT 0URPOSE฀THEY SHALL฀BE ON

/ATH OR !FlRMATION฀7HEN THE 0RESIDENT OF THE 5NITED

3TATES IS TRIED฀THE #HIEF *USTICE SHALL PRESIDE฀!ND NO

0ERSON SHALL฀BE฀CONVICTED WITHOUT THE #ONCURRENCE OF TWO

THIRDS OF THE -EMBERS PRESENT

*UDGMENT฀IN฀#ASES฀OF฀)MPEACHMENT฀SHALL฀NOT฀EXTEND฀

FURTHER฀THAN฀TO฀REMOVAL฀FROM฀/FlCE฀AND฀DISQUALIlCATION฀TO฀

HOLD฀AND฀ENJOY฀ANY฀/FlCE฀OF฀HONOR฀4RUST฀OR฀0ROlT฀UNDER฀

THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀BUT฀THE฀0ARTY฀CONVICTED฀SHALL฀NEVERTHELESS฀

BE฀LIABLE฀AND฀SUBJECT฀TO฀)NDICTMENT฀4RIAL฀*UDGMENT฀AND฀

0UNISHMENT฀ACCORDING฀TO฀,AW

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4HE฀4IMES฀0LACES฀AND฀-ANNER฀OF฀HOLDING฀%LECTIONS฀FOR฀

3ENATORS฀AND฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀SHALL฀BE฀PRESCRIBED฀IN฀EACH฀

3TATE฀BY฀THE฀,EGISLATURE฀THEREOF฀BUT฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀MAY฀AT฀

ANY฀TIME฀BY฀,AW฀MAKE฀OR฀ALTER฀SUCH฀2EGULATIONS฀EXCEPT฀AS฀

TO฀THE฀0LACES฀OF฀CHUSING฀3ENATORS

4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀ASSEMBLE฀AT฀LEAST฀ONCE฀IN฀EVERY฀9EAR฀AND฀

SUCH฀-EETING฀SHALL฀BE฀;ON฀THE฀lRST฀-ONDAY฀IN฀$ECEMBER=
฀

UNLESS฀THEY฀SHALL฀BY฀,AW฀APPOINT฀A฀DIFFERENT฀$AY

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%ACH (OUSE SHALL฀BE THE *UDGE OF THE %LECTIONS฀2ETURNS

AND 1UALIl฀CATIONS OF ITS OWN -EMBERS฀AND A -AJORITY

OF EACH SHALL฀CONSTITUTE A 1UORUM TO DO "USINESS฀BUT A

SMALLER .UMBER MAY ADJOURN FROM DAY TO DAY฀AND MAY฀BE

AUTHORIZED TO฀COMPEL THE !TTENDANCE OF ABSENT -EMBERS฀

IN SUCH -ANNER฀AND UNDER SUCH 0ENALTIES AS EACH (OUSE

MAY PROVIDE

%ACH฀(OUSE฀MAY฀DETERMINE฀THE฀2ULES฀OF฀ITS฀0ROCEEDINGS฀

PUNISH฀ITS฀-EMBERS฀FOR฀DISORDERLY฀"EHAVIOUR฀AND฀WITH฀THE฀

#ONCURRENCE฀OF฀TWO฀THIRDS฀EXPEL฀A฀-EMBER

%ACH (OUSE SHALL KEEP A *OURNAL OF ITS 0ROCEEDINGS฀AND

FROM TIME TO TIME PUBLISH THE SAME฀EXCEPTING SUCH 0ARTS

AS MAY IN THEIR *UDGMENT REQUIRE 3ECRECY฀AND THE 9EAS

AND .AYS OF THE -EMBERS OF EITHER (OUSE ON ANY QUESTION

SHALL฀AT THE $ESIRE OF ONE lFTH OF THOSE 0RESENT฀BE ENTERED

ON THE *OURNAL

.EITHER฀(OUSE฀DURING฀THE฀3ESSION฀OF฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀WITH


OUT฀THE฀#ONSENT฀OF฀THE฀OTHER฀ADJOURN฀FOR฀MORE฀THAN฀THREE฀

DAYS฀NOR฀TO฀ANY฀OTHER฀0LACE฀THAN฀THAT฀IN฀WHICH฀THE฀TWO฀

(OUSES฀SHALL฀BE฀SITTING

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4HE฀3ENATORS฀AND฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀SHALL฀RECEIVE฀A฀#OMPEN


SATION฀FOR฀THEIR฀3ERVICES฀TO฀BE฀ASCERTAINED฀BY฀,AW฀AND฀PAID฀

OUT฀OF฀THE฀4REASURY฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀4HEY฀SHALL฀IN฀ALL฀

#ASES฀EXCEPT฀4REASON฀&ELONY฀AND฀"REACH฀OF฀THE฀0EACE฀BE฀

PRIVILEGED฀FROM฀!RREST฀DURING฀THEIR฀!TTENDANCE฀AT฀THE฀3ES


SION฀OF฀THEIR฀RESPECTIVE฀(OUSES฀AND฀IN฀GOING฀TO฀AND฀RETURN


ING฀FROM฀THE฀SAME฀AND฀FOR฀ANY฀3PEECH฀OR฀$EBATE฀IN฀EITHER฀

(OUSE฀THEY฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀QUESTIONED฀IN฀ANY฀OTHER฀0LACE

.O฀3ENATOR฀OR฀2EPRESENTATIVE฀SHALL฀DURING฀THE฀4IME฀FOR฀

WHICH฀HE฀WAS฀ELECTED฀BE฀APPOINTED฀TO฀ANY฀CIVIL฀/FlCE฀

UNDER฀THE฀!UTHORITY฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀WHICH฀SHALL฀HAVE฀

BEEN฀CREATED฀OR฀THE฀%MOLUMENTS฀WHEREOF฀SHALL฀HAVE฀BEEN฀

ENCREASED฀DURING฀SUCH฀TIME฀AND฀NO฀0ERSON฀HOLDING฀ANY฀

/FlCE฀UNDER฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀SHALL฀BE฀A฀-EMBER฀OF฀EITHER฀

(OUSE฀DURING฀HIS฀#ONTINUANCE฀IN฀/FlCE


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

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!LL฀"ILLS฀FOR฀RAISING฀2EVENUE฀SHALL฀ORIGINATE฀IN฀THE฀(OUSE฀OF฀

2EPRESENTATIVES฀BUT฀THE฀3ENATE฀MAY฀PROPOSE฀OR฀CONCUR฀WITH฀

!MENDMENTS฀AS฀ON฀OTHER฀"ILLS

%VERY฀"ILL฀WHICH฀SHALL฀HAVE฀PASSED฀THE฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESEN


TATIVES฀AND฀THE฀3ENATE฀SHALL฀BEFORE฀IT฀BECOME฀A฀,AW฀BE฀

PRESENTED฀TO฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀)F฀HE฀AP


PROVE฀HE฀SHALL฀SIGN฀IT฀BUT฀IF฀NOT฀HE฀SHALL฀RETURN฀IT฀WITH฀HIS฀

/BJECTIONS฀TO฀THAT฀(OUSE฀IN฀WHICH฀IT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀ORIGINATED฀

WHO฀SHALL฀ENTER฀THE฀/BJECTIONS฀AT฀LARGE฀ON฀THEIR฀*OURNAL฀

AND฀PROCEED฀TO฀RECONSIDER฀IT฀)F฀AFTER฀SUCH฀2ECONSIDERATION฀

TWO฀THIRDS฀OF฀THAT฀(OUSE฀SHALL฀AGREE฀TO฀PASS฀THE฀"ILL฀IT฀SHALL฀

BE฀SENT฀TOGETHER฀WITH฀THE฀/BJECTIONS฀TO฀THE฀OTHER฀(OUSE฀

BY฀WHICH฀IT฀SHALL฀LIKEWISE฀BE฀RECONSIDERED฀AND฀IF฀APPROVED฀

BY฀TWO฀THIRDS฀OF฀THAT฀(OUSE฀IT฀SHALL฀BECOME฀A฀,AW฀"UT฀IN฀

ALL฀SUCH฀#ASES฀THE฀6OTES฀OF฀BOTH฀(OUSES฀SHALL฀BE฀DETERMINED฀

BY฀9EAS฀AND฀.AYS฀AND฀THE฀.AMES฀OF฀THE฀0ERSONS฀VOTING฀FOR฀

AND฀AGAINST฀THE฀"ILL฀SHALL฀BE฀ENTERED฀ON฀THE฀*OURNAL฀OF฀EACH฀

(OUSE฀RESPECTIVELY฀)F฀ANY฀"ILL฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀RETURNED฀BY฀THE฀

0RESIDENT฀WITHIN฀TEN฀$AYS฀3UNDAYS฀EXCEPTED	฀AFTER฀IT฀SHALL฀

HAVE฀BEEN฀PRESENTED฀TO฀HIM฀THE฀3AME฀SHALL฀BE฀A฀,AW฀IN฀

LIKE฀-ANNER฀AS฀IF฀HE฀HAD฀SIGNED฀IT฀UNLESS฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀BY฀

THEIR฀!DJOURNAMENT฀PREVENT฀ITS฀2ETURN฀IN฀WHICH฀#ASE฀IT฀

SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀A฀,AW

%VERY฀/RDER฀2ESOLUTION฀OR฀6OTE฀TO฀WHICH฀THE฀#ONCUR


RENCE฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀AND฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀MAY฀BE฀

NECESSARY฀EXCEPT฀ON฀A฀QUESTION฀OF฀!DJOURNMENT	฀SHALL฀BE฀

PRESENTED฀TO฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀BEFORE฀

THE฀3AME฀SHALL฀TAKE฀%FFECT฀SHALL฀BE฀APPROVED฀BY฀HIM฀OR฀BE


ING฀DISAPPROVED฀BY฀HIM฀SHALL฀BE฀REPASSED฀BY฀TWO฀THIRDS฀OF฀

THE฀3ENATE฀AND฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀ACCORDING฀TO฀THE฀

2ULES฀AND฀,IMITATIONS฀PRESCRIBED฀IN฀THE฀#ASE฀OF฀A฀"ILL฀

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4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀0OWER฀4O฀LAY฀AND฀COLLECT฀4AXES฀

$UTIES฀)MPOSTS฀AND฀%XCISES฀TO฀PAY฀THE฀$EBTS฀AND฀PROVIDE฀

FOR฀THE฀COMMON฀$EFENCE฀AND฀GENERAL฀7ELFARE฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀

3TATES฀BUT฀ALL฀$UTIES฀)MPOSTS฀AND฀%XCISES฀SHALL฀BE฀UNIFORM฀

THROUGHOUT฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES

4O฀BORROW฀-ONEY฀ON฀THE฀CREDIT฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES

4O฀REGULATE฀#OMMERCE฀WITH฀FOREIGN฀.ATIONS฀AND฀AMONG฀

THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀AND฀WITH฀THE฀)NDIAN฀4RIBES

4O฀ESTABLISH฀AN฀UNIFORM฀2ULE฀OF฀.ATURALIZATION฀AND฀UNI


FORM฀,AWS฀ON฀THE฀SUBJECT฀OF฀"ANKRUPTCIES฀THROUGHOUT฀THE฀

5NITED฀3TATES

4O฀COIN฀-ONEY฀REGULATE฀THE฀6ALUE฀THEREOF฀AND฀OF฀FOREIGN฀

#OIN฀AND฀lX฀THE฀3TANDARD฀OF฀7EIGHTS฀AND฀-EASURES

4O฀PROVIDE฀FOR฀THE฀0UNISHMENT฀OF฀COUNTERFEITING฀THE฀3ECURI


TIES฀AND฀CURRENT฀#OIN฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES

4O฀ESTABLISH฀0OST฀/FlCES฀AND฀POST฀2OADS

4O฀PROMOTE฀THE฀0ROGRESS฀OF฀3CIENCE฀AND฀USEFUL฀!RTS฀BY฀

SECURING฀FOR฀LIMITED฀4IMES฀TO฀!UTHORS฀AND฀)NVENTORS฀THE฀

EXCLUSIVE฀2IGHT฀TO฀THEIR฀RESPECTIVE฀7RITINGS฀AND฀$ISCOVERIES

4O฀CONSTITUTE฀4RIBUNALS฀INFERIOR฀TO฀THE฀SUPREME฀#OURT

4O฀DElNE฀AND฀PUNISH฀0IRACIES฀AND฀&ELONIES฀COMMITTED฀ON฀

THE฀HIGH฀3EAS฀AND฀/FFENSES฀AGAINST฀THE฀,AW฀OF฀.ATIONS

4O฀DECLARE฀7AR฀GRANT฀,ETTERS฀OF฀-ARQUE฀AND฀2EPRISAL฀AND฀

MAKE฀2ULES฀CONCERNING฀#APTURES฀ON฀,AND฀AND฀7ATER

4O฀RAISE฀AND฀SUPPORT฀!RMIES฀BUT฀NO฀!PPROPRIATION฀OF฀

-ONEY฀TO฀THAT฀5SE฀SHALL฀BE฀FOR฀A฀LONGER฀4ERM฀THAN฀TWO฀

9EARS

4O฀PROVIDE฀AND฀MAINTAIN฀A฀.AVY

4O฀MAKE฀2ULES฀FOR฀THE฀'OVERNMENT฀AND฀2EGULATION฀OF฀THE฀

LAND฀AND฀NAVAL฀&ORCES

4O฀PROVIDE฀FOR฀CALLING฀FORTH฀THE฀-ILITIA฀TO฀EXECUTE฀THE฀,AWS฀

OF฀THE฀5NION฀SUPPRESS฀)NSURRECTIONS฀AND฀REPEL฀)NVASIONS

4O฀PROVIDE฀FOR฀ORGANIZING฀ARMING฀AND฀DISCIPLINING฀THE฀

-ILITIA฀AND฀FOR฀GOVERNING฀SUCH฀0ART฀OF฀THEM฀AS฀MAY฀BE฀

EMPLOYED฀IN฀THE฀3ERVICE฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀RESERVING฀TO฀

THE฀3TATES฀RESPECTIVELY฀THE฀!PPOINTMENT฀OF฀THE฀/FlCERS฀

AND฀THE฀!UTHORITY฀OF฀TRAINING฀THE฀-ILITIA฀ACCORDING฀TO฀THE฀

DISCIPLINE฀PRESCRIBED฀BY฀#ONGRESS


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

4O฀EXERCISE฀EXCLUSIVE฀,EGISLATION฀IN฀ALL฀#ASES฀WHATSOEVER฀

OVER฀SUCH฀$ISTRICT฀NOT฀EXCEEDING฀TEN฀-ILES฀SQUARE	฀AS฀

MAY฀BY฀#ESSION฀OF฀PARTICULAR฀3TATES฀AND฀THE฀!CCEPTANCE฀

OF฀#ONGRESS฀BECOME฀THE฀3EAT฀OF฀THE฀'OVERNMENT฀OF฀THE฀

5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀TO฀EXERCISE฀LIKE฀!UTHORITY฀OVER฀ALL฀0LACES฀

PURCHASED฀BY฀THE฀#ONSENT฀OF฀THE฀,EGISLATURE฀OF฀THE฀3TATE฀IN฀

WHICH฀THE฀3AME฀SHALL฀BE฀FOR฀THE฀%RECTION฀OF฀&ORTS฀-AGA


ZINES฀!RSENALS฀DOCK
9ARDS฀AND฀OTHER฀NEEDFUL฀"UILDINGS฀


!ND

4O฀MAKE฀ALL฀,AWS฀WHICH฀SHALL฀BE฀NECESSARY฀AND฀PROPER฀FOR฀

CARRYING฀INTO฀%XECUTION฀THE฀FOREGOING฀0OWERS฀AND฀ALL฀OTHER฀

0OWERS฀VESTED฀BY฀THIS฀#ONSTITUTION฀IN฀THE฀'OVERNMENT฀OF฀

THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OR฀IN฀ANY฀$EPARTMENT฀OR฀/FlCER฀THEREOF

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4HE฀-IGRATION฀OR฀)MPORTATION฀OF฀SUCH฀0ERSONS฀AS฀ANY฀OF฀THE฀

3TATES฀NOW฀EXISTING฀SHALL฀THINK฀PROPER฀TO฀ADMIT฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀

PROHIBITED฀BY฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀PRIOR฀TO฀THE฀9EAR฀ONE฀THOUSAND฀

EIGHT฀HUNDRED฀AND฀EIGHT฀BUT฀A฀4AX฀OR฀DUTY฀MAY฀BE฀IMPOSED฀

ON฀SUCH฀)MPORTATION฀NOT฀EXCEEDING฀TEN฀DOLLARS฀FOR฀EACH฀

0ERSON

4HE฀0RIVILEGE฀OF฀THE฀7RIT฀OF฀(ABEAS฀#ORPUS฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀

SUSPENDED฀UNLESS฀WHEN฀IN฀#ASES฀OF฀2EBELLION฀OR฀)NVASION฀

THE฀PUBLIC฀3AFETY฀MAY฀REQUIRE฀IT

.O฀"ILL฀OF฀!TTAINDER฀OR฀EX฀POST฀FACTO฀,AW฀SHALL฀BE฀PASSED

;.O฀#APITATION฀OR฀OTHER฀DIRECT฀4AX฀SHALL฀BE฀LAID฀UNLESS฀IN฀

0ROPORTION฀TO฀THE฀#ENSUS฀OR฀%NUMERATION฀HEREIN฀BEFORE฀

DIRECTED฀TO฀BE฀TAKEN=


.O฀4AX฀OR฀$UTY฀SHALL฀BE฀LAID฀ON฀!RTICLES฀EXPORTED฀FROM฀ANY฀

3TATE

.O฀0REFERENCE฀SHALL฀BE฀GIVEN฀BY฀ANY฀2EGULATION฀OF฀#OM


MERCE฀OR฀2EVENUE฀TO฀THE฀0ORTS฀OF฀ONE฀3TATE฀OVER฀THOSE฀OF฀

ANOTHER฀NOR฀SHALL฀6ESSELS฀BOUND฀TO฀OR฀FROM฀ONE฀3TATE฀BE฀

OBLIGED฀TO฀ENTER฀CLEAR฀OR฀PAY฀$UTIES฀IN฀ANOTHER

.O฀-ONEY฀SHALL฀BE฀DRAWN฀FROM฀THE฀4REASURY฀BUT฀IN฀#ON


SEQUENCE฀OF฀!PPROPRIATIONS฀MADE฀BY฀,AW฀AND฀A฀REGULAR฀

3TATEMENT฀AND฀!CCOUNT฀OF฀THE฀2ECEIPTS฀AND฀%XPENDITURES฀OF฀

ALL฀PUBLIC฀-ONEY฀SHALL฀BE฀PUBLISHED฀FROM฀TIME฀TO฀TIME

.O฀4ITLE฀OF฀.OBILITY฀SHALL฀BE฀GRANTED฀BY฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES

!ND฀NO฀0ERSON฀HOLDING฀ANY฀/FlCE฀OF฀0ROlT฀OR฀4RUST฀UNDER฀

THEM฀SHALL฀WITHOUT฀THE฀#ONSENT฀OF฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀ACCEPT฀

OF฀ANY฀PRESENT฀%MOLUMENT฀/FlCE฀OR฀4ITLE฀OF฀ANY฀KIND฀

WHATEVER฀FROM฀ANY฀+ING฀0RINCE฀OR฀FOREIGN฀3TATE

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.O฀3TATE฀SHALL฀ENTER฀INTO฀ANY฀4REATY฀!LLIANCE฀OR฀#ONFEDERA


TION฀GRANT฀,ETTERS฀OF฀-ARQUE฀AND฀2EPRISAL฀COIN฀-ONEY฀

EMIT฀"ILLS฀OF฀#REDIT฀MAKE฀ANY฀4HING฀BUT฀GOLD฀AND฀SILVER฀

#OIN฀A฀4ENDER฀IN฀0AYMENT฀OF฀$EBTS฀PASS฀ANY฀"ILL฀OF฀!T


TAINDER฀EX฀POST฀FACTO฀,AW฀OR฀,AW฀IMPAIRING฀THE฀/BLIGATION฀

OF฀#ONTRACTS฀OR฀GRANT฀ANY฀4ITLE฀OF฀.OBILITY

.O฀3TATE฀SHALL฀WITHOUT฀THE฀#ONSENT฀OF฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀LAY฀

ANY฀)MPOSTS฀OR฀$UTIES฀ON฀)MPORTS฀OR฀%XPORTS฀EXCEPT฀WHAT฀

MAY฀BE฀ABSOLUTELY฀NECESSARY฀FOR฀EXECUTING฀ITS฀INSPECTION฀

,AWS฀AND฀THE฀NET฀0RODUCE฀OF฀ALL฀$UTIES฀AND฀)MPOSTS฀LAID฀

BY฀ANY฀3TATE฀ON฀)MPORTS฀OR฀%XPORTS฀SHALL฀BE฀FOR฀THE฀5SE฀OF฀

THE฀4REASURY฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀ALL฀SUCH฀,AWS฀SHALL฀BE฀

SUBJECT฀TO฀THE฀2EVISION฀AND฀#ONTROUL฀OF฀THE฀#ONGRESS

.O฀3TATE฀SHALL฀WITHOUT฀THE฀#ONSENT฀OF฀#ONGRESS฀LAY฀ANY฀

$UTY฀OF฀4ONNAGE฀KEEP฀4ROOPS฀OR฀3HIPS฀OF฀7AR฀IN฀TIME฀OF฀

0EACE฀ENTER฀INTO฀ANY฀!GREEMENT฀OR฀#OMPACT฀WITH฀ANOTHER฀

3TATE฀OR฀WITH฀A฀FOREIGN฀0OWER฀OR฀ENGAGE฀IN฀7AR฀UNLESS฀

ACTUALLY฀INVADED฀OR฀IN฀SUCH฀IMMINENT฀$ANGER฀AS฀WILL฀NOT฀

ADMIT฀OF฀DELAY


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

!RTICLE ))

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4HE฀EXECUTIVE฀0OWER฀SHALL฀BE฀VESTED฀IN฀A฀0RESIDENT฀OF฀THE฀

5NITED฀3TATES฀OF฀!MERICA฀(E฀SHALL฀HOLD฀HIS฀/FlCE฀DURING฀

THE฀4ERM฀OF฀FOUR฀9EARS฀AND฀TOGETHER฀WITH฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESI


DENT฀CHOSEN฀FOR฀THE฀SAME฀4ERM฀BE฀ELECTED฀AS฀FOLLOWS

%ACH 3TATE SHALL APPOINT฀IN SUCH -ANNER AS THE ,EGISLATURE

THEREOF MAY DIRECT฀A .UMBER OF %LECTORS฀EQUAL TO THE

WHOLE .UMBER OF 3ENATORS AND 2EPRESENTATIVES TO WHICH

THE 3TATE MAY฀BE ENTITLED IN THE #ONGRESS฀BUT NO 3ENATOR OR

2EPRESENTATIVE฀OR 0ERSON HOLDING AN /Fl฀CE OF 4RUST OR 0ROF


IT UNDER THE 5NITED 3TATES฀SHALL฀BE APPOINTED AN %LECTOR

;4HE฀%LECTORS฀SHALL฀MEET฀IN฀THEIR฀RESPECTIVE฀3TATES฀AND฀VOTE฀

BY฀"ALLOT฀FOR฀TWO฀0ERSONS฀OF฀WHOM฀ONE฀AT฀LEAST฀SHALL฀NOT฀

BE฀AN฀)NHABITANT฀OF฀THE฀SAME฀3TATE฀WITH฀THEMSELVES฀!ND฀

THEY฀SHALL฀MAKE฀A฀,IST฀OF฀ALL฀THE฀0ERSONS฀VOTED฀FOR฀AND฀OF฀

THE฀.UMBER฀OF฀6OTES฀FOR฀EACH฀WHICH฀,IST฀THEY฀SHALL฀SIGN฀

AND฀CERTIFY฀AND฀TRANSMIT฀SEALED฀TO฀THE฀3EAT฀OF฀THE฀'OVERN


MENT฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀DIRECTED฀TO฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀OF฀THE฀

3ENATE฀4HE฀0RESIDENT฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀SHALL฀IN฀THE฀0RESENCE฀

OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀AND฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀OPEN฀ALL฀THE฀

#ERTIlCATES฀AND฀THE฀6OTES฀SHALL฀THEN฀BE฀COUNTED฀4HE฀

0ERSON฀HAVING฀THE฀GREATEST฀.UMBER฀OF฀6OTES฀SHALL฀BE฀THE฀

0RESIDENT฀IF฀SUCH฀.UMBER฀BE฀A฀-AJORITY฀OF฀THE฀WHOLE฀

.UMBER฀OF฀%LECTORS฀APPOINTED฀AND฀IF฀THERE฀BE฀MORE฀THAN฀

ONE฀WHO฀HAVE฀SUCH฀-AJORITY฀AND฀HAVE฀AN฀EQUAL฀.UMBER฀OF฀

6OTES฀THEN฀THE฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀SHALL฀IMMEDIATELY฀

CHUSE฀BY฀"ALLOT฀ONE฀OF฀THEM฀FOR฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀IF฀NO฀0ERSON฀

HAVE฀A฀-AJORITY฀THEN฀FROM฀THE฀lVE฀HIGHEST฀ON฀THE฀,IST฀

THE฀SAID฀(OUSE฀SHALL฀IN฀LIKE฀-ANNER฀CHUSE฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀

"UT฀IN฀CHUSING฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀THE฀6OTES฀SHALL฀BE฀TAKEN฀BY฀

3TATES฀THE฀2EPRESENTATION฀FROM฀EACH฀3TATE฀HAVING฀ONE฀6OTE฀

!฀QUORUM฀FOR฀THIS฀0URPOSE฀SHALL฀CONSIST฀OF฀A฀-EMBER฀OR฀

-EMBERS฀FROM฀TWO฀THIRDS฀OF฀THE฀3TATES฀AND฀A฀-AJORITY฀OF฀

ALL฀THE฀3TATES฀SHALL฀BE฀NECESSARY฀TO฀A฀#HOICE฀)N฀EVERY฀#ASE฀

AFTER฀THE฀#HOICE฀OF฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀THE฀0ERSON฀HAVING฀THE฀

GREATEST฀.UMBER฀OF฀6OTES฀OF฀THE฀%LECTORS฀SHALL฀BE฀THE฀6ICE฀

0RESIDENT฀"UT฀IF฀THERE฀SHOULD฀REMAIN฀TWO฀OR฀MORE฀WHO฀

HAVE฀EQUAL฀6OTES฀THE฀3ENATE฀SHALL฀CHUSE฀FROM฀THEM฀BY฀"AL


LOT฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT=


4HE฀#ONGRESS฀MAY฀DETERMINE฀THE฀4IME฀OF฀CHUSING฀THE฀

%LECTORS฀AND฀THE฀$AY฀ON฀WHICH฀THEY฀SHALL฀GIVE฀THEIR฀6OTES฀

WHICH฀$AY฀SHALL฀BE฀THE฀SAME฀THROUGHOUT฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES

.O฀0ERSON฀EXCEPT฀A฀NATURAL฀BORN฀#ITIZEN฀OR฀A฀#ITIZEN฀

OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AT฀THE฀TIME฀OF฀THE฀!DOPTION฀OF฀THIS฀

#ONSTITUTION฀SHALL฀BE฀ELIGIBLE฀TO฀THE฀/FlCE฀OF฀0RESIDENT฀

NEITHER฀SHALL฀ANY฀PERSON฀BE฀ELIGIBLE฀TO฀THAT฀/FlCE฀WHO฀SHALL฀

NOT฀HAVE฀ATTAINED฀TO฀THE฀!GE฀OF฀THIRTY฀lVE฀9EARS฀AND฀BEEN฀

FOURTEEN฀9EARS฀A฀2ESIDENT฀WITHIN฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES

;)N฀#ASE฀OF฀THE฀2EMOVAL฀OF฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀FROM฀/FlCE฀OR฀OF฀

HIS฀$EATH฀2ESIGNATION฀OR฀)NABILITY฀TO฀DISCHARGE฀THE฀0OWERS฀

AND฀$UTIES฀OF฀THE฀SAID฀/FlCE฀THE฀3AME฀SHALL฀DEVOLVE฀ON฀THE฀

6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀MAY฀BY฀,AW฀PROVIDE฀FOR฀

THE฀#ASE฀OF฀2EMOVAL฀$EATH฀2ESIGNATION฀OR฀)NABILITY฀BOTH฀

OF฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀DECLARING฀WHAT฀/FlCER฀

SHALL฀THEN฀ACT฀AS฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀SUCH฀/FlCER฀SHALL฀ACT฀AC


CORDINGLY฀UNTIL฀THE฀$ISABILITY฀BE฀REMOVED฀OR฀A฀0RESIDENT฀

SHALL฀BE฀ELECTED=


4HE฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀AT฀STATED฀4IMES฀RECEIVE฀FOR฀HIS฀3ERVICES฀

A฀#OMPENSATION฀WHICH฀SHALL฀NEITHER฀BE฀INCREASED฀NOR฀

DIMINISHED฀DURING฀THE฀0ERIOD฀FOR฀WHICH฀HE฀SHALL฀HAVE฀BEEN฀

ELECTED฀AND฀HE฀SHALL฀NOT฀RECEIVE฀WITHIN฀THAT฀0ERIOD฀ANY฀

OTHER฀%MOLUMENT฀FROM฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OR฀ANY฀OF฀THEM

"EFORE฀HE฀ENTER฀ON฀THE฀%XECUTION฀OF฀HIS฀/FlCE฀HE฀SHALL฀

TAKE฀THE฀FOLLOWING฀/ATH฀OR฀!FlRMATION
฀h)฀DO฀SOLEMNLY฀

SWEAR฀OR฀AFlRM	฀THAT฀)฀WILL฀FAITHFULLY฀EXECUTE฀THE฀/FlCE฀OF฀

0RESIDENT฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀WILL฀TO฀THE฀BEST฀OF฀MY฀

!BILITY฀PRESERVE฀PROTECT฀AND฀DEFEND฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀OF฀

THE฀5NITED฀3TATESv


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

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4HE฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀BE฀#OMMANDER฀IN฀#HIEF฀OF฀THE฀!RMY฀

AND฀.AVY฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀OF฀THE฀-ILITIA฀OF฀THE฀

SEVERAL฀3TATES฀WHEN฀CALLED฀INTO฀THE฀ACTUAL฀3ERVICE฀OF฀THE฀

5NITED฀3TATES฀HE฀MAY฀REQUIRE฀THE฀/PINION฀IN฀WRITING฀OF฀

THE฀PRINCIPAL฀/FlCER฀IN฀EACH฀OF฀THE฀EXECUTIVE฀$EPARTMENTS฀

UPON฀ANY฀3UBJECT฀RELATING฀TO฀THE฀$UTIES฀OF฀THEIR฀RESPECTIVE฀

/FlCES฀AND฀HE฀SHALL฀HAVE฀0OWER฀TO฀GRANT฀2EPRIEVES฀AND฀

0ARDONS฀FOR฀/FFENSES฀AGAINST฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀EXCEPT฀IN฀

#ASES฀OF฀)MPEACHMENT

(E฀SHALL฀HAVE฀0OWER฀BY฀AND฀WITH฀THE฀!DVICE฀AND฀#ONSENT฀

OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀TO฀MAKE฀4REATIES฀PROVIDED฀TWO฀THIRDS฀OF฀THE฀

3ENATORS฀PRESENT฀CONCUR฀AND฀HE฀SHALL฀NOMINATE฀AND฀BY฀AND฀

WITH฀THE฀!DVICE฀AND฀#ONSENT฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀SHALL฀APPOINT฀

!MBASSADORS฀OTHER฀PUBLIC฀-INISTERS฀AND฀#ONSULS฀*UDGES฀

OF฀THE฀SUPREME฀#OURT฀AND฀ALL฀OTHER฀/FlCERS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀

3TATES฀WHOSE฀!PPOINTMENTS฀ARE฀NOT฀HEREIN฀OTHERWISE฀

PROVIDED฀FOR฀AND฀WHICH฀SHALL฀BE฀ESTABLISHED฀BY฀,AW฀BUT฀

THE฀#ONGRESS฀MAY฀BY฀,AW฀VEST฀THE฀!PPOINTMENT฀OF฀SUCH฀IN


FERIOR฀/FlCERS฀AS฀THEY฀THINK฀PROPER฀IN฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀ALONE฀

IN฀THE฀#OURTS฀OF฀,AW฀OR฀IN฀THE฀(EADS฀OF฀$EPARTMENTS

4HE 0RESIDENT SHALL HAVE 0OWER TO lLL UP ALL 6ACANCIES

THAT MAY HAPPEN DURING THE 2ECESS OF THE 3ENATE฀BY

GRANTING #OMMISSIONS WHICH SHALL EXPIRE AT THE %ND OF

THEIR NEXT 3ESSION

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(E฀SHALL฀FROM฀TIME฀TO฀TIME฀GIVE฀TO฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀)NFORMA


TION฀OF฀THE฀3TATE฀OF฀THE฀5NION฀AND฀RECOMMEND฀TO฀THEIR฀

#ONSIDERATION฀SUCH฀-EASURES฀AS฀HE฀SHALL฀JUDGE฀NECES


SARY฀AND฀EXPEDIENT฀HE฀MAY฀ON฀EXTRAORDINARY฀/CCASIONS฀

CONVENE฀BOTH฀(OUSES฀OR฀EITHER฀OF฀THEM฀AND฀IN฀#ASE฀OF฀

$ISAGREEMENT฀BETWEEN฀THEM฀WITH฀2ESPECT฀TO฀THE฀4IME฀OF฀

!DJOURNMENT฀HE฀MAY฀ADJOURN฀THEM฀TO฀SUCH฀4IME฀AS฀HE฀

SHALL฀THINK฀PROPER฀HE฀SHALL฀RECEIVE฀!MBASSADORS฀AND฀OTHER฀

PUBLIC฀-INISTERS฀HE฀SHALL฀TAKE฀#ARE฀THAT฀THE฀,AWS฀BE฀FAITH


FULLY฀EXECUTED฀AND฀SHALL฀#OMMISSION฀ALL฀THE฀/FlCERS฀OF฀THE฀

5NITED฀3TATES

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4HE฀0RESIDENT฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀ALL฀CIVIL฀/FlCERS฀OF฀THE฀

5NITED฀3TATES฀SHALL฀BE฀REMOVED฀FROM฀/FlCE฀ON฀)MPEACH


MENT฀FOR฀AND฀#ONVICTION฀OF฀4REASON฀"RIBERY฀OR฀OTHER฀

HIGH฀#RIMES฀AND฀-ISDEMEANORS


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

!RTICLE )))

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4HE JUDICIAL 0OWER OF THE 5NITED 3TATES฀SHALL฀BE VESTED

IN ONE SUPREME #OURT฀AND IN SUCH INFERIOR #OURTS AS THE

#ONGRESS MAY FROM TIME TO TIME ORDAIN AND ESTABLISH฀4HE

*UDGES฀BOTH OF THE SUPREME AND INFERIOR #OURTS฀SHALL HOLD

THEIR /Fl฀CES DURING GOOD "EHAVIOUR฀AND SHALL AT STATED

4IMES฀RECEIVE FOR THEIR 3ERVICES฀A #OMPENSATION฀WHICH

SHALL NOT฀BE DIMINISHED DURING THEIR #ONTINUANCE IN /Fl฀CE

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4HE฀JUDICIAL฀0OWER฀SHALL฀EXTEND฀TO฀ALL฀#ASES฀IN฀,AW฀AND฀

%QUITY฀ARISING฀UNDER฀THIS฀#ONSTITUTION฀THE฀,AWS฀OF฀THE฀

5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀4REATIES฀MADE฀OR฀WHICH฀SHALL฀BE฀MADE฀

UNDER฀THEIR฀!UTHORITY฀
฀TO฀ALL฀#ASES฀AFFECTING฀!MBASSA


DORS฀OTHER฀PUBLIC฀-INISTERS฀AND฀#ONSULS฀
฀TO฀ALL฀#ASES฀OF฀

ADMIRALTY฀AND฀MARITIME฀*URISDICTION฀
฀TO฀#ONTROVERSIES฀TO฀

WHICH฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀SHALL฀BE฀A฀0ARTY฀
฀TO฀#ONTROVERSIES฀

BETWEEN฀TWO฀OR฀MORE฀3TATES฀
฀;BETWEEN฀A฀3TATE฀AND฀#ITIZENS฀

OF฀ANOTHER฀3TATE
=
฀BETWEEN฀#ITIZENS฀OF฀DIFFERENT฀3TATES฀


฀BETWEEN฀#ITIZENS฀OF฀THE฀SAME฀3TATE฀CLAIMING฀,ANDS฀UNDER฀

'RANTS฀OF฀DIFFERENT฀3TATES฀;AND฀BETWEEN฀A฀3TATE฀OR฀THE฀#ITI


ZENS฀THEREOF
฀AND฀FOREIGN฀3TATES฀#ITIZENS฀OR฀3UBJECTS=


)N฀ALL฀#ASES฀AFFECTING฀!MBASSADORS฀OTHER฀PUBLIC฀-INISTERS฀

AND฀#ONSULS฀AND฀THOSE฀IN฀WHICH฀A฀3TATE฀SHALL฀BE฀0ARTY฀THE฀

SUPREME฀#OURT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀ORIGINAL฀*URISDICTION฀)N฀ALL฀THE฀

OTHER฀#ASES฀BEFORE฀MENTIONED฀THE฀SUPREME฀#OURT฀SHALL฀

HAVE฀APPELLATE฀*URISDICTION฀BOTH฀AS฀TO฀,AW฀AND฀&ACT฀WITH฀

SUCH฀%XCEPTIONS฀AND฀UNDER฀SUCH฀2EGULATIONS฀AS฀THE฀#ON


GRESS฀SHALL฀MAKE

4HE 4RIAL OF ALL #RIMES฀EXCEPT IN #ASES OF )MPEACHMENT฀

SHALL฀BE฀BY *URY฀AND SUCH 4RIAL SHALL฀BE HELD IN THE 3TATE

WHERE THE SAID #RIMES SHALL HAVE฀BEEN฀COMMITTED฀BUT WHEN

NOT฀COMMITTED WITHIN ANY 3TATE฀THE 4RIAL SHALL฀BE AT SUCH

0LACE OR 0LACES AS THE #ONGRESS MAY฀BY ,AW HAVE DIRECTED

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4REASON฀AGAINST฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀SHALL฀CONSIST฀ONLY฀IN฀LEVY


ING฀7AR฀AGAINST฀THEM฀OR฀IN฀ADHERING฀TO฀THEIR฀%NEMIES฀GIV


ING฀THEM฀!ID฀AND฀#OMFORT฀.O฀0ERSON฀SHALL฀BE฀CONVICTED฀

OF฀4REASON฀UNLESS฀ON฀THE฀4ESTIMONY฀OF฀TWO฀7ITNESSES฀TO฀THE฀

SAME฀OVERT฀!CT฀OR฀ON฀#ONFESSION฀IN฀OPEN฀#OURT

4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀0OWER฀TO฀DECLARE฀THE฀0UNISHMENT฀

OF฀4REASON฀BUT฀NO฀!TTAINDER฀OF฀4REASON฀SHALL฀WORK฀#ORRUP


TION฀OF฀"LOOD฀OR฀&ORFEITURE฀EXCEPT฀DURING฀THE฀,IFE฀OF฀THE฀

0ERSON฀ATTAINTED


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

!RTICLE )6

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&ULL฀&AITH฀AND฀#REDIT฀SHALL฀BE฀GIVEN฀IN฀EACH฀3TATE฀TO฀THE฀

PUBLIC฀!CTS฀2ECORDS฀AND฀JUDICIAL฀0ROCEEDINGS฀OF฀EVERY฀OTH


ER฀3TATE฀!ND฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀MAY฀BY฀GENERAL฀,AWS฀PRESCRIBE฀

THE฀-ANNER฀IN฀WHICH฀SUCH฀!CTS฀2ECORDS฀AND฀0ROCEEDINGS฀

SHALL฀BE฀PROVED฀AND฀THE฀%FFECT฀THEREOF

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4HE฀#ITIZENS฀OF฀EACH฀3TATE฀SHALL฀BE฀ENTITLED฀TO฀ALL฀0RIVILEGES฀

AND฀)MMUNITIES฀OF฀#ITIZENS฀IN฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES

!฀0ERSON฀CHARGED฀IN฀ANY฀3TATE฀WITH฀4REASON฀&ELONY฀OR฀

OTHER฀#RIME฀WHO฀SHALL฀mEE฀FROM฀*USTICE฀AND฀BE฀FOUND฀IN฀

ANOTHER฀3TATE฀SHALL฀ON฀$EMAND฀OF฀THE฀EXECUTIVE฀!UTHOR


ITY฀OF฀THE฀3TATE฀FROM฀WHICH฀HE฀mED฀BE฀DELIVERED฀UP฀TO฀BE฀

REMOVED฀TO฀THE฀3TATE฀HAVING฀*URISDICTION฀OF฀THE฀#RIME

;.O฀0ERSON฀HELD฀TO฀3ERVICE฀OR฀,ABOUR฀IN฀ONE฀3TATE฀UNDER฀

THE฀,AWS฀THEREOF฀ESCAPING฀INTO฀ANOTHER฀SHALL฀IN฀#ONSE


QUENCE฀OF฀ANY฀,AW฀OR฀2EGULATION฀THEREIN฀BE฀DISCHARGED฀

FROM฀SUCH฀3ERVICE฀OR฀,ABOUR฀BUT฀SHALL฀BE฀DELIVERED฀UP฀ON฀

#LAIM฀OF฀THE฀0ARTY฀TO฀WHOM฀SUCH฀3ERVICE฀OR฀,ABOUR฀MAY฀BE฀

DUE=


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.EW฀3TATES฀MAY฀BE฀ADMITTED฀BY฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀INTO฀THIS฀

5NION฀BUT฀NO฀NEW฀3TATE฀SHALL฀BE฀FORMED฀OR฀ERECTED฀WITHIN฀

THE฀*URISDICTION฀OF฀ANY฀OTHER฀3TATE฀NOR฀ANY฀3TATE฀BE฀FORMED฀

BY฀THE฀*UNCTION฀OF฀TWO฀OR฀MORE฀3TATES฀OR฀0ARTS฀OF฀3TATES฀

WITHOUT฀THE฀#ONSENT฀OF฀THE฀,EGISLATURES฀OF฀THE฀3TATES฀CON


CERNED฀AS฀WELL฀AS฀OF฀THE฀#ONGRESS

4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀0OWER฀TO฀DISPOSE฀OF฀AND฀MAKE฀ALL฀

NEEDFUL฀2ULES฀AND฀2EGULATIONS฀RESPECTING฀THE฀4ERRITORY฀OR฀

OTHER฀0ROPERTY฀BELONGING฀TO฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀NOTHING฀

IN฀THIS฀#ONSTITUTION฀SHALL฀BE฀SO฀CONSTRUED฀AS฀TO฀0REJUDICE฀

ANY฀#LAIMS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OR฀OF฀ANY฀PARTICULAR฀3TATE

-

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4HE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀SHALL฀GUARANTEE฀TO฀EVERY฀3TATE฀IN฀THIS฀

5NION฀A฀2EPUBLICAN฀&ORM฀OF฀'OVERNMENT฀AND฀SHALL฀

PROTECT฀EACH฀OF฀THEM฀AGAINST฀)NVASION฀AND฀ON฀!PPLICATION฀

OF฀THE฀,EGISLATURE฀OR฀OF฀THE฀%XECUTIVE฀WHEN฀THE฀,EGISLATURE฀

CANNOT฀BE฀CONVENED	฀AGAINST฀DOMESTIC฀6IOLENCE

!RTICLE 6

4HE฀#ONGRESS฀WHENEVER฀TWO฀THIRDS฀OF฀BOTH฀(OUSES฀SHALL฀

DEEM฀IT฀NECESSARY฀SHALL฀PROPOSE฀!MENDMENTS฀TO฀THIS฀#ON


STITUTION฀OR฀ON฀THE฀!PPLICATION฀OF฀THE฀,EGISLATURES฀OF฀TWO฀

THIRDS฀OF฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀SHALL฀CALL฀A฀#ONVENTION฀FOR฀PRO


POSING฀!MENDMENTS฀WHICH฀IN฀EITHER฀#ASE฀SHALL฀BE฀VALID฀TO฀

ALL฀)NTENTS฀AND฀0URPOSES฀AS฀0ART฀OF฀THIS฀#ONSTITUTION฀WHEN฀

RATIlED฀BY฀THE฀,EGISLATURES฀OF฀THREE
FOURTHS฀OF฀THE฀SEVERAL฀

3TATES฀OR฀BY฀#ONVENTIONS฀IN฀THREE฀FOURTHS฀THEREOF฀AS฀THE฀

ONE฀OR฀THE฀OTHER฀-ODE฀OF฀2ATIlCATION฀MAY฀BE฀PROPOSED฀BY฀

THE฀#ONGRESS฀0ROVIDED฀THAT฀NO฀!MENDMENT฀WHICH฀MAY฀BE฀

MADE฀PRIOR฀TO฀THE฀9EAR฀/NE฀THOUSAND฀EIGHT฀HUNDRED฀AND฀

EIGHT฀SHALL฀IN฀ANY฀-ANNER฀AFFECT฀THE฀lRST฀AND฀FOURTH฀#LAUSES฀

IN฀THE฀.INTH฀3ECTION฀OF฀THE฀lRST฀!RTICLE฀AND฀THAT฀NO฀3TATE฀

WITHOUT฀ITS฀#ONSENT฀SHALL฀BE฀DEPRIVED฀OF฀ITS฀EQUAL฀3UFFRAGE฀

IN฀THE฀3ENATE


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

!RTICLE 6)

!LL฀$EBTS฀CONTRACTED฀AND฀%NGAGEMENTS฀ENTERED฀INTO฀BEFORE฀

THE฀!DOPTION฀OF฀THIS฀#ONSTITUTION฀SHALL฀BE฀AS฀VALID฀AGAINST฀

THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀UNDER฀THIS฀#ONSTITUTION฀AS฀UNDER฀THE฀

#ONFEDERATION

4HIS฀#ONSTITUTION฀AND฀THE฀,AWS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀

WHICH฀SHALL฀BE฀MADE฀IN฀0URSUANCE฀THEREOF฀AND฀ALL฀4REATIES฀

MADE฀OR฀WHICH฀SHALL฀BE฀MADE฀UNDER฀THE฀!UTHORITY฀OF฀THE฀

5NITED฀3TATES฀SHALL฀BE฀THE฀SUPREME฀,AW฀OF฀THE฀,AND฀AND฀

THE฀*UDGES฀IN฀EVERY฀3TATE฀SHALL฀BE฀BOUND฀THEREBY฀ANY฀4HING฀

IN฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀OR฀,AWS฀OF฀ANY฀3TATE฀TO฀THE฀#ONTRARY฀

NOTWITHSTANDING

4HE฀3ENATORS฀AND฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀BEFORE฀MENTIONED฀AND฀

THE฀-EMBERS฀OF฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATE฀,EGISLATURES฀AND฀ALL฀EXECU


TIVE฀AND฀JUDICIAL฀/FlCERS฀BOTH฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀OF฀

THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀SHALL฀BE฀BOUND฀BY฀/ATH฀OR฀!FlRMATION฀

TO฀SUPPORT฀THIS฀#ONSTITUTION฀BUT฀NO฀RELIGIOUS฀4EST฀SHALL฀EVER฀

BE฀REQUIRED฀AS฀A฀1UALIlCATION฀TO฀ANY฀/FlCE฀OR฀PUBLIC฀4RUST฀

UNDER฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES

!RTICLE 6))

4HE฀2ATIlCATION฀OF฀THE฀#ONVENTIONS฀OF฀NINE฀3TATES฀SHALL฀

BE฀SUFlCIENT฀FOR฀THE฀%STABLISHMENT฀OF฀THIS฀#ONSTITUTION฀

BETWEEN฀THE฀3TATES฀SO฀RATIFYING฀THE฀3AME

$ONE฀IN฀#ONVENTION฀BY฀THE฀5NANIMOUS฀#ONSENT฀OF฀THE฀

3TATES฀PRESENT฀THE฀3EVENTEENTH฀$AY฀OF฀3EPTEMBER฀IN฀THE฀

9EAR฀OF฀OUR฀,ORD฀ONE฀THOUSAND฀SEVEN฀HUNDRED฀AND฀%IGHTY฀

SEVEN฀AND฀OF฀THE฀)NDEPENDENCE฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OF฀

!MERICA฀THE฀4WELFTH฀)N฀7ITNESS฀WHEREOF฀7E฀HAVE฀HEREUNTO฀

SUBSCRIBED฀OUR฀.AMES

'O฀7ASHINGTON

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AND฀DEPUTY฀FROM฀6IRGINIA

 
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)N฀#ONVENTION฀-ONDAY

3EPTEMBER฀TH฀

0RESENT

4HE฀3TATES฀OF

.EW฀(AMPSHIRE฀-ASSACHUSETTS฀#ONNECTICUT฀-R฀(AM


ILTON฀FROM฀.EW฀9ORK฀.EW฀*ERSEY฀0ENNSYLVANIA฀$ELAWARE฀

-ARYLAND฀6IRGINIA฀.ORTH฀#AROLINA฀3OUTH฀#AROLINA฀AND฀

'EORGIA

2ESOLVED

4HAT฀THE฀PRECEEDING฀#ONSTITUTION฀BE฀LAID฀BEFORE฀THE฀5NITED฀

3TATES฀IN฀#ONGRESS฀ASSEMBLED฀AND฀THAT฀IT฀IS฀THE฀/PINION฀

OF฀THIS฀#ONVENTION฀THAT฀IT฀SHOULD฀AFTERWARDS฀BE฀SUBMITTED฀

TO฀A฀#ONVENTION฀OF฀$ELEGATES฀CHOSEN฀IN฀EACH฀3TATE฀BY฀THE฀

0EOPLE฀THEREOF฀UNDER฀THE฀2ECOMMENDATION฀OF฀ITS฀,EGISLA


TURE฀FOR฀THEIR฀!SSENT฀AND฀2ATIlCATION฀AND฀THAT฀EACH฀#ON


VENTION฀ASSENTING฀TO฀AND฀RATIFYING฀THE฀3AME฀SHOULD฀GIVE฀

.OTICE฀THEREOF฀TO฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀IN฀#ONGRESS฀ASSEMBLED฀

2ESOLVED฀4HAT฀IT฀IS฀THE฀/PINION฀OF฀THIS฀#ONVENTION฀THAT฀

AS฀SOON฀AS฀THE฀#ONVENTIONS฀OF฀NINE฀3TATES฀SHALL฀HAVE฀RATIlED฀

THIS฀#ONSTITUTION฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀IN฀#ONGRESS฀ASSEMBLED฀

SHOULD฀lX฀A฀$AY฀ON฀WHICH฀%LECTORS฀SHOULD฀BE฀APPOINTED฀BY฀

THE฀3TATES฀WHICH฀SHALL฀HAVE฀RATIlED฀THE฀SAME฀AND฀A฀$AY฀ON฀

WHICH฀THE฀%LECTORS฀SHOULD฀ASSEMBLE฀TO฀VOTE฀FOR฀THE฀0RESI


DENT฀AND฀THE฀4IME฀AND฀0LACE฀FOR฀COMMENCING฀0ROCEEDINGS฀

UNDER฀THIS฀#ONSTITUTION

4HAT฀AFTER฀SUCH฀0UBLICATION฀THE฀%LECTORS฀SHOULD฀BE฀AP


POINTED฀AND฀THE฀3ENATORS฀AND฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀ELECTED฀4HAT฀

THE฀%LECTORS฀SHOULD฀MEET฀ON฀THE฀$AY฀lXED฀FOR฀THE฀%LECTION฀

OF฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀SHOULD฀TRANSMIT฀THEIR฀6OTES฀CERTIlED฀

SIGNED฀SEALED฀AND฀DIRECTED฀AS฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀REQUIRES฀TO฀

THE฀3ECRETARY฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀IN฀#ONGRESS฀ASSEMBLED฀

THAT฀THE฀3ENATORS฀AND฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀SHOULD฀CONVENE฀AT฀THE฀

4IME฀AND฀0LACE฀ASSIGNED฀THAT฀THE฀3ENATORS฀SHOULD฀APPOINT฀

A฀0RESIDENT฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀FOR฀THE฀SOLE฀0URPOSE฀OF฀RECEIVING฀

OPENING฀AND฀COUNTING฀THE฀6OTES฀FOR฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀THAT฀

AFTER฀HE฀SHALL฀BE฀CHOSEN฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀TOGETHER฀WITH฀THE฀

0RESIDENT฀SHOULD฀WITHOUT฀$ELAY฀PROCEED฀TO฀EXECUTE฀THIS฀

#ONSTITUTION

"Y฀THE฀UNANIMOUS฀/RDER฀OF฀THE฀#ONVENTION

'O฀7ASHINGTON
0RESIDT

7฀*!#+3/.฀3ECRETARY


฀,ANGUAGE฀IN฀BRACKETS฀HAS฀BEEN฀CHANGED฀BY฀AMENDMENT


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

0REAMBLE TO THE

"ILL OF 2IGHTS

#ONGRESS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES

BEGUN฀AND฀HELD฀AT฀THE฀#ITY฀OF฀.EW
9ORK฀ON

7EDNESDAY฀THE฀FOURTH฀OF฀-ARCH฀

ONE฀THOUSAND฀SEVEN฀HUNDRED฀AND฀EIGHTY฀NINE

4(%฀#ONVENTIONS฀OF฀A฀NUMBER฀OF฀THE 3TATES฀HAVING฀AT฀

THE฀TIME฀OF฀THEIR฀ADOPTING฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀EXPRESSED฀

A฀DESIRE฀IN฀ORDER฀TO฀PREVENT฀MISCONSTRUCTION฀OR฀ABUSE฀

OF฀ITS฀POWERS฀THAT฀FURTHER฀DECLARATORY฀AND฀RESTRICTIVE฀

CLAUSES฀SHOULD฀BE฀ADDED฀!ND฀AS฀EXTENDING฀THE฀GROUND฀

OF฀PUBLIC฀CONlDENCE฀IN฀THE฀'OVERNMENT฀WILL฀BEST฀

ENSURE฀THE฀BENElCENT฀ENDS฀OF฀ITS฀INSTITUTION

2%3/,6%$฀BY฀THE฀3ENATE฀AND฀(OUSE฀OF฀

2EPRESENTATIVES฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OF฀!MERICA฀

IN฀#ONGRESS฀ASSEMBLED฀TWO฀THIRDS฀OF฀BOTH฀(OUSES฀

CONCURRING฀THAT฀THE฀FOLLOWING฀!RTICLES฀BE฀PROPOSED฀TO฀

THE฀,EGISLATURES฀OF฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀AS฀AMENDMENTS฀

TO฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀ALL฀OR฀ANY฀OF฀

WHICH฀!RTICLES฀WHEN฀RATIlED฀BY฀THREE฀FOURTHS฀OF฀THE฀SAID฀

,EGISLATURES฀TO฀BE฀VALID฀TO฀ALL฀INTENTS฀AND฀PURPOSES฀AS฀

PART฀OF฀THE฀SAID฀#ONSTITUTION฀VIZ

!24)#,%3฀IN฀ADDITION฀TO฀AND฀!MENDMENT฀OF฀THE฀

#ONSTITUTION฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OF฀!MERICA฀PROPOSED฀

BY฀#ONGRESS฀AND฀RATIlED฀BY฀THE฀,EGISLATURES฀OF฀THE฀

SEVERAL฀3TATES฀PURSUANT฀TO฀THE฀lFTH฀!RTICLE฀OF฀THE฀

ORIGINAL฀#ONSTITUTION

.OTE฀4HE฀lRST฀฀AMENDMENTS฀TO฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀WERE฀

RATIlED฀$ECEMBER฀฀฀AND฀FORM฀WHAT฀IS฀KNOWN฀AS฀

THE฀h"ILL฀OF฀2IGHTSv	฀

!MENDMENT )

#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀MAKE฀NO฀LAW฀RESPECTING฀AN฀ESTABLISHMENT฀OF฀

RELIGION฀OR฀PROHIBITING฀THE฀FREE฀EXERCISE฀THEREOF฀OR฀ABRIDG


ING฀THE฀FREEDOM฀OF฀SPEECH฀OR฀OF฀THE฀PRESS฀OR฀THE฀RIGHT฀

OF฀THE฀PEOPLE฀PEACEABLY฀TO฀ASSEMBLE฀AND฀TO฀PETITION฀THE฀

'OVERNMENT฀FOR฀A฀REDRESS฀OF฀GRIEVANCES฀

!MENDMENT ))

!฀WELL฀REGULATED฀-ILITIA฀BEING฀NECESSARY฀TO฀THE฀SECURITY฀OF฀

A฀FREE฀3TATE฀THE฀RIGHT฀OF฀THE฀PEOPLE฀TO฀KEEP฀AND฀BEAR฀!RMS฀

SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀INFRINGED฀

!MENDMENT )))

.O฀3OLDIER฀SHALL฀IN฀TIME฀OF฀PEACE฀BE฀QUARTERED฀IN฀ANY฀

HOUSE฀WITHOUT฀THE฀CONSENT฀OF฀THE฀/WNER฀NOR฀IN฀TIME฀OF฀

WAR฀BUT฀IN฀A฀MANNER฀TO฀BE฀PRESCRIBED฀BY฀LAW฀

!MENDMENT )6

4HE฀RIGHT฀OF฀THE฀PEOPLE฀TO฀BE฀SECURE฀IN฀THEIR฀PERSONS฀HOUS


ES฀PAPERS฀AND฀EFFECTS฀AGAINST฀UNREASONABLE฀SEARCHES฀AND฀

SEIZURES฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀VIOLATED฀AND฀NO฀7ARRANTS฀SHALL฀ISSUE฀

BUT฀UPON฀PROBABLE฀CAUSE฀SUPPORTED฀BY฀/ATH฀OR฀AFlRMA


TION฀AND฀PARTICULARLY฀DESCRIBING฀THE฀PLACE฀TO฀BE฀SEARCHED฀

AND฀THE฀PERSONS฀OR฀THINGS฀TO฀BE฀SEIZED฀

!MENDMENT 6

.O฀PERSON฀SHALL฀BE฀HELD฀TO฀ANSWER฀FOR฀A฀CAPITAL฀OR฀OTHERWISE฀

INFAMOUS฀CRIME฀UNLESS฀ON฀A฀PRESENTMENT฀OR฀INDICTMENT฀OF฀

A฀'RAND฀*URY฀EXCEPT฀IN฀CASES฀ARISING฀IN฀THE฀LAND฀OR฀NAVAL฀

FORCES฀OR฀IN฀THE฀-ILITIA฀WHEN฀IN฀ACTUAL฀SERVICE฀IN฀TIME฀OF฀

7AR฀OR฀PUBLIC฀DANGER฀NOR฀SHALL฀ANY฀PERSON฀BE฀SUBJECT฀FOR฀

THE฀SAME฀OFFENCE฀TO฀BE฀TWICE฀PUT฀IN฀JEOPARDY฀OF฀LIFE฀OR฀LIMB฀

NOR฀SHALL฀BE฀COMPELLED฀IN฀ANY฀CRIMINAL฀CASE฀TO฀BE฀A฀WITNESS฀

AGAINST฀HIMSELF฀NOR฀BE฀DEPRIVED฀OF฀LIFE฀LIBERTY฀OR฀PROPERTY฀

WITHOUT฀DUE฀PROCESS฀OF฀LAW฀NOR฀SHALL฀PRIVATE฀PROPERTY฀BE฀

TAKEN฀FOR฀PUBLIC฀USE฀WITHOUT฀JUST฀COMPENSATION฀

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# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

!MENDMENT 6)

)N฀ALL฀CRIMINAL฀PROSECUTIONS฀THE฀ACCUSED฀SHALL฀ENJOY฀THE฀

RIGHT฀TO฀A฀SPEEDY฀AND฀PUBLIC฀TRIAL฀BY฀AN฀IMPARTIAL฀JURY฀OF฀

THE฀3TATE฀AND฀DISTRICT฀WHEREIN฀THE฀CRIME฀SHALL฀HAVE฀BEEN฀

COMMITTED฀WHICH฀DISTRICT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀BEEN฀PREVIOUSLY฀

ASCERTAINED฀BY฀LAW฀AND฀TO฀BE฀INFORMED฀OF฀THE฀NATURE฀AND฀

CAUSE฀OF฀THE฀ACCUSATION฀TO฀BE฀CONFRONTED฀WITH฀THE฀WITNESSES฀

AGAINST฀HIM฀TO฀HAVE฀COMPULSORY฀PROCESS฀FOR฀OBTAINING฀WIT


NESSES฀IN฀HIS฀FAVOR฀AND฀TO฀HAVE฀THE฀!SSISTANCE฀OF฀#OUNSEL฀

FOR฀HIS฀DEFENCE฀

!MENDMENT 6))

)N฀SUITS฀AT฀COMMON฀LAW฀WHERE฀THE฀VALUE฀IN฀CONTROVERSY฀

SHALL฀EXCEED฀TWENTY฀DOLLARS฀THE฀RIGHT฀OF฀TRIAL฀BY฀JURY฀SHALL฀BE฀

PRESERVED฀AND฀NO฀FACT฀TRIED฀BY฀A฀JURY฀SHALL฀BE฀OTHERWISE฀RE


EXAMINED฀IN฀ANY฀#OURT฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀THAN฀ACCORDING฀

TO฀THE฀RULES฀OF฀THE฀COMMON฀LAW฀

!MENDMENT 6)))

%XCESSIVE฀BAIL฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀REQUIRED฀NOR฀EXCESSIVE฀lNES฀

IMPOSED฀NOR฀CRUEL฀AND฀UNUSUAL฀PUNISHMENTS฀INmICTED฀

!MENDMENT )8

4HE฀ENUMERATION฀IN฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀OF฀CERTAIN฀RIGHTS฀

SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀CONSTRUED฀TO฀DENY฀OR฀DISPARAGE฀OTHERS฀RETAINED฀

BY฀THE฀PEOPLE฀

!MENDMENT 8

4HE฀POWERS฀NOT฀DELEGATED฀TO฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀BY฀THE฀#ON


STITUTION฀NOR฀PROHIBITED฀BY฀IT฀TO฀THE฀3TATES฀ARE฀RESERVED฀TO฀

THE฀3TATES฀RESPECTIVELY฀OR฀TO฀THE฀PEOPLE฀


 
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!MENDMENT 8)

0ASSED฀BY #ONGRESS -ARCH฀฀฀2ATIlED &EBRUARY฀฀฀

.OTE฀! PORTION OF !RTICLE )))฀3ECTION฀฀OF THE #ONSTITUTION WAS

MODIlED BY THE฀TH !MENDMENT	

TH

4HE *UDICIAL POWER OF THE 5NITED 3TATES SHALL NOT฀BE฀CONSTRUED

TO EXTEND TO ANY SUIT IN LAW OR EQUITY฀COMMENCED OR PROS


ECUTED AGAINST ONE OF THE 5NITED 3TATES฀BY #ITIZENS OF ANOTHER

3TATE฀OR฀BY #ITIZENS OR 3UBJECTS OF ANY &OREIGN 3TATE฀

!MENDMENT 8))

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀$ECEMBER฀฀฀2ATIlED฀*UNE฀฀฀

.OTE฀!฀PORTION฀OF฀!RTICLE฀))฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀WAS฀

CHANGED฀BY฀THE฀TH฀!MENDMENT	฀

4HE฀%LECTORS฀SHALL฀MEET฀IN฀THEIR฀RESPECTIVE฀STATES฀AND฀VOTE฀

BY฀BALLOT฀FOR฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀6ICE
0RESIDENT฀ONE฀OF฀WHOM฀

AT฀LEAST฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀AN฀INHABITANT฀OF฀THE฀SAME฀STATE฀WITH฀

THEMSELVES฀THEY฀SHALL฀NAME฀IN฀THEIR฀BALLOTS฀THE฀PERSON฀VOTED฀

FOR฀AS฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀IN฀DISTINCT฀BALLOTS฀THE฀PERSON฀VOTED฀

FOR฀AS฀6ICE
0RESIDENT฀AND฀THEY฀SHALL฀MAKE฀DISTINCT฀LISTS฀OF฀

ALL฀PERSONS฀VOTED฀FOR฀AS฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀OF฀ALL฀PERSONS฀VOTED฀

FOR฀AS฀6ICE
0RESIDENT฀AND฀OF฀THE฀NUMBER฀OF฀VOTES฀FOR฀EACH฀

WHICH฀LISTS฀THEY฀SHALL฀SIGN฀AND฀CERTIFY฀AND฀TRANSMIT฀SEALED฀

TO฀THE฀SEAT฀OF฀THE฀GOVERNMENT฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀DIRECTED฀

TO฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE
THE฀0RESIDENT฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀

SHALL฀IN฀THE฀PRESENCE฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀AND฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESEN


TATIVES฀OPEN฀ALL฀THE฀CERTIlCATES฀AND฀THE฀VOTES฀SHALL฀THEN฀BE฀

COUNTED
4HE฀PERSON฀HAVING฀THE฀GREATEST฀NUMBER฀OF฀VOTES฀

FOR฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀BE฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀IF฀SUCH฀NUMBER฀BE฀A฀

MAJORITY฀OF฀THE฀WHOLE฀NUMBER฀OF฀%LECTORS฀APPOINTED฀AND฀IF฀

NO฀PERSON฀HAVE฀SUCH฀MAJORITY฀THEN฀FROM฀THE฀PERSONS฀HAVING฀

THE฀HIGHEST฀NUMBERS฀NOT฀EXCEEDING฀THREE฀ON฀THE฀LIST฀OF฀THOSE฀

VOTED฀FOR฀AS฀0RESIDENT฀THE฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀SHALL฀

CHOOSE฀IMMEDIATELY฀BY฀BALLOT฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀"UT฀IN฀CHOOS


ING฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀THE฀VOTES฀SHALL฀BE฀TAKEN฀BY฀STATES฀THE฀

REPRESENTATION฀FROM฀EACH฀STATE฀HAVING฀ONE฀VOTE฀A฀QUORUM฀

FOR฀THIS฀PURPOSE฀SHALL฀CONSIST฀OF฀A฀MEMBER฀OR฀MEMBERS฀FROM฀

TWO
THIRDS฀OF฀THE฀STATES฀AND฀A฀MAJORITY฀OF฀ALL฀THE฀STATES฀SHALL฀

BE฀NECESSARY฀TO฀A฀CHOICE฀;!ND฀IF฀THE฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTA


TIVES฀SHALL฀NOT฀CHOOSE฀A฀0RESIDENT฀WHENEVER฀THE฀RIGHT฀OF฀

CHOICE฀SHALL฀DEVOLVE฀UPON฀THEM฀BEFORE฀THE฀FOURTH฀DAY฀OF฀

-ARCH฀NEXT฀FOLLOWING฀THEN฀THE฀6ICE
0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀ACT฀AS฀

0RESIDENT฀AS฀IN฀CASE฀OF฀THE฀DEATH฀OR฀OTHER฀CONSTITUTIONAL฀

DISABILITY฀OF฀THE฀0RESIDENT
=
฀4HE฀PERSON฀HAVING฀THE฀GREATEST฀

NUMBER฀OF฀VOTES฀AS฀6ICE
0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀BE฀THE฀6ICE
0RESI


DENT฀IF฀SUCH฀NUMBER฀BE฀A฀MAJORITY฀OF฀THE฀WHOLE฀NUMBER฀

OF฀%LECTORS฀APPOINTED฀AND฀IF฀NO฀PERSON฀HAVE฀A฀MAJORITY฀

THEN฀FROM฀THE฀TWO฀HIGHEST฀NUMBERS฀ON฀THE฀LIST฀THE฀3ENATE฀

SHALL฀CHOOSE฀THE฀6ICE
0RESIDENT฀A฀QUORUM฀FOR฀THE฀PURPOSE฀

SHALL฀CONSIST฀OF฀TWO
THIRDS฀OF฀THE฀WHOLE฀NUMBER฀OF฀3ENATORS฀

AND฀A฀MAJORITY฀OF฀THE฀WHOLE฀NUMBER฀SHALL฀BE฀NECESSARY฀TO฀

A฀CHOICE฀"UT฀NO฀PERSON฀CONSTITUTIONALLY฀INELIGIBLE฀TO฀THE฀

OFlCE฀OF฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀BE฀ELIGIBLE฀TO฀THAT฀OF฀6ICE
0RESIDENT฀

OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀


3UPERSEDED฀BY฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀TH฀!MENDMENT฀


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

!MENDMENT 8)))

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀*ANUARY฀฀฀2ATIlED฀$ECEMBER฀฀

฀

.OTE฀!฀PORTION฀OF฀!RTICLE฀)6฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀

WAS฀CHANGED฀BY฀THE฀TH฀!MENDMENT	฀

-

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.EITHER฀SLAVERY฀NOR฀INVOLUNTARY฀SERVITUDE฀EXCEPT฀AS฀A฀

PUNISHMENT฀FOR฀CRIME฀WHEREOF฀THE฀PARTY฀SHALL฀HAVE฀BEEN฀

DULY฀CONVICTED฀SHALL฀EXIST฀WITHIN฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OR฀ANY฀

PLACE฀SUBJECT฀TO฀THEIR฀JURISDICTION฀

-

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#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀POWER฀TO฀ENFORCE฀THIS฀ARTICLE฀BY฀

APPROPRIATE฀LEGISLATION฀

!MENDMENT 8)6

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀*UNE฀฀฀2ATIlED฀*ULY฀฀฀

.OTE฀!RTICLE฀)฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀WAS฀MODIlED฀BY฀

3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀TH฀!MENDMENT	฀

-

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!LL฀PERSONS฀BORN฀OR฀NATURALIZED฀IN฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀

SUBJECT฀TO฀THE฀JURISDICTION฀THEREOF฀ARE฀CITIZENS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀

3TATES฀AND฀OF฀THE฀3TATE฀WHEREIN฀THEY฀RESIDE฀.O฀3TATE฀SHALL฀

MAKE฀OR฀ENFORCE฀ANY฀LAW฀WHICH฀SHALL฀ABRIDGE฀THE฀PRIVILEGES฀

OR฀IMMUNITIES฀OF฀CITIZENS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀NOR฀SHALL฀

ANY฀3TATE฀DEPRIVE฀ANY฀PERSON฀OF฀LIFE฀LIBERTY฀OR฀PROPERTY฀

WITHOUT฀DUE฀PROCESS฀OF฀LAW฀NOR฀DENY฀TO฀ANY฀PERSON฀WITHIN฀

ITS฀JURISDICTION฀THE฀EQUAL฀PROTECTION฀OF฀THE฀LAWS฀

-

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2EPRESENTATIVES฀SHALL฀BE฀APPORTIONED฀AMONG฀THE฀SEVERAL฀

3TATES฀ACCORDING฀TO฀THEIR฀RESPECTIVE฀NUMBERS฀COUNTING฀THE฀

WHOLE฀NUMBER฀OF฀PERSONS฀IN฀EACH฀3TATE฀EXCLUDING฀)NDIANS฀

NOT฀TAXED฀"UT฀WHEN฀THE฀RIGHT฀TO฀VOTE฀AT฀ANY฀ELECTION฀FOR฀

THE฀CHOICE฀OF฀ELECTORS฀FOR฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀OF฀

THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀IN฀#ONGRESS฀THE฀%XECU


TIVE฀AND฀*UDICIAL฀OFlCERS฀OF฀A฀3TATE฀OR฀THE฀MEMBERS฀OF฀THE฀

,EGISLATURE฀THEREOF฀IS฀DENIED฀TO฀ANY฀OF฀THE฀MALE฀INHABIT


ANTS฀OF฀SUCH฀3TATE฀;BEING฀TWENTY
ONE฀YEARS฀OF฀AGE=
฀AND฀

CITIZENS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OR฀IN฀ANY฀WAY฀ABRIDGED฀EXCEPT฀

FOR฀PARTICIPATION฀IN฀REBELLION฀OR฀OTHER฀CRIME฀THE฀BASIS฀OF฀

REPRESENTATION฀THEREIN฀SHALL฀BE฀REDUCED฀IN฀THE฀PROPORTION฀

WHICH฀THE฀NUMBER฀OF฀SUCH฀MALE฀CITIZENS฀SHALL฀BEAR฀TO฀THE฀

WHOLE฀NUMBER฀OF฀MALE฀CITIZENS฀TWENTY
ONE฀YEARS฀OF฀AGE฀IN฀

SUCH฀3TATE฀

-

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.O฀PERSON฀SHALL฀BE฀A฀3ENATOR฀OR฀2EPRESENTATIVE฀IN฀#ON


GRESS฀OR฀ELECTOR฀OF฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀OR฀HOLD฀

ANY฀OFlCE฀CIVIL฀OR฀MILITARY฀UNDER฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OR฀

UNDER฀ANY฀3TATE฀WHO฀HAVING฀PREVIOUSLY฀TAKEN฀AN฀OATH฀AS฀A฀

MEMBER฀OF฀#ONGRESS฀OR฀AS฀AN฀OFlCER฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀

OR฀AS฀A฀MEMBER฀OF฀ANY฀3TATE฀LEGISLATURE฀OR฀AS฀AN฀EXECUTIVE฀

OR฀JUDICIAL฀OFlCER฀OF฀ANY฀3TATE฀TO฀SUPPORT฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀

OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀SHALL฀HAVE฀ENGAGED฀IN฀INSURRECTION฀OR฀

REBELLION฀AGAINST฀THE฀SAME฀OR฀GIVEN฀AID฀OR฀COMFORT฀TO฀THE฀

ENEMIES฀THEREOF฀"UT฀#ONGRESS฀MAY฀BY฀A฀VOTE฀OF฀TWO
THIRDS฀

OF฀EACH฀(OUSE฀REMOVE฀SUCH฀DISABILITY฀

-

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4HE฀VALIDITY฀OF฀THE฀PUBLIC฀DEBT฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AU


THORIZED฀BY฀LAW฀INCLUDING฀DEBTS฀INCURRED฀FOR฀PAYMENT฀OF฀

PENSIONS฀AND฀BOUNTIES฀FOR฀SERVICES฀IN฀SUPPRESSING฀INSURREC


TION฀OR฀REBELLION฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀QUESTIONED฀"UT฀NEITHER฀THE฀

5NITED฀3TATES฀NOR฀ANY฀3TATE฀SHALL฀ASSUME฀OR฀PAY฀ANY฀DEBT฀

OR฀OBLIGATION฀INCURRED฀IN฀AID฀OF฀INSURRECTION฀OR฀REBELLION฀

AGAINST฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OR฀ANY฀CLAIM฀FOR฀THE฀LOSS฀OR฀EMAN


CIPATION฀OF฀ANY฀SLAVE฀BUT฀ALL฀SUCH฀DEBTS฀OBLIGATIONS฀AND฀

CLAIMS฀SHALL฀BE฀HELD฀ILLEGAL฀AND฀VOID฀

-

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4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀THE฀POWER฀TO฀ENFORCE฀BY฀APPROPRI


ATE฀LEGISLATION฀THE฀PROVISIONS฀OF฀THIS฀ARTICLE฀


#HANGED฀BY฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀TH฀!MENDMENT฀


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

!MENDMENT 86

0ASSED฀BY #ONGRESS &EBRUARY฀฀฀2ATIlED &EBRUARY฀฀฀

-

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4HE RIGHT OF฀CITIZENS OF THE 5NITED 3TATES TO VOTE SHALL NOT฀BE

DENIED OR ABRIDGED฀BY THE 5NITED 3TATES OR฀BY ANY 3TATE ON

ACCOUNT OF RACE฀COLOR฀OR PREVIOUS฀CONDITION OF SERVITUDE฀

-

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4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀THE฀POWER฀TO฀ENFORCE฀THIS฀ARTICLE฀BY฀

APPROPRIATE฀LEGISLATION฀

!MENDMENT 86)

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀*ULY฀฀฀2ATIlED฀&EBRUARY฀฀฀

.OTE฀!RTICLE฀)฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀WAS฀MODIlED฀BY฀

THE฀TH฀!MENDMENT	฀

4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀POWER฀TO฀LAY฀AND฀COLLECT฀TAXES฀ON฀

INCOMES฀FROM฀WHATEVER฀SOURCE฀DERIVED฀WITHOUT฀APPORTION


MENT฀AMONG฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀AND฀WITHOUT฀REGARD฀TO฀ANY฀

CENSUS฀OR฀ENUMERATION฀

!MENDMENT 86))

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀-AY฀฀฀2ATIlED฀!PRIL฀฀฀

.OTE฀!RTICLE฀)฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀WAS฀MODIlED฀BY฀

THE฀TH฀!MENDMENT	฀

4HE฀3ENATE฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀SHALL฀BE฀COMPOSED฀OF฀TWO฀

3ENATORS฀FROM฀EACH฀3TATE฀ELECTED฀BY฀THE฀PEOPLE฀THEREOF฀FOR฀

SIX฀YEARS฀AND฀EACH฀3ENATOR฀SHALL฀HAVE฀ONE฀VOTE฀4HE฀ELECTORS฀

IN฀EACH฀3TATE฀SHALL฀HAVE฀THE฀QUALIlCATIONS฀REQUISITE฀FOR฀ELEC


TORS฀OF฀THE฀MOST฀NUMEROUS฀BRANCH฀OF฀THE฀3TATE฀LEGISLATURES฀

7HEN฀VACANCIES฀HAPPEN฀IN฀THE฀REPRESENTATION฀OF฀ANY฀3TATE฀

IN฀THE฀3ENATE฀THE฀EXECUTIVE฀AUTHORITY฀OF฀SUCH฀3TATE฀SHALL฀

ISSUE฀WRITS฀OF฀ELECTION฀TO฀lLL฀SUCH฀VACANCIES฀0ROVIDED฀4HAT฀

THE฀LEGISLATURE฀OF฀ANY฀3TATE฀MAY฀EMPOWER฀THE฀EXECUTIVE฀

THEREOF฀TO฀MAKE฀TEMPORARY฀APPOINTMENTS฀UNTIL฀THE฀PEOPLE฀

lLL฀THE฀VACANCIES฀BY฀ELECTION฀AS฀THE฀LEGISLATURE฀MAY฀DIRECT฀

4HIS฀AMENDMENT฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀SO฀CONSTRUED฀AS฀TO฀AFFECT฀THE฀

ELECTION฀OR฀TERM฀OF฀ANY฀3ENATOR฀CHOSEN฀BEFORE฀IT฀BECOMES฀

VALID฀AS฀PART฀OF฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀

!MENDMENT 86)))

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀$ECEMBER฀฀฀2ATIlED฀*ANUARY฀฀

฀2EPEALED฀BY฀THE฀ST฀!MENDMENT฀$ECEMBER฀฀฀

-

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!FTER฀ONE฀YEAR฀FROM฀THE฀RATIlCATION฀OF฀THIS฀ARTICLE฀THE฀

MANUFACTURE฀SALE฀OR฀TRANSPORTATION฀OF฀INTOXICATING฀LIQUORS฀

WITHIN฀THE฀IMPORTATION฀THEREOF฀INTO฀OR฀THE฀EXPORTATION฀

THEREOF฀FROM฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀AND฀ALL฀TERRITORY฀SUBJECT฀TO฀

THE฀JURISDICTION฀THEREOF฀FOR฀BEVERAGE฀PURPOSES฀IS฀HEREBY฀

PROHIBITED฀

-

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4HE฀#ONGRESS฀AND฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀SHALL฀HAVE฀CONCURRENT฀

POWER฀TO฀ENFORCE฀THIS฀ARTICLE฀BY฀APPROPRIATE฀LEGISLATION฀

-

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4HIS฀ARTICLE฀SHALL฀BE฀INOPERATIVE฀UNLESS฀IT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀BEEN฀

RATIlED฀AS฀AN฀AMENDMENT฀TO฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀BY฀THE฀LEGISLA


TURES฀OF฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀AS฀PROVIDED฀IN฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀

WITHIN฀SEVEN฀YEARS฀FROM฀THE฀DATE฀OF฀THE฀SUBMISSION฀HEREOF฀

TO฀THE฀3TATES฀BY฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀

!MENDMENT 8)8

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀*UNE฀฀฀2ATIlED฀!UGUST฀฀฀

4HE฀RIGHT฀OF฀CITIZENS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀TO฀VOTE฀SHALL฀NOT฀

BE฀DENIED฀OR฀ABRIDGED฀BY฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OR฀BY฀ANY฀3TATE฀

ON฀ACCOUNT฀OF฀SEX฀

#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀POWER฀TO฀ENFORCE฀THIS฀ARTICLE฀BY฀APPRO


PRIATE฀LEGISLATION฀


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

!MENDMENT 88

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀-ARCH฀฀฀2ATIlED฀*ANUARY฀฀฀

.OTE฀!RTICLE฀)฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀WAS฀MODIlED฀

BY฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THIS฀!MENDMENT฀)N฀ADDITION฀A฀PORTION฀OF฀THE฀

TH฀!MENDMENT฀WAS฀SUPERSEDED฀BY฀3ECTION฀	฀

-

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4HE฀TERMS฀OF฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀END฀

AT฀NOON฀ON฀THE฀TH฀DAY฀OF฀*ANUARY฀AND฀THE฀TERMS฀OF฀3ENA


TORS฀AND฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀AT฀NOON฀ON฀THE฀D฀DAY฀OF฀*ANUARY฀

OF฀THE฀YEARS฀IN฀WHICH฀SUCH฀TERMS฀WOULD฀HAVE฀ENDED฀IF฀THIS฀

ARTICLE฀HAD฀NOT฀BEEN฀RATIlED฀AND฀THE฀TERMS฀OF฀THEIR฀SUCCES


SORS฀SHALL฀THEN฀BEGIN฀

-

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4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀ASSEMBLE฀AT฀LEAST฀ONCE฀IN฀EVERY฀YEAR฀AND฀

SUCH฀MEETING฀SHALL฀BEGIN฀AT฀NOON฀ON฀THE฀D฀DAY฀OF฀*ANUARY฀

UNLESS฀THEY฀SHALL฀BY฀LAW฀APPOINT฀A฀DIFFERENT฀DAY฀

-

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)F฀AT฀THE฀TIME฀lXED฀FOR฀THE฀BEGINNING฀OF฀THE฀TERM฀OF฀THE฀

0RESIDENT฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀ELECT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀DIED฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESI


DENT฀ELECT฀SHALL฀BECOME฀0RESIDENT฀)F฀A฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀NOT฀

HAVE฀BEEN฀CHOSEN฀BEFORE฀THE฀TIME฀lXED฀FOR฀THE฀BEGINNING฀OF฀

HIS฀TERM฀OR฀IF฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀ELECT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀FAILED฀TO฀QUALIFY฀

THEN฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀ELECT฀SHALL฀ACT฀AS฀0RESIDENT฀UNTIL฀A฀

0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀QUALIlED฀AND฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀MAY฀BY฀LAW฀

PROVIDE฀FOR฀THE฀CASE฀WHEREIN฀NEITHER฀A฀0RESIDENT฀ELECT฀NOR฀A฀

6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀QUALIlED฀DECLARING฀WHO฀SHALL฀THEN฀

ACT฀AS฀0RESIDENT฀OR฀THE฀MANNER฀IN฀WHICH฀ONE฀WHO฀IS฀TO฀ACT฀

SHALL฀BE฀SELECTED฀AND฀SUCH฀PERSON฀SHALL฀ACT฀ACCORDINGLY฀UNTIL฀

A฀0RESIDENT฀OR฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀QUALIlED฀

-

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4HE฀#ONGRESS฀MAY฀BY฀LAW฀PROVIDE฀FOR฀THE฀CASE฀OF฀THE฀DEATH฀

OF฀ANY฀OF฀THE฀PERSONS฀FROM฀WHOM฀THE฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTA


TIVES฀MAY฀CHOOSE฀A฀0RESIDENT฀WHENEVER฀THE฀RIGHT฀OF฀CHOICE฀

SHALL฀HAVE฀DEVOLVED฀UPON฀THEM฀AND฀FOR฀THE฀CASE฀OF฀THE฀

DEATH฀OF฀ANY฀OF฀THE฀PERSONS฀FROM฀WHOM฀THE฀3ENATE฀MAY฀

CHOOSE฀A฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀WHENEVER฀THE฀RIGHT฀OF฀CHOICE฀SHALL฀

HAVE฀DEVOLVED฀UPON฀THEM฀

-

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3ECTIONS฀฀AND฀฀SHALL฀TAKE฀EFFECT฀ON฀THE฀TH฀DAY฀OF฀/CTO


BER฀FOLLOWING฀THE฀RATIlCATION฀OF฀THIS฀ARTICLE฀

-

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4HIS฀ARTICLE฀SHALL฀BE฀INOPERATIVE฀UNLESS฀IT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀BEEN฀

RATIlED฀AS฀AN฀AMENDMENT฀TO฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀BY฀THE฀LEG


ISLATURES฀OF฀THREE
FOURTHS฀OF฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀WITHIN฀SEVEN฀

YEARS฀FROM฀THE฀DATE฀OF฀ITS฀SUBMISSION฀

!MENDMENT 88)

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀&EBRUARY฀฀฀2ATIlED฀$ECEMBER฀฀

฀

-

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4HE฀EIGHTEENTH฀ARTICLE฀OF฀AMENDMENT฀TO฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀

OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀IS฀HEREBY฀REPEALED฀

-

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4HE฀TRANSPORTATION฀OR฀IMPORTATION฀INTO฀ANY฀3TATE฀4ERRITORY฀

OR฀POSSESSION฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀FOR฀DELIVERY฀OR฀USE฀THEREIN฀

OF฀INTOXICATING฀LIQUORS฀IN฀VIOLATION฀OF฀THE฀LAWS฀THEREOF฀IS฀

HEREBY฀PROHIBITED฀

-

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4HIS฀ARTICLE฀SHALL฀BE฀INOPERATIVE฀UNLESS฀IT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀BEEN฀

RATIlED฀AS฀AN฀AMENDMENT฀TO฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀BY฀CONVEN


TIONS฀IN฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀AS฀PROVIDED฀IN฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀

WITHIN฀SEVEN฀YEARS฀FROM฀THE฀DATE฀OF฀THE฀SUBMISSION฀HEREOF฀

TO฀THE฀3TATES฀BY฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

!MENDMENT 88))

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀-ARCH฀฀฀2ATIlED฀&EBRUARY฀฀

฀

-

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.O฀PERSON฀SHALL฀BE฀ELECTED฀TO฀THE฀OFlCE฀OF฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀

MORE฀THAN฀TWICE฀AND฀NO฀PERSON฀WHO฀HAS฀HELD฀THE฀OFlCE฀OF฀

0RESIDENT฀OR฀ACTED฀AS฀0RESIDENT฀FOR฀MORE฀THAN฀TWO฀YEARS฀OF฀

A฀TERM฀TO฀WHICH฀SOME฀OTHER฀PERSON฀WAS฀ELECTED฀0RESIDENT฀

SHALL฀BE฀ELECTED฀TO฀THE฀OFlCE฀OF฀0RESIDENT฀MORE฀THAN฀ONCE฀

"UT฀THIS฀!RTICLE฀SHALL฀NOT฀APPLY฀TO฀ANY฀PERSON฀HOLDING฀THE฀

OFlCE฀OF฀0RESIDENT฀WHEN฀THIS฀!RTICLE฀WAS฀PROPOSED฀BY฀#ON


GRESS฀AND฀SHALL฀NOT฀PREVENT฀ANY฀PERSON฀WHO฀MAY฀BE฀HOLDING฀

THE฀OFlCE฀OF฀0RESIDENT฀OR฀ACTING฀AS฀0RESIDENT฀DURING฀THE฀

TERM฀WITHIN฀WHICH฀THIS฀!RTICLE฀BECOMES฀OPERATIVE฀FROM฀

HOLDING฀THE฀OFlCE฀OF฀0RESIDENT฀OR฀ACTING฀AS฀0RESIDENT฀DURING฀

THE฀REMAINDER฀OF฀SUCH฀TERM฀

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4HIS฀ARTICLE฀SHALL฀BE฀INOPERATIVE฀UNLESS฀IT฀SHALL฀HAVE฀BEEN฀

RATIlED฀AS฀AN฀AMENDMENT฀TO฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀BY฀THE฀LEG


ISLATURES฀OF฀THREE
FOURTHS฀OF฀THE฀SEVERAL฀3TATES฀WITHIN฀SEVEN฀

YEARS฀FROM฀THE฀DATE฀OF฀ITS฀SUBMISSION฀TO฀THE฀3TATES฀BY฀THE฀

#ONGRESS฀

!MENDMENT 88)))

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀*UNE฀฀฀2ATIlED฀-ARCH฀฀฀

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4HE฀$ISTRICT฀CONSTITUTING฀THE฀SEAT฀OF฀'OVERNMENT฀OF฀THE฀

5NITED฀3TATES฀SHALL฀APPOINT฀IN฀SUCH฀MANNER฀AS฀#ONGRESS฀

MAY฀DIRECT฀

!฀NUMBER฀OF฀ELECTORS฀OF฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀EQUAL฀

TO฀THE฀WHOLE฀NUMBER฀OF฀3ENATORS฀AND฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀

IN฀#ONGRESS฀TO฀WHICH฀THE฀$ISTRICT฀WOULD฀BE฀ENTITLED฀IF฀IT฀

WERE฀A฀3TATE฀BUT฀IN฀NO฀EVENT฀MORE฀THAN฀THE฀LEAST฀POPULOUS฀

3TATE฀THEY฀SHALL฀BE฀IN฀ADDITION฀TO฀THOSE฀APPOINTED฀BY฀THE฀

3TATES฀BUT฀THEY฀SHALL฀BE฀CONSIDERED฀FOR฀THE฀PURPOSES฀OF฀

THE฀ELECTION฀OF฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀TO฀BE฀ELECTORS฀

APPOINTED฀BY฀A฀3TATE฀AND฀THEY฀SHALL฀MEET฀IN฀THE฀$ISTRICT฀

AND฀PERFORM฀SUCH฀DUTIES฀AS฀PROVIDED฀BY฀THE฀TWELFTH฀ARTICLE฀

OF฀AMENDMENT฀

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4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀POWER฀TO฀ENFORCE฀THIS฀ARTICLE฀BY฀

APPROPRIATE฀LEGISLATION฀

!MENDMENT 88)6

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀!UGUST฀฀฀2ATIlED฀*ANUARY฀฀฀

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4HE฀RIGHT฀OF฀CITIZENS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀TO฀VOTE฀IN฀ANY฀PRI


MARY฀OR฀OTHER฀ELECTION฀FOR฀0RESIDENT฀OR฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀FOR฀

ELECTORS฀FOR฀0RESIDENT฀OR฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀OR฀FOR฀3ENATOR฀OR฀

2EPRESENTATIVE฀IN฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀DENIED฀OR฀ABRIDGED฀

BY฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OR฀ANY฀3TATE฀BY฀REASON฀OF฀FAILURE฀TO฀PAY฀

POLL฀TAX฀OR฀OTHER฀TAX฀

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4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀POWER฀TO฀ENFORCE฀THIS฀ARTICLE฀BY฀

APPROPRIATE฀LEGISLATION฀


# / . 3 4 ) 4 5 4 ) / . / & 4 ( % 5 . ) 4 % $ 3 4 ! 4 % 3

!MENDMENT 886

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀*ULY฀฀฀2ATIlED฀&EBRUARY฀฀฀

.OTE฀!RTICLE฀))฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀WAS฀MODIlED฀BY฀

THE฀TH฀!MENDMENT	฀

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)N฀CASE฀OF฀THE฀REMOVAL฀OF฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀FROM฀OFlCE฀OR฀OF฀

HIS฀DEATH฀OR฀RESIGNATION฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀BECOME฀

0RESIDENT฀

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7HENEVER฀THERE฀IS฀A฀VACANCY฀IN฀THE฀OFlCE฀OF฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESI


DENT฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀NOMINATE฀A฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀WHO฀

SHALL฀TAKE฀OFlCE฀UPON฀CONlRMATION฀BY฀A฀MAJORITY฀VOTE฀OF฀

BOTH฀(OUSES฀OF฀#ONGRESS฀

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7HENEVER฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀TRANSMITS฀TO฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀PRO฀

TEMPORE฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀AND฀THE฀3PEAKER฀OF฀THE฀(OUSE฀OF฀

2EPRESENTATIVES฀HIS฀WRITTEN฀DECLARATION฀THAT฀HE฀IS฀UNABLE฀

TO฀DISCHARGE฀THE฀POWERS฀AND฀DUTIES฀OF฀HIS฀OFlCE฀AND฀UNTIL฀

HE฀TRANSMITS฀TO฀THEM฀A฀WRITTEN฀DECLARATION฀TO฀THE฀CONTRARY฀

SUCH฀POWERS฀AND฀DUTIES฀SHALL฀BE฀DISCHARGED฀BY฀THE฀6ICE฀

0RESIDENT฀AS฀!CTING฀0RESIDENT฀

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7HENEVER฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀A฀MAJORITY฀OF฀EITHER฀THE฀

PRINCIPAL฀OFlCERS฀OF฀THE฀EXECUTIVE฀DEPARTMENTS฀OR฀OF฀SUCH฀

OTHER฀BODY฀AS฀#ONGRESS฀MAY฀BY฀LAW฀PROVIDE฀TRANSMIT฀TO฀THE฀

0RESIDENT฀PRO฀TEMPORE฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀AND฀THE฀3PEAKER฀OF฀THE฀

(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀THEIR฀WRITTEN฀DECLARATION฀THAT฀THE฀

0RESIDENT฀IS฀UNABLE฀TO฀DISCHARGE฀THE฀POWERS฀AND฀DUTIES฀OF฀

HIS฀OFlCE฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀IMMEDIATELY฀ASSUME฀THE฀

POWERS฀AND฀DUTIES฀OF฀THE฀OFlCE฀AS฀!CTING฀0RESIDENT฀



4HEREAFTER฀WHEN฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀TRANSMITS฀TO฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀

PRO฀TEMPORE฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀AND฀THE฀3PEAKER฀OF฀THE฀(OUSE฀OF฀

2EPRESENTATIVES฀HIS฀WRITTEN฀DECLARATION฀THAT฀NO฀INABILITY฀EX


ISTS฀HE฀SHALL฀RESUME฀THE฀POWERS฀AND฀DUTIES฀OF฀HIS฀OFlCE฀UN


LESS฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀AND฀A฀MAJORITY฀OF฀EITHER฀THE฀PRINCIPAL฀

OFlCERS฀OF฀THE฀EXECUTIVE฀DEPARTMENT฀OR฀OF฀SUCH฀OTHER฀BODY฀

AS฀#ONGRESS฀MAY฀BY฀LAW฀PROVIDE฀TRANSMIT฀WITHIN฀FOUR฀DAYS฀

TO฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀PRO฀TEMPORE฀OF฀THE฀3ENATE฀AND฀THE฀3PEAKER฀

OF฀THE฀(OUSE฀OF฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀THEIR฀WRITTEN฀DECLARATION฀

THAT฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀IS฀UNABLE฀TO฀DISCHARGE฀THE฀POWERS฀AND฀

DUTIES฀OF฀HIS฀OFlCE฀4HEREUPON฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀DECIDE฀THE฀

ISSUE฀ASSEMBLING฀WITHIN฀FORTY
EIGHT฀HOURS฀FOR฀THAT฀PURPOSE฀

IF฀NOT฀IN฀SESSION฀)F฀THE฀#ONGRESS฀WITHIN฀TWENTY
ONE฀DAYS฀

AFTER฀RECEIPT฀OF฀THE฀LATTER฀WRITTEN฀DECLARATION฀OR฀IF฀#ONGRESS฀

IS฀NOT฀IN฀SESSION฀WITHIN฀TWENTY
ONE฀DAYS฀AFTER฀#ONGRESS฀IS฀

REQUIRED฀TO฀ASSEMBLE฀DETERMINES฀BY฀TWO
THIRDS฀VOTE฀OF฀BOTH฀

(OUSES฀THAT฀THE฀0RESIDENT฀IS฀UNABLE฀TO฀DISCHARGE฀THE฀POWERS฀

AND฀DUTIES฀OF฀HIS฀OFlCE฀THE฀6ICE฀0RESIDENT฀SHALL฀CONTINUE฀TO฀

DISCHARGE฀THE฀SAME฀AS฀!CTING฀0RESIDENT฀OTHERWISE฀THE฀0RESI


DENT฀SHALL฀RESUME฀THE฀POWERS฀AND฀DUTIES฀OF฀HIS฀OFlCE฀

!MENDMENT 886)

0ASSED฀BY฀#ONGRESS฀-ARCH฀฀฀2ATIlED฀*ULY฀฀฀

.OTE฀!MENDMENT฀฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀WAS฀

MODIlED฀BY฀3ECTION฀฀OF฀THE฀TH฀!MENDMENT	฀

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4HE฀RIGHT฀OF฀CITIZENS฀OF฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀WHO฀ARE฀EIGHTEEN฀

YEARS฀OF฀AGE฀OR฀OLDER฀TO฀VOTE฀SHALL฀NOT฀BE฀DENIED฀OR฀ABRIDGED฀

BY฀THE฀5NITED฀3TATES฀OR฀BY฀ANY฀3TATE฀ON฀ACCOUNT฀OF฀AGE฀

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4HE฀#ONGRESS฀SHALL฀HAVE฀POWER฀TO฀ENFORCE฀THIS฀ARTICLE฀BY฀

APPROPRIATE฀LEGISLATION฀

!MENDMENT 886))

/RIGINALLY฀PROPOSED฀3EPT฀฀฀2ATIlED฀-AY฀฀฀

.O฀LAW฀VARYING฀THE฀COMPENSATION฀FOR฀THE฀SERVICES฀OF฀THE฀

3ENATORS฀AND฀2EPRESENTATIVES฀SHALL฀TAKE฀EFFECT฀UNTIL฀AN฀ELEC


TION฀OF฀REPRESENTATIVES฀SHALL฀HAVE฀INTERVENED฀
4

HE฀.##฀IS฀AN฀INDEPENDENT฀

NON
PARTISAN฀NONPROlT฀

ORGANIZATION฀THAT฀WAS฀ESTABLISHED฀

IN฀฀UNDER฀THE฀#ONSTITUTION฀(ERITAGE฀

!CT฀฀4HE฀#ENTERS฀MISSION฀IS฀TO฀INCREASE฀

AWARENESS฀AND฀UNDERSTANDING฀OF฀THE฀

#ONSTITUTION฀THE฀#ONSTITUTIONS฀HISTORY฀

AND฀ITS฀RELEVANCE฀TO฀PEOPLES฀DAILY฀LIVES

.ATIONAL฀#ONSTITUTION฀#ENTER

฀!RCH฀3TREET

)NDEPENDENCE฀-ALL

0HILADELPHIA฀0!฀฀

	฀


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