NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 22a0442n.06

Case No. 21-4181

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

YOLANDA MARISOL MENDEZRODRIGUEZ, ANTHONY RICARDO 

MENDEZ-RODRIGUEZ, ROLANDO 

FABRICIO VAZQUEZ-RODRIGUEZ,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent-Appellee.

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

ON PETITION FOR REVIEW 

FROM THE UNITED STATES 

BOARD OF IMMIGRATION 

APPEALS

OPINION

Before: COLE, CLAY, and MATHIS, Circuit Judges

MATHIS, Circuit Judge. Petitioners, Yolanda Marisol Mendez-Rodriguez (“Yolanda”) 

and her two sons, Anthony Ricardo Mendez-Rodriguez (“Anthony”) and Rolando Fabricio 

Vazquez-Rodriguez (“Rolando”), seek review of a final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals 

(“BIA”) affirming the decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) to deny their applications for 

asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the United Nations Convention Against Torture 

and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (“CAT”). Petitioners challenge 

the BIA’s decision upholding the IJ’s adverse credibility finding. Unfortunately, Petitioners did 

not challenge, before this Court or before the BIA, the IJ’s denial of Anthony and Rolando’s 

applications for relief or the IJ’s alternative holding denying Yolanda’s application for relief for 

herself and her sons as derivative beneficiaries on the merits under the assumption that Yolanda 
Case No. 21-4181, Mendez-Rodriguez, et al. v. Garland

- 2 -

testified credibly. Thus, Petitioners forfeited any argument that the IJ or BIA erred in denying all 

three applications for relief on the merits. Therefore, we DENY the petition for review. 

I. BACKGROUND

Petitioners are natives and citizens of El Salvador. They came to the United States on or 

about December 14, 2016. On December 15, 2016, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) 

served Petitioners with a Notice to Appear (“NTA”). The NTA alleged that Petitioners were 

removable from the United States as aliens who were present in the United States without being 

admitted or paroled and without appearing at a time or place designated by the Attorney General 

under section 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1182(a)(6)(A)(i).

On October 5, 2017, Petitioners appeared with counsel before the IJ. Petitioners admitted 

the allegations in the NTA, conceded removability, and designated El Salvador as the country of 

removal. At the same hearing, each Petitioner applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and 

CAT relief, with Yolanda’s application including Anthony and Rolando as derivative 

beneficiaries. To support their applications, Petitioners submitted a written statement from 

Yolanda, a letter from Yolanda’s brother, a letter from Yolanda’s previous employer, and other 

supporting documents.

On February 21, 2019, Petitioners again appeared with counsel before the IJ. Yolanda

testified as to her account of their alleged persecution, answering questions from her own counsel, 

DHS counsel, and the IJ. 

In her written statement and testimony, Yolanda described a situation that began in 2015. 

After her husband left her family in 2014, Yolanda took over her husband’s business selling goat 

milk. Shortly thereafter, a man who was a member of the Mara 18 gang approached her and began 
Case No. 21-4181, Mendez-Rodriguez, et al. v. Garland

- 3 -

charging her rent to run her business. Although she agreed to pay the proposed rent in hopes of 

conducting her business in peace, the man would still visit her business, sexually harass, threaten, 

and proposition her. After she denied his sexual advances, the man threatened her business and 

threatened to hurt her sons and recruit them into the gang. In her testimony, Yolanda stated that 

the man physically harmed or touched her “several times” during this harassment. (A.R. 96). 

Sometime between November 2015 and January 2016, Yolanda lost her business. In her testimony, 

she claimed that after a knee injury, she had taken a short break from her business, but when she 

returned, she was told she could not enter. Yolanda testified that in September 2016, her son was 

threatened again, and Yolanda removed him from school.

Yolanda eventually reported the harassment to the police, who told her to leave the area 

while they investigated. Later, Yolanda went to the prosecutor’s office with her brother, who is a 

police officer in El Salvador. After leaving the prosecutor’s office, she received a phone call from 

the man who was harassing her. Yolanda alleges that the man realized her brother was a police 

officer after the man observed her with her brother at the police station. After her brother heard 

the phone call, Yolanda disclosed to him for the first time that she was being harassed in addition 

to her sons. Her brother then went back into the prosecutor’s office, but the prosecutor told her 

brother that the police had not had time to investigate Yolanda’s case and suggested that she and 

her sons leave the country instead. Following this, in November 2016, Yolanda sold her home and 

received some money from her brother to be able to leave the country. She and her sons ultimately 

left El Salvador on November 8, 2016. 

Yolanda reported that the men who had threatened her were detained, but they were 

released after a month and a half. Further, she is unsure if there is anywhere in El Salvador that 

she could live safely. 
Case No. 21-4181, Mendez-Rodriguez, et al. v. Garland

- 4 -

At the conclusion of the hearing, the IJ issued a decision denying all forms of relief based 

on an adverse credibility finding against Yolanda. The IJ found that Yolanda’s testimony was not 

credible because of inconsistencies with her written statement, inconsistencies with her brother’s 

letter, internal inconsistencies within the testimony itself, and because overall, the testimony was 

not plausible and often incomprehensible. 

Additionally, the IJ found that, even if Yolanda’s testimony was credible, the Petitioners 

would not have succeeded on the merits of their asylum claim because Yolanda could not establish 

that membership in a protected social group (“PSG”) was a “central reason” for the alleged

persecution. (A.R. 43-44, 51). Yolanda claimed membership in the following PSGs: (1) family 

members of police officers who are targeted because of that family relationship, and (2) single El 

Salvadorian mothers who are targeted by gangs. The sons claimed membership in a PSG of young 

men subjected to gang recruitment in El Salvador. The IJ rejected the PSG of family members of 

police officers reasoning that, based on the chronology of events laid out in Yolanda’s statements

and because no allegations were made pointing to threats her other family members in El Salvador 

faced due to her brother’s employment, she was not targeted because her brother was a police 

officer. The IJ also rejected the PSG of single women in El Salvador as “too broad, anamorphous, 

and lacking in social particularity.” (A.R. 43, 52). Lastly, the IJ rejected the PSG of young men 

subject to gang recruitment as not viable, relying on Castro v. Holder, 530 F. App’x 513 (6th Cir. 

2013). 

Further, the IJ found that because the requirements for asylum had not been met, Petitioners 

necessarily could not meet the higher burden for withholding of removal. The IJ also found that, 

even if Yolanda’s testimony was credible, there was not sufficient evidence in the record to 
Case No. 21-4181, Mendez-Rodriguez, et al. v. Garland

- 5 -

establish that police or other authorities were indifferent to or acquiesced in the harassment, and, 

therefore, Petitioners’ CAT claim must fail. 

On November 15, 2021, the BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision and dismissed Petitioners’ 

appeal. The BIA adopted the IJ’s decision denying Petitioners’ applications for relief and affirmed 

the IJ’s adverse credibility finding for the reasons stated in her decision. Alternatively, the BIA 

concluded that even if Yolanda was found to be credible, the petitions for relief would be denied 

because Petitioners did not challenge the IJ’s merits determination as to any of the applications. 

II. ANALYSIS

On appeal, Petitioners argue that: (1) the IJ and BIA erred in making an adverse credibility 

determination because it was not supported by substantial evidence, and (2) that the IJ and BIA 

erred by not establishing the competency of the interpreter on the record or conducting an inquiry 

into the quality of the interpretation of Yolanda’s testimony. It is unnecessary to decide the 

seemingly complicated adverse credibility issue because Petitioners have not contested the IJ’s

and BIA’s rulings that, even if Yolanda was credible, the Petitioners’ applications must fail on the 

merits. Additionally, Petitioners have likewise forfeited their challenge to the interpreter’s 

competency by failing to raise it before the IJ or the BIA.

A.

Under the INA, “the Attorney General may grant asylum to an alien who has applied for 

asylum” if “such an alien is a refugee.” Marikasi v. Lynch, 840 F.3d 281, 286 (6th Cir. 2016) 

(citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A)). The applicable definition for refugee is a person “who is unable 

or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, 

[their home] country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of 

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. 
Case No. 21-4181, Mendez-Rodriguez, et al. v. Garland

- 6 -

§ 1101(a)(42)(A). The asylum applicant bears the burden of proof to establish that they are a 

refugee. Id. § 1158(b)(1)(B). Asylum applicants can meet their burden by proving actual past 

persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution. Marikasi, 840 F.3d at 287 (citing 

Mikhailevitch v. I.N.S., 146 F.3d 384, 389 (6th Cir. 1998); 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.13(a)–(b) (1997)). “The 

applicant’s testimony, if credible, ‘may be sufficient to sustain the burden of proof without 

corroboration.’” Id. (internal citations and references omitted).

For a petition for withholding of removal, “an alien must show that it is more likely than 

not that he would be subject to persecution... were he removed from this country.” 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1231(b)(3); Marouf v. Lynch, 811 F.3d 174, 179 (6th Cir. 2016) (citing Shkulaku–Purballori v. 

Mukasey, 514 F.3d 499, 503 (6th Cir. 2007)). For relief under CAT, the applicant must show “it is 

more likely than not that he . . . would be tortured if removed . . ..” Marouf, 811 F.3d at 179 (citing 

Shkulaku-Purballori, 514 F.3d at 503). Withholding of removal and CAT are mandatory, not 

discretionary, forms of relief for statutorily eligible applicants. Id. (citing 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1231(b)(3)(A)). 

“[A]n adverse credibility finding precludes an applicant from demonstrating either the 

well-founded fear of future persecution necessary to establish eligibility for asylum, or the ‘clear 

probability’ of future persecution necessary to qualify for withholding of removal.” Seo v. Holder, 

533 F. App’x 605, 615 (6th Cir. 2013) (internal citations and references omitted). Further, an 

adverse credibility finding precludes CAT relief. Zhao v. Holder, 569 F.3d 238, 249 (6th Cir.

2009).

Where, as in this case, the BIA adopts the IJ’s decision and provides additional analysis, 

we review both the IJ’s decision and the BIA’s additional reasoning for substantial evidence. Zhao,

569 F.3d at 246 (citing Mapouya v. Gonzales, 487 F.3d 396, 405 (6th Cir. 2007)).
Case No. 21-4181, Mendez-Rodriguez, et al. v. Garland

- 7 -

B.

Petitioners have forfeited any challenge to the IJ and BIA’s determination that, even if 

Yolanda was found to be credible, they could not succeed on the merits of their claims because 

they did not challenge the merits determination before the BIA or before this Court. See SuarezDiaz v. Holder, 771 F.3d 935, 945 (6th Cir. 2014). Failure to raise an issue before the BIA and this 

Court results in forfeiture of the issue. See Ramani v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 554, 558–59 (6th Cir. 

2004) (holding that only claims properly presented to the BIA and considered on their merits can 

be reviewed by this Court); see also Aguilar-Gonzales v. Barr, 779 F. App’x. 354, 358 (6th Cir. 

2019) (finding that because the petitioner did not address the BIA’s determination that she was not 

a member of a particular social group or the BIA’s other grounds for affirming the denial of her 

asylum claim, the petitioner forfeited any challenge to the denial of that claim). 

The IJ found that, even if Yolanda was credible, Petitioners failed to establish that they 

were persecuted on account of membership in a PSG. The IJ also found that Petitioners’ CAT and 

withholding of removal claims failed on the merits. Petitioners did not challenge these findings 

before the BIA, so the BIA correctly deemed the issues to be waived. Similarly, because Petitioners 

did not challenge either the IJ’s or BIA’s findings on this issue in their arguments before this Court, 

those arguments are forfeited.

C.

Petitioners’ challenge to the IJ’s and BIA’s actions concerning the competency of the 

interpreter must also fail. Petitioners did not challenge the quality of interpretation or procedures 

in accepting Yolanda’s translated documents before the IJ or the BIA. These issues were raised for 

the first time in Petitioners’ appellate brief. “It is a well-established rule that this Court will not 

consider claims that are presented for the first time on appeal nor arguments that are not properly 
Case No. 21-4181, Mendez-Rodriguez, et al. v. Garland

- 8 -

raised below.” Zhao, 569 F.3d at 247 (citing Berryman v. Rieger, 150 F.3d 561, 568 (6th Cir. 

1998)). Thus, as discussed above, any issues related to interpretation or the interpreter’s 

competency have been forfeited. See Ramani, 378 F.3d at 558–59.

III. CONCLUSION

Because Petitioners forfeited their arguments as to the merits of their petitions, the petitions

for review are DENIED.