FILED 

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 March 31, 2004 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 

Nos. 03-10226, 03-11502

 

D. C. Docket Nos. 00-01128 CV-J-20-HTS

 00-01128 CV-3-J-20HTS

MORRIS COMMUNICATIONS CORP.,

a Georgia Corporation,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

PGA TOUR, INC.,

Defendant-Appellee.

 

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

 

(March 31, 2004)

Before EDMONDSON, Chief Judge, DUBINA and COX, Circuit Judges.

DUBINA, Circuit Judge:
2

Plaintiff-Appellant, Morris Communications Corp. (“Morris”), brought suit

against Defendant-Appellee PGA TOUR, Inc. (“PGA”), alleging that PGA

violated section 2 of the Sherman Act, codified at 15 U.S.C. § 2, by monopolizing

the markets for (1) the publication of compiled real-time golf scores on the

internet, and (2) the sale, or syndication of those scores. In addition, Morris

alleged that PGA further violated section 2 of the Sherman Act by refusing to deal

with Morris. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of PGA

because it found, inter alia, that PGA had a valid business justification for its

actions. For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Facts 

Morris is a media company that publishes print and electronic newspapers. 

PGA is the sponsor of a series of professional golf tournaments throughout North

America known as the PGA Tour. In order to provide golf scores during its

tournaments, PGA has developed a Real-Time Scoring System (“RTSS”) that

allows PGA to monitor the play around the entire golf course. RTSS is an

elaborate electronic relay scoring system that relies on state-of-the-art computer

technology and equipment as well as dozens of trained workers and volunteers.
3

RTSS works as follows. During a PGA golf tournament, volunteers known

as walking scorers follow each group of golfers on the course and tabulate the

scores of each player at the end of each hole played. The scores are then collected

by other volunteers, known as hole reporters, located at each of the eighteen

greens on the golf course, who relay the scoring information to a remote

production truck staffed by PGA personnel. The scores of all participating golfers

are then processed at the remote production truck and transmitted to PGA’s

website, www.pgatour.com, as real-time golf scores, which are scores that are

transmitted electronically nearly contemporaneously to their actual occurrence on

the golf course. At the same time, the compiled scores are also transmitted to an

on-site media center where members of the media are able to access the scores. 

The same information is also transmitted to various electronic leaderboards

located throughout the golf course. As their name suggests, the leaderboards

typically show only the top ten or fifteen players’ scores.

The nature of a PGA golf tournament makes it impossible for one person to

physically follow all the players at once. First, the average golf course spans

approximately 150 acres and various golfers play numerous holes simultaneously. 

In addition, the PGA does not allow its invitees to use cell phones and hand-held

devices on the course because such devices might disrupt play. Therefore, the
1

 Prior to 1999, credentialed members of the media could view scores in the media center and

then re-key them directly into their own computers for transmission to their company’s Internet

servers. The result was that competitors of pgatour.com, including Morris, were able to publish

real-time scores on their web sites as fast as or possibly faster than pgatour.com. Beginning in

January 1999, shortly after the PGA Tour entered into an exclusive syndication contract with

USA Today, it instituted [OLSR] applicable to all credentialed media invitees. Around the same

time, Morris began publishing scores from PGA Tour tournaments on its web sites and selling

them to third parties, and Morris appears to have been the PGA Tour’s only major competitor in

the syndication market. 

Morris Communications Corp. v. PGA Tour, Inc., 235 F. Supp. 2d 1269, 1274 (M.D. Fla. 2002). 

The version of the OLSR at issue here was instituted in January 2000.

2

 PGA agreed that once the golf scores are posted on its website, they are in the public domain.

Id. at 1275 n.9.

4

only source of compiled golf scores for all tournament players is RTSS. Likewise,

the only physical location at which to obtain compiled golf scores is the media

center.

In order for media organizations to have access to the PGA media center,

they must obtain free press credentials from PGA. To obtain these credentials, all

media organizations must agree to follow PGA’s terms and conditions, including

PGA’s On-Line Service Regulations (“OLSR”). The OLSR require media

organizations to delay publication on their internet websites of scoring information

obtained by RTSS until the earliest of (1) thirty minutes after the actual occurrence

of the shot1

 or (2) such information has become legally available in the public

domain, i.e. after the scores are posted on PGA’s official website,

www.pgatour.com.2 In addition, the OLSR prohibit credentialed media
3

 “No scoring information may be used by, sold, given, distributed or otherwise transferred to,

any party other than the Credentialed Site in any manner whatsoever, without the prior written

consent of PGA TOUR.” [R. Vol. 1 at Tab 1, Exh. 4.]

4

 Morris also alleged violations of Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act, Fla. Stat.

Ann. § 501.201 et seq., and tortious interference with contract. Morris has not appealed the

district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of PGA on these claims.

5

organizations from selling, or syndicating, compiled scoring information obtained

in the media center to non-credentialed third-party internet website publishers

without first buying a license to do so from PGA.3

 

Morris contends that, as a result of the OLSR, PGA is the only entity able to

publish and sell real-time golf scores. Thus, Morris continues, PGA has an unfair

advantage in the publication and syndication of the scores. PGA counters that it

adopted the OLSR to preserve the value of its investment in creating and

developing RTSS and to promote the competitiveness of its own website. 

Based on the allegedly illegal OLSR, Morris filed suit against PGA,

asserting four antitrust claims: (1) monopolization of the internet markets,

(2) unlawful refusal to deal, (3) monopoly leveraging, and (4) attempted

monopolization of the internet markets.4

B. Procedural History

After extensive pre-trial discovery, the parties filed cross-motions for

summary judgment on each claim. The district court granted PGA’s motion for
5

 The district court did not, however, find that PGA had unlawfully monopolized or refused to

deal. To the contrary, the district court found that Morris failed to prove a § 2 claim of

monopolization as a matter of law, Morris Communications, 235 F. Supp. 2d at 1283; that the

media center was not an essential facility, id. at 1285; that PGA did not have unlawful intent to

harm competition or a competitor, id. at 1284, and thus did not unlawfully refuse to deal with

Morris, id. at 1285-86, engage in unlawful monopoly leveraging, id. at 1286, or unlawfully

attempt to monopolize, id.

6

summary judgment, finding that PGA had a valid business justification for its

OLSR because the OLSR prevented Morris from free-riding on PGA’s investment

in its costly RTSS. Accordingly, the district court found that PGA had not

violated the antitrust laws even if it operated a monopoly and refused to deal with

Morris.5

Subsequent to the granting of summary judgment in favor of PGA, Morris

filed a Rule 60 motion for relief from judgment on the ground that, following the

issuance of judgment in favor of PGA, PGA adopted new terms of service

(“TOS”) regarding www.pgatour.com in further violation of § 2 of the Sherman

Act. The new TOS prohibit anyone from using the information displayed on

www.pgatour.com for a commercial purpose without first buying a license from

PGA. The district court denied the motion, finding that the new TOS were beyond

the scope of the instant lawsuit, which addressed only PGA’s media credentialing

regulations and the OLSR. Accordingly, the district court found that Morris’s

challenge to the new TOS would be more aptly addressed in a separate lawsuit.
6

 The arguments of Morris and its amici, who are various media organizations, entities, and

associations, focus largely on irrelevant copyright law and argue that facts, such as golf scores,

and compilations of facts are generally not a proper subject for copyright protection. While this

assertion is a correct statement of law, it has no bearing on whether the golf scores and

compilation of golf scores are the proprietary product of PGA’s RTSS. At oral argument, Morris

conceded that this is not a copyright case.

7

Morris timely and separately appealed the adverse summary judgment and

Rule 60 orders. This court consolidated the two appeals.

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

This court reviews de novo whether the district court correctly granted

summary judgment in favor of PGA on all counts, applying the same standard that

governed the district court. Levinson v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 245 F.3d

1321, 1325 (11th Cir. 2001). 

This court reviews whether the district court correctly denied Morris’s Rule

60 motion for abuse of discretion. See Bivens Gardens Office Bldg., Inc. v.

Barnett Banks of Fla., Inc., 140 F.3d 898, 905 (11th Cir. 1998).

III. ANALYSIS

Before discussing the antitrust issues in this case, it is important to note

what this case is not about. Contrary to the arguments of Morris and its amici

curiae, this case is not about copyright law,6 the Constitution, the First
7

 In its argument for summary judgment in the district court, Morris stated that “this case is not a

First Amendment case . . . [i]t’s an antitrust case.” [R. Vol. 10 at pp. 8-9.]

8

 As the district court stated at the hearing on the cross-motions for summary judgment, “all that

this court is interested in is the issues that you people bring to it. We’re not making advisory

opinions. And we don’t change the facts. The facts are what the facts are. And what [we] rule

on today may be a lot different than the case the two of you are involved in tomorrow.” [R. Vol.

10 at p. 106.]

9

 At the hearing regarding the preliminary injunction, the district court asked counsel for PGA if

PGA would permit “Morris . . . to disseminate this information to its companies, its various news

companies, not charging them anything, just disseminating it”? Counsel for PGA responded:

There’s no problem because that to us is news coverage, and . . . [w]e eagerly, eagerly

invite and want the press to do their function, their normal function of gathering and

disseminating the news, and because it’s so important to us to have them do that, we told

Morris a year ago that we would allow them in the media center to sit there and re-key

right from there into their own website and any of their related companies as a matter of

news coverage, they could have those real-time scores right away for free. . . . The

problem comes in only when Morris wishes to go into another business, which they label

8

Amendment,

7

 or freedom of the press in news reporting. This case is a straightforward antitrust case involving a product and a defendant’s assertion of a valid

business justification as its defense to anticompetitive actions, if any. Also

important to note is that this case is being decided based upon the facts presented,

not a hypothetical situation, no matter how probable its actualization.8

Accordingly, the only real issue before us is whether PGA’s restrictions and

prohibitions regarding Morris’s ability to sell compiled real-time golf scores to

third parties violates § 2 of the Sherman Act. We do not address Morris’s right of

access to and internal dissemination of compiled real-time golf-scores, as

permitted by the PGA.9
the news syndication business. . . . [I]t is not the business of gathering and disseminating

news. It is the business of selling a commercially valuable product that we have

developed and paid for and we ought to be the ones to sell that. 

[R. Vol. 8 at pp. 34-36.]

10 Morris challenges the district court’s resolution of its monopolization and attempt to

monopolize claims. For the purposes of this case, the elements of the two offenses differ in only

one material respect: attempt to monopolize requires specific intent to achieve monopoly power. 

See Spectrum Sports, Inc. v. McQuillan, 506 U.S. 447, 456, 113 S. Ct. 884, 890-91, 122 L. Ed.

2d 247 (1993) (“[T]o demonstrate attempted monopolization a plaintiff must prove (1) that the

defendant has engaged in predatory or anticompetitive conduct with (2) a specific intent to

monopolize and (3) a dangerous probability of achieving monopoly power.”). Therefore, the

attempt claim in this case is more difficult to maintain and prove. Because Morris does not

withstand summary judgment on its monopolization claim, it cannot maintain its attempt claim. 

Accordingly, we decline to discuss the attempt claim further.

9

A. Monopolization10

Section 2 of the Sherman Act provides that “[e]very person who shall

monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, . . . any part of the trade or commerce

among the several States, . . . shall be deemed guilty of a felony. . . .” 15 U.S.C.

§ 2. “The offense of monopoly under § 2 of the Sherman Act has two elements:

(1) the possession of monopoly power in the relevant market and (2) the willful

acquisition or maintenance of that power as distinguished from growth or

development as a consequence of a superior product, business acumen, or historic

accident.” United States v. Grinnell Corp., 384 U.S. 563, 570-71, 86 S. Ct. 1698,

1704, 16 L. Ed. 2d 778 (1966).
11 Morris challenges the district court’s resolution of its refusal to deal and monopoly leveraging

claims. For purposes of this case, the elements of the two claims are sufficiently similar to

warrant only one discussion. See Verizon Communications, Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V.

Trinko, LLP, 124 S. Ct. 872, 883 n.4 (2004) (“[L]everaging presupposes anticompetitive

conduct, which in this case could only be the refusal-to-deal claim we have rejected.”).

10

The first element, monopoly power, is the power to control prices in or to

exclude competition from the relevant market. United States v. E.I. du Pont de

Nemours & Co., 351 U.S. 377, 391, 76 S. Ct. 994, 1005, 100 L. Ed. 1264 (1956). 

The second element requires predatory or exclusionary acts or practices that have

the effect of preventing or excluding competition within the relevant market. See

United States v. Microsoft, 253 F.3d 34, 58 (D.C. Cir. 2001). In order for a

practice to be exclusionary, “it must harm the competitive process and thereby

harm consumers.” Id. “[H]arm to one or more competitors will not suffice” for a

§ 2 violation. Id.; see also Consultants & Designers, Inc. v. Butler Serv. Group,

Inc., 720 F.2d 1553, 1562 (11th Cir. 1983) (“The relevant inquiry is not whether [a

company’s] present attempt to exclude adversely impacts competition but rather

whether its acquisition of the power to exclude competitors had a sufficiently

adverse impact on competition to constitute a [Sherman Act] violation.”).

B. Refusal to Deal11

Two theories exist upon which to predicate a unilateral refusal to deal

claim: (1) the intent test and (2) the essential facility test. Mid-Texas
12 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207-09 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), this court

adopted as binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions issued prior to October 1, 1981.

11

Communications Sys., Inc. v. AT&T, 615 F.2d 1372, 1387 n.12 (5th Cir. 1980).12

Under the intent test, it is unlawful for a monopolist to maintain or extend its

monopoly power by intentionally engaging in conduct that unnecessarily excludes

competitors and impairs competition. See id. at 1388; see also Eastman Kodak

Co. v. S. Photo Materials Co., 273 U.S. 359, 47 S. Ct. 400, 71 L. Ed. 684 (1927).

Under the essential facility test, a company that has exclusive control over a

facility essential to effective competition may not deny potential competitors

access to that facility on reasonable terms and conditions if to do so would create

or maintain monopoly power in the relevant market. Covad Communications Co.

v. BellSouth Corp., 299 F.3d 1272, 1285 (11th Cir. 2002), cert. granted and

judgment vacated on other grounds, 124 S. Ct. 1143 (2004); MCI

Communications Corp. v. AT&T, 708 F.2d 1081, 1132-33 (7th Cir. 1983); see also

Verizon Communications, Inc. v. Law Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP, 124 S. Ct.

872, 881 (2004) (“The indispensable requirement for invoking the doctrine is the

unavailability of access to the ‘essential facilities’; where access exists, the

doctrine serves no purpose.”). The plaintiff has the burden of proving that the
12

defendant controls an essential facility that cannot be practically or economically

duplicated. See Covad Communications, 299 F.3d at 1285. 

In the absence of any purpose to create or maintain a monopoly, however, a

company may deal or refuse to deal with whomever it pleases. Aspen Skiing Co. v.

Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585, 601-02, 105 S. Ct. 2847, 2857, 86 L.

Ed. 2d 467 (1985) (quoting United States v. Colgate & Co., 250 U.S. 300, 307, 39

S. Ct. 465, 468, 63 L. Ed. 992 (1919)). Even a company with monopoly power has

no general duty to cooperate with its business rivals and may refuse to deal with

them if valid business reasons exist for such refusal. See Mid-Texas

Communications, 615 F.2d at 1388. 

Ordinarily, when determining whether a defendant has violated § 2 of the

Sherman Act, we first determine the relevant market and then decide whether the

defendant possessed monopoly power in that market. In this case, however, we do

not pursue such an inquiry because we agree with the district court that even if

PGA possessed monopoly power in the relevant market, Morris’s § 2 claims

cannot prevail because PGA has a valid business justification for its actions. 

Therefore, even if PGA is monopolistic, and even if PGA refused to deal with

Morris, it has not violated § 2 of the Sherman Act.
13

C. Valid Business Justification as a Defense

“The Sherman Act is . . . the ‘Magna Carta of free enterprise,’ but it does

not give judges carte blanche to insist that a monopolist alter its way of doing

business whenever some other approach might yield greater competition.” 

Verizon Communications, 124 S. Ct. at 883 (internal quotations omitted). To the

contrary, “Section 2 of the Sherman Act . . . seeks merely to prevent unlawful

monopolization” and unlawful refusals to deal. Id.

Unlawful monopoly power requires anticompetitive conduct, which is

“conduct without a legitimate business purpose that makes sense only because it

eliminates competition.” Gen. Indus. Corp. v. Hartz Mountain Corp., 810 F.2d

795, 804 (8th Cir. 1987); see also Lepage’s Inc. v. 3M, 324 F.3d 141, 153-54 (3rd

Cir. 2003) (discussing Conwood Co., L.P. v. United States Tobacco Co., 290 F.3d

768 (6th Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1148 (2003)). Likewise, refusal to deal

that is designed to protect or further the legitimate business purposes of a

defendant does not violate the antitrust laws, even if that refusal injures

competition. See Aspen Skiing, 472 U.S. at 604, 105 S. Ct. at 2858; see also

NYNEX Corp. v. Discon, Inc., 525 U.S. 128, 137, 119 S. Ct. 493, 499, 142 L. Ed.

2d 510 (1998) (citing Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.,

509 U.S. 209, 225, 113 S. Ct. 2578, 2589, 125 L. Ed. 2d 168 (1993)), for the
14

proposition that “[e]ven an act of pure malice by one business competitor against

another does not, without more, state a claim under the federal antitrust laws”);

United States Football League v. National Football League, 842 F.2d 1335, 1360

(2d Cir. 1988) (concluding that no § 2 liability existed where network’s actions

were based on desire “to obtain $736 million in rights fees, not to exclude

competitors”). 

Once the defendant has met its burden to show its valid business

justification, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that the proffered business

justification is pretextual. See U.S. Anchor Mfg., Inc. v. Rule Indus., Inc., 7 F.3d

986, 1002 (11th Cir. 1993); see also Image Technical Servs., Inc. v. Eastman

Kodak Co., 125 F.3d 1195, 1212 (9th Cir. 1997). 

In this case, PGA met its business justification burden by showing that it

seeks to prevent Morris from “free-riding” on PGA’s RTSS technology. See

Cont’l T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc., 433 U.S. 36, 55, 97 S. Ct. 2549, 2560, 53 L.

Ed. 2d 568 (1977) (stating that prevention of “free-riding” by competitors is a

legitimate business purpose); Consultants & Designers, 720 F.2d at 1559

(concluding that defendant “had a legitimate interest in protecting from

opportunistic appropriation its investment in acquiring the information necessary

to carry on its business”). To achieve its business purpose, PGA has refused to
13 Morris also argues that PGA is not allowed to put restrictions on the dissemination of the

compiled golf scores once they reach the media center because PGA did not previously put any

restrictions on their dissemination. This argument is unpersuasive. PGA has a right to control its

property interest in its RTSS and the compiled golf scores, which are the product of RTSS,

regardless of its past practices. As the district court stated: “what [PGA] say[s] the delay should

be and what delay [PGA] can legally impose are two different things perhaps.” [R. Vol. 10 at p.

104.] The lack of prior restrictions is merely indicative of PGA’s symbiotic relationship with the

media.

14 Morris stated in the district court that it was “not disputing that [PGA] may have a property

right.” [R. Vol. 10 at p. 93.] As counsel for PGA stated at the hearing on the preliminary

injunction: “without this elaborate, comprehensive system there wouldn’t be real-time scores that

Morris would like to sell to third parties. It just wouldn’t be there because these don’t exist in

the air.” [R. Vol. 8 at p. 31.]

15

grant Morris access to PGA tournaments unless Morris agrees not to sell the

product of PGA’s proprietary RTSS – compiled real-time golf scores – to noncredentialed third-party internet publishers. Morris responds that it has a right to

sell such product notwithstanding that RTSS was developed and paid for, and is

operated by, PGA.13 We disagree with Morris. The compiled real-time golf scores

acquired through RTSS are not a product that Morris has a right to sell because

they are a derivative product of RTSS, which PGA owns exclusively.14 We agree

with the district court that PGA “has a right to sell or license its product,

championship golf, and its derivative product, [compiled] golf scores, on the

Internet in the same way the [PGA] currently sells its rights to television

broadcasting stations.” Morris Communication Corp. v. PGA Tour, Inc., 235 F.

Supp. 2d 1269, 1282 (M.D. Fla. 2002). 
16

If Morris wishes to sell PGA’s product, it must first purchase it from PGA. 

See Consultants & Designers, 720 F.2d at 1559 (explaining that plaintiff did not

have the right to abrogate defendant’s property interest). Section 2 of the Sherman

Act does not require PGA to give its product freely to its competitors. See

Seagood Trading Corp. v. Jerrico, Inc., 924 F.2d 1555, 1573 (11th Cir. 1991)

(stating that it “is not a function of the antitrust laws” to equip plaintiffs with

defendants’ competitive advantages). PGA is willing to sell its product to its

competitors, including Morris, thereby allowing credentialed media organizations

like Morris to syndicate compiled real-time golf scores after paying a licensing fee

to PGA. Accordingly, we conclude from the record that PGA has satisfied its

burden to show a valid business justification.

D. Business Justification Is Not Pretextual

Because PGA has met its burden of showing that its asserted business

justification is valid, the burden shifts to Morris to allege facts that support an

inference that the proffered justification is merely pretextual, thereby establishing

genuine issues of material fact. U.S. Anchor Mfg., 7 F.3d at 1002; see also Image

Technical Servs., 125 F.3d at 1212. Morris argues that PGA’s only justification

for its refusal to deal with Morris on Morris’s terms is economic and such sole

motivation is not a valid business justification; thus, PGA’s justification is
17

pretextual. See LePage’s, 324 F.3d at 163 (“[D]efendant’s assertion that it acted

in furtherance of its economic interests does not constitute the type of business

justification that is an acceptable defense to § 2 monopolization.”). 

Morris supports its argument with a series of cases which are fundamentally

distinguishable from this case. In the cases upon which Morris relies, the

plaintiffs alleging antitrust violations had created with their own work and efforts,

or purchased with their own money, their very own products that defendants

prohibited them from selling. See, e.g., Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical

Servs., Inc., 504 U.S. 451, 485, 112 S. Ct. 2072, 2092, 119 L. Ed. 2d 265 (1992)

(plaintiffs “invest substantially . . . in parts inventory”); Aspen Skiing, 472 U.S. at

587-88, 105 S. Ct. at 2850 (plaintiff developed and maintained its own

competitive ski resort and ski packages); Lorain Journal Co. v. United States, 342

U.S. 143, 149-50, 72 S. Ct. 181, 184-85, 96 L. Ed. 162 (1951) (injured competitor

trying to sell its radio air time for advertisements); Int’l News Serv. v. Associated

Press, 248 U.S. 215, 221, 39 S. Ct. 68, 69, 63 L. Ed. 211 (1918) (plaintiff “gathers

in all parts of the world, by means of various instrumentalities of its own, by

exchange with its members, and by other appropriate means, news and intelligence

of current and recent events of interest to newspaper readers”); LePage’s, 324 F.3d

at 144 (plaintiff selling its own transparent tape); Microsoft Corp., 253 F.3d at 63
18

(injured competitors deterred from selling their own computers and browsers);

Nat’l Basketball Ass’n v. Motorola, Inc., 105 F.3d 841, 854 (2d Cir. 1997)

(analyzing free-riding issues and noting that plaintiff did not free-ride because it

used its own efforts to conduct business); U.S. Anchor Mfg., 7 F.3d at 990

(plaintiff manufactures and supplies anchors); Trans Sport, Inc. v. Starter

Sportswear, Inc., 964 F.2d 186, 187 (2d Cir. 1992) (plaintiffs purchased product

from defendants). 

Morris refers to this distinction as PGA’s “sweat of the brow” defense and

correctly states that it is not a defense in a copyright case. Feist Pulb’ns, Inc. v.

Rural Tel. Serv. Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340, 359-60, 111 S. Ct. 1282, 1295, 113 L. Ed.

2d 358 (1991) (concluding that “sweat of the brow” is no defense in a copyright

case). [Appellant Br. at 53-55.] This well-established rule of copyright law is

irrelevant, however, in this antitrust case. The “sweat of the brow” product, to

which Morris (and the district court) refer, is no different than, for example, the

interconnection services in Verizon Communications, 124 S. Ct. at 876, the job

shoppers in Consultants & Designers, 720 F.2d at 1555, and the sports jackets in

Starter Sportswear, 964 F.2d at 187. 

Moreover, even if we overlook the fundamental and dispositive distinction

between this case and the cases cited by Morris, the case law supports summary
19

judgment in favor of PGA. See Verizon Communications, 124 S. Ct. at 879

(“Aspen Skiing is at or near the outer boundary of § 2 liability”); Aspen Skiing, 472

U.S. at 593-94, 105 S. Ct. at 2852-53 (defendant refused to accommodate and

cooperate with plaintiff, refused to sell its product to plaintiff, and acted contrary

to its own economic interests in order to eliminate plaintiff); Otter Tail Power Co.

v. United States, 410 U.S. 366, 370-72, 93 S. Ct. 1022, 1026-27, 35 L. Ed. 2d 359

(1973) (defendant was already in the business of selling a service to certain

customers and refused to sell the same service to certain other customers); Lorain

Journal, 342 U.S. at 148-49, 72 S. Ct. at 183-84 (defendant refused to sell to

plaintiff in violation of the Sherman Act); Starter Sportswear, 964 F.2d at 189-91

(holding, in a factually analogous case, that defendant had valid business

justification for refusal to deal); Fishman v. Estate of Wirtz, 807 F.2d 520, 562

(7th Cir. 1986) (holding defendant liable under § 2 for refusing to lease Chicago

Stadium to plaintiff).

The relevant law supports our conclusion that Morris’s argument is

unavailing and does not show that PGA’s business justification is pretextual. The

prevention of free-riding, which is an inherently economic motivation, provides a

valid business justification on the facts presented here. Accordingly, Morris has

not raised any issues of material fact and summary judgment in favor of PGA was
20

proper. See Int’l Railways of Cent. Am. v. United Brands Co., 532 F.2d 231, 239-

40 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 835 (1976) (stating that proof of a company’s

reasonable steps to preserve its business interests does not, without more, raise a

genuine issue of material fact under § 2). 

E. Morris’s Rule 60(b) motion

Relief pursuant to Rule 60(b)(2) is appropriate only if the moving party

offers newly discovered evidence that could alter the outcome of the trial. See

Wilson v. Thompson, 638 F.2d 801, 804 (11th Cir. 1981); Fed. R. Civ. Pro.

60(b)(2). Because we review the district court’s decision for abuse of discretion,

“it is not enough that a grant of the motion might have been permissible or

warranted.” Fackelman v. Bell, 564 F.2d 734, 736 (5th Cir. 1977). After

reviewing the record, we conclude that the district court did not err in finding that

the new TOS evidence would have failed to alter the outcome of the trial in light

of PGA’s valid business justification for its regulations. Accordingly, we hold the

district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied the Rule 60 motion.

IV. CONCLUSION

Contrary to Morris’s argument regarding copyright law, this case is not

about copyright and the district court did not find the golf scores to be trade
15 “The [PGA]’s property right does not come from copyright law, as copyright law does not

protect factual information, like golf scores.” Morris Communications, 235 F. Supp. 2d at 1281.

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secrets.15 The district court correctly found that a company – even a monopolist

company – that expends time and money to create a valuable product does not

violate the antitrust laws when it declines to provide that product to its competitors

for free. PGA has accommodated Morris at every step along the way, has agreed

to sell its product to Morris, and has acted appropriately to protect its economic

interests and investments. Yet Morris demands that it be given access to the

product of PGA’s proprietary RTSS, without compensating PGA, so that Morris

can then sell that product to others for a fee. That is the classic example of “freeriding,” the prevention of which, under antitrust law, constitutes a legitimate procompetitive reason for imposing a restriction. For the foregoing reasons, we

affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of PGA and the

district court’s order denying Morris’s Rule 60(b) motion. 

AFFIRMED.