IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 16-1761

Filed December 21, 2016

IN THE INTEREST OF C.C.,

Minor child,

B.C., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Marshall County, Paul G. Crawford, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals the court’s permanency order that directed the 

establishment of a guardianship for the child with the paternal grandmother. 

AFFIRMED.

Laura A. Eilers of Peglow, O’Hare & See, Marshalltown, for appellant 

mother.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Mary A. Triick, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Mary Cowdrey of Public Defender’s Office, Marshalltown, guardian ad 

litem for minor child.

Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ.
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VOGEL, Presiding Judge.

The mother appeals the juvenile court’s determination that the child at 

issue could not be returned to her care at the present time but that there should 

instead be the establishment of a guardianship with the paternal grandmother. 

She claims the department of human services (DHS) did not make reasonable 

efforts to reunify her with her child. She also claims the court was incorrect to 

conclude that it was contrary to the welfare of the child to be returned to her care. 

Finally, she asserts it was not in the child’s best interests to have the 

permanency goal modified to establish a guardianship with the paternal 

grandmother. Because we conclude reasonable efforts toward reunification were 

made and it was in the child’s best interests to establish a guardianship to 

provide the child security in his placement, we affirm the district court’s 

permanency order. 

The child was born in March 2008, and the father and mother divorced in 

the same year. Following the divorce, the child remained in the father’s care,

and the mother’s visitation with the child was sporadic. In January 2015, the 

child was removed from the father’s care following allegations of physical abuse 

at the hands of the child’s father. The child was adjudicated a child in need of 

assistance (CINA) and was placed with his paternal grandmother at that time; he

remains in her care. 

Following a November 2015 permanency hearing, the mother was given 

an additional six months to work toward reunification, but the court outlined its 

expectations that during those six months the mother: “continue to cooperate 

with [Family Safety, Risk, and Permanency] services,” “obtain suitable and safe 
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housing,” “comply with recommended mental health and medication 

management services,” and “provide income security for [herself] and the child.” 

The court noted its list was not exhaustive of the services or goals to be satisfied 

for the mother to parent the child safely. 

A family team meeting was held on February 4, 2016, in order to “progress 

[the mother’s] visits with [the child].” At the meeting, the mother was informed 

that she was not to tell the child that he was going to come live with her because 

it caused the child “a lot of anxiety.” In addition, the mother was instructed that 

visitations needed to occur in the Marshalltown area. However, during the first 

visitation following this meeting, after being informed the child was not feeling 

well, the mother took the child to her home in Williamsburg, more than one hour 

outside the Marshalltown area, kept him several hours longer than the DHS had 

approved, and returned the child to the paternal grandmother with a fever of 

more than 103 degrees. The grandmother noted the child started to immediately 

cry when he was returned to her home, complaining he was sick. The child was 

diagnosed with influenza, and the mother’s visitations were reduced to every 

other weekend for four hours. 

The grandmother testified the child began sleeping in her room following 

the visit to Williamsburg because the child was afraid the mother would come in 

the middle of the night and take him. The grandmother reported the child’s 

grades dropped following the Williamsburg visit, and the child began acting out 

aggressively at school as well. The grandmother stated the mother did not call 

the child on his birthday, though she did attend a birthday party for the child the 

weekend before; she was not present for, nor did she call prior to or after, the 
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child’s surgery to remove his tonsils and adenoids; and she has never attended 

any of the child’s medical, school, or therapy appointments. 

In April 2016, the child’s guardian ad litem filed a report that indicated the 

child wished to remain at the grandmother’s house and was “worr[ied] that my 

mom will get me; that I will live with her. I don’t want to.” The child did report, “I 

would like to visit my mom and dad. I would like to stay with grandma. I would 

like longer visits with dad and mom.” 

At the May 2016 permanency hearing, the DHS worker testified:

[The child] has some very specific needs based on his 

mental health issues. He has ADHD, and he also has got 

pervasive developmental disorder. That’s not been—I mean, it’s 

not specified. He needs stability and structure. He needs to have 

consistency.

It’s important for [the child] to know what is going to happen 

in his day, and there needs to be—he functions much better when 

there is consistency and predictability to his day. He tends to 

struggle when there’s transitions that occur that are not scheduled. 

And he has been offered that in his current home. [The mother]

has been somewhat sporadic in her visits.

Though I understand that, you know, some of that has to do 

with transportation and other issues, but even when things are 

within her control, there are times that she’s late for visits, late 

getting him back from visits. There’s no consistency, you know, 

with phone calls, and—so my concern is about [the child’s] ability to 

be in a good place with his mom. 

She further testified, 

[The child] ha[s] a fear of going to live with his mom. He expressed 

that he did not want to go and live with his mom. At the time he 

didn’t even want to go and do overnight visits. We were trying to 

work up to that, and that was explained to [the mother] during the 

family team meeting. Specifically requested that she not talk to him 

about coming to overnight visits, or that he was going to come and 

live with her because it caused him anxiety. 
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However, the DHS worker acknowledged that the mother did obtain stable 

employment and the mother’s home was clean, well maintained, and appropriate 

for the child. 

The mother testified that her work in Williamsburg had thus far impeded 

her ability to attend the child’s appointments and events at school, his therapy 

appointments, and even her ability to call the child on his birthday. She further 

testified that if the child was placed in her care, her employer would be more 

accommodating to allow her to take time off to attend to his needs. She claimed 

the child never appeared anxious or ill during the Williamsburg visit, and she 

regularly checked him for signs of a fever during the visit because she had been 

alerted by the grandmother that he might have a cold. She stated she had lined 

up medical and therapy providers in the Williamsburg area that could tend to the 

child’s needs and had determined which school the child would attend. 

The court issued its permanency order in October 2016, denying the 

mother’s request the child be placed in her care and modifying the permanency 

plan for the establishment of a guardianship for the child with the paternal 

grandmother. The court concluded:

Overall, the best interest of the child calls for the 

permanency order to be modified. [The child] deserves to have the 

consistency, stability, and safety which can be offered by a 

guardianship with his grandparents. They have demonstrated 

these traits while serving as [the child’s] foster parents. [The 

mother] should be commended for her efforts to stabilize her 

situation. However, she has more work to do. [The child] should 

not have to wait. A guardianship will still allow [the child’s] parents 

to visit him and be a part of his life to the extent he desires. If, in 

the future, his parents feel they have sufficiently progressed, then 

they can ask the district court to dissolve the guardianship.

. . . .
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The Court finds that the Department of Human Services has 

made reasonable efforts to reunify the family since the removal, as 

documented by the written reports and the case permanency plan.

The Court further finds that no party has requested additional 

services or assistance. However, the Court finds that it is still 

contrary to the welfare of the child to be returned home because 

the child would still be without proper care and supervision. 

Our review of permanency orders in a CINA proceeding is de novo. In re 

K.C., 660 N.W.2d 29, 32 (Iowa 2003). We give weight to the factual findings of 

the district court, but we are not bound by them. Id. The best interest of the child 

is our paramount concern. Id. 

The mother first claims that the DHS did not make reasonable efforts to 

reunify her and the child. Yet neither at the district court nor on appeal does the 

mother indicate what services the DHS failed to offer. In re L.M.W., 518 N.W.2d 

804, 807 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994) (“[P]arents have a responsibility to demand 

services.”). The mother criticizes the location restrictions placed on her for her 

visitation with the child. But it is clear from the testimony the restrictions were 

implemented in light of the child’s anxiety and reaction following visits with the 

mother that took him out of the location and made him believe his placement was 

unstable.1 The mother also faults the DHS for not setting up joint therapy 

sessions that the parenting assessment noted would be beneficial. However, the 

record is clear the mother was told to contact the child’s therapist to set up joint 

sessions. The mother attempted to attend one therapy session, but she failed to 

attend when she was unexpectedly asked to work a double shift that day. She 

 

1 We draw no negative inference from the fact that the child became ill following the 

Williamsburg visitation. 
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made no further efforts to attend any other therapy appointments with the child. 

We conclude the DHS made reasonable efforts toward reunification.

The mother’s next two issues both address whether the establishment of 

the guardianship was in the child’s best interests. The mother claims she 

achieved all that was required of her in the November 2015 permanency order: 

stable housing, employment, and mental health treatment and medication 

management. She contends the child has been known to be manipulative and 

that his insecurities result from the DHS refusing to allow her to discuss with the 

child the idea of the child living with her. 

We agree with the juvenile court’s assessment that the establishment of 

the guardianship is in the child’s best interests. The child has specific, special 

needs requiring stability and consistency. His needs are being met in the 

grandmother’s care, and he is thriving. The child has expressed anxiety and fear 

over living with the mother, but he has also expressed a desire to continue to 

have visitation, even extended visitation, with her. The grandmother testified she 

is willing to continue to provide the mother with visitation if the guardianship is 

established and would only limit contact if the child was being hurt. The 

guardianship accomplishes both the child’s need for stability and permanence 

and the child’s desire for continuing contact with the mother. In addition, as the 

juvenile court noted, “If, in the future, his parents feel they have sufficiently 

progressed, then they can ask the district court to dissolve the guardianship.” 

We affirm the juvenile court’s permanency order. 

AFFIRMED.