! REF ID:A63362 

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roved for Release b NSA on 11-21-2013 ursuantto E.0. 1352 

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' . REF ID:A63362' - ·, .- -. '\ •I,. I - -~ 

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, ... -.. -... .,.- . ~ ~ , - ,~ , 

~ !,nv1~iu.i me to addreaa the.•taff and atudenta ot ~Senior School 

I I •• • ~. '" ,. ....... • 

~.... .. I - ... I ... 

. ot the Karine . Cor.ps mi the aubJect ot "Ccmmunications Intell.i.pnce and . , . . 

. ~~tc~tioo S~~urit;y" I aaaume that Oenerai TwuliDg;B obJective.-1~ to make ., ·-

... • -·· ...i: 

-· • -. 'fou _ ava.re at the ro3:8 .that these tvo 'branche_a ot the acience ot cr;yptoloa _. • - • -"' . I • - J • I "' 

-, 

ha~~ in the put and can in tbe :f'Uture again pl&J' aa & vital military .. ... ""' ........ ' ~ 

. - .. 

)!!apon. 

" 

- . ' -, ., .. .. ... .... . ,,. .. . .. 

Soon at~~ the close ot Worl.4 War II, the congnandant• Ot our variou.a 

~ fl J.: ;:,, - ~" 'ti It • • • "' :- I ... • 

11erv1ce -~hoo+a 'began to"a•k the cryptologic agencie• ot the Armed torcea tar . . . 

' 

•• -lecturer• to teli their student otf'icera aomething about our cryptologic .. ~ • ... '9!" - .. .r 

" . . , 

. e.cti vi tie• duriq the ·var. There vu at f'ir9t aerious question a.a to the "°' • ;;. '.II ,.I •'•:• 1-t\;. • • .. ~ \,. I "" • r r1 ..... •• 

. ' 

. er.Avi•a~Uit;y Ot 1~~1:_118 the aecurit;y veil autticientl.;y_ to ·pe~t discussion ot 

.· .. the eub_Ject, but ~ tim an atfirmat:i.,;.;-&e~iai~ ~ ~~-•. -~ of't1c1ai vi~s 

, .,. " ... 

or the .r,vai W~ COllege on the :m.tter were. stated in a ~etter dated 5 i'e'bruar;y-

;:..: · :i946, fr!Jlll the then Preaident of' the C~llege, Admiral B. A~ Spruance, to the 

Chie~ ot :Ra~ ·c~icat_iona, M.miral l:. I. Stone. In comnienting upon the tine -- ~ 

. . - -... , .. -. . .............. ~ ' . ~ .... __ 

;preaentation mde b)" a certain •peal&:er, .A4miral Sprua.uce aa1ds - - ....... . . .. t;:' • ' I "Bia ti-e&tJll'.'nt ot t.b(t aubject matter emphaaiZed. tb'e ft.l.ue ot 

.COD11Dmic$t!on intelligence to Mval cOl!D!!B.Ddera, the vital importance of' - • ? ,,.. .. • 

•1ntaining the aecurit;y ot our own c~ication intelligence activities, 

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,..ia4 the ne~eaait:r tor observing the principles or c~cation security I I • " "" : I 

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in detenae ~inst enemy communication:,. intelligence. I consider that the 

- - 'Value to be clerivecl from the indoctriDation or senior otf'icera of' the lfavy • .,,. (• & : I "' .. ,• " ' 

in the.le ;PrinC'iplea iar outveiSb• any possible leas ot aecUrit;y reaultin8 ... I ' .i'- ,. rft 

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tram ._pa.rtial revelation of' our activit.iea "in the past war, ;particularly J.. ... • .. - .... 

'u· view .ot t40 di1cloaure1 which bave been made 1A the press. • 'i "' " "" I 

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REF ID:A63362 

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·"It. ~· axloaatic the,t the tu1l 'benefit ot coannqication inteili-

.-ce aan be o~ ~when all aeniar ofticere reali" it• poten .. ~ ""' 

t!al.1t1el tor v1u1og eat loa111& 'battle• ~ wa:r•, &114 vbe11 their actions 

llflt ...... 'b7 complete Jmavledge ot t.he eJ.ementa ot cammmication 

. ~ 

ialtell,t .. ncit, r&t.be:r than 'bJ ineamplete an4 inaccurate intormation obtaiDed 

tJlrough tb~ chlDJJPll or goal\1p. w 

.. ,. 

' . .. , 

latatorical 'backgt"oun4 ot cryptoloSJ. llext rill coma a pre1entat1on ot tbe ... 

11 ..-tab11abe4 ~ •lnta.iQeCtj and finally v1ll came a presentation of the basic 

)ll1aciple•, ;procecture1, -.ch1nery,, aDll arp.nization vbere'b)r Commun1cat10DS 

"" J'.Atf1HgtD.C!! 1 or, t~ •hart, Ctamrr or sm:nrr,. ill lritiah terminolog, ia 

..... ~ 

o'bta1nel, haw. it ~,,. 1'J'<>iierl.7 wse4 e.D4 •-.feguarc!ed, aDil ite unrivalled 

• wittliv .u an ~igence weapon in the conduct ot modern warfare. 

' 1 .... tq X'll-.rb 'by ref'erring to the acience of ceyptoloQ aa a vital 

' -

...... Jl11itar7 weapon, 'but it bu not alvazs been regarded ... weapon, let alone & 

!!W. weapon. 'I am here remin4e4 at thi• point of • •tor;r that I cue across 

f..11 u. aia book Q1l cryptoloa, a •t01"7 which ia probab~ apocl"JPbal but which 

' 

, I aiw tor ,,,_t it ~ be worth. 
REF ID:A63362 

lived 

It a..- that abc:Nt tvo tbouaaD4 19U'• ago there ... a hr•i&ll queen named 

for reasons 

vu becauae ot that 1.Dtereat or /atblar wmatural •• • ••• 1 aucb u 

she that 

er Jlel'Jlapl to tbe otMr place 1 but • ...._ lett 1.U1irUcticaa :• ts c>g 4t•1 _..kwere to be placed in a golden sarcophagus within 

Xllll :Mr W'thl.y reaiuJ hi s M" \ f 4-r an impoeiD& •'U9ol.nll ....._* ••M' 

which, 

••-·D1sll' .. 1•rm-11:112 -•?• a tbl outa14e ot tt xww t •s on it.a tl'ont w.ll, 

to be saying: 

thin vu/c&rTeCI a ...... , 0 'elax•M:fx 

Stq1 ~ t.ravellerf 

It thou art tootaon, ~' or 1A D8e4 ot mooe7-

Ulll.ock tl:all riUle ot 'the ci,JJMr gravu 'Ml.ow-

.And. 7ou. will be 1114 to ricbH be1'Qlld. all 4r-- ot avaricet 

&nd 

Below thia cur10U9 ...... vu a cryptosraa ~-·NQCXb'•n 'txa-x,a 

to many 

aened. u a lure t »rtpp UlJC"'ta who tried tbe1r b&D4a at. 4ec1)1Der1.Dg the 

cc:ma14erable length at time, aolft4 ti. c1Jaber. It pye hill 4et.&1l..S iUtru.ctiona 

tar tin41D& a aecret entey into the t.c.b. Wb9n be got 1.ui~ be fowa4 u inatrlM:-

tiOD to open tbe aarc~, but be ba4 to aolft uotber ...... 1A 01"Ur to do 

ao. Poeaibly it 1Aval.Ye4 tiDliD& the correct ~1.D&tioa to a 5-twabler lock! 

Well, be aol.ved that aae too, after a lot ot work, and thu ena'ble4 him to open 

the aarcopbagu.I, 1.D vhich be f OUDtl a box. In the box vu a ••nae in plain 

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REF ID:A63362 

~. u4 t1da 19 vlaat 1a ••141 

o, 't.hoaa ...U.. alll ina&t.ia'ble llODllW ! To 41aturb tbeae pocr bone• I 

U tbQl W '•'t 1-rDC em.thilll llOre uaetul tma tbe art ot 

Uof.JberiJl81 

'l'hou vou14 •at D01r lie footaore, laua8l'1'1 or in need ot mom71 

vial& 'tlat I bw t1le ol4 aal'• aMI-•• •o that I coul.4 write ber, u & ~1rat 

aow 'tJlere wu to be a ll"&DIS :tiDale Joint Coosr•••ioml. lmeat.1pt1oo into the 
REF ID:A63362 

,.._., t M:rita own~ 111Yeatip.t1oo. aid heari.Qp wt, it al.so 41•cloae4 

to .._.1ca u4 to 'tbe whole varl4 ..,..;yth111g that W beeA ea.id ud •hown at 

the ot the 5-star General George c. Marshall, 

••Mlil; Chief t4 St&tt / u.s. An/I' at the ti• ot the !fear! Barbor AttacJt,/was 

a&1.l.e4 to \be vitne•• ataaa. He te1titied tor several long, loag Aqe. ~OV&l'4 

written to Coftrnor JJeve;r 111 the Autumn ot 1944, during the Pl'eaiclential. 

aaot to fOl'ce him to diacloee the letter ~ ita cora:teate, but to n.o avail. Be 

naJority ot the 

ba4 to bow to tbe vUl. ot t.be/ Comaittee. I now read: 

•u .s. citiseu 41ecovered J.ut veeJt that per!Mipa their 8Jllt potent 

aecret weapon ~ Warlcl Var II vu AOt ndar, AOt tbe ft tuse, AO't the 

-.ciw., 'built after ~· ot tr1al &114 error, ot 1Dfere.n.ce aa4 4e4uct1on, 

\'eat.imoq' before tbe Pearl Barbor CCl81ttee hll4 alrea41 abown that tbe 

achiM Jmown al 'llll&ic• vu ill ue long 'bef'ore December 7, 1941, ha.cl 

been •art UOll8b to realise it ('!IMI - Dec. lf). Wow OeDeraJ. lfaraball 

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REF ID:A63362 

"BDabl.ed. a relat1veq 1.U u.s. torce to 1Dtercept a Jap in"IU1on 

:rleet, YiA a 4ecisift v1c"tC117 iA tlle Battle ot the Caral. Sea,, thwa saving 

Awltral.1& aDl lev haland. 

"01ftti the U.S. full a4ftaee 1rd'or-.t1on OR the •1• ot the Jap 

f'crca 114.vu.ciDg on K14VIQ', enabled the k'lJ' to concentrate ahipe wbicb 

otberViae might haft bea 3, ••• JlilH &WIQ' 1 tlm8 ••t up an ambush which 

prttf'e4 to be the turnillg .. point vic\Ol'J' ot the Pacific war. 

''DiJ:tected U.S. •ubmriDB• UDlll"r~ to tbe aea. lane• where Japmeae 

COll.'f018 voul.4 be JU•iAI• 

reptillg ilrt~rvieva Yith Bitler, given our tarcea invaluable intormat;ton 

W then 'l'IMI 1oea ao to g1w mare 4e'\iaU. or tbat •taz7. We •hall return to 

it later iA thia talk. 

very 

4ur1A&1 aDll after the var. It 1• nu.¥ ca.retully gUar4ed. Ivel\ tbe tact ot 

nob a 4evutial •Ul'Jll'i•e attack. Let me read 7ou a bit tr011L page 26.l. ot 

_2._ 

-ia-
REF ID:A63362 

-rhe Jlagic inteUipAce vaa pre...em1nent:cy illportant aDd the neceaaitJ 

tor Jr.eepiag 1 t o0Df14eat1al C&Dllot be overe•tima:ted. However 1 ao clollely 

bel4 amt top aecret vu thi• iAtellipnce tbat 1 t &PJ,18&1"9 the ~ ti:.. 

JapueH cocl•• m4 been bl'olreA wu rttsarcle4 aa ot mare importance tllan the 

inf'ormticm o'bta1Ded tram decoded t.ratf 1c • " 

..rna: up, in connectioa w1:tb tlli• phaae or the etor;v ot Jfa&1c 4Ul'1Dg 

World War Ill 

"So pr1cele•• a poaeeasioa was Magic that tl:le U.S. high comnand 

lived 1n coatant tear that the Jape voul.4 41ecover the •ecret, c1aaDge 

t!Je:lr cede acll11Mtr1', force u.s. crntograpbera to atar't all over ap.in." 

'the l'Mrl Barbar attair but I think it warrante4 to read J'OU vbat the MaJorit7 

aa14 about 1t 1D it• Report. The tollaviug comea :from p. 232s 

" ••• all vitneaaea faailiar with MAGIC •ter1al tbroughout the 

var have tiMtU'1e4 tat it contributed. enormoueq to the 4eteat ot the 

•Dell1', sr-tl.7 •hartened the var, aDd aave4 mn"¥ thowsanda ot 11vea," 

Ckuaar&l ChamJJerlin1 who wu JlacArthur '• G-3 throughout the var iA the 

Pactttc, bu vr1tteA1 "'l'he intonatic:a 0 .. 2 p.w 0•3 111 the Pacific '?heater 

in tl1e ft7 ot a:tsorteAing the var by two JMI"• mans. I made a caJ.cuJ.ation and 

t0\11.14 that •1.11 1pe11t f~ COMIIT i• vorih •i,111 •pen:t ror other activitie• 

Ul4 •1icr1al.a. 

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REF ID:A63362 

la •hart, when our c.,..,..._.. ma CCllDT ia WorlA Var II tbe1 vcre able 

to :put wllat •..U torce• tbeJ bad a1; tbe rJ.pt place, at tbe right. time. But 

vllelt the)P 414u•t 1111.ft it-......i th1e happeuecl •e'ieral t!ae•·-tlaeir torcea often 

took a 'Mating. I&ter on ve•u aote ilultuce• ot ~h tne. 

I llopt I,.,.. not tried 10UI" ;patia.ce bl' auch a lAmgthJ' preface to tbe 

ot bi•~~ ia &lw&Jll uetul 1n 1Atroduc1Dg a aub.ject belqiDg to & apecial 

u4 not-to-vell-Jmam field, x•u begil.l b7 giv1Dg JOU·~ hietor1cal 1Dtormation. 

&l»ou\ CZ7PtoJ.00'1 which COllpl"Uea two related 8C1eACe9, tllat Of cr1J>toaJ."&pq; 

u4 'the oti.r at ~111. 'lbe1 are but. opplaite tacea ot the ea.- co1Jl1 

tor prcgre•• :ta om 1119't'1tabJ.T lea4• to p-ogrea• 1D. the other. 

U ti. per-mitted we could. go tar back into hl•'tol7 to see the ear11ee't 

WciJmiA89 ot HCftt ccmmmicatiolla an4 tM• might UJce wa to the Yflr7 dam 

at the &Tt at writing becauae tbere 1• rOOll to vomler vbich cam fira"t, ar41Dm"7, 

111.telli81ble. vritlzag or W11nteUig1ble, tba.t 1a1 ••cret vr1t1Dg. Inatance• ot 

oipber are tCNDd. 1a tbe Bi'ble, tor 1m1:ance, am,,. DOV lmow that ame ot the 

ucient Bgptiaa llieroglJPhic writing vu ac-.tima encipbered. Jut. ve IUlt 

"'1~ pua OTar '\be h1at<Jr7 ot the earJ.y clllJ8 ot orntoJ.oa with the fore .. 

&01D8 'brief -.nt.t.OA. ~ 111 1 boweYer, ODe 1tem 1n that biatory vhich 19 Y01'th7 

of •JMICial natice1 the acyta].e, which 1• the earl1eat cipher device h1•tozt7 

ncan11 alll which_. uae4 bT tbe w1ent Lac:edamomeaa or Greeks. 'rhe7 bad a 

(2) woallea cJ'].in4er at •Jec1tic 411Eu1cms, &l"OUDll which the:y wrapped apira.l.11' a 
REF ID:A63362 

pieo• ot iarcJDm.utJ tJaq then wrote the •••lip acroa• the e4se• ot the parclment, 

1UlVWllf1 i't, u4 aent it to its deatination, Yhere the recipieD"t would wind the 

JIU'Ca.nt arcnm4 an 14et1calJ.1-4:1mmione4 'b7J.1,D1er, ant thUll bl'iDg together 

p.-opirl.J' the bit. af lritera repreauting the •• .,.. • ftie 41agrul, ina1dent&J.q 1 

1• not correct. !'be vritiDg vu 4oae along the etge1 ot the parahmnt, ae I said 

lletan, ard AOt u •hown 1D thia picture. ADd 1 bJ' the wq, tbe batcm whicb 1ibe 

J:moopeu f 1eld ~•h&l atUl oan"iea aa om of the 1mipia ot his bigh attice 

491"1"'*8 trom th1• YeJ:"I wtrument. 

Caeaar, ot couraa, 18 well bow. in hiatory to have Wied. crntosra1Jh7·-

a VV7 aimple •tbo41 obv1oua17, becaU11e &ll he cl.id wu to r9}Uace each J.etter 

bJ the CM tb&t VU fourth tram it ill tbe alphabet. Cicero VU OM or the 

inftAtora ot vat i• DIN call.eel aharthaDI. Be Md a al.ave b,y the Dale ot Tiro 

1'1lo wrote tor Ciaero hi• reco:rda am so ow.,, 1D •hortbaDA or Tiroa.ea.n notee, aa 

tbe7 ue c&lle4. 

De bel1 md np at moclern ceypto1ogr can be traced b&ck to the 4q8 at tbe 

.ar17 )'e&ra ot the 15th Cmatur;r, when the science vu exteuive~ e.apl.OJe4 'b7 

(a..11) tlMt Jll"iDee• amt claarlcerin ill tbe Papal atatee, about 1411. I ahow aext an 

al.pbabet of ti.t par1o4 vhich ia 1Atere•t1Dg :mreq 'McaUH it ahowa that in those 

ear~ d&Ja tbe;r al.l"ead.J' ba4 a :recopi tion ot the buic vealmeaa ot what ve caU 

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REF ID:A63362 

• bgle or llKmC181pbabetie eu'blti tutioa.4 Solution ot th!• t)'pB ot cipher, ae JOU 

to ar;> 1.Jrto tbat becauae all at 70u, at •ome tim ~ other / be.Te read "'the Gold 

I rill a4d tb&t tlle earlie•t tract tba;t the vorl4 peeasea OA the aubJect ot 

1474 b7 a leapol.ttu, vboae name vu S1eeo 81-onetta. Be aeta forth the 

p-1.D.ciplea an4 lethocl• ot aolrtng c1pber• ... ·•imple 01paera no 4oubt, but be 

... cr1be• the• IUl4 their aol.utioa in a 'f'e'7 clear aid concae f'orm.. Tbe fira't 

(alt.5.2)!ritbelliu, wbo wrote hi• monumental war.It in 1531. Be planned to write tour 

•W!b :f'atutic clalm \ilat he got c'bG'ge4 vith beiAg 1.1\ league with tbe J>evU. 

(151) & •Ude which •hew that the neceaaity for secrecy 1A W. bu.91.Maa was recopizecl 

(Ma) 

Scot., in the period J.5it.5, or '\.hereabouts. '!here waa u Ia:! hm cryptographer 

wbole mme wa. Paria aDll wt.o wrote a book, publiabed ill 1563, iA which lie •hawed 

eerta1A tnu ~ al.JM'bet• that ba'VW ca. 4own in billtaq u4 are lulOWD. DOW aa 

-1111-

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REF ID:A63362 

witb ... ,. lettc• l ar ~, llDOther alphabet vi th JraJ' letters c or D, and so OD. 

ve lot. ot peop1e v'bo l'Wfer to hi• 'book bUt lave :ne"IV r-4 it. I took the 

tr'Oll'ble to haft tt vanalated to He Juat wbat be 414 aq, aa4 lie wu, iD II;)' 

lawat01" ot what we Jmov u the camera obeoura, tbe propn1tor or our IDOllera 

~•. l th:t.Dk alao he w oae ot the earliest at ~t• able to •ol-re 

a •J'Stem. ot Jr.eJ91 aubet1tut1on, that 18, Were the ke7 1• clwlgtng cona1ate.a.ti¥ 

.. the ••nae UDllergoea enoipbenleut. Part&'• tabJ.e vu actual.11' 1.1i1ed 1D 

(6.l) ctt1c1al. correepondence. Be.re 1a a.pictUl'e ~a table that. vu f'OUIM\ among 

Jtagl.1ab Ambuaadar to Sp&1a. It uaacl Porta• a &lJ,lhabets • 

(5) Tbe next •li4e I •how 1• a picture ot what c~a u.ual.17 call the 

Vipaere \ ' Square er Vipare ~ble; a .. tot tva.t;r ... 1X alphabets •ucceuive~ 

iillplaced one J.etter J.C" row, with tbe plain-text letters at the tap ~ tbe 

u f.n\e.reat to • becaue although m 1a congnnly cre41tecl with baving invented. 

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REF ID:A63362 

(5-.1) picture at 1t u 11i appear• 1D. hia own book. It So4llt cons14erably be)'QDd what 

to1&7. 

fte next ceyptoptapber I v1•h to mention 1e a Prencbmn., l'rucoia Vieta, 

aa. .., ne:ot •tbm&t1ciaD., founder or mocler.u alce'bra. In 1589 be 'became 

Councellar at Parliamnt at 1'oura aD4 then Privy COUlllel.or. While in that Job 

he aol.'"4 a SpaDJJlh cipher eyatem uaing .are than 511 characterat 10 that Ul the 

SianUh di1JBtchea f'all.1DS lnto PreAch JJand• vere ... 1iy read.. Phillip II or 

Spa1D vu 10 c0Drlnce4 at the aafety ot h11 cipher that when he tomd the Prencb 

were aware ot the cCiltents ~ hia letter• to the letberl&n41, be compl.aiaed to 

(~.2) ta Pope taat the Preach were using aorcer7 a,gamt h:la. Bere 1 a • •114e that •hon 

one ot tbe hun4re4a or ci}ilera the Court ot 8.J?l\in ,,.. then uaillg Viet& was 

oalle4 on. the C&l"pet aa4 made to explain bow he'd aolve4 the ciphers. Here 

1• another esampl.e ot aothm- nl.cl ott1c1al cipher. Here &l"e the alphabet•; u4 

(3 .. 7) a •lidiD& car4, vhicb coul.4 'be ahittecl up ud down, vaa ume4 tor cha.Dg1ng the 

(3.8) lriQ', or as a meana or c'baa:tns the b;r. Here ie another,. cal.le4 the "two .. aquare 

eipbe.r",. ar "'tvo-aJ.pha'bet cipher"; 1t involve• coor4inate1t :bere 1• one complete 

&lp'babet am here ii ¬ber one, tbe cocrdiDat-e• are ••4 to repre•ent the 

lettera. 1'h&t vu ac:'tual.J¥ used ill Cbal.'-lea I•a time, 1627, in communicating 

vi th l'.ruce aod PlaD4er1 • 

....I. .. 

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REF ID:A63362 

:t wut to Juap JlOV to the period at the American Revolutiou., in U .s. 

hiatorJ'. fte •111tem \19*1. b;J' the .Americane an4 bJ' the llritt•b were al.moat 

Ci:@!!"! 

M&r15ant • 

a.. Simple mcmoalpbabetic aubatitution. 

'.b. lfoQoalpb&'laetic vit:b. '¥U'ianta lJy wse 

ot lona _,. .. ntenee ala J'.l"a:allin. 

e • Vigenere vi th repeating ~. 

'Britiabi 

a. iiOiO&l.phabetic substitutiOQ.. 

l>. Vi~e Yith repeatillg key. 

c. OrUJ.e•. 

COilea 

a. D:let101l&l"1•. 

'b. KeJ'boo.k Uing vor4a • 

0. 67U.Wal'1e•. 

• • Secret 1Ab. 

'b. Cl"illes 

c. Various cQQCealment •thoda. 

a. Dict1onar1e• • 

l. lntick'• 

2. laUe71

• 

b. Sall alphabetic 1-pa.rt cod.ea 

at 6fl-7fll items and code namea. 

o. Or.tir.m7 book au.ch .. BJ.acutone .. page, lille, no. or vor4• in. line. 

Ia a441t1c:m1 cede ~ CODTentio.aal. wor4a were Ule4 to repreaent the ... 

.a..r1oan Gemrala ... .KaMa at tbe .A.poatlea1 

WuhiDgtcm. = J'ame• 

SulliVaD • Matthew 

Phil.114elpbia 

»etroit 

Del.a'ware 

S•quebanna 

:IndiaDS 

Coagreaa 

• Jerusalem 

Al.e'lllndri& 

Beel S• 

..tor4aa 

PJJ&raeea 

S;rnagogue 

I Jmov tllat tller• wu a:a. Amr1can who aeem to have 'bee». 1ibe Revol.ution'• 

__ ., to 4ec1pber DMrly &ll, if not au, at tbe Britiab code ...... 111tercepted 
REF ID:A63362 

iD tboae dtQ'B vu to eise cou:riere, JcnocJt tbea out ~ ott, an4 ta1re the 

••uses trom them. Roup 1tutt ccmpared. to getting the •tel'ial bJ' radio 

(6.31) intercept The next cbart ab.owe a picture ot a code or "•7Uabar711 t u we 

call 1 t, uaed 'bJ' '1'homu Jetter•OZS • '1'hi• a;ylla'bary 1• coutt"w:ted on tbe 

ao-called. tvo .. part pr-1DC1ple. Thi• i• a part.ion of the 4eco01D£ a.,ction. 

1'ou. will note tbat the numerical groups are 1n couecutive order but their 

man.tngs are at raza4om. '!bey have no al:pb&betical order at. all. It aiJapl.J' 

Jlll8D8 tbat ;you b&ve to !lave another aect1on1 ti. eaccd.ins section, in which 

the wards are in alpbabetical order, aDCl their equivalents are in random order. 

'l'h1• •Ol"t ot a71tem ewn todaJ ia 1n extemive Wle. Jetreraon vu aa. all· 

a little btt later on, I h<>Jie. 

I 111 aure J'OU've terned u achool cbildren. all about tbe ._,wa\le .-... 

of the American Forces 

treaacaa'ble cotlduct ot :Benedict ArnoJA wbu be vu tbe COPMadiog General/at 

West Point .. bu.t J'OU prob&bq don't lmov that practicall.7 all hi• excbangea of 

eo111n11icatiom with Sir Benr7 CliAtOD, Comne""v ot 't:be Britiah Jtorcaa ill 

.lmrica, were 1n cipher 1 or 1n irlviaible !U.. Be even ued orae trick 'tba't vaa 

t.Ui te aimilar to one uae4 aa recentl.1' u in 1957 bJ' the Bueailul •w Colonel. 

Abel who wu arre•ted iu llev Yark in .rm. 1957, tr1e4 allll convicted, IUl4 1• 

•till luguiahing in a Pederal prison. The tr1ck was to !nclose bit• ot 

vr1t1Dg in •pec1all.1'-constructed boUov 'bullet•. Here•• aa interesting slide 

•Jsoving om ot Arllold'• cipher •••aae•, 14 which be ottve t.o 11ve upWeat 

... JW, -
REF ID:A63362 

1i ott pmt. haate to l.oDdon tar solution. :But, ot courae, C11ntm Jmew it 

vu gof.Dg to take a lot ot tJ.lle far the •••ase to get to London, be •olved 

Ull returoa4 to Amer1ca--&D4 he couJ.dn•t at:f'or4 1-o wait that l.ong. Mow it 

ba,Jpeae4 tbat 1D hi.a counnand there were cme or two officers who t'anci.ea. t.hemeelvu to be arntOlogiata u4 the) ..mdertook to solve the ••sage, a cow ot 

vhich bad been IB4e before ee.adtng t.be aris;inal ofr to London. Well, the1 p.ve 

Bir Bur7 their 1olution-.. vbich happened to be wrong aQ4 CliAto.u's operation 

tlll"necl out to be r.ather a diem.l failure. The record doean 't •&¥ what Clinton 

414 to the tvo amateur cryptoloaia~a wllen. the correct aolution arrived from. 

LoD4on veeu later. BJ' tbe way, 1ou..,. be J.Atereated in lear~ing that the 

Br1t1ah have o;perated a cr~ic bureau ever aiAce the ;year 1541, eave far 

a rw JW&r• trCD about J.851 to 1914. 

Tbere's al.lso au epiaode I lee.r:oed about ~Yer'¥ recutl.J', which is ao 

H 

umaill& I ought to aha.re ,,_,, w• with you. It sew that a certain British 

aiteret agent wu sent a ••sage a plain Ea,gll.eb g1 Ying him iD8truct1ona from 

hi• 1uper1or. But the poor tellow vu illiterate aa4 had to call upon the good 

ottices ot a 1"r1eu4 to rea4 it to him. Wbat be 41.dn't Jmov, however, was that 

hi.a trieDd vaa om at Waabingto.n•• 1ecret agents! 

It interest in crnrtoJ.og" 1n .America waan.•t ver7 great, it it existed at 

all after tbe Revol.ution, thia waa not the cue 1n Buro119 Booka on the 1u'bJect 

vere written, not 'bl' proteaa10D&la perba.119, 'but by learned .. teura llere•a a 

picture of the troutiapiece to a book 1n French dealiD& with eapiouge and 

cOUl'lter-espiailll.ge, u4 it bu a aectiow dealing vith cr;yptology • 

... :]., -

-16-
REF ID:A63362 

wo with •1 (s11M4) A. LiDcoln." I think the Prea14ent vaa k1cld1Dg • bit, 

-.t.., a.a cu be •MA 111 tbe al.1488 l.hich I ROW abav. (Bae. 

invented 

achiDe, OM liuwd UpoA cr~pr1Ae1plea ....... 'b7 A't'lq crntoaraphers, but 

Jointly Army and 

•m:Ut,luo4er directica ot/la'Y7 cryptog&pbera. ! 

tl:at a, a matrix v1th in4icatiODS ot route to be fol.lawed in inscribing aQIS 

1iU'a tbltm au.t aacord.1Dg to another rau.te. And hen the thi:ag is complicated 
REF ID:A63362 

•.freaident ~ the U.8 • ia repre•eirted by' "Mam" or "Asia". It had tvo 

eqU1Talent11, you 1ee. Bere are •cme at tbe names o:t ramoua or well-known 

ottiet.trs ot that period. I have With me today the com,plet-"? set of cipher 

booka uae4 ~ the fed~ Arsf during tbat pei"'iod, and after my- talk thoee 

at J'OU wbo Yieh -.., come up and examine them, together Y1 th certain other 

abibita, 'ftie next al14e 1• a picture or a mesaage sent to General Graa.t in 

one ot those route ciphers. I shalt not take time to read it. 

After tbe Ctv1l War, Ctr War '.Between the States, the use of cr)'P'to.;t"a.phJ' 

1a United State• military atf'air• vent into a decline tor a lODS period ot 

peace ~ broken only brietly by' the Spe.n!sh--knerican War. In 188; the 

War Department published. a code called. "CcdP to Insure Secrecy at Telegrams". 

It 1e a cryptograplrt~ cUt"ioait7 am no tribute to the 1-gU.tloo of 1.he officer 

Wbo vu re•ponsi'ble -rr:r ite production because he copied &l.moat word t01• var4 

the t1Ue J'llll3'91 the inetruetiona for use, and the arl'a111 t•rt ot contents :f':rom 

.. a,. 

-2•-
REF ID: A63362 / 

in either Service. 

eS.pber mebtMa vve belag 1.JMJ•'tigat.a4 at" iDftA~ Aa tar ~ic 

either Ser'ttce, and, tor that matter, in 

opuw.t1oaa ... -w11, tltere Juat. were AOll9 vlaatever iA/tJ:le wbol.e governme:At. A 

institution near Chicago, the Riverbank Laboratories, 

Jl'iV&te reH&Rll/s: n t •> at vlsich I bap;pened to be a 8*1ber, workiDg in a 

I! ll>era ot the atatt ,,... vork:l.ng oa wupa sent to the lA'boratar.& tor atud7, 

mess~s which were f'urnisbed us 

..-.It b7 ftl"iOU g09U'DMZ1t 4e~ta u4 agenciea 1n Wul:Wlgton. Meet ot 

alQ' Cl'Dtolasic work. '!be ColOMl vu riabt, rr:r OD 6 April J.917 the u.s., 

It ._ about wba lt 414 u iobe re1ul:t ~ a nice pieee of ~ic V01"k -

cryptanalytic 

'b7 '9 .. itUb/..,.'8 1n Loalcm. 'lbs waage tir•~ cw trm the Germn 

aeat on to the a.r.o. IUAiater 1D. Maic:o C!tJ'. Here•• tbe meeaege in tbe tam 

1r1·H1b 1olft4 s.,, tar W• 1Jl'folft4 tM recomtl'uc'tioa or tvo rat!ler large coclea 

-23-

~ 
REF ID:A63362 

ud repttMbte4 a t:trat-cl.u• piece ~work. But I 4o vut to •q a few word• 

and about 

abOut the political ettect. ar the aol.ution, ~ lriti•b clAWwrneaa in the 

because it 

Jtap!Uag ot the cue/1• • good illuetration r4 :bcN utute, 41,pl.om&t1eaJ.11', 

t111t7 111"8, - M I b&Ye al.reaAy Aid .. it :resul.te4 :Ill bring WI into the war OU 

their 11ae. Bere 1a tbe 'tranalation ot the tbhg. It vu illJpartau.t becauee 

tm _._ 1a14 the Oermna were SoiDB to reaume unreatricte4 subrim"ine 

warfare and th1• part, here, 4eal1Dg vitb a proposal to 'be m4e to Mexico, 

vw7 lulrew'&rm towarcl the 14ea ot our getting into the War-.. on either side ..... 

Ari&ema to lluico., \bat wu •Ole'thing elae spin. So, ve 1ot into the war 

within a oW)le ot weeks a:tter the Brit1•h save ue aDil we bad eatabl1ebe4 tb.e 

qo tba telegram aad epillcxlet wu the eubJect ~ oa.e oL the aeries ot Walter 

4'*1.iaa Olll1' v1tb tm.t telegram and epiaode, vu :pu'bl.i•hed Just about •ix veea 

ago. I brouflht a ean vith • tor 70U to look at later. 

as a belli~rent 

Well, aa I aa.14 a tw minutes aao, on 6 April J.917 ve were in the var/art4. 

mc.ro :people an4 4oia.g llOre 1olutiou wcxr'k--all paid tor b,J' Colonel PabJan. We 

that dealt with our neighbor on our southern border as well as messages 

W w-.gea to •olve/t!lat 4eal.t. with 't.Jle act~ d e--.r ..-i.. en+ • ...,,,, 
REF ID:A63362 

'llm'e wu aa.e rather illtere•tiD& cue, 1a which I happened to Pla.7 a 

1l1Jlor role. Ia 1916 ... 17 the Genau tiD&llCfJd a large nm'ber ot Jlirduc. ill 'tbeir 

•tteapb to a'til' up a nbellim ill In41a1 t1w 14• beiDg to cauae ao mch 

trou."bl.e la IDl:la 'tl:lat tbe Jktitiah vou.14 'be torce4 to vit:tdraw' trOO}l8 :trm the 

We•tern Jiron\ to pU 41etut"be.nce• in In41a. '!bl•• B1D4u wre Degot:latiAS 

tor tlle purcbue ot arme u4 seami'tim 111 tbe Unlt.a. at.ate. am MD.\ing tbea 

over to Wia. SiQce the u.s. vu aeutNJ., it vu •spat our own J.ava to 

J*Nit Ach Ulld.erta&iDp .. :tu~ a f'r1endl.7 :aa'tlao. So 'Che buaineea ha4 to 'be 

o0Dllucte4 •ecret.JJ &Ill tat 1• bow C1')'JVtop'UUI entere4 illto tbe picture. Here 

-27--
I I s: I 1 I f "" f l f I f i 

- f I J I I ; f r: ~ 0 .. I :: I • f I J f i l I I i Ill I I 6 i I r I i ~ ! b ft 

i I '1. I • i I i fr' " f I f I I .... I .. ~ f • ct f i I • f Ci" 

i f • I 'i .. I i M ' i. 

I • i l I .. 0 I It 

I r I I f ' I i M I I ... r ~ i ... i:: Iii J ~ I t\ ( .. I ; i I .. r; I ,f I f f f ~ I ... ... .. ( ft .. f ... f l I I I • I I I I f I • I • .... 

J .. t 5 i ... i 1 i c+ e. 1 i I .... • l i ' i I I ... i :; f f ( Ii I I • ti "" l • i I • M • • • ~ I s. I i • f I I ! I I i It • I ~ ~ Cl 

i n f I r; i I hj 

g ' .. ... H ~ I I .... ... 

* ~ i Ii • I: I i 1-1 I i f I H s:- i ' I t I ... . , t:I • f I • I I r l i ! i I I J .. i+ i f e. t I i .. ~ i f .. .. .. a. • ~ "' I ... I • f 1 f K i d I .... i f i i t .. • w 

pt 0 I I w l I f I S' l H i ~ I l i "' a I r s • Cll 

I Ii I\) • i f f f ~ ft r ,. I M i 8 I I I .. I ! I 0 

t t:: I ; ~ • ... g- ' I r I ti! 

I .. f i • ... • St. r 

i i Ct ~ • i & i I ' ' .. • l i I .. t+ f .. it f H f f 

H i ! I ( l It' ti" 8 .. f • s ... ti • I ! I ti l l I .. I i ... a ... Ii' ... 1 i ' 

• i 1l 8 i Jj' ti • ~ I ! l f I • ~ .. b" • 

! i ct 

~ ~ g ... N i t l i - 1 • I r i .. "' i f( It I i i I ( .... j C< .... 

i ! ..... • i ct8 0 i I 

a .. ... >< .... 
REF ID:A63362 

... 

fl'mt-l.1Jlll c1pber 'JltUa u-1 1Q" the h&ach. It vaa a tr&m;poeition aptma, 

W•ld War :r. .a,atn, it ia ODlJ' a ""1'1at1an. ot tbe ol4 VJ.,gem!!re a19tem. :sere 

,.. • al.ftw.w o~iatica ot t.vo •'11o4a. We calle4 it the ADJGYX o~pmr 
REF ID:A63362 

bea.4acbas tor the Allied ~ta until it vu 41•covered Ju.at bow a 

eolution could be achieved. 'l'tle aoluticm was not a pneral one bu.t. depended 

upon special cues; banver i these happened so often tlat we could bank on 

tlJea occurring iract1cal.l1' ever'/ day. ':hat cipher a:yatea wu used 'b)' the 

Ge.ran h1gb c(ll!IDl!lnd &Gd conaequentl.J •aDecme aoon diacovered that 1t )"OU. 'ltBde 

could dilCO"YW certain thi:ap about t.be tacttc&l situation 8"Ml, mare 1mportazrt,, 

in three or tour days 

you eoUl.4,. With ·~ degree or uaurance, predict w118t might bappeD/ at a 

ctlrtain sectOl" ot the trmt. llere 19 an example ot such a cl:lart baaed upo11. 

tbe ADJ'GVX intercepte. Thia, gentl.elllen,, 1s the t!ret illuetration tbat I know 

wbat we call 

ot ill b.ietaey ot one or the basic priAc1p1e• ot /traffic analye1s and t.ca1'1'1c 

111.tellige®e (Jb.pl.&iA chart.) The next slide gives a ;picture ot the aart at 

.Al11GfX -..sages were rM4. Here 1a one ot a set ot •••ases, d.11.ted November 21, 

l9lBJ at course the war vaa over b;y tbat date, but thie gave very detail.eel a.xv1 

autheJrt.1c •••a&e· 

for tactical ••laSE"• the Dritiah and .America.us !11 World War I used a 

method Jmowu u the Playtair Cipher, a.1.legedly invented 'b7 Lal'd Iqon l3'l.qta.1r, 

-.J.9-