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LECTURE II SECTION I 

Next great landmark in (cr;ypta.IJ8l.yt1c) history of decipherment is the solution 

ot Egyptian Hieroglyphs. 

Norbert Wiener's characterization (in Cybernetics, I believe). 

Athanasius Kircher delays solution for decades 

Problem nctcrypt pt"ll!IB.I'i1y one of linguistics, grammar and recovery of 

dead language. 

4 1 

The Rosetta Stone. 

Found in 1799 at Rashid or, as the Europeans call it, Rosetta, city N. 

Egypt on the west be.nk of Rosetta branch of the Nile. 

Napoleon's .Army - Colonel. :Boussard (or :Bouchard) Became General and was 

1769-1821) alive in 1814 

:Brjtish o:peratiO!lS in Egypt - Sir Ralph Abercomby, Spring 18~1 Important 

antiquities to be des:patched to :Britain - Art XVI called for Rosetta Stone and 

several other large items 

Ro~etta Stone didn't leave Egypt until l8Sl. 

Inscription in two languages. (l) Eeyptian and (2) Greek 

@'pproved for Release by NSA on 09-19-2013 pursuantto E.O. 1352e 

(I === EEL 9 cay;; . w "'' • ...,... 4 !llf!JBE i•- ''!.i ........ 

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:Budge says (p. 7 of Br. Mus. Brochure). 

11By the comparison of texts containing variant i'orms and by the skillful 

use of his knowledge of Coptic, Champollion succeeded in formulating the system 

of' decipherment of' Egyptian h1eroglyps this, substantially, that in use at the 

present day " 

Read list of items praising Ptolemy, p 7. 

It was a fortunate accident tha.t early work had to deal with plain-language 

hieroglyphics. What if' they'd first come across encrypted hieroglyphs?!!! 

4.6 

- Cryptographic hieroglyphics from Drioton. 

4.9 

- More of the same. 

4. 

- Michigan Cryptographic Papyrus. 

FOE 

- Edgar Allan Poe in the l84-11J 1 s rekindled interest in cryptography in America. 

by his story "The Gold Bug't and a couple of essays and stal"ies on ciphers and 

deciphering 

Stal"y about challenge. One and only one message he couldn •t solve, he wrote, 

and that one he proved to be a. hoax' 

Story of Vincent ditty in a. Cambridge Farcez 

a 4 C 4 i = I I! JJ >G Ws.4- -- --- -~---- ..,;::;..- ...... ....__ 

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Explain wha.t C did. Study of Coptic--only another name for E&Y::?tia.n Coptic 

never lost. 

4,S 

Ciiiiinpollion (179S-1832) 

"I've got it 111 He cries to his brother after running a mile to latter's 

office. And falls into a deep and lengthy lasitude f'or f'ive days. 

But ChampoJ.lion wasn't the only one who deserves credit or larges~ share. 

4 2 

Cartouches i'rom the Rosetta Stone and the Obelisk f'rom Philae 

The bottom one was suspected to represent CLEOPATRA. 

4.3 

CBrtouahes for Ftolemy (A-the middle one of' the preceding slide) 

(D-the lower most one of' preceding elide) 

and Cleopatra. 

4.4 

N'Olomey and Cleopatra 

4.5 

'NOlell'.O'" and Alexander 

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Egyptian portion in two pa.rte: 

l. Hieroglyphic cheraatcrs-old picture writing used :rrom. earliest dynasties 

in making cop:Jes at the Book ~ the Dead and nearly all state and ceremonial docu.-

ments intended for public disp.lay. 

2. Demotic characters .. the conventional abbreviated and modified form of 

the Hieratic character or cursive form ot hieroglyphic writing which was in use 

in the Ptolemaic Pe11od. 

The Rosette. Stone (and the Obelisk from Philae) as CRIBSI 

First translation at Greek text by Rev Stephen Weston and read by him before 

Society of Antiquaries in London in April 18~2 

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nI am the Master of the College. What I don •t know ain •t knowledge f 

Come now to the period of the American Civil War or the War between tb.e 

States. 

The Civil War Period in the U.S. 

Federal Army Ciphers. 

Confede~ate Army Cipher. 

Federal Army cryptanalytics. 

Conf'eredate Army cryptanalytics 

Comments on use of telegraph. 

A coup1e at pages f'rom one at the Federal Arllf3' Cipher Books (Have book 

ot Federal Army Ciphers vith me.) 

lS 

Message to General. Grant, 15 July 1863. 

191 l and lf6.2 

Another message, same date, but in two sections. 

L 

Cipher device used by the Confederate Army, during the Civil War. Captured 

at Mobile 1865 

(Nothing but the old V1genere ciph.:-r with repeating key. Many messages 

intercepted and deciphered by Federals 1 who bad a few skilled operators. Ads 

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in Riclllnond paper for persona akil1ed in deciphering shows the Confederates 

lacking ) 

§_ 

KEIWORDS 1 COMPLETE VICTORY 

COME RETRIBUTION 

MANCHESTER BLUFFS 

A cryptogL"aphic message from President Lincoln to Major General Burnside. 

Comments on this episodes l. Lack ot co.nf'idence. 

2. Save time. 

Wilson, too,, lacked confidence in off':LciaJ. ciphers. 

Gettysburg incident. See p. l.S of British Manual.. 

After Civil. War use of cryptography ar cryptology went into decl.ine during 

a long period of' peace broken only briefly by" the Spanish-American War. 

(Save for the cryptography 1n the Tilden-Hayes campaign of 1878) 

214 

- Title page ot "Tele a ic Code to ensure aecrec in the transmission of 

Telegrams," by" Robert Slater, This was 2th edition, the let ed. dates from 

about 185S ) 

Titl.e page of same as put out for War Department by Gregory, J.885 Published 

in GPO in 1886 

212 

Slaterts Code Example I. 

Gregory's Code Example I 

... 6-

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Spanish-American War. 

Code used in 1885 was fixed additive "777"!J 

1899 CSO undertakes preparation of suitable code. Economy- featured Work 

personally done by CSO. As temporary expedient used W .D. Tel. Code of J.885 with 

new "preliminaryW.D. Tel Code" or li-SS!IJ special words and phrases -- late 99 or 

early 199JS 

1982 - Cipher of the WD - published by TAG and only one. 

19'6 - WD Tel Code 19s6 - Greely 

1915 - WD Tel Code 1915 - published in Cleveland by private printers. 

216 

- Ti tl.e :page ot War Department Telegraph Code J.915 

Printed in CJ.evel.and by private printer' 

Cipher tab1es later put on 

WWI breaks out in Europe, August 19¥-

Next period devoted to WWI crypt. 

l.28 

Example of micro--writ1ng1 in the siege of Paris 1871/J. 

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For World War I. I 

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''With Hertz's discovery of so-called Rertzian waves and ma.rconi's practical 

demonstration of signalling by "wireless", a new era. in military communications 

was ushered in. And aleo a new era in cryptology The :first wide usage or 

wireless or radio, as it soon came to be called, was in World War I. But devel.opments in cryptograp~ lagged a bit, as we shall. see. 0 

In Europe, cryptology continued in devel.opment but mostly in the direction of 

larger and larger codes, plain or enciphered; and in the direction of certain 

types of ciphers, such as the PLAYFAIR. No cipher devices or ma.chines worth 

mention except two--and these will be tal.ked about later 

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