REF ID:A38382 

SCAMP 1958 

LECTURE I - Section 2 - 1525 - l6l5 

Total No. of Slides -16 

@'pproved for Release by NSA on 10-09-2013 pursuantto E.O. 1352e 
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9 'p SLIDE 6.1 

The syllabary used by Thomas Jefferson (Extract 

from decoding section) 

,tihat all •round genius also may be regarded as 

being the first American inventor of cryptographic devices -- as will be discussed later;} 
I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


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No slide 

Revolutionary War Period - Systems used by Americans 

and by British: 

Americans: 

Simple monoalph. sub. 

Monoalph. with variants 

by use of long key 

sentence e.J.a Franklin. 

Vigenere with repeating 

key 

British· 

a monoalphabetic sub. 

b Vigenere with repeating key 

c. Grilles 
Americans: 

• Dictionaries 

ca ib. Keybook using words ~ c. Syllabaries '8 

0 

[~ecret inks 

crilles 

-2-

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British: 

a. Dictionaries. 

1. Entick's 

2 • Ba.l.ley IS 

b. Small alphabetic l-part 

codes of 6~~-7~~ items 

and code names. 

c. Ord. book such as :Blackstone - page, line, no 

of words in line. 
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~~~t 
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In adC.ition, code or conventional words to represent 

names of persons and places. British used code names 

In Clinton Papers following are found: 

American Generals - Apostles (Washington : James 

(Sullivan : Matthew 

Philadelphia 

Detroit 

Delaware 

Susquehanna 

Indians 

Congress 

- Jerusalem. 

- Alexandria 

- Red Sea - Jordan 

- Pharisees .. Synagogue 

-3-
Jefferson Syllabary 

(Encoding) (enciphering) 

encrypting 

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6.31 

Typical of the small codes and syllabaries used at 

the time. 

6.3 

The syllabary used by Thomas Jefferson (Extractfrom 

decoding section) 

(That all •roUild genius also may be regarded as being 

the first American inventor of' cryptographic devices 

as will be discussed later.) 

-4-
- ----------- - - - - -REE -ID-:A.3.8-382 

257 

The New S"Uell* Dictionary by Rev. John ED.tick, -

:.ondon, 17 2. 

British Cipher Message using title page of the Army ~ 

List. Message dated l3 September 1781. 

-5-
Line 22 

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Applies to 232.1 

~ ~~/ ~~~.J-~fl~~/O A S S E M r-L Y S T O 

- ,_ 
The key for the preceding message. 

(Finding the key after solution.) 

WAIT! 

REF ID: A3B_~B2 

232.1 

Before showing the next slides explain about 

British crypte.na.lysts wor.dng on American ciphers. 

-7-
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Franklin (Dumas) Cipher-Key Text. 

l7S6-17991. 

Franklin (Dumas) Cipher-Encipher Table. 

Beale Papers 

-8-

.a 

244 

-
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Benedict Arnold - "James Moore, Edward Fox, Gustavus't 

Major Andre - "Joseph Andrews, John Anderson" 

(See Dext card for text.) 

Arnold, disgruntled with injustices of C<mgress, starts 

off anonymous correspondence, giving information showing 

he is well-placed. Arnold gets comma.nd of West Point. 

They used secret inks; J3ailey' s dictionary, word cipher 

with words out of Blackstone and songbooks, grilles, 

slips of pa.per enclosed in specially constructed hollow 

bull.ets • Andre captured Sept l 78QJ, writes out :f'ull 

conf'ession and was hanged. Arnold barely esca.pted to 

Br. lines (peculiar part of Arnold's treason). 

-9-
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6 i. 

One of the cipher letters sent by Benedict Arnold to 

Sir Henry Cl1llton: 15 July 178S. 

"If' I point out a plan of cooperation by which 

S(ir) H(enry) (Clinton) shall possess himself 

ar West Point I the garrison, etc. etc. I twenty 

thousand poUilds Sterling I think will be a 

cheap purchase tar an obJect of so much importance.'' 

{Full text - see typewritten sheet accompanying 

plate 6.5 ) 

-l.S-
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6.5 

Plain text of the preceding message. 

Treason aga.i&st Washington. 

Arnold lays a trap for Washington. 

Another example of Benedict Arnold's 

ciphers 

Arnold's Treasonable Cow Letter 

-11-

-

6.6 

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6.9 

Example of a grille used by British. - LOVELL, James 

Congress• cipher expert who maD&ged to decipher nearly all, if not all, of British code messages intercepted 

by the Americans 

******** (To Gen Greene, cy to Wash.) 

Philad Sept. 21,178'5 

Sir: 

You once sent some papers to Co?l&J."eSS which no one 

alDut you could decypher. Should such be the case with 

same you have lately forwarded I presume that the result 

-12-
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of my pains, herewith sent, will be useful to you I 

took the papers out of Congress, and I do not think it 

necessary to let it be known here what my success has 

been in the attempt For it appears to me that the 

Enemy make only such changes in their Cypher when they 

meet with misfortune, (as makes a difference in position 

only to the same alphabet) and therefore if' no talk of 

Discovery is made by me here or by your Family you may 

be in chance to draw Benefit this campaign from my last 

Night's watching. 

I am Sir with much respect. 

Your Friend 

James Lovell 

'stop - Don't click Tell about next great landmark--

Egyptian Hieroglyphics and Poe.) -13-
REF ID:A38382 

But British cryptanalysts also were at work on American 

ciphers 

Tell about collection of Clinton Papers at Clements 

Library, U. of Michigan Tell about how an operation 

went awry because of incorrect solution by British k:'f!J3 

Cryptanalysts (amateur) with British Army in America 

Tell about the British Ageny who was illiterate. 

And about Ellis history. "The Secret Post Office 

and Office of Decipherer." 

Enciphered resolution of the Revolutionary Congress ~ of 

the U 5., 8 February l 782. -14-
Interest in cryptology in Europe. 

Frontispiece of DlaDdol 

Contre - Espion 1793· 

Breadboard model of WAC or WAVE 

Cryptographic Officer 

-15-

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6.10 

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SD •' 
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REF ID:A383.82 

3 During the war, the President of the United States, ~-:cn-Cmef-of bite fa'm3 and-the Na'W"J'\, the 

Chief of Staff of the PJ:m.y, the Commander-J.n-Chief of 

the U.S. Fleets, and certain other high officers of 

Government Journeyed several t:unes half-way around the 

world to attend special meetings and conferences. They 

apparently could go with safety almost anywhere exeept-

.Q:u::ect.J:.y-aeross- or over-e:neIBY, or .eaemy-occup1 ed t.ex:x:1 tory 

-they met with no "accident". On the other hand, the 

Japanese Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet, 

Adml.ral Isoroku Yamamoto, th:e w. wl:le wa& •l.a @Bea S,-

erz:OJ:Wlusb; attnhnb PP'.._ to h1 m, a 1 9'tl 11ta·haen\ bO tl:te 

e:ffec t Mia b :he w mYie eleI:ras .tel'Wl!l!!I a 1e M:e5baolll!'Jg l'eaee 

'bePme J:a t.Qe..llle:t.e MwH"; (he ae~~ eaa.a s&M~ 

og..Et'IH::te di Ue11e11t apgpt-7 \'19::!1, "eA.d n1 emhark1 ng OP a 

1t81 wi bit "bes 'tJ. &. bi10 cJapuieee wettil:d Rrv:e ~e filN&11 ste 
BEF ID:A38382 

1;bat , t.a_ end ool:tM: eeme eftilay !Isl ~he,i eel!i<i' eo!:e babe 

peaee tentl!! :ll1 tlte ?Nm:ibe IIMtee h went on an inspection 

trip in April 1943, the sequel to which may be summarised by an official Japanese Navy Department communiqut 

rea.dJ..ng in part as f ollowa 

"'!he Commander in Chief of the Combined Fleet, 

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, died an heroic death 

in April of this year.a in air combat with the ene~ wlu.le directing operations from a forward 

LI. A.. position." .1.tL ~~ 1-00fEk~tujt I• K>l 1.4 o{.fe.- ..,....,,., c.c.u:ia. , w.a.. .• - ~ -- - .o . ~ • 

/\Yamamoto didn't die nin air combat with the ene~ 

while d1.=,operations 11 - he met 1with an 11accident 11~ k .. ~}!#~ ±et"Se. .. n.li.'\'\\-t'l\i.. I don't who first used thc:r~ das;r1qpF1on, but it's decidedly applicable in this case "accidents 

don't happen-theJ(Ja. brought about~ 11 Our Navy communication intellJ...Rence peo~ were reading the Ja.P.anese .... .,.".,...s h•P"k '-'""'"""~""'..!'!:6'~\<;11!;... h;'. ... "'f.)mc?>.-.oTo's ""c\.o..e..\ule \.o tt.e_ da.'( 1 
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' 

,,;:-7~~ Yt"=-l ,,,,. 

/ 
LECTtRE NOTE 

REF ID:A38382 

n..-0 ~ 

Benedict Arnold -nJames Moore, Edward Fox,Gustavus" 

JiJB.jor Andre ·"Joseph Andrews, John Anderson" 

Arnold, disgruntled with injustices of Congress, start 

off anonymous correspondence, giving information showir 

he is well-placed. Arnold gets command of West Point. 

They used secret inks; Bailey's dictionary; word ciphel 

with words out of Blackstone and songbooks, grilles; 

slips of paper enclosed in specially constructed hollor 

bullets. Andre captured Sep 1780, writes out full con 

fession and was hanged. Arnold barely escaped to Br. 

lines (peculiar part of Arnold's treason~ 
@ 

REF ID:A38382 

LECTURE - SLIDE 6.4.-

One or the cipher letters sent by Benedict Arnold 

to Sir Henry Clinton:- \fi Jull \j80 

•If I point out a plan of cooperation by which 

S(ir) H(enry) (Clinton) shall possess himself 

of West Point, the garrison, etc. ete, twenty 

thousand pounds Sterling I think will be a 

cheap purchase for an object of so mu.ch importance." 

(For full text see typewritten sheet accompanying 

plate 6.5.) 
REF ID:A38382 

lo5 

fLWi~~~ 

.. 
LECTURE NorE 

Treason against Washington. 

REF ID: A38.3_82 

6.6 

Arnold lays a trap for Washington. 
REF___.ID: A38382 

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~~ 1) 

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~ ~)<4~ ·~~'!.ill .... ~tf ~LG.q 
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i~ t ~ -a r v'),..W.) 

l 1 
LECTURE MO'rE 

LOVELL, James 

REF ID:A38382 

231 

Congress' crpher- expert who managed to de01pher nearly all, if not all, of British code messages intercepted 

by the Americans." 

"\ L l ******** a .> lil"' ~ J.2t.•4. .... 1~. Philad· Sep. 21,, 1780 

1 I ' 

You once sent some papers to Congress which no one 

about you could decypher. Should such be the case WJ. th 

some you have lately forwarded I presmne that the result 

of my pains, herew:i. th sent, will be useful to you. I 

took the papers out of Congress, and I do not think it 

necessary to let J. t be known here what my success has 

(OVER) 
REF ID:A38382 

been in the attempt. For -it appears to me that the 

Enemy make only such changes in their Cypher when they 

meet with msfortune,fas makes a difference in positaon 

only to the same alphafiet)and therefore if' no talk of 

Discovery l-S made by me here or by your Family you may 

be in chance to draw Benefit th:t.s campaign from my last 

Night's watching. 
REF ID:A38382 

'ho~ 

But British cryptanalysts also were at work 

on American ciphers _ 

~1):~15~~1 

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μ,- (!!b._.,,iA ~I LJ 'b "'\ •--l 

o~ ~ 

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b,_ 

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l.o 10 
LECTURE NOTE 

- - REF ID :-A.383-82 

6'.10 

Dlandol frontispiece (a cryptographer at work) 

His assistant -- early model WAF 
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tOS- . 

--44 
REF ID:A38382 ----------- -------

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h~cf Jf<.tr r - ~~~ L - ~~ 




Stay, weary traveller! 

REF ID:A38382 

@ 

If thou art footsore, hungry, or in need of money - Unlock the riddle of the cipher graven belowAnd you will be led to riches beyond all dreams of 

avarice! 

O, thou vile and insatiable monster! To disturb 

these poor bones! 

If thou had 1st learned something more useful than th 

art of deciphering, 

Thou would 1st not be footsore, hungry, or in need 

of money! 0 Many times during course of last ,JfJ years I 1ve had 

occasion to wish I knew the old gal's present address 

so that I could put as a 1st Ind. to her basic communication the single word "Concur!• 

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------- - , 

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(~ affected by the relative cryptologic power of the 

oppOl!bBS. %.9l'ces. Most of the his-OO:cy in the hJ.stor,y 

books7"WB'iffif'irst wn ttenJdoes not tell the complete 

storyfto.or the whole truth -- for the cryptologic facts 

.. ~ar~e.~!i~ly very carefulJ._y....,.lndden .from historians 

>~are''iiot. 'DFO-uglit)to ll.ght .rcn.':<felfa?es J- se•e'iln j;t 

centuries~ o~ ""~'tbe -neV'-e"r" (~~(}l ~(S~ 'i:~),~'t\~or ~"""'"~ -~)l~,w~~ Sometimes the course or lustDry 1.s materially o~ V"'i-' 

dt'astically changed by the existence of OOMIN'll', or it 

could have been changed by its proper -use -- as some 

say about the CDMINT ava.i.lable to us before Pearl 

Harbor; but sometimes, also, the course o.f history 

is materially changed by the non-existence of _q>MINT 

where it had prenously exi.s ted and was~used. Wt.-will , dJM>LvV') ~ w.=J,sz...N fl.~· ~kuie..~, ~ ~~~ 

~·-~~~~~-~·' ~\-)~\'.\-' 
REF ID:A38382 

,§&~ My talk will be divided into three s~ti.ons, and._t.ae 

title a:i •1 I 1•• see••• is: 11The J:nO.u~ce of I 

C - power on history."°" , /, 

' ,, Lest there be some in rrr:f. au~ence who .may .PJS.r that 

I have forgotten I aa speahpg at the ~ UmverSJ.ty 

and not att the )Taal War Colleg I sten to sq 

that I am. $t "laboring under the lucina. tion that 

I am Acbru.:rel '~an, or Mahan' os , the ' 

ncn in th_e. ti tl~ of this s on of my stands 

for 11 cz-ypto -influence of C:eyp ogic <Prrwm"-eft-irt'.t'rtm.""4~.J. ,,,,.,., , M 

~ 

~ - A~~~~~)IU~~~ £1:ie lusto of mankind 1md particularly of warfare 

teems with instances where the~n of events was muah 

(OVER) 
- -------------

-- ---- - - - - ----

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REF 

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~ct ~ N ti~-¥('° .LQ"~~) ~. _ 

ttiT~\.L\~ENC..t: l\VA~\..A-6\..E' IN W~th 

@ 

" W'1\a. 

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·------
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~ ~ 194-1 -2\~5 <f'6.:1t." I,;. i~~ Extract £rom: Merriam, Robert E.,, Dark December; 'The 

full accollllt of the Battle of the Bulge,, p. 211: 

"According to El.senhower' s personnel officer, 

.American losses- in the Battle of the Bulge totalled 

76,890 men, of whom 8 ,,607 were killed, 47 ,139 wourded, 

and 21.1lL4 IDJ.SSJ.ng. Over 8 ,ooo of tmse casual ties 

were in the 106th Di VJ. sion. Because of heavy German 

attacks, 733 taDks and tank dee:broyers were lost. 

Two divisions, the 28th and 106th, were nearly comp1etely anm:tn.lated, although the 28th Division did 

subsequently enter combat after being rebuilt." 

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~~ 
REF ID:A38382 

4, \'Jv 
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~rt-~) - ~ ~-~.,,;,_ 

~ ~ f~, 

~~"-<l.n.<- ~ ,.,....t L JN.,._,~ 

J~ ~~ ~ 3,4, s:(.,1,%,1.i.11 

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REF ID:A38382 

I + 

Instances of cipher in the Bible 

Jerena..ah 25·26 

51:41 

Scytale 

------ ------------------ - - - ----
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~ 
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--- - ---

~~ 

M~ 

'Sc~c.i...- '{o..J ... ~ ~ ,...~ i<> ~ .:.¥1 ~fu~~"M·~ 

c~~~ ~~_1_~_· - -~~c.k.o~ 
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E.EF ID :_~8382 

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- RE-~-:ID--:.A3-S-3-B2 

4;10 
REF ID:A38382 

A.,, 
REF ID:A38382 -------------
Trithenuan Oath 

Present oath 

Back up by P. L. 513 - ~ 

a~ u~ '1.98 

REF ID :A383_82 

l~l 
REF ID:A38382 

2h2 

We administer a special oath to everybody who 

comes into the field -

Back it up w:i.th 

PUBLIC LAW 513 ~ .s-....r ''a' U S C '1 SI ca' 

1st Slide 

,. 

\.' 

' 

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3."3 
• 
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RE \ O&!.\ 

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k~ t ,~~ ~::r: 

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~ta\f ~~a'iJ1A•.,.~~~f;u.d ~ai'"t~ot"tf"! would leave Truk, the tJ.JD.e he woU.ld arrivt' at Buka and 

all #..j!!4\-~c.~I-"-~ t leave Buka for Kah1ll1 or B ale,Awnat nis escor would 

be and so on. ~was relatively easy to bring about the 

11accident11 • Our,... Coomander-in-Chief journeyed WJ. th D 

safety because the COlIIJilUlll.ca.tions connected with trae=~ 

various trips were secure; the Jap~~se Commander-inChief journeyed in peril because ~communications were 

insecure.~ ~~~..,a. "nC -..e'"&Q.'l't.t'" , .... "\\>,e ~\dl.oWJll'\"1 

~ '5- ~ UJur."\..--> ~W6b ~~. - r 'W:i:H: eleee bh1e J:Iit! Oduetocy (.W'TlmeJ:l.t ls:; no t1fll?: thtr-i. 

the YamOiiioto na;ccideftb'"-VI aJJ eme~p3:e of 

bcgh:ly ~ 'heaJJl!!ork bej;l'!._een,).he Narii;y mid ~ :Arnr,y 

.J.;J::r- li'Ol'C~ Wrid Wet! I!. hl~i:Ottttu c~e-th~ 

Navy obtaa.&ed. u~e 2n±J:lJJ,;i.geBOe aild&l set tee brF.tl?, obhe 

A.Jm:p ~ r:orce sprang 2ili, "~ - , !:;"" ~ ,'."".,._. , • ..i.. ... ...:.. w..L.. .._) I I ·~ I v ) I 

REF ID:A38382 

cJJm l 

Extract from the "Forrestal. Diaries," Chapter III,, 

"Foretaste of the Cold War, 11 pp. 86 and 87. 

The formal surrender took place on the deck of the 

u.s.s. MissoUI'J. in Tokyo Bay on September 2. The mood 

of sudden rell.ef from long and brealo.ng tension 1s 

exemplified by an amusing exchange a few days later of 

nurgent: Top Secret" telegrams wh1ch Forrestal. put into 

his diary. In the enthusiasm of victory someone let out 

the story of how, in 1943, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the 

Japanese naval comma.mer-in-chief and architect of the 

Pearl Harbor attack1 had been intercepted am shot down 

in names as a resULt of the American am.li ty to read 

the Japanese codes. It was the first public revelation 

(OVER) 
-------- - -RE-F- -ID :· k3-&-3-B 2 

or the work of the cryptanalytic ch visions, and 1 t 

brought an anguished cable f'rom the intelligence um.t 

already engaged at Yokohama int.he interrogation of 

Japanese naval officers: "Yamamoto story 1n this morning• s paper has placed our acti'Vl.ties in very difficult 

position. Ha:nng meticulously concealed our speCJ..al 

knowledge we now become ridic-ul.ous." They were even then 

questiomng the Japanese officer who had been responsible 

for these codes, and he was hinting that in face of this 

disclosure he would have to commit SUJ.cide. The cable 

contmued: "This officer is giving us valuable information on Japanese crypto systems and channels and we do 

not want hJ.Jn or anr, of our other proJ11J.SJ.ng prospects to 

comm.it suicide until after next week when we expect to 

have mlked them dry. • • • " 

(CONTINUED ON CABD 2) 
REF ID:A38382 

Extract. .trom t.he "Forrestal Diaries' oont.inuad. CA.RD 2 

Washington answered with an "Operational Priority: 

Top Secret" dispatch: "Your lineal pom.tion on the list 

of those who are embarrassed by the Yamamoto story is 

five thousand Sl.X hundred mnety two. All of the people 

over whose dead bodies the story was going to be published. have been buried. All possible schemes to localJ.z: 

the damage have been considered but none appears workable. 

Suggest that only course for you is to deny knowledge ot 

the story and say you do not understand• how such a fantastic tale could have been invented. This might keep 

your in.end happy until suicide time next week,, which is 

about all that can be expected. • • • 11 
: 

REF ID:A38382 

Extract from the "ForrestaJ. Diaries.," Chapter III, "Foretaste o£ the 

Cold war, 11 PP• 86 and 87. 

Tho roma.l aurren:J.er took place on the deck of the u.s.s. Missouri 

in Tokyo Day on Septer-..bor 2. The mood of sudden relief from long and 

breaking tension 1s exemplified b;y an amusing exchange a few days later 

of "Urgent s Top Secret" telegrams which Forrestal p\lt into his ch.a:cy. 

In the enthusiasm of victory- someone let out the story or hOW', in 19431 

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the Japanese naval coTJIXllallder-in-chief' and architect of the Pearl Harbor attack,, had been intercepted and shot down in 

flames as a result. of the Ame r:tcan abilit7 to read the Japanese codes. 

It was the first publJ.o revele. tion o.r the work ot the orypta.na.lytic di vi ... atone, and it brought an anguished cable from the intelligence unit already 

engaged at Yokohana. 1n the 1nterrogatl.on of Japanese naval otficers1 

"Yamamoto story in this morning's paper has placed our activities in very 

diff'icult posi ti.on. Ha:ving motioul.ously concoaled our special knowledge 

we now becorno r1dioulous. 11 They were even then qt:estioning the Japanese 

0£.ficer who had been responsible .t'or those codes, am he waa hinting that 

in taco of this disclosure he would have to commit (luioide. The cable 

cOflt..nueda "Thi.a o!'ricer is giv:l.:ng us valuab1e in..f'ol'lra tion on Japanese 

orypto sys tema and channels and we do not want him or any of our other 

promising prosi-ccts to connit suicide until arter next week when we expeot 

to have milked thmn d.ry ,, •• •'' 

Washington answered with an "Oporaticnal Prior.ltya Top Secret" 

diepatcha llYour lineal position on the list of those who are embarrassed 

b;y t.he Ymnamoto story :1.s .five thousand six hurxired ninety' tw • All ot 

the people over whose dead bodies the story was going to be published 

have been buried. All possible schemes to localize the damage have been 

considered but none appears workable. Suggest that only- course £or you 

is to deny knowledge of the stor,y and say- you do not umerstand hov such 

a f'antasti.o tale oolild have been invented. 'Ibis might keep ;your friend 

happy until suicide time next weak, which is about all that oan be 

expeoted.. , • • " 
- ------------------- - - - - REF ID: A38382 
REF ID:A38382 

11Rear Admiral Tamela.chi Nomura, the last CNC in tbe 

Japanese Navy, sud: 

'••allot only have we been beaten in the decisive 

battles of this war but also we lost the commwncat10ns war. We felt foolishly secure and failed 1x> 

take adequate measures to protect our own comm.um.cations on one hand wlule on the other hand we fnled 

to succeed in breaking into the enemy's traffic. 

Tms is undoubtedly one of the m8Jor reasons for our 

losing battles, and in tu.rn one one of the ma.Jor 

contr.i.buti.ng fac'lx>rs to the loss of the war. We 

f'ailed in commumcationsJ11 
I 

I 

REF ID:A38382 

tt • • • Our N'a"Vy was being defeated in the battle ot 

radio waves. Our cards were bad, and the enemy could 

read our hand. No wonder we could not Wlll in tln.s 

poker gamel" 

YOKO!, Tosh:cyuki - The Story of' the Japanese Naval 

Black Chamber. 

REF ID:A38382 ---- - - -------





REF ID:A38382 

LECTURE FOR SLIDE 45 

The earliest picture of a cipher disk, from Alberti 

Trattati in cifra, Rome, c. 1470 

"Oldest tract on cryptography the world now :possessestt 
REF ID:A38382 

4-S~ 

:L Ma c;l.,..k,, ~,~ f.<t- N.,,,.. , ~I." 
LECTURE NOTE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 45 .4 

The Alberti Disk reincarnated in the U.S. Arrrry 

Cipher Disk of 1914-18. 
REF ID:A38382 

LECTURE_ 

-----------REF ro:-A3·a-3a2 

FOR SLIDE 47 

~~ \ The cipher disk f~s againl patented in 1924 •• Huntington Patent t: ~ 

/:.Shows that the Patent Office does not have general 

information on cryptography because of the secrecy 

,in vol ved.J 
REF ID:A38382 

4-l i. 
LECTURE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SL!pE 48 

Original Wheatstone cipher device (invented and describe 

l.ll 1879) 

- v-Jr~~ .~ LFirst~improvement on the Alberti dis!V 

) ~ ~~ ~ b-<-<-~ vt .] 
LECTURE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 49 

The Modified Wheatstone cipher device 

Liroduced by the British Army 1917-18 but never 

used because of solution by Wm. F. Friedman -- story of solution.J 

.--: 

L

C., I-~ <:: \ 

-' 
LECTURE 

REF ID:A38"382 

FOR SLIDE 42.1 

The Decius Wadwworth cipher device (invented and built 

in 1817 when Colonel Decius Wadsworth was Chief of 

Ordnance.] 
REF ID:A38382 

LECTURE FOR SLIDE 49.4 

The Bazeries Qryptographe oylindrique (1901) as 

shown in hl.s book •tes chl.ffree secrets devo1les• 

/.But he ~ have described this in his article •eryp~ograph a 20 rondel,les-alphabets• Comptes 

rendus, Marselles, 1891/ 
REF I D:A38382 

A-_9.s-
LECTURE NOTE 

( IN.ll"" 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 50 

8eeeR4 page of Jefferson's descnption of ~The 

Wheel Gipher11 


LECTURE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 20.4 

Parker Hitt 1s model of strip cipher (1916) 

~tory of solution at Riverbank Labor,atories of 

test messages prepared by Mrs. Hitt...! 
~-------- GJ ~ ,;.;;_-~l--~~--1:1?_:_A38382 

't>"-'-" ~~~'he~ 'i<'=-r --- ";)S c.LJj • -- ~ '_ 4 IS'f. I 

\ ...._,_(f° \) 
LECTURE NOTE 

U.S. Army Cipher Device M-94. 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR s:;:.IDE 50.2 
-BE-F ID : A3 8-3-8 2 

'l.~ ~ *"- ~ ~ so.s-

~ ~~~~~ ~~ a.Q~~l(-M-\~~) 

\ ( M~\~1) So.6 

( M t~:ft) 'Su1 

( M- '~'(,) Sc.i 

~~.\;.~) ~~\\~ 
LECTURE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 50.12 

U.S. Army cipher device, Type M-138-A (with Russian 

legends) 

LStoryiof Russian legends and how they came to be 

there.&/ 

LECTt"ID: NOTE 

The Kryha cipher machine 

- -REF -:ro-:Jt3-B382 

54 
LECTURE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLI.JE 55 

A German mathematical dissertation on the Kryha 

/jiierely number of permutations and combinations a 

given mach:Lne affords like - has nothing to do with 

the case or at least not much. Depends on nature 

of permutations and combinations, wha) they are 

cryptographica11Y. For instance, the principle 

of monoglphabetic subsitution as in Gold Bug -26! cip~er alphabets or the large number:-

403"291,461J126 605 ll 000 000 ~QR. ~ ~ quad/trillions bilb.on llions d.fo \ D" - Estimated would take 1000 mll1oi1 rnen worlung a 

thousar..d rnillion yea.rs to do l.he rr.aJor part of writing these alphabets out --scroll would reach from 

eart_!i_~1on~ the planet Mercuryl 
REF ID ·A38382 · 


LECTURE 

REF ID:A38382 

Vl\ i 

,$1_f.!4M 17J. 

M-161: Signal Corps model made at Fort Monmouth 

{Efforts 

~ to develop field machi~el" ~ ~ )'.JL. ~'i> <;,C ~' I - () 

-11~~~ 
LECTURE 

Boris c.w. Hagelin 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 164. 

/Poes a "hysteron-proteron• in inventing c-3fii 
LECTURE XOTE 

Converter M-209 

REF ID:A38382 

70.1 
LECTURE NOTE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 70.3 

Example of American resourcefulness and skill under 

difficulties. Two GI 1s in Italy mechanize the 

M-209. 

(The cartoon, showing a couple of GI's with a 

home-made •still6 , and the legend: "Yes,, but 

will it work? 11 ) 
REF ID:A38382 

~).J 0' \ 

-

- --

REF ID:A3B3B2 

~lo~ 
RE-F-TD;1t;3·8-S·B 2 

71_ FFf 

W:i-~~~~l History of rotor machines 
LECTURE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 58.1 

The Swedish electrical machine B-21 

LOriginal Aktiebol~get Cryptographe B-21. Mention 

Boris c.w. Hagelin/ 
LECTURE llIOTE -

REF ID:A38382 

59 

Swedish machine connected to electric typewriter. 
LECTURE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 65 

The keyboard electrically-operated B-211 Swedish 

machine 

LSelf-contained, instead of SflPB.rate typewriter.;J 
LECTURE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 57 

The original (commercial) Enigma cipher machine 

fj:.ater used with one improvement by Germans 

in World War Il/ 
REF ID:A38382 

LECTURE NC-TE 71 

~~h:>~~ 

Ed.ward H. Hebern 
REF ID:A38"382 

LECTURE FOR SLIDE - \'7~ 

The first Hebern machine 

,O&nuractured for use by the Xu Klux Kl.all/ 
REF ID:A38382 

Tkp~ - ~'lLi 

~ l4... O'wl- - ~~ 

N~ ct-A, ~ ~ jk Lek.. i 

C?1UJca.9 ~ ? 
REF ID:A38382 

'l 1 z. 

(13 
REF ID:A38382 

~ -)'-~ \~ 1'1 ~.\ 
REF ID:A38382 

'l \ 
LECTURE 

The ;-rotor Hebern machine 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 72 

\b~ 

/jtory of solutioIJ vrvf"'- ~ ~ lb\ 

~/ ~ 

I' 
REF ID:A38382 

\ "l R ~ 

fvW~~~k. 

~"·W- ~ NC\ tt-
REF ID:A38382 

)~ ~ ~\.~ \'l~.x 

~~~~Na-
Rl 
LECTURE NOTE 

REF ID: A3S-382 

FOR SLIDE 172.10 

One of Hebern1s developments for the Navy, after his 

release. s~~~~"'Un:\".\M\i-,,~~ 

LThis is the one that wouldn 1t work - but Hebern said 4~ the contract didn't specifically state that it had 

./ to work. He ~nsisted on being paid -- and wasJ/ ~~~?C'-a.c.~\'p-tN~. 

c~ ').. ~ ~~ t"-4r ~ .l~o..A. °""""" 

M>-- \\.~ ~~ \fSJ ~ ~. f", 

~ j\-o ..,....,......,.1 ~ ~ ~ .. ,\ ~ fa>-.. t.a._ ~~ 

@~A, .. 'Y'\~ c~~~ ~ ). • :t-1 ~~':> \ ::Y>O"\.ol~U c...Q.1..c (~ • "'r-..2·.t...J,... c..~ r? ,~ 
-----------------------------------REF ID: A38382 
REF ID:A38382 

LECTURE NOTE 

Collaboration and cooperation between the Army and 

Navy on cryptographic research and development notable 

for its absence in those days. Each service had its 

secrets! 
LECTURE NOTE 

- - - REF- ID:J01l382 

170 A 

U.S. Army Converter M-134-Tl 

~~ ~~ -~ii:x-_(z. ~ ~~ 
- - - - -RE-F -I:D-= A38-3 8 2 

~ M 1~4 111 D. '2... 

~~ 
REF _.ID_:A3B382 

r10.1 
U.S. Aruq Converter M-134-A 

REF ID:A38382 

170.9 
- ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - -RE-F- I:D+A3-B-382 

~ ct.2_ l{ ";'! t'\ c.wle r ~c I\ 11 at 

W~" ~~~I 

M~ I~~~\ 
REF ID:A38382 

11~,s-

- --- REF ID:A38382 

5\&\ V\ cN 5ASKg\ \1Lf 

---
REF ID:A38382 

'5lexA-~~A- ~C1V\ ~l~ 

~~· 

~ )o ~ 1-o Q/\lL.t- 1-u..~ ~ "'-- l 9. ~ 3 £> .j- ' ~u) Jr -fhJ_ hi 

~- ~CCt-ll 
REF ID:A38382 
REF ID:A38382 

-----~~!:~--

The German Armed Forces cipher machine of WW II 

REF -l:D-: A3-838 2 

~-- ~ 
REF ID:A38382 
REF- ID :-A.38382 

LECTURE NOTE ... 

With growth of teletype communications the 

need for and practicability of automatic 

encipherment became obvious. 

-- The first attempt -- the machine developed 

by the AT&T Co. (1918) in collaboration with 

the Signal Corps. 
LECTURE 

REF ID:A38382 

• SLIDE 56 

The AT&T Co. printing telegraph cipher machine 

(1918) c~ ~J} S\~ToT"I,) 

Lstory of solution/ 

REF ID :-A3S-382 

1. Appreciate opportunity be partici:pa.nt of 

SCAMP 1 58 and to talk a bit about sane of the interesting 

episodes and impcn"tant Jandvarks that stand out in the 

historical background of the science and/ar art of 

cryptology. 

2. In inviting me to speak on the subject I assume 

that the objective is to deal with that area of the 

backgr:'ound of cryptology which has primarily to do wit.a. 

its development and manner of employment as a vital. 

military weapon. -

3. Now cryptology has certainly not always been 

considered a vital military weapon, ar even as a 

WEB.OOD. Far instance,, even as recently as in 1955, 
REF ID :A38'3"82 

when the U.S. was trying to help our most important ally 

in tbe cultivation of the cryptologic gardens by providi~ 

her with the money f'or the purpose I mentioned just a 

few moments ago, we sought to use funds allocated to MDAPthe Mutual Defense Assistance Pact. But those funds are 

specifically earmarked f'or research and deve1opment of 

physical instruments, machines 1 guns 1 electronic devices /1 

etc., and it seemed hopeless even to try to justify the 

use of MD.AP money f'or cryptanalytic research and development. It was only after we had pointed out the ways in 

which military cryptology bad been used in World War I 

and II that the :funds sought were granted. 

4. This point about cryptology being useful only 

for such relatively unimportant things as personal. 

-2-
REF ID:A38382 

diaries, love missives, and attempts to prove that 

Bacon or somebody else wrote the Shakespeare Plays 

rem:tnds me of a story which may be a bit apochraphyl but 

is somewhat amusing. 

5. The story of the old Persian Queen Semiramis. 

Stay, weary traveller! 

I:t thou art footsore, hungry, or in need of moneyUnlock the riddle of the cipher graven belowAnd you will be led to riches beyond all dreams of 

avarice! 

-3-
REF ID:A38382 

O, thou vile and insatiable monster! To disturb 

these poor bones! 

If thou bad'st learned something more useful than 

the art ot deciphering, 

Thou would 1st not be footsore, hungry, or in need 

af money! 

Many times during the course of the last 40 years I've 

had occasion to wish I knew the old gal 1 s present 

address so that I could put as a lst Ind. to her basic 

camnunication the single word "Concur". 

It is planned that I give a series af talks on the 

highlights of cr;yptologic history. This may be useful 

at l.east to same of the members of SCAMP •58, for I my 

tell. you right away that t~~:e doesn't exist in English 
REF ID:A38382 

or in any other language, for that matter, an adequate 

or even a fairly good history of the invention and 

development of cryptography and of its counter~t, 

cryptanalysis. There is no real history, definitive and 

detailed. What bits and pieces one finds here and there 

in popular accounts a.re generally tull of misunderstandings, mis-statements, and downright lies. 

Of' course, there is a good reason why no history of 

cryptology worthy of' the name has been produced for 

public use. It is that as a rule governments don't 

pub1ish them or permit its cryptologic workers to publish 

histories, brochures, or articles. This is an understandable and sensible rule if not carried. to absurd 

and illogical limits by insisting that all CCOOlf.l' must 

be kept secret for all time. Later on I may tell you . - -5-
REF ID:A38382 

about an amusing if not enlightening ccmference I was 

summoned to attend at the Pezrtagon a week ago today. 

Of course, now and then some cryptologic information 

does leak out, as for example, when congressional and 

other official investigations either require or accident!~' 

bring about the disclosure of such inf orma.tion, or when 

some formerly trusted worker cOJnits indiscretions, or 

consciously and deliberately breaks the trust that had 

been imposed. Of both these types of security breaches--

official or personal--! shall have more to say later on. 

At the moment I will merely comment that the history 

which comes from such leakages and breaches of trust 

are apt to contain errors, misunderstandings, distortions, 

and lies. 

-6-
REF ID:A383.82 

Same af you 1118.Y' have wondered what the title af 

my talk or series af talks is. Dean Swift asked me 

yesterday to tell him so that it could be indicated on 

the announcement sheet. I told him I preferred to state 

the title myself and I'll now disclose my secret by 

telling you that the title is: 

"The Influence of C-power on History." 

Lest there be same here who think I'm laboring 

under the delusion that this building and SCAMP are U.S. 

Navy property or that I've suddenly gone psychotic and 

imagine I'm Admiral Mahan, I hasten to explain that the 11C" in the title of rq talk is not the word "SEA" but 

the letter "C" and it stands f'or the word CRYP.rOLOGIC. 

Tlle title of the talk is therefore "The influence of 

-7-
REF ID:A38382 

cryptologic power on history." As a subtitle I offer 

this: "Or how to win battles and wars and go dawn in 

history as a great tactician, strategist and leader of 

men; or, on the other hand, how to lose battles and wars 

and go down in history as an imcompetent canmander, a heel 

a 'no-good-Dik' 11 

At this point let me hasten to deny that I'm casting 

any reflections upon certain successful--spectacularly 

successful commanders--such as Generals Eisenhower and 

MacArthur. But names will occur to you without my 

calling them to your attention--and there will be 

names of men in each of the two categories--"how to win11 

and "how to lose" battles and wars. 

-8-
REF ID:A38382 

At this point I'm reminded of a story about General 

Montgomery-- "Monty" and I have the story on pretty good 

authority. 

Story re Monty in N. Africa, 1942. 

Before a group such as this I think it hardly 

necessary to make this e;eneral statement but I'll make it. 

That not all historians know that the history of 

diplomacy and warfare teems with instances where the 

i.urn of events was greatly affected by the relative 

ryptologic power of the opposing forces. Most of the 

1i Rtary in the history books, especially when first 

Titten, does not tell the complete story or the whole 

ruth -- for the cryptologic facts are usually very 

arefully hidden from historians, even from official 

-9-
REF ID+A3-8-38 2 

historians, and are not brought to light for years, 

decades, centuries, and maybe never. (Tell about (1) 

Morison {Samuel Eliot), (2) Navy Op. Research on Battle 

of Atlantic, ( 3) Wenger lecture at Naval War College. 

Sometimes the course of history is ma.ter1ally or 

drasticall.1 changed by the existence ot COMINT 1 or it 

could have been changed by its proper use--as some say 

3.bout the COM.INT available to us before Pearl Harbor, but 

ometimes, also, the course of history is materially 

hanged by the non-existence of COMIN'l' where it had 

•! eviously existed and was used. We will discuss an 

ncident of the latter type, too, in due course. But 

irst., an incident of the former type--Pearl Barbor. The 

tory of P.H. 1 which I begin by reading from the 17 Dec 

945 :l.ssue of TIME. I should preface the reading by 

--------- ---------------- -J.8-
REF ID:A38382 

reminding you that the war was over--ar at least V-E aD4 

V-J days had been celebrated--and the clamor on the part 

of vociferous Republicans, who bad far years been 

lllSisting upon learning and disclosing to the world the 

reasons why we had been caught by surprise in such a 

disastrous defeat and calamity as the Japanese had 

i:lfl.icted upon us at Pearl, this clamor had to be met. 

It could no longer be hushed by the need tar military 

secrecy. So there were investigations--a half dozen ar 

more, winding up in a grand finale of the Joint 

Congressional Investigation into the Attack on Pearl 

Harbor It was this investigation which not only itsell' 

brought into the open every detail and exhibit in its 

own lengthy investigation and hearings but also disclosed everything tbat was said and shown at all the 

previous Army and Navy !~I!stigations--about a half 
dozen ot them. 

There came a day in the Congressional Hearings when 

General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff, U.S. Army a.t 

the time of the Pearl Barbor Attack, was called to the 

witness stand. Be testified for several days, long, 

long ones. Toward the end of the ordeal he was questioned 

about a letter it had been rumored he'd written to 

Governor Dewey in the Autumn ot 1944, during the 

Presidential Campaign. General Marshall balked. He 

pleaded most earnestly with the Committee not to force 

him 1D disclose the letter or its contents, but to no 

avail. He had to bow to the will of the Committee. 

Read TIME to "Uneasy Secret" 

-12-
REF ID: A38_382 

A few mo:nents ago I commented that the sort of 

cryptologic hist<ry which gets published as a result 

of official investigations is apt to contain errors, 

misunderstandings, distortions, and downright lies. 

And this account 1n TIME contains its share of them. 

But the curious part of this story is that TIME didn't 

commit these offenses; they were 1n the original 

Marshall-Dewey letter 1 which bad been prepared by somebody on Marshall's staff who got the results of COMINT 

but was no technician or cryptologist. I will interrupt 

the reading of the letter to remark that undoubtedly 

those of you who followed at all. closely the disclosures--

the remarkab1e and shocking disclosures fran the point of 

view of national security--ot the Joint COJJ8l'essional 

Investigation of the Attach on Pearl Barbor must have 

wondered about or been ~tified by this question: If 

-13-
- --- - - -----RE-~D:A36-382 

we were really reading the Japanese code long betore 

Pearl Barbor,, why were we caught by surprise when the 

attack came9 Why did we lose over 3,,sss men in a couple 

of hours,, all those big battleships in harbor,, and all 1 

those planes on the ground'l 

'You weren't alone in thinking about this J111Stery. 

Listen to these extracts fran the Report of the Ma.Jority 

of tbat Joint Congressional Committee,, p. l7S & 253. 

I'll return later to the Marshall-Dewey correspondence 

But nav: 

Wbat was meant by the name "MAGIC"'l 

How did the term came to be used? 

It was introduced into our usage by the British. 

It was the cover name ,,during the WW n yea.rs for 

-1 ... -
REF ID:A38-SB2 

for the product of COMINT operations and activities. 

(1) Special intelligence, (2) Traffic intelligence, 

(3) Weather 1ntelli°ience. 

I suppose its hardly necessary for me to tell you bow 

carefUJ.ly guarded were the fruits of the MAGIC--even the 

fact Of its existence was known to only a very few 

persons. Hearings p. 261. Success--rather its continuance--rested upon a very slender thread. 

Midway, for instance, Marshall Dewey letter. 

(J. Red machine. OSS in Ldsbon. Marshall Dewey ltr.) 

There are many persons who still argue about certain 

questions about Pearl Harbor Every so often the story 

-15-
REF ID:A38382 

comes up and the fires of controversy are fanned once 

again to the blazing point. (A researcher at RAND is 

still working on a rather lengthy treatise on the 

subject.) The right-wingers are, of course, still convinced and are trying to convince other Americans that 

President Roosevelt brought the attack about and 

deliberately. Some of them make shocking charges and 

allegations of conspirac1 among Roosevelt, Marshall and 

Stark. Which of course is nonsense--disprovable by 

rather easy logic Maybe I'll go into this later it you 

wish. 

But let's get bac~ to the Marshal1-Dewey letter. 

The ha.rm that the disclosure of this letter caused 

s •alcuJ.able. The hear1I1§f6:ere open and the documents 
REF ID:A38382 

(4.e volumes) are public documents. 

Should we be greatly astonished that certain governments have greatly llllpl'Oved their conmunications securitydevices and arrangements since the close of the Congressional. Investigation1119 

I read now from p. 232 of the Majority Report ot the 

Joint Congressional 6ommittee. 

l. 11 ••• all witnesses familiar with MAGIC 

material throughout the war have testified that it 

contributed enormously to the defeat of the enemy, greatly 

shortened the war, and saved many thousands of lives. 11 

2. General Chamberlin (G-3 of Gen. MacArthur •s 

.:;taff throughout the war in the Pacific (told ~ (and he -17-
REF ID:A38382 

put it in writing for me on request): "The information 

G-2 gave G-3 in the Pacific theater alone saved us many 

thousands ot lives and shortened the war by DO less than 

two years • 11 

3. I hardly need say what the latter saving alone 

was worth in billions of dollars. I made a calculation 

and found that $1.SfJ spent for COMINT equals $1,HfJ spent 

for other war materials and activities. 

Bow let's see what happened during WW II when we had 

m didn't have COMINT on our side. 

J:n our struggle against two very desperate enemies, 

he Germans and the Japanese, it was often the possession 

r COMINT, the so-called "MAGIC" which meant the 

-18-
REF ID:A38382 

difference between defeat and success. When we had magic 

we could put what little we bad at the right time in the 

right place. And when we didn't have it--as in the 

famous and almost terribly disastrous Battle ot the Bulge 

we took a bad beating. 

- READ f'rom. letter -

When we didn't have it--well,, as I said,, things went 

badly because our principal G-21s had come to rely too 

heavily on it. 

The Battie of the Bulge. 

Baldwin Article - Read. 

1. Show lst page of Baldwin article. (p. 30) and 

ead title of. -19-
---- - - -BE-F-l:J) . ..;A,3.8382 

2. Read from next card !.. Merriam. 

3. Then read extracts from p. 4S. 

-28-
REF ID·:-A38-382 

Extract from: Merriam, Robert E., Dark December: The 

f'ull account of the Battle of the Bulge, 1947-Ziff'-Davis 

Pu.bl.ishing Co., p. 211: 

"According to Eisenhower •s personnel officer, 

American losses in the Battle ot the Bulge totalled 

75,898 men, of whom 8,687 were killed, 47,139 wounded, 

and 21, 144 missing. Over 8,SSfJ of these casualties 

were in the 1S6th Division. Because of heavy German 

attacks, 733 taoks and tank destroyers were lost. Two 

div:Lsions, the 28th and 1S6th, were nearly completely 

anni.hilated, although the 28th Division did subsequently 

enter combat after being rebuilt." 

-2::.-
REF ID:A38382 

I hope I've not tired you out by such a lengthy 

!Xl'ef'ace to the real substance of my talks • So we 'll 

begin by asking: 

How old is the science of cryptology? 

Which came first -- secret writing? 

Or plaiD-text writing! 

The art of' writing probably grew out of' pictographs 

and its growth can be traced back to the dawn of 

civ~lized man. Rebuses. 

Example of rebus. (p 2) 

-22-

4.12 
REF ID:A383_82 

Cryptanalysis - and psychoa.nalysis -- in the Bible. 

Nebuchadnezzar and his dream. Daniel, Chapter 2: 

3, 4, 5, 6, 11 B, 91 l", 11. 

Belsl:lazzar - Daniel, Chapter 5: 1-5, 25-36. 

Read from Bible - Daniel. 

{UPHARS IN MENE, MENE, TEKEL (PERES 

Eelsha.zzar and "Tbe Handwriting on the Wall". 

Daniel - The first cryptanalyst (B.C 578-569) 

The Second Psychoanalyst or interpreter of 

dreams. Joseph was 1st. 

Instances of actual ci'Oher in the Bible: - ~ '\., -
Scytale 

Jeremiah 25: 26 

51: 41 

Some history from. Br 

REF ID:A38382 .. 

.L 

-

2 

Manual ot Cryptography. 

Scytale - Spartan Ephors send messages to co.mmaDders 

in field. Example from Grecian history. Greek at Court 

at Persian King Darius--message to colleague Aristagoras 

in Greece. 

Conveying info in wartime by bundles of ribands ot 

different colors, notches on stick, knots tied in various 

ways. Fires or beacons--all natioos of antiquity. 

Poly~ describes system used by Greeks--co-or~inate -24-
REF ID:A38382 

system -- Letters divided into groups at five and the 

number of fires lit in two separate places denoted the 

group of letters and the position of the letter in that 

group. Fires as late as 1746 in Italy to signal, code 

given to General the Marquis de Mirepoix in command 

mixed corps French, Spanish and Genoese troops, still in 

existence. 

In Africa--beating of drums--only chiefs of tribes 

and headman initiated. 

Caesar's cipher - invented and used many centuries 

earlier in various countries--by Carthagenians and 

Phoenicians. Used by Germans in 18791-71 and by British 

forces during S. African war. 

-25-
REF ID:A38382 

The only systems known to have been employed between 

time of Julius Caesar 8.lld the beginning of the 16th 

Century are two: 

l. i = • a• : e • :. o • :: 

Th:. t::wn c:p.t:.:l:t:.d 

u. . . .. . 

2. System in which consonants remain unaltered but 

the va.rels are replaced by the immediately following 

consonant. 

For many centuries after Roman invasion Br crypt 

almost entirely neglected, one reason being that the 

art of secret writing was long regarded as an invention 

of the Evil One. There are many instances of students 

of it being accused of sorcery, among whom may be 

mentioned Trit.lemius the ~~~! of Spe.nheim • • • 
REF ID:A38382 

p. 6 - Br Manual of Cryptography. ~. 

Viete - Then about him.. P. 6 Br Man. 

Correspondence between Court of Spain Henri IV 

(1553-l61S) and Chiefs Anti-Royalists in France. 

3.1_ 

RUNE.S on a stone in front of Gripsholm Castle ne~ 

Stockholm. 

A.S. "Rune" - "a secret, a m.ystery. 11 "Magic". 

Any of tr.e characters ot the alphabet formerly in 

general use by the Teutonic, or Germanic, peoples from 

about the 3d Century A.D. 

Blocked out portion -- another type of "Ruin" 

-~-- ------- -------
REF ID:A38382 

BeginninSS of modern cryptology can be traced back 

to the days.of the early years of the 15th Century, when 

it was extensively em_ployed by the princes and chancerrie 

of the Papal States. 

For example, see this alphabet of 14Sl! 

(Cipher 81..phabet of' 1401) 

Tritbemuis - 1518 

Abbe of Spe.nheim 

Trithemian Oath 

(Next slide) 

4.l~ 

151 

Pres.ent oath. Back up by P.L. ;13 - now 18 USC 798 

-28 
REF ID:A38382 

We administer a special oath to everYbody who comes 

into the field. 

lst slide. (242) 

Examples of cipher alphabets end small syllabaries used 

centuries ago. (246 or 3) 

-r) 

I 

Charlemagne's cipher (768-814) 

Cipher used in Engl and during reign of 

Alfred the Great 871-9Sl. 

3. Ogam writing of ancient Eire. 

4. Ogam-like alphabet of Charles I (1646) to 

Marquis of Worcester. 

5. Marquis of Worcester's "Clock Cipher". 

'{.! 6. Cardinal Wol!~z. 1524, Vienna. 
REF ID:A38382 

7. Sir Thomas Smith, Paris, 1563. 

8. Sir Thomas Chaloner 1 Madrid, 1561. 

9 Sir Edward S'tafford 1 Madrid 1 1586. 

3.3 

Cipher alphabet in Sir Thomas Mare• s Utopia, l5i8 

3.5 

Facsimile of a cipher found among the pa.perSOf 

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (154-2-1587). 

1.6 

Cipher alphabet - Queen Mary Stuart and Bishop of Glasgow, 

then her Ambassador or solicitor in France, 1571. 

3.7 

Sliding-card cipher. Facsimile of one used in thel:iter 

years of Elizabeth's reign (about 16~0). -3~-
REF ID:A38382 

3.8 

The two-word square cipher. State cipher used in -

Cbarles 1 I's time (1627) for communicating with France and 

Flanders • (A co-ordinate systelll) 

3.9 

Part of Duke of :Buck:Jngham's cipher used in J.627 for 

communicating with France. 

.l:.!L 

Numerical cipher used in reign of Charles II (1630-1685) 

between Prince Rupert and the Earl of Arlington, Sec. 

State. 

oreign Office Cipher during reign of George III. (l~ -31-
REF ID:A38382 

217 

Frontispiece of "The Babington Plot" by Alan Gardon s"iiiith, 

London 1936. The cipher used by Mary Stuart Queen of 

Scots with Babington. (1542-1587) 

Frontispiece of "The Babington Plot" by Smith 

Forged Postscript, with Phillips' endorsement. 

(Ciphers involved in the Babington Plot. 

The forged postscript.) 

218 

~ 

5.2 

Ciphers used by PhiliP. II of Spain (1527-1598) reignea 

1556-98. (pp. 102, l~) 

-32-
REF ID:A38382 

But monoe.lphabetic ciphers still used today' 

Gustav Rumrich spy case. 

6 

Porta's table (1563) 

6.1 

Porta •s table as it appears in an ear~ 

Elizabethan State paper • 

-L 

Vigenere Square as pictured in the ordinary 

literature. 

-33-
REF ID:A3-Bd-B2 

5.1 

Vigenere Square as V. describes it in bis book n5S6) 

Ciphers used by Galileo (1564-1642) 

Italian astronomer and physicist 

Huyghens (1629-1695) 

104 

Dutch mathematicians, physicist and astronomer. 

-34-
REF ID:A38382 

P 9 - Br Manual 

One of the earliest instances of the advantage 

gained in the course of military operations by the 

capture a.nd subsequent solution of a message sent by the 

enemy took place in 1626, Siege of Realmont, a town of 

Languedoc, then in possession of the Huguenots but 

besieged by the King's troops under command of the Prine 

de Conde. 

Latter about to raise siege. Message intercepted. 

Rossignol reads • Out of powder and would have to surren 

der if not immediately received new supply. 

-35-
REF ID:A38382 

SC.AMP 1)58 

LEC'l.'UR! I - SECT!ON l - 24 June 1?58 
I I 

I .....!. _ 

I 

__ .__ 

I 

t I I 

I 

- - -L- --

ID:A38382 
REF ID:A38382 

Cryptanalysis is a game 1 in which one 1 s adversary makes all the 

rules, and :moreover does his utmost to make them as caapli.cated as 

possible. Consequently, though the Cr.JPtanal.yst may (and should) use 

scientific methods in his research he cannot el.ways be carried eJ.ong 

by the scientist 1 s simple :f'aith in the fundamental rationality and 

unit0l'Dlit7 of nature. Be will seldan, that is, be abl.e to solve a 

cnmer by direct application Of real m&them&tioS I though he WW. often 

use methods which are very s:lm:llar to mathematics, but lack the s:lmpJ.iaity 

and elegance of the real thing and are usual.17 much more laborious. 

2. A :tomer member of this organisation had a motto which he used to ~e to new recru.its "indexing is the mother of solution." When you 

are ccmtronted with a pile of messages in an unknown cypher the first 

step, then,, is to index them and see what you have got. Then you 

proceed to theorise abou.t a possible soJ.ution that 1i0uld account :f'or 

all the phenanena recorded :ln your index and test it - it it taus 

you then think of another. 
REF ID:A38382 

-

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~I ~-(.v <: ~.W--"\.. \, - c~-e_q,__ -~ -- '\ 
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__ , __ 
LECTURE 

REF ID:A383-82 

FOR SLIDE 60 

The tT&T Co. teletype cipher attachment . LWith the growth of teletype communications, 

cipher teletypewriter attachments were invented.al 

\ 
\\ 

REF ID:A38382 

\ 'l ~ 
LEOTtiRE NOTE 

REF ID:A38382 

FOR SLIDE 180 

SIGCUM with B-131 set and teletype machine 

(SIGHUAD - aform of SIGCUM with one-time key features) 

(Dangers of electrical radiation) 

(Dangers of depth) 

s ~r r. _'.J: c -v:A- &,_ .. ~­

@ 
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w~ 

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