J-A14044-23

2023 PA Super 264

ERIE INSURANCE EXCHANGE

v.

DOMINIC EACHUS 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 271 EDA 2023

Appeal from the Order Entered December 12, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County 

Civil Division at No(s): 2021-08065-MJ

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., DUBOW, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

OPINION BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED DECEMBER 12, 2023

Dominic Eachus (“Eachus”) appeals from the order granting the motion 

for summary judgment filed by Erie Insurance Exchange (“Erie”) and denying 

Eachus’s cross-motion for summary judgment. We affirm.

The parties stipulated to the factual and procedural history underlying 

this insurance coverage dispute. On January 13, 2011, Eachus contacted his 

insurance agent and requested a quote for a new auto policy. On that same 

date, the agent provided Eachus with a quote for an auto policy from Erie

which provided, inter alia, uninsured motorist coverage (“UM”) and 

underinsured motorist coverage (“UIM”) policy limits of $15,000 per 

person/$30,000 per accident. Later that same day, Eachus signed a policy 

application for an auto policy from Erie, effective January 20, 2011 through 

January 20, 2012, providing bodily injury liability limits in the amount of 

$100,000 per person/$300,000 per accident. In the policy application, Eachus 
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requested UM/UIM limits in the amount of $15,000 per person/$30,000 per 

accident. Additionally, Eachus signed an “Important Notice” form which 

informed him of the availability of higher UM/UIM limits—up to the same 

amount as the bodily injury liability coverage limits of $100,000 per 

person/$300,000 per accident—if he wished to purchase them. Eachus also 

signed a “Request for Lower Limits” form specifically requesting lower UM/UIM 

policy limits at $15,000 per person/$30,000 per accident. The forms signed

by Eachus indicated a “binder” number of Q98-2037302. One week later, Erie 

issued an auto policy to Eachus, as the named insured, effective January 20, 

2011 through January 20, 2012, bearing policy number Q012011324 (“the 

Erie policy”). The Erie policy provided bodily injury liability coverage in the 

amount of $100,000 per person/$300,000 per accident. The Erie policy also 

provided UM/UIM coverage limits of $15,000 per person/$30,000 per 

accident, stacked over two vehicles, as Eachus had requested. Eachus paid a 

reduced premium for the Erie policy based on his election to purchase lower

UM/UIM coverage limits. Between 2011 and 2015, Eachus renewed the Erie 

policy annually by paying the renewal premium. 

In 2015, Eachus was involved in a motor vehicle accident in which he 

sustained injuries. The tortfeasor’s insurance policy limits were insufficient to 

cover the extent of Eachus’s medical bills. Consequently, Eachus submitted a 

claim for UIM benefits under the Erie policy. Erie accepted the UIM claim and 

provided the full, per person policy limit of $15,000 UIM benefits, stacked over 
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two vehicles, for a total claim payment to Eachus of $30,000. Eachus 

challenged the limits of UIM coverage provided by the Erie policy. Erie then 

initiated this declaratory judgment action, seeking a declaration of its rights 

and obligations under the Erie policy. Following discovery, Erie filed a motion 

for summary judgment and Eachus filed a cross-motion for summary 

judgment. On December 12, 2022, the trial court entered an order 

determining that Eachus was not entitled to any further UIM benefits under 

the policy, thereby implicitly granting Erie’s motion for summary judgment 

and denying Eachus’s cross-motion for summary judgment. Eachus filed a 

timely notice of appeal, and both he and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 

1925.

1

Eachus raises the following issues for our review:

A. Did the trial court commit [an] error of law in determining there 

was no ambiguity and the Request for Lower Limits forms 

associated with the Erie insurance binder application No. Q98-

2037302 also applied to [the] Erie policy . . . Q012011324?

B. Since there is not a Request for Lower Limits form applicable 

to [the] Erie policy Q012011324[,] should the applicable limits 

available to . . . Eachus for the . . . 2015 auto accident be 

$200,000.00?

Eachus’s Brief at 4 (unnecessary capitalization omitted). 

____________________________________________

1 The trial court judge who entered the order granting Erie’s motion for 

summary judgment and denying Eachus’s cross-motion for summary 

judgment passed away after the entry of that order. A successor trial court 

judge authored a Rule 1925(a) opinion incorporating the reasoning of the 

predecessor judge as expressed in the summary judgment order. 
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Our standard of review of an order granting or denying summary

judgment is well-settled:

We view the record in the light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party, and all doubts as to the existence of a genuine 

issue of material fact must be resolved against the moving party. 

Only where there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and 

it is clear that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a 

matter of law will summary judgment be entered. Our scope of

review of a trial court’s order granting or denying summary

judgment is plenary, and our standard of review is clear: the trial

court’s order will be reversed only where it is established that the

court committed an error of law or abused its discretion.

Siciliano v. Mueller, 149 A.3d 863, 864 (Pa. Super. 2016).

Pennsylvania’s Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law (“MVFRL”), 75 

Pa.C.S.A. § 1701, et seq., is a comprehensive body of legislation governing 

the rights and obligations of the insurance company and the insured under 

liability insurance policies covering motor vehicles. See Rush v. Erie Ins. 

Exch., 265 A.3d 794, 796 (Pa. Super. 2021). The provisions of the MVFRL 

are mandatory, and where insurance policy provisions fail to comply with the 

provisions of the MVFRL, the policy provisions will be found unenforceable. 

See id.

Section 1731 of the MVFRL “requires every motor vehicle insurance 

policy issued in Pennsylvania to include an offer of both UM and UIM motorist 

coverage equal to the bodily injury liability amount. See 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 
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1731(a). However, an insured may decline all UM/UIM coverage2 or opt for 

UM/UIM limits in an amount less than the bodily injury liability limits of the 

policy. In the absence of an express written rejection of all UM/UIM coverage

or an express written election for UM/UIM limits which are less than the bodily 

injury liability limits of the policy, the insurer must provide UM/UIM coverage 

“equal to the bodily injury liability limits.” 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1731(c)(1).

Regarding an insured’s election to opt for UM/UIM coverage limits which 

are less than the bodily injury liability limits of the policy, section 1734 of the 

MVFRL provides: “[a] named insured may request in writing the issuance of 

coverages under section 1731 (relating to availability, scope and amount of 

coverage) in amounts equal to or less than the limits of liability for bodily 

injury.” 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1734. Unlike the stricter statutory provisions 

regarding rejection of all UM/UIM coverage under section 1731, section 1734 

____________________________________________

2

In order to reject all UM/UIM coverages, section 1731 requires that the 

insured be provided with specific information to explain the separate purposes 

of UM/UIM coverage and sign written rejection forms—with specified language 

in prominent type and location—in order to establish that the insured 

knowingly and voluntarily rejected each type of coverage. See 75 Pa.C.S.A. 

§ 1731(b)-(c). Additionally, the insured must sign and date separate forms 

to reject all UM and all UIM coverage. See 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1731(b)-(c). In 

light of these requirements, section 1731 provides that the insured will not be 

deemed to have waived all UM and/or all UIM coverage if the insurer fails to 

produce a valid rejection form. In interpreting section 1731, this Court has 

held that an insured’s affirmative decision to waive all UM/UIM coverage is 

presumed to be in effect throughout the lifetime of that policy until 

“affirmatively changed” by the insured. Koch v. Progressive Direct Ins. 

Co., 280 A.3d 1060, 1067 (Pa. Super. 2022) (citing Smith v. Hartford Ins. 

Co., 849 A.2d 277, 281 (Pa. Super. 2004)).
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does not specify the type of form or language required for the insured to opt 

for lower UM/UIM coverage limits. However, our Supreme Court has ruled 

that “a [section] 1734 written request must include . . . the signature of the 

insured[ and] an express designation of the amount of coverage requested

. . ..” Orsag v. Farmer New Century Ins., 15 A.3d 896, 901 (Pa. 2011) 

(quoting Lewis v. Erie Ins. Exch., 793 A.2d 143, 153 (Pa. 2002)). 

Section 1791 provides certain legal presumptions if an insured signs an 

“Important Notice” form which advises the insured of the availability of 

UM/UIM coverage in amounts equal to the bodily injury liability limits. See

75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1791. Specifically, section 1791 provides that, if “at the time

of application for original coverage” the insured is provided with an 

“IMPORTANT NOTICE” which states certain specified language “in bold print of

at least ten-point type,” then “[i]t shall be presumed that the insured has been

advised of the benefits and limits [of UM/UIM coverage] available . . . and no

other notice or rejection shall be required.” Id. (emphasis added). The 

language specified by section 1791 to be included in the “Important Notice” is 

as follows:

Insurance companies operating in the Commonwealth of

Pennsylvania are required by law to make available for purchase

the following benefits for you . . .

* * * *

(6) Uninsured, underinsured and bodily injury liability coverage up

to at least $100,000 because of injury to one person in any one

accident and up to at least $300,000 because of injury to two or

more persons in any one accident or, at the option of the insurer,
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up to at least $300,000 in a single limit for these coverages,

except for policies issued under the Assigned Risk Plan. Also, at

least $5,000 for damage to property of others in any one accident.

Additionally, insurers may offer higher benefit levels than those

enumerated above as well as additional benefits. However, an

insured may elect to purchase lower benefit levels than those

enumerated above.

Your signature on this notice or your payment of any

renewal premium evidences your actual knowledge and

understanding of the availability of these benefits and

limits as well as the benefits and limits you have selected.

Id. (emphasis added).

“It is the custom of the insurance industry, and sound public policy, to

provide on-the-spot temporary insurance coverage in the form of a binder

until the application information can be verified and a formal policy issued.” 

Klopp v. Keystone Ins. Companies, 595 A.2d 1, 4 n.5 (Pa. 1991). Under

Pennsylvania law, a binder constitutes evidence that insurance coverage has

attached at a specific time and continues in effect until either the policy is

issued, or the risk is declined and notice thereof is given. See Strickler v.

Huffine, 618 A.2d 430, 433 (Pa. Super. 1992). Thus, absent any defect in

the application process, an insurance policy is deemed effective from the date

the binder is issued. See Klopp, 595 A.2d at 4 n.5.

As Eachus’s issues are interrelated, we will address them together. 

Eachus argues that “the request for lower limits form contained in the

application/binder contains only the application/binder number, does not 

include any incorporation or any language indicating it would apply to any 
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subsequently issued policy, nor does the application/binder itself provide any 

language indicating any documents or forms would carry over to any 

subsequently issued policy.” Eachus’s Brief at 12-13. Eachus maintains that 

the request for lower limits form that he signed only applied to lower UIM

limits under the binder and not to the subsequently issued Erie policy or any 

renewal policies. Eachus asserts that “binders are temporary insurance and 

exist until a policy is issued or rejected, at which time the binder ceases to 

exist.” Id. at 15. According to Eachus, “Erie cannot produce a written request

for lower limits applicable to [the Erie] policy . . ..” Id. at 13. Utilizing this 

logic, Eachus posits that, “[s]ince Erie cannot produce a request for lower 

limits form applicable to [the Erie] policy . . ., the applicable available limits 

for [UIM] coverage . . . should be equal to bodily injury limits which would be 

$200,000.00 (for 2 vehicles stacked at $100,000.00).” Id. at 14. 

Alternatively, Eachus claims that an ambiguity existed as to what 

instrument the request for lower limits form applied due to the inclusion of the 

binder number on the forms he signed and the lack of any language indicating 

that the forms would apply to the Erie policy.3 Eachus asserts that “Erie failed 

to include incorporation language and created ambiguity as to whether the 

request for lower limits form applied to the binder, the policy or both.” Id. at 

____________________________________________

3 Generally, if there is any doubt or ambiguity as to the meaning of an

insurance policy, the doubts or ambiguities will be resolved in favor of the

insured. See Blue Anchor Overall Co. v. Pa. Lumbermens Mut. Ins. Co., 

397, 123 A.2d 413, 415 (Pa. 1956).
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18. Eachus reasons that, “[s]ince Erie was the drafter of all of the forms and 

had total control over the language used[,] any ambiguity related to 

application relating to the request for lower limits form and the extent of its 

applications falls totally on Erie.” Id. 

The trial court considered Eachus’s arguments and concluded that they

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

Contrary to Eachus’[s] assertion, there is no ambiguity in 

the application, which sets forth a binder number, but also 

identifies the policy period as January 20, 2011 to January 20, 

2012 and an annual premium. Further, when Eachus signed the 

[Important] Notice, he acknowledged his “knowledge and 

understanding” of both the availability of alternate limits as well 

as the limits he selected in the application:

YOUR SIGNATURE ON THIS NOTICE OR YOUR PAYMENT OF 

ANY RENEWAL PREMIUM EVIDENCES YOUR ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE 

AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE AVAILABILTY OF THESE BENEFITS 

AND LIMITS AS WELL AS THE BENEFITS AND LIMITS YOU HAVE

SELCETED.

(Application, p. 13)[.] This acknowledgement appears above 

Eachus’[s] signature and immediately below his signature is the 

“Policy Effective Date 1/20/11.” The coverage[s] Eachus elected 

in the application were clearly intended for the policy that was 

issued and not simply for a binder. There was no need for a 

second set of forms to be signed, as suggested by Eachus, 

because the application contained all the forms required to lower 

UIM coverage in the policy.

Trial Court Order, 12/12/22, at 1 n.1 (unnecessary capitalization omitted). 

We discern no error of law or abuse of discretion by the trial court in 

granting Erie’s motion for summary judgment and denying Eachus’s crossmotion for summary judgment. During the application process, Eachus was 

offered UM/UIM coverage in an amount equal to the bodily injury liability limits 
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(i.e., $100,000 per person/$300,000 per accident) of the policy he sought 

from Erie. However, Eachus elected not to purchase UM/UIM coverage limits 

in an amount equal to the bodily injury liability limits and indicated that he

wished to purchase UM/UIM coverage in the amount of $15,000 per 

person/$30,000 per accident. Accordingly, Eachus’s insurance agent 

presented him with a policy application which specified that he was applying 

for the issuance of an auto policy from Erie which only provided UM/UIM 

coverage in the amount of $15,000 per person/$30,000 per accident. See

Application, 1/13/11, at 4. Consistent with Eachus’s election, the application 

also contained a “Request for Lower Limits” form specifically requesting lower 

UIM policy limits at $15,000 per person/$30,000 per accident. See id. at 12. 

The application included a separate “Important Notice” form which tracked the 

language specified by section 1791 and which informed Eachus of the 

availability of higher UM/UIM limits if he wished to purchase them. See id. at 

13. Eachus signed all three forms. 

When Eachus signed the “Request for Lower Limits” form in which he 

specifically requesting lower UIM policy limits at $15,000 per person/$30,000

per accident, Erie satisfied section 1734’s writing requirement, as the form 

clearly indicated Eachus’s desire for reduced UM/UIM coverage, and the form 

was signed by Eachus, as the named insured. See Orsag, 15 A.3d at 901 

(providing that a section 1734 written request must include the signature of 

the insured and an express designation of the amount of coverage requested). 
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Further, by signing the “Important Notice” form, Eachus evidenced his “actual

knowledge and understanding of the availability of [higher UM/UIM] limits as

well as the benefits and limits [he had] selected.” 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1791. 

Contrary to Eachus’s assertion otherwise, no other language, notice, or

document was required. See id. § 1791 (providing that “no other notice or

rejection shall be required”). Moreover, each time that Eachus renewed the

Erie policy and paid the renewal premium, his payment to Erie evidenced not

only his actual knowledge and understanding of the availability of higher

UM/UIM limits, but also his actual knowledge and understanding of the lower

limits of UM/UIM coverage that he had selected. See id. 

Had Eachus desired to purchase UM/UIM limits in an amount equal to

the bodily injury liability limits of the Erie policy, he could have selected that 

option at any time and paid the corresponding increased premium. See 

Orsag, 15 A.3d at 901 (noting that, if the insured desired to purchase UM/UIM

limits in an amount equal to the bodily injury liability limits of the policy, “the 

cost of premiums could increase significantly, which, presumably, is what the 

applicant was hoping to avoid by initially requesting the reduced [UM/UIM] 

coverage”). However, Eachus did not do so. Accordingly, Eachus was able to 

pay a reduced renewal premium each year for the lower amount of UM/UIM 

coverage he selected. As Eachus is not entitled to coverage for which he 

neither requested nor paid, he is due no relief.

Order affirmed. 
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Date: 12/12/2023