#### Patnode, Respondent, vs. Westenhaver and others, Appellants.

*April 25*

May *13, 1902.*

*Conspiracy: Evidence: Court and jury: Obtaining property by false promise of marriage: Mutual abandonment of engagement: Ratification of fraudulent transaction: Causes of action: Special verdict: Instructions to jury.*

1. An express agreement between the conspirators is not essential 'to an actionable conspiracy. It is enough if there is a tacit concurrence in mental intent to effect the common purpose.

2. In an action by a widow for damages alleged to have been caused by the formation and execution of a conspiracy to obtain her property through false promises of marriage made by one of the defendants, the evidence, though circumstantial, is *held*sufficient to warrant the submission to the jury of the question of the existence of such conspiracy.

3. Plaintiff had conveyed real estate to one of the defendants, taking his notes for a part of the purchase price, and had then given hack to him one of such notes for $1,500. She testified that it was her purpose to give him $1,500, not a specific part of the realty as such, and that to effect such purpose she took from him the note as a security of the value of $1,500, and then delivered it to him as a gift for that amount and in view of her expectation to become his wife, the understanding between the two being that the property was to be enjoyed by them mutually. *Held,*that the credibility of such testimony was for the *461jury, although it was not consistent with many things in letters written hy her to him while she was infatuated with him and under his influence.

4. The fact that, after the alleged breaking of the engagement of one of the defendants to marry her, plaintiff followed his advice and married another man, and thereafter expressed satisfaction with having gained a protector and a home, does not show an abandonment of the engagement by mutual agreement, there being evidence that plaintiff was so under defendant’s influence that in what she did she executed his will, not her own.

6.The bringing of an action by plaintiff against one of the defendants to recover the amount of one of the notes given by him for a part of the purchase price of her real property, did not preclude her from afterwards maintaining this action against all the defendants for damages caused by the execution of the fraudulent conspiracy.

6. In a case where five questions -would have covered all the issues of fact, the submission for a special verdict of twenty questions — some referring to matters not in dispute, some to mere evidentiary matters, some mere repetition in whole or in part of others, some containing elements in the alternative so as to confuse the jury and render an affirmative or negative answer inconclusive as to any material point, and some suggesting to the jury prejudicial circumstances of which there was no evidence, — is *held*to have been a material error.

7. It is error in submitting a special verdict to inform the jury how questions must be answered in order to enable plaintiff to recover.

8. *Per*Maeshaul, J., speaking independently. An instruction that if the jury are satisfied that any witness intentionally testified falsely as to any material fact, then, although not bound to disbelieve all his testimony, they are at liberty to do so, excepting in so far as such testimony is corroborated by other credible evidence or by facts and circumstances, is criticised as leaving room for the idea that the testimony of such witness could not be rejected if corroborated. The approved method of stating the rule is: ‘If you believe that any witness has testified wil-fully false as to any material matter in the case, you may properly, but are not bound to, on that ground alone, reject all of his evidence not corroborated by some other credible evidence.’

Appeal from a judgment of the circuit court for Kewau-nee county: Mici-iael Kiewaw, Circuit Judge.

*Reversed.*

*462Action for damages* caused, as alleged, by the formation and execution of a conspiracy to defraud tbe plaintiff. Tbe ■substance of tbe complaint is as follows:

On April 8, 1806, plaintiff owned a certain lot, described, in Kewaunee, Kewaunee county, Wisconsin. Sbe was then .and bad been for some time prior thereto an unmarried woman over twenty-on© years of age. Defendant *Iiulbert*at the same time was an unmarried man over twenty-one years ■of age, and defendants *Westenhaver*were husband and wife, tbe wife being *Hulbert’s*sister. Before tbe day named defendants agreed between themselves to fraudulently deprive plaintiff of her property or some part of it in this wise: *Iiulbert*was to induce plaintiff to convey part or all of her property to him by promising to take her as bis wife and in■ducing her to believe tbe promise to be made in good faith, in fact having no such purpose, and, if sbe showed a disposition subsequently to* obtain redress, defendants were to intimidate her, by threats of publicly attacking her moral ■character, not to do so. Pursuant to such agreement *Hul-■bert*made love to plaintiff, the *Westenhavers*encouraging bis suit, resulting in plaintiff’s becoming completely infatuated with him and their exchanging mutual promises of marriage. Thereafter all tbe defendants co-operated in influencing plaintiff to start *Iiulbert*in business and to give "him some of her property in view of tbe fact that he was soon 'to become her husband. Tbe result was that sbe conveyed to him the real estate mentioned, for an expressed consideration of $3,500, only $300 of which was paid, taking for tbe 'balance bis unsecured note for $1,500, and a note for $1,700 ■secured by a mortgage on the property. Tbe deed was duly recorded and sbe gave *Hulbert*tbe $1,500 note. Subse■quently, in further execution of tbe conspiracy, plaintiff was induced to turn over to *Iiulbert*tbe $1,700 note and mort.gage, it being suggested to her, by him and Westenhaver, that it would not look well for the public records to show a *463mortgage in ber favor on property owned by ber prospective bnsband, and *ilulbert*further suggesting t-bat sbe ought to take bis word for tbe payment of tbe money, under the circumstances. Subsequently, in further execution of the conspiracy, *Hulbert*repudiated bis promise to marry plaintiff, assigning as a reason therefor that bis relatives, particularly tbe *Westevhaversj*were opposed to tbe union because of tbe disparity between their ages, but be refused to give back to plaintiff any part of tbe property obtained as aforesaid.

At the time of the occurrences mentioned plaintiff was tbe widow of one Roberts. Subsequently sbe became tbe wife of one Patnode, whose name sbe now bears: After tbe marriage to Patnode, defendants, in order to' prevent ber from seeking redress for tbe wrongs done by them as aforesaid, and as a part of tbe design formed at tbe beginning, charged ber with being guilty of various offenses and threatened to expose ber to public hatred and scorn and to cause ber bus-band to abandon ber; and about tbe same time tbe *Westen-Itavers*importuned ber to leave her husband and live with them if the latter made any trouble about tbe property.

Tbe damage claimed is the value of tbe $1;500 note, with interest thereon from April 8, 1896.

*Ilulbert*answered denying all tbe charges against him of wrong-doing, and alleged, that all tbe transactions between him and tbe plaintiff in regard to tbe property were free and voluntary on ber partthat be paid plaintiff $300, and that tbe balance in value of tbe real estate was voluntarily given to him by plaintiff; that such value was first put in the form of an indebtedness to plaintiff on a $1,500 note and a $1,700 note, by ber request, to deceive her relatives as to tbe nature of tbe transaction; that it was her intention, when tbe property was conveyed and tbe notes were given to her, to turn] them over to him after they bad served their purpose of deceiving ber relatives, and that such plan was carried out. He pléaded in bar of ’the prosecution of this action tbe pendency *464of an action previously commenced against him by plaintiff on contract to recover on the $1,700 note, upon the theory that it was- given to him for safe-keeping and not as his own property.

The controverted issues upon the evidence relate to whether plaintiff gave her property to *Hulbert*as claimed in 'his answer, or he secured it under a promise of marriage pursuant to a fraudulent combination between him and his co-defendants. The cause was submitted to the jury for a special verdict, with the following result:

“1. On or about April 1, 1896, did the plaintiff, *Lizzie 0. Patnode*(whose name was then *Lizzie 0. Roberts)*and the defendant, *Harvey L. Hulbert,*each promise and agree to marry the other ? *A.*Yes.

“2. On or about April 8, 1896, did the plaintiff convey to said *Hulbert,*free and clear of incumbrances, her real estate described as the south sixty feet of lots one and two, in block six, in the city and county of Kewaunee, Wisconsin? *A.*(By the court) Yes.

“8. What was the fair and reasonable value of said real estate on April 8, 1896? *A.*$3,500.

As tire consideration for the conveyance to him of said real estate, did said *Hulbert,*at the date thereof, pay to plaintiff $300 and execute and deliver to her his promissory note to secure payment to her of the further sum of $1,500, and also his promissory note together with a mortgage of said real estate to secure the payment to plaintiff of the further sum of $1,700 ? *A.*Yes.

*“5.*On April 8, 1896, after said note for $1,500 had been delivered to plaintiff, did she give back and surrender the same to said Hulbert, at his request, and upon the condition and understanding that he and plaintiff were to become husband and wife? *A.*Yes.

“6. If your answer to the fifth question be No,’ then state whether said $1,500 was given back to said *Hulbert*as a present or gift to him from plaintiff, without condition or understanding that they were to become husband and wife ?

*“1.*On or about August 7, 1896, did said *Hulbert*obtain from plaintiff the return and surrender to him of said note *465and mortgage which, secured payment of $1,700? *A.*(By the court) Yes.

“8. Was the return of said last-mentioned note- and mortgage to said *Hulhert*obtained by persuasion addressed by himself and said *Henry Westenhaver*to- plaintiff, to the effect that it would not look well for her to hold or to place on record a mortgage against her intended husband; and upon the promise of said *Hulhert*that on plaintiff’s demand at any time, he would deliver back to her said mortgage and the note given therewith, or pay to her the money thereby secured? *A.*Yes.

“10. Did the plaintiff surrender said last mentioned note and mortgage to said *Hulhert*as a gift or present to him, without being thereunto advised or persuaded by himself and said *Henry Westenhaver,*and without any understanding that said *J-Iulbert*should many plaintiff, and without any promise on his part to return to her the note and mortgage or to pay the money thereby secured ? *A.*No.

“11. Has said *Hulhert*made any payment of money to apply on said $1,500 note, and if so how muda has he paid? *A.*(By the court) No.

“12. Has said *Hulhert*made any payment of money to apply on said $1,700 note and mortgage, and if so how much has he paid thereon ? *A.*No.

“13. Before this action was begun, did plaintiff demand of said *Hulhert*the return or payment to her of said $1,500 note, and did he fail or refuse to comply with such demand ? *A.*Yes.

“14. Before this action was begun, did plaintiff demand of said *Hulhert*the return or payment to her of said $1,700 note and mortgage, and did he fail and refuse to comply with such demand? A. Yes.

“15. If you find that plaintiff and said *Hulhert*promised to marry each other, did he make such promise in good faith, with the intention to many plaintiff? *A.*No.

“16. If you find that *Hulhert*promised to many plaintiff and did not intend to marry her, then answer this question:' Was his promise to marry plaintiff made by said *Hulhert*with tire fraudulent design and purpose on his part of thereby acquiring over her an influence and control by which he co-uld induce her to transfer her property to him, for a nominal or *466inadequate consideration, or by way of gift, and thereby to cheat and defraud plaintiff out of her property? *A.*Yes.

“17. Did the defendants, *Haney Hulbert, Henry Westen-haver,*and *Ally Westenhaver,*his wife, fraudulently and unlawfully combine and conspire together to cheat and defraud plaintiff out of her property by a scheme substantially as follows, to wit: that said *Hulbert*should court and make love to plaintiff, and lead her to believe that he was intent on marrying her; that he should become engaged to marry her; that by means of the influence and control which the marriage engagement would enable said *Hulbert*to acquire over plaintiff, he should induce her to transfer her property to him without any, or for an inadequate or nominal, consideration; that he should then break the engagement and refuse to many plaintiff; and that, if she should then seek to recover bade her property, the defendants should charge plaintiff with un-chastity and threaten to expose and disgrace her, and thereby frighten and prevent her from making any attempt to regain her property from said *Hulbert? A.*Yes.

“18. If your answer to the seventeenth question be ‘Yes/ then answer this question:

' “In carrying out and putting such conspiracy into effect, was plaintiff requested and induced by said *Hulbert,*and prompted, advised, and encouraged by said *Henry Westen-haver*and *Ally Westenhaver,*to become engaged to many *Hulbert,*and to convey to him said real estate, and to surrender up to him said promissory notes and mortgage, all with the intent and for the purpose, on tire part of the defendants, thereby to cheat and defraud the plaintiff out of her property, and especially out of said $1,500 note? *A.*Yes.

' ' “19. What was the fair and reasonable value of said $1,500 note, as a security on the day of its date? *A.*(By the court) $1,500.

• “20. Did the defendants, on April 8, 1896, through and by means of a pre-arranged plan, including professions of love, affection and a promise of marriage, fraudulently and insincerely made by said *Hulbert*to the plaintiff, induce her to *¿ive*the $1,500 note to him to be destroyed? *A.*Yes.

- “21. In August, 1896, or at about that time, and after plaintiff had delivered back to *Hulbert*said mortgage and both of said notes, did he inform her at Milwaukee that he would not many her ? *A.*Yes.”

*467Such proceedings were thereafter taken that judgment upon the verdict was rendered in favor of plaintiff.

Eor the appellants there was a brief by *Wigman, Martin & Martin,*and oral argument by *P. H. Martin.*

Eor the respondent there was a brief by *John WOttawa,*attorney, and *Nash & Nash,*of counsel, and oral argument by *L. J. Nash.*

Makshall, J.

Counsel for appellants assign six grounds for a reversal of the judgment, each of which has received consideration. We will take them up in the order in which they appear in counsel’s printed argument, stating them in the form of propositions the affirmative of which counsel maintain, and discuss such of the claims under each head as appear to have sufficient merit to require it.

1. Did the trial court err in not directing a verdict for •defendants as requested ? That is submitted under subheads as follows:

(a) “There is an absolute failure of evidence to establish a conspiracy.” The act of combining together, by two or more persons, essential to an actionable conspiracy, is not usually, if at all, established by direct evidence. If that were necessary in order to punish such wrongdoing, judicial remedies to that'end would be exceedingly inefficient. There is a high degree of moral turpitude involved in the deliberation and calculation by guilty parties as to purposes and means, •characterizing unlawful combinations to injure, which instinctively inspires secrecy. Therefore, existence of the element of combination is, peculiarly, a matter for proof by circumstantial evidence. Such evidence was respondent’s sole reliance in this case. Here are the circumstances disclosed, mentioning evidentiary facts as established which direct evidence tends to establish. Obviously we must SO’ view the record in determining whether the court erred in submitting the issues involved to the jury.

*468*Hulberi*was about twenty-seven and plaintiff thirty-seven years of age at the time of the alleged wrongful acts. He was a man of more than ordinary experience for one of his years. He had been in business in Chicago and several other places. He was accomplished as a pharmacist, a man of pleasing address, inclined to social pleasures, and of conscious ability to gain the confidence of, and exercise mental control over, a woman of plaintiff’s temperament. She was a woman of more than ordinary ability in business affairs, but was uneducated. She was of an exceptionally confiding disposition, and readily yielded consent to the suggestions of a person of the opposite sex who stood near her in daily association, and whom she had reason to expect she might gain for a husband. Her desire for the matrimonial state was so abnormal as to exclude from her thoughts all interfering-tendencies, inclining her, apparently, without moral or intellectual power of resistance, to sacrifice all her possessions-for even the pleasure of indulging in the hope of its attainment. Her temperament and disposition, as stated, was well understood by all the defendants. Thongh her weakness was-obvious to- them, and persons circumstanced toward her as: they were would ordinarily have made some effort to restrain and advise her, their conduct was to the contrary.

Plaintiff was married quite early in life to Christian-Roberts^ a druggist who kept a store at Kewaunee, Wisconsin. He owned the lot where the business was carried on. It was-his homestead. He and his wife lived over the store till he-died in 1891. He left all his property to her. She had lived over the store, in all, some fifteen years, and had aided in carrying on the drug business. Defendant *Henry Westen-haver*purchased the drug business-, hut not the store building, in 1895, placing *HuTbert*in immediate charge thereof, who, with the aid of plaintiff, conducted the same for several weeks thereafter. At the end of that time.the *Westenhavers*moved to Kewaunee and *Henry Westenhaver*took charge of the drug. *469business. It was carried on, thereafter, under his personal charge, with the aid of *Ilulbert*and plaintiff as clerks, till about August, 1896, *Ilulbert*being advertised as his partner. *Ilulbert*was a brother of *Mrs. Westenbaver.*Soon after he and plaintiff became associated together in the drug business, she indicated a high regard for him and he commenced paying attention to her in a way to give her hope that he had matrimony in view. About January 1, 1896, he made a proposal of marriage to her,1 to which she did not respond. The close relations between the two were well known to the *Westen-bavers.*Eor several months subsequent to the 1st day of January mentioned, they were very much in each other’s company. She became blindly attached to him and he led her to believe that in great measure he reciprocated such attachment. In March, 1896, she was influenced by her father to meet one Winkler in Milwaukee, he desiring her to become Winkler’s wife because he was a man of property. She did not take kindly to her father’s plan in that regard because the execution thereof might separate her from *Ilulbert.*While on the trip to Milwaukee she wrote letters- to *Ilulbert*indicating that she would not marry Winkler unless he, *Ilulbert,*wished her to; that she loved and could love only him. She addressed him in the most endearing of terms; “My dear *IlarvieI*and “My own dear *Harvie,”*being favorite expressions. She closed her letters with the same indications of warm attachment; “Your *Lizzie,”*“Lots of love and kisses from vo-ur *Lizzie ”*being forms of expression used. In such letters she said to him that language was not adequate to express the depths of her love for him; that it was incomparably more intense than the love she had for her husband in his lifetime; that she could not live without him; that if he did not reciprocate her attachment she would turn over all her possessions to him and bid good-bye to the world and to life, as there would be to her nothing worth living for; that if his love for her was as warm as hers for him, they *470would never bave to paid; that when she returned they would have boundless pleasure in honey and kisses.

She returned to Kewaunee as free as she went away on the excursion to see Winkler. She was met at the train by the *Wesienhavers*and induced by them to go to their home to spend the night. They knew of the purpose of her trip to Milwaukee and of the result of it. All the parties to the action spent the night after her return at the *Westenhaver*home. After the *Wesienhavers*had retired for the night, *'Hulberi*and plaintiff talked over the Milwaukee excursion. He expressed pleasure that the trip had turned out a failure, as he wanted her for his wife. Before they parted for the night they exchanged pledges to enter the marriage state with each other. The next day or thereabouts he secured an interview with her, apparently for the purpose of suggesting, as he in fact did, that she should, in view of their prospective marriage, give him a share of her property. Soon thereafter all the parties to the action met at the *Westenhaver*home. The *Wesienhavers*then made known to plaintiff that they were fully informed of her approaching union with Hulberi, and they suggested that in view thereof she should help him by transferring to him some of her property. About a week thereafter he again importuned her to give him part of her property, suggesting $1,500 as a satisfactory amount. She assented, with the express understanding that the property would be enjoyed by the two together as husband and wife. Some time before the engagement he obtained an option to purchase the store lot for $3,500, inducing her to give him such option by saying that he wanted to prevent another person, who desired to obtain the property, from buying it, because such an event might interfere with the drug-store business. He agreed in the written option to pay plaintiff $50 for the privilege to buy, but he in fact did not pay her anything, though he held the option till the property was conveyed to him in April, 1896. About the time the option was *471obtained, plaintiff was casually interrogated by *Henry Westenhaver*as to her disposition in regard to sharing her propr erty with a husband if she should obtain one, receiving, in response expressions to the effect that if she had a husband whom she loved she would be willing to transfer to him all the property she had in the world.

April S, 1896, *Hulbert*procured the following papers to be prepared for-execution: A deed conveying the store lot to him for the expressed consideration of $3,500; a note for $1,700 and a mortgage upon the property to secure the same-; a note for $1,500. He took the papers to the drug store, where, in the presence of *Westenhaver,*they were executed and properly delivered, he paying in cash the balance of the consideration for the property required, with his two notes, to make $3,500. After, the securities were so executed and delivered, she bestowed upon *Hulbert*the $1,500 note, *West-enhaver*expressing his approval thereof and suggesting that she should destroy the note, which she did by tearing it in pieces, which he and *Hulbert*burned.

A few days after the engagement between plaintiff and Hulbert, he purchased for her a marriage engagement ring and himself placed the same on her finger. Eor several months thereafter the relations between the two, to all outside appearances and so far as plaintiff could discover, were in harmony with a consummation of her matrimonial hopes. They spent much of their time in each other’s company. August 7,1896, when plaintiff was preparing to leave Kewau-nee for some time and had it in mind to place her mortgage on record, *Hulbert*suggested to her that a public record of the mortgage would not look well, since they were to.be man and wife, and that she had better turn the papers over to him; that he was a man of honor and would give her money whenever she wanted it. She complied with his request. She had received, before that, a similar suggestion from *Westenhaver.**472After *Hulbert*obtained possession of the papers be destroyed them.

Shortly thereafter the attitude of all the defendants toward plaintiff changed. The *Westenhavers*ceased to show the customary regard for her, and *IlulbeH*made excuses for not making her his wife. He notified her that he could not do so because of objections raised by his relatives. Plaintiff did not give up hope of yet being his wife, though she renewed her negotiations with Winkler with a view to marrying him and was encouraged by *IlulbeH*to do so, he cultivating a belief in her mind that in case of such an event he would be a member of the Winkler family as her son, and that if she should not form a union with Winkler he might yet take her for his wife. The idea of marriage between plaintiff and Winkler was finally abandoned. *IlulbeH*did not show any disposition thereafter to take plaintiff for his wife, but urged her to marry Patnode, and she took his advice. At this time she had no home and no property to speak of. Up to the time negotiations with Winkler were broken off, she continued to make protestations ' of love and affection for IlulbeH, and he continued to receive the same as proper. The *Westenhavers*were fully informed of all this, and gave no indication to' plaintiff of disapproval thereof.

Notwithstanding *Hulberfs*repudiation of his engagement to marry plaintiff, and the impossibility of her desire for association with him being satisfied, by reason of her marriage to Patnode, he refused to return to her any part of the property he received from her. After her union with Pat-riode she called upon him for the $1,700 note or the money it represented. His ieply was that he would have to consult *Westenhaver*about it. All'parties met at the *Westenhaver*home, on which occasion *Mrs. Westenhaver*approached plaintiff with something like her former show of affection, and pleaded with plaintiff not to make *Hulbert*any trouble about the property matter. At the same time *Westenhaver**473said that plaintiff should not bare a dollar of the property to give to Patnode, and if that caused any trouble between her and her husband she could find a home in his family. Both the *Weslenhavers*joined in assuring plaintiff of that.

Summarizing somewhat, — while the engagement existed between plaintiff and *Hulbert,*the *Westenhavers*treated her as a prospective relative; thereafter their attitude changed to one of coldness; later, when there was danger of demands being made upon *Hulbert*to restore the property, they held out to her, as an inducement to not make him trouble, that they would befriend her if property matters caused her any trouble with Patnode. In other ways they sought to influence her not to try to obtain restoration of the property. They were fully informed of her infatuation with *Hulbert,*of her disposition to bestow her property upon him, of her expectation that he would make her his wife, of her subsequent expectation that she could enjoy his company as a son'while she was the wife of another. During all the time, their attitude toward her was that of approval and suggestion in the line of her desires. It changed only when they were confronted with the danger that *Hulbert*might be disturbed in the enjoyment of the property he obtained of her.

Enough has been said to show the general features of the case, on the subject of whether there was a conspiracy, as the trial court could reasonably have considered the jury might view the evidence. Many of the matters stated appear by the record beyond dispute. There is evidence therein tending to establish .the rest. Row if we were called upon, in order to sustain the ruling of the trial court in submitting the cause to -the jury on the subject under discussion, to decide that any express agreement between appellants to defraud respondent is indicated with sufficient clearness to any more than arouse a strong suspicion in that regard, something short of evidencing the existence of a corrupt agreement as within reasonable probabilities, it is not clear but that we would *474fail. An agreement, expressly entered into, was not necessary. A mere tacit understanding between conspirators to work to a common purpose is all that is essential *to*a guilty, actionable combination. Individual intent by two or more persons to do an unlawful act or a lawful act by unlawful means is the first step in that regard. Next follows concurrence between such individuals, not concurrence of action, merely *(U. S. v. Barrett*[C. C.] 65 Fed. 62), but concurrence in mental intent to effect the common purpose, each to aid the others in that regard. Mutuality in the undertaking-may be secured without any express agreement and without a *spoken or*written word between the conspirators or a meeting of the members of the combine, or their, even, all knowing each other; or the precise thing to be accomplished or plans-for its accomplishment, either in a general way or in detail, being distinctly stated by any member of the combine to any other member. If there is a meeting of minds, brought about in any way, to accomplish the common purpose, the essentials-of a guilty combination are all satisfied. *Spies v. People,*122 Ill. 1, 12 N. E. 865, 17 N. E. 898; *Gibson v. State,*89 Ala. 121, 8 South. 98; *U. S. v. Goldberg,*7 Biss. 175; *People v. Mather,*4 Wend. 229; *U. S. v. Babcock,*3 Dill. 585. Applying those principles to the facts here we cannot say but that they indicate a guilty combination to defraud plaintiff substantially as claimed, within reasonable probabilities.

A different view from the foregoing might be taken from the evidence. By this we mean that the inferences from the-evidence are not all one way, yet we venture to say that in the history of jurisprudence persons have been convicted and’ executed as being guilty participants in a criminal conspiracy on weaker evidence. True, assuming that the relations between respondent and *Hulbert*were what she claims, her negotiations with Winkler, both before and after her engagement with *Hulbert,*are hard to understand. They indicate that her mind was unbalanced to the point or beyond that of *475irresponsibility, or that she wilfully disregarded the moral requirements of the social state. But the evidence of her complete subjugation to *Hulbert*is too strong to be overcome by her singular conduct as regards Winkler even when aided by her quick union with Patnode after negotiations with Winkler had been abandoned. If respondent testified to the truth as to her relations with *Hulbert,*the conduct of all the defendants as regards the affair with Winkler is only explainable upon the theory that they realized that she was completely under *Hulbert3s*influence and thought to cultivate her infatuation for him for some temporary purpose and at the same time to allow full play to her weakness, possibly to encourage it as regards Winkler, as a means of ridding themselves of her when' the object of their scheme had been attained. The whole conduct of defendants is so inconsistent with honesty and good morals that it cannot be easily accounted for without an ulterior motive common to' all. It is reasonable to conclude that the acquirement of respondent’s property was such motive, and that it fully explains all their operations in view of the low plane upon which the undisputed evidence shows they reasoned and acted.

(b) ‘The $1,500 note had no value. It was a mere blind to veil the real transaction, which was a gift of the realty to *Hulbert.*Further, if it was ever in the possession of respondent as a thing of value, it was thereafter bestowed upon *Hulbert*as a gift.’ Those suggestions of appellant’s counsel do not seem to possess sufficient merit to warrant any extended discussion. There is ample evidence that respondent’s purpose, when she transferred the real estate to *Hulbert,*was to give him $1,500, not a specific part of the realty as such; that, in order to effect such purpose, she took from him the note, not as a mere valueless piece of paper, but as a security of the value of $1,500, and then delivered the same to him as a gift for that amount, and in view of her expectation to become his wife, the understanding between the two being that the *476property was to be enjoyed by them mutually. It is useless •to contend tbere is no evidence of that, since tbe respondent so testified and her evidence is not, as we have before indicated, so incredible that it can be entirely disregarded. True, it is not consistent with many things said in her letters, but what part to reject and what part to believe under the circumstances was a jury question. The rule that the positive evidence of a witness, when opposed by all reasonable probabilities, is not worthy of belief by court or jury, does not apply to such a situation. The condition of mind in which the respondent was at the time she wrote the letters, as indicated therein, justifies careful search for some explanation of expressions used by her not, at all points, indicated by the literal sense of her language. In their literal sense they are very contradictory. In one respondent wrote as if she had given *Hulbert*but $1,500. In another she wrote about having given the entire property in the store lot and building to him. In another her language indicates that she had given him the $1,700 note, nothing being said about the $1,500 note. All the letters axe worded in a vein of insane infatuation with him. It is not unreasonable to regard her evidence, given after she was rescued from his influence, as most likely to indicate the real truth. There is some reason in the idea that •she gave her property to him and that he received it under the circumstances testified to by her, but none in the idea that her love for him was of the character which the language of her letters indicates, and that she gave up her property to him only thinking to secure or retain his love as that of a son.

(c) ‘The engagement, if there were one, was mutually abandoned.’ Counsel contend for that because after respondent claims the engagement was broken, she followed *Iiul-bert’s*advice by marrying Patnode, and expressed satisfaction, under the circumstances, with having thus gained a protector whom she respected and a home which she stood sorely in need of. We are unable to see in that any abandon*477ment of the engagement by mutual agreement. It is entirely consistent mili her having been coerced into' a position where the "marriage with Patnode was, apparently to her, the only way of securing support and a home. It rather indicates mere blind submission to what she could not help; that she was so completely under *Hulbert’s*influence as to be a mere-victim of his suggestion. It is reasonable to look at the evidence that way. There is strong proof that she was so under his influence that in what she did she executed his will, not her own. When he suggested negotiations with Winkler, her mental balance inclined that way. When he suggested marriage with himself, she was in immediate harmony with that view. When he suggested turning over her property to him, there was the same harmony of minds. When he notified her that he could not keep his engagement with her, she accepted that situation, protesting still the most unspeakable love for him, which condition of her mind was in harmony with his-purpose. When it accorded with his plans for her to reopen negotiations with Winkler, she inclined that way. When he advised her to end her troubles by marrying Patnode, she blindly followed that suggestion. In short, her every act, from the time her associations with him commenced till she married Patnode, seems to have been in harmony with his wishes, and without enough mental resistance by her at any point to evidence that she had a will of her own.

(d) At this point counsel reassert that there is no evidence of any conspiracy. That subject has been fully treated in what has already been said.

(e) ‘Respondent having sought to recover the amount of the $1,100 note by an action on contract, she ratified the transaction whereby she -conveyed her property to Hulbert,. precluding her from changing her position and maintaining an action so-unding in tort for damages for a conspiracy.’ In submitting that proposition, counsel seem to have misconceived the nature of this action. The gist thereof is the *478■damage suffered by a wrong which, was distinct from other wrongs which were in a measure incidental thereto. No damages necessarily resulted from the mere sale of the real ■estate, nor by the delivery to respondent of the $1,700 note and mortgage for safe-keeping. His obligation to pay the debt represented by such securities was not affected by the wrongful destruction of them or by their wrongful retention by him. If in the execution of a fraudulent conspiracy the victim is induced to make several contracts or part with several things of value, it is by no means necessary for him to repudiate all of the incidental transactions in order to save the cause of action for damages against the members of the combine. The cause of action for the conspiracy in such circumstances is a possession by itself, a right to prosecute for the damages caused by the executed fraudulent combination. That cannot be split up. It must be enforced in a single suit. For example, if one is induced by a fraudulent conspiracy to sell two things of value for much less than they are reasonably worth, taking the promise of one member of the combine or all of them to pay the agreed consideration, which promise is thereafter breached, at least two distinct wrongs are involved, and two distinct causes of action accrue. The execution of the fraudulent conspiracy is one of them; the breach of the agreement to pay the stipulated consideration for the property is the other. The former cannot be split up and one action brought to recover the damages suffered as to one piece of property and a separate action brought for damages suffered as to the other. Neither is that action extinguished or waived by a suit upon the promise to pay. An action upon that promise, and one for damages for the loss brought about by the conspiracy — the difference between the sale price of the property and its reasonable value — are consistent with each other. They both ratify the sale. In the situation of the parties here, neither the action to recover for tire $1,700 note nor the action for damages suffered by respondent in the loss of the $1,500 *479■note repudiates tbe sale of the realty. If we look at all tbe •mischief as growing out of a single wrong, still it must be' remembered tbat it is not tbe prosecution of two causes of action in such circumstances tbat is prohibited by law, but the splitting up of causes of action and tbe prosecution of inconsistent •causes of action. It often happens tbat there are two causes of action for tbe same wrong, each standing for a distinct night. If they are inconsistent only one can be enjoyed. If they are consistent, all may be followed, if identity of parties does not exist, effecting a merger, though one, ox either, pro•ceeding to a satisfaction, might furnish complete redress, and at the point of satisfaction would extinguish the other. *Barth v. Loeffelholtz,*108 Wis. 562, 84 N. W. 846; *Clausen v. Head,*110 Wis. 405, 85 N. W. 1028. The right to redress for damages caused by a consummated conspiracy is distinct, :so to speak, from the right to redress for wrongs caused in the progress of its execution. It may go against all the members ■of the combine, and there may be incidental transactions causing damage included in the claim against all, from which •causes of action may arise against individual members of the combine. The prosecution of all for the conspiracy may pro■ceed concurrently with the prosecution of one or more members of the combine liable for some element of the damage in another form of action, up to the point of satisfaction, at which point the element satisfied drops out, as there can be ‘but one satisfaction for the same element of damage.

Applying what has been said to this cause, in any view we may take of the $1,100 note, the prosecution of the action against *Hulbert*for that did not interfere with the prosecution against all the defendants for damages for the conspiracy. All the defendants might be found guilty in the latter action for damages, including the $1,700 note,' and *Hulbert*be found liable in an action on the note, in which case one satisfaction covering such element would eliminate it from both actions.

2; Did the court err in respect to the form and contents •of the special verdict ? That must be answered in the affirma*480tive. The manner in which a special verdict should be framed has been so often, so recently, and so fully stated that we cannot reasonably expect, by further discussing the subject, to eradicate the false notions of the statute in respect thereto evidenced by the verdict in this case. We will refer to the significant previous treatments of the matter and suggest, as we have done before, the importance of a careful study of the same. *Eberhardt v. Sanger, 51 Wis.*72, 8 N. W. 111; *Montreal River L. Co. v. Mihills,*80 Wis. 540, 50 N. W. 507; *Haley v. Jump River L. Co.*81 Wis. 412, 51 N. W. 321, 956; *Ohlweiler v. Lohmann,*88 Wis. 75, 59 N. W. 678; *Farley v. C., M. & St. P. R. Co.*89 Wis. 206, 61 N. W. 769 ; *Klochinski v. Shores L. Co.*93 Wis. 417, 67 N. W. 934; *Louis F. Fromer*& *Co. v. Stanley,*95 Wis. 56, 69 N. W. 820; *Baxter v. C. & N. W. R. Co.*104 Wis. 307, 80 N. W. 644; *Mauch v. Hartford,*112 Wis. 40, 87 N. W. 816. Instead of submitting to the jury the few questions — each covering concisely, plainly, and briefly a single fact in issue raised by the pleadings and controverted on the evidence — necessary to include all such issues, which, we will say in passing, do not exceed five, the verdict was made up of twenty questions, some referring to matters not in dispute, some to mere evi-dentiary matters, some were mere repetitions in whole or in part of others, some contained elements in the alternative so as to confuse the jury and render an affirmative or negative answer inconclusive as to any material point, and some contained elements suggesting to the jury prejudicial circumstances of which there was no evidence. For the single basic issue of fact which might have been stated as follows: “Did defendants confederate together to have *Hulbert*enter into an agreement with plaintiff to marry her, use his position as her intended husband to induce her to give him at least part of her property, and to then abandon her?” the court gave this to the jury:

> “Did the defendants *Harvey Hulbert, Henry Westenhaver,*and *Ally Westenhaver,*his wife, fraudulently and unlawfully *481combine and conspire together to cheat and defraud plaintiff out of her property by a scheme substantially as follows, to wit: That said *Hulbert*should court and make love to plaintiff and lead her to believe that he was intent on marrying her; that he should become engaged to marry her; that by means of the influence and control which the marriage engage-' ment would enable said *Hulbert*to acquire over plaintiff, he should induce her to transfer her property to him without any, or for an inadequate or nominal, consideration; that lie should then break the engagement and refuse to marry plaintiff; and that, if she should then seek to recover back her property, the defendants should charge plaintiff with un-chastity and threaten to expose and disgrace her, and thereby frighten and prevent her from making any attempt to regain her property from said *HulbertV’*

By stating all the details set out in the complaint as to the manner the alleged fraudulent scheme was to be carried out, the court suggested the existence of evidence as to each of them. There was none whatever respecting any agreement to charge plaintiff with unchastity and to threaten to expose and disgrace her and to thereby prevent her from endeavoring to recover her property from *Hulbert;*yet, by the answer to the question, the jury found that there was. That indicates, clearly, that they were either misled by the question, or that they were perverse; which of the two we are unable to say. The conspiracy to rob plaintiff may have been formed and some one of the details alleged to have been agreed upon not have been included in the understanding, and not have been essential to plaintiff’s right to recover. All the alleged details having been made a part of the question, while as to one, a matter of considerable significance bearing on the real point in issue, there was no evidence, it did not admit of a direct answer for or against the appellants. It admitted only of an answer in their favor. The answer the other way, as before indicated, showed that the jury did not understand the question at all or that they purposed to find for respondent *482regardless of tbe evidence. Tbe result is that there is no reliable finding on tbe initial question in tbe case.

Much ground might be covered in analyzing tbe verdict question by question and showing tbe useless and prejudicial features thereof, but we forego doing that because it has been covered in principle in tbe cases cited, particularly in *Mauch v. Hartford,*112 Wis. 40, 87 N. W. 816. Tbe court has often criticised special verdicts, severely, for faults in matters of form where no reversible error was found, hoping to secure a better administration of tbe special verdict statute. It is feared that tbe frequency with, which judgments have been •affirmed notwithstanding defects of form in special verdicts, it being suggested that trial courts have a wide discretion as regards the questions to be submitted for such a verdict, has led to the belief, to some extent at least, that there can be no prejudicial error in such matters. If such be the fact,, there can be no better opportunity to correct it than in this case, with twenty questions for a verdict, consisting of nearly a thousand words, only five at the most being needed, which might be clearly expressed in seventy-five to a hundred words. A special verdict may be framed with so many needless questions covering undisputed matters and matters of mere evidence, and questions covering the same facts in different forms, as to obscure -the few facts in issue, — turning a statute, intended to be a valuable aid in arriving at the truth as regards the rights of parties, so as to have the very opposite effect. It is considered that we have a striking example of such contrary effect in this case. The purpose of a special verdict is not, as seems to be supposed by some, to enable parties to cross-question the jury and make disclosures as to their mental operations in reaching conclusions upon the turning facts in a case, or to test the intelligence of the jury by an exhibition as to whether they so fully comprehend the case as to be able to find their way through a labyrinth of questions by a consistent line. Instead of framing a special verdict so as *483lo set a trap for the jury or compel them to grope their way through a mass of useless questions, so far as ultimate facts are concerned, the study should always he how to state the ultimate controverted questions of fact — facts necessary, from the standpoint of good pleading, to malee out a cause of action — so that each proposition may he expressed in as few words as can practicably he used and yet malee the matter clear to the ordinary lay mind; and how to state the propositions so that each will he perfect and exclusive, not a restatement in whole or in part of any other proposition, and so that each will admit of a direct answer one way or the other. Where the statute says, “A special verdict is that by which the jury find the facts only, leaving the judgment for the court” (sec. 2857, Stats. 1898), the word “facts” means ultimate facts,— those upon which the case turns as a matter of law. The language of sec. 2858, “Such verdict shall be ... in the form of questions, in writing, relating only to material issues of fact and admitting a direct answer,” refers to issues ■of fact essential to the cause of action or defense from the standpoint of good pleading, and expressly prohibits all other matters. The aim of the statute is to enable the court to focus •the mental operations of the jury upon the turning points in a case, avoiding the danger present in taking a general verdict of the law being applied to facts, ifi form, without any precedent finding of facts. Instead of the benefits of the statutes being enjoyed by the parties to this litigation, the attention of the jury being focused upon the few essential disputed matters, it was directed to a mass of things, so that in the end there was no such verdict as the law requires. True, the •court has a wide discretionary power, as has often been said, in the framing of a special verdict. That discretion, however, goes to the manner of submitting questions covering the issues which the statute requires to be presented by the ver-■diet, not to obscuring them by joining with them a mass of ■questions, which the statute expressly prohibits. A violation *484of tbe statute by including irrelevant matters in tbe verdict is not necessarily reversible error. It may be deemed harmless under sec. 2829, Stats. 1898. But when such errors go to the extent of denying the privilege of the special verdict statute, they affect, substantial rights and constitute reversible error. It is considered that the verdict in question falls under that condemnation.

3. Did the court err in its instructions to the jury? Counsel for appellants complain of this language used in regard to the question submitted, intended to cover the issue as to the formation of a conspiracy, to which we have referred at some length:

> “It is not enough for the plaintiff to show that the conspiracy alleged in her complaint was formed and existed and that in-the execution of it she was defrauded out of her property, if that was the fact. . . . The plaintiff cannot succeed in this action unless she proves to your satisfaction by a clear preponderance of the evidence that the $1,500 note was obtained from her by *Hulbert*through a conspiracy and in the execution of it; and unless she makes that proof in that degree you must answer that question ‘No;’ but if she does, your answer to it should be ‘Yes.’ ”

In that the court seems to have industriously informed the jury not only how to answer the particular question the instruction was directed to, but the one which preceded it, in order to enable the plaintiff to recover. That method of instructing a jury, in taking a special verdict, is so clearly destructive of the rights of parties to' the benefits of the special verdict statute, as to have come to be regarded as prejudicial error almost as a matter of course. *New Home S. M. Co. v. Simon,*104 Wis. 120, 80 N. W. 71; *Sheppard v.*Rosenkrans, 109 Wis. 58, 85 N. W. 199; *Musbach v. Wis. Chair Co.*108 Wis. 57, 84 N. W. 36.

Some matters are presented by appellants’ counsel for consideration, to which we have not referred specially if at all; but since they are either not prejudicial to appellants, or be*485cause of what Ras been said upon other points they are not liable to occur on another trial, it does not seem that anything further need he said to prevent a recurrence of anything of a prejudicial nature, disclosed by the record, which is complained of.

*By the Gourt.*— The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.

MARSHALL, J.

(speaking independently). There is one matter presented for consideration in the brief of appellants’ counsel, not mentioned in the opinion of the court, which seems to me ought not to be passed over without some expression of judicial views in respect to it, even though they do not go on record with the indorsement of the court. Want of indorsement does not always mean absence of concurrence in what is said on a subject as much as want of harmony respecting the necessity for treating it. In this connection we should say, to avoid misapprehension, that the instruction hereafter mentioned is deemed by my brethren to be a reasonably clear statement of the law in language which, in sub- . stance, has received the approval of this court. In such a situation, probably silence, as a general thing, is not inconsistent with a full discharge of judicial duty; though it is thought that individual expression of views on such occasions is often beneficial. With this apology, so to speak, — justification, perhaps, is the better term for the occasion, — I will speak briefly of the omitted matter to which I have referred.

Appellants’ counsel complain of this instruction given to the jury:

> “If you are satisfied that any witness who testified on either side of this case knowingly and intentionally testified falsely in regard to any fact which is material to the case, then although you are not bound to disbelieve all the testimony given by that witness, you are at liberty to do so, excepting in so far as such testimony is corroborated by other credible evidence or by facts and circumstances in proof.”

*486Since there is a judicially approved way of stating the rule — one that has long been usad — it is better to- adopt it than to invent new modes of expressing the same. The effort before us is not entirely free from fault. There is an unnecessary use of words, and an arrangement thereof which renders the exact meaning obscure even to those trained to understand such matters. It seems that the ordinary juror might very likely gather an idea therefrom inconsistent with the ta-ue rule. Probably the learned trial judge had the correct idea in mind, and aimed to state it so that the jury might understand it. It is not improbable that he really intended to greatly improve upon the language usually employed. However, “in testing the accuracy of an instruction, it cannot be approved because in the sense intended it was free from error, if it was liable to be and may probably have been understood in a different sense which was harmful.” *F. Dohmen Co. v. Niagara F. Ins. Co.*96 Wis. 38, 71 N. W. 69. There is room in the court’s language for the idea that if a witness wilfully testifies falsely in regard to a material matter in a case where he gives evidence, the jury may reject all of his testimony not corroborated by credible evidence produced or by some fact or circumstance in proof, but not when so corroborated. The correct idea, in tire circumstances suggested, is that the evidence can be rejected notwithstanding the corroboration, if overcome by other evidence so as to disprove it in the judgment of the jury, but cannot be rejected on the sole ground that it is wilfully false. Further, as claimed by counsel for appellants, one might gather from the language used the idea that corroborating facts and circumstances are sufficient to prevent the rejection of evidence of a witness on the ground of his having testified wilfully false as to some material matter, if merely testified to or evidenced in some way, though not in a credible way. If this simple method of stating the rule, which, in substance, has been approved by this court from time to time for over forty years, were used *487in instructing a jury in regard to the rule of evidence under discussion, any one of them of ordinary understanding would easily grasp the correct idea: ‘If you believe that any witness has testified wilfully false as to any material matter in the case, you may properly, but are not bound to, on that ground alone, reject all of his evidence not corroborated by some other credible evidence.’ *Mercer v.*Wright, 3 Wis. 645; *Morely v. Dunbar,*24 Wis. 183; *Bratt v. Swift,*99 Wis. 579, 75 N. W. 411; *Miller v. State,*106 Wis. 156, 81 N. W. 1020. This very brief, clear way of stating the rule received approval in *Allen v.*Murray, 87 Wis. 41, 46, 57 N. W. 979, 981. ‘If you believe a witness has testified on this trial wilfully false in regal’d to any matter material'to the case, you have a right, if you see fit, to reject all his evidence not corroborated by some credible evidence produced.’