TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-13-00528-CV

Appellants, Texas General Land Office and Texas Commission on Environmental

Quality//Cross-Appellant, Crystal Clear Water Supply Corporation

v.

Appellee, Crystal Clear Water Supply Corporation//Cross-Appellees, Texas General Land

Office and Texas Commission on Environmental Quality

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 345TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-1-GN-12-000305, HONORABLE TIM SULAK, JUDGE PRESIDING

O P I N I O N

The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (the Commission) granted the

petition of the Texas General Land Office (the GLO) for expedited release of a portion of its property

from the certificated service area of Crystal Clear Water Supply Corporation (Crystal Clear). See

Tex. Water Code § 13.254(a-5) (providing for expedited release of property not receiving water or

sewer service from certificate holder). In its suit for judicial review of the Commission’s order,

Crystal Clear contended that the Commission erred in granting the GLO’s petition for decertification

because the statutory requirements for expedited release pursuant to section 13.254(a-5) were not

met. Specifically, Crystal Clear argued that the property the GLO sought to have decertified was in

fact “receiving water service” from Crystal Clear and thus was not eligible for expedited release

under section 13.254(a-5). Crystal Clear also asserted that the decertification petition should not
have been approved because the GLO excluded from its request for expedited release certain other

tracts it owned within Crystal Clear’s certificated area. In addition to its suit for judicial review,

Crystal Clear sought declarations (1) regarding the properstatutoryconstruction of certain provisions

of the Water Code and related agency rules and (2) that the Commission’s order violated its

constitutional rights to due process and due course of law under the United States and Texas

Constitutions. The Commission filed a plea to the jurisdiction challenging the district court’s

subject-matter jurisdiction over the requests for declaratory relief. After a hearing, the district court

reversed the Commission’s order granting the GLO’s petition for decertification but granted the

Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction as to Crystal Clear’s claims for declaratory judgment. In this

appeal, the Commission and the GLO challenge the part of the district court’s judgment that reversed

the Commission’s decertification order; by cross-appeal, Crystal Clear challenges the portion of the

judgment that granted the Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction. As to the merits of the

decertification order, we will reverse that part of the district court’s judgment and render judgment

affirming the Commission’s order. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.174(1). We will affirm the portion

of the judgment that granted the Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Crystal Clear is a water-supply corporation regulated by the Commission. See Tex.

Water Code § 13.001-.515 (establishing comprehensive regulatory system to regulate retail public

utilities); .002(19) (“retail public utility” includes water-supply corporation operating, maintaining,

or controlling facilities for providing potable water service for compensation). Crystal Clear holds

a certificate of convenience and necessity (CCN) that authorizes it to be the exclusive water-service

2
provider within a specifically defined territory, which is referred to as its “certificated area.” See id.

§ 13.244 (setting forth requirements for application for CCN). The GLO owned approximately

1,984 acres of land that was located within Crystal Clear’s certificated area. The GLO filed a

1

petition with the Commission seeking to remove approximately 1,842 acres of that land

(the Decertified Property) from Crystal Clear’s certificated area pursuant to Water Code section

13.254(a-5). Section 13.254(a-5) provides that the owner of a tract of land that is 25 acres or larger

and located in certain counties, including Comal County, may petition for, and is entitled to,

expedited release of that tract from a certificated area if the tract is “not receiving water or sewer

service.” Id. § 13.254(a-5). The 1,842 acres the GLO sought to decertify was composed of five 2

contiguous tracts of land, each of which was greater than 25 acres in size. The GLO provided the

Commissionwith deeds of conveyance that it represented corresponded to each of the separate tracts. 

Excluded from the request for expedited release were approximately 151 acres of the GLO’s

property, which consisted of five additional tracts (the Excluded Property) that were adjacent to the 3

Decertified Property.

 As we will discuss more fully below, the legislature has since removed 151.846 acres of 1

the GLO’s property from Crystal Clear’s service area. See Tex. Spec. Dist. Code § 7206.001-.005

(dissolving Crystal Clear Water Supply Corporation, creating Crystal Clear Special Utility District,

and defining Crystal Clear’s initial district territory).

A landowner may not seek expedited release of such a tract if it is located in “a platted 2

subdivision actually receiving water service or sewer service.” Tex. Water Code § 13.254(a-2).

This is the acreage the legislature later removed from Crystal Clear’s service area when it 3

was converted from a watersupply corporation to a special utility district. See Tex. Spec. Dist. Code

§ 7206.001-.005.

3
In its petition, the GLO stated that the Decertified Property was not receiving water

or sewer service from Crystal Clear. The petition was supported by the affidavit of Hal Croft,

Deputy Commissioner of the GLO’s Asset Management Division, in which he averred that “[the

Decertified Property] is not receiving water or sewer service from Crystal Clear Water Supply

Corporation.” In its brief in support of the petition, the GLO stated that there were “no active water

meters or water connections on and no facilities providing current service to the [Decertified

Property].” (All parties agree that the Decertified Property was not receiving sewer service from

Crystal Clear.) According to the GLO, there was “one abandoned, empty meter box on the eastern

portion of the property, which Crystal Clear itself classifies as inoperative.”

Crystal Clear filed a response in opposition to the petition in which it asserted, first,

that the GLO could not “selectively” carve out a portion of its property that had no active water

connections—the Decertified Property—and then seek expedited release of that property. Rather,

Crystal Clear contended that the ten contiguous tracts owned by the GLO should be considered as

a single tract of approximately 2,000 acres and, by virtue of the existence of several active water

connections on the tracts comprising the Excluded Property, the entire 2,000 acre tract should be

considered to be “receiving water service” from Crystal Clear. Crystal Clear also argued that, even

if it was proper for the GLO to seek expedited release of only the Decertified Property, sufficient

facilities existed on and near the Decertified Property that it too was “receiving water service” and

therefore could not qualify for expedited release under section 13.254(a-5).

The Commission concluded that the GLO had satisfied the criteria in section

13.254(a-5) and approved the request for expedited release of the Decertified Property from Crystal

4
Clear’s certificated area. Crystal Clear’s motion for rehearing was overruled by operation of law. 

Crystal Clear then filed a suit for judicial review in Travis County district court. In the district court,

Crystal Clear again asserted that the GLO could not carve out a portion of its property for

decertification and, in any event, that the Decertified Property was “receiving water service” from

Crystal Clear. Crystal Clear alleged that it had “significant physical facilities, including water lines,

connections, wells, plants, and other facilities, both located on, near and adjacent to the Decertified

Property that are committed and/or used by Crystal Clear to provide water service.” Crystal Clear

also alleged that it had secured a diverse, long-term supply of water in order to serve its certificated

area. Crystal Clear argued that when “a utility has ‘facilities’ in connection with certain property,

it provides ‘service’ to that property.” Crystal Clear also sought declaratory relief pursuant to the

Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act (UDJA) and the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). See

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 37.009; Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.038. Specifically, Crystal Clear

sought declarations confirming its proposed construction of certain sections of the Water Code and

related administrative rules, as well as declarations that the Commission’s approval of the GLO’s

petition violated its rights to due process under the United States Constitution and due course of law

under the Texas Constitution. See U.S. Const. amends. V, IV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 19.

The Commission filed a plea to the jurisdiction in which it asserted that Crystal

Clear’s claims for declaratory judgment should be dismissed because (1) declaratory relief is not

available to resolve issues already pending before the court in the same suit, and (2) the claims were

barred by sovereign immunity. The GLO intervened in the case in support of the Commission.

5
Following a non-evidentiary hearing, the trial court rendered judgment granting the

Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction as to Crystal Clear’s claims for declaratory relief but reversing

the Commission’s order approving the GLO’s request for expedited release of the Decertified

Property from Crystal Clear’s certificated area. The GLO and the Commission each perfected an

appeal challenging the trial court’s reversal of the Commission’s order as to decertification, and

Crystal Clear perfected a cross-appeal complaining that the trial court erred in granting the

Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction as to Crystal Clear’s claims for declaratory relief.

Judicial Review of the Commission’s Order Approving the GLO’s Decertification Petition

Section 13.381 of the Water Code provides that any party to a proceeding before the

Commission is entitled to judicial review under the substantial-evidence rule. Tex. Water Code

§ 13.381. Section 13.002 defines “proceeding” to mean “anyhearing, investigation, inquiry, or other

fact-finding or decision-making procedure” under Water Code chapter 13. Id. § 13.002(16). Thus,

we must review the Commission’s decision in this case “through the prism of substantial evidence

review.” Texas Water Comm’n v. Lakeshore Util. Co., 877 S.W.2d 814, 818 (Tex. App.—Austin

1994, writ denied). Under this standard, we may not, with respect to questions committed to the

Commission’s discretion, substitute our judgment for that of the Commission on the weight of the

evidence. See APA § 2001.174. We must, however, reverse the Commission’s decision if it

prejudices substantial rights because its findings, inferences, conclusions, or decisions (1) violate

a constitutional or statutory provision; (2) exceed the Commission’s statutory authority; (3) were

made through unlawful procedure; (4) are affected by other error of law; (5) are not reasonably

supported by substantial evidence considering the reliable and probative evidence in the record as

6
a whole; or (6) are arbitrary or capricious or characterized by an abuse of discretion or a clearly

unwarranted exercise of discretion. Id. § 2001.174(2).

An agency’s decision is presumed to be valid, and it is supported by substantial

evidence if the evidence in its entirety is sufficient to allow reasonable minds to have reached the

conclusion the agency must have reached to justify the disputed action. Texas State Bd. of Dental

Exam’rs v. Sizemore, 759 S.W.2d 114, 116 (Tex. 1988). The evidence in the record may

preponderate against the agency’s decision yet still provide a reasonable basis for the decision and

thereby meet the substantial-evidence standard. Texas Health Facilities Comm’n v. Charter

Med.-Dallas, Inc., 665 S.W.2d 446, 452 (Tex. 1984). The question of whether an agency’s decision

is supported by substantial evidence is a question of law, and we owe no deference to the district

court’s decision. See Firemen’s &Policemen’s Civ. Serv. v. Brinkmeyer, 662 S.W.2d 953, 956 (Tex.

1984). We review questions of statutory construction de novo. See Railroad Comm’n v. Texas

Citizens for a Safe Future & Clean Water, 336 S.W.3d 619, 624 (Tex. 2011).

The Commission’s order recites its conclusion that the GLO “satisfied all criteria to

be released from [Crystal Clear’s] CCN” pursuant to section 13.254(a-5). Accordingly, the

Commission impliedly found as matters of fact that the tracts comprising the Decertified Property

were each at least 25 acres in size, were located in an eligible county, and were not “receiving water

or sewer service.” See Tex. Water Code § 13.254(a-5). The district court’s judgment reversed the

Commission’s order. The issues raised by the Commission and the GLO in their appeals reduce to

two principal disputes: (1) whether the Commission had the authority to decertify the acreage in the

Decertified Property even though that property was composed of several different tracts of land and

7
even though the GLO owned other contiguous tracts of land in Crystal Clear’s certificated area for

which it did not seek decertification and which Crystal Clear asserts were “receiving water service”

from Crystal Clear, and (2) whether the Commission correctly found that the GLO property was not

“receiving water service” so as to be eligible for expedited decertification.

Was the GLO required to apply for decertification of all of its property located in Crystal Clear’s

certificated area?

Crystal Clear argues on appeal, as it did before the Commission and the district court,

that the Commission erred in approving the GLO’s decertification petition because that petition did

not seek decertification of all property owned by the GLO in Crystal Clear’s certificated area. 

Specifically, Crystal Clear complains that the GLO did not seek decertification of the Excluded

Property—approximately 151 acres consisting of five contiguous tracts adjacent to the Decertified

Property. Crystal Clear asserts that the tracts comprising the 151 acres are clearly receiving water

service and that if that acreage and the Decertified Property were treated as a single tract, none of

the GLO’s property would qualify for expedited decertification. We understand Crystal Clear’s

argument to be that by approving a petition that did not include a request to decertify both the

Excluded Propertyand the Decertified Property, theCommission exceeded its statutoryauthorityand

thereby committed reversible error. See APA § 2001.174(2)(B).

Crystal Clear has not identified any statutory support for its position that the GLO

could not seek expedited decertification of less than all of its property located within Crystal Clear’s

certificated area. Section 13.254(a-5) simply requires that the property sought to be decertified be

a tract of land of at least 25 acres located in certain counties and that it not be “receiving water

8
service.” Tex. Water Code § 13.254(a-5). Each of the five tracts making up the Decertified Property

was of the required size and located in an eligible county, and the Commission necessarily found that

none of the tracts was receiving water service.

Crystal Clear does not argue that a request for expedited decertification of multiple

tracts of land could not be combined in one petition. Rather, Crystal Clear maintains that because

the Decertified Property was adjacent to the 151 acres excluded from the decertification petition and

because in other contexts the GLO referred to its property as a “2,000-acre tract,” the exclusion of

the 151 acres from the decertification petition amounted to impermissible “gerrymandering” that

deprived the Commission of authority to approve the petition. We conclude, however, that section

13.254(a-5) does not contain an “all or nothing” requirement. Accordingly, the Commission’s order

was not erroneous merely because it decertified less than all of the GLO’s property within Crystal

Clear’s certificated area.

In any event, as previously noted, the 151 acres that made up the Excluded Property

has now been removed by statute from Crystal Clear’s certificated area. See Tex. Spec. Dist. Code

§ 7206.001-.005 (dissolving Crystal Clear Water SupplyCorporation, creatingCrystal Clear Special

Utility District, and defining Crystal Clear’s initial district territory). Were this Court to accept

Crystal Clear’s argument and reverse the Commission’s order approving the decertification petition

for that reason, there would be no practical legal effect. Even if the Excluded Property should

originally have been included in the decertification petition and would, at that time, have served as

an impediment to the Commission’s approval of the petition, that theoretical impediment no longer

exists because that property has been statutorily removed from Crystal Clear’s certificated area. An

9
issue becomes moot when a party seeks a ruling on some matter that, when rendered, would not have

any practical effect on a then-existing controversy. See Meeker v. Tarrant Cnty. Coll. Dist.,

317 S.W.3d 754, 759 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. denied); Texas Health Care Info. Council

v. Seton Health Plan, Inc., 94 S.W.3d 841, 846-47 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. denied). Because

a ruling on Crystal Clear’s “gerrymandering” argument would have no practical legal effect on the

question of whether the Commission would approve or deny the decertification petition if the cause

were remanded, that issue is moot.4

Was the Decertified Property “receiving water service”?

Section 13.002 of the Water Code defines “service” as:

any act performed, anything furnished or supplied, and any facilities or lines

committed or used by a retail public utility in the performance of its duties under this

chapter to its patrons, employees, other retail public utilities, and the public, as well

as the interchange of facilities between two or more retail public utilities.

Tex. Water Code § 13.002(21). Thus, the term “service” is of intentionally broad scope and

encompasses an array of activities that a retail public utility might engage in as part of its mission

of “providing potable waterservice or sewer service, or both, for compensation.” See id. 13.002(19)

(defining “retail public utility”). The question before the Commission in the present case, however,

Were this Court to conclude that the Commission’s order was erroneous due to alleged 4

“gerrymandering,” its only option would be to reverse and remand the cause for further proceedings. 

SeeTex. Gov’t Code § 2001.174. Any judgment by this Court that would have the effect of usurping

the Commission’s discretion would violate the separation-of-powers doctrine of the Texas

Constitution and would be void. See Sierra Club v. Texas Natural Res. Conservation Comm’n,

26 S.W.3d 684, 688 (Tex. App.—Austin 2000), aff’d, 70 S.W.3d 809 (Tex. 2002); Texas Dep’t of

Transp. v. T. Brown Constructors, Inc., 947 S.W.2d 655, 659 (Tex.App.—Austin 1997, pet. denied).

10
was not whether Crystal Clear was providing water service to customers within its certificated

area—or even to some property owned by the GLO—but whether the Decertified Property was

receiving water service from Crystal Clear. If it was not, then the property qualified for expedited

decertification under section 13.254(a-5). The Commission determined that theDecertified Property

was not “receiving” such “service” from Crystal Clear, i.e., that there were no waterfacilities or lines

committed to serving the Decertified Property and that Crystal Clear had not performed any act or

supplied anything to the Decertified Property related to providing water to that property. We review

the Commission’s order under the substantial-evidence standard of review, which is a rational-basis

test to determine whether an agency’s orderfinds reasonable support in the record. See Texas Health

Facilities Comm’n, 665 S.W.2d at 452-53.5

As stated above, the GLO attached to its petition for decertification the affidavit of

Hal Croft, who averred that “[the Decertified Property] is not receiving water or sewer service from

Crystal Clear Water SupplyCorporation.” In its brief in support of the petition, the GLO argued that

there were no active water meters or water connections on, and no facilities providing water to, the

Decertified Property. According to the GLO, there was “one abandoned, empty meter box on the

eastern portion of the property, which Crystal Clear itself designates as inoperative.”

Crystal Clear argues that, because there was no contested-case hearing, substantial- 5

evidence review is inapplicable and we should instead resolve any disputed fact issues by taking as

true all evidence favorable to Crystal Clear’s position that it was providing water service to the

Decertified Property and resolve any doubts in favor of that position. But the Water Code provisions

specific to this decertification proceeding mandate that we review the Commission’s decision under

the substantial-evidence standard. SeeTex. Water Code § 13.381 (“Any party to a proceeding before

the commission is entitled to judicial review under the substantial evidence rule.”).

11
In its response in opposition to the request for expedited decertification, Crystal Clear

asserted that it in fact had “significant physical facilities” located on the Decertified Property and

also had facilities located near that property that were “committed or used by Crystal Clear in the

performance of its duties and obligations as a retail public utility” to serve the Decertified Property. 

In support of this contention, Crystal Clear proffered evidence to the Commission, including the

affidavit of Eric Schulze, a professional engineer. The contents of that affidavit can be summarized 6

as follows:

Facilities: Schulze’s affidavit proves up an attachment labeled “Exhibit 1,”

which is a map prepared by him on December 6, 2011. The map depicts a

plant labeled “Kuenstler Plant” and something identified as a “Standpipe” on

the portion of the Excluded Property adjoining the southern border of the

Decertified Property. According to this map, a 3" water line runs along the

western edge of two of the parcels making up a portion of the Decertified

Property on the east side of IH-35. Located on that water line is something

marked with the letter “Y” and described in the map’s legend as “Inactive

Connection by GLO.” It also appears from the map that an unidentified 4"

waterline enters the north piece of the portion of the Decertified Property that

is located on the west side of IH-35.

Water Supply: Schulze also averred that Crystal Clear had secured water

rights committed to serve the Decertified Property, referring to an attachment

that “identifies the water rights Crystal Clear has secured.”

We note that in the administrative record as admitted in the trial court, Crystal Clear’s

6

response to the GLO’s petition for expedited release does not have any attachments and does not

include the referenced Schulze affidavit. Crystal Clear’s motion to overturn the Commission’s order

on the petition does include a copy of an affidavit of Eric Schulze, which we have presumed to be

the one referred to in Crystal Clear’s response. This is the only affidavit of Eric Schulze appearing

in the administrative record.

12
In reviewing the attachment to the Schulze affidavit, it is not apparent whether the water rights

referred to are rights Crystal Clear had secured for its entire certificated area or whether the

referenced water rights were dedicated to or reserved to serve anticipated future development on the

Decertified Property. Moreover, while the attachment appears to show that the secured watersupply

meets Crystal Clear’s “projected water demand,” there is nothing to show that that projected demand

includes demand anticipated from proposed development of the Decertified Property.

Crystal Clear also informed the Commission that the GLO is a “very substantial”

landowner along the IH-35 corridor and represented that Crystal Clear had secured a “diverse, longterm supply of water for its [certificated area] in the high-growth area of IH-35” and had done so

both bypurchasing waterrights and by entering into long-term contracts for watersupply. In support

of this contention, Crystal Clear attached the affidavit of Michael Fournier, an administrator for

Crystal Clear. The contents of his affidavit can be summarized as follows: 7

Water Supply: Fournier averred that Crystal Clear had “purchased and made

long-term contractual commitments to provide water supply to its

[certificated area],” had a twenty-yearsupply of water, and had secured water

rights “well in excess of the Commission’s minimum requirements.” As

evidentiary support for this statement, Fournier referred to the attachment to

Schulze’s affidavit and to the fact that Crystal Clear had been certified as an

approved water supplier in Comal County, where the Decertified Property

was located. Fournier stated in his affidavit that, to achieve such

certification, Crystal Clear had to satisfy Comal County’s requirement that

it demonstrate it had ownership of—or a firm contractual commitment

Again, Fournier’s affidavit was not attached to Crystal Clear’s response in the 7

administrative record as admitted in the trial court. Crystal Clear’s motion to overturn the

Commission’s order on the petition does include a copy of an affidavit of Michael Fournier, which

we have presumed to be the one referred to in Crystal Clear’s response. This is the only affidavit

of Michael Fournier appearing in the administrative record.

13
for—twenty years’ available water supply for projected demand in the

utility’s service area.

Although he does not so state, it appears that Fournier was referring to the fact that the Comal

County Commissioner’s Court had approved Crystal Clear’s “Water Availability Report.” That

report addressed Crystal Clear’s ability to provide water to meet anticipated general demand in its

certificated area. The minutes of the Comal County Commissioner’s Court meeting in which it

considered the Water Availability Report indicate that there was a discussion at the meeting

regarding whether the report included the projected demand for water arising out of the GLO’s

proposed plan of development of its property in Comal County, including the Decertified Property,

that it had previously provided to Crystal Clear. Paul Terrill, a Crystal Clear representative, stated

to the Commissioner’s Court that the Water AvailabilityReport did not include the GLO’s projected

demand for water because (1) that information was provided to Crystal Clear after it had prepared

its report, (2) the GLO had not submitted an application for water service for the Decertified

Property, and (3) the demand the GLO had projected was excessive.

The GLO countered Crystal Clear’s evidence by presenting the affidavit of Clint

Walker, a professional engineer, who averred that he had read Crystal Clear’s Water Availability

Report and that it did not include “any water supply or facilities to serve the Decertified Property.” 

With respect to the water rights referred to in Schulze’s affidavit, Walker stated that the Decertified

Property, when developed, would need 3,024 acre-feet of water per year, yet Crystal Clear’s total

current supply is only 3,554 acre-feet per year for its entire certificated area. Significantly, Walker

14
averred that 1,823 acre-feet per year of Crystal Clear’s “water current supply is committed to its

existing customers.”

On appeal, the Commission and the GLO contend that Crystal Clear’s admission that

it was not then delivering any water to the Decertified Property ends the inquiry into whether that

property is “receiving water service.” In their view, a tract of land is not receiving water service “if

the landowner is not receiving actual water on the property.” We find nothing in the text of the

statute, however, that compels this interpretation. The Commission and the GLO express concern

that if “receiving water service” does not mean actual present delivery of water to a tract, expedited

release pursuant to section 13.254(a-5) would not be available if the retail public utility had placed

any type of facilities or lines anywhere near the tract seeking decertification, even if those lines were

providing water to third parties and never delivered water to the tract at issue. We think these

concerns are exaggerated. The mere existence of water lines or facilities on or near a tract would

not necessarily mean that tract was “receiving waterservice.” Rather, as discussed previously, such

a determination is essentially a fact-based inquiry requiring the Commission to consider whetherthe

retail public utility has facilities or lines committed to providing water to the particular tract or has

performed acts or supplied anything to the particular tract in furtherance of its obligation to provide

water to that tract pursuant to its CCN. As noted above, the term “service” as defined in chapter 13

is very broad and appears intentionally so. It includes facilities and lines as well as acts performed

and anything furnished or supplied. But its breadth is also constrained by limitations in the

definition itself, as well as in Water Code section 13.254(a-5). The definition of “service” includes

the condition that the facilities or lines be “committed or used” in the performance of Crystal Clear’s

15
duties as a retail public utility. Tex. Water Code § 13.002(21). The acts performed and things

furnished or supplied must also be in furtherance of performing those duties. Id. And it is essential

that any qualifying services are being “received” by the property for which expedited decertification

is sought before such property is rendered ineligible for decertification pursuant to section

13.254(a-5). Id. § 13.254(a-5). A tract of land is not necessarily “receiving” water service simply

because there are facilities or water lines near, or even on that tract if, for example, such facilities

are used to provide water only to other tracts. Rather, it is important to consider whether the

facilities and lines are “committed” to the tract seeking expedited release or “used” to provide water

to that tract. Certainly an active water tap on the Decertified Property would constitute a facility or

line “used” to supply water to the tract on which it was located. But it might also be sufficient if

there were facilities or lines “committed” to such service, such as a dedicated water line that had

been installed to serve that property even if such line were not currently operative. Conversely, a

tract of landwould not necessarilybe “receiving” waterservice simply because the retail pubic utility

has performed an act, such as entering into a contract to secure water supply, unless the act was

performed in furtherance of providing water to the tract seeking decertification. The Commission

and the GLO argue that applying section 13.002(21)’s broad definition of “service” to the phrase

“receiving waterservice” in section 13.254(a-5) would eviscerate the statute’s purpose of providing

a streamlined decertification process for certain tracts of land and would render it impossible to

obtain expedited decertification if the retail public utility has placed facilities or lines near the tract,

even if they are serving only third parties. The requirement that the facilities and lines are used for

or committed to a particular tract before that tract is deemed to be “receiving” services ameliorates

16
this concern. All of these considerations are matters committed to the Commission’s sound

discretion and authority to decide issues of fact.

The parties agree that Crystal Clear was not actively supplying water to the

Decertified Property when the Commission issued its decertification order. Therefore, the issue

before the Commission was whether the Decertified Property was “receiving water service” from

Crystal Clear in some manner other than by present delivery of water to that property. The

Commission impliedly found that there were no facilities or lines committed to serving the

Decertified Property and/or that the water supply dedicated to meeting future demand by the

Decertified Property was not sufficient for it to be deemed to be “receiving water service.” In this

suit for judicial review, we consider whetherthe evidence presented in the decertification proceeding

provided reasonable factual support for the Commission’s determination that Crystal Clear has not

performed acts in furtherance of providing water to the Decertified Property, and does not have

facilities and lines committed to that purpose, sufficient for it to be found to be “receiving water

service.” See Sizemore, 759 S.W.2d at 116.

Crystal Clear argues on appeal that there was evidence, presented as Exhibit H to its

response to the decertification petition, that Crystal Clear has water lines, water plants, and other

facilities located on the Decertified Property. Exhibit H, however, is simply a map that was attached

to Crystal Clear’s response to the GLO’s petition for decertification. The map was not supported

or proved up by any affidavit and does not bear the stamp of a licensed professional engineer. It was

included in the response to support the uncontroversial proposition that the GLO’s property, both

the Decertified Property and the Excluded Property, is located in the heart of Crystal Clear’s

17
certificated area. Exhibit H differs in material ways from the map of the same area attached to

Schulze’s affidavit that does bear his stamp as a licensed professional engineer(the “Schulze Map”). 

For example, the Schulze Map shows the “Kuenstler Plant” and the “Standpipe” as located on

property adjacent to the Decertified Property, whereas Exhibit H appears to show that these two

plants are located on the Decertified Property. Crystal Clear argues on appeal that Exhibit H reveals

the existence of a water connection located on the Decertified Property that was “deactivated upon

request”—implying, though not actually representing, that the GLO was the requestor. On Exhibit

H is a spot marked “Y,” which is located on the 3" water line that runs along the western boundary

of the portion of the Decertified Property east of IH-35. Exhibit H’s legend indicates that “Y”

represents a “Surrendered Connection byGLO.” The Schulze Map’s legend indicates, however, that

“Y” represents an “Inactive Connection by GLO.” There was no further evidence presented

regarding what “Y” depicts, nor what “Inactive Connection by GLO” means. We can infer only that

“Y” corresponds to what the GLO referred to as an “empty meter box” located on the 3" water line. 

We conclude that theCommission could reasonablyhave declined to attribute anyevidentiaryweight

to Exhibit H, any significance to the spot marked “Y,” or any particular meaning to the descriptors

of that spot included in the two maps’ legends.

Crystal Clear also contends that there was evidence that it has waterrights and watersupply contracts committed and used to “serve the area that includes” the Decertified Property. But

as detailed above, there was at least conflicting evidence regarding whether the water supply

contracts were secured in orderto provide waterto the Decertified Property, and Crystal Clear’s own

representative stated to the Comal County Commissioner’s Court that the demand figures in its

18
Water Availability Report did not reflect the projected demand for water resulting from the GLO’s

proposed development of the Decertified Property.

We conclude that the evidence presented to theCommission regardingCrystal Clear’s

then-existing facilities and lines and water supply contracts provided a reasonable basis for the

Commission’s finding that the Decertified Property was not “receiving water service.” Substantial

evidence supports the Commission’s finding that Crystal Clear had not performed any act, furnished

or supplied any thing, or committed or used any facilities or lines to the Decertified Property. 

Because there was substantial evidence to support the Commission’s finding that the Decertified

Property was not receiving waterservice, the three criteria for expedited decertification pursuant to

13.254(a-5) were met. We therefore hold that the trial court erred in reversing the Commission’s

order approving the GLO’s decertification petition.

Appeal from District Court’s Order Granting the Plea to the Jurisdiction

In addition to its suit for judicial review of the Commission’s order, Crystal Clear

asserted claims for declaratory judgment under both the UDJA and the APA. See Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code § 37.004; Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.038. The Commission filed a plea to the

jurisdiction asserting that the district court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over Crystal Clear’s

requests for declaratory relief because (1) declaratory judgment was not available to resolve issues

already pending before the court and (2) sovereign immunity barred the claims. The district court

granted the plea to the jurisdiction. In its cross-appeal, Crystal Clear brings a single issue asserting

19
that the trial court erred by granting the Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction and dismissing its

claims for declaratory relief brought pursuant to the UDJA.8

A plea to the jurisdiction challenges a trial court’s authority to decide a case. See

Texas Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 225-26 (Tex. 2004). The plaintiff has

the initial burden of alleging facts that affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction to hear

the case. Id. (citing Texas Ass’n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex.

1993)). Whether the plaintiff met this burden is a question of law that we review de novo. Id.

To establish a trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction over a request for declaratory

relief under the UDJA, a party must plead the existence of an “underlying controversy” within the

scope of section 37.004 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code. Strayhorn v. Raytheon E-Sys.,

Inc., 101 S.W.3d 558, 572 (Tex. App.—Austin 2003, pet. denied). The power of courts to issue

declaratory judgments under the UDJA in the face of administrative proceedings is limited. Beacon

Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Montemayor, 86 S.W.3d 260, 267 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). When a

statute provides an avenue for attacking a final agency order, a declaratory-judgment action directed

at that order will not lie. Id.; Young Chevrolet, Inc. v. Texas Motor Vehicle Bd., 974 S.W.2d 906,

911 (Tex. App.—Austin 1998, pet. denied). This is so because a party is generally not entitled to

redundant remedies. See Young Chevrolet, 974 S.W.2d at 911.

Crystal Clear sought the following declarations related to expedited release pursuant

to section 13.254(a-5):

Crystal Clear does not challenge the district court’s dismissal of its request for declaratory 8

relief pursuant to section 2001.038 of the APA.

20
• If a utility has “facilities,” as defined in 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 291.3(17),

committed or used in connection with property, it provides “service” to that

property, as defined by 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 291.3(43).

• “Service” as used in Tex. Water Code § 13.254(a-5) means “service” as

defined in Tex. Water Code § 13.002(21).

• [The Commission], acting by and through its Executive Director and

Commissioners, is bound by its formal interpretations of the Texas Water

Code, and [the Commission’s] Executive Director and Commissioners

commit an ultra vires act that contravenes both the Texas Water Code and

[the Commission’s own] interpretation of the Texas Water Code by failing

to apply the definition of “service” in Texas Water Code § 13.002(21) to a

petition for expedited release under 30 Tex. Admin. Code § 291.113(r) and

Texas Water Code § 13.254(a-5).

• [The Commission], acting by and through its Executive Director and

Commissioners, exceeds its statutory authority and acts without legal

authority when it grants a petition for expedited release under Tex. Water

Code § 13.254(a-5) for a portion of a tract of land held under unity of

ownership that was carved out and selectively included by the owner in a

petition for expedited release, where the owner of the tract of land is

receiving “service” as defined in Tex. Water Code § 13.002(21).

These declaratoryclaims repeat the same statutory-construction arguments Crystal Clear made to the

Commission and to the district court in its suit for judicial review. An available remedy in its suit

for judicial review was the reversal of the Commission’s order if it was “in excess of the agency’s

statutory authority” or “affected by other error of law.” APA § 2001.174. Thus, the district court

was authorized to reverse the Commission’s order if it concluded that the agency either exceeded

its statutory authority or misconstrued a pertinent statute. Indeed, the district court did reverse the

Commission’s order. The declarations Crystal Clear sought would have provided no additional relief

and were, therefore, redundant of its suit for judicial review. Accordingly, the district court did not

21
err in dismissing these claims for declaratory relief for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant

to the redundant-remedies doctrine. See SWEPI LP v. Railroad Comm’n, 314 S.W.3d 253, 269 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2010, pet. denied).

Crystal Clear argues on appeal that the district court’s decision regarding the merits

of its suit for judicial review would not necessarily have, and did not, provide it with “any clarity as

to key aspects of the interpretation and application of” Water Code section 13.254(a-5). We

understand Crystal Clear’s argument to be that the declaratory relief it sought was broader than the

relief it could obtain through resolution of its suit for judicial review and therefore was a permitted

request to determine the proper construction of a statute that affects its business activities and to

obtain a declaration of its rights, status, and legal obligations with respect to its duty to provide

“continuous and adequate service” to the remainder of its certificated area. But the declarations

Crystal Clear sought would not have provided it with any further clarity regarding the interpretation

or application of section 13.254(a-5) in future decertification proceedings. As discussed previously,

the determination of whether a particular property is “receiving water service” is a fact question or

a mixed question of law and fact to be determined by the Commission based on the evidence before

it. To the extent Crystal Clear sought a generic declaration of what would constitute sufficient

facilities and lines “committed” to a tract to defeat a request for expedited decertification pursuant

to section 13.254(a-5), any such declaration would have been purely advisory. See Texas Ass’n of

Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 444 (separation-of-powers doctrine prohibits courts from issuing advisory

opinions). Therefore, the trial court did not err in dismissing Crystal Clear’s request for declaratory

relief regarding the conditions necessary for expedited release pursuant to section 13.254(a-5).

22
Finally, Crystal Clear also sought declarations that the United States and Texas

Constitutions require the Commission to afford the holder of a CCN due process and due course of

law and that the Commission’s order granting the petition to decertify part of Crystal Clear’s

certificated service area without an evidentiary hearing deprived it of those due-process rights. See

U.S. Const. amend. V, XIV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 19. The Commission argued that these requests for

declarations were barred by sovereign immunity, and the district court dismissed them for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction. Citing City of El Paso v. Heinrich, Crystal Clear argues on appeal that

a legislative waiver exists that permits declaratory claims regarding its constitutional due-process

rights. See 284 S.W.3d 366, 372 (Tex. 2009) (“[S]uits to require state officials to comply with

statutory or constitutional provisions are not prohibited by sovereign immunity, even if a declaration

to the effect compels the payment of money.”). Crystal Clear also contends that its declaratory

claims that sought to require state officials to comply with constitutional provisions fall within the

ultra vires exception to sovereign immunity. See, e.g., Texas Natural Res. Conservation Comm’n

v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 855 (Tex. 2002) (“Private parties may seek declaratory relief against

state officials who allegedly act without legal or statutory authority.”). Thus, Crystal Clear argues

that the district court had subject-matter jurisdiction over its request for a declaration that its

due-process rights were violated when the Commission decertified part of its certificated area

without providing an evidentiary hearing.

The linchpin of Crystal Clear’s argument is the existence of a vested property interest

entitled to due-process and due-course-of-law protection. We look to Crystal Clear’s pleadings to

determine whetherit has pleaded the existence of such an interest. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226. 

23
Crystal Clear’s petition identifies the qualifying property interest as “tangible property, such as

facilities, located on” the Decertified Property and “the exclusive right and responsibility to provide

water within defined geographic boundaries” as provided by its CCN. As an initial matter, the

decertification order had no effect on Crystal Clear’s title to any of its property or facilities, whether

located on the Decertified Property or elsewhere. In any event, the Water Code provides that there

be compensation for any property that the Commission determines is rendered useless or valueless to

a decertified retail public utility as a result of decertification. See Tex. Water Code § 13.254(d)-(g). 

Moreover, it is undisputed that Crystal Clear was not generating any type of revenue stream as a

result of the inclusion of the Decertified Property in its certificated area. The effect of the

Commission’s orderwas simply to remove the Decertified Propertyfrom Crystal Clear’s certificated

area, meaning that Crystal Clear no longer had a right to be the exclusive provider of water to that

property. But this Court has previously held that a CCN, which confers the exclusive right to

serve a designated area, is not a vested property right entitled to due-process protection. See

Creedmoor-Maha Water Supply Corp. v. Texas Comm’n on Envtl. Quality, 307 S.W.3d 505, 525-26

(Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.).

We therefore conclude that Crystal Clear did not plead the existence of a vested

property interest that could form the basis of a request for a declaration that the Commission’s order

violated its rights to due process or due course of law under the United States or Texas Constitutions. 

Thus, the district court did not err in dismissing Crystal Clear’s declaratory claims to that effect for

lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Accordingly, we overrule Crystal Clear’s sole issue in its

cross-appeal.

24
CONCLUSION

Having concluded that substantial evidence supports the Commission’s finding that

the Decertified Property met the criteria for expedited release pursuant to Water Code section

13.254(a-5), we reverse the portion of the district court’s judgment that reversed the Commission’s

order approving the GLO’s petition for expedited release, and we render judgment affirming the

Commission’s order. We affirm the portion of the district court’s order that granted the

Commission’s plea to the jurisdiction as to Crystal Clear’s claims for declaratory relief.

_____________________________________________

J. Woodfin Jones, Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Rose

Affirmed in Part, Reversed and Rendered in Part

Filed: August 22, 2014

25