• 

- JTODSI-mm ar 

•ARllY GROIJllD PORCIS, IQUIPDll' RIVlD BOARD, ff 

PDLDIDlRY STUDiom; · 

SECTION XVIII, CmRUIICA.TIOI IQUIPllD! 

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Section xvnr ia CODCV1'9d 1n with the f'ollowf.ng exceptions and adds~'-

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••••• 

:J. In Lieu ot second aentenca of par 89b, aubatituta1 •Bowenr, 

r 

d1tterent1at1on between speech security equiJ:Dent tor use on radio or wire 

circuits llhoul.d be contemplated." 

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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••• 

9. Add to Par 89n1 •In addition to greater senaitivit7, newly develop-,. 

ed d1reot1on f'Sndlng equipment should have antenna patterns giving greatly 

- improved ubmth accuracy. Research should be contin•d to provide meana to 

. counteract the ax1muth errors caused by surrouncU.ng obJecta such aa trees 

and OYerhead lines. Thia equipment should not be f'Urtbar complicate"° ~ / 

elaborate apparatus tor determining sense.• 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . ; 13. Add a mr 89•• •Cnptograph!o Egui•pt. (l) The SIGW should _, 

be redea!gned to permit the csutth. -of' tape aimul taneou1':7 with the printing 7 ~\ ',ll; ,·-- > operation. :;.•}f:·.': _ -~ -.. ~,.,, ..... _. - .. .r: ......... .) ... ".:.-~!.7:..~: 

(2) A 0011pact, aS.ple and aeoure device tor uae by' tront line unlt•~ --

.. ~ 

to replace the 11•209, la requ1.recl. ~ 

'"" 

(.3) Ttaere la a need for a hSch grade deTlce, almllar 1n ir:lncipl.e · ".!-

'->~ to SIOGUM tor ue 'b7 headquarters down to and 1.ncluding 41vlaion." 

eclassified and a roved for release b NSA on 04-21-2014 ursuantto E.O. 1352 

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~~~5607 

SF.CTION !VIll - caWUNICATION EQUIHIElft' 

from Army Ground Force, ES!UIPMENT REVIE\'J BOA.RD, Part I. 

105. General. a. Future development of military- C011111Ullication equipment 

must keep in mind the coaplete e1stem, extending from the h1gheat to the lowest echelons, and with lateral extensions to include all components of the 

tighting teem. In the attainment of this integrated cor:mmnicat1on S)"8tem, the 

toundation stone should be the establishment of a completely integrated system 

within the front line units. 

b. Deticiencies in the system, attributable in a large measure to the 

weaknesses of branch guidance, wherein 1ntro•comnmnicat1on was stressed and 

inter-communication largely overlooked, should be corrected by future development. 

c. -?he need for integration and the technical complexity of modern 

communication equipment warrants the adoption of a policy wherein the installation and mainten.ence or this equipment is performed by personnel trained b,r a 

common agency. The operation of the more complex equipment should be a function 

of' this communication agency while the operation or the simpler equipment should 

be a function of using personnel. 

106. Guides for development. Future eevelopment should be guided by the 

f'ollowing: 

a. Integration of wiN and radio mtems. (1) The ground force communication system must be so integrated •• to permit inter• 

changeable use of wire or radio channels or give combinations 

or the two without the user being necessarily aware whether 

he is talking over wire or radio or over both, 

(2) The design of' such an integrated a7stea is inseparably linked 

with the design ot radio, wire, speech security, and radio 

relay and carrier system equipment. De't'elopment ot each ot 

these items muat be guided to insure not only improvement ot 

the equipnant itaelt. but also improved adaptability ot that 

equipment for use in an integrated s;rstem. 

b. Speech security eguiment. !he development. or B!'MCh security equipment suitable for use or ground .forces on radio circuits is of paramount importance. j ,,,. A corresponding, but less imperative,. requirement exists tor speech security 1 equipment for use on telephone circuits. ".r 

c. Radio relay pystems. 'Present development in radio rela7 systems 

should ~ continued and extended in order to prnide a number of reliable communication channels as tar forward as battalion with a minimum or labor and time 
-Rit-F4B+A65607 .... ~· 

in a 11.0Y!ng a1tnation4 S1mplif'i-cst1on and reduction in size and night are 

particularly desirable. 

d. Carrier nstems. Existing carrier systems should be simplitied 

and reduced 1n sise and weight to permit utilization farther t'onard. 

e. Radio eguii:ment. (1) Radio equipment !lltlst be engineered to tit 

into the integrated communication arstem of the ground forces. 

and where necesaaey, of the A:lr Forces • 

. (2l Research and development in the radio field should be continued :ln order to: 

(a) Arrive at a means ot relieving the present overcrowded 

condition of the frequenC)' spectrum. 

(b) Provide -appropriate overlapp!J:Jg or frequencies. between 

different radio sets, thus permitting liaison channels 

between dif'f'erent formetions without adding to the number 

or types of sets. 

(3) The use ot pulse transmission or a means or inereasillg the 

reliable distances over which com..~unication is possible •1th• 

out increase in power requirements. should be in'Yestigated. 

(4) A. broadening o£ f'requenc;v coverage for medium trequenc.y radio 

sets and provision for appropriate antennas ls n.ecessar;r 1n 

order to permit utilization or sJET wave transmission. 

t. ~ire eguiment. (1) Smaller, lighter wight, more portable switchboards for use by f'onra:rd elements are necessary. Switchboards tor use in large headquarters and fixed installations 

need simpliticatlon, reduction in weight, increase in flezi• 

bility, and increase in speed of handling calls. 

(2) Investigation ot .new field wires and cables should be continued 

to provide greater conductiv11iy, lighter weight, and better 

handling qualities. 

( 3) Improvements in power reels for handling wire and cable are 

necessary to alleviate present problems in maintenance or 

engines, clutches. bra1'es, and bearings. 

g. Teletxppriters. (1) '.rhe difficulties of weight, bulk, and lack 

ot ruggedness presentq inherent in this equipment should be 

overcome in order to make this lnatrumar.rt useable as rar torward as the Infantry battalion eo11111&nder. 

(2) Further research is neeesaar,r to evOlft a keyboard type. page• 

printing teletypewriter which can be operated in a moving 

vehlcl&, over radio• and incorporating a security device. 
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RE-"F"rn:A65607 

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h. Authentication equipment. Present ayate11a ot authentication are ; 

too cumbersome, slow, and difficult to learn to use. A requirement exists tor~ 

a small mechanical authenticator approximately the size of a writch. The v 

authenticator must be provided with a variable lcey so that capture by the 

enemy will not completely compromise the authentication system. 

1. Air-Ground identification and communication eguipment. Basic 

integrated planning for Air-Ground identification and communication is essential. 

Development of mthods and equipnent must be continued. 

j. Badar equipment. Sea Section XX. 

k. Sarvey eguiement. See Section XIX. 

; 

1. 'l'elnision eaulment. Development of television equipment should 

be continued. 

m. ?!adulated light beam equipment. The modulated light beam mq pro• 

vlde additional means or communication between front line formations, particu• , larly between armored vehicles tor close-in communication, l1ithout using up 

critically needed channels of the seriously crowded radio spectrum. Development ot modulated light beam COllllllUDication for this purpose should be continued. 

n. Direction-rinding equipnent. Current direction tinders haYe 

proYen inadequate due to lack 0£ sensitivity, the time and labor involved in 

their installation, or their size and bulk. DeTelopnent should be continued 

to provide suitable equipment covering the known uable frequency spectrum. 

o. Prx batteries. Basic research and development should be continued 

to provide increased shelf life and ratio of output to weight. 

p. Power units. A tundamental research project should be established 

in order to aTolve a aeries or dependable power units ot light weight and long 

lite. 

q. Miscellaneous. In order to take full advantage of technological 

progress. .t"'D.ture deTelopment of military communication equipment should parallel 

closely the deYelopments of commercial equipment. 

107. ror COlllJ>lete discussion of communication equipment, see Annex "R",. 

Coaunlcation Fqu1pment. 
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-~A65607 .. I .. L. 

ANNEX "ll" .. ccm.m:ro&TION EQUIPMENT 

from A1"1117 Ground Force, EQUIPMF.NT REVIEJf BOARD, Part I. 

SEC'l'ION I • GENERAL 

1. General. a. While the performance of 1lgnal comnmnicationa equipment 

during the c:urrant war ii satlstactory generally, the communication 117atema 

within which this equipment is u1ad are unsatisfactory. Future development ot 

military communications equipment must keep in 111nd the complete ayatem, extend• 

ing from tha lowest to the highest echelons, and with lateral extensions to 

include all components of the fSghting team. In the attainment or thi• 

integrated comunication qstem, the foundation stone whould be the eatablaih• 

sent ot a completely integrated er,yatem within front line ppit1. Failure to 

provide such a a;ystem for front line troops will only result 1n continued use• 

leas casualties being auttered by the11e troops. 

b. The a1gnal CO!llllUDication equipment development agency must recog• 

nise the needs or the commander and devote it• ettorts to devising more complete and aatiafactory integrated ayatems through better equipment and orean1• 

sation. The predominant need, in thi1 respect, is adequately secure speech 

seaur1t)" equipment tor radio and wire channel•. A.dditional equipment, or 

cbangee in organ11zat1on, to accomp11eh the demanda. ot the user, must be pro• 

vided when 1t 1a ol>Y1ous that the aystem in effect ia produci.Dg unaatisfact017 

reaults. The increased traffic load on the mll1t817 telephone B)"stem is cited 

as an example. The telephone occupies a unique place in the lite of' tho 

average American. It 1s our daily" pr1.maz7 mean• of' communication. Commero1al 

companies have placetl telephones eveeywhere. Thie practice has been carr1e4 

into the service. Commandere and members of' th•1r etarts habitually use the 

telephone and conaistentl)" aTo1d writing messages for diapatch through rout1ne 

mea1age center facilities. Time required for routine processing of messages 

through staff aectione and meaaage centers, encod5.ng1 tran81D1seion, and decod• 

ing ie considered an unneceaaa:17 erll. Therefore thie unsatisfacto17 a1tua• 

t1on must be corr,eted by some !!9ana other than training. The secure speech 

aeaur1t)" e~u1pnent 1a one eolut1on. 

c. • ••••••••••••••• 

a. . ............... . 

e. Equipment mast be provided that will enable the commander to con• 

trol subordillataa, nnd no matter in what cUrection or to what particular place 
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the a1taat1on dictates that the commander proceed on duty, it 11 l'llandator, that 

he be able to talk from that point to 801' area within hia command and to or 

through such command echelons ae may be neaeel!IB1"1• 

t. • ••••••••••••• 

SECTION II - ELECTRICAL CCHIUNICATION EQUIPMENT 

2. Integration ot ?.fire end Radio Stetems. a. In the past, under the . 

ayatem wherein the various branches set up military cbaracter1et1cs tor 

development of e~uipment, primary attention was given to obtaining equipment 

aatiafactory for 1ntra•commun1cat1on. Too little cone1derat1on has been given 

to inter-communication, between the various components of the task forces. 

Future development• must give empbasil!I to providing integrated communication 

equipment for use within the combined arms and 1DUSt be so· engineered ae to 

permit interchangeable use ot wire and .radio channels or afl1 combination of 

the two withaut the uaer being neceaaarily aware of whether he is talking owr 

w:lre or radio or both. Thia will permit use of radio between termine.ls 1n a 

rap1clly moving situation with subaequent replacement of radio by wire when the 

situation becomes sutticiently stabilized. 

b. The equipment neeasaal'y' to permit interchangeability in uae ot wire 

and radio, as outlined in par. a, above, has become 110 ccmplex that the uae of 

personnel trained by ditferent ageneiea to operate the ae1'8ral section• of the 

system is impractical and inet'f'1eient. It is propo .. d that all C01111l1111ication 

personnel, including replacement•, in all command echelons, be trained by a 

COlllllOft. agendy and that they then be assigned to :lnf'antl"T, artille1"1, a~ other 

unite as organic personnel. The responsibility for signal eommunicat1on within 

or19:111zat1ona rema1na with the coamander thereof. 

c. l'!ith new daYelopments 1n radio relay and a}Mtech 1ecvit7 equipment an ~ integrated system approaches realization. Thie system tollow• the pattei-n of t(~ P'4' he present wire system with radio relay channels replacing the wire 1tselt ~,S~ a1 far forward as battalions. Communication from battalion forward may be ~ carried on u•ing voice radio nets. Speech securit7 equipment to provide the 

neceesary seC'l.ll"ity en these radio nets and on radio channels is the k87 to a 

1ucee•sful integration of the armr' s communicat1on SY'Stem. A sketch of one 

solution to an integrate~ system 1a given in Inclosure No. 1-n. 

d. The design for an integrated 117stem of'. wire e.nd radio is inoeparabJ.7 

linked with the design of radio, wire, speech security, radio relay, and 

carrier system equipment. Developnent of each of' these items must be bpt 

under careful observation to insure that all improvements are directed towards increae~ the adaptability or that equipment tor use in the integrated syetems. ~ranch control or the military characteristics provides only' for those charac• 

ter1at1cs which affect a signal branch without providing the necessary interrelation to assure adaptability to the overall integrated system. Appropriate 

(°'J ,,., - L--- _.'- ( c ~I 

.1 I, J 

2 
~£1/~ ;tqi:A65 6 0 7 . ..· ·-,· 

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control ean best be secured by the eatabliabment ot an ArllT Ground Forcea Com• 

munication Board for tba purpose of integrating the COIDIDUD1cation a7atem Of 

ground toraes, correlating the· communication needs or the elements of ground 

forces, tunationing as a service testing agency for communication equipment, 

and guiding development trends in communication equipment tor ground torcea. 

3. Speech Security lgu1J!lent. a. ••••••••••••••• 

b. The ind1scrim1nate use of voice tranamisaions by wire and rad1o 

hae caused our lack or s!gna.l security to be termed "The ene1D1'a Secret Yleapon". 

It is mandatoey tbat the highest precedence be aea1gned the developaent ot a 

speech aecurit7 equipment suitable for use 1n ground forces Qft radio circuits. 

A corresponding, but less :bnperat1ve, requirement exists tor a speech aeettrit7 

equipment for use on telephone circuits. 

£\ ~ ... < c. !&Uit81"1 character1etica tor speech 11ecurit1 equipment have been <P f-;,O.. processed f'or development. Copies ot these characteriaU .. cs are given 1n 

~ Incloaurea No. 2•and J•R. 

4. a. • ••••••••••••• 

b. • ••••••••••••• 

5. • ••••••••••••••••• 

. 6. Radio Eguipaent. a. •••••••••••••••• 

'b. • ••••••••••••• 

o. • ••••••••••••• 

d. The incorporation of" keyboard sending, page•copy receiving, and a 

built-in •ecur1t;r device in a radio set with a reliable range of 50 miles, and 

capable ot mobile operation in a lt ton truck; will serve to bridge the Jtt99sent 

dif'ticult gap between elements ot ground ft>rces which must operate while 1n 

motion an~ over rlistences too great for reliable voice communication using 

present vehicular sets • 

•• • ••••••••••••• 

f'. • ••••••••••••• 

7. • ••••••••••••••••• 

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e. 'l'eletnewriters. a. Lighter "eight teletypewriters operable O'ftlr / 

either wire or radio and capable or use as tar forward as the infantry battalion 

will provide commanders with one or the fastest, most aocurate means of com• 

111Wl1cation currently known. 'l'he d1f'f1cul t1ea or Wllight' bulk, and lack or 
~:A65607 

ruggedness presently inherent in this equipment should be overcome in order to 

place th1a inetrmnent as far forward as the inf'"antry- battalion commander. 

b. Further invention is necessary in order to evolve a keyboard type, < page•prlnt~ng teletypewriter which can be operated in a moving vehicle, over 

radio, and incorporating s. security device. 

9. Authentication. Present systems ot authentication are too cumbersome, 

slow, and ditficult to learn to use. The result is widespread fiagrant violation or signal security so i'a.r as authentication is concerned. Field units 

s:lJBply do not authenticate or else they devise and use a system so insecure as 

to be worthless. The umrillingneee of troops to use present authentication 

11ate11• can be overcome in one or two ways. 'l'he first is to insbt on proper 

training and drills in the use ot secure authentication systems so that proper 

systems are used; the second is to provide a mechanical contrivance. The 

first method has tailed, leaving the second as the only practicable solution. 

This creates a requirement for a amall mechanical authenticator approximately 

the aime of a ~atch. The authenticator must be capable of being worn on the 

'1riat, legible at night, suitable for one•handed operation, and so arranged 

that by setMng up the challenge on the device the correct answer 1s shown. The 

authenticator must be proYide~ with a variable key ao that capture by the enemy 

will not completely compromise the ~yetem. This key must be capable of being 

ea·a11.y changed in the· field under combat comUtiona. The entire operation or ~etting up the challenge and reading the authentication should not require more 

than three seconds. 

10. a. 

b. 

c. 

a. 

• •••••••••••• 

• •••••••••••• 

• •••••••••••• 

• •••••••••••• 

SECTIOM III • RADAR l'lNl' SURVEY EQUIPUF.tll' 

11. a • 

b. 

c. 

••••••••••••• 

• •••••••••••• 

• •••••••••••• 

12. Survey S1stems. 

a. ~··•••••••••• 

b. In any survey system consideration must be given to the communications equipnent necessary to establish rapidly survey control, to function during movements of the fixed equipments, and to report locations. Security proviaionc must be inherent in the equipment in order to prevent onom;y employment 

or the systems. 'J'his security equipment must be so arranged that enemy capture 

or the equipment will not compromise the system or perm1t enemy use thereof. 

4 

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. ~ttJ'l.'lJ a ~:!c II 

12. c. 

d. .., ...•........... 

• ••••••••••••••••• 

13. 

lS. 

16. 

17. 

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SF.CTION IV • MISCELLANEOUS 

···········•·i·····~· 

••••••••••••••••••••• 

• •••••••••••••••••••• 

• •••••••••••••••••••• 

• •••••••••••••••••••• 

18. pirection Findiyg EQUiJ?!!Dt• Current d1reot1on finders have proven 

inadequate due to lack of sensitivity, the tremendous amount of time and labor 

involved 1n their installation, or their size and bulk.· Improved equ1paente 

are under development. Future development -must provide equipment capable of 

giving bearinge on all:. known usable trequenciea, with portability appropriate 

tor getting the direction finding •ctuipment within gooil reception range or 

the transmitter on which bearings are desired. 'l'hia will require l:lgbter 

weight and more portability for the higher frequency sets because of the 

"line of a1ght" propagation characteristics of theae trequeno1ee. Airborne 

direction tinders must be utilimed to locate ultra high frequency tranem1ttere 

and relay aTStems within enemy' territory. 

19. • ••••••••••••••••••• 

20. • ••••••••••••••••••• 

21. • ••••••••••••••••••• 

5 
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W.bject: Preliminary Keport of the Arsq Ground i'orcea Eq,uipaent 

Review !:bard. 

_,_ __________ __ 

89.b. - Speech securit7 equipment for l'ir. and radio circuits ia 

current.J¥ under development... Pilot DDdels of equipment for Al'llJ, Corps , 

' and Division nets are expected within two ,.ars. .i:,qui1 ment .for riegimantal, · 1 

Battalion and Comp&n¥ nets will require a long term project. 'lbe:re will 

be a continuous requirement for Iil>re secure, smaller and lighter YJeigbt 

equipment. 

----... -~,..·--

89.g. - Service test m>dela or a lightweight portable teletY!_)•-

writer are expected to be a"Tailable in December of 1945. Ulitarj characteristics are now being coordinated for a large capacity teletJpnri.ter 

nitchboarci central .made up of li~tweigh.t components for use .... in all 

echelons. llo long term fUl.ldamental research ia anticipated. 

89.h. - Development has not been initiated for a 11111all. authentication I<\~ equipment. Ip ia estimated. that pilot model• m;q be produced on a long 

~~ t.am basis. tilitary characteristice should be submitted by the uaing 

f ,forces. 

I 

μrv- -- ----... ------ 89.n. - Se.-teTal radio direction finders having improved character• 

ist.ics are under development covering a combined trequanc;v range of O.l 

to 156 mca. Pilot mdela ot ma6 ot these equip.ante can be produced on 

an intermediate term baals. 

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