Filed 1/29/15

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

ROBERT FAZIO, JR.,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

FAIRBANKS RANCH COUNTRY CLUB,

Defendant and Respondent.

 D063147

 (Super. Ct. No. 37-2011-00098387)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Randa 

Trapp, Judge. Reversed.

Brentwood Legal Services and Steven L. Zelig for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Daley & Heft, Lee H. Roistacher, Robert H. Quayle IV and Stephanie M. Skees, 

for Defendant and Respondent.

Robert Fazio, Jr., appeals from summary judgment entered in favor of defendant 

Fairbanks Ranch Country Club (Fairbanks). Fazio, a professional musician, filed a 

lawsuit against Fairbanks claiming negligence after he fell from a stage on Fairbanks's 

property before a performance. Fairbanks argued in its motion for summary judgment,

among other things, that as a musician who regularly performed on stage Fazio assumed 
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the risk of falling. On appeal, Fazio claims the trial court erred by granting Fairbanks's 

motion because a triable issue of fact exists as to whether Fairbanks constructed the stage 

in a way that unreasonably increased the risk of falling. We agree summary judgment 

was improper and reverse the judgment.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Fazio is an experienced musician who had performed on stage many times before 

this incident. He was employed by a booking agency, Wayne Foster Entertainment 

Productions, to perform with a band of other musicians at Fairbanks's country club on 

April 10, 2010. Fazio arrived at the country club around 3:30 p.m. and began setting up 

his equipment, including an amplifier for his bass guitar, on stage. The stage, which was 

owned by Fairbanks and put together that day by Fairbanks's employees, consisted of 

four rows of rectangular platforms, called risers. Each riser was approximately two feet 

tall and three to four feet wide.

The rows of risers were set up in a corner of the ballroom surrounded by windows. 

To fit the stage into the corner, each row was narrower than the last, leaving triangular 

gaps at the end of each row between the walls and the risers. At the time Fazio was 

setting up his equipment the lights in the room were off, so the only lighting was the 

natural light coming from the windows. Around 4:00 p.m., as he was connecting wires to 

his amplifier, Fazio stepped off the side of the stage and fell into one of the gaps.

Fazio was seriously injured by the fall and, as a result, brought suit against 

Fairbanks alleging a single negligence cause of action. Fazio's complaint states on
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"April 10, 2010, Mr. Fazio was acting in the capacity as a musician at a performance 

at . . . [Fairbanks]. On this date, Mr. Fazio was severely injured when he fell in a 

defective and dangerous area of the stage, of which he had no prior knowledge." Fazio 

also alleged "[t]he premises were negligently maintained."

After conducting discovery, Fairbanks brought its motion for summary judgment. 

Fairbanks argued it owed no duty to Fazio because (1) he assumed the risk of his injuries, 

(2) Fairbanks had no duty to configure the stage in any particular way, and (3) the 

allegedly dangerous condition was obvious and known to Fazio. Fairbanks also 

contended summary judgment was appropriate because the stage was not dangerous as a 

matter of law and the configuration of the stage did not cause Fazio to fall. Fazio 

opposed the motion, arguing the doctrine of assumption of the risk did not apply in this 

context and asserting there were triable issues of fact as to whether Fairbanks exercised 

ordinary care in the construction and placement of the stage.

In support of his opposition, Fazio submitted the expert declaration of Rick Herns, 

owner of a successful event production company. Herns is experienced in constructing 

event stages and was "familiar with the standard of care applicable [to the] way a stage is 

to be properly assembled, used and maintained[,] as well as the proper area in which the 

stage should be placed . . . ." Herns stated he had never assembled "a stage with such 

significant gaps" at the sides and opined the configuration of the stage fell below the 

required standard of care. He concluded that in his professional opinion Fairbanks

"failed to exercise ordinary care in the placement and configuration of the premises in 

which the stage was placed which created an unreasonable risk of harm to Mr. Fazio."
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After a hearing, the trial court issued its order granting summary judgment. The 

court found the doctrine of primary assumption of the risk barred Fazio's claim. The 

court rejected Fazio's contention that the gaps at the side of the stage increased the risk of 

falling, finding "[t]here is no admissible evidence to create a triable issue whether 

defendant increased the risks of performing on a stage beyond the inherent risk." Fazio 

filed a motion for a new trial, which the court denied.

DISCUSSION

On appeal, Fazio contends the doctrine of assumption of the risk does not apply to 

his occupation. Additionally, he argues Fairbanks failed to meet its burden on summary 

judgment to show there are no triable issues of fact.

I

"A defendant moving for summary judgment based upon an affirmative defense, 

as here, bears an overall burden of persuasion that there is a complete defense to the 

plaintiff's action . . . ." (Rancho Viejo LLC v. Tres Amigos Viejos LLC (2002) 100 

Cal.App.4th 550, 557.) In other words, the defendant must persuade the court there is no 

triable issue of fact as to that defense. (Id. at p. 558.) In meeting the burden of 

persuasion, the defendant "bears an initial burden of production to make a prima facie 

showing of the nonexistence of any triable issue of material fact" as to the defense. 

(Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850.) "Once the defendant has 

met that initial burden of production, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to present evidence 

showing the existence of a triable issue of one or more material facts as to that defense." 

(Rancho Viejo LLC v. Tres Amigos Viejos LLC, supra, at p. 558.) A triable issue of 
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material fact exists if " 'the evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the 

underlying fact in favor of the party opposing the motion in accordance with the 

applicable standard of proof at trial.' " (Ibid.)

This court conducts a de novo review of the trial court's ruling on summary 

judgment, applying the same legal standard that governs the trial court. (Calhoon v. 

Lewis (2000) 81 Cal.App.4th 108, 112.) We construe respondent's evidence strictly and 

appellant's evidence liberally, and resolve any doubts as to the propriety of granting the 

motion in favor of appellant as the opposing party. (Rancho Viejo LLC v. Tres Amigos 

Viejos LLC, supra, 100 Cal.App.4th at p. 558.)

II

In Knight v. Jewett (1992) 3 Cal.4th 296 (Knight), the Supreme Court considered 

the proper application of the assumption of risk doctrine in light of its adoption of 

comparative fault principles in Li v. Yellow Cab Co. (1975) 13 Cal.3d 804. The court 

"distinguished between (1) primary assumption of risk—'those instances in which the 

assumption of risk doctrine embodies a legal conclusion that there is "no duty" on the 

part of the defendant to protect the plaintiff from a particular risk'—and (2) secondary 

assumption of risk—'those instances in which the defendant does owe a duty of care to 

the plaintiff but the plaintiff knowingly encounters a risk of injury caused by the 

defendant's breach of that duty.' [Citation.] Primary assumption of risk, when applicable, 

completely bars the plaintiff's recovery. [Citation.] The doctrine of secondary 

assumption of risk, by contrast, 'is merged into the comparative fault scheme, and the 

trier of fact, in apportioning the loss resulting from the injury, may consider the relative 
6

responsibility of the parties.' " (Cheong v. Antablin (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1063, 1067-1068, 

citing Knight, supra, at pp. 308, 314-315.)

Although it addressed the assumption of the risk doctrine in the context of sports 

activities, Knight "provided an analytical framework for evaluating" the doctrine "in other 

contexts." (Huffman v. City of Poway (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 975, 994 (Huffman).) 

Primary assumption of the risk applies when the court, "after examining the nature of the 

particular activity and the parties' relationship to that activity, concludes that a plaintiff 

engaged in the particular activity is harmed by the risks inherent in the activity." (Id. at 

p. 994.) When the risks are inherent, the defendant does not have a "duty to protect the 

plaintiff from those risks [citation] or to take steps to reduce those risks." (Ibid.; see also 

Gregory v. Cott (2014) 59 Cal.4th 996, slip opn. at p. 4 ["Primary assumption of risk 

cases often involve recreational activity, but the doctrine also governs claims arising from 

inherent occupational hazards."]; Priebe v. Nelson (2006) 39 Cal.4th 1112, 1116 

[applying doctrine to bar kennel worker's claim against dog owner]; and Saville v. Sierra

College (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 857, 867-868 [applying doctrine to student injured while 

practicing takedown maneuvers in police officer training course].)

The doctrine of primary assumption of the risk, however, "does not grant 

unbridled legal immunity to all defendants." (Campbell v. Derylo (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 

823, 827.) "Although defendants generally have no legal duty to eliminate (or protect a 

plaintiff against) risks inherent in the sport itself, it is well established that defendants 

generally do have a duty to use due care not to increase the risks to a participant over and

above those inherent in the sport." (Knight, supra, 3 Cal.4th at pp. 315-316.) Likewise, 
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when the doctrine is applied outside the sports context, summary judgment on primary 

assumption of risk grounds is unavailable unless the defendant disproves the theory it 

increased the inherent risks, or establishes a lack of causation between its conduct and the 

plaintiff's injury. (Campbell v. Derylo, at p. 830; Lowe v. California League of Prof. 

Baseball (1997) 56 Cal.App.4th 112, 123.)

III

As discussed, the primary assumption of the risk doctrine is not limited to 

recreational activities. As Fazio acknowledges, the doctrine has been applied "to other 

activities involving an inherent risk of injury to voluntary participants . . . where the risk 

cannot be eliminated without altering the fundamental nature of the activity." (Beninati 

v. Black Rock City, LLC (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 650, 658.) In Huffman, supra, 84 

Cal.App.4th 975, this court implicitly accepted the application of the doctrine to a theater 

actor who was injured when he fell through a trapdoor on the stage. We concluded the 

trial court properly rejected the application of the defense because substantial evidence 

supported its finding that the defendant stage owner "increased the risks beyond those 

inherent in" performing on stage by failing to adequately mark the trapdoor. (Id. at

p. 995.)

While the application of the doctrine was not explicitly disputed in Huffman, our 

discussion of the doctrine in that case supports its application here. We agree with 

Fairbanks that falling off stage is an inherent risk for all stage performers. (Huffman,

supra, 84 Cal.App.4th at pp. 993-995; see also Nunez v. R'bibo (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 

559, 563 [applying assumption of the risk to gardener who fell from ladder while 
8

trimming tree].) That risk "cannot be eliminated entirely without altering the 

fundamental nature" of performing on stage. (Beninati v. Black Rock City, LLC, supra, 

175 Cal.App.4th at p. 658.) As a result, Fairbanks was under no duty to protect Fazio 

from this inherent risk.

We agree with Fazio, however, that the trial court erred by granting summary 

judgment and finding "[t]here is no admissible evidence to create a triable issue whether 

defendant increased the risks of performing on a stage beyond the inherent risk." To 

obtain summary judgment, Fairbanks had the initial burden of production to "make a 

prima facie showing of the nonexistence of any triable issue of material fact" (Aguilar v. 

Atlantic Richfield Co., supra, 25 Cal.4th at p. 850) as to each element of its assumption of 

the risk defense, including not increasing the inherent risks Fazio assumed by performing 

on stage. (See Luna v. Vela (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th 102, 122 (Luna) [defendant who 

moves for summary judgment on the issue of duty must establish its conduct did not 

increase risk of harm to participants.]; Huff v. Wilkins (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 732, 744 

(Huff) [summary judgment properly denied where defendants did not meet their burden to 

show conduct did not increase risk of ATV riding].)

Fairbanks, however, contended only that falling off a stage is an inherent risk of 

performing on stage. It did not attempt to show it had not increased the risk of falling 

and failed to present any evidence to refute Fazio's claim its construction of the stage 

increased that risk. Fairbanks did not meet its initial burden to make a prima facie 

showing there was no triable issue of fact concerning this element of its defense. The 

burden, therefore, did not shift to Fazio to raise a triable issue of fact as to whether the 
9

stage posed risks beyond those inherent in performing on stage. (Luna, supra, 169 

Cal.App.4th at p. 112; see also Vine v. Bear Valley Ski Co. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th 577, 

591-592 [defendant's contention "merely that falling is an inherent risk" of snowboarding 

not sufficient to shift the burden to plaintiff].) Because Fairbanks did not meet its initial 

burden, summary judgment was not warranted.1

IV

Even if we were to conclude Fairbanks had met its burden of persuasion, shifting

the burden to Fazio to show a triable issue of material fact, we would not conclude 

summary judgment was appropriate. Fairbanks asserts that whether it unreasonably 

increased the risk concerns the scope of its duty, which is a legal question for the court. 

Therefore, according to Fairbanks, the trial court properly found as a matter of law that 

the configuration of the stage did not increase the risk to Fazio. Fazio, however,

maintains that material questions of fact for the jury remain concerning whether 

Fairbanks's construction and placement of the stage increased the risk.

Court of Appeal decisions addressing the determination of whether increased risk 

is a legal question for the court or a factual one for the jury conflict. This court addressed 

the question in Huff, supra, 138 Cal.App.4th 732, a case involving an accident between 

two ATV riders. In opposition to the defendants' motion for summary judgment based on 

primary assumption of the risk, the plaintiff alleged the defendants had increased the 

 

1 While this issue was not directly addressed in the parties' briefing, we did not 

request supplemental briefs because we conclude reversal is warranted on another 

ground.
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inherent risks of the activity by violating various safety regulations. We reversed 

summary judgment on the grounds the defendant failed to meet its burden to show the 

defendants' violations of the rules did not increase the inherent risks assumed by the 

plaintiff. (Id. at p. 744.) But we also determined this issue was one for the court, not the 

jury. We remanded the case to the trial court with instructions to conduct a hearing, 

before impaneling a jury for trial, for the purpose of determining whether defendants 

breached their duty not to increase the inherent risk of a collision. (Id. at p. 745; see also 

Towns v. Davidson (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 461, 472 [" 'It is for the court to decide 

whether an activity is an active sport, the inherent risks of that sport, and whether the 

defendant has increased the risks of the activity beyond the risks inherent in the sport.' "]; 

American Golf Corp. v. Superior Court (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 30, 37 [same].)

Other Court of Appeal decisions have concluded the question of whether the 

defendant's conduct improperly increased the risks is for the jury. In Solis v. Kirkwood 

Resort Co. (2001) 94 Cal.App.4th 354, the plaintiff was injured when he skied onto a run 

that had been turned into a race course with jumps. The plaintiff alleged the run was not 

properly marked as a race course and, therefore, the defendant ski resort operator had 

improperly increased the risks. The defendant disputed the assertion the course was not 

properly marked, but argued that even if it was not marked, the plaintiff assumed this 

risk. (Id. at p. 365.) The court disagreed, reversing summary judgment and concluding 

that whether the defendant breached its duty not to increase the risks of the sport was "for 

the jury to decide." (Id. at p. 366; see also Vine v. Bear Valley Ski Co. (2004) 118 

Cal.App.4th 577, 591-593 [whether design of snowboard jump increased inherent risks of 
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snowboarding is question for jury]; Lowe v. California League of Prof. Baseball, supra,

56 Cal.App.4th at p. 123 [whether distraction caused by activities of minor league 

baseball team's mascot increased inherent risk of spectator being hit by a foul ball "is an

issue of fact to be resolved at trial"].)

Following our analysis in Huff, in Shin v. Ahn (2007) 42 Cal.4th 482 (Shin) the 

California Supreme Court addressed the analogous question of whether the trier of fact or 

the court, as a matter of law, determines if a defendant has breached a limited duty of 

care by engaging in reckless conduct outside the range of activity for which the plaintiff 

assumed the risk. (Id. at pp. 488-489.) Shin affirmed the denial of a motion for summary 

judgment by a golfer who struck another player with a stray ball. The court held the 

primary assumption of the risk doctrine was applicable to the sport of golf, but also 

concluded that "golfers have a limited duty of care to other players, breached only if they 

intentionally injure them or engage in conduct that is so 'reckless as to be totally outside 

the range of the ordinary activity involved in the sport.' " (Id. at p. 497.) The court held 

summary judgment was properly denied on the record before it, which was "too sparse to 

support a finding, as a matter of law, that defendant did, or did not, act recklessly." (Id. 

at p. 500.) The court then concluded the "jury will ultimately resolve [the question] 

based on a more complete examination of the facts." (Ibid.)

After Shin was decided, another Court of Appeal decision directly addressed 

whether the court or the trier of fact determines whether a defendant has breached its 

limited duty of care not to increase the risks of an activity to which the assumption of the 

risk defense applies. In Luna, supra, 169 Cal.App.4th 102, the plaintiff brought suit after 
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he was injured playing volleyball on a court set up by his neighbor in his neighbor's front 

yard. The 13-year-old plaintiff fractured his elbow after he ran after a ball that was hit 

into the street and tripped over a tie line the defendant had stretched across the sidewalk. 

(Id. at p. 105.)

The trial court granted summary judgment based on assumption of the risk, but, as 

occurred here, the court of appeal reversed because the defendant had failed to meet his 

burden to show the way in which he set up the volleyball court did not increase the 

inherent risks. (Luna, supra, 169 Cal.App.4th at p. 112.) The appellate court then looked 

to Shin to conclude that the question of whether the manner the defendant set up the court 

breached his limited duty not to increase the risk was a question for the jury: "Although 

the nature of the limited duties differ, the question whether a defendant golfer's conduct 

violated a sports participant's limited duty of care to a coparticipant is not fundamentally

different from the question of whether a defendant homeowner who set up an informal 

recreational volleyball court violated his limited duty of care to the game's participants." 

(Id. at p. 114.) "In either case, on a sufficient record summary judgment may be proper. 

[Citation.] In both cases, however, if triable issues of material fact exist on the question 

of breach of that limited duty, the matter should be resolved by the trier of fact, not the 

court as a matter of law." (Ibid.)

In light of the Supreme Court's decision in Shin, we conclude as the Luna court 

did, that resolving the question of whether Fairbanks increased the risk of falling is 

properly decided by the trier of fact. This question "is not a matter of further defining 

[Fairbanks's] duty, which would be a question of law for the court. Rather, it requires 
13

application of the governing standard of care (the duty not to increase the [inherent risks]) 

to the facts of this particular case—the traditional role of the trier of fact." (Luna, supra,

169 Cal.App.4th at p. 112.)

Here, as in Luna and Shin, disputed issues of material fact remain concerning 

whether Fairbanks breached its duty not to increase the inherent risks of falling from the 

stage.2 Fairbanks does not dispute the stage had large gaps at its sides and the evidence 

on the adequacy of the lighting in the room at the time Fazio fell was conflicting. In 

addition, Herns testified he had never seen a stage assembled with gaps at the sides and 

opined that as a result of the gaps the construction of the stage fell below industry 

standards.3 Construing this evidence in the light most favorable to Fazio, as we must, we 

 

2 After oral argument we asked the parties to address the importance of Luna and 

Shin to the issue of whether the court or the trier of fact determines whether the 

defendant's conduct increased the risk of harm. Fairbanks conceded these cases 

"arguably establish that the trier of fact determines whether a defendant breached the 

limited duty not to increase inherent risks where the result of disputed material facts is 

necessary" but maintains no such dispute exists here. As explained, we disagree with this 

assertion.

3 Fairbanks, citing Towns v. Davidson (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 461, asserts Herns's 

expert opinion cannot be relied on by the court because it constitutes a conclusion of law. 

Fairbanks did not object below to this portion of Herns's declaration. Further, the expert 

opinion disregarded in Towns v. Davidson was the legal conclusion that the defendant 

skier's conduct (skiing aggressively and recklessly) was not an inherent risk of skiing. 

(Id. at pp. 471-472.) Here, in contrast, Herns opined the configuration of the stage fell 

below industry standards. Herns's testimony contains information not apparent to those 

outside the event planning and stage construction industries, and properly informs the 

determination of whether Fairbanks's placement of the stage increased the risk of falling. 

(See Huff, supra, 138 Cal.App.4th at p. 745 ["Although the expert may not determine 

matters that are within the province of the court to decide, expert opinion may inform the

court on these questions."].)
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conclude that a reasonable trier of fact could conclude Fairbanks's placement of the stage 

increased the risk of falling.4 (See Rancho Viejo LLC v. Tres Amigos Viejos LLC, supra, 

100 Cal.App.4th at p. 558.)

V

Fairbanks contends that even if the assumption of the risk doctrine does not 

foreclose its liability, summary judgment was appropriate because it had no duty to 

configure the stage differently. As Fairbanks states, it has a general duty under Civil 

Code section 1747 to use ordinary care to maintain its premises in a reasonably safe 

condition.5 The evidence at this stage of the proceedings, discussed above, does not 

establish as a matter of law that the manner in which Fairbanks configured the risers did 

not constitute a breach of its duty of care.

 

4 This conclusion does not, as Fairbanks suggests, mandate all stages be placed 

flush against the walls. If the jury concludes its placement of the stage with gaps at the 

wall improperly increased the risk of falling, other safety measures might be adequate to 

preclude liability. A warning indicator such as brightly colored tape at the edge of the 

stage to alert performers of the gaps, might suffice.

5 Fairbanks, relying on Kinsman v. Unocal Corp. (2005) 37 Cal.4th 659, contends it 

cannot be liable because the gaps at the side of the stage were obvious. Kinsman, 

however does not limit Fairbanks's liability in the manner it asserts. Rather, that case 

holds a landowner may be liable to the employee of a contractor it hired when it "does 

not retain control over the work, if (1) it knows or reasonably should know of a 

concealed, pre-existing hazardous condition on its premises; (2) the contractor does not 

know and could not reasonably ascertain the condition; and (3) the landowner fails to 

warn the contractor." (Id. at p. 675, italics added.) Fairbanks did not argue it delegated 

any control of the premise to the booking agency that employed Fazio directly and it is 

not disputed that Fairbanks's employees constructed the stage. The rule announced in 

Kinsman is not applicable here.
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Fairbanks also asserts summary judgment was warranted because the 

configuration of the stage did not constitute a dangerous condition. Fairbanks argues the 

configuration did not pose an unreasonable harm and Fazio could have avoided the risk 

of falling by exercising due care. "Whether a given set of facts and circumstances creates 

a dangerous condition is usually a question of fact. [Citation.] The issue of a dangerous 

condition becomes a question of law only where reasonable minds can come to only one 

conclusion." (Huffman, supra, 84 Cal.App.4th at p. 991.) On this record, "reasonable 

minds could differ on the issue of whether the condition of the stage posed a substantial 

risk of injury to the foreseeable user exercising due care." (Ibid.)

DISPOSITION

The judgment is reversed. Appellant is awarded costs on appeal.

HALLER, J.

WE CONCUR:

MCCONNELL, P. J.

AARON, J.