PRESENT: All the Justices

GEICO ADVANTAGE INSURANCE COMPANY

AND GEICO CHOICE INSURANCE COMPANY

OPINION BY

v. Record No. 220004 JUSTICE WESLEY G. RUSSELL, JR.

DECEMBER 1, 2022

LIOSHA MILES

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND

David Eugene Cheek, Sr., Judge

GEICO Advantage Insurance Company and GEICO Choice Insurance Company 

(collectively “GEICO”) appeal a decision of the Circuit Court of the City of Richmond granting 

summary judgment to Liosha Miles (“Miles”) on the issue of whether each of the two insurance 

policies at issue provided separate tranches of insurance for uninsured motorist (“UM”) coverage 

and underinsured motorist (“UIM”) coverage. GEICO asserts that the circuit court erred in its 

interpretation of Code § 38.2-2206 and the insurance policies, contending that the statute and 

each of the applicable policies provide only a single tranche of coverage applicable to both UM 

and UIM claims. For the reasons that follow, we agree with GEICO and reverse the judgment of 

the circuit court.

I. Background1

On April 18, 2019, Miles sustained extensive personal injuries in a single automobile 

accident caused by the negligence of two different drivers. One driver, Carlos Figuero, was 

insured under an automobile insurance policy issued by Integon General Insurance Company 

(“Integon”) with a liability limit of $25,000. The second driver (“Doe”) did not stop at the scene 

1 Miles initiated the proceedings in the circuit court by filing a declaratory judgment 

action that sought to determine the amount of insurance coverage available to her from all 

sources. The parties stipulated to the evidence and proceeded on cross-motions for summary 

judgment. Accordingly, the facts are undisputed.
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of the accident and was never identified, and thus, is considered an uninsured motorist pursuant 

to Code § 38.2-2206(B).

At the time of the accident, Miles was insured under two policies: she was the named 

insured under a GEICO Advantage policy covering her vehicle and also was a covered insured 

under her brother’s GEICO Choice policy by virtue of her being a “resident relative” of the 

named insured. Each of the GEICO policies contained UM/UIM coverage with bodily injury 

limits of $50,000 per person and $100,000 per occurrence.2 GEICO concedes that Miles’ 

injuries from the accident resulted in damages that exceeded all available insurance coverage, 

“no matter how that is calculated.”

On behalf of Figuero, Integon tendered its policy limit of $25,000. Claiming a $25,000 

credit as a result of Integon’s tender, GEICO Advantage tendered $25,000 related to Miles’ 

claim against Figuero. GEICO Advantage also tendered an additional $25,000 related to Miles’ 

claim against Doe, the unknown, and hence, uninsured motorist. Thus, GEICO Advantage 

tendered a total of $50,000 as a result of Miles’ UM/UIM claims. As a result of these tenders, 

GEICO Advantage asserted that it had exhausted the limits of its policy’s UM/UIM coverage.

Separately, GEICO Choice tendered $50,000 to Miles related to her claim against 

Figuero. GEICO Choice made no tender related to Miles’ claim against Doe. As a result of its 

tender, GEICO Choice asserted that it had exhausted the limits of its policy’s UM/UIM 

coverage.

Miles asserted that neither GEICO entity had exhausted its limits of UM/UIM coverage. 

Contending that each policy provided both a $50,000 limit for UM claims and another $50,000 

limit for UIM claims, she asserted that the GEICO Advantage policy provided her $75,000 in 

2 The UM/UIM endorsement for each policy is identical.
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coverage—$50,000 in UM coverage for her claims related to Doe and $25,000 ($50,000 less the 

$25,000 credit for Integon’s tendering its coverage limits) in UIM coverage for her claims 

related to Figuero—and that the GEICO Choice policy provided her with $100,000 in 

coverage—$50,000 in UM coverage for her claims related to Doe and $50,000 in UIM coverage 

for her claims related to Figuero. Accordingly, Miles argued that GEICO Advantage owed her 

$25,000 more than its tenders and that GEICO Choice owed her $50,000 more than its tender.

Given her disagreement with GEICO, Miles filed a complaint for declaratory judgment in 

the circuit court. She sought a declaration that each policy contained separate $50,000 limits for 

UM and UIM coverage. Given the prior tenders made by the GEICO entities for her claims 

related to Figuero, Miles also sought a declaration that GEICO Advantage owed her an 

additional $25,000 for her UM claims related to Doe and that GEICO Choice owed her an 

additional $50,000 for her UM claims related to Doe.

GEICO countered by arguing that each policy provided a single $50,000 limit for both 

UM and UIM claims. It asserted that there was a single UM/UIM endorsement in each policy 

and that UIM coverage is properly understood as a subset of UM coverage. GEICO also argued

that Miles’ proffered interpretation of the statute ran afoul of the limits on coverage imposed by 

Code § 38.2-2206(A).3

The parties stipulated that the facts were not in dispute and submitted the matter to the 

circuit court on cross-motions for summary judgment. The circuit court held a hearing on the 

3 The statute provides that the pertinent coverage “shall equal but not exceed the limits of 

the liability insurance provided by the policy, unless any one named insured rejects the 

additional uninsured motorist insurance coverage[.]” Code § 38.2-2206(A). Miles’ GEICO 

Advantage policy provided her with liability coverage for bodily injuries in the amount of 

$100,000 per person/$300,000 per occurrence; however, it is undisputed that Miles rejected 

UM/UIM coverage in that amount.
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cross-motions. At the close of the hearing, the circuit court announced it was granting Miles’ 

motion for summary judgment and denying GEICO’s cross-motion.

Subsequently, the circuit court entered an order granting judgment in favor of Miles and 

denying GEICO’s cross-motion for summary judgment. The order stated that each GEICO 

entity had been “obligated to provide separate uninsured motorist (UM) and separate 

underinsured motor vehicle (UIM) coverages where a plaintiff is injured by the concurring 

negligence of one uninsured motorist and the operator of one underinsured motor vehicle.” As a 

result, the circuit court concluded Miles was entitled to an additional $25,000 in coverage from 

GEICO Advantage related to her claims against Doe and an additional $50,000 in coverage from 

GEICO Choice related to her claims against Doe.

GEICO noted an appeal to this Court, advancing multiple assignments of error that can 

be distilled to one question: did the circuit court err in concluding that Code § 38.2-2206 

requires insurers to provide separate coverage limits to cover both UM and UIM claims arising 

from a single accident as opposed to there being a single limit with UIM coverage being a 

constituent part of a policy’s UM coverage limit? Recognizing that there is a split in the circuit 

courts on this question, we granted GEICO’s petition to resolve the issue.

II. Analysis

A. Standard of review

We review a circuit court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. VACORP v. Young, 

298 Va. 490, 494 (2020). Similarly, issues of statutory interpretation and the interpretation of 

insurance contracts present questions of law subject to de novo review in this Court. See 

Virginia Dep’t of Tax’n v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 300 Va. 446, 454 (2022) (statutory 
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interpretation); Copp v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 279 Va. 675, 681 (2010) (interpretation of 

insurance policies).

In addressing questions of statutory interpretation, “our primary objective is ‘to ascertain 

and give effect to legislative intent,’ as expressed by the language used in the statute.”

Cuccinelli v. Rector & Visitors of the Univ. of Va., 283 Va. 420, 425 (2012) (internal quotation 

marks omitted) (quoting Commonwealth v. Amerson, 281 Va. 414, 418 (2011)). “[W]e 

determine the General Assembly’s intent from the words contained in the statute.” Williams v. 

Commonwealth, 265 Va. 268, 271 (2003) (citing Vaughn, Inc. v. Beck, 262 Va. 673, 677 (2001); 

Thomas v. Commonwealth, 256 Va. 38, 41 (1998)). “[W]ords in a statute are to be construed 

according to their ordinary meaning, given the context in which they are used.” City of Va. 

Beach v. Bd. of Supervisors, 246 Va. 233, 236 (1993) (quoting Grant v. Commonwealth, 223 Va. 

680, 684 (1982)). In applying these principles, we also consider “the evil sought to be corrected 

by the legislature” when it adopted the pertinent language. Southern Ry. Co. v. Commonwealth, 

205 Va. 114, 117 (1964).4

B. Code § 38.2-2206(A)

The parties agree that the dispositive question in this appeal is whether Virginia law 

requires an insurance company to provide separate UM and UIM coverage in an automobile 

4 Miles argues that “Virginia’s uninsured and underinsured motorist insurance statute is 

remedial in nature and must be liberally construed to accomplish the intended purpose of 

protecting innocent victims of negligent uninsured and underinsured motorists.” This maxim, 

generally applicable both to the construction of insurance contracts and remedial statutes 

affecting insurance, “does not confer a right or impose a duty on the courts to add new 

conditions, provisions, or exceptions to such contracts [or statutes] which increase or decrease 

the obligations of the parties thereto.” State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Arghyris, 189 Va. 913, 

928 (1949). Rather, it is but a tiebreaker, applicable only in cases in which competing 

interpretations are equally plausible. For the reasons that follow, this is not such a case.
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liability policy or if the UIM coverage is properly understood as a component part of the UM 

coverage.5

 To answer this question, we turn to the language of Code § 38.2-2206(A).

In pertinent part, Code § 38.2-2206(A) provides that an automobile liability insurance 

policy must

contain[] an endorsement . . . undertaking to pay the insured all 

sums that he is legally entitled to recover as damages from the 

owner or operator of an uninsured motor vehicle, within limits not 

less than the requirements of § 46.2-472. Those limits shall equal 

but not exceed the limits of the liability insurance provided by the 

policy, unless any one named insured rejects the additional 

uninsured motorist insurance coverage by notifying the insurer as 

provided in subsection B of § 38.2-2202. . . . The endorsement . . . 

shall also obligate the insurer to make payment for bodily injury or 

property damage caused by the operation or use of an underinsured 

motor vehicle to the extent the vehicle is underinsured[.6]

Affording the words chosen by the General Assembly their plain and ordinary meanings, we 

conclude that UIM coverage is a constituent part of UM coverage and does not represent a 

separate tranche of available coverage when UM coverage has been exhausted.

In reaching this conclusion, we first note that the statutory language makes clear that 

there is but one endorsement, not two, required by Code § 38.2-2206(A). The statute requires 

that every automobile liability policy issued in Virginia “contain[] an endorsement” insuring 

covered insureds against injuries and damages negligently caused by “the owner or operator of 

an uninsured motor vehicle[.]” Id. (Emphasis added). In using the singular “an” to modify 

5 It is undisputed that the language of the UM/UIM endorsements at issue tracks the 

language of the statute. Thus, this appeal is resolved by determining what the statute requires.

6 Code § 38.2-2206(B) provides definitions of both “uninsured” and “underinsured” 

motor vehicles. Pertinent here, an “uninsured motor vehicle” is a vehicle for which the “owner 

or operator is unknown.” “A motor vehicle is ‘underinsured’ when . . . the total amount of 

bodily injury and property damage coverage applicable” to that vehicle “is less than the total 

amount of uninsured motorist coverage afforded any person injured as a result of the operation or 

use of the vehicle.” Id.
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endorsement, the General Assembly required that every automobile liability insurance policy 

contain a single endorsement that provides coverage for damages caused by “the owner or 

operator of an uninsured motor vehicle[.]” Id. In short, the statute unambiguously requires that 

every automobile liability policy sold in Virginia contain “an endorsement” providing UM 

coverage.

No similar language in Code § 38.2-2206(A) requires a policy to have a separate 

endorsement providing coverage for damages caused by the owner or operator of an 

underinsured motor vehicle. To the contrary, the language chosen by the General Assembly to 

address the issue of damages caused by an underinsured motor vehicle makes plain that UIM 

coverage is a constituent part of UM coverage.

Specifically, as regards UIM coverage, the statute provides that “[t]he endorsement . . . 

shall also obligate the insurer to make payment for bodily injury or property damage caused by 

the operation or use of an underinsured motor vehicle[.]” Id. (Emphasis added). In this context, 

the word “the” is “used as a function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent 

refers to someone or something previously mentioned[.]” Webster’s Third New International 

Dictionary 2368 (2002). Given context and the placement of the phrase “the endorsement” in the 

statute after the reference to “an endorsement” in an earlier sentence, it is clear that “the 

endorsement” in the fourth sentence of the statute refers to the UM endorsement required by the 

first sentence of Code § 38.2-2206(A). No other referent is grammatically or logically possible.

The conclusion that the phrase “[t]he endorsement” in the fourth sentence refers to the 

UM endorsement required by the statute’s first sentence finds further support in the General 

Assembly’s use of the phrase “shall also” to define an insurer’s obligations related to UIM 

coverage. The pertinent dictionary definition of “also” is “in addition[.]” Webster’s Third New 
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International Dictionary 62 (2002). Thus, the statute provides that “[t]he endorsement” 

referenced in the fourth sentence provides UIM coverage in addition to something else. Given 

the language of the statute, that something else necessarily is the UM coverage referenced in the 

first sentence of the statute. Accordingly, it is clear that the statute does not require two 

endorsements, but rather, requires one endorsement that covers both UM/UIM claims.

The fact that the statute requires one endorsement for both UM and UIM incidents 

provides a sufficient basis to conclude that UIM coverage is a constituent part of the UM 

endorsement, and thus, is not a separate tranche of insurance. Any residual doubt is extinguished 

by the language regarding the limits of coverage available under the endorsement required by 

Code § 38.2-2206(A). The third sentence of the statute sets coverage limits for the endorsement 

required by the first sentence of the statute, providing that such “limits shall equal but not exceed 

the limits of the liability insurance provided by the policy, unless any one named insured rejects 

the additional uninsured motorist insurance coverage[.]” Code § 38.2-2206(A). This language 

reflects a policy decision by the General Assembly to afford insured drivers some measure of 

protection against injuries caused by the acts of others, but to limit that protection to no more in 

insurance coverage than the insured driver has elected to provide for the benefit of others who 

may be injured by the acts of the insured driver.

Because the language of Code § 38.2-2206(A) regarding limits appears in the third 

sentence of the statute, it refers to the “endorsement” required by the first sentence of the statute. 

Thus, if UIM coverage is not part of that “endorsement[,]” but rather is a separate tranche of 

insurance, the statute provides no limits on the amount of UIM coverage that could be purchased. 

Given the General Assembly’s decision to place a cap on coverage amounts in 
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Code § 38.2-2206(A), such a result—a cap on UM coverage with no corresponding cap on UIM

coverage—would represent an anomaly bordering on an absurdity.

Although our conclusion is compelled by the words of the statute, we note that it also is 

consistent with our prior cases addressing the UM/UIM statute. Specifically, we previously have 

observed that UIM coverage “is included in uninsured motorist coverage. Indeed . . . neither 

coverage can be purchased independently of the other; rather, when an insured purchases 

uninsured motorist insurance coverage, he also obtains coverage against underinsured motorists.” 

Hackett v. Arlington Cnty., 247 Va. 41, 43 (1994).

Furthermore, we note that the interpretation adopted by the circuit court is inconsistent 

with what we have identified as the purpose behind the General Assembly’s 1982 decision to 

amend the UM statute to include UIM coverage. We long have held that the “purpose of the 

underinsured motorist provision was to allow insureds to receive the same level of protection 

whether an insured or uninsured driver injures them.” Superior Ins. Co. v. Hunter, 258 Va. 338, 

345 (1999) (citing Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Scott, 234 Va. 573, 575-76 (1988)). As such, the 

1982 statutory amendment was designed to correct an “anomaly” under the prior statute in which 

“a person injured by an uninsured motorist could realize greater financial protection than if 

injured by an insured motorist[;]” it “was not enacted to expand protection to injured parties 

generally.” Trisvan v. Agway Ins. Co., 254 Va. 416, 419 (1997).

Here, the circuit court’s interpretation of the statute not only fails to address “the evil 

sought to be corrected by the legislature[,]” Southern Ry. Co., 205 Va. at 117, it leads to the very 

anomaly that the 1982 statutory amendment was designed to eliminate. Under the circuit court’s 

interpretation, Miles would be in a better position from an insurance coverage perspective 

because she was hit by one underinsured motorist and one uninsured motorist as opposed to two
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underinsured motorists. Such a result simply cannot be reconciled with our prior cases or the 

purpose of Code § 38.2-2206(A). See Hunter, 258 Va. at 345; Trisvan, 254 Va. at 419; Scott, 

234 Va. at 575-76.

As stated above, both the text of the Code § 38.2-2206(A) and our prior cases interpreting 

the statute lead inexorably to the conclusion that UIM coverage is a constituent part of UM 

coverage. As a result, the circuit court erred in concluding that the statute required each policy 

to provide Miles with separate UM and UIM coverage limits for injuries arising from a single 

accident.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court erred in granting Miles’ motion for summary 

judgment and denying GEICO’s cross-motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, we reverse 

the judgment of the circuit court and enter final judgment in favor of GEICO.

Reversed and final judgment.