07-3444-cv

CP Solutions PTE, LTD. v. Gen. Elec. Co.

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

3 --------

4 August Term, 2008

5

6 (Argued: December 1, 2008 Decided: January 6, 2009)

7

8 Docket No. 07-3444-cv

9 -----------------------------------------------------------X

10 CP SOLUTIONS PTE, LTD.,

11

12 Plaintiff-Appellant,

13

14 - v. -

15

16 GENERAL ELECTRIC CO., GE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS,

17 GE MULTILIN POWER MGMT LENTRONICS, GE FANUC

18 AUTOMATION NA and GE METER,

19

20 Defendants-Appellees.

21 -----------------------------------------------------------X

22 Before: McLAUGHLIN, B.D. PARKER, Circuit Judges, and KOELTL,

District Judge.* 23

24

25 Plaintiff appeals the dismissal of its complaint for lack of

26 subject matter jurisdiction by the United States District Court

27 for the District of Connecticut (Arterton, J.).

28 REVERSED AND REMANDED.

*

 The Honorable John G. Koeltl of the United States District

Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by

designation.
1 ROBERT K. KRY, Baker Botts LLP,

2 Washington, D.C. (Michael S. Goldberg,

3 Jeffrey A. Lamken, Alexandra M. Walsh,

4 Baker Botts LLP, Washington, D.C.;

5 Elizabeth Acee, Tyler Cooper, New Haven,

6 Connecticut, on the brief), for

7 Plaintiff-Appellant.

8

9 THOMAS J. DONLON, Robinson & Cole, LLP,

10 Stamford, Connecticut, for Defendants11 Appellees.

12 PER CURIAM:

13 Plaintiff CP Solutions PTE, LTD. (“CP Solutions”) appeals

14 from a judgment of the United States District Court for the

15 District of Connecticut (Arterton, J.) dismissing its complaint

16 for lack of diversity jurisdiction. The defendants moved to

17 dismiss because both CP Solutions and defendant GE Multilin Power

18 Management Lentronics (“GE Multilin”) were foreign citizens. The

19 district court held that GE Multilin was indispensable and

20 therefore could not be dropped as a party, leaving the court

21 without subject matter jurisdiction. Because we conclude that GE

22 Multilin was not an indispensable party, we REVERSE the district

23 court’s judgment and REMAND. 

24 BACKGROUND

25 CP Solutions alleged the following in its complaint. In

26 December 2002, CP Solutions, a Singapore corporation, contracted

27 with a Malaysian entity called Tru-Tech Electronics (“Tru-Tech”).

28 CP Solutions agreed to procure parts that Tru-Tech needed in

29 order to assemble electrical products under agreements with

2
1 various General Electric (“GE”) companies, including GE Multilin.

2 As part of the GE companies’ arrangement with Tru-Tech, they

3 furnished Tru-Tech with circuits to be integrated into the

4 electrical products. Tru-Tech, which was required to pay for the

5 circuits, ran up a large debt to the GE companies. Pursuant to a

6 set-off clause in their contracts, the GE companies were

7 permitted to deduct any amount that Tru-Tech owed them from the

8 amount payable to Tru-Tech for the electrical products.

9 Because of the debt, CP Solutions refused to procure parts

10 for Tru-Tech without assurance from the GE companies that they

11 would not claim a set-off against payments owed to CP Solutions.

12 In January 2003, the GE companies orally agreed either to pay CP

13 Solutions directly or to guarantee payment, and not to claim a

14 set-off against monies due CP Solutions. The GE companies later

15 made similar statements in writing. In July 2003, however, the

16 GE companies denied that they had a contract with CP Solutions

17 and claimed a set-off for the amount Tru-Tech owed them against

18 payments due CP Solutions.

19 In April 2004, CP Solutions sued GE Co., GE Industrial

20 Systems, GE Fanuc Automation North America, GE Meter, and GE

21 Multilin in the Central District of California, seeking damages

22 for breach of contract, fraud, and other causes of action. The

23 complaint alleged that GE Multilin was a “business entity, form

24 unknown, with its principal place of business in 

3
1 . . . Ontario, Canada.” CP Solutions did not differentiate among

2 the defendants, but instead alleged that the GE employees whose

3 actions were central to the claims bound all of the defendants

4 and that the defendants were agents of one another. Jurisdiction

5 was based on diversity of citizenship.

6 In December 2004, the district court in California

7 transferred the case to the District of Connecticut. The parties

8 proceeded to discovery. In November 2006, more than two years

9 after the case was filed, the defendants moved to dismiss the

10 suit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. They argued that

11 diversity of citizenship did not exist because both CP Solutions

12 and GE Multilin were foreign citizens. The defendants also

13 maintained that GE Multilin was an indispensable party and

14 therefore could not be dropped to preserve jurisdiction.

15 CP Solutions opposed the motion to dismiss on the grounds

16 that: (1) GE Multilin Power Management Lentronics, the party

17 named in the complaint, never existed; (2) a Canadian subsidiary

18 of GE Co. named GE Multilin, Inc. existed until it was dissolved

19 in February 2004, with its assets and liabilities passing to

20 another GE company; and (3) a nonexistent or dissolved entity is

21 not an indispensable party pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

22 Procedure 19. CP Solutions also proposed to amend the complaint

23 to omit GE Multilin and to allege that only GE Co. breached the

24 contract. 

4
1 In January 2007, the district court granted the defendants’

2 motion to dismiss. The court recognized that a nondiverse party

3 can be dropped from a suit to preserve diversity jurisdiction,

4 but held that GE Multilin (which it construed to be GE Multilin,

5 Inc.) could not be omitted because it was indispensable to CP

6 Solutions’s breach-of-contract claim. The court reasoned that

7 “[a] party to a contract which is the subject of the lawsuit ‘is

8 the paradigm of an indispensable party.’” CP Solutions PTE, LTD.

9 v. Gen. Elec. Co., 470 F. Supp. 2d 151, 157 (D. Conn. 2007)

10 (quoting Travelers Indem. Co. v. Household Int’l, Inc., 775 F.

11 Supp. 518, 527 (D. Conn. 1991)). The court also refused to allow

12 CP Solutions to file its amended pleading.

13 CP Solutions moved for reconsideration. In July 2007, the

14 district court adhered to its ruling. The court applied four

15 factors relevant to determining whether a party is indispensable

16 and found that: (1) a judgment rendered without GE Multilin as a

17 party might deprive CP Solutions of the opportunity to recover

18 all of its damages, (2) the court could not conceive of a way to

19 minimize this prejudice, (3) omitting GE Multilin would likely

20 lead to piecemeal litigation, and (4) CP Solutions could sue all

21 of the defendants in state court. 

22 CP Solutions now appeals. 

5
1 DISCUSSION

2 We review a district court’s decision as to whether a party

3 is indispensable for abuse of discretion. Universal Reins. Co.

4 v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 312 F.3d 82, 87 (2d Cir.

5 2002). A court abuses its discretion if its decision rests on an

6 error of law or a clearly erroneous factual finding, or cannot be

7 located within the range of permissible choices. Zervos v.

8 Verizon N.Y., Inc., 252 F.3d 163, 169 (2d Cir. 2001).

9 District courts possess original jurisdiction over actions

10 between “citizens of a State and citizens or subjects of a

11 foreign state,” and between “citizens of different States and in

12 which citizens of a foreign state are additional parties.” 28

13 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(2), (3). Diversity jurisdiction does not exist,

14 however, “where on one side there are citizens [of a State] and

15 aliens and on the opposite side there are only aliens.” 

16 Universal Licensing Corp. v. Paola del Lungo S.p.A., 293 F.3d

17 579, 581 (2d Cir. 2002). The parties agree that CP Solutions and

18 GE Multilin are both foreign citizens and that therefore

19 diversity is lacking unless CP Solutions can amend the complaint

to omit GE Multilin.1 20

21 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21 allows a court to drop a

22 nondiverse party at any time to preserve diversity jurisdiction, 

1

 CP Solutions does not challenge the district court’s conclusion

that, by naming GE Multilin as a defendant, it intended to sue GE

Multilin, Inc., the Canadian corporation dissolved in 2004. We

therefore accept that conclusion for purposes of this appeal.

6
1 Newman-Green, Inc. v. Alfonzo-Larrain, 490 U.S. 826, 832 (1989),

2 provided the nondiverse party is not “indispensable” under Rule

19(b),2 3 see Curley v. Brignoli, Curley & Roberts Assocs., 915

4 F.2d 81, 89 (2d Cir. 1990). Rule 19(b) specifies four factors:

5 (1) whether a judgment rendered in a person’s absence might

6 prejudice that person or parties to the action, (2) the extent to

7 which any prejudice could be alleviated, (3) whether a judgment

8 in the person’s absence would be adequate, and (4) whether the

9 plaintiff would have an adequate remedy if the court dismissed

10 the suit. Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(b). 

11 In its initial decision, the district court did not apply

12 these factors but instead adopted a bright-line rule that all

13 parties to a contract are indispensable. Such a rule is

14 inconsistent with Rule 19(b)’s flexible standard. See Universal

15 Reins., 312 F.3d at 87 (noting “the flexible nature of [the] Rule

16 19(b) analysis”); Jaser v. N.Y. Prop. Ins. Underwriting Ass’n,

17 815 F.2d 240, 242 (2d Cir. 1987) (“[A] court should take a

18 flexible approach when deciding what parties need to be present

19 for a just resolution of the suit.”). Indeed, we have previously

2 Effective December 1, 2007, Rule 19(b) no longer uses the term

“indispensable.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 19 Advisory Committee’s

note to 2007 amendment (“[‘Indispensable’] has been discarded as

redundant.”). We use the term here for the sake of convenience. 

In all other respects, we cite the present version of Rule 19. 

There is no substantive difference between the present rule and

the rule as applied by the district court prior to the 2007

amendment. See Republic of Philippines v. Pimentel, 128 S. Ct.

2180, 2184 (2008). 

7
1 rejected a party’s attempt to rely on the same argument that the

2 defendants assert here. See Merrill Lynch & Co. v. Allegheny

3 Energy, Inc., 500 F.3d 171, 180 (2d Cir. 2007). This case amply

4 demonstrates the frailties of so rigid a rule. 

5 Although the district court in its decision on

6 reconsideration identified the correct Rule 19(b) factors, it

7 abused its discretion in applying the factors. As to the first

8 two factors, the district court improperly relied on prejudice to

9 CP Solutions. Whatever prejudice to CP Solutions there might be,

10 it is prejudice the plaintiff is willing to bear and therefore

11 should not have troubled the district court. And any prejudice

12 caused by GE Multilin’s absence is considerably less than the

13 prejudice to CP Solutions from dismissal after more than two

14 years of litigation. 

15 The relevant question is whether the defendants will be

16 prejudiced if GE Multilin is dropped. See, e.g., Universal

17 Reins., 312 F.3d at 88 (evaluating prejudice to parties arguing

18 that joinder was required). The other GE defendants maintain

19 that they will be prejudiced because a judgment for CP Solutions

20 might hold them accountable for GE Multilin’s wrongdoing. They

21 also argue that a judgment for CP Solutions without GE Multilin

22 might impair GE Multilin’s ability to defend itself in a later

23 action. We find no merit in these contentions. 

8
1 Given the absence from the complaint of any action 

2 attributable only to GE Multilin, the chance that GE Multilin’s

3 actions were the sole or primary cause of CP Solutions’s damages

4 appears remote. In addition, CP Solutions offered to amend the

5 complaint to allege that only GE Co. breached the contract. This

6 amendment would ensure that only GE Co. would be subject to

7 liability, and only by virtue of its own duties and actions. See

8 Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(b)(2) (requiring courts to consider possible

9 methods to avoid prejudice). Even if this were not the case, the

10 other GE defendants could seek to bring a claim against GE

11 Multilin or its successor company. See Janney Montgomery Scott,

12 Inc. v. Shepard Niles, Inc., 11 F.3d 399, 412 (3d Cir. 1993)

13 (rejecting argument that defendant would unfairly bear all of the

14 plaintiff’s losses on breach-of-contract claim due to non-joinder

15 because defendant could bring indemnity or contribution action

16 against absent person). 

17 The potential prejudice to GE Multilin also fails to support

18 the district court’s conclusion. GE Multilin is dissolved and

19 has no assets. We doubt that CP Solutions would be eager for the

20 chance to procure blood from a stone. The district court’s

21 finding to the contrary is unsupported by anything in the record. 

22 Nor is there any indication that CP Solutions would want to

23 pursue the GE subsidiary that acquired GE Multilin’s assets and

24 liabilities, especially in light of the proposed amended

9
1 complaint attributing wrongdoing only to GE Co. Such farfetched

2 hypotheticals are insufficient to establish the prejudice that

3 Rule 19(b) contemplates. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 19(b) Advisory

4 Committee’s note to 1966 amendment (noting that courts should

5 consider whether the prejudice would be “immediate and serious,

6 or remote and minor”). 

7 Moreover, even if GE Multilin’s conduct remained relevant

8 after it was dropped as a party, GE Co. could champion its

9 interest. See Pujol v. Shearson/Am. Exp., Inc., 877 F.2d 132,

10 135 (1st Cir. 1989) (Breyer, J.) (finding no prejudice to dropped

11 subsidiary in part because parent company would adequately

12 represent its interests). GE Co. and GE Multilin are represented

13 by the same counsel, and the defendants have not alerted us to

14 any evidence that suggests GE Co.’s and GE Multilin’s interests

15 are adverse. See, e.g., Prescription Plan Serv. Corp. v. Franco,

16 552 F.2d 493, 497 (2d Cir. 1977) (finding no prejudice to dropped

17 parties because “counsel for those remaining in the case will be

18 no less vigorous in their advocacy because they represent two

19 fewer persons”). 

20 As to the third Rule 19(b) factor, a judgment in GE

21 Multilin’s absence would be adequate. “[A]dequacy refers to the

22 ‘public stake in settling disputes by wholes, whenever

23 possible.’” Republic of Philippines, 128 S. Ct. at 2193 (quoting

24 Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson, 390 U.S. 102,

10
1 111 (1968)). Thus, this factor concerns the “‘social interest in

2 the efficient administration of justice and the avoidance of

3 multiple litigation.’” Id. (quoting Ill. Brick Co. v. Illinois,

4 431 U.S. 720, 738 (1977)). As we have explained, piecemeal

5 litigation is improbable. In contrast, it would be far more

6 efficient to bring the case to final judgment in federal court

7 than to send the parties to state court for a do-over. 

8 In evaluating this factor, “[w]e are influenced by the

9 procedural posture in which this case comes to us.” Merrill

10 Lynch, 500 F.3d at 180. Although the case has not yet been

11 tried, the parties have litigated for over two years, including

12 conducting discovery. It would make little sense to require them

13 to start over in state court simply because an asset-less,

14 dissolved subsidiary of a diverse defendant cannot be joined in

15 federal court. See Newman-Green, 490 U.S. at 836 (holding that

16 when a defect in diversity jurisdiction can be corrected,

17 “requiring dismissal after years of litigation would impose

18 unnecessary and wasteful burdens on the parties, judges, and

19 other litigants waiting for judicial attention”). 

20 Finally, although CP Solutions might be able to sue GE

21 Multilin together with the other defendants in state court, that

22 consideration is far outweighed by the unfairness to CP Solutions

23 and the harm to judicial economy resulting from dismissal. As we

24 have said, “when federal diversity jurisdiction will exist if

11
1 nondiverse parties are dropped, the bare fact that a state court

2 forum is available does not, by itself, make it appropriate to

3 dismiss the federal action.” Samaha v. Presbyterian Hosp. in

4 City of N.Y., 757 F.2d 529, 531 (2d Cir. 1985) (per curiam).

5 Because the question of indispensability is a matter

6 committed to the district court’s discretion, Universal Reins.,

7 312 F.3d at 87, ordinarily we might vacate the judgment and

8 remand for reconsideration. In this case, however, we do not

9 believe it would be within the permissible range of choices to

10 conclude that GE Multilin is indispensable. See Zervos, 252 F.3d

11 at 169. We therefore reverse the district court’s decision and

12 remand with instructions to allow the case to proceed without GE

13 Multilin.

14 CONCLUSION

15 For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the judgment of

16 dismissal and REMAND the case to the district court with 

17 instructions to allow CP Solutions to amend the complaint to drop

18 GE Multilin as a party. 

12