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DOWNGRADED AT 3•YEAR iNTERVALSL DSSIFIED :AFfER ECLA • 12; YEARS• " '1)66. rile •-etz..; .'4

DECLASSIIFI IA%V E.O. 12958

REVIEWED

BY C. A13>--7;s7, 

DATE

41711,5r:‘;;;•

4A., •
SHOW IEGSTOEECAL EXPLANATICII, WS 117L

19

DISCOVEM, saw MID MIDAS CERCELOCEr 46-1959 27 Sep 1959
G.

31

ivxmaggsBANcE

b .11 fno.frIr . Introduction

paring the summer of l943, an era in aerial recommissance

.

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. •

iind.eda1 The 'final grotp of Mr Corps obloarrers'was being trained

,- .at.1.3rOOke Field; To;nat bat these men ("Tbe !besot the Air . ' •

,. • . .

j

. 

. •

' Corp.". the siggi arching oven the main

:

 gate called then) wire

. • . •

. . .. .. nerir...to tly a photogriiphio mission in . combat calept by sheer'

ohobre.. WhAf 'they were faniliarising thesselveawith the

.

.

vagaries ant vapors of. .the 11-313 and .K.20 cameras installed

in Inabering and undsrpoaered Curtiii*O. 21 s, sleek stripped-

-v. . .

dowa. Pn38 • 10 (7-5•s) hid already proved over North Atria& that

a pilot alone ooulci bring tack good quality combat -photagrapbo

and maps and that the. observer was an anarhronism • •

2T0 . bkoare, 124xvhars would continue to carry a few cinemas

(tertic4ar. 3,7 to•

 cover.. bomb drops), but these would be operated

• . . W.:regular:ohm members who :were radio, operators or gunners

.•

.first. and !snowmen second.

The advent of high speed recomaissance aircraft and

of camera locations remote from the operator ushered in a.

whels. iiiriea. oinew and complex design and operational con.

ceptsi . the Concepts themselves ushered in a whole series of

ilow, and very .expensive aerial. cameras.

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Fl -.2-1 st,

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Higher and higher* speeds meant that no longer. Could camera

• ••,!vindover be mere.. holes in the aircraft fUselage. Aerodynamic

.. 

..considerations made the addition of glass ports a necessity,

. t.-hus adding.to the problem of light transmittanoe. The oameras

anti ...their awes:series needed fully automatic. control systems,

t • since. the pilot could not perform too many motions .or *calculations

at 'the high speeds he had . to t2y.1

Moreover, vhen operational altitudes of 80,000 to 100,000.

' feet were' forecast, intricate optical syateis, stabilized

..

- - ----.....jaosidga_wlmathode of maintaininiOonsteat temperature and

•

pressure around the iihols photogrephio installation became

became/7. For example, lens cones . had to be designed to

• comeneate automatically for the affeots of rare atmosphere •

. .

:on fectue;•end uh.ile • gamera mounts, vertical* stabilized by

Rms ovens.. *re, capable in. 1949 of maintaining cameras level

.• • .

t.9-444.n zbartee of arc, better performanoe Mould be required

. ofj•these. • 'Ten minctes_ off vertical at 1.00,000 feat .altitude

2

'rewesented..! ground distailisie of same 300. feet.

• TO • -relatiyelysafe from enemy interception, a photo.

grapktO reconnaissance aircraft would be forced to fly either

44.2fery high altitudea (80,000, 100,000 feet and higher) or

at.TerY 1-9! altitudes. Within .varY high altitude

reconnaissance called for longer focallength cameras' to •

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pruvide photographs pith acceptable detail.. Very law altitude

recetmaissance called for ever faster shutter speeds (which

in Um:. called for wider aperture lenses with high light trans- .

pittance. values) faster cycling rats, 'and for synchronizing

movemeht of the film uith'movement of the image across the

3

.focal plane (image motion:campensat.ion).

By 1949, camera development costs had skyrOcketed to

levels unheard of dui•ing World War II. World iflar,11 cameras

Of 24-inch focal length cost about $20,000 to develop. De.- •

.

Vela/neat . cost of a postwar 48-inch. camera . jumped to $2569000.

A 100-inch coma developed for use at 40;000 feet involved

.an' ottlay of $760,000. Altitudes of /00,000 feet implied

.... . .

camera development costs in the millions of dollars.

.

... In August 1955, 'the Air Research and Development Gammand

. • • . "! •

issued a revised technical program pl.rring document- entitled •

"Photography." :. .phy." The document, togetiiei with in accompanying

set of five technical requirements, substantiall ► accelerated

, •

•

•• Vie. entire kir • Force photographic develoment program and •

set ambitious goals for the 1960-1965 period and beyond.

The "attest-0 goal....tO . be attained with all possible speed-- .•

: A camera "cycle" is the UM necessary to open and Close

the shutter for a single exposure and then to move the film

into position for the next exposure.'
•

• . leas. a reconnaissance subeystem capable of tranemittiag to *

earth from an • unma3med satellite bigh acuity photogr4s.

trait wrz.a. swill details could be . idevrtified bj exiairang

. . 5 

. the developed prints under a adorosoope.

By-products of the Satellite-orisnted development program would be smaller, 'lighter, and simpler airborne camera

systems of progressively higher resolution. Planters foresaw

' reconnaissance altitudes of 100,000 feet for day photography

and 70,000 feet. for night photograph ► by 1960. In 1965, air-

: borne photographic systeme--by then immune to external =vixen- •

mutt--were to be operating at 500,000 .tOkit. The sats1.12"-iberoe system was to come into being as soon after 1965 as

6

possible.

'1 The requirementswere still far in advance of the state

of the photographic art in 1955. Using 1955 mimPoneots and

. •

techniques , a camera system capable of producing high resolption

photographs from •even 70,000 feet and in sufficient ;lumbers •

to satisfy General. Requirement" 92 (Very trio Altitude

Reconnaissance Weapon System), would need a focal length of

seven feet, would produce negatives 12 feet square, and would

require 50 times the film.capacity of available magazines! •

Photographic acuity is the • bility. of a camera system

to resolve detail.

. .
. . •

• •

Cameras installed in 1933-vintage, 500- to 600-1mot operational.

aircraft were capable of producing high quality black and .

white photographs at altiudes between 1,000 and 33,000 feet • •

. . during clear daylight and up to 40,000 feet during clear night

conditions.. Above these altitudes, the bulk and weight of

• is camera equipment became ca-bhibitive. Available cameras,

. , equipped with automatic: exposure caitrols, had iocal lengths.

of from three Indies' to 20 feet and format sizes varying from

squari inches to almost five squ;mre•Ismt

Resolution theoretically obtainable was about 40 lines

per millimeter, but because of vibrations and camera location,

• actual resolution was about 10 4.6 14 lines per millimeter,

(The 1965 requirement for 500,000-foot photography was 100

lines per millimeter.) Image motion compensation was automatic

• up to 8,000 feet Altitude; above 8,000 feet, altitude information

••. • •, • 8

had to be set manually into the *Amara control system.

The planning document specifiodlyembasised that improved

. .

pbotog;aphy could no longer be expected through improvement

of the camera alone. In the past, the installation of ever

larger and Iiiavier cameras had resulted in improved acuity

an4resolatiottas altitudes increased. The limiting point for

this•type of "improvement" had been reached, however. Supersonic aircraft; into which were crammed fantastic amounts of
•

: • equipment and in which every cubic inch was at a premium,

* : made necessary a photographic insta.Uatica that was light

.. • . .

.. sad craot., and that • had a frugal appetite indeed for either

' ..

electrical 'or mechanical power.

Needed improvements in airborne pkiotographic equipment

could be described, in general, under three principal headings:*

improvements in the camera; improvements in the installation;

and insolenotin • of the Kai pant • from the operational environsent.

What kind of reasonably-sized .camera could be developed

to fly a satisfactory reconnaissance mission from 100,000

feet altitude? Arbitrarily, a requirement pright•be set up.

for a 36-inch focal length camera capable of realizing at

least 80 percent of its theoretical acuity while airborne.

It might also be assumed • that as of 30 June 1936 a "camera

of.36-inch focal length with an aerial resolving power of

-r-aboorb-ff22• lines per•-millimeter could 'be built. Such a camera

would be theoretically capable of resolving a five-foot cube

-

•

 from 100,000 feet altitude. Resolution, however, was not

synorkymous with identification. Was the cube a jeep, a storage

shed, a large picnic table, or a light tank?

These questions could probably be answered if the resolving

power were doubled—i.e., to 44 lines per millimeter. Since

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tin camera would realise only 80 percent of its theoretical.

resolving power, however, its resolution would have to be

raised • to 55 lines per adllimeter. This figure, being marginal.,

wnild•have to be boated to 60 lines per adllimetar for safety.

Would a camera of such high . resolution be feasible? . • .

During World War II, the Army Air Forces had oise type of camera

that occasionally (when photographic andittons were practically

perfect). would resolved 40 linis per millimeter tics 20,000

feet altitade.• improvements in camera components and in in•

atallation methods since that time -seemed to indicate that

a camera with a resolving power of 60 lines per KLUlanter

could be designed and built..

In addition to increased acuiti, Increased

. of Cameras and components is necessarY.. Practising in this

.regardinuld.be extensive testing gAtamorago.and_9ampo,fttio___

to insure durabilitrand eniirenseental resistana, and

•

fiatiOn of camera deeign. to me. of . imitizad or •modular

10

conktrw;tiaforeasy replacement of defective .parts:

improvemen.te in camera installation consisted principally

of the develassen. t of stabilised "torquer mounts which not

oily held .the.comera a predetermined Position .at all times

. but also isolated it from aircraft vibrations and flight move-

- • meats: The mount itself, which eliminated machanicallearing.

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..betiseen the camera gimbals and the airframe, .had been a unique

i .derlopment. of Wright Field's khotiographio laboratory, and

it ambled an airborne camera to realize about 80 Percent of

ita inherent acuity.

' . • Another installation improvement Mae' the Nduplexingo

of cameras (i.e., the combination of two optical systems and

'of two separate film magazines in a single camera body), which

•• nada possible converpint photography with the use of a single

Mount and a . sineleidadOw. • Diplom:lag not only saved space.

and weight, it simplified prevention.of camera center of gravity

shi.ft.s.with advancing of the film, since fila rolls could • 

be :arrangad to work in opposite directions. Noreover, since

the dual mechanisms within the camera body provided equal

and oppOsite.moments of inerf.ii in operation,. Camera stabilisation would be simplified.

*The protection of airborne photographic equipient from

environmental conditions of high speed, high altitude flight,

without undue ' drain an the aircraft's power -110p3,y, to

be accomplished in the immediate. future by providing a pressure.

sealed capsule to contain the' camera and mount, and 15 insulating

the ' camera with a liblanket• of acme kind.. &capsule, whose

interior remained at ground air pressure.' for'tbss duration of

. • . • a mission without rewiring additional pressurization in flight,

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*ould •avoid draining: aircraft power vitally needed el.e4bere,

• and. would help insure good electrical operation of the camera,.

proper.fils positioning in the format area, and maintaining

. • ,proper focus during photographic runlie. •

Protection of cameras and sounts against excessive to

...matures generated withifl the earth's atmosphere at speeds

of Hach 2.0 and above meant some kind of insulating cover

and. possibly a svpiy of dry ice for positive cooling as well.. .

..

. • For test focus, an.aerial camera bad to be kept at a atabLe•.•

temperature for several. hours prior to picture taking.- However,

once the photography ceased, the camera temporature'could

be allowed to rise to the maximum tafetv„ liadt of the film

for the balance of the flight home. Other environmental pro-

. blame of high speed flight had to do with maintaining laminar

Slow of air past the photographic window in the aircraft fuselage

and the fabrication of the window itself frois glass that'would

be' optically stable at high temperature.

The August 1.955 planning document pointed out deficiencies

the t, .74.sted in a number of specialized toes of airborne

photcgmphia equipment. Recording the strikes of modern weapons

•

*. The best method of holding film flat during exposure is . by

use of a vacuum'plate in the format area. At 100,000 feet,

creation of a pressure differential between the. front and rear

surface of the film becomes impossible unless the camera compartment is pressurized.
• • posed a substantial problem. While the Air Force called for

the. ability to record rocket and missili impacts it ranges .

. • of 30,0^..4 feet within a 65-d.egree acne ahead of the aircraft, 1

aid to: record' bomb bursta either ahead or astern, the strike

. •

.• cameras of 1955 could photograph machine-gun and rockat:IMPacts

. only to about 1,500 feet.

The need for hi.gh-rosolution radarscope recording cameras

grow more urgent as fire ooitrol, barbing, navigatip4, and

. . .

..missile mildewe sistemwmultiplied 4and as airborne oatOodo .

ray tubes :grew larger in size. Wi.th operatic:Mal. nizolear-powered •

aircraft. looming on the Air Farce /Impious developien** • •

ilid.tation-resistant photograpiiic systems also gained in in-

. • portance.

. Increasingly in evidence 'throughout the Air. Force was

a 'straw interest in airborne rapid-processing devices which •

could produce high resolution photographs within seconds after

exposure. High speed movements of enemy ground forces in

4.. •

tactical situations Made reduction in processing time imperative.

, Connected with the rapid processing devices would be either .

a television system by which. the developed prints Could. be

transmitted to receiving stations on the ground or 'ejection

equipment by which the prints could be dropped to tactical 

•

eommanders in the combat area.

•
•

issuance of the August 1955. planning document also

•

marked. an attempt to coordinate and* unify a photographic de- .

lieloicent progimun sthich, to that time, had enhasised hard-.

wire rather thin the solution of known technical problems.

The renal t of this emphasis had been a Wide variety of photiiom'

. • .

graphic components of great similarity. While reconnaissance

systems and techniques were; by their nature, more specialised

. than some Other Air Force fUnctional areas, and while no system

could fit all Jobe, there was still a great deal to be done

in developing coromOn items such as lenses, shutter's, inagazines,.

control, and drive. systems, .and mount that could . be used in

• s

is many camera systent . as possible. Standardization of photographic components would mean not-only a considerable saving

in.nloney, bit would also prevent the .saf.uitatioi c

laboratory time and facilities with a tel:tip14,atty of =toiler

. 12 .•., , 

projects and tasks.

The acceleration of aerial phot9graphict . Distal. development

. brought About a situation in whiCh tort :culy . the cameras alreadY‘

Instilled in operational aircraft wer4.. 0b@i4ete.1 kgt_in 10.40h

the *moray slated to replace them were • obisOlete . The'

projeati reoriented and the tasks initiated in late 1955 and

early 1956 to meet the requirements laid down in the planning

document .still; for the most part 'iontracirtors assigned
•

to them by. the end of June, bUt performance•characteristics

for the" new family of advanced camera types had been clearly

- • set . forth. These characteristics were such that they would

. . .

enable-the Air Force to . collect, in relative safety, accurate

P. • ••

aerial . photographs containing intelligence inforsation of

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thchighest quality and value.13

•

... Daytime Area Reconnaissance from High Altitude,

. • :Daytime aerial phqtagrephic reconnaissance had three

basii divisions: area reconnaissance from high altitude;

specific target reconnaissance fraahighp . medium, and low

. •

tudesvand mapping reconnaissance from high and medium alti--

tudes.* Area and specific target reconnaissance could be

"accomplished using cameras mounted either as verticals or

obliques. The purpose of area reconnaissance was to provide

information on the route to the target and on the target•e

* The terms "high," "medihm," and "low" altitude were not

easy to define. Theprincipal-difficulty was that "medium"

altitude for an aircraft like the RF-104 was "high" altitude.

for•an aircraft like the RB-50; and "high" altitude for the

BF-104 was "medium" altitude for the projected reconnaissance

vehicle of 1960, flying at 100,000 .feet.

. • In these pages, for the sake of convenience, the term "high"

altitude" • .wilrappl; to missions at 30,000 feet Ld . above . those

between 5,000 and 30,000 feet will be referred to as "medium

altitude" missions, and those below 3,000 feet as "low altitude",

missions. The low altitude category could be further broken down

rather arbitrarily into low-low; medium-low, and high-low (treetop

level, 100 to 1,000 feet, auil,000to 5,000 feet, respectiiely),

although such categorizing would only:detract from the clarity

•

•

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of the narrative.

. •.•••••n•••••••••
VIX-23.

. surroUndings, in ordai, to aid in its identification from the •

air.. Specific target reconnaissance provided detailed photographs of the immediate target area, from which vulnerable •

points could.be located and target defenses assessed. Napping

phcrtography produced extremely accurate charts of relativOly

large areas.. These charts were indispensable for navigation

14

and were . a further aid to target identification..

. The high altitude area search mission, as a distinct •

type-o•photographic reconnaissance, was accepted as such .

by the Aerial Reconnaissance Laboratcry during its April 1956

conference at Monticello, Illinois.••.Area reconnaissance

had been carried out for aazgryears, of course, but it had

not been.cisitiuguiebed in air clear-out manner from sppcifio.

target.recommaissaace: For example, in 1948 a raccomir.ninne?:

aircraft flew a non-stop mission Avelino Aigeles to' Now 'fork •

at 40,000 feet altitude.makimg a continuous strip photogriph

of the ground below. • The• caverage .was fraz horizon to horizon,

---iraf-tWipmraft-eMployed a mtrismetrogoni caMert arrange

want of one vertical, one left, and one it ot oilicitZ: This

. 15 .

was 'area recocamissance with a vengeance.. • .

ill See Chapter VI and VIII of this history.

•
In 1956, operationsl aircraft were equipped with

.. • several types of cameras capable of performing the area

'search mission at altitudes then attainable. -.The cameras

themselves tore of either 6- or 12-ineh focal length,

since such relatively short lens cabee . provided vide ground

coveragelerom high altitude, although . on a very smell

scale.

The 6-inch cameras used for area search included

.the I-170, the K42, the 100.2, and the 7 611. The 12-

inch cameras included the K-38, the ISAma, and. the KA4.

Aircraft in which one or another of those cameras were

'installed (or scheduled for instanation) were the BB-36,

the M52, the RS-66, the RF-80, the M101, the M104;

aisi• the BF-105. The 811-66 and the latter three fighter,'

:type reconnaissance aircraft were not yet operationtl, but

their complement of cameras had been at least tentatively

established, and the. cameras thecae:Ives were in existence,*

The 1(-170 camera, which in 1956 was still being

used in RB-36 andRIP.847 aircraft, produced nine-inch

. sqiare negatives and held a swathe with 390 feet of.

film 9.5 inches vide. It could accommodate 6=indb (f/6.3),**

. 72-inch Cr/3.0), and 2k -inch (r/6.o) lens cones (although

only the 6-inch lens was used for the area searchadesion).

Its shutter speeds ranged from 1/50 to 1/400 of a second,

and it could take pictures at a rate of one every one and

one-half seconds. Its weight varied from 30 pounds with

the 6-inch lens to about 53 pounds with the 24-inch lens..

Installed in the AB-36 aircraft at the forward vertical

camera station, a sines, 6-inch focal length 1-17C could

...handle a part of the area search mission. To obtain

..

. . . • Pei a : detailed liking of missions, veaponsysteis,

_cameras . ssad focal lengths, see the Charts and tables _

in the

.cameras,.

Documents section for this chapter.

Time charts and tables more compiled from sources listed in Devilment V1I-1.

** The !moil= of a lens is also *ailed the "relative

aperture" and is obtained11 ► dividing tbetocal.161401h.

by the diameter of thalwe g *effective" aperture. It

is a means of indicating the amount of light the lens .

transmits at various settings at the iris diaphragm.

.

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' coverage frbm horizon to horizon across the line of flight,

'three 6-inch* X.I7C oe could alsO be mounted in a "tat,.

metrogonn array justitcward of the vertical station.m.

The RF-84F airoritt utilized three 6-inch X47Cfs

to perform an area search mission. One camera was mounted

at the vertical station and two * provers mounted just

behind it at right and left oblique stations.; This was

called a "tri-camera" array rather thane tri-metrogon •

.since the cameras were not mounted in so prods, a relation to one .another as in the latter camb.4°

The IC-22 was another camera used occasionally for

area recoanaissanoe. This camera could also be found

inliB.56 and 87.84F aircraft end, like the 1.17C, produced

nine -indh square negatives, and held 390 feet of 9.5-inch

film. The K-22 could l000mmodate 6-, 12-, and 24-indh

lens cones with the same respective f-stop numbers as the

:•K-17C cones, andn its shutter speeds ranged from 1/150 . •

to 1/800 of a second. There were in existence 40-inch

lens comes designed especially fOk the K42, but none'

of these was installed in operational reconnaissance.

aircraft. The 6-inch model weighed about 25 pounds, and

the .weight increased to 107 pounds with the 40-inch lens.

Weight increases were apprmamatelarproportional for •

the 12- and 24-inch models.19

In the BB-56, the forward vertical station was equipped

to handle a K-22 camera as a. substitute for the K-170.

The area search • missimi might 'thus be aocompliehed byi

0 ' using either camera equipped with a 6-inch lens °one.

The RF-84F camera compartment provided a forward oblique

Mount for the K.22; when the *Amore used a 6-inch cons,

it could perform a land of area reccemaiseance-Nation •

from this position." A

Another camera capable of•performieg.the pioneer

area search mieeion from, high altitude was the IA.2.

It wasamuchneweicamera than either the 8.17C or the

K.22i but, although it was in production, it was intended

for use in reconnaissance aircraft that were still in

• the development stage: The RF.101, 8F.104, and BP-.105

all bad proVisións for'utilizing 1(A.2 cameras, and, of

these aircraft, only the BP-101 was reasonably Close to

operational status.

* Whenever a term like "6-inch" is applies to a camera,

it refers to the focal length. Focal length, roughly-

. defined, is the distance from the optical center of the

lens to the.film
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The KA62's format.sise was thesame as that of the

617C and K.22 and it utilized film of the sams length

and width. It could accommodate 66indh (f/60), 32-inch

and. 246indh (f/6.0) lens cones, could accomplish

Owls in 1.75 seconds, and bad shutter spesdatras .• '

1/25 to.1/500 . of a second. It was a considerable improvement . over the other twb-cameras in that its operation

wascompietalyantomatic, and could be installed in a

:: .' . .torquer mount as well is in standardsmounta. The weight

the 24..inch model was about 65 pounds."

•• Although the camera itself Was in production, two

.,:.:.tasks aimed at improving its operatiOn were still id

. the development stage, at the. end of June 1956. Chews

an improved intra-lens shutter with an:aperture of

and one-belt inches to replace the 4rapidyne" shutter

in the current model. The other was for an advance

,torquer mount; which was given the designation 1,866.'67

The area search misbion was. tentatively allotted

- • to 6-inch KA62's in trimmuseraarray in both the RP-101

and RF6105 aircraft, and 12-inch KAa's in the RF104.

In the 06101, the three 6-inch IA-2's were mounted just

behind the forward oblique station:. The twiEside oblique

cameras, however, faced inward instead of outward.. Thus

the rigt obliaue camera took a picture of the terrain .

to theaeft of the aircraft's line of flight, and vice

versa.'"

The 06105 called for a slightly different arrange-

'merit. The three U. 2'. were mounted ilx-the same ?lane . •

across the aircraft's "tutelage and were placed directly

:behind a single forme "rotatable" station. In this

.Case, the. two side oblique cameras. feced outward a iii

most other tri-camera arrangements. 4? .

RF610. a . single 126i2kh KA62 in a. "rotatable"

mountwould.perform the area recOnaiiissanceidision from

higkaltitude.. The Ungar lens cone wasrequired•sinoe

"high" altitude for the 06104 104.0..4940Phat .higher_than fórIbi..04.01 . or RP-105. The camera requirement for .• the 06104, h owevers i,wa not firm endues subject to.*

change at any t410.4* • • The.T611 camera was designed and built to extremely '

rigorous standards; its lens had to be especially•free

from distortion, since the T611 was eesentielly: a mapping

cameva. Wherever the T411 was mounted as a single vertical

camera, its mission was strictly that of mapping. However;

the reconnaissanoc"capeule m of the R8652 had provisions •

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for a tri-metrtgon array of which could bLused..

£01, area recor-naissaumce as well as for charting.(

• The camera itself used the. same film and produced

the same negative itiemes.as the 44 and K-17C. Its lens

. Vas ,a 6.inoh, f/6.3 miestrogoke and it cycled once .every

' .seconds. Its shutter speed range was from 1/10,10 1/500

. of a second. The camera weighed about 70 pounds.'

Of the oamere.s having 12.inch lens cones, -(in addition

to the ICA4) the K-38 and the KA-1 were capable of accomplishing

• • the pioneer area search mission from high altitude. . The K-38 was slated for use in the 1011-66, while the KA-1

was tentatively scheduled tor installation in the RP-105.29

The K-38 had a 9-bp.18-inch format and could hold • 500 feet of 9.5 inch film. It would accommodate not

.. Only . the 12-inch (t/6.3) cone, but 211-inch (06.0) and

364nch (f/8.0) cones as well, and its shutter could

be operated it speeds of fres 1/50 to 1/250 of a second.

The 1-38 . cycleo are every 1.6 seconds, weighted from

37 to .62 pounds depending on the lens cone and operated

..either from an intervalonster or from the :umiversal camera.

control system.30

• The 3.5-inch aperture, intra-lens shutter being developed

for the KA-2 camera was being considered as an addition

to the 1,38. 'No torquer' mounts (the LS-3 and I3-4)

'were intended for the IC-38, though they were also still

in the devolc-;csant stage.-uThe R13-6S was scheduled to mount a 12-inch IC-38

i4. the vertical position just behind the tri-camera station,

and provisions were already incorporated in Us aircraft.

for inttallition of the camera in a stabilised or torquer.

nount.)4

• . . •

One other camera, the KA-1, was tentatively planed

for installation in the RF-105. With a 12-inch lens

sane it could conceivably be used for area reconnaissance

missions- when :mounted in' the rear vertical position.,.

The KA-1, like the 1-38, had a 9-1:7-18-inch format and. . • ; could handle 500 feet of 9.5-inch film., Its lens cones

.badfocal lengths of 12 inches (i16.3), 24 inches .(f/6.0), • and 36 inches (08.0), and its shutter Operated at speeds.

- of from 1/25 to 3./1400 of a second. Itim weight ranged . •

. rim 55 to 78 pourable depending on focal length, and it ..cycled ones (very 45. seconds. Its operation was. completely automatic it yes engineered to fit any standard aircraft

camera mount, and plans called for incorporation of the • . • 3.5 inch aperture inga-/ene shutter in its optical system •• at sane ' future date.-?"

CONFIDENTIAL--

•
Zxcept for the and the 8L-3, thee* iris cooprised

the entire stable of operational Air Force dsy,qameras as of

30•JOne 1956. Used with different lens' comes, they served

atantial improvement.over the cameras in seririinluie. Although

.

. .

some might never become operational, others certainly would.

• :

At the vezy .least, 'each .would contribute ita -share to the

advance/ ant of 'photogra •

ph* technology:

-',---Among—the-camerns--either in the service' teat or late

development stage, and conceivably capable Of a high altitude

- none of then would be able tio . s.Chieve isitiiip.b.4.404 4,* performance

• .• •• P.,

specified iv. the planning:doccinni t, thSf'• 114•rapreeent a. 1111.11.

.1! : • : *.• . '

to perform, *addition to area recomaissanos, the other • •

daytime Air Force missions from high, modiaut and low altitudes.

thesci mimes were already on the verge.of. being

put 'oat to' pasture, in vies .of the rigorous regOirements laid

down in the *vat 1955 ;i0111.11iO32 of. the Tichnical Program'

Planning Moment. .This: was not only. trine of 1142,

1 .38, and Tial cameras,' int also Qt the 1A-1 and ZA.4, since

all of these bore a °standard,' desigiiitiOn4.4ad,

the Air

34

Force, !standard" was. ,virtually aynanyiscia with "obsolete:*

Under• development in 1956 were a number of cameras scheduled

to replaOe those installed in operat.I.Onal airorait. While
VII-i9

•

the ta-5. and camaraa, -the La-11 camera a61 the

.44.5 cameras The latter, being developed spinifiCally for

. •

the.REF56, was the only of this group l:panned for a de.

:•inite weapon system.

The idea of a "panoramic* camera--ono that could. take

horizonseto.;horizon photographs without resorting to multi-

• canerearrangements. -4as. not new in 1956. In larch 1949,

the Perkin-Elmer Corporation was developing what ies.t4en

.. called a "transverse" panóramic cahora using a rotating prism

to-obtain a wide "sweep" of the terrain below.: The camera,

.designated:the E.1, carried its file supply in the "roof"

. •

•

:of the aircraft from whence it fed down through a sleeve into

theforMat area. This arrangment allowed the use of tremendous

•

lentha of film without the disadvantage' cs haiiii3et# stabilise

4•

a camera weighed down with oversized magazines. The E',4 used

a 48-inch lens and produced negatives 16 . ladhes wide by several

-• 36

. feet, long.

The Fmascamera served to demonstrate the feasibility

of the panoramic principle. It was a very bulky machine,

however, azdinJu1y 1953 the Air Force began to develop an

Es2 panoramic camera that would fit in a•cantainer "similar.

to•a wing tank." by May 1955 the contractor (Vectrcn,

porated), had fabricated an of the S-2
UNCLASSIFIED

VII-30 ••

suitable ft: •.1308e installation in fighter type aitur#ft."

,.

While multi.camera arrays (such as those in the BB-36 • aLA

BB1;.52) were capable of obtaining about 15linews-perter

resólution,.the 3.2 .was'expected to provide something between

•

20 and 25 lines, sines only the focal plans and the optiCa

of the camera needed stabilisation, and since the maxims

,arse of exposure an the =aims only nine inches long and

37

one inch wide. •

•

The experialontil'model of the 11.2 was a "breadboard"

type piece of equipment aid. was primarily, for sturdy purposes.

It provided 150•degress of coverage across the line of flight

and incorporated a coded data recording'eystem. • It also pro..

videct "graded" image motion.cospensatimppi.e., the compensation

varied frám zero at one horizon'tio a maxima value of 11%4

inches per second at the vertical and biók . tu . sero at the

other horizon. Furthermore, exact expoeure control was avail..

fOi-every point on the negativetromborizon to horizon.

This was . pcesible because the camera utilized a focal-plane

.shutter uidAdiconeisted of a variable-width slit.sweeping •

across the negative plane.

* A camera's focal plane is the area perpendicular to the. .

lens axis, in which the image quality is best for a given

focal length and lens aperture.

UNCLASSIFIED

•
. UNCLASSIFIED

The R42 9.11 weight 6,600 pounds loaded was alightlyless

.

than that of multi.camera arrangements of the same focal length

(24 inches) and. its bulk was about half As great. It was

more reliable, too, since its moving parts were fewer and

• .moved' at for speeds, thus:eating down the shock and vibration

to bWhich the camera was subjected...At the maximum cross section

point,' the E-2. was about 31 inches in diameter.

She Aerial Reconnaissance Ieboratory . pIanned to provide

enR.2 camera for operatiOnal suLtalApligr testiugfrbm fiscal

year 1957 funds. This =delves to • give' a coverage of 180

degrees and to have,the ability to resolve an object !Cite

feet square from 100,000 feet. At the same altitude, the camera.

would provide "recognition" . of an object 161044 square. . •

The . Z.2 was designed. to carry 5,000 feet of film which; since

it moved. at occistant speed, was suitable for the apilication

of rapid•processing techniqUes. 

38

Ryi the end of May' 19569 the experimental model of the

E-2 panoramic camera was nearing its "final" configuration.'

The principal difficulty still remaining was the need for

a practical vertical gyroscope. The difficulty arose because,

although there were usable instruments in existence, the better

.

ones were assigned to'projects that carried higher priorities.

The contractor wan thus forced to patch up gyroscope, that

UNCLASSIFIED
no one: else wanted, but Vectron bad not yet succeeded in pitting

39

. • one into operating condition.

..Another camera originally intended for low altitude, high

speed reconnaissance, the KA.5, was in June 1956 being considered

for the high altitude, area Search The' camera produced negatives .2:25 inches square and used magazine holding •

10 feet of 70-arilliaster Its .abutter IMO capablo. of

speeds between 1/25•and 1/2000 Of a second, and it could cycle

ten times a second. The camera Weighed about 21 pounds, operated

automatically, and prOviOd "graded" image notion compensation..

for all mounting.positions, either vertical or oblique.

The contractor for the KA .5, J. A. Maurer, had be/larch

of 1956 delivered the first development model to the Aerial

Reconnaissance Laboratory. Laboratory tests were nearing

completion at the end of Jima.

' • While the. low-altitude potentialities of 1CA-5 were not

forgotten,.. laboratory thinking gave. the. camera' an- important

part• to play in 'high 'altitude reconnaissance also. In order

to try the camera's abilities at high altitude, the laboratory

had set up a one-time test (for some time in 1956, it possible) •

in which several KA-5 9 5 Would be. installed in an F-101.in

"fan type" array. At the forward camera station, five cameras,.

: with different focal lengthiofould be arrabged to give horinan
VSI-33

.• '

to horizon :coverage. The vertical K43 Mould have a 340312

focal length; on either side of it would be an oblique with

. .4.3-inch focal length, each of which would be aimed overlap the*.vertioal4 field of view; and On the outside of *soh •

of these would be another oblique of 6-inch focal length,'

.

again with 'overlapping fields of view. The future of the •

4-3 . as a high altitude. camera would; in part,• be conditioned

by the resats of this test.

The. Fairchild .Camera and Ixistrument Corporation was con- .

traitor for another developmental carnets with high altitude

. • possibilities. This was the KA-8 na.11-purpose" carena,•Mhich

had begun development in Nay 1933. From the beginning, the • .

KA-8 was planned as a high altittide camera,. a lair altitude

camera, • and a mapping camera. The laboratory received the

first experimental model.from the ccetraQtyr,_in Ober 3354

for ProlimioorY.t4Pto , B9t.it wass .441/4@gt,r_196 bOOPR.4941- .

trols had been fabricated which . would permit the camera to

begin flight testing:. In 'January 19%, several low'altitnde.

test flights were made • with the 1A-8, using . its /11.1.1'.1Mage

action compensation rate of 21.6 .. inohea.per. second. Daring .

•

of 1936 comparative tests in an. BB-47 were to be

•

flown with a regular Air Force mapping camera (the T-11 or •

KC-1) used as a standard; after these tests bad been completed. •

•
•

. -CONFIDENTIAL'

kiiii.ronmental testing would brain. The experimental model

was'eqeipped with a 6-indh (f/6.3) mamtrogcm" lens,` bat the •

: serViCe teat model was to incorporate a "planigon n lens of

•• • 41 .

t,he.•else focal length and speed.

_

.. The KA-8 itself had a 9-by-9-inch format and used wither

.500 feet of 9.5-inch . film. The experimenthl model

weighed aboilt 90 pounds ari tboait film, but the service. test

. model would probably weigh' - about 

.

. 60 pounds. Iis.shutter operated 6.. I

.

it speeds from 1/50 Ito' 1/500 of a second, its, cycle . rate was

six per Becloud, it provided image motio'n compensation

needs of from 0.5 inch per second to 21.6 inches per second.

dewing exposure, and.it incorpo

▪

 rated the latest improvements

2

The .1A-1.1 camera body.Was the product of a December 1952 • :ft,

task intended to provide an improved oaikeim body which could

use existing K-22 lens cones. The 'priieary goal • was to .develop

a body .that was simple, reliable,•4uvible and easy. to maintain, •

. .

Mite* the'8-22 body Was outstanding in none of these attritartes.•

.

tIsiix a 64.nohlens, the LA •11 would' be able to .f3,7 a high

'altitude area search mission end produce photographs of better

quality than those produced by the. K.22.

BY April 1956 no experimental model of the LL-1.1 had

yet.been received from the contractor, the Hymn Manufacturing

. 7CONRBENTIAL-

•

• in automatic camera, controls.

•
•

1-CONRDENTIAL35

Company, .the reason givqnbeinginability to obtain a high enough

"curtain speed" to satisfy the requirements. The 3sboratory

hoped; however, that a nodal would be delivered in the "next

.

few months."

The LA-11 differed from the K-22 body in that it utilised

a focal plane shutter Capable of speeds between 1/100 and 1/1600

. :

of a secoixi. This was actually the fastest shutter speed

available • for any large- forma t, Air' Fere. camera; either' in

existence or under development. The body was to 'incorporate'

autaisti lontras; it weighed about 30 pounds and had a

cycling at of two per second.

altitudes for area reconniissanoes ILOthip.KAR:Os.W04

. • also.a sapping camera and a low altitude .i.eaconaiesance caner*.

Its .fornat was nine inches square, and' ts magazine held as

;Al. 04 ft* OO feet of 0.5-Inchfii44 , Its controls were being_

specially designed, as was its stabilised mount, andit weigh* d

approximately 60 pounds. It could cycle at a rate of four

franee• per second and provided image motion compensation at

rites of beiveen . 0.3.6 inch and 16 inches per second. Its

1 •

• •

One of the three amnias being developed espeatilly for

the • RH-58 aircraft by Fairchild Canera' and riurtArsent Corporation,

. • was the Kli9-25. It was equipped with a &Jack (f/6.0) *nitro.

--;-„ • Amt• lens _Llike the T-11 and ICA-13) and could' bo.ueed..at..bigh

•
-OONFIDENTDIr

• •

ablatter-alieada ' ranged between. 1/50 and 1/?00 of a mend.

.

. .•

Exposure was autamaticelly controlled. The own itself

..

• .

vas still in.the early development stage in June 1956, but the

-projeet:engineer 45

•

antiodiated that environmental testing bread

begin is

• • 

OcitOber.,

. • . •

Imo Apaaril 1956, the laboratory began to work toward a • •

reconneisiance camera for high altilmde area search, to meet

• as 141y as .Poslible the reqiirements of the August 1955

Technical Program Planning Document. go omitracter had been

assigned to the idevelopment of this unsimp camera" s of 30 .

. Jtin :• 1956, but some design parameterp bud .been tentatively

. established: A focal length of 100 Szabos was called for,

. tins • lone to be of the highest •possible acuity and the, camera

itself.•to be of the smallest possiblis size and weight: The

.•

.design: vas to incorporate automatic exposure controls as wall

as an ..automatic focusing device, and prOlasioas . ware to he

..

made '.te isolate the . . camera frOm its operational emmiiirammint

as cagpletely as possible: , • .

. •

•

'Graded immge motion compensation was to be pcovided up

to a rate of . 3.6 inches per second, with the. paraneters

Wictica34 derived from the aircraft's navigation aystma..

The sweep Camera weal* sake use of "unit size construction'

in order to give it the ability to use several different lanai'

•

•

•

•

. •

•

. -CONFIDENTIAL--

•
UNCLASSIFIED.

• .•

VEr.-37 .

,e"!--, •

• . cones, and it was to be adaptable for use in a °rotatable

mount so that it could take advantage of a mu1ti-windcar arrange- • •

meat and switch quiok3 tray left or right oblique to vertical

and • back again.' •

The task Salled . for. a focal plane shutter, on the order

dt

. I•

that used in the 3-2 camera. A rotating prima would'provide the

•

**Etna, lens with a 40-dogma sweep of the terrain haw. Sucham angle of view would enable the sweep camera to °aver the .

•

sane area on the ground as lbw single 300-inoh (=was of

format. Cycling rate'ras to be one 'per sectaxl,.

46

aid each exposure would Use six feet of 9.5-inch tila. •

r . . • •

DaZtlii Eria 11. g =SA MIL th. Attila*.

. • .High altitude reoonnaissance prior to World War II meant,

for all prictical purposes, reconnaisaanoe at 10,000 Pest..

71.42 Was about as bleb as prewar, 12-inch focal length cameras

could fly and still produce photographs that showed •Vdnpointe'

•

targets in accoptabla detail. A camera of'12-inoh focal length

yialded photographs from 10,000 feet altitude with a scale

• • of-1:1.0,000, sand this was the. scale demanded by photo interpreters.

I: •

.•

Li. order to evaluate targets. properly. (If resolution could

be raised from the usual 8 to 10 lines per millimter, then e•

a 'slightly smaller scale would be allessabla4) Using these

. .•

•

UNCLASSIFIED

•

.•

•
•

-*-C9NFIDEAMAL--

1,11.38

paid-War-II parameters, useful opeciflo target reconnaissance

fr9a 40,000 feet altitude; than, would. require a ommera of

484.noh .focal. length. , • .

. • . . By the' sd.d.1950 0s, however, the resolution of aerial cameras

was .consistently averaging from 12 to 18 limes.per millimeters

and the cameras in operational use for the high altitude specific

target reconnaissance mission had either 24...theh or 36-inch

fries./ . lengths. At 40,000 feet, these cameras yielded negatives

with a .scale . of 1,220,•00. and 1:13,333 respectively. While

. •• • ..

phOtographs.gt such scales were *marginal" froze the photo

,- •

:interpreter's standpOint, it was usually possible to extract

from. than the minimum information necessary for target evaluative:.

The cameras in production as of 30 June 1956 for

the high altitude epee:Lao target mission were

' • :s the x-22, the 8.38; the KA-1, and the Kip.2. They used

; either . 2-inch or 36-inch lens COMA (sometimes both),

.and. they wire either installed or planned for installation..

in the RB-3fi• A 273-47, RB-52, 213-57,'103-84?, PY-101, RP-104,

414 _ • •

•• Each of these cameras with a shorter lone cone; was

in the area search mission: The RB-36 carried a .

'-pair_of : 244noh K.;22 es; one at the left and one At the

.right:oblique station, and they were used to• obtain' high

altitude 'photographs of specific targets from relatively

.. Una slant ranges. The 83-36 night also mount a 24.inch

Ks=22 . at the . vertical station (in place of the 6-inch

L-17C or K-22 . for area aconnaissance) to obtain target

evaluation itiOtograPl.a•.

.....T00 . 0144F provided two positions in which the 24.

. indb.K42.might be located foot flying specific target

- missions. One was the forward oblique station, and the

other was the left oblique position, jut behind the. trircseere array. The forward oblique142 doubled as .;

.a. lour altitude camera,. but, as might be'expeoted, low

altitude photographs with a 24-4pdh camera exhiblud, •

extreme foreshortening effects."'

-CONFIDENTIAL-L.

. •
. •

•

.

•

-CONFIDENTIAL-

. • .In.1956,1the Sa3$ cemen..was being used for the •

high altitude epicific . target nisei= innate, aircraft,

Atsimore . configurations, and Liam mounting pOsitions

than .any. other. In the RB-36, a pair of 24 inch p.313's

were mounted' at the "split vertical" station for 'target

evalUation.shots; just behind then, five 36-inch 1a38's

wsire set y13 a "multiple" array for the same purpose.

Zhs, split verticals perfarmed a second funotionwhebever

the RB-36imes . 0eL a mapping mission. While the mapping

'camera Which had' al-Ww9-indh :cruet and a 6-inoli lens)

.Made one exposure, the split verticals (each of which had

slahy48-indh format and a ?k-inch lens) mould have mode :..

- four. Thus the split . VertiCals prodnced . 36-inch•ibleara • negatives of the same field of view caveredibt-the mapping•

!camera; The quadrupled scale of the lia38 photographs .

assisted in positiveldentification ofdatails on the

mapping .prints.

The multiple.arrgy.of364nch.lra38 02 was also capable'

‘ , of performing a iission'secondary to that of specific

..target reoannaissaboe. These cameras coOldolisused,

Y- ovar limited ground distances, d'Orarea search missions. • • They provided' lateral coverage of about 108 degrees,

and, whenever the aircraft's viewfinder indicated an sea

. pedant interesting area bolas, they could be operated

.to obtain overlapping photographs of the terrain at a

relatively' large scale. Sere again, the 1a38 shots would

'aid considerably in identifying detail on the-small-scale . photograhs taken by the 6-inch focal length mares search"

.'camera.d"' • Single vertical Kay) cameras .of either 24-inch ar

36-inch focal length were mounted in .both the RB-47invi.

RF-847. The RBA? also carried a 24-inch forward oblique.

. and a pair of 24-inch or 36-inch split vertical Ka3Ser

.while the RF,847 was .capable of modntiig a 36-inch 1.313 • obliquely in its 'nose oomparbeent. All of these mere

uselprimu u sily.'for specific targetrecendaissancefro • .

high altitude,' with the Split verticals in the BSA?.

•

'. supplementing the mapping camera . in the same manner as

.thoee in the RB-36.."'

lbe..103,52 and S2.37 also had mounting provisions

for 1048 camerae. Tbs RBa52.reconnaiesance "capsule"

was &aligned to carry a multiple array' of. four 36-inch

- 1a38's for'specific target high altitude missions.

RE447 could utilise a pair of 24-inch split vertical 

IC-!38's for either high or medium altitude . target evalgatian.

work. As in the case of the split verticals in the SB-36..... stud. R.B47, those in the Mtn supplemental the work of.

.the 6-inch mapping camera.x •

• 7-CONFIDENTIAL-7

. • .

• •
•

• •

-CONFWENT1447

•

•••

. never 0.1 Oat 0.2 einem were all. Tanned -.•

for: is fighter type recomissanee aircraft,'

-wows of-which were yet operational. The 21116103; las to

;carry a pair of split vertical 36dech IAA's for specific •

target reeounaissanee fr.= high altitude, and the '

a ainglAi vertical of the sow focal length. The R7405

.. :had provision for;.11A-3.•s IA three difterentwweatiwg

positions. At the split vertical station, the aircraft

Gould carry a pair of 36-ineh focal lacgth eannas.

..Ie• the vortical spot could be. placed either a 2114320k

or 36.dnali 049, and. the sane •chgles of enwrap was available..

et.the• forward oblique position.",

. . TberP eas.a. possibility that the 04 =MIMI eight

. also. hi *ed. for -speolfic target Priming .l et. high . altitude. • ••

Tin Xft.105 was ..to haves the ability to. cavil,. a suet.

244noh,13.4alit the forward oblique• enpartasat is place

tbs

. the %terries •testo category as of -30 Ane:wsre tone°

•

awr caseerie or ball . es 'dila , prosiseattly ," would be Ole to

perfont a hi* altitaieistecifie terget'sdasiee. under oper.

ational-oceditious. These.. tour were the 'LA-3.1

-

 'bodat, Eird

••:

sesera, .plius.the Elp43,ssed.the •1/Cip47 (idpieh, Ube the

worlasicg developed for, ospd-4a ti!ln

1:300y14.• niers 24-Lash iose,..war 40;ppoted to istrove•sartidlY

• 5 .

*pig the perforanee or the F42 Tetra.:

4

 . 

•

• _

lehni. the rAp.5 . nuns was being developed"pliiestLePpagitrars . •

;se • localtitiade•reoonnaissanos 'oasts, :with. a •Ospoildn7. •

-•;poribilityof flying a high attitude arn.seareh•Wissien;

:.• the lerial.ltsoinuiisenwe lebowtory, intended tow try it "Pat •

can .the hi'gh altitude specific tenet ad4.4as as nal. -,.Deitag •

.

•

the 'sass 3'40 test:TU/4A* which the !fivi abort. fonl:lcrigth

-CONRDENTIAL=

•

1". • ' s•

•

•
e.

Ia4a5vs. we to be tested as area search comas, the:lahoratoay

Bea page 32.

I.

•

•

• •.• -4•30'‘...16 a •

- 14.... .Unded to ' toot. * tri-osimerm groupimg . of 32-inch. fqbalqength •

..777g----

•

• •

XL-54.

.,:tinder development for operational use in the Im nediata

•

futUrs...as a high altitude Asmara foi •.epiolfio target reeontogiesanoe

• was the KL.13; a camera with .a 9-br48.inah format turinettp

.

to • 3:o000 feet of 9.5-inch Ma. The. HS!oon Niumufactuting ComPlany

....raPaiiitd in June 1.956 that 'an experimeMial.model would be

• • • , • .

. •

..404.*Pred to Wright. Flad "shortly:" • •

. • . . .

•

•. • . • The vi.4.3 Nass not g radically raw or different design,

. • ....

but;Maiely incorporated a number of •stati-of-p-pho tograPhio,

'art advances • in a relatively coimventicaml camera bad/. It

. •.

'mss :to•have image motion caope gisation, which eicisting 9-tr-

. . .

. ..18-inch: format cameras did not lima. It was to be eqpipped

.• ..,

•

. with automatic exposure controls. and with a coded:date .iegording ;.•

. . • ...• • .:

device. • It was also to have a fast. focal leg, shutter-• (with ...

. .:. • ' ...4..... ...•.......

speeds up to l/860 of a second) and a %Tali* 'vate.pf two • •

•

...., .-• . ...4. .; t,., 

'' • . :... - • • • .• ••.•• •

frailest per soma d. ...

'

:• ' . .• . .

The camera would utilize four different lens coma for: •

'photographio missions at various altitidea. In:additiat to ••

.

accepting the (f16.3) (46.0), sad 36-incth•

. • . •

•

•
target reconnaissance

it:was being built by

Corporation, 'and, as of June 1956, was st311 in the early

The KA-27 was a 3f .inchfocal length camera being developed

for Ueli in the .118.58, strictly for.:tbe 'altitude' specific

mission. Lilo,' the 16..25 and 11-26, •

the 7airai44 Tiamera..aild 1134011011i

•

.•...

(f18.0) lawns oriiiinellY planned, the IA•13 was 11mo to take

cones ' containing 48-inch (f/6.3) lenses oLithiglicefameriretready

in: Air Force stock. These cones- were iinueable in any other .

„air Force Camera, 1111100 they Wer.desigued to be used with

'a '4)41 ;Omni shutter.: There was hope that, with improVements,'

this .48-inch cone would extend photographic altitudes at a

sufficiontay early data l'a* enough e.baes 60,000 feet to. satisfy "

the. noo,Oop feet by 1960" requirement in the Technical Progra

.; 5? , . Planning Document., .

• The IA.13 would weigh abbot 330 pounds with its 48-inch •

. • • •

lenis „cone and 1,000 feet of film. Its tinge motion aompensatiOn.

- rates. varied between 4.1 inch per second and 3.6 inches per

•

second, and it was to be compatible • with most standard aerie)... •

58 .•

camera mounts.

•

deve3.opment stage.

It was 'to . have a 9-1p.18-inch format, amid use up to ' -

500.•feet of 9.5-inch film and was to be compatible with lens

cones longer than the '36-insh (f/8.0) cone . currently planned

• ; 1.. 5

: •

•
-comeiNmn-

'for. it. Its shutter was to be of the intro :lens . erapidypee •

.type mith . speeds of between 1/100 aid 1/300 Of a secood.•

Thw•NA,-.27 win not a fast oycling couVera; its fastest rate •

was one frameevez7.1.23 seconds.. Its rate of imago motion' •

Coipensation halt up to a imams of 3.2 inches per sepal.

.• . . Calera weight was about 100 pounds. Controls were of special.

. . 59 design, and its mount was to be gyro-stabilised.

• . . .

Nor* advanced than thw requirenents for say of the above

•

far cameras were. those 'mid down in January . 1936• for a every,

high altitude dupla" .cament. No contractor had been assigned

to the development' by June 1956, but the performance parameters

were designed to meet as . fully as possible the requirements

t the August 195.5 planning document. •

.'1'he purpose of' the task was to provide high resolution,

--.

isederatf foals aerial photograph! Pleasups operational

. • 'altitudes 

by camera systems mounted in supersonic aircraft

•, • •

l?"6:41irtaents, that are neither pressuksed or rsiej thermally

.

.

controlled. ot • en The camera itself was to have a 9-trybil8.!

inch format,. actually two formats, since • it, eras a duplex with

. '

two. Optical systems in•one body, and focal lengths of 36 (0.0).

or 46(f/11.0) Inches. The task called for elimination of all

: .

medhanical tolerances between the lens mount and the focal

.-platys, hith.qmality production lenses, complete elimination .

. . pf internal and external vibration of the camera*aysten

film.. -CONFIDENTIAL-

. •
.. ,

UNCLASSIFIED

Perhaps the . mcst remarkable development goal was a resolution of 100 lines per millimeter ("on the /*Inab a). • An

.ilitra4ens shutter with an aperture Of .three and one-half

..: • inches was to be designed for use in the' 36-inch or 48-inch

.cone. Shutter speeds would range flux 1/50 to 1/2000 of a •

seined. It was contemplatfd that a 'single photoelectric

.

would control both shutters.

There was to be ho image motion compensation in the ordinary

'sense, bet movement of the image was io • be offset by using

. • a swinging torquer mint. Total weight.of the loaded camera

was to be about 190 pounds. The camera was •to carry up to.

500 feet of aerial photOgraphic or are it thin-base

filie• could be suceesitelly developed. tieing 500 feet of film,

the camera could cover a strip 35 miles iide.and .380 miles •

_long (using the 36-inch cone) at 60 percent overlap fad 100,000 • .

feet. altitude. On a normal development basis, em experimaital

"'"--liddirrof-ths-camere:7could be expected within two years after •

60•

signing.Of a contract.

• Development of high resolution lenses held an important

niche in •

. the high altitude camera research structure.. Of the

'score or •more lama developments. underlay in the Aerial Reconnaissance .

.

•.-Laboratory, three were of special importanoe for Irlgh altitude n

reconnaissance, one 

5.

.for 

• the 

•••

area search mission, and two for the

.

ape is target mission.

• • UNCLASSIFIED
.

• . . •

I."

UNCLASSIFIED 

vriel!5

Per possible future tie in area search recceneissance,

.th4Aeberatory early in 1956 establitheda task calling for

.i 12-inch fOcallengthAsce for a 4joindh square format: ...

. .

'Noeoutractor had been selected kr thi end of June, but the

• lens'Cbesoteiistice required that it rescawe 60 lines per

• ... • . millineter, that it have reasonably high speed, and that it

Ant . oapable of obtaining =time]; high quality photographs

frole';wiery high altitude. Aapheric.surfacelens elements or •

.

I. •

even a . curved image plane would be. permitted in the design

o'er 1n.

, Two other highbaltitude lenses, one of 36 .inch fooil length

and the other of 48-inch focal length, still lacked

a contractor by the end of June 1956. The 36-inch lens was

.te•have 60-lines-peater resolution Coors, if possible),

and it was to be depigned especially for use in the very'high •

altibude . duplex camera. The libmnamrplann: to procure

tekcempetitiwe prototype models of the lens.

•

* Portions of a lens surface thit are non-spherical are. .

called "sepheriC. 1...1 .curond Image .plane. is ineorpotated in

certain experinental cameras to •bring every part of a photographic image into' sharp focus. A flat image plane causes . •

arias avaai. from the center of an imago to be . lesa sharply der

fined than those nearer the center. .

•

UNCLASSIFIED
•

•

--CONFIDENTIAL--

.-

The lans•was to have at least twice the resolution

of any Comparable 'lens (this mint between 30 and .h0 lines per '

millieeter).; Project engineers planned to investigate a •foldede

.. . ,

.lena systen. wIstch.Meuld permit the length of the camera to be

63

along the 1.ong3.tudina7. aids of the aircraft.

•

amtiaLlitEgOalig93111=1321-=11111SWILAMild,

PidIVII1 altitude recomsidesince was on the way out by .

1936, although great . upmbez, of operational aircraft still

• were equipped with cameras suitable This the medium altitude •

Mission, and several cameras In development were lined at the

• •

. •

same staid= area: .

•

. 0/Iediximo "Ma* generally speaking, between 5,000 and

• .30,000 feet, and generally required a focal length of 12 inches

to obtain the necessary detail. • Muss the 12 •inch cow was

chaimatibriatically mated with one of the operational high;

altitude cameras whenever medium altitude reconnaissance was

required.

The 11111-36 and37•847 both had provisions for mounting

a 124.nch I-17C or K-22 at vertical stations. In addition,

U141'8E1-36 could utilise. one formard oblique and two. side

'oblique (left and right) K.22 1 s of 12-inch'focal

for medium altitude specific target PhotograPaes4 The' t • -

. • -1/7-84, could °ally the jam cameras at both forward oblique

. , and left oblique itations.w"

Vertical 12-inch 1.38 te were to be mounted, on occasion,

in' the R11-66 and ii•the reconnaissance capsule of the

: 10-52; there was .also a provision for the 1114.103 'to carz7

-CONFIDENTIAL-

•

".•
--CONFIDENTfAL-

. a single vertical 32-inch ILL-1, The other existing camera

planned for medial altitude work vas the X1-2. witotatable•

12-inoh•E.4-2•s mare scheduled for installation in both

the P2-1011 and 8is-105, while forward oblique EL-2's of the

. sane focakslingth were to be nanxtad in' 81 . 105 and RF-101

aircraft. -

'fedi= altitude' cameras *tin iu developpent /wended

• . the ,ICA-13 and LA-11. Both. 24-inch and 12-inch cones were

,planned for the U-13, and this made the camera suitable for

medium- altitude work. • The 1141 .body Valid operate at medium

66

.altiti4le . with a 12-inch cone just as the IC-22 did.

The tErycon Manufacturing Ccepaiy wait develosdng a camera, •

the laf-lb, which ,represented a considerable step forward on

thi road to obtaining a tinily ktgb-aeuitY nedi.un

,. • altitude reci:assissancie camera. Dnsignild Privari3y for high .

speed, 16w altitude photography, the 1L-4 neverthe less was

to bC usable with a 12-inch cone for "odium altitude shots.

Its •L'ormat was four and one-half inches squari ‘ and it carried

. • . up to . 500 feet of five-inch film in its negasine.

It was a fast-acting. (*Aiwa. Its Vocal plane shutter •

Could . .opirate speeds up to 1/1000 of a second, it .could

cycle six tines per second, .and its film could be moved during

expoiure at a rate of. 10.8 inches per Second for image notion

oonpensation. Its lens was fast, too (114.0 for the 12-inch • .

come), and the camera ?a weight was about 115 pounds. The camera •

•

. -CONFIDENTIAL--
UNCLASSIFIED

diein allowed installXtion in any standard Air 'Fora. mount;

• • .r•

. .

•

. and inch features as automatic exposure control and coded.

. • . . • 67

dalta?iecording were incorporated in the camera body.

,. The contractor delivered the first experimental model

.•

oethe EL•4 to the Aerial. • h000nnaissanOe laboratory at Wright

'Fie* early' in 1955; flight testing in an RF-84F had begun

.. •

tr: the end of the year. These tests were 'considered .sucoesa1t1- ••

. ends kr liar* 1956, Plena more being made

, 

for Procurement

 68 -Of a' service' test quantity of 23. cameras by late 1,958.

• :

aid1111L21=21220a232121ROWSLAIRLIRILAULtidiL.

The region belOw 5,000 feet altitude, like that above

30,000; was becoali4 increasingly isportant makial reconnaissance

camera designers by 1956. In low-altitude operations, problems

4.0avigaticia and. pre cis* location of targets Were intensified, •

but low-flqing reconnaissance aircraft had the compeniating

*'1

. 'ability to get in and out of "target areas mithont•overeach • •-""

eatposure to defensive fire. The chance of interception by 1 124.1

. . I. •

insay radar, Missiles or antiaircraft fire was greatly lessened.

The• value of law altitude reconnaissagoe was brilliantly

illuatrated in September 1950, during the Korean fighting,.

• •

by three RF-80 pilots from the Firth Air Force. They made

fain- very-low-altitude flights over the invasion beach at

Inc:b o on, trying to get piqtares which would show the height

UNCLASSIFIED
7.CONFIDENTIAL-

- . .

of : the' seawalls and to locate defensive siromment,:eandbers

. •••

Auld:shoals which might mat landing attempts. The 97-804,

77-7-,1-----1-- ,-us144C.22-cameras,, -Made both vertical and oblique shots,

some in .heavy cprereast and drissling . rain. The verticals were

tekSh - from about 3,000 feet altitude, while the obliques were •

shot 'as The aircraft streaked toward the beach at altitudes

bet!** 1.00 .and 300 feet.

Results were excellent: Invasion forces based their

pltes for. as assault on the seawa.0 height data deriv.4.from

•

the A.photographe.' Amphibious troops storasd ashore equipped

..

with the necessa.ry ladders, and went over the seamalla easily.

.

. . .

. . .

Thi.walls proved to be a.beost exactly the height calculated

.•

fr" . ihotograihs. Oblique views of the beaches from various

di4anees off shore also proved invaluable to the Crews operating

craft..

'1 . In general, low altitude, high' speed iNhiPayillaillailli011. photo.:

grectr: required short focal length lenses, high Shutter 'speeds,

SUckhigh image motion compensation rates. &pt of the low •

. altitude cameras opvatienal in aim' 1956 Used 6-inch lens

cones almost exclusively, bat some cameras under dovelopeent

•

were to bays leases of 3-inch--acrd even 1.5-ingeh.focal length..

•

The venerable. 1.17C and 14.22• camerae still served

on low altitude recoil:siennas missions in the MEM. •

The. taricamera• array or 6-inch 1-17C •s used for area

reconnaissance • missions did double duty sad performed

.

. •

—CONFIDENTIAL-. * . .
'a-So.

•

lOsv altitude ilialliODS as well; the same held• for the

'• forward oblique 6-inch 1-22, int, on 0013asice (as in.

. the case of the RIP-80.0 in Korea), lush 1•-22 w9.3

mounted at the fOrward oblique station for low altitude

recormaissance.7° • •

• :• •Other existing cameras planned for operational use

in reconnaissance aircraft still in the development stage •

. were the •EL-1 and ILL*2. Tentatively, a 12-inch IAA • • .; • • camera,. =minted at the vertical station of the 0•05,

. was to eery.. in a' low altitude capacity in addition' to

performing area search' and ate= altitude reconnaissance

functions. le-2 cameras with 6-iach lenses were elated

for installation in both RP..101e and RR-105 aircraft$

in Vem . R1‘104, the ICAF.2 to be installed in a rotatable

mount' and used strictly for low altitude work. In the

mac*, however, a tri-camera arrangement of 6-inch KA-2es

. doubled ag , high altitude area search cameras. The RF-105 Was being engineered to use both 32•nch and 24.-inch

ICApa •s for law altitude ',missies* as well as thy,/winery •

•• •mdasions for which the cameras were designed; While the

32-inah KA.2 was first Of all a medium altitude camera •

for either rotatable or the forward oblique mounting,,

using it brim altitude missions was certainly possible

.and such a contingency was provided for. .

the 24-inch model was intended largel,y for high altitude .

. target reconnalisance, but .(agalz as in •the. case of the

24•inch 1.22 in Korea) when mounted as a forward oblique

in the EV*105, it could be valuable for low altitude ,

. The only produdt.ion o amass specifically designed for: law

. .

. altitude 'missions' was the ICA.-3. Equipped with 6-inch lenses,

_thee* tiameras.weie installed in the tri-metrogaa mounts of

• • 72 Matra fox: exclusive use in law altitude reconnaissance.

The 4-3 camera had a 9-inch square first and used up •

to 390 feet* of film. As of JAM 1956, it could use

• . • . cal* one focal length •lena (6 inches) and, it was installed.

' in only one type of aircraft, the RBA?. The camera weighed*.

• I •

-.CONFIDENTIAL-7

•
.

• :

CONFIDENTIAL

1121.51 .

30 rands and 11111 capable of cycling twice every second.

. .

Its fastest shutter speed was . 1/1100 of a second...rather slow •

... •

• for law altitude work--brit it prbvided image station compensation •

rates as 'high as seven inches per. second.. The EA-3 had been .,•

.engibeered far installation in a torquer mount bat in oper-

.. . 73

'ational use it appeared only as a tri-oestrogen. . •

The Air Forces staas of developmental law altitude cameras

•

bad an Augean look at 'first slang, e tI slaily because the quantity

Of hardware Was so large. Appearances 

.

.

were deceivingi however,

. s

...and cleaning Out the less ia mortnt items required senething

.less thambercuIcee efforts. FiVe.'at the cameras planned for .

. the low altitude mansion were also intended for high and medium

altitude reconnaiisance, and. only two were exclusivekv low ' ' •

. altitude cameras.

The IA.4 camera was being developed for low as voll-as

•

; . •mediusi altitude :work. In the latter appit‘tion this camera

utilised a. 12-inch lens cons. The law altitude model of the. . . •

• .74

••• accameodete either a 3- or a 6-inch lens, however. •

; • '

The 80.-5, ostensibly a high altitude area •search camera,

: .

was also a- goodbet to perform the loot altitude alasion. • Like

the L1-4., the IkA4 wad utilise both 3- and, 6-inch lanai canes,

fait, in addition, a 1.5-inch cons waste be developed eapeaLLtkr

• :

. . . .

for it. There was some thought among Aerial Reconnaissance

--CONFIDENTIAL , •

.1

•
.Imboratory personnel that a 9-inch cons sight also be designed

the EA;5, * but the requirement for such a cone was not

75

•

•

:ist.tirau

. ,

It was possible that the 8113 camera, using a 12.-inch

lens cons, would also serve for law altitude mission', although

plans for the KL-33 Concentrated primarily on higher altitudes.

:-

The. , 51-25 and the LA'-11 were both definite ccqtanders in the

... • • .

• lerd altitude race. The 81-21, a 6-inch focal length camera . •

•

adequately in •a low altitude mission , and plans for its developwont foresaw just such a fubci;Losi. The IA-11 body, using

• . cert ainly . either a 6-inch or 24-inch acne, would almost a see

•Alture duty as a law altitude reconnaissance camera, particularly

76

in view of its fast shutter speed (1/1600 of a second).

Except• for the EA,-5• and E1p:4, those cameras had one serious.

•

drawback in operating at low altitudes.. They had large formats.'

;.(either-9 Inc*, square or 9 . W 38 . inches), and this meant

.:mechanioal difficulties aplenty when high image notion acmPensation- ratis were attempted. It also scant that for focal

lengths shorter than 6 inches, unusually wide-angle lenses

would be essential. In view of these circumstances, the fraud

. in low altitude cameras 'was • toward the. use of 70-millimeter . •

film. The. * a 4.5-inch square format was still somewhat

—CONFIDE1V-TtAL •

• •

. -

;destined for inetallatd.ca in the RB.:58, was a high alt.itUde •

. ••:: area search camera like the EL-5. ind 1A.8 . bet it .could perform
• •

.".

;large for truly .high speed operation, but the 1A.;-5 used 70-

;;SiAlimeter film, as did two other liar altitude camerae,:tbe•

: •• ...:046 and L►46.•

." The U-26 was one of the three cameras being especially

. .

signed for use in the 23-58; it.liae to be exclusively a

. altit(ade mechanism. ..It produced a 2.25-inoh square ex- .

:.:Posure on 70.4d1Limieter 'Wet carried in a 250-foot osipecitiand it relied on a .)-inCh,111.5 lens. Its shutter.

•

.• : teas to be capable of oPerating at speeds up'to 1/4000 of a

; • • iseCond, eliminating any used foi imago motion . compensation

.

.

and special mounts. The camera • could be rigidly mOuisted to

the airframe since the fast stsitter speed Would. nullify vibration

suid motion effectis.. The W.44.26 would cycle about 7 times per-

...

'second and would weigh between 14 and 18 pounds. Like.the

R • N.

U-25 and KAY-27 j• the U..26 WO still in tiie bench topting

• 7. •

stage at the end of au;* 1956. • • •

Very similar to the U-26, 400;0 .iQt being designed;

•

for 'a Specific weapon system, the . U-16- camera . also used- 70..-*

millimeter f and had a 2.25-inch squire format. The contractor

. .* .

for the 0,.16, the Dula" Watch Company bad by June 1956,'

livered three experimental models of the camera to Wright

Field. The KA46, like the L11-26,. depended an 'high shutter*

speed (up to 1/4000 of a second) to reduce image blur and

-had no provision for synchronising movement of the film during

-CONFIDENTIAL--
exposer: faith movement of the Image across the focal pleas. .•':

.• • • •

• Comparative tests of two different lenses; one f/1.5, • the • • •

ether 212.0, bothOf ,-inoh Local lengthy were to shoe which.

:most 'appropriate for the Zia.16 0 s louraltitado mission.*

•

* :camera irbuldy:•of courseyincorporate autoimitio exposure.

•

..:Control, and 'coded .data . récording, and it would cycle 6 'times

pltp second.

&dallinglig

. The• requirements for an aerial napcdng . camera were ems.

treimaiy rigorous, not only iron the optical standpoint of 4. • • high resolution, .muiellent definition, and lack of distortion,

but also from the standpoint of mounting provisions. Such

a camera had .to compensate for or overcome speed and vibration

effects, had to be .iounted so that it. mas vertical, and the

. •i• . *restilf.aint aerial Photograph had to be Ocapatible with accurate 3 - •

.• 1

. •

.maps :of the area covered.

. • : • 1. brineral operational reqvixementiol: 1955 °ailed !orb aerial:

papPing from altitude's so high a n • with accuracies to great

sa to. be ciMpletely beyond the scope of cu rent equipment or

currenf,knomlectgeo The Air Research and Develowent Comeand'

Teobnical Program ?lmning Document photography deliberately
and 50 feet of their elevation

•

understated the problem in cautioning, *considerable develop-.

79

tow:mai:will be required to provide thiscepability."

.: ,CCimmund headquarters, in a technical requirement that

followed in'the wake of the planning document; called for

the establishment at a "sound research and development pro-

..

greir"• thatwould result:in a "tine-phased increase in the.

:4

. amemnrt of detail 

. 

that camber recorded an Ma gni thus pro-

•• vide an eubstitute for increased focal length, bulk

auxt• oxight'of aerial:evil-meat, meths present production

•

of:fantastic quantities of negatiVes and prints." Headquarters

.-

expressed the hopii"-that *a single small photograph

,1 • .

.

taken 'from very high altitude id-11 yield, when examined by

::•

a : microscope the Cane amount of. information that now is ex-

. thousands of aerial photographs."

The official requirement for aerial napping cameras speoir.

'OS an exacting development Schedule. Ay. 1960., navigational

.. -naps,prepared *reference to aerial photogreib4ilrve to short

e

.• •aetails .which*coUld be pinpointed to witbiat 1,300 feet of

.their true position and within 100 feet of their true elevation

above sea laves. larger scale "target " maps were toenable

the. pinpointing of details to within 300 feet of their location•
By 1965, all based an aerial photography mere to

.. met the' requirements of the 1960 "target" maps, and the photo-

.. .iraphie =pp:Inc.:mita* itself was to be of "very high acuity

•

' and of whi33' the format size and focal length of present. mapping

photography," After 1965, accurate mapping photography frail

. so

'earth satellites was to ,be the objeative.

In . 1956, the altitude limits suxl . accuracY of aerial napping

cameras were far removed from the optimistic requirements •

of the technical program. Mapping Cameras coed operate . to •

about 25,000 feel, altitude, considerably below the 60,000 •

•

feet ,desired by 100 or the 300 miles desired 80011 after 1965. Points

on the ground could be located'on 1956 aerial phoiogra*

to within 2,000 feet of their true geographic, positioni,bnt•

81 •

this was only possible at relatively modest altitudes.

The cameras in operational use .throughout Force

for aerial mapping were the hoary the T-11, stud the

.1elatively new IC4. The L-17C was not root orainarlrly actridered

iv, mapping camera; but it served on occasion in that capacity

•

in the X8-36. The mapping camera called for in most operational.

' aircraft was the .1-11. Single vertical 1-11 es could be mounted

in the 11/306, the MA?, the RB-57, the 103-66, and the RF-847,

. i

. three 1-11e s n a tri-metrogon array could be mounted
1,170.57.

'

I ..iik ;the capsule of the 11242. Naturally, only the vertical •

camera. of . a tri-metrogon group was the actual mapper. Ths.

two side obliques aided in deterodaimg the flight attitude

. tko aircraft. by Whowing the position of the horizon an the

.82 . .

loft and right.

In June 1956, a replaoement .napping camera was in pro..

• . . • duotion. This was the 104, manufactured by the same company

(Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation) that made the •

T-11. It Vas into:v./tameable with taelull in all standard . .• • • .

Air Force' mapping mounts. The KC•], differed very little from

• . •

the alder camera, having the same format, film width, lens,'

.abutter speed, and mount. It was, however, about 20 pOunds

heavier, and it cycled somewhat faster (once every Uri> instead

of•everY three seconds). The EC-1 was also built with an

83

• integral magazine. •

All. of these 'cameras had one thing in cocoa--they were'

used for mapping as single verticals only. This was' a definite ;..

..

diem:am:A*0, because as photographic altitudes. increased,.

. • . •

 the determination of tbs heights Of ground objects became

.

almost impossible from single p$nte. Accurate contouring •

.. .

. of naps thus developed into a major problem area. Bi► ear4

1955, the trend way. toward twin camera installations and develop..

•

• went of the "duplex" camera....ame that embodied two convergent •

, -CONFIDENTIAL-

• ..
•

UNCLASSIFIED

coPtical systems in a single 'body. Convergent photography

Was also strongly advocated tr the Corps of Naginsers; since

it permitted sore acieuratedeternination of ground contours

and object heights revel high. altitude and aided the photo

'interpreter in other ways. The engineers indicated they would

need a convergent mapping system by 1960, and urged Air Force.

84

establishment of iv development progran to this end.

Ili January 1956, the Aerial Reconnaissance .laboratory

began work on "convergent sapping cameras" capable of self-

. . .

.

sustained operation at • extremely high altitudes and under

extremely law pressures. Thin. high priority task required

41 6-inch, f/6.3, focal length, distortion-free, wide-angle lens,

a 9-inch square tormit, and very high acuity. The convergent

system was to be capable of resolving a 20-foot object and

.

.

of identifying an 80-foot object at a scale of 1:50,000; it

was to be light and compact, and it was to fit in a precisely ; •

engineered torquer mount.85

.

.

On. 18 July 1956, the laboratory's R00001348341%00 Camera

Section elmoratonded converting the .8C-1 into a duplex mapping

camera. The schedule laid down in the task plan called for

. .

. delivery of the first experimental model within 18 months of

the signing ?f the contract. ,

UNCLASSIFIED
•C.

 •

911•59

illiddaargiakmanainsas.

Night photographic recommissance by s0.44956 was comp.

. . •

Ceetrated in either the high or the low altitude region.

:jai:ion altitude night cameras, which included: the K-36 and.

' • .the. newer N-37 and NA7 cameras, would confirms to serve until.'

'Operational altitudes SYnally outran their capabilities.

The high altitude requirement for might cameras called

for reconnaisseneephotograpivria r 1980 at altitudes of 70,000

. •

feet with the ability to recognise objects five7 feet square .

on. the ground.. Since night photographs in 1956 were scarcely

ableto•provide recognition of objects 20 feet'square•fran

30,000 feet,.intensive development both of cameras and illuminants . 87 . •

: was essential.

Night photography involved several serious prob.lems •from

••• . • : which day photography was insulated. 'Perhaps most important

was' the need for artificial illuminants which packed tremendous

. . .

.

qampepomer potentialities into relatively small containers.

.•iren with this aid, night photographs required long exposure

• Aimee and this, in turn, iioquirea•pxtramoXy accurats'inage

.motiOn compensation. light cameras also needed more control'

equipment than their daytiis couterparte--farexample, a timing

.:.tSchauism for synchronising the shutter with the explosion

or the photoflash bomb or wasmandatory. Moreover, .
• • \

/-""•\. •

. • die to their greater complind.ty, night photographic systems •

.•.•

were 110i* expensive, as wall as less reliable, than daytime

ea

•

.

light cameras being used operationally in 1956 for

... high altitude specific target roseannaissanoe included

the 1f•36 arvilt-37. While the KA? (a rowiaaceesnt for the

1•37) 'was in production, it had not yet boon insta.Ued

" • • in Operation*. Linnet,. although its use in the 113.66 •

ia:4 been aohedu3adiPY

. As of Ain 1956, the somewhat antiquated 1-36 still

.wae acheohaed for Installation in the rear vertibal mount

of the 101-52..recounaisionce capsule for high altitude

t photography. The canera would be equipped with

inc.s. h lene. .cone, and the aircraft would wry 24 .

large flashbOabs . (11.4.20A1) for illumination.7w

The X-36 itself had a 'format 9 tr 18 inches and

had • the diaadrantage of reqtdring 18.5-inch film, of

which its maga:tine carried np to •00 feet.' It was engineered' to . aacept Dither a 24-inch or 36-inch cone, although

in 1956 . no operational aircraft could use the latter with•

out special installation. The 24•Inch model had • an intro.

1410.1 shatter. and . ctig. led. at. the raapsotabia. rate of once •

every second. Its .maximma image motion compensation

rate was five inches per seoond, and the camera was designed fir installation in a torquer mount. With,..the

. cone attached, the 1.36 weighid about 260 pounds:7A

Most high altitude night missions ware assigned to'

the 12-dnah focal length 1•.37 camera. Provisions for

. '

. •

-mounting this camera as a single, vertical were made in

. the P3-36, the RB.47, the RD. 52's capsule, the /03.57,

. .the 103.66 and the PP-84P. In addition, pairs of ip.171

• Were mounted in both the RB-47 and ris-57 at split Vertical

stations, although they were used pisimarily for le► altitude

photography in the latter aircraft"

The 1-37, xbich was abaft to be phased out of operational .

Ite• wen .e 9-4n-9-inch format camera . using up to 390 • .

feet of 9.5-inch film. It bad Only one focal length •

(12-inch, f/2.5) and operated at a top shutter speed of..

1/100 of a second.' It qycled once every 2.5 seconds

and weighed in the neighborhood of 5 7.pounds. • A torquer

mount (18-6) being developed for use with it would probabl*

. not lit operational before the li•37 went out of •arvioe 

..•use:7•0

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3

••

•

The 1.117 b which went into production in ge,y 1955,

s bad the same film capacitor and format as the INN

it was slated to replace; it could use either 12-inch, •

or 24-inch, t/4.0, lens cones. Maxima shutter

. alAet•d• was 1/200 of a second, twice as fast as the Z-37

...shutter, and the camera was capable of cycling twice

• . *very second wino used with a magazine with provisions

.777rarimage • motion compensation or once every two and One.

. . half seconds otherwise. It was nernfactured try Fairchild,

and was designed to fit the sme torquer mount (I.S.6)- •

being developed tor: the N-37.7v

Under .development to meet the rigorous reqUiremonts of

the 1960 to 1965 pe'riod was a .camera that . would, .if perfected,

. represent a *real "brialcthrough" in high altitude night—and

even daytime—photography. Tbis • eas the "curved field" night

camera, for which the University of Rochester bad developed •

#iexperimental lens as early as 1954. The Aerial R0001111111118a11C0

.

labOratory felt that if sufficient-fande were .p •ovided, this

typo of camera could be developed qUioldy enough to make the

difficult transition from. 30,000 to 70,000 feet in thief short

.• • •

space• of five years and at the same time meet the high resolution

.• •

reqUirenents.

The ti1.0 lens had been delivered to the laboratory in

mid-1954; and 'by the end of the year flight teats of .a "bread.

'board" model camera were ' under way. During those tests, usable

ti

night photographs were obtained Emi► 11,000 feet using a one-

.

pound photoflash cartridge. This was double the altitude

at .which night photographs• had hitherto been taktneith the

.

.
• .

.

. .

. . • UNCLASSIFIED

1

°ism cartridge and the best 6-inch leas in the Mr Force in- •

• . • ••

'venstiwy. ‘ The tests isslimated oonsidarable proodse for develop- *. .

. • .

. • -• neat of a .night photographic 'Osten which would be relatively

. • .

small in isise and weight and would require a minima of artificial •

95

illusdnation from high altitucle.

''; 'With the feasibiliti of the curved field camera proved,.

. •

the laboratori in Mash 3 togas: to develop a 211-inch f/2.0

lens and curved-field night camera for high altitude reconnaissance.

•

, Teat results had shown that such it camera could roans* 70

. • •

percent ' higher acuity than flat field cameras in current use',

and that it required cely about one-fourth the artificial

13.3.un 4asation currently deemed neemseaty. Plans envisaged

•• three of these cameras seleging in a single toinner mount •

end •photographing through a single sdndow. One camera would

• •

:be a rirtioal • and would aim directly sihead of .the .ilAsh bomb

96

.to.miat; _the °Thor two .were left and right obliques.

.

• D7 early 3.936, requirements for the advanCsed camera were

I • •

:available in a little more detail. The camera was to hacesi

double the -acuity of current cameras, wee to utilise illuminants

. and we to weigh only one-third• as much as cameras currently

:in use. It was to be capable of self-Oustained •operation at ‘, • • .

high altitudwes, loft temporal:urea, ud near-vacausa conditions.

„Designers hoped it would resolve a seven-foot object or identify • •

.

. .

•

4

. • UNCLASSIFIED.
if' g8-foot object on the grata at a scale's! 1150,000. Coded..

data recording Uas mandatory. Sines all film handling. would

. -• 7.

„• f

• be rapid and automatio, • the Air Force • planned to study higher

.

.

Speed film for possible application in this camera,' and even •

''airborne rapid processing would be considered. .The Aerial

.1hicOnnainsance Laboratory anticipated that Ocatemporasy night •

., •

. • • • ..high altitude photographic system *eight could be reduced

•

from over .14,000 pounds to about 4,000 pounds, and that an

experisiental nada of the camera ancliens would be delivered.

within 18 months of the signing of a contract and the receipt

9? of funds. •

•

ht. Taiwet iteconnaiitounww, fraw Low Al titude 

.• . . . •

Tbt Air Forms' low' altitude eqnipsent for night. photo-

.. • : grsphy was, in 1956, grossly inadequate to. meet requiraments.

•• While it was true •that when the Korean fighting began'the

Photographic laboratory at Wright Field had a law altltuda

night rosonnaimaSce system ready for use, that system was

..extroialy crude and unreliable, rind whatever useful information

it provided was 'more the icoduct' of . aktlled operators and

• interpreters rather than the adoellence of the equipment.

•

• Because of various adverse factors, not the least.

of which were the • dearth of /Nods and the relative lack.

of emphasis by higher headquarters on lto altitude night

photography, by mid-1956 the taókbcat of the 2,0W altitude .night recassaissance mission was still the marginally

-CpNFIDENTIAL--

•
-CONFIDENTIAt7..

adequate 12-inoh focal length 1.37. A now night camera

lath a smaller format (4.5 inches square) and shorter focal

length (7 inches) we

n tion 4m

46. but it was scheduled

for installation rte BB-66 and RF-101, neither of.which •

was yet operational

Lem altitude night photographii missions could be

flown by the RBA? and RB•37, each aircraft utilising

a pair of split vertical BA•N cameras. The. R13-47 carried

200 flash cartridges (24-112) for illumination, while

the. 103-57 could carry 208 of theis

t - or 80 of larger. size

(N-123). The RF-84F could use its ulnae vertical Z.37 '

for loot as wall. as :high altitude night missions; far

illumination,. the aircraft carried 208 an111 (*au) or

'160 large (14.123) photoflash cartridges."

. • The I-46 camera was slated for mounting in 143,7,

RB-66 and Fle-101 aircraft; In the re•57, three 8-46es

could be installed to .make up a trifoamera array, two

being placed in'the forward split vertical stations, aid

One at the rear vertical station. As of 30 June 1956, ' • however, this installation had not been made in operational

RB-57's.. The RB-66 and RF-3.01 Caere also engineered to.

acoept 1mi-camera 8-46 groups. In the RB-66, the 8-4610

were to be Wanted at the forward stations, where the. .

centerpoints *of all. three' lay in the saw plane cutting

across the • aircraft's fuselage. It was planned that the'

RB-66 would carry 104. small. Or 40 large flash cartridges. • The tri-camera mounting for low altitude night .recconalasance in the RF-101 incorpccated a single vertical .

camera just ahead of a pair of spalt .*erticals. For

illumi,nation, the XF-310., libel the BB-66, would carry either 40 large photoflash cartridges, or 104 small ones.

An alternate arrangement permed I coab

iziation of 20

large and 32 small cartridges."A'

The 'IC-46 night osnera, 'made to

r Rycon, used up to

i250 feet 'af 3-inch film per load awl had a format 4.3

inches square. The only production lens cane it could .

'use contained a 7-inch f/2.3 . 1ens, although development •

of a 6-inch lens cons was in progress. The 35.pocuut

K•46 could cycle twice per second and it had image motion

compensation rates as high as 35 inches per second. •

A torquer mount (LS-6) was in development for use with •

the 8-46, as well as several other aerial cameras . and

the 8-46 was also compejable with the Air Force uOiversal . .

.camera control systeai.s.`14 •

: ;
UNCLASSIFIED

vn-65

. .

• Baray in-1956, the laboratory started work on a night

; •Citisara that couldmeet low-altitude requixesients for the 1960-

1965 period. The teak called a duplex camera capable •

.

. • of operating under adverse light conditions and compatible

With flash bombs, .flash cartridgesvmercury . arc lamps, and .

. •

possibly even infrared or atonic radiation. • Project engineers

antittipated that' the new camera With two sets of optics in

•

one body arould give the same coverage provided by a tri-camera

arra* . of .and that great reductions in camera weight

• and window sizes could be realized. The camera *ma to have •

ai . irery..fast shutter, an image notices compensation rate as great

.as .nine inches per-second; and was to be capable of • cyaling .

. five times per second. Illtimately it would be. mated to a •

. . 4.3-inch focal length lens cone of very high acuity, but for •

..• *tha.-11=eclizae future a 6-inch lens. cone would be adeilate.

• _ • _Naga.tOmS. or_nat would be 4 15 inches squares, in a camera body

• aD2

requildmg a built-in flash detector of extremely high sensitivity.

IllnadantiusiliiskUblestera

By 1956, night photoriniminants were prOducing about

fiire times as' nosh light as their World War II forebearm,

.1a4 :they were also at least tidos as heavy. One of the immediate

tasks. facing Air Force. and Ordnance pyrotechnic engineers

• Was:thus the reduction of.bcab and cartridge weights for use

UNCLASSIFIED
•

inhigh aPoll449 fight t1/1 e. racsannaisaanoa aircraft, and at •

same tins) to increase light output even farther..

The 165.pound N-120A3. Photoflash bomb of 1956s-ilia a

light output of something; over 2,000,000 candlepower and capabla

of .prochioing usable photographs. from 110,000 feet with an.f/4.

lens, was a far cry from the World War IX X-46, which lose

. • . •

barely adequate for .night photography at 9,000. feet. Never.

thelessy it* fighter type aircraft cola* carry mat 165-pound

•

• bombs and still have 2600111 for ownsral.. Lucidly, testa daring •

• • •

955 had pointed tba way to a substantial reduction in photo-

,

illuminant weight. • • • •

Photoflash caztridges (x-312) weighing just about cbe

. pound were used in a series of night photographic experiments

in

•

conjunotinn with a 224-inch, • f14.0, X..117 camera. • Photographs

at altitudes from 6,000 to 10,000'feet in 1,000-foot increments,

'prOmpted the conclusionhat a 110-pOund flash . bosh could

built which would. make 40,000-faot • nliht paiot.Ography feasible

. The effiatiOnoy of the' flash /*Ur beinguitad.in newer Air .!. •

•oariiridge• was pbenoneriallSr higher than .even a year

... •

before * and. this. increase was due almost entirely to manufacturing

'techniques rather than to * ingredients.

There was still.plenty of opporbmity for the prime wro . •

technic •devaloment agency, Picatinny Arsenal, to =eats newt*

' compounds of vastly higher efficiency, and thus pave the waif •

-CONFIDENTbk-L-- •
•

—CONRDENTIAL-

.

-.tot. the. Air Force to design aerodynamic bomb shapes suitable

103

supersonic, high altitude release.

• Early in 3,956 the laboratory began to coordinate and V. •

•• •

:;vinifythe developmentof flash compounds, fazing syirtmass, •

shid. bomb shapes so that night photography at latitude* mentioned

:.

An the technical requirements could become possible_. msidng .

adVeices in each of these' areas., and by trying such new techniques

leo:detonating strives of flash bombs simultaneously, the. Air

FOrce believed that the altitude rock:vomit coed be net

104

Nfith a bomb 1..M(ckage smaller than. the 14420111. •• •

, •

Law altitude night photography was not overlooked in

' the search for better illumine/its. Ia development a Padni.1-

flash* system . for the latitUde; regions between . 500 sad 1,504-s

Aest,...a.system designed to *apply idniaturization techniques

. •

.

.to_the lat altitude photcd1ash • equipment already in cqS:t4t:iatim.1•

10,5

WED.

, • • t

The Aerial Iteiconnaisssumce laboratoxy maim monitoring develop:'

4

. •

• .

meat of cal* illuminants in addition to those flash

. pomder. Not the least important' of these was the continnOus. •

••sOurce airborne. floodlight. Tanom-tilled flash imps of- high

intensity and short duratisan bad been used during World War

rx,eith indifferent, success, but developments end tests since

•

-CONFIDENTIAL-
•

VII-68

•

.• . •

I

. •

thit-time had wrought vast improvements in the e1ectricai1r- .

operated light source field. •

One undirtaldng that held great promise for the low altitude

range from 500 to 8,000 feet Involved a mercury arc illumination

arstim to be carried is the itingtip pods of fighter type reconnaissiure aircraft. Flight. tests in 1955, performed in a C-47

. •

. equipped with 3 mercury arc leaps, proved the feasibility of such

.41 system at speeds . below 180. miles per hour and altitudes below

.2,500 feet. .Upon completion of these.tests, two contractors

(AiResearch Manufacturing. Company and Marquardt Aircraft Company)

. .

began VS eieveloii 12-lamp mercury arc illuminationsystems. Both •

•

. systems were to be powered by ram-air turbine-driven generators

installed in wingtip tanks and teeted in an RF-84F at Wright Field.1

By March 1956, tha Aerial Reconnaissance Laboratory had

received from each contractor a 12-lamp system capable•of

providing about eight 'times the illumination previously ob-

.. tained from the 047 installation. The laboratory analyzed the

' Units' structurally and, by 15 May had installed them in an RF-84F •

for flight tepting. The airborne test was welLunder way on

30 June, and. plans were being laid for fabrication of an exp rimental•21-lamp mercury are systedi by 1957.1°7

In the case of a continuous light source carried in the

aircraft s. synchronization. of the camera. shutter ' with a flash
UNCLASSIFIED

• . •

. • . •

af light, was not a problem. When boas, or cartridges were

need; however, the synchronisation problem was considerable.

The •bombor cartridge had to be released so •as to explode

Sitar falling about two-thirda the distance from the aircraft

•• to the ground, and the trajectory of the boob had to be such ground,

• that ti was no longer in' the camera's field of view at the.

time it exploded.

There were two principal modes.pf opiratizg the shutter

so that it opened during . the period of the flash bomb. burst:

by the use of a flash detector (attached :tO•or incorporated

in the camera) which' was built ,around a photoelectric cell, •

and •te• the use of a' timing device synchronised with the timer

in the flash bomb. The latter method required such high orders

•• . of -accuracy, however, that most laboratOri 'and contractor

. effort in 1956 was concentrated on systems using a photoelectric

108

cell.. . .•

ZI2 4..be three 'or four years following World War 11, the

'Photographic laboratory at Wright Yield deve3-opect • tlash detectors

which were -designed to open the camera shutter Only during

the period of peak light intensity from the flash bomb. Since

the total time of the flash encompassed about 1/6 at a . second, .

.

this meant that the camera shutter would be open for about

1/100• oi a second to . utilise the =anus illsmd.nition... By..

•

UNCLASSIFIED

%-:

•

: .
-CONFIDENTIAL--

vrc—ta

• . • •

.1949; , however, the laboratory was already laying plans fOr.

light detectors which would open the camera shutter at the

..:- .beidnniag of the bomb '.explosion and close it only when the light

was completely dissipated. The longer exposure time naturally

.increased the problem of image notion ' compensation. •

World War II flash detectors had generally been aimed

direitly atthellash bomb burst poiato . but this practice

•• ciiiased many spurious shutter trips due to searchlights, flak

bursts, and ground'fires. In consequinóes flash detectors

•

came to be operated by light reflected from the ground, although,

by 1956 altitudes yere becoming so groat that'reflected light

was no longer intenie enoug•to trip camera shutters.1°9

.

..

By early 1956, the Aerial Reconnaissance Laboratory was

attempting to eliminate.known deficiencies in prociuction flash

detectors and to design.naw ones. One flash detector imprivanant

called for amplifying the voliage.pulie generated by the bomb

mcat and increasing the sensitivity of the pickup cell. Photo- . .

grObii engineers believed that the improved detector would'trip

a camera shutter within five milliseconds of the beginning of • .

' .

the ' bomb . or cartridge burst. and thus allow Utilisation of about

90 percent of the illumination.11°

: The laboratory also studied possible new types of detectors

. • caPable of operating at extremely high 'altitudes, the nature ;

-CONFIDENTIAL-

•
--CONFIDENTIAL-'

111/...7.1

. •

'and intensity of . gramd reflestions, and environmental con- _

111

dittoes that light detecting equivalent you have to endure. •

' • • It appeared, that the night photography teohnical require•

manta of October 1955 could only be net 'by using.

 the light

. •

from several sinataneously detonated gash bombes so investi-

. • gat:ions crnmebonbinitiation, sed thos•began. One study concerned.

a. remote Web initiation system directed from the reconnaissance

aircraft itself. Ihe investigation centered. about various

types effuses which•reacted to light signalsfras the'castra • •

aircraft. •The object was to design a fuse that could detonate

a salvo of -flash bombe simulbanwly-upeareceipt of a single

.control signal from the aircraft. •

A "warning flash device"- wal • nearing completion by the

'end of June . 1956. The warning•flash device was a pyrotechnic

: cartridge ejected fronthe.tail of a photoflash bombed. a.

predetermined time after the•bomb was released from the airi:

.:ereft. The cartridge would flash. and speullumem894rdetonate

•• 1. • • several bombs through photocell actuated fuses. incorporated

'in.eadh bomb. The flash of the cartridge also served to trip

. .• •

.the camera abutter in time to make use of every bit of illtarbution

112-

;provided by the bombs.

In addition to working with snob artioles; . the Aerial.

400nflaissance• Laboratory investigated methods, of producing.

•

• . w

•

•
•

.

-CONFIDENTIA.

night photographs with little or no artificial illumination

at all. Those entrusted with this task were to takknote

iew:high ipeed. lens designs; develcimsnt of high order,

•

..ekiomsely smell sise illuminants; light amplification epitome.

• (*sprain the amplified light image was impressed •

...on.film); nod eveluatica moults ot • t.bn latest high speed.

)CL1nel Flight tests in early' 1956 had alreadysucceeded.in .

• .

obtaining rather la • resolution pbob4graphs under moonlight

•• 113 • • • alone. • •

•

AtascudIbmasaina

00.MN

el'. •

Another field .of aerial reconnaissance photography was

that of recording the impact of boobs, rockets, and bullets '

delivered either in air-to-air or air:to-ground attacks.

Nearly every aircraft that carried conventional bombs as part

.of its armament was' equipped with a P-2 aerial "strike camera.

..Thie vas a.fist-cycling (six times per second) Still picture

camera with shutter speeds up to 1/2000• of a ieoced; it used

100 feet Of 70-millimeter film. The P.02 could accommodate

six different lens cones, with focal lengthsranginc . frad' , .

.1:3 to 102 inchssi fdr bad) damage photograph at 14 *dim)

and high altitidea.• It weighed only eight pounds, was

:.. . 114

'extremelicompact; and made negatives ' 2.23 inches square.

.

.

7CONFIDENTIAL-- •

. . •
ThW P-2 was capable of performing direct bomb damage

assessment with a reasonable degree of locuracy and clarity.

• •.• . . The advent of fantastically powerful nuclear weapons, however,

. .

leant that bombardment aircraft no longer could remain directly.

over the area they were bombing, but bad to be magi miles from

',the target at the instant of bomb detonation. Thus, bulb

. • •

_damage assessment could no longer he performed by direct photo-

.graihio methods, befog:04y by indirect, radiological or electronic

means. The P-2 strike camera, therefore, had a very limited

futore application; if any, and the Aerial Reconnaissance'.

• laboratory planned • on4 to attempt a certain, =jaunt of product

lls

iiprovemant on the existing article. .

The aerial motion picture camera, used almost exclusively

-;• . . the- gun camera configuration for operational missione,

was destined to be the subject of =oh future development

.

.

-iork'aimed at the recording of air-to-air and.air-to-gronnd

:

rocket firings. The current operational Air ?Ice gun name*

.

.

f/2.5 lens. The N-9 was capable of operating

. .altitiwkiii • to 50,000 feet, bit during clear daylight. conditions

' •

could record impacts at a maximpiiistance of only 1,504 feet

from the lens. A tremendous amount of research and development

. work loomed ahead if the 3.9604cal of Camera operation at

1.00,000-foot altitudes and a !Cot ranges was to be met.

.•

was the N-9, a 16-iillineter sioirp9 pieive...otweera with a .
UNCLASSIFIED

•

Automatic exposure control offered difficult ;emblems..

In Nay 1956; the ;oriel Iteconnitissenoe Laboratox7 concluded

' •

,• . .

.: •

•• flight tests of an automatic exposure contra submitted h.

Specialties, Incorporated, and recommended that the centre]. .•

be incorporated in 432 1-9 gun °snores: Such an item would

• . • . • . substmftelly improve tab: exposure of gui =mere file and

. satisfy i long-standing requirement. In 1956 the•.sborstory

was also conducting alma-year study pf the over-all automatic

exposure control problem, both for air-to-air and air-U.46=ml

11?

•. strike phOtograpky.

. • Nearly all development work having todomith strike

. _

and gun &gores was AMU the ,studae stage during the first

halt of 1956. The requireients for such Calerseinere.so

in advance of the abilities otexisting devices thstsmrldhek

•

. . •

. .

. 

!product improvement* would fall tar short of.seeting then.

• Among the tasks haVing•to do with guts cemera development mem.

. a propasedstudy of mays to improve the (*lit, of strike •

photography, inoloding the•use of thin-bass films; component.

development ofnew Ma advancement nechanismi; development

of a. reooring. tochnique to photograph from beginning to end .

..thecomplets las altitude beibiug system (LAM Renewer;

. .

.and a study of materiels for .use iu strike and gun camerae

. 118

muter extreme environmental conditions. •

•

UNCLASSIFIED.
‘.•

UNCLASSIFIED

V1143.• •

During February 1956 the Night Photo Section of the Aerial

Reoonnaissance Laboratory proposed a st'e'p-by-step development ...

'to, a complete night strike photographic system usaille

is air-to-air and air-to-ground missions. The first step would

be a feasibility stuAy considering an air.fired.rocket carrying

an illmeinator head. Stich a rocket would provide illumination

and allot * target aircraft or missile, cause

temporary blindness for the target aircraft's' occupants, bring

about low-order destruction. in case of direct collisions, and

, possibly provide illumination sufficient. for air-to-ground

119

strike recording.

The extreme requirements for strike cameras not only

.•

' made the N-9 gamer* obsolete, but in addition rendered obsolete

at least five other serial . picture Cameras in develop-

. •

meat.These mere the 113-1, KB-2, , KB-3, 58.4, and.KB-3.camerms,

.

noneof 'which (except possibly the KB-3) would ever become

, operational becauee of tapir limited capabilities. A truly

'Avenged • strike camera design would haie to await the results

of the studies just getting under may.,

-• • •• .• n 1 11

It r Pt ,-

Because of. the increasingly mobile nature of. ground warfare

'and-because,special-earvirennental,conditions affecting airborne

photographic equipment, the Aerial Becoonaissence Laboratory

UNCLASSIFIED

t •
_CONRDENTIALV1146 .

, i2i:. 1956 was engaged in an. extensive program involving airbOrne •

,: .• processing msgazines and'imconventional photographic, methods. ,..•

Thik'princirel developments in rapid processing were a magazine

..s4lizing . tho• Polaroid-Land wet prices* whieh•qould•prOdnce

1; positive print in about 60 seconds, and an Anse* magazine

..

.

that gave promise. of turning Out dry negatives and positive

prints at a rate of one ivory five seconds. The unconventional

techniques 'being for possible wise in atonic radiation fields ... , . .

were: the "Xerographic* process and. two other "photo-electrostatic" methods known commerviallaras "electrofax" and wkalfsx."

The Polaroid-Land magazinahad a 9-inek square format

nd was being engLieered, to fit, most standard 9-byw9-inon

aerial cameras. 4, the laboratory had nearly completed fabrication of an experimental magazine, and future

plans called for procurement of a sines service tesCmodel. •

In early 1956, the Aerial AeCOnna4eance Laboratory

daielopwl a standard olaroid . .4.0Xlvanera into a radarscope

• .

recorder 'for use in $.47 aircraft. Aila'such a camera was

• not strictly a reconnaissance camera, its utilisation as a • •

'navigation aid showed the versatility the rapid-processing

technique. The camera was installed Ina E647 operating out

of•Barksdale Air 'ores Bale, Louisiana, and was . set to Wake

. an exposure-of each 360-degree sweep of the navigation system
redarseope. This . allowed the radar.oto operate intermittently

. !tins avoid passive detection and jamming .. The prints

obtained 'from the camera were suft'icien,tly. clear to allow

tbp 81.47 to be nwrigatedbgrzesne of photographs alone, prompting..

the Aerial Reootelitiesance Laboratory to recomnend the estiblishm *

,.:ment of a•requireeent for installation of.a standard Polaroid-

... 3.21

land camera in H-4741mift.

A.repid-pmensing magazine that'Offered great promise 1,

for future high altitude workman being developed by Ansco

.Coi;peration in pied-1956. The laboratory expected delivery

Of a breadboard model magasine in July, with fabrication of

a second modal after the first bad been flight tested. The

Ansco magazine was to have a 94nchsquare format and be usable

•

with all : standard 9-byw9-ineh Air Pierce cameras. It designed '

to develOp a dry ,negative and make one: positive print. , The •

Positive would be =WAWA *bout fie:lectonds after the first

eaposurei after that, printswould appear every two seconds.

The developed negatives remained in the magazine, whilithe

prints were either ejected from the aircraft for quick

pick-up by ground troops or transmitted by facsimile methods

to receiving stations within radio range. The•design of the

completa•systen was being directed toward operation Under the

sitrame environmental conditions of

122

very high altitude reconnaissance.

. . •

, . .

•
UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED

•

Another task, documented but still without a contractor

Juia 1956, called for a complete rapid processing camera

or high altitude recCanaissanoe. The eamera .Was to develop

' f.te. 1Xna high resolution. (50 limes per adllineter) negatives

.

,sithout caking positive prints. .1 fixed-aperture, fixed-too=

lens of 12-inch focal length would be designed .specially for

the camera, as would a very fast focal plane shutter. The

camera would give 40 degrees of angular coverage, would re-

.

quire no image motion compensation, and *mild operate under the

high temperatures and 1w pressures characiteristic of high

altitude, high speed flight.

The aircraft was to be provided with a special viewer,

•.over which the diveloped negatives would be carried for immediate

interpretation. Television transmission of the megatiVes to.

a ground center was also to be provided for in the system

.design. The camera itself was'to be very smell in sise and

.

. • • 123

.fight in weight. •

In the realm of "unconventional" photographic techniques,

the xerographic camera held the ascendency in mid-1956, although

other processes were under study. The Rabid' Compscompleted

fabrication of an experimental xerographic camera in early

.. . 1955,.cbaracterieing it as a "prototype for breadbqird model .

. • . cameras," and the Aerial Reconnaissance laboratory immviiately •
•

UNCLASSIFIED

•

started ground tests. The experimental.nodel was too large •

 :••

and heavy for aeriti . use,.and in addition lacked sensitivity, .

and simpliciti. Orotund tests of the camere, however,

indicated. that the is roces.showed considerable promise since

the plates. were far less affected by.atamio radiation than

.. were itandatd silver halide photographic materials. The laboratory planned to 1 five service test nodels; one of these

was to be bench-tested, two flight tested by Wright Air Develop.'

vent Center, and two flight tested and evaluated ter the Tactical

-• . •

'Air Command.

:

.

The experimental camera prpduced positive prints 4.5 inches

square and bad a 12-inch lens cone. Its plates were coated

with a selenium-te.Uurium mixture which was aettrostatically

charged before an exposure was made. On exposure the 'plate

was discharged, leaving on it an electrical image which was

. . . . than developed by passing the plate through a aloud of black

.

. . I • • Carbon powder. The Image could be transferred to white paper

by pressing gate . and paper together between rollers, Or it

•

. could be trinsmitted by facsimile methods to a ground station.

.•

'It was also possible to transfer the image front the plate •

124

to a alear-base film for viewing or printing in quantity.

Sei.ious faults in the experimental model prompted the

laboratory to request establishment of a study task aimed

UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED.

-at.a design for au truly practical aerial elsetrostatio camera.

.

The At nour Research Foundation of the Illinois Institute of

.Technology omwas • granted istudy contract in early 1956 to in.,

IMftigate both wirograjiby ands prooees . oalled Nalectrofix.*

. , ThestudY was to delve into methods of obtaining better resolution through the use of finer grained plates with increased

 and_toimmestigate thoroughly the ta•oblem of •

• atomic radiation effect's.

The alectrofax process was similar to xerography, but

.,*47botOconductive material on a paper base was used instead'

of•selenium plates. A great'deal of study would be necessary

before this process became practicable, since the material

..........• • was relatively insensitive and hence slow in speed, and its

125

resolution and radiation resistance were lia310M2.

One other process that had , 

for aerial

photoompkor was "kalfax," a method of developing which give.

...alioat infinite resolution. In this process, unfortunately,

the only available photosensitive material wee sensitive to

ultraviolet radiation but not to visible light. Nevertheless,

-.developing plates by the kalfax process was relatively simple,

using either .ordinary heat or infrared, and the plates them-

. *. • •

;selves were practically insensitive to atrito'.radiation. •

Iatensirs research into this method Profised to be Well With

126

the effort. •

UNCLASSIFIED • ,

:;
-ceiemEtabat

fillillias.224tRIA6-MUtliatIFIZEPt • •

Camera stabilisation becalm increasingly vital as photograPhie altitudes increased. Not only did poor stabilization

seen. poor. resolution, but, in the case of area search and

. '

'lapping photography, A a =pails that vas only a "hair" on vertical .

produced photographs disoriented by hundreds of feet an the

ground. Earxy efforts lir the 'field of camera stabilisation

had.utilized pendulums as the vertical references, but it

. .

man soon discovered that horizontal aircraft. accelerations caused •

sizeable errors in pendulum position. The Air Force then

- .

shifted to. vertical gyros coupled to geared servo systems.

.This. Owed reasonably satisfactory far daytime photography •

at, moderate altitudes, but not fore night photography with •

its longer exposure times. It the'more severe nighttime

.•

'requirement that led to the development of the torquer mount

is which there vas-no mechanical gearing between the camera

.giMbal and the airframe.

even non severe stabilization problem was posed tv.

the. requirement 'for strike photography. Dosing a "normal"

• reconnaiselince mission, the pilot of an •eiroraft concentrated

. . on flying as straight and level . a course as. possible, butt ; .

.•

• during an air-to-air or air‘toground strike, he fr!equently

had to perform violent maneuvers. To enable the pilot to

•

--CONFIDENTIAL-7-
-CONFMEN-Mt--

keep. his attentiou on ean*at, the strike camerasvem&diemmais o •

.. .

•that'erobld automatically maintain a level position during

. ' .

... 127

fantastic aircraft gyrations..

.,

. - 

. •

...•.. As of June 1556, there were several torquer mounts in . ..

.

' developme ►t, all of which represented an advance over standard

. geared mounts, but nova of which provided the degree of stabill-

.

....sation required by the October 1955 technical'requ:Lremanta.

Near2,y all tasks connected with camera stabilisation were

being performed by a single itontrasktor, Aaron= Laboratories,

.. • .Incorporated.

Two • torquer nOunts, the L3.3, and LS-4, were being developed

to accommodate taut- and three-camera systems, respectively.

The contractor delivered a developmental model of each in

.

June and July 1955, and . the AerialitaLsana Laborat4ay

flight test.4 three.36-inch focal length'11-38 cameras in the

15-4 and four 24-inch K-38 11 s in the L3-3. The mounts allowed

•

. appratimately 20 lines per millimeter resolution from the

multi-camera arrangements and provided image motion compensation

by . swinging the mounts rather than by moving the film. The

mounts themselves weighed about .250 pounds each and would fit

' in an aircraft fuselage 55 inches in diameter: One service

.tist. model of each was to be delivered

128

by 1956.

The 1.81.6 mount (which was alOrquerverilion of the standard.

geared A413. modnt) was being engineered to accept nearly' s41 •

-comwENT-bu-7-

•
'C: •

. . •

11143

lir Fora cameras Currently operational (the E'17c, K.37,

•

. t.:46 9 x.47 um9 gA And T•D.). • This mount would actually be •

•

the oar :standardised Air Form torquer mount winos most of

:• • . . .

the other•develop:metal mounts mere tailored i'or a particular

Tlme 1Sa 6, liatigkin about 150 pounds, permitted

.resolution on the order of 20 lines per millimeter. As in •

.

• the. case of the and LS-4 mounts, December 1956 was the .

129

terecast date for dllivery of three 'I3-6 service test models.

Aeroflei•laboratories was also develOping a general purpose

mount for :damage armament photography during tilde with ••••

. . • conventional bombs. This was the A•32 mount, a service test

model • of which the 'Aerial Recommiasance Laboratory had pot

'through environmental tests by June 1956. This Mount could

be installed in srcr bomber time aircraft having a vertical

. .camera welly end could acommodate most standard Air Force

• .cameras.. It provided excellent vibration isolation for the

camerae, :and' had a . remote pitch control permitting the pitch

angle ito 'be varied from eight degrees :orient to 40 degrees

rearward. The complete mount assembly, including control •

: box and cable, weighed about 48 pounds. The Aerial RecoMeisevre

.. • „, .

1,aboratory expected delivery of nine more service test models.

. .

.ceiplete. with contras in July 19.56, at 'which time further

tests would be undertaken by. Wright Air Developiment Center ,

• 130. •

Air Proving 'Ground and Strategic Air Command. •

-CONFIDENTIAL-

•
-CONFIDENTI-14-

:II .... i • — : . „ ,. . • . . .

.

.......; The laboratory hid selected no contractor to develop

. . • 131. •

.....iiith.maximmaiffiaiency.in spite . of its smell mime. • •

While .mast of theie Air /brae torquer mount,' neared the

the.development.stage, the Aerial Reommaissance Lab.

';Xretory still faced the problem of satisfying the teohnical

•

requirements issued by the Air Research and Development Command'

.

144.0ctOber 1955. As a start, the liboratory . planned a study.

. •

•••• Miniaturised torquer.mount .systms Capable of Tully

guiraitaeing high acuity in a small reStrissaissanve camera.

: . i... Tht goal of development ims to be a =Cast that . vould °pante

•

..., •

:

.of all possible mounting techniques for high acuity cameras.

`Since movement of the photographic image during exposure was

.• • ••

still the largest single cause of loss of resia:utire, this ,

: task woad be of special impOintince for some time. to come.

Aeroflex Laboratories was performing both study'ami cos-

' •ponent development in the entire field of stabilisation and

`mounting. Any inprovements• or important cliscoveries were

. -to 1:lis carried in'to equipment•developMent? The investigation.

included such-areas as lov inertia mount spitin g', adrift* •

of mount arose9pes, low frequency vibratioia isolators, en-

••

Vironmenta3.. protCction of •mount components, Imam center

of giavity, and image motion compensation'tv•osvinging•

132

techniques.

.. •
1111-85

•

Aeroflax was also developing specific cceponents needed

Zr' o satisfaction of the high altitude area and mapping recce-

. naiisanoe requirements. One assignment was to develop Light-

. ••

w•Aght"systeirs for determining true vertical during and after.

; "saiderate" aircraft.naneuvers and to investigate methods . whereby

suaii a system 'could be tied into an inertial autonavigator.

The' contractor was building ten service test systems in early,

1956;. those were to be engineered ' for use with the LS-6 torqner

133 • meant. The vertical computing system would become unnecessary .

if . one of more cameras could be "slaved" to a central reference

such: as an inertial navigation. system. This was to be done

thrOugh the use of two matched pendulums. Experimental equip-

..

sent of this type was deliver(' to the Aerial Reconnaissance

134

Laboratory in October 1955. •

. • Aeroflix .was also developing an extremely sonsitiVe gyro- .

icoptc steadying unit for use in very high acuity camera mount

systems. Not only was the unit to be fast acting and imam

tint

. .

interferesioe, bnt it was also to operate effectively during

moderate combat maneuvers. Two experimental units were being

fabricated by early 1956, as was an especially sensitive contro1.135

The contractor was responsible for another task (suspended

. .

during .the first half of 1956 because of the lick of suitable

: test facilities), which demanded investigation of rocket strike

•

-CONRDENTIM-

•
• 4

. • • -CONFIDENTI-At-

•

I s - recording teakniques. No limitation on aircraft maneuvers

after firing of the iackets was to be . sllowed; the camera

. ••

mount was to have freedom to move 76 degrees in pitch and

j0. degrees in roll.. As if these performance parameters were

ot extreme enough, the mount itself could weigh only.about

136 pomade

•

Another development involving pendulums instead of gyro.

. •

scopes for the steadying reference is camera mount systems

•

'was aseigned by Aerial Reconnaissance laboratory to the Bill

Jack Scientific Instrument Company. 'The contractor was to

'investigate "long period" penclauis as possible substitutes

'for: gyroscopic mint systems.. , If a pendulum proved satisfactory,

considerable savings in mount weight and size could be provided.

During the 'first half of 1956, the contractor delivered to

.Wright Field a breadboard model of a pendant having .a period

' 13?

of. 'ode minute. Testing was under way at the end of June.' .

After World War II, recognition of the need for more

&connote—and more *complicated...aircraft camera controls led

to the un,tfication. of scattered and uncoordinated efforts

hitherto characteristic of the camera control field. This

•

'led to the developient of the "universal camera control system,*

:aeries of about 45 "packages" which computed exposure data

of 'all types and fed correct settings into aerial eamare.a.

- •

-CONFIDENTIAL4
UNCLASSIFIED.'

"

43:1-87

.me system, as. first developed, was quite bulky and howl, .

but was nevertheless considerably smaller 'and lighter than

. •

it:Would have been without the uuttVing influence of the con-.

• .. •

. task.

. • • .

Impr000ments in various parts of the system followed.

••

' To *teduce eiTA; a midniaturiseds• antral .symten was

. .•

. • • •••:,

.•

- --,........Amignedikixt.yypr.17 1955 had been . asseabled. Methods of •

• •

.further reducing the teak ar-th• eyyteas, wore. under study during. r• .

138

the first. half of 1956. Specific ccaponents . of the universal •

• csmera control system included intervelometere, automatic • .

,.• foOnsiing :devices, 'power supplise, control panels', and ground

139

'•• • speed ' an0 altitude measuring devices. . •

A problem that had always tren.clifficult and time consuming

'far aerial photographers, processors, and Photo interpretere

;.e.

alike vs bat of recording data on negatives.

tech negative on a film _strip was Automatically monbered in

fligLtbr a device in the camera, end then further jaier tun iaa

an* taken from the pilot', or observer's flight log and hand .f •

lettered CIth. negative by ground prooessers. Later, viqunl • •

.!. • •

presentations of altitude, tine, exposure ranaber, and other

':data were autenatioa134. registered along we edge of each

negative. Spaoe for thee* visual presentations was limited, • • •

••••

. • however, and as furt.her data were required, such 's. latitude,

. ' •

• • , UNCLASSIFIED.

. •

•
. UNCLASSIFIED

•

.. •

aircraft. heading, ground speed, and sortie number,.

.

*. , t.be.visuel method gave idol to various systems of coded dots

..

-. ;.which could area large amounts . ofinformaticn into a vow

1. Vat"•

The most elaborata.and versatile coded data recording

Ysysten in develcipmma was one delivered to Wright Field in . .

;',*mmeber 1955 by the Federal Telecommunications taborateriee.

The system impressed a series of *Call dots on each negative

41 it was eiPoied in flight. These dots, when translated

by suitable electronic equipment could give the negative cumber,:

camera positica, focal length; squadron =her, sortie number,

date, time sone, and time to the nearest tenth of a second.

.• .

Furthermore, data taken from flee aircraft's 'navigation, equip•

•

sent could be included in • he coded preseatationm-latitude

• north and scethp.longitude east•nd•west to the nearest tenth

of a minute, pitch, roll, and drift angles, trueocOurse, and

.

.

-ground speed.- Pros the airoraft's' . radar. altimeter, accurate

measurement of altitude above the terrain also was recorded..

The (laded dots were impressed ' on the negative through

the *odium of a one-inchcathoderay tube that operated auto;

matical4. :Thesystom which weighed 75 pounds, was. designed'

to operatewith70.milliieter fill like that used in the KAp..5

and P4 cameras. The coded information could in addition.

UNCLASSIFIED

•
•

UNCLASSIFIED

•

•

to: being recorded on the negative, be Hrecorded on magostio • •

• tape where it could be translated by telemetry circuits.

The ground-based portien of the equipment consisted of

•• • - a•film reader and autaiatic titier. This madbinsiould tram •

lice the coded information on each negative and type it out

in letters aeinvabers on the negative in gold leaf ink.

The translated information could also be used to punch tapes

and cards far use in • digitel computers and other digital data

reduction eqnitmobt. As if this were not **ugh, the reader

. . • was capable of producing on a cathode . ray Who a readable

display .of the coded informatitan so film could be scanned

before being titled. A video output of the piCture being

scanned, compatible with television networks in the United

3.40.

...States, was furnished for good measure.

•

AtrialimenalanuatAlaslita

*Because the Photographic requirements of the 1060-1070.

• •

. period were so advanced, the Aerial Reconnaissance Laboratory

during 1956 undertook several studies . covering ivory phase

. of.the aerial: reconnaissance prOCOSI4 Means. of increasing

acuity and reducing size of camera systems were being ezhaustdmily

investigated, as were operational procedures for increasing

'the information content of Photograpbdezdzeions. Fine grain

Alio and thin base films were to receive their share of research

UNCLASSIFIED
•

• . •

•

VII-90 .;

••

emphasis, and lenses and photographic "Windows* were the subject

.

. ••

oilinch intensive *research and. deireloisent work. . To increase

'reliability end ease of maintenance of photographic atiuirsont,

141 • •

ifieet equi.pment techni.qcies“ were also to be studied.

.• • One entire project, whioh had been in existence since

1049, was davoted entirely' to *blue sky" research •In the . photo..

• graphic reconnaissanoe field. The work connected with. the. •

'pro.jecrt was conducted almost entirely by the Physical Research

1..aboiratory of Boston University, althOugh some effort .was subcontracted to other research institutions. In general, the:

studies to be conducted during the 1956!1960. period were. Con-

. earned with long range oblique photography, problems of photographic reconnaissance at altitudes. of 200,000 teat and more,

.

law altitude navigation and reconnaissance,, 

photography,

data transmission, night recotinaisannee without artificial

illuminants, radarscope recording, factors influencing the

. • . ••

',quality of 'aerial photographs, and coapilatian of all current •:

• knowledge in.the field.

The project was founded an the sussalet.4.onthat any aerial

. . photographic reconnaissance system was made up of four element!:

airborne collection,. physical processing or reduction, analysis

and interpretation, .and data presentation and dissemination.

When the tztlitary problem (collecting usable data about the

. •

..•••• •
. • .•

1111-9•

enemy under conditions:u4Mallifar less than ideal) vas added

. . system analysis, requirsients for research and develop.

.meant immediately stood out. As theae requirements

24

 emerged,

2 .

. i the . Hoston laboratory set up tasks to most them.

Aiong the study tasks. being conducted under this project

. •

Were; theoretical investigations'atlocaltitude reconnaissaice

:systems; studies of air .6bulenoe . and ham and their effects

on photographic imagsvualim experiments an threeffects

.

of thermal shook on photographic windows; determination of .

.

.

oriteria for detecting detail on aerial photographic prints;

.and the establishment of suitable examinations to separate

ikaliT

43

ram unlikely candidata!, for the job_of photo inter1

prettier. •

Other tasks that included acme compOnent deielopmen•work

.,

. mere: a for so uncoaventionil i thing as a "photosensi-

:' tive . liaro-organisme to be used onfilm instesd'of standard

iMulsionssuch as silver halide; $61.catttMOOi laboratory

•

AneleotrO-optical" and thermal reconnaissanoe devices; experiments ,

mith .machine tools to obtain better surfaces on optical mma-

:. ponente; work with "nomeaMobanicalm)shutters and focusing

' . devices; and . the building of long 'focal length mirror optical

144

'systems.for aerial reconnaissaiCe.

•

•
I t:

••

V71-92'

.

- .

As. of 30 June 1956, the Aerial Reconaitissance LabOratory

had reoriented. its inerts in the photographic: field toward

, meeting the reqUireseuts Lad 'dorm in the October 1955. technical

•,ciocumerats from Balitmore: With several "breakthroughs" already'

• to its credit, the laboratory was 'confident that the requfere- .

-smuts would be met:.

•

.•

. • •

•
UNCLASSIFIED . .

' VII-93

•

Notes, Chapter

•

04' as P.I. Br.),

.office..of.infoniattiorkeart,pr cited as .ts.), files. •

2.

• Article, Cal. G. W. Goddard, Ch.p.P4oto. Lib., Nog. Div., •

ANC, wikarBevelopments for Aerial Recormaissitncio,* in • •

•Thasaggamgajaas Itoglageging, Nei. 1949, in KOTAtter:OMS.,.

Sites; Research and Development Beard Project Card (hereafter

Cited as DD Fora 613), Proj. 6211, Jra Reconnaissance

•

3. Pots precut.. Oct 1949

Godd4Odakit., Nar. 1941). . • . 

5. UDC Technical* Program Planning Document (hereafter cited

as ARDC TPPD), Aug. 1955 revisiOn, siubj.: Photography,

'see Doc. V11-34.

6.. Arpc Technical. Requiremk (herafter•cited ARDC TR)

-• No. 95-55,24 Oct. 1955, sub j:: Aerial Photo Intelligence,

see Doo. . •

ARDC TPPD, Aug. 190 Rev., see Doc, VIE-34.

Malig.,.see Doc. 41.1734; DD Form 613, Proj. 6211, ?.6 Nay •

195x .

ARDC TPPD, Aug. 1933 Rev., see Doc. V11-34.

-------.----Tirre-Form-613e. Pro j• 6231, 26 luny .1954; rat., The1j:ilia

: ,• Nigh .Altitude Reconnaissance Camera .," Undaied, by- V. N.

Zenner, Recces. Camera Sect., PhotO. Recon. Br., Aerial

... Recan. lab. .(hereafter cited as AM), -Dir/Diyv., WADC,

...,.. see Doc. MAO.

•

•

.114 'Zenner rpt., see Doc. V1I-40.

. • TPPD, Aug. 1955 revision, see Doc. V31-34; preen.

•• ••:. by ARL an Northeast Air Command and Alaskan Air Command

.days 14 Dec. 1955; pots* in Mat. Br. files.

.•.-•• •

UNCLASSIFIED

•

•

. Preen., Lt. Col. H. W. Pote, Trends in Photo

Oat. 1949, in Publid-Infcamaltionftpah(banelekg

.

•

and ikpping Canine; 26 167 1954, in Projects Control

Br.. (hereafter cited as PCB), DCS/P4O, •11.1e8.
UNCLASSIFIED •

Notes, vu.-94..

ARDC TPPD, Aug. 1955 revision; see Eft. IM.-34.

• 

14 Preen. by im. ohI. G. Preen. Day, 20. July 1955; Prom.

•••-• ." by KRL on USAF Bay,. 4 00..1955, both in Rist.

Br. files. .

151: Goddard art., liar. 1949. • • -. •

•

• .

16.w.'...i.k.lhindhocik of Photographic Ennipment (hereafter cited as •

, 1044), 15 Jane 1955, Sect. II. pp.. 2A3,-.4es Eft,

V11.14.• •

: . .

s •

, •

,i.. Photo Capability of the 1B636, 30 June 1956, compiled

.• by J. King, Blot. Br., see .Doc.

. .

PiotO Capability of the makr, 30 A101,1956, compiled

. : by J. Zing, Hist, Br.,. See Doc. 111-7.

19.: 104.2, 15 Jun. 2915, Sect. II, pl. 7, see Doe. 171m15.

204•::; Photo Capaidlityofthe RB-36, 30 Jun. 1956, see Doc.

•

.

.

' 234 .,. Photo Capability of the RF-847, 30 Jape -1956, see Doe.

VII-?.

224 -• Bquipmeat Data Sheet (hereafter cited af MS) No. 40,

.% 25 Aug. 1954, paisgi. by ARL, see Doc* 17342.

-23:. DD :Form 613, Proj. 6211, .Task 62128, 5 Apr. 1956, in :':•90Iti.Dcs/Ps0 files; DD /Ponta% Pro; .6216, TiBk 6201$,

; Mier. 1956, see Doc. ‘71•42. • ' ••

• 24. - Photo .C9plbilit, of .the RF401, 30 J46. - 1956, coiled

lir Jr. r X141, Silt. Br., so. Dec.. V•1104; table, Reconnaissance

' Cemera.Current Operational Function., compiled by J.

..King, Hilt. Br., BO* ;O. VErra.U.••.

25. Photo Capability of the 104.05, 30 Ju6:i956, CCMpiled,

to J. King, fist. Br.., see Doc. VIZ-ID.

26.- photo Capability of the RP-104, 30 June 1956, compiled

by 7. ing, aio Br., see Doc. VII-90'

. 27. Photo Capability- of the . SE527, 3p Jens 1956, ' coMpged

J Xing' Mit Br see .10Cc VIKA -

UNCLASSIFIED

•

.

•

..•

•
II

UNCLASSIFIED

•

Notes, VII.-95

I T.O. 10-14, 15 JUM 19559 Neat. II, p. 22,.eee Doe.:

17.1.3Q.

. •

. •

• 29. '

Capabilitcr of the RB-66, 30 June 1956, compiled

. by J. nog, .Riet. Br., see Doe. VTE.6; Photo Capabilitir .

of the.M105, 30 June 1956,Am* Doo..17140.

:T.O. 10-172, 15 J 1955, Slot. II, p. 13 see Doe. vllia.

DD. Form 633, Proj. 6216, Task 62134, 12 Mar. 1956, see

. Do46.171.42; DD Form 613, Proj. 6221, Task 621209 2 June •

. 1955; SOO D30. VI103.

- • 32.; . Photo Capatdlitq . of the BB-66,30 Jim 1956, a 1 go Doe. •

.33._ . .• Photo Capabialtrof the 11W105,30 June 1956, see Doc.

-• • VII.:10; DI) Form 613, Proj. 6211, Task 62128, 2 JVne 1955,

see. Doe. VII-33; DS NO, 3, 25 Aug. 1954, pee Doe.

•

34. T.O. 15 Jima 1955, see Dop e. VII-13, -14, -15,

• • -16, -17, -18; -19, and -30.

. 

•

3$4 . utae, pocommaiseance ciToras.-Ourrent Operational Potions,

.30 Jun. 1916, see Doc. VII-11.

36:' . .:Ooddard art.,-Nar..1949.

. • R&D Task Plan (hereafter otted . ae ARDC Form 98), .

Prol."6214,.Task 62043, 2 J121*1953,..inRsoon. Camera

. Sect., Photo. Beoon. ARDC.N&D.Ngst:

. •• Rpt. (hereafter cited as ANDO Pmm), Proj. 6214,

Turk 62043, 13 1671955, i.e Doe. V11732; ANDO Service

• Tett Requirement (hereafter cited as 7 ARDO Form 171),

Proj. 62111, Task 62043, 3 jaa..1956,1nNecon. Camera

Sect., Photo. Recon. Br., ARL, files. .

38. ABDO. Fnrm 111, Proj. 6214, Task 62043, 12 Apr. 1956, in

' PCB D08/140 flies•

Ltr., Vectron, Inc., to 00, ANC:° • WT. 1956, enbj.:

Progress Depart Mb. 34 (& Panoramic Camera), in Boom.

Camera Seat., Photo. Rocca. Br.,'ANI., tiles.

UNCLASSIFIED
• UN CLASSIkth

Notes, V11-96

•

. . .

. •

ho: DD Fora 613, Proj. 6213, Task 62008, 18 Oct. 1955, see •

::,.Doc. V11-36; interview, R, A. Strasser, Asst. Ch., Photo..

Bacon. Br.ARL, 9 Aug. 1956, trf Niue, Hist. Br. (bore-

'. after cited as Strasser interview).

41. ARDC Form 98, Proj. 6211, Tea 62077,26 Ney• 1953, in

Recon. Camera Sedt. Pho,p. Recon. Dr., ABlo, files; ARM

Form 321, Prof. 6211, Task 62077, 4 Ner. 1955, ass D3d..

ARDC Form 31., Proj. 6211, Task 62077, 20

..1955, in PCB DOS/B10, files; ARDC Form U]., Proj. 6211;

Task 62077, 20 Jan. 1956, in PCB, DCS/P&O, files.

424 . DS No. 12,25'Ang. 1954, see Doc; VII-26. •

Je• -• Amp pars98, Poi. 6211, Task 62078, 2 Dec. 1952, in

Recon. Camera Sect. Photo. Rocca. Br. ARL, files; ARDC

Fora 221, Proj. 6211, Ta sk 62078 20 55, in 9 .

PCB, DCSAP&O, .s; ARDC Form 111, Proj.

Sept.,

g211, Task

62078, 5 SP'. 1956, in Ms Dc8/P‘9, •

ARDC-Form 111, Proj. .6221, Task 62078, 20 Jan. 1956,.

in PCB, DOS/PLO, files; . DS . Na. 4, 25 Aug. 19511, see Doe.

.

.

45. status of USAF Equipment, Requdst for Type Classification

(hereafter cited as ARM Formal), Proj. 6279, Task 62685,

21 June 1956, in Recon. Camera Sect., Photo. Bacon. Er.,

. , ARL, files.

.46. ARDC Fora 311,. Proj. 6214, Task 62637, 12 Apr. 1956,.

in PCB, DCS/P&O,

47. Table, ReConnaissanco Cameras-4Current Operational inactions;

- • 30 June 1956, see Doe. V11-n; Pate peen., Oat. 19119:

48.. Photo Capability of the RB-36,10.june . 1956, see Doe. •

. ' V11-2.. •

-49...Photo &cabal:W . 0f the RY684F, 39 June 1956, see Doe.

.. 111147.. •

50.. Phota Capability . of the RB .36;10 june 1956, see Doc.

-1,11-2.

•

. • .

UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED '

Notes, VII!.97

51. Photo Capability of the 0-47; 30 June 2956; compiled

. 1N, J. King, Rist. Br., see Doc. • VII-3; Photo Capihiflitr

of the RF-84F, 30 June 1956, see 11000 VII-?.

.

:52. .Photo Capability of the R8-52, 30 Jbne 1956, see Dec.

Photo Capability of the RB..57,.30 June 1956,. x- • piled to J. Bing, Hist. Br., see Doo.vii...5.

. ' . •

' 33. Photo Capability of the R16101, 30 June 1936,*see Doc. • VII..8; Photo Capability of the RF-104, 30 June 1956,

*see Doc.. 111-9; Photo . Capability of the RF-105, 30 jun. .

1956, see Doc.301-10.• • .

. 34. Photo Capability of the M105, 30 June 1956, see No.

. •

. 55. Es Mee. 4,.17., acid .41, Aug.. 1934.. see Dec.. icolp.29, •

-25, at-27; .ARDC Farm 81,- 1)3. 6279, Task: 62685,-21*

• Juno 1936,*in Room: Camara Sect., Photo. Roman. Br., •

ARL, Mos. 

. 36. Strainer* interview, 9 Aug. 1956.

•

DD Form 613; Proj. 6211, Task 62006, 2 June 1955, see

:Doc. V11...33; ARM Farm 171, Prof. 6211, TaSk 62006, 20

Jan. 1956, in PCB, ECS/PaO, Mei. •

Sot

. DEIHNO. !ils 25 Ang.,1954„ • seeDoo. VIZ-27..

• • • • II

-

ARDC Form 81, Proj. 6279, Task 62685, 21 June 1956, in

.Reed4..Camera Soot., Photo. ROCCO. Br., ANL, files. .

ARDC Fora ill. iroj..6221, Tatk 62631, 6 Mar. 1956, see

: • Nei V11-41..

. 61. 1RD0 Form 111, Prof. 6273, Task 62617, 15 Mar. 1956,•

. see Doc. V1145.

.62. UDC Form 111, Proj. 62739 •1213k 62622, 15 Mar. 1956,

gee Doo.:I1145.

63. ARDC Form 111, Prof. 6273,'Task 62619,13 Mar. 1956,

see Dec. Y11n45•

•

. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED

Mites, VII-98

64;. . Photo•Capabilitrof the RB-36, 30 June 1956, see Doe..

V11.2; Photo Capability of the gr.841, see Doe. V11.74.

65.-. Photo Capability of the RB066, 30 ohm 1956, see Doe.

Photo • Capability of the R8-$2, 30 June 1956, see

Docu'VIIA: Photo Capability of the 06105, 30 June 1956,

see Doc. V11.10; Photo Capability of the RP-104, 30 June '

1956, see Doc. V11.9; Photo Capability of the 876101,

30 Jupe 1956, see Doc. V11.8. • •. . •

'66. -DS No. 41, 25 Aug. 1954, pee Doo.'VIIO27; DS No. 4, 25

Aug. 1954, see Doc.

67. .DS No. 2, 25 Aug. 1954, see Doc. V11.24. • DD lobes 613, Prof. 6213, Task 62038, 18 Oct. 1955, see

. Doc. V11-36.

Preen. Col. G. W. Goddard, Ch., Photo. Lod). Eng. Div.,.

AMC, "Photo Reconnaissance Mat 'be Ready 'Amid .of UM,* '

.1951, (hereafter. cited. as _Goddard. prean.),. in 0.1.3., tiles.

70. Table, Reconnaissance Ouseras.Carrent Operational Ametions,

30 June 19$6,:see Dec. 11II.11.

71.., see Doc. V11.11.

72. see Dec. VII-11.

DS No. 53, 25 Aug. 1954, see Doc. V11-23.

DS MO. 2, 25 Aug. 1954, see Doc. V11.24.

75.. DS No. 17, 25 Aug. 1954, see Doc; V11.25; Strasser inter- • Tiew, • 9 Aug. 1956.

76. DS Noe. 41, and 4, 25 Aug. 1954, see Dom: V1147 &VII-20;ARDC

. • Prof. 6279, Task 62685, 21 elighe 1956, in Bacon. Camera

Sect. , Photo Becton. Br., ART, files.

774 ''ARDC Form 81, Peva. 6279, Task 62685, 21 JUie .19$6, in

Recon. Camera Sect., Photo. Macon. Br., ANL, files.

78. 1:8 No. 38, 25 Aug. 1954,.see Doc. 1113,281 DD Form 613,

Pro j. 6213, Task . 62372, 1A.16,•18 Oct. 1955, ass 'Doc.

V11-36.. •

UNCLASSIFIED

t.

Form 81,
UNCLASSIFIED

Notes, VII-99

Anc•TPPD, Aug. 1915 Vim., ••• Doc. VII-34..

ARDC TR No. 96-55, 24 Oat. 1955, sub j.: Mop, chart and

. • • Nodal 'Production, see. Doc. V11.38..

• ARL Program Reference Hooks.' •

le 'Table, Reconnaissance Caneras-oCarrent Operational Am:tics:it,

30 JIM 1956, see Doc. lar.-11.

1 •

-..a3,;;. DS No. 24, 25 Aug. 1954, Rs; Filfse.

Vt.* Prem. by An on Nit Preen. Day, 1 Mar. 1955,- in Hist. •

.

• Br. files; tar , E. D. 'Sewell, 03. Aerial Photo. pr., Nagr.

R&D labs. (Corps of Engineers), W-PAFB, to Ch., Recon.

. : Camera Soot., Photo. Ramon. Br., ARL, Dir/Dev., WOO,

9 Dec. 1955, subj.: Convergent Camera, in Becton. Camera

••• Sect., Phbto. Ream. Br., ARL; files; ltr., F. 1.. HoLloway, '

Tech. Dir., ARL,•tO Oaks. arc, 30 Apr. 1956, Subj.:.

Convergent Napping Photography, in Ream. Camera Sect., • Photo. Reece: ,Br., ARL, files.

85. ARDC Piss' 111, Proj. 6211, Task 62640, 20 Jan. 1956;

DD Form 613, Prof. 6211, Task 62640, 5 Apr. 1956, both •

in PCB, DCS/P&O, files. . •

. DP, V. K. !boner, Ch.

• 

Recon. Camera Sect., Photo. *loon..

Br., Alq., Dii/De;.0130, to Conacatlgaa. and Photo.. •

Br. . Moto. Equip. Div., AND; 19 July 1956, Subj.: Product

Improvement Program for IC-1 Napping Camera, in Ream.

camera Ssot„ Photo. Bacon. Br., ARL,

;87.. ARDC 12 No. 95-55, 24 oat: see Doc. V33-37. ; ARM

TPPD, Aug. 1955 Rev, see Doe: V37.•.34; DD Form 633, Pkoj.

6232, 3 June 1955, in :PCB, DCS/P&O, files. •

88. . DD Fors 613, Prof. 6212, 34tumi 1955, in PCB, DCS/RSO, .

fi/es,

•

ARM Fork 131, Proj. 6212, Task 62024, 6167 1935, in

.• PCB, DCS/P&O, files; table, Reconnaissance Cameras--fit

Operational Ibnctions, 30 June 1956, see Doc. V37.-11. .

Photo Capability of the 83-52, 30 June 1956,. see Doc.

•

.

UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED

Notes, yipapo.

a44.14, 15 June 1955, Sect. II, p. 11, lee Doc.

92.. Table, Reconnaissance Casseras-Ourrent Operational Fh61tions,

Juue 1956, see Doc. • VII-11.•

.93.' T.O. 10-1-2, 35 :Una 1955, Sect. II, p. 12, see Doc.

DD Fora 613, Proj. 6216, Task 62015, 12 Mar.

. • 956, see Doc. VII-42.

94. DS No. 54, 25 Aug. 1954, sloe Doc. VII-20; BD 'Ora e13;

Proj. 6216, Task 62015, 12 War. 1956, see Doc. VIZ-42.

95.. UDC Form 111, Proj. 6212, Task 62034, 22 Oct. 1954;

ARDC. Foram, Pro. 6212, Task 62034;1 Jan. 1956, both

in PCB, IXS/P8109 films. .

ARDC Forming Prof. 6212, Task 62529, 4 Nat,. 1955; ARDC

it= 171% Proj. 6212, Task 62529, 3 J831• 1956, both in

PCB, DCS/P&O, files.

97. ARDC Fora Ill, Proj. 6212, Task 62529, 20 Jan. 1956;

: VD Form 613, Proj. 6212, Task 62529, 5 Apr. 1956, both

in PCB, DCS/P&O, files.

IA. Goddard preen., 1951; table, Beoonmaissance Cameras--

Current Operational Functions, 30 June 1956, see Doc.

. Photo Capability of the R8-47, 30 June 1956, see Doc.

vis.3; Photo Capability of the RB-57, 30 June 1956, see

Doc: VII-5; Photo Capability of the g16847, 30 Jun. 1956,

see Doc.

Photo Capability of the R8-57. 30 Juno•1956, see Deo.

17.70.54.Photo Capability of the • BB-66, 30 Jane 1956; see •

Doo. V11.6; Photo Capability of the m101, 30 June 1956,.

see Doc.

101.. T.O. 15 June 1955, Sect. 14p. 14 see Dcc.

VIZ-19. •

UNCLASSIFIED •

99•

100:
1114CLASSIND

Notes,. vnaoi

ARDC Foram, Proj. 6212, Task 62635, 20 jam. 1956,

in PCB, DCS/P&O, files; ED Fora 61. Proj. 6212, -1,•.•

62635, 31 . July 1956, see Doc. V11-47; ARDC Form 111.

. ..• . *.Proj. 6273, Task62443, 15 Nat.. 1956, Bee DOC; V1145;

ARDC Pots Ui, Proj. 6273: Task 62629, 15 War. 1956,

' • See Doc. 411-45.

Goddard art. March 1949; WALD Wieldy Tedad.oal Information •

Report (bere:fter cited as WAX WM) 2 War. 1956, pp.

12-13, In flirt. Br. files; DD Form 613, Proj. 62.18, 3

.•. June 1955, in PCB, DCS/P&Q, files.

• • ARDC Fora 111, Proj. 6218, Tasks 62087, 62454, and 62639, 20.

• • Jan. 1956,. in PCB, DCS/P&O, files; ARDC Pbra 111, Proj.

••! 6218, Task 62639, 2 Apr. 1956, see -Doo.

105. 'ARDC. Form 111, Proj. 623B, Task 62532, 20 Jan. 1956, in •

•• • . PCB, DC8/P80,

Goddard art., War. 1949; ARDC Form Ill, Proj. 6218, Task.

.62A57, 20 Jan..1956, in PCB, DCS/P&O,

ARDC Fora 111, Proj. 6238, Mask 62457, 20 Jan. 1956,

in PCB, DCS/P&O, files; WAX TOTIR,*3.7 Feb. 1956• 20;

WOO WEIR, .27 Apr. 1956, p. 16; IIIADC YLIR, 1 June 1956, .

p. 19.

•

, 108. Goddard art., War. 1949; 11D Form 613, Proj. 6212 9 . 3 June

1955, in PCB, DCS/P841, tiles. •,,

109. Goddard art., Mar. 1949; WADC WEIR, 24 Feb. 1956, p.

. 

• 13, in Fist. Br. files. -

. .

:110: . WADC,WEIR, 24 Feb. 1956, p. • 13; WADC WEIR, 20 Jan. • 1956,

2. . •

•

ill. ARDC. Form 311, Proj. 6217, Tasks 62053, ancL02054, 20

• Jan. 1956, in PCB, DaS/PSD, files..

•

• ARDO . Form 311, Proj. 6218, Tasks 62081, aml 62533120.

Jan. 1956, in PCB, DCR/P&O,.filos.

ARDC Parana, Prof. 621B, Task 62534, 32 Mhr. 1956,

see Doc. VI1413:

UNCLASSIFIED •

•
JAICLASSIFIED

Not**, V11402

114: T.O. 104.2, 15 June 1933, Seat. V, p6 . 231, in Ch.,' AIL.

 tiles. .

115, ' ' •WADC WEIR, 6 .Apr. 1956, pp. 11-12. •

116.• T.O. 10-1-2, 35 June :1955, Sect..

files; TR. 99-55, 24 Oct. 1955,. see Doc..411-39;.ARLPro-

. gran Referent" Hooka. •

117: WADC WTIR,, 18 *ay 1956, p. 19; .ARDC Fora 111, Prof. 6281,

Task .62,163, 3.3 . Mar. 1956, see Doe. 911-44.

. •

12D kora 621 . Prsj. 6220, Task 62526, 14 Mar...1956, In

- 'PCB, DCS/PS=0,•files; WADC WTIR, 2 Mar. 1956, 234 ARDC • .

Fora.111, Proj. 6281, Tasks 62444,- 62651, and 62652, .20

Jan. 1956, ail In PCB, DC8/P&0, pass; MG SR No. 99.55•

24 Oct. 1955, see Eft. V11.39. ••

119: WADC ialx6 17 Feb. 1956, '

120...,WADO WT334.18 May 1956, rp.'174,f1; ARDC Farm 111, Proj.

. 6214, Task 62074, 12 Apr. 1956, in PCB, DC8/11b0, tiles.

121.: WADC WTIR, 16 Mar. 1956, pp. 9-32.

222. ARDC Form 111, Proj. 6214, Task 62486, 2 Apr. 1956, in

Bacon. Camera Sect., Photo. ROOOM6 Br., ARL, filesvARDO

Form 111, Proj. 6214, Task 62486, 32 Apr. 195 6, in PCM6 • DCS/P&O, tiles;. Activity ARL, NO. 6214, Task

62486, =dated, in Ream. Can;ra Sect., Photo. Recas4 .

Br., ARL, files.

123. ARDC . FOra 111; Proj. 6214, Task 62636, 12 Apr. 1956,.

in PCB, DCS/P&O, Sipes. • •

124. AID Pori. lilt Prof. 6214, Task 62075 13 407 1955, see

Doct.VIZ.32; ARDC Fora 171, Proj. 6214, Tas1-62075, 3.

. Jan; 2956; ItUDG.WT1R, 17 Feb.. 1956, pp. 25,26; ow /brat.

111, Proj.:6214 i Taak 62075, 12 Apr. 1956, in PCB, DCOP&O,

tiles. •

. . .

123. AMC Fora 171, Pro s. 6214, Task 62075, 3 Jan. 1956, inBecab.

Camera Seat.,-Photo. Pecan* Br., ARL, files; ARL Prograia • Reference BoOks; ARDC Fora 311,1 Proj. 6272, Task 62175 •

•

12 Mar. 1936, in-PCX‘'DOS/P&Oi files.

•

UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED

Notes, VII.103.

0

YARDC:Ftka 111, Prof. 6272, Task 62172, 12 Mar. 1956,,

in PCBs :I:CS/MO, files; ARL Program Reference Books.

,E04?orm 613, Proj.. 6216, 11 Mar. 1956,. in PCB, DCS/P&O,

filess.DD, Form 613, Prof. 6216, 12 Mar. 1956, See Doc.

.

.-DD Form 613, • Proj.. 6216, Task 62134, .31 Mar. 1956, in

'PCB,.DCS/P&O, files. :. .

:ro Form 613, Proj.. 6216, Task 62035, 11 Nara, 1956, in

PCBi'DCS/P&O, files;

DD FOrt_613,• Pro j. 6216, Task 620399 .11 Mar.. 1956, in

PCB, DCS/P&O,ADAH4 WADC WTIR, 1 June 1956, p. 17.,

- • '

131.. : DEIFtrm 613, .Proj. 6216, Task 62017, 12 Mar. 1956, see

Doc. V11-42. .

DD Form 613,..Proj..6216, Taik .626459 11 Mar. 1956,4n •

. :; PCB4.1=1/1t4o9filest DD Form 613,'Proj. 6216, Task 6218,

:12 Mar. 1956, tee Doc. V11-42.H

.133. ..•DO Form 613, Prof. 6216, Task 62010, 12 Mar. .1956, see

:

..

• 134.-DEI Form 613, Proj. ' 6216,. Task 62014, 12 Mar. 1956, see

Doc. VII..42.

115. ' Di:Ikon:a 613, Prof. 6216, Task 62016, 12 Mar. 1956, see

Doc. V11-42.

DD Porn 613, Proj. 6216, Task 62041,'11 Mar. 1956 * in.

PCB, DCS/P&O, files.

DD Form 613, Prof. 6216, Task 62368, 11 Mir. 1956, in

PCB, DCS/P&O, files.

DD Fait'613,Proj. 6217, Tasks 62050, and 62414, 12 Apr.

'.-.1955, in PCB, DCS/P&O, .

ARDC Forman, Prof. 6217, Tasks 62031, 62068, and 62453,

20 Jin. 1956, in PCB, rics/sso, files; WADC lam, 9 Mar.

1956, pp. 10-11; WADC WTIR, 1 June 1956, p. 16.

. •

•

• UNCLASSIFIED

•
UNCLASSIFIED

Notes, nx-b04 .

0

.. •

ARDC Fern ill, Projo 4284, Task 62371, 14 Mar. 1956, • in PCB,11CS/P&O, files.

.ABDC Fermin, Prof. 6214, Task 62638,12 Apr. 1956,

MB,. Dcsip&O, files; DD Form 613, Prof. 6220, 14 Mar.

19X), in PCB, MCS/P&O,DD Form 613, Proj. 6220,

Tasks 62632, and 62525, 14 N1r. 1956, in PCB, B614/m0,•.

... files; ARDC Fern 111, Proj. 6273, 13 Mar. 1956, see Boo.

VII-4$; AMC Form 111, Proj. 6273, Task 62180, 15 Mar.

1956,-see Doe V11413; ARDC Form III, Proj. 6295, it 2411Y.,

..,1956, in PCB, DCS/P&0, files.

142. DD Form 613, Proj. 6291, 2 June 1954, in PCB, DCS/F&O,

files; ARDO Form 111, Prof. 6291, 2 Mar. 1955, is Mist.--

Be': files. • . ,

ARDC Form 111, Proj. 6291, Tasks 62467, 62468, 62469,

62470, 62478, 10 Oct. 1955, see Dow. v11-35.

ARDC Form 111, Proj;6291, Tasks 62471, 62472, 62473,

62414, and 62476, 10 Oct. 1955, see Doe. V11.33.

•

UNCLASSIFIED