2003 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

11-7-2003

Matlijoska v. Atty Gen USA

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 02-4193

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

Case No: 02-4193

___________

MIRJANA MATLIJOSKA;

NAUME MATLIJOSKI;

GORAN MATLIJOSKI,

 Petitioners

 v.

JOHN ASHCROFT, ATTORNEY

GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES

___________

PETITION FOR REVIEW OF THE DECISION

OF THE BOARD OF IMMIGRATION APPEALS

___________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

on November 4, 2003

Before: McKEE, SMITH, and WEIS, Circuit Judges, 

(Filed: November 7, 2003)

___________

OPINION

___________
 

1

 The government seems to imply, based on the manner in which it sequences the facts, that

the petitioners did not apply for asylum until after they received notices to appear on July 27,

2000. That is not the case. Petitioners applied for asylum within seven months of entering the

United States in September 1992, and the INS waited until 2000 to act upon the applications.

 

2

 Mr. Matlijoska’s whereabouts and immigration status are unknown. Neither issue is

pertinent to this appeal.

2

SMITH, Circuit Judge

I.

Mirjana Matlijoska and her two sons, Goran and Naume, seek review of the

Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of their asylum petitions. Ms. Matlijoska is a native of

Serbia, and a citizen of Macedonia. Both her sons are citizens of Macedonia. Ms.

Matlijoska first entered the country in 1990 following her then husband, who had entered

the country the previous year. In 1992 she returned to Macedonia to bring her sons to the

United States. Ms. Matlijoska and her sons entered the United States together on

September 5, 1992. App. at 267-72. On April 2, 1993, Ms. Matlijoska, her then husband,

and their two sons filed petitions for asylum. App. at 57, 211-16, 202-10, 124-42.1 In

March 2000, Ms. Matlijoska and her husband were divorced.2 It was not until July of

2000 that the Office of Political Asylum interviewed Ms. Matlijoska regarding her

petition. On July 21, 2000, the INS issued separate notices to appear, charging petitioners

with removability under § 237(a)(1)(B) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act, 8

U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B). Petitioners requested asylum, withholding of removal under the

Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). and withholding of removal under the
3

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or

Punishment (“Torture Convention”). 

At the hearing before the IJ, Ms. Matlijoska testified that in 1991 her home in

Macedonia was burned down by persons she believed to be Albanians. Her son Naume

testified that he had been present along with his mother when the house was burned

down. Ms. Matlijoska testified that another reason for her flight was that she was afraid

that her sons, who were 17 and 12 at the time of their entry into the United States, would

be drafted into the Macedonian army. She explained that she was afraid of returning to

Macedonia, because she had nothing there.

In the final hearing, the IJ issued an oral ruling, denying petitioners’ applications

for asylum. Although the IJ found Ms. Matlijoska’s testimony credible, he noted that

there was no evidence other than her own testimony that her home in Macedonia was

burned down. The IJ determined that none of the reasons provided by petitioners rose to

the level required for asylum. Instead, nothing in the country conditions report indicated

that Albanians were outside the control of the Macedonian government, nor that they had

an effect on civilians. The IJ also found that young men of Naume’s and Goran’s ages

were not likely to be drafted into the Macedonian army, and that even if they had been,

Macedonia was at not war, so that it was unlikely that either Naume or Goran would be

involved in an armed conflict. Although he acknowledged that it was unfortunate that the

law required the Matlijoskas to leave the United States and return to a country where they
4

would be without property, the IJ could see no alternative to removal. The IJ found the

Matlijoskas to be people of good character and granted them voluntary departure. The

BIA affirmed the IJ without opinion.

II. 

The INA, 8 U.S.C. §§ 208(a) and 241(b)(3) gave the IJ subject matter jurisdiction. 

The BIA had appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 3.1(b)(3). This court has

jurisdiction over the BIA’s decision pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). Where the BIA

affirms an IJ’s decision without opinion we review the IJ’s determination directly.

Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 549 n.2 (3d Cir. 2001). An IJ’s determination that

petitioners did not meet their burden is reviewable on a substantial evidence standard. 

Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 483 (3d Cir. 2001). The IJ’s determination is

conclusive unless “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the

contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(4)(B). We may reverse the IJ’s findings on furture

persecution only where “the evidence presented by [petitioner] was such that a reasonable

factfinder would have to conclude that the requisite fear of persecution existed.” INS v.

Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992). Similarly, with claims of past persecution “we

must ascertain whether the [IJ’s] factual determinations are supported by substantial

evidence . . . ” and “we may decline to uphold the [IJ’s] findings only if the evidence

compels a contrary conclusion.” Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 214, 216-17 (3d Cir. 2003)
 

3

 Withholding removal is appropriate where “the Attorney General determines that such alien's

life or freedom would be threatened in such country on account of race, religion, nationality,

membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1253(h)(1). An

applicant for withholding of removal under the Torture Convention bears the burden of

establishing “that it is more likely than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the

proposed country of removal.” Sevoian v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 166, 174-175 (3d Cir. 2002)

5

(internal citations omitted).

III.

Asylum is proper where an alien can show that she qualifies as a refugee who is

unable or unwilling to return to her home country because of “persecut[ion] or who has a

well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in

a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). A refugee

claiming a well founded fear of persecution must show both that she is subjectively afraid

that upon returning to her home country she will be persecuted and that this fear is

objectively reasonable. INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 430-31 (1987). Where

petitioners demonstrate past persecution, they are presumed to have a well-founded fear

of persecution. Abdille, 242 F.3d at 496; 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(1). When petitioners’

application relies on fear of future persecution, he or she must show a well-founded

subjective fear, which is “supported by objective evidence that persecution is a reasonable

possibility.” Lin v. INS, 238 F.3d 239, 244 (3d Cir. 2001). If an applicant cannot meet the

standard for asylum, it is assumed that the applicant cannot meet the higher standard for

withholding removal. Id. at 443-44; Janusiak v. INS, 947 F.2d 46, 47 (3d Cir. 1991).3
(quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2)).

 

4

 Ms. Matlijoska suggests a third reason–that she is afraid to return to Macedonia because she

has nothing left there. Although unfortunate, this is not an appropriate basis for an asylum claim.

 

5

 Petitioners would have the court root its definition in the Handbook on Procedures and

Criteria for Determining Refugeee Status (Geneva, 1992). Although the Handbook may be

useful, petitioners agree that it does not have the force of law in the United States. INS v.

Aguirre-Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 427 (1999). As the Supreme Court explained in Aguirre, the

purpose of the Handbook is to give guidance, not make law. It is unclear from petitioners’ brief,

however, what the standard would be under the Handbook, and whether petitioners would meet

that standard. There is no reason, then, for us to address this assertion.

6

The burden is on the petitioner to show that she meets the requirements for asylum. Li Wu

Lin v. INS, 238 F.3d 239, 244 (3d Cir. 2001). Here, petitioner brings claims of past

persecution and future persecution. She must, therefore, establish that the past conduct

rises to the level of persecution and that the persecution is likely to continue into the

future. Ahmed v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 214 (3d Cir. 2003); 8 C.F.R. § 208.13.

Ms. Matlijoska provided only two reasons that she fears persecution in

Macedonia.4 First, her home was burned down by individuals she believed to be

Albanians. Second, at the time that the Matlijoskas left Macedonia, she was afraid that

her sons would be drafted into the military. The IJ found that, even if he were to accept

these assertions as true, they do not constitute grounds for asylum.

The dispositive question, then, is whether the IJ was correct that neither of these

circumstances rises to the level of “persecution” defined by § 1101(a)(42)(A). 

Persecution is a “seemingly broader concept than threats to life or freedom.” INS v.

Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 428 n.22 (1984).5 It is not, however, a limitless concept, as
 

6

 Compare Ahmed, 341 F.3d at 214 (discrimination against stateless Palestinians in Saudi

Arabia does not constitute persecution), Skalak v. INS, 944 F.2d 364, 365 (7th Cir 1991) (two

incidents where petitioner was jailed for questioning for three days after political activity

insufficient to show persecution), Kubon v. INS, 913 F.2d 386, 388 (7th Cir. 1990) (no

persecution found where petitioner was detained for five days for transporting literature for a

revolutionary organization), and Zalega v. INS, 916 F.2d 1257 (7th Cir 1990) (petitioner was not

persecuted when repeatedly arrested, interrogated, fired from employment, and parents

questioned when he left for the United States), with Zubeda v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 463, 472 (3d

Cir. 2003) (repeated sexual abuse, including gang rape along with brutal murder of family

members sufficient to show persecution), and Lin, 238 F.3d at 244 (repeated attempts by Chinese

government to arrest petitioner for student demonstrations after 700 students were killed at

Tiananmen Square constituted reasonable fear of persecution).

7

explained by this Court in Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir. 1993): 

[T]he concept of persecution does not encompass all treatment that our

society regards as unfair, unjust, or even unlawful or unconstitutional. If

persecution were defined that expansively, a significant percentage of the

world’s population would qualify for asylum in this country– and it seems

most unlikely that Congress intended such a result.

Persecution must be “extreme conduct” in order to qualify for asylum protection. Id at

1240 n.10. There is ample case law from which to draw the outer limits.

6

Before addressing the question of whether the burning of petitioners’ house by

Albanians rises to the level of persecution, we must address the IJ’s statement that “[w]e

have no evidence that the house was burnt.” What the IJ apparently meant was that

petitioners had not offered corroborating evidence on this point. But we have held that it

is difficult for those individuals who flee persecution to provide the requisite

corroboration necessary to prove persecution. Senathirajah v. INS, 157 F.3d 210, 215-16

(3d Cir. 1998). As explained in Senathirajah, 

Common sense establishes that it is escape and flight, not litigation and
8

corroboration, that is foremost in the mind of an alien who comes to these

shores fleeing detention, torture and persecution. Accordingly,

corroboration is not required to establish credibility. The law allows one

seeking refugee status to “prove his persecution claim with his own

testimony if it is credible.”

Id. (quoting Mosa v. Rogers, 89 F.3d 601, 604 (9th Cir. 1996)). Thus, an individual

wishing to establish past persecution may do so simply through her own testimony, where

the IJ finds the individual credible. The IJ’s decision states that he found Ms. Matlijoska

and Naume credible. It was improper, therefore, for the IJ to require corroboration that

the petitioners’ house was burned down. 

However, the IJ’s determination that there was no evidence to support the

petitioners’ claim that Albanians burned the house is supported by the record. Ms.

Matlijoska did not explain why she believed that it was Albanians who had burned down

her home. Naume testified that he did not know that the house was on fire until a

neighbor came over and informed them. Thus, the petitioners themselves did not provide

the IJ with sufficient evidence that Albanians, as opposed to some other group or

individual, were responsible for burning Petitioners’ house. Furthermore, the country

conditions report available to the court indicates through numerous examples where

ethnic Albanians, not Macedonians, have been victims of abuse. The IJ, then, had ample

reason to reject petitioners’ suggestion that Albanians had burned down their home.

The IJ concluded that, even if he were to accept Ms. Matlijoska’s testimony that

Albanians burned down her home, this does not constitute persecution. We agree. Where
 

7

 Petitioner’s argument that they are part of a “social group” as defined by the United Nations,

and thus subject to persecution by ethnic Albanians is unpersuasive. Nothing in the record

supports the assertion that ethnic Albanians targeted petitioners because they were Macedonian.

9

persecution is alleged to have occurred at the hands of a group that is not part of the

government, that group must be shown to be beyond the control of the government. See

Abdille v. Ashcroft, 242 F.3d 477, 494 (3d Cir. 1991); Elnager v. INS, 930 F.2d 784, 787

(9th Cir. 1991). There was no such evidence presented to the IJ. Nothing in Ms.

Matlijoska’s testimony, nor in Naume’s testimony, supports a finding that ethnic

Albanian factions were beyond the control of the Macedonian government. The IJ was

correct, then, that even a finding that the petitioners’ home was burned by ethnic

Albanians would not rise to the level of persecution.7

Ms. Matlijoska also seeks asylum because at the time of her flight, she was

concerned that her sons would be drafted into the Macedonian Army. She gave no

explanation as to why she feared their service in the Macedonian Army. Compulsory

military service by itself falls short of persecution. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. at 482;

Kaveh-Haghigy v. INS, 783 F.2d 1321, 1323 (9th Cir. 1986). Because petitioners failed

to provide any evidence, testimonial or otherwise, as to why it was appropriate to believe

that Naume and Goran, then 17 and 12 years old, would be drafted into the military, or

that their conscription would lead to anything other than routine military service, they

failed to meet their burden to show persecution.

Additionally, petitioners argue that, even though they did not supply it, the IJ
10

should have obtained the country report on Macedonia. The country conditions report for

Macedonia, released by the State Department in February 2001, was available to the IJ

prior to Ms. Matlijoska’s testimony and marked as exhibit number 7. App. at 84, 157-66. 

Petitioners also assert that the IJ chastised them for omitting the country report.

Appellant’s Br. at 13. The IJ commented in his oral ruling that, “The respondent has

shown no country conditions in the year 1992, which would have indicated that either of

her sons would have been taken into the army at that time . . . .” App. at 62. The IJ was

not intimating, however, that petitioners had not provided any country conditions, but

rather that those country conditions provided did not support petitioners’ fears. A review

of that report indicates that he could have made an even stronger statement, that the

country report actually paints a picture of Albanians as suffering persecution at the hands

of Macedonians, not the other way around.

The IJ’s determination that no past persecution had occurred, nor that petitioners

have a well-founded fear of future persecution, is supported by the record viewed as a

whole. We therefore affirm the BIA’s affirmance of the IJ’s decision. 

TO THE CLERK:

Please file the foregoing Opinion.

 /s/ D. Brooks Smith 

Circuit Judge