Name: Shawn Simmers

Title: EH&S Manager

Company: Cambria CoGen

Sign Date: 9/10/2010

Name: Jaimes Contreras

Title: Scientist

Company: Air/Compliance Consultants, Inc.

Sign Date: 9/10/2010

Permitted Facility Representative / Date Testing Company Representative / Date

Cambria Cogen Unit B1

Final Test Report 

for

/ /

Based on information and belief formed 

after reasonable inquiry, I certify that the 

statements and information in this test 

report are true, accurate, and complete.

I have reviewed all testing details and 

results in this test report and hereby 

certify that the test report is authentic 

and accurate.

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 1 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Facility Information:

Cambria Cogen

243 Rubisch Road

Ebensburg PA 15931

Contact: Shawn Simmers

Phone: 514-472-1120

Fax: 814-472-1130

Email: shawn.simmers@northernstargen.co

m

Testing Company:

Air/Compliance Consultants, Inc.

1050 Wm Pitt Way

Pittsburgh PA 15238

Contact:Jaimes Contreras

Phone: 412-826-3636

Fax: 412-826-3640

Email: jcontreras@air-comp.com

Air Permit Number:

Title V OP #11-00332

Permitted Source ID/Name:

PA

Permitted Maximum Process Rate:

560 MMBtu/hr

Max. Normal Operation Process Rate: Target Process Test Rate

512 MMBtu/hr

Description of the source (including control equipment). Please see the attachments for source or

 process flow diagram:

Cambria Cogen operates two identical CFB Boilers (Flues A and B) at their facility located in Ebensburg, 

Pennsylvania. Each boiler is a Pyropower CFB design, which utilizes limestone injection into each boiler’s 

combustion zone to capture SO2. Flue gas leaving each boiler passes through its own baghouse for particulate matter 

(PM) control, and is exhausted through individual flues contained in a combined stack shell. Each of the boilers has 

a firing rate of approximately 560 million British thermal units per hour (MMBtu/hr) of bituminous coal refuse 

(“gob”) to generate steam for export and for the production of electricity. The electricity production rating is 85 MW 

for the combination of each boiler.

Industry/SCC/NAIS 221122

Sampling Location Information:

Test Parameter Information:

AFS #: 10641 FRS #: 110000330641

SCC / Description 10102018 External Combustion Boilers - Electric Generation - Waste Coal - Circulating 

Fluidized Bed Combustion 

The following state and federal regulations that apply to the proposed testing:

Location

Round

Duct

Diam.

Distance from 

upstream dist.

Distance from

downstream dist.

Number of

Traverse Ports

Equiv. 

Diam

Min.Travers 

Points

Rect. Duct 

Length /Width

Unit B1 1080 0 0 0 1476 936 2 12

Target

Parameter 

Test

Method

Number of

Test Runs

Test Run

Duration

Sample 

Location Points Comments

Unit B1 Carbon Monoxide Method 10 3 120 0

Total organic compounds 

(TOC) as Propane

Unit B1 Method 25A 3 120 0

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 2 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

The following describes any modifications and/or deviations to the applicable test 

methods. If alternative methods were requested, see the attachments for documentation 

of request AND approval, including dates.

Inorganic (Aqueous) 

Condensible Part.

Unit B1 OTM - 27/28 3 240 0

Organic Condensible 

Particulate

Unit B1 OTM - 27/28 3 240 0

Unit B1 Filterable PM2.5 OTM - 27/28 3 240 0

Unit B1 Total PM2.5 OTM - 27/28 3 240 0

Unit B1 Cobalt Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Selenium Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Nickel Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Filterable Particulate Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Lead Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Chromium Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Cadmium Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Beryllium Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Arsenic Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Antimony Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Manganese Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B1 Sulfur Dioxide Method 6C 3 120 0

Unit B1 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Method 7E 3 120 0

Unit B2 Carbon Monoxide Method 10 3 120 0

Total organic compounds 

(TOC) as Propane

Unit B2 Method 25A 3 120 0

Unit B2 Filterable PM2.5 OTM - 27/28 3 240 0

Unit B2 Total PM2.5 OTM - 27/28 3 240 0

Organic Condensible 

Particulate

Unit B2 OTM - 27/28 3 240 0

Inorganic (Aqueous) 

Condensible Part.

Unit B2 OTM - 27/28 3 240 0

Unit B2 Cobalt Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Filterable Particulate Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Selenium Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Nickel Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Lead Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Chromium Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Cadmium Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Beryllium Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Arsenic Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Antimony Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Manganese Method 29 3 240 0

Unit B2 Sulfur Dioxide Method 6C 3 120 0

Unit B2 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) Method 7E 3 120 0

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 3 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Sampling / Stack Data Results Summary

Location Unit B1 - Method 10

Average

Run Number

Test Date

Run Start Time

Run Finish Time

Carbon Dioxide, %

Oxygen, %

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2

Moisture, %

Fuel Type

Fw

Fc

Location Unit B1 - Method 25A

Average

Run Number

Test Date

Run Start Time

Run Finish Time

Carbon Dioxide, %

Oxygen, %

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2

Moisture, %

Fuel Type

Fw

Fc

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 4 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Location Unit B1 - Method 29

Average

Run Number 1 2 3

Test Date 5/12/2010 5/12/2010 5/13/2010

Run Start Time 9:16:00 AM 1:35:00 PM 6:45:00 AM

Run Finish Time 1:25:00 PM 5:40:00 PM 10:50:00 AM

Net Run Time, minutes 240 240 240

Dry Gas Meter Volume Sampled, dscf 158.237 161.496 163.292 161.008

Moisture Content of Stack Gas, % 6.51 7.12 6.14 6.590

Moisture Saturation at Stack Gas Temperature, % 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.000

Carbon Dioxide, % 13.73 13.73 13.71 13.723

Oxygen, % 6.04 5.94 5.92 5.967

Average Stack Gas Temperature, °F 369.04 369.46 360.17 366.223

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm 20,252,184.1 20,497,914.

7

20,700,940.7 20,483,679.8

33

Actual Wet Volumetric Flue Gas Flow Rate, acfm 36,593,914.5 37,300,066.

0

36,582,463.4 36,825,481.3

00

Percent Isokinetic of Sampling Rate, % 94.9 95.7 95.8 95.467

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2 9901 10282 9700 9,961.000

Fw 0 0 0 0.000

Fc 0 0 0 0.000

Location Unit B1 - Method 6C

Average

Run Number

Test Date

Run Start Time

Run Finish Time

Carbon Dioxide, %

Oxygen, %

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2

Moisture, %

Fuel Type

Fw

Fc

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 5 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Location Unit B1 - Method 7E

Average

Run Number

Test Date

Run Start Time

Run Finish Time

Carbon Dioxide, %

Oxygen, %

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2

Moisture, %

Fuel Type

Fw

Fc

Location Unit B1 - OTM - 27/28

Average

Run Number

Test Date

Run Start Time

Run Finish Time

Net Run Time, minutes

Dry Gas Meter Volume Sampled, dscf

Moisture Content of Stack Gas, %

Moisture Saturation at Stack Gas Temperature, %

Carbon Dioxide, %

Oxygen, %

Average Stack Gas Temperature, °F

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm

Actual Wet Volumetric Flue Gas Flow Rate, acfm

Percent Isokinetic of Sampling Rate, %

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2

Fw

Fc

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 6 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Emissions Summary

Location: Unit B1 - Method 10

Compound: Carbon Monoxide

Average

Run 1 2 3

lb/mmBtuO2 4.80E-02 3.77E-02 3.26E-02 0.039

ppm 4.84E+01 3.80E+01 3.31E+01 39.833

ppm@7%O2 4.47E+01 3.50E+01 3.05E+01 36.733

Location: Unit B1 - Method 25A

Compound: Total organic compounds (TOC) as 

Average

Run 1 2 3

lb/mmBtuO2 4.08E-04 3.42E-04 6.63E-04 0.000

ppm 2.61E-01 2.19E-01 4.28E-01 0.303

ppm@7%O2 2.41E-01 2.02E-01 3.94E-01 0.279

Location: Unit B1 - Method 29

Compound: Antimony

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 0.002 0.002 0.0008 0.002

lb/mmBtuO2 3.88E-07 3.92E-07 1.46E-07 0.000

Compound: Arsenic

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 0.00089 0.00287 0.00299 0.002

lb/mmBtuO2 1.73E-07 5.63E-07 5.46E-07 0.000

Compound: Beryllium

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.001

lb/mmBtuO2 9.70E-08 9.80E-08 9.14E-08 0.000

Compound: Cadmium

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 0.00257 0.00091 0.0023 0.002

lb/mmBtuO2 4.99E-07 1.78E-07 4.20E-07 0.000

Compound: Chromium

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 0.0318 0.0196 1.9619 0.671

lb/mmBtuO2 6.17E-06 3.84E-06 3.58E-04 0.000

Compound: Cobalt

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 7 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Mass_mg 0.00274 0.00123 0.0261 0.010

lb/mmBtuO2 5.32E-07 2.41E-07 4.77E-06 0.000

Compound: Filterable Particulate

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 13.91 12.69 60.31 28.970

lb/mmBtuO2 2.70E-03 2.49E-03 1.10E-02 0.005

Compound: Lead

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 0.00332 0.00317 0.00302 0.003

lb/mmBtuO2 6.44E-07 6.22E-07 5.52E-07 0.000

Compound: Manganese

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 0.0147 0.0091 0.1197 0.048

lb/mmBtuO2 2.85E-06 1.78E-06 2.19E-05 0.000

Compound: Nickel

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 0.0803 0.0408 1.3548 0.492

lb/mmBtuO2 1.56E-05 8.00E-06 2.48E-04 0.000

Compound: Selenium

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005

lb/mmBtuO2 9.70E-07 9.80E-07 9.14E-07 0.000

Location: Unit B1 - Method 6C

Compound: Sulfur Dioxide

Average

Run 1 2 3

lb/mmBtuO2 4.42E-01 3.38E-01 3.46E-01 0.375

ppm 1.94E+02 1.49E+02 1.54E+02 165.667

ppm@7%O2 1.79E+02 1.37E+02 1.42E+02 152.667

Location: Unit B1 - Method 7E

Compound: Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Average

Run 1 2 3

lb/mmBtuO2 1.38E-01 1.37E-01 1.35E-01 0.137

ppm 8.44E+01 8.42E+01 8.32E+01 83.933

ppm@7%O2 7.80E+01 7.77E+01 7.66E+01 77.433

Location: Unit B1 - OTM - 27/28

Compound: Filterable PM2.5

Average

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 8 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Process Run Data

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 1.82 0.56 0.89 1.090

lb/mmBtuO2 4.25E-04 1.26E-04 2.07E-04 0.000

Compound: Inorganic (Aqueous) Condensible Pa

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 153.02 94.74 82.1 109.953

lb/mmBtuO2 3.57E-02 2.13E-02 1.91E-02 0.025

Compound: Organic Condensible Particulate

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 4 1.8 1.65 2.483

lb/mmBtuO2 9.34E-04 4.04E-04 3.84E-04 0.001

Compound: Total PM2.5

Average

RunNumber 1 2 3

Mass_mg 155.02 94.54 82.45 110.670

lb/mmBtuO2 3.62E-02 2.12E-02 1.92E-02 0.026

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 9 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Process Run Data

APCD Run Data

Process Lab Run Data

Run Name Value UOM Comments

Target

Value

1 Heat Input 0/million BTU using O2 0

Run Name Value UOM Comments

Target

Value

1 BAGHOUSE 0 0

1 DRY LIMESTONE INJECTION 0 0

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 10 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Sampling / Stack Data Results Detail

Location Unit B1 - Method 10

Average

Run Number

Test Date

Run Start Time

Run Finish Time

Carbon Dioxide, %

Oxygen, %

Fuel Factor

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2

Moisture, %

Analyzer Make

Analyzer Model

Analyzer Serial Number

Operating Range

Operating Units

No. Readings/Avg.

Calibration Set

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder ID

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Bias

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Drift

Calibration Pre High Cylinder ID

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Bias

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Drift

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder ID

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Bias

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Drift

Calibration Post High Cylinder ID

Calibration Post High Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Post High Cylinder Bias

Calibration Post High Cylinder Drift

Cavg

Cavg Units

Cgas

Cgas Units

Fuel Type

Fw

Fc

Cgasw

Cgasw Units

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 11 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Location Unit B1 - Method 25A

Average

Run Number

Test Date

Run Start Time

Run Finish Time

Carbon Dioxide, %

Oxygen, %

Fuel Factor

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2

Moisture, %

Analyzer Make

Analyzer Model

Analyzer Serial Number

Operating Range

Operating Units

No. Readings/Avg.

Calibration Set

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder ID

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Bias

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Drift

Calibration Pre High Cylinder ID

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Bias

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Drift

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder ID

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Bias

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Drift

Calibration Post High Cylinder ID

Calibration Post High Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Post High Cylinder Bias

Calibration Post High Cylinder Drift

Cavg

Cavg Units

Cgas

Cgas Units

Fuel Type

Fw

Fc

Cgasw

Cgasw Units

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 12 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Location Unit B1 - Method 29

Average

Run Number 1 2 3

Test Date 5/12/2010 5/12/2010 5/13/2010

Run Start Time 9:16:00 AM 1:35:00 PM 6:45:00 AM

Run Finish Time 1:25:00 PM 5:40:00 PM 10:50:00 AM

Net Traversing Points 48 48 48

Net Run Time, minutes 240 240 240

Nozzle Diameter, inches 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.200

Pitot Tube Coefficient 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.840

Dry Gas Meter Calibration Factor 1 1 1 1.000

Barometric Pressure, inches of Mercury 27.88 27.88 28.09 27.950

Average Orifice Meter Differential, inches H2O 1.65 1.74 1.67 1.687

Dry Gas Meter Volume Sampled, cubic feet 168.698 173.737 169.690 170.708

Average Dry Gas Meter Temperature, °F 66.81 71.72 57.38 65.303

Dry Gas Meter Volume Sampled, dscf 158.237 161.496 163.292 161.008

Total Moisture Liquid collected, g 234.2 263 227 241.400

Volume of Water Vapor, standard cubic feet 11.02 12.38 10.68 11.360

Moisture Content of Stack Gas, % 6.51 7.12 6.14 6.590

Moisture Saturation at Stack Gas Temperature, % 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.000

Dry Mole Fraction 0.9349 0.9288 0.9386 0.934

Carbon Dioxide, % 13.73 13.73 13.71 13.723

Oxygen, % 6.04 5.94 5.92 5.967

Carbon Monoxide & Nitrogen, % 80.23 80.33 80.37 80.310

Fuel Factor 1.08 1.09 1.09

Dry Molecular Weight, lb/lb-Mole 30.44 30.43 30.43 30.433

Wet Molecular weight, lb/lb-Mole 29.63 29.54 29.67 29.613

Flue Gas Static Pressure, inches of H2O -0.98 -0.98 -0.98 -0.980

Absolute Flue Gas Pressure, inches of Mercury 27.81 27.81 28.02 27.880

Average Stack Gas Temperature, °F 369.04 369.46 360.17 366.223

Average Velocity Head, inches of H2O 1.7714214650

381

1.833985932

61705

1.805529899

0784

1.804

Average Stack Gas Velocity, feet/second 95.87 97.72 95.84 96.477

Stack Cross-Sectional Area, square feet 6,361.725 6,361.725 6,361.725 6,361.725

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm 20,252,184.1 20,497,914.7 20,700,940.7 20,483,679.

833

Actual Wet Volumetric Flue Gas Flow Rate, acfm 36,593,914.5 37,300,066.0 36,582,463.4 36,825,481.

300

Percent Isokinetic of Sampling Rate, % 94.9 95.7 95.8 95.467

Percent Excess Air, % 39.9 38.9 38.7 39.167

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2 9901 10282 9700 9,961.000

Round Duct Diameter, inches 1080 1080 1080

Rectangular Duct Width, inches 0 0 0

Rectangular Duct Length, inches 0 0 0

Fw 0 0 0 0.000

Fc 0 0 0 0.000

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 13 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Location Unit B1 - Method 6C

Average

Run Number

Test Date

Run Start Time

Run Finish Time

Carbon Dioxide, %

Oxygen, %

Fuel Factor

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2

Moisture, %

Analyzer Make

Analyzer Model

Analyzer Serial Number

Operating Range

Operating Units

No. Readings/Avg.

Calibration Set

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder ID

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Bias

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Drift

Calibration Pre High Cylinder ID

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Bias

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Drift

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder ID

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Bias

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Drift

Calibration Post High Cylinder ID

Calibration Post High Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Post High Cylinder Bias

Calibration Post High Cylinder Drift

Cavg

Cavg Units

Cgas

Cgas Units

Fuel Type

Fw

Fc

Cgasw

Cgasw Units

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 14 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Location Unit B1 - Method 7E

Average

Run Number

Test Date

Run Start Time

Run Finish Time

Carbon Dioxide, %

Oxygen, %

Fuel Factor

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2

Moisture, %

Analyzer Make

Analyzer Model

Analyzer Serial Number

Operating Range

Operating Units

No. Readings/Avg.

Calibration Set

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder ID

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Bias

Calibration Pre Zero Cylinder Drift

Calibration Pre High Cylinder ID

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Bias

Calibration Pre High Cylinder Drift

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder ID

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Bias

Calibration Post Zero Cylinder Drift

Calibration Post High Cylinder ID

Calibration Post High Cylinder Instrument Response

Calibration Post High Cylinder Bias

Calibration Post High Cylinder Drift

Cavg

Cavg Units

Cgas

Cgas Units

Fuel Type

Fw

Fc

Cgasw

Cgasw Units

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 15 of 16
Cambria Cogen Unit B1

9/10/2010

Location Unit B1 - OTM - 27/28

Average

Run Number

Test Date

Run Start Time

Run Finish Time

Net Traversing Points

Net Run Time, minutes

Nozzle Diameter, inches

Pitot Tube Coefficient

Dry Gas Meter Calibration Factor

Barometric Pressure, inches of Mercury

Average Orifice Meter Differential, inches H2O

Dry Gas Meter Volume Sampled, cubic feet

Average Dry Gas Meter Temperature, °F

Dry Gas Meter Volume Sampled, dscf

Total Moisture Liquid collected, g

Volume of Water Vapor, standard cubic feet

Moisture Content of Stack Gas, %

Moisture Saturation at Stack Gas Temperature, %

Dry Mole Fraction

Carbon Dioxide, %

Oxygen, %

Carbon Monoxide & Nitrogen, %

Fuel Factor

Dry Molecular Weight, lb/lb-Mole

Wet Molecular weight, lb/lb-Mole

Flue Gas Static Pressure, inches of H2O

Absolute Flue Gas Pressure, inches of Mercury

Average Stack Gas Temperature, °F

Average Velocity Head, inches of H2O

Average Stack Gas Velocity, feet/second

Stack Cross-Sectional Area, square feet

Dry Volumetric Flow Rate, dry scfm

Actual Wet Volumetric Flue Gas Flow Rate, acfm

Percent Isokinetic of Sampling Rate, %

Percent Excess Air, %

F-Factor, dscfm/MMBtu @ %O2

Round Duct Diameter, inches

Rectangular Duct Width, inches

Rectangular Duct Length, inches

Fw

Fc

Friday, January 21, 2011 Page 16 of 16