# Patent

## Title
Rake-based CDMA receivers for multiple receiver antennas

## Abstract

A receiver comprises a plurality of antenna elements for receiving a data signal. Each antenna element has a plurality of Rake fingers. Each Rake finger processes a received multipath component of the received data signal of its antenna element by applying a complex weight gain to that received multipath component. A complex weight gain generator determines the complex weight gain for each Rake finger for each antenna element using an input from all the Rake fingers. A summer combines an output of each Rake finger to produce an estimate of the data signal.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 60/507,874, filed Sep. 30, 2003, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of wireless communications. More specifically, the present invention relates to a code division multiple access (CDMA) receiver.
BACKGROUND
A received CDMA signal, rl(t), at lth (l≦L) receiver antenna element out of an L element array is denoted as per Equation 1:




  
    
      
        
          
            
              
                
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where Ak is the signal amplitude of kth user, sk,n is the nth symbol of kth user, pk(t) is the signature waveform, including the spread code and pulse shaping waveform, of kth user. hk,m,l(t) is the channel response of mth path from lth antenna of kth user. n(t) is the combined interference which is typically due to the interference from other cells and additive channel noise. As is typical, this interference has the statistics of white Gaussian noise. The nth symbol of the kth user is of interest and the user index k and the symbol index n are dropped. After despreading the received signal for the kth user and nth symbol and for all M paths and all L antennas, Equation 2 is derived as follows:

dm,l=Ahm,ls+zm,l  Equation 2

where zm,l is the residual signal at the despreader for mth path and lth receiver antenna.

It is traditionally and commonly assumed that all zm,l (1≦m≦M,1≦l≦L) are Gaussian variables, and they are mutually uncorrelated across different multipath components and across different antennas. This assumption leads to a very simple and traditional receiver called a “Rake receiver” as shown in FIG. 1, where each Rake, or each branch in FIG. 1, estimates the complex channel weight gain (CWG) independently. As shown in FIG. 1, the antenna array has L elements, 1101 to 110L. For each element 110, a group of delays 11211 to 112LN, produce a group of delayed versions of the vector received by that element 110. Each delayed version is despread by a respective despreader 11511 to 115LN. Each despread output is input into a respective CWG generation circuit 10511 to 105LN. The derived CWGs are respectively applied to each despread output via respective multipliers 12011 to 120LN. The weighted outputs are combined by a combiner 125. The combiner 125 usually uses the maximum-ratio combining (MRC) in order to achieve the maximum signal-to-noise ratio at the combiner output. Mathematically, each Rake receiver estimates the channel gain gm,l, where gm,l is an estimate of Ahm,l, and noise variance σm,l2, where σm,l2, is an estimate of the power of zm,l) If MRC is used, the combiner generates




  
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Since gm,l is an estimate of Ahm,l and σm,l2 is an estimate of the power of zm,l, the generation of gm,l for any one particular Rake receiver is independent of all other Rake receivers. This approach assumes that all zm,l (1≦m≦M,1≦l≦L) are zero mean Guassian variables, which are mutually uncorrelated across different multipath components and accross different antennas. However, there is correlation across the multipath components and antennas, which result in inter symbol interference (ISI). Also, due to correlation between multiple user also over the multipath components and antennas, multiple access interference (MAI) is also increased. Accordingly, the receiver performance is degraded.

Accordingly, it is desirable to have alternate receiver configurations.
SUMMARY
A receiver comprises a plurality of antenna elements for receiving a data signal. Each antenna element has a plurality of Rake fingers. Each Rake finger processes a received multipath component of the received data signal of its antenna element by applying a complex weight gain to that received multipath component. A complex weight gain generator determines the complex weight gain for each Rake finger for each antenna element using an input from all the Rake fingers. A summer combines an output of each Rake finger to produce an estimate of the data signal.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
A more detailed understanding of the invention may be had from the following description, given by way of example and to be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a prior art Rake receiver;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a Rake-based receiver with two receiver antennas operating in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a CWG generation device used in conjunction with the receiver of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a circuit used to implement R estimation in conjunction with the receiver of FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 compares the block error rate (BLER) at 50 km/hr between a conventional Rake receiver and the Rake receiver of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 compares the BLER at 120 km/hr between a conventional Rake receiver and the Rake receiver of FIG. 2.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The preferred embodiments will be described with reference to the drawing figures where like numerals represent like elements throughout. Hereafter, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) includes, but is not limited, to a user equipment, a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, or any other type of device capable of operating in a wireless environment. When referred to hereafter, a base station includes, but is not limited to, a base station, a Node-B, a site controller, an access point, or any other interfacing device in a wireless environment. The multiple antenna element Rake receiver can be used in a WTRU, base station or both.
Using L receiver antenna elements, all Rake finger outputs are organized into groups having the same de-spread symbol into the same vector. Each Rake finger output is denoted as vector d=[d1,1,d1,2, . . . ,d1,L,d2,1,d2,2, . . . ,dM,1,dM,2, . . . ,dM,L]T. Similarly, the noise vector at each Rake finger output is denoted as z=[z1,1,z1,2, . . . ,z1,L,z2,1,z2,2, . . . ,zM,1,zM,2, . . . ,zM,L]T, and the channel vector for all Rake fingers are denoted as. h=[h1,1,h1,2, . . . ,h1,L,h2,1,h2,2, . . . ,hM,1,M,2, . . . ,hM,L]T. Thus, Equation 3 is derived as follows:

d=AhS+z  Equation 3

The noise correlation matrix is derived as per Equation 4:

R=E(zzH)=E(ddH)−A2E|s|2hhH  Equation 4

where for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation, E|s|2=1, and Equation 4 is further simplified as per Equation 5:

R=E(zzH)=E(ddH)−A2hhH  Equation 5

An optimal receiver in terms of maximizing the log-likelihood function provides the data detection as denoted as per Equation 6:

v=(R−1h)Hd  Equation 6

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a Rake-based receiver 200 using a CWG generation device 205 in conjunction with L receiver antenna elements 2101 to 210L. The components of FIG. 2 can be implemented on a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, discrete components or combination of integrated circuits and discrete components. For each element 210, a group of delays 21211 to 212LN, produce a group of delayed versions of the vector received by that element 210. Each delayed version is despread by a respective despreader 21511 to 215LN. All despreader outputs from the L antenna elements 210 for all multipaths are fed to a complex weight gain (CWG) generation device 205 (see FIG. 3), within which a channel estimation h is calculated 320, correlation matrix R is calculated 305 based on the data from all of the despreaders 215 and the channel estimation h, the inverse of R is calculated 310, and then the weight is calculated as (R−1h)H 315. Each element of the calculated (R−1h) is applied as a CWG at each multiplier 22011 to 220LN of each Rake finger. These weighted components are summed by a summer 225 to produce soft symbols. Accordingly, the CWG generated for any one Rake finger is derived from all of the despreaders 215.
Since the correlation matrix R considers each path for each antenna element, the complex weighting corrects for the ISI. Additionally, since this correction is also applied to other user signals, MAI is also suppressed to some extent across the antennas and paths.
The noise correlation matrix can be estimated, R, as per Equation 7:




  
    
      
        
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where d(k) is the vector d for a kth symbol, ĥ(k) is the channel estimation (which is also an estimate of vector Ah) for a kth symbol, N is the estimation length in symbols.

In FIG. 4, an embodiment of the R matrix estimation 305 is shown. The channel estimation h is vector multiplied 400 by its complex conjugate transpose (Hermetian), producing h(k)h(k)H. The multiplied results are averaged 405,




  
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The data from each despreader 215 is vector multiplied 410 by its Hermetian, producing d(k)d(k)H. The results are averaged 415,





  
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A matrix subtraction 420 of the averaged channel estimate from the averaged data is performed, producing {circumflex over (R)} as per Equation 7. FIG. 5 compares simulation results between a conventional Rake receiver and a Rake-based receiver using an International Telecommunications Union (ITU) voice activity factor (VA) channel model operating in accordance with the present invention at a vehicular speed of 50 km/hr. FIG. 6 compares simulation results between the conventional Rake receiver and the Rake-based receiver using an ITU VA channel model operating in accordance with the present invention at a vehicular speed of 120 km/hr. The simulations compare the performance of a traditional Rake with one antenna element “Rake(1RxAnt)”, two correlated antenna elements “RakeReceiver(2RxAnt−cor)”, two uncorrelated antenna elements and “RakeReceiver(2RxAnt−uncor)” to an uncorrelated embodiment of the present invention “NewReceiver(2RxAnt−uncor)” and a correlate embodiment “NewReceiver(2RxAnt−cor)”. In each case, the receiver operating in accordance with the present invention provides much better performance than the conventional Rake receiver.

While the present invention has been described in terms of the preferred embodiment, other variations which are within the scope of the invention as outlined in the claims below will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

## Claims

1. A receiver comprising:
a plurality of antenna elements for receiving a data signal;
for each antenna element, a plurality of Rake fingers coupled to the antenna element, each finger having a delay, a despreader and a complex weight gain weighing device;
a complex weight gain generation device coupled to an output of each despreader and an input of each complex weight gain device, wherein the complex weight gain generation device performs a complex conjugate transpose of an inverse of a noise correlation matrix multiplied by a channel estimate, the noise correlation matrix being derived by averaging a multiplication of the channel estimate with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a first matrix, and averaging a multiplication of the output of each despreader with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a second matrix, and subtracting the first matrix from the second matrix, producing the noise correlation matrix; and
a summer coupled to an output of each complex weight gain device, producing an estimate of the data signal.

2. The receiver of claim 1 wherein for each Rake finger, the delay is coupled to its antenna element, the despreader is coupled to an output of the delay and the complex weight gain device is coupled to an output of the despreader.

3. A receiver comprising:
a plurality of antenna elements for receiving a data signal;
for each antenna element, a plurality of Rake fingers, each Rake finger including a despreader, each Rake finaer for processing a received multipath component of the received data signal of its antenna element by applying a complex weight gain to that received multipath component;
a complex weight gain generator for determining the complex weight gain for each Rake finger of each antenna element using an input from all of the Rake fingers, wherein the complex weight gain generator performs a complex conjugate transpose of an inverse of a noise correlation matrix multiplied by a channel estimate, the noise correlation matrix being derived by averaging a multiplication of the channel estimate with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a first matrix, and averaging a multiplication of the output of each despreader with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a second matrix, and subtracting the first matrix from the second matrix, producing the noise correlation matrix; and
a summer for combining an output of each Rake finger to produce an estimate of the data signal.

4. The receiver of claim 3 wherein the complex weight gain applied at each finger is an element of a resulting vector of the determined complex weight gains.

5. A receiver comprising:
a plurality of antenna element means for receiving a data signal;
for each antenna element means, a plurality of Rake finger means, each Rake finger means including a means for despreading, each Rake finger for processing a received multipath component of the received data signal of its antenna element means by applying a complex weight gain to that received multipath component;
a complex weight gain generating means for determining the complex weight gain for each Rake finger means of each antenna element means using an input from all of the Rake finger means, wherein the complex weight gain generating means determines the complex weight gains by performing a complex conjugate transpose of an inverse of a noise correlation matrix multiplied by a channel estimate, the noise correlation matrix is derived by averaging a multiplication of the channel estimate with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger means, producing a first matrix, and averaging a multiplication of the output of each despreading means with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger means, producing a second matrix, and subtracting the first matrix from the second matrix, producing the noise correlation matrix; and
means for combining an output of each Rake finger means to produce an estimate of the data signal.

6. The receiver of claim 5 wherein the complex weight gain applied at each Rake finger means is an element of a resulting vector of the determined complex weight gains.

7. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprising:
a plurality of antenna elements for receiving a data signal;
for each antenna element, a plurality of Rake fingers coupled to the antenna element, each finger having a delay, a despreader and a complex weight gain weighing device;
a complex weight gain generation device coupled to an output of each despreader and an input of each complex weight gain device, wherein the complex weight gain generation device performs a complex conjugate transpose of an inverse of a noise correlation matrix multiplied by a channel estimate, the noise correlation matrix being derived by averaging a multiplication of the channel estimate with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a first matrix, and averaging a multiplication of the output of each despreader with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a second matrix, and subtracting the first matrix from the second matrix, producing the noise correlation matrix; and
a summer coupled to an output of each complex weight gain device, producing an estimate of the data signal.

8. The WTRU of claim 7 wherein for each Rake finger, the delay is coupled to its antenna element, the despreader is coupled to an output of the delay and the complex weight gain device is coupled to an output of the despreader.

9. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprising:
a plurality of antenna elements for receiving a data signal;
for each antenna element, a plurality of Rake fingers, each Rake finger including a despreader, each Rake finger for processing a received multipath component of the received data signal of its antenna element by applying a complex weight gain to that received multipath component;
a complex weight gain generator for determining the complex weight gain for each Rake finger of each antenna element using an input from all of the Rake fingers, wherein the complex weight gain generator performs a complex conjugate transpose of an inverse of a noise correlation matrix multiplied by a channel estimate, the noise correlation matrix being derived by averaging a multiplication of the channel estimate with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a first matrix, and averaging a multiplication of the output of each despreader with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a second matrix, and subtracting the first matrix from the second matrix, producing the noise correlation matrix; and
a summer for combining an output of each Rake finger to produce an estimate of the data signal.

10. The WTRU of claim 9 wherein the complex weight gain applied at each finger is an element of a resulting vector of the determined complex weight gains.

11. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprising:
a plurality of antenna element means for receiving a data signal;
for each antenna element means, a plurality of Rake finger means, each Rake finger means including a means for despreading, each Rake finger for processing a received multipath component of the received data signal of its antenna element means by applying a complex weight gain to that received multipath component;
a complex weight gain generating means for determining the complex weight gain for each Rake finger means of each antenna element means using an input from all of the Rake finger means, wherein the complex weight gain generating means determines the complex weight gains by performing a complex conjugate transpose of an inverse of a noise correlation matrix multiplied by a channel estimate, the noise correlation matrix is derived by averaging a multiplication of the channel estimate with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger means, producing a first matrix, and averaging a multiplication of the output of each despreading means with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger means, producing a second matrix, and subtracting the first matrix from the second matrix, producing the noise correlation matrix; and
means for combining an output of each Rake finger means to produce an estimate of the data signal.

12. The WTRU of claim 11 wherein the complex weight gain applied at each Rake finger means is an element of a resulting vector of the determined complex weight gains.

13. A base station comprising:
a plurality of antenna elements for receiving a data signal;
for each antenna element, a plurality of Rake fingers coupled to the antenna element, each finger having a delay, a despreader and a complex weight gain weighing device;
a complex weight gain generation device coupled to an output of each despreader and an input of each complex weight gain device, wherein the complex weight gain generation device performs a complex conjugate transpose of an inverse of a noise correlation matrix multiplied by a channel estimate, the noise correlation matrix being derived by averaging a multiplication of the channel estimate with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a first matrix, and averaging a multiplication of the output of each despreader with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a second matrix, and subtracting the first matrix from the second matrix, producing the noise correlation matrix; and
a summer coupled to an output of each complex weight gain device, producing an estimate of the data signal.

14. The base station of claim 13 wherein for each Rake finger, the delay is coupled to its antenna element, the despreader is coupled to an output of the delay and the complex weight gain device is coupled to an output of the despreader.

15. A base station comprising:
a plurality of antenna elements for receiving a data signal;
for each antenna element, a plurality of Rake fingers, each Rake finger including a despreader, each Rake finger for processing a received multipath component of the received data signal of its antenna element by applying a complex weight gain to that received multipath component;
a complex weight gain generator for determining the complex weight gain for each Rake finger of each antenna element using an input from all the Rake fingers, wherein the complex weight gain generator performs a complex conjugate transpose of an inverse of a noise correlation matrix multiplied by a channel estimate, the noise correlation matrix being derived by averaging a multiplication of the channel estimate with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a first matrix, and averaging a multiplication of the output of each despreader with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a second matrix, and subtracting the first matrix from the second matrix, producing the noise correlation matrix; and
a summer for combining an output of each Rake finger to produce an estimate of the data signal.

16. The base station of claim 15 wherein the complex weight gain applied at each finger is an element of a resulting vector of the determined complex weight gains.

17. A base station comprising:
a plurality of antenna element means for receiving a data signal;
for each antenna element means, a plurality of Rake finger means, each Rake finger means including a means for despreading, each Rake finger means for processing a received multipath component of the received data signal of its antenna element means by applying a complex weight gain to that received multipath component;
a complex weight gain generating means for determining the complex weight gain for each Rake finger means of each antenna element means using an input from all the Rake finger means, wherein the complex weight gain generating means determines the complex weight gains by performing a complex conjugate transpose of an inverse of a noise correlation matrix multiplied by a channel estimate, the noise correlation matrix is derived by averaging a multiplication of the channel estimate with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger means, producing a first matrix, and averaging a multiplication of the output of each despreading means with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger means, producing a second matrix, and subtracting the first matrix from the second matrix, producing the noise correlation matrix; and
means for combining an output of each Rake finger means to produce an estimate of the data signal.

18. The base station of claim 17 wherein the complex weight gain applied at each Rake finger means is an element of a resulting vector of the determined complex weight gains.

19. An integrated circuit (IC) for processing a data signal comprising:
an input configured to receive an output from a plurality of antenna elements;
for each antenna element input, a plurality of Rake fingers coupled to the antenna element input, each finger having a delay, a despreader and a complex weight gain weighing device;
a complex weight gain generation device coupled to an output of each despreader and an input of each complex weight gain device, wherein the complex weight gain generation device performs a complex conjugate transpose of an inverse of a noise correlation matrix multiplied by a channel estimate, the noise correlation matrix being derived by averaging a multiplication of the channel estimate with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a first matrix, and averaging a multiplication of the output of each despreader with its complex conjugate transpose over each Rake finger, producing a second matrix, and subtracting the first matrix from the second matrix, producing the noise correlation matrix; and
a summer coupled to an output of each complex weight gain device, producing an estimate of the data signal.

20. The IC of claim 19 wherein for each Rake finger, the delay is coupled to its antenna element, the despreader is coupled to an output of the delay and the complex weight gain device is coupled to an output of the despreader.