This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A16-0957

State of Minnesota,

Respondent,

vs.

Vernon Dale Howard, Sr.,

Appellant.

Filed February 21, 2017

Affirmed

Larkin, Judge

Cass County District Court

File No. 11-CR-15-1770

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, James B. Early, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, 

Minnesota; and

Christopher J. Strandlie, Cass County Attorney, Walker, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Charles F. Clippert, Special 

Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Connolly, Presiding Judge; Larkin, Judge; and Reyes, 

Judge. 
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U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

LARKIN, Judge

Appellant challenges his conviction of possession of ammunition by a prohibited 

person and his sentence for second-degree assault. Because appellant’s challenge to his 

conviction is based on a statutory-interpretation argument that was not raised in district 

court and consideration of the argument for the first time on appeal would disadvantage 

the state, we do not consider it. And because appellant’s sentence is not in error, we affirm.

FACTS

Respondent State of Minnesota charged appellant Vernon Dale Howard Sr. with 

seven offenses stemming from an incident in which an individual was beaten in his home. 

As is relevant to the issues in this appeal, the charges included second-degree assault under 

Minn. Stat. § 609.222, subd. 2 (2014), third-degree assault under Minn. Stat. § 609.223, 

subd. 1 (2014), and possession of ammunition by a prohibited person under Minn. Stat. 

§ 624.713, subd. 1(2) (2014). The charging count of the complaint for the third-degree 

assault referred to Minn. Stat. § 609.11, subd. 4 (2014), which mandates a minimum 

sentence of one year and a day for “applicable offenses” in which the defendant “used, 

whether by brandishing, displaying, threatening with, or otherwise employing, a dangerous 

weapon other than a firearm.” See also Minn. Stat. § 609.11, subd. 9 (2014) (listing thirddegree assault as an applicable offense). 

The case was tried to a jury. The district court instructed the jury as follows 

regarding the elements of the second-degree-assault offense: “First, the defendant assaulted 

[the victim],” “[s]econd, the defendant, in assaulting [the victim], used a dangerous 
3

weapon,” “[t]hird, the defendant inflicted substantial bodily harm on [the victim],” and 

“[f]ourth, the defendant’s act took place on or about October 3rd, 2015, in Cass County.” 

The district court instructed the jury as follows regarding the elements of the thirddegree-assault offense: “First, the defendant assaulted [the victim],” “[s]econd, the 

defendant inflicted substantial bodily harm on [the victim],” and “[t]hird, the defendant’s 

act took place on or about October 3rd, 2015, in Cass County.” 

As to the section 609.11 sentencing-enhancement factor applicable to the thirddegree-assault offense, the district court further instructed the jury:

If you find that each of these elements has been proven 

beyond a reasonable doubt, the defendant is guilty. . . . 

If you find that the defendant is guilty, you have an 

additional issue to determine, and it will be put to you in the 

form of a question that will appear on the verdict form. The 

question is:

Did the defendant use a dangerous weapon other than a 

firearm at the time of the offense?

The jury found Howard guilty of the seven charged offenses. The district court 

entered judgment of conviction and sentenced Howard as follows: (1) an executed prison 

term of 71 months for second-degree assault, (2) a consecutive, executed prison sentence 

of 12 months and 1 day for threatening a crime of violence, and (3) a concurrent, executed 

prison sentence of 60 months for possession of ammunition by a prohibited person. 

Howard appeals.
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D E C I S I O N

I.

Howard challenges his conviction of possession of ammunition by a prohibited 

person, arguing that the evidence was insufficient to prove that a .410 shotgun shell found 

on his person at the time of his arrest “met the statutory definition of ammunition.” 

When considering an insufficient-evidence claim, this court carefully analyzes the 

record to determine whether the evidence, when viewed in a light most favorable to the 

conviction, was sufficient to permit the jurors to reach their verdict. State v. Webb, 440 

N.W.2d 426, 430 (Minn. 1989). This court “view[s] the evidence in a light most favorable 

to the verdict and assume[s] that the jury believed the state’s witnesses and disbelieved 

contrary evidence.” State v. Brooks, 587 N.W.2d 37, 42 (Minn. 1998). This court will not 

disturb the jury’s verdict if the jury, acting with due regard for the presumption of 

innocence and the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt, could reasonably 

conclude that the defendant was proved guilty of the offense charged. Bernhardt v. State, 

684 N.W.2d 465, 476-77 (Minn. 2004).

Howard was convicted under Minn. Stat. § 624.713, subd. 1(2), which provides that 

“[t]he following persons shall not be entitled to possess ammunition[:] . . . a person who 

has been convicted of . . . a crime of violence.” Ammunition is defined as “ammunition or 

cartridge cases, primers, bullets, or propellent powder designed for use in any firearm.” 

Minn. Stat. §§ 624.712, subd. 12, 609.02, subd. 17 (Supp. 2015). 

To be clear, Howard does not argue that the trial evidence was insufficient to prove 

beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed a .410 shotgun shell or that he was prohibited 
5

from possessing ammunition. Instead, he argues that “[w]ithout evidence establishing how 

the .410 shell fires, there is no evidence that the .410 shell was ammunition.” He further 

argues that “[g]iven the circular nature of the definition, it is appropriate to consider the 

non-circular portion of the definition of ammunition. With no evidence of whether the 

.410 shell fires a bullet, uses a primer or propellent powder, the State has failed to prove 

beyond a reasonable doubt that Howard possessed ammunition.” He therefore concludes 

that his “conviction for possession of ammunition must be vacated because the state failed 

to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the .410 shell met the statutory definition of 

ammunition.” 

Howard’s sufficiency challenge raises an issue of statutory interpretation. The state 

argues that Howard did not raise this issue in district court. Indeed, Howard concedes that 

“the issue at trial may not have focused on whether the .410 shell met the statutory 

definition of ammunition.” “[M]ay not have focused” is an understatement. At trial, 

Howard argued that the police planted the .410 shell on him.

This court generally does not consider legal issues that were not raised and 

determined in district court. Roby v. State, 547 N.W.2d 354, 357 (Minn. 1996). The court 

may, however, “decide an issue not determined by a [district] court where that question is 

decisive of the entire controversy and where there is no possible advantage or disadvantage 

to either party in not having a prior ruling on the question.” McKenzie v. State, 872 N.W.2d 

865, 872 (Minn. 2015) (quotation omitted).

If a court is going to engage in statutory construction and possibly conclude, as a 

matter of law, that a .410 shotgun shell does not automatically meet the statutory definition 
6

of ammunition, fairness dictates that the court engage in the construction and announce its 

decision at a time when the state has the ability to present evidence consistent with the 

resulting construction. Given Howard’s presentation of his statutory-interpretation

argument in the context of a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge for the first time on 

appeal, the state would be significantly disadvantaged if this court were to agree with 

Howard’s argument. See State v. Harris, 533 N.W.2d 35, 36 n.1 (Minn. 1995) (“If a 

defendant obtains a reversal because of the insufficiency of the evidence as a matter of law, 

then the double jeopardy clause clearly precludes further prosecution.”).

Based on Howard’s failure to argue in district court that the .410 shell was not 

“ammunition” and the obvious disadvantage to the state in not having a district court ruling 

on the issue, we do not consider Howard’s statutory-interpretation argument.

1

 Because 

 

1 We acknowledge the Minnesota Supreme Court’s recent statement that, “[b]ecause the 

meaning of a criminal statute is intertwined with the issue of whether the State proved 

beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant violated the statute, it is often necessary to 

interpret a criminal statute when evaluating an insufficiency-of-the-evidence claim.” State 

v. Vasko, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2017 WL 239945, at *3 (Minn. Jan. 18, 2017). In Vasko, 

the supreme court held that this court did not err by interpreting a charging ordinance before 

addressing whether the state had presented sufficient evidence to obtain a conviction under 

the ordinance. Id. However, the supreme court concluded that the charging ordinance was 

unambiguous and therefore did not construe the ordinance in a way that would have 

disadvantaged the state. See id. at *4 (“The unambiguous language of the ordinance does 

not require the city to give notice of an abandoned vehicle to the person violating the 

ordinance.”). Moreover, the cases on which the supreme court relied in considering an 

ordinance-interpretation argument for the first time on appeal are distinguishable from this 

case. See State v. Nelson, 842 N.W.2d 433, 435 (Minn. 2014) (dispositive statutoryinterpretation issue was raised by defendant and determined by district court in defendant’s 

pretrial motion to dismiss for lack of probable cause); State v. Tomlin, 622 N.W.2d 546, 

548-49 (Minn. 2001) (the supreme court relied on its previous construction of a charging 

statute). These cases do not persuade us that it is appropriate to address Howard’s 

statutory-interpretation argument for the first time on appeal when the outcome could 

prejudice the state.
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Howard’s sufficiency challenge is entirely dependent on his statutory-interpretation

argument, we affirm his conviction of possession of ammunition by a prohibited person 

without further analysis. 

II.

Howard contends that his “sentence for second degree assault must be vacated 

because an erroneous jury instruction amended third degree assault to include the same 

elements as second degree assault.” He argues that he was convicted of two offenses that 

covered the same conduct, and thus he must be sentenced to the less severe offense. As 

support, he argues that “[t]he jury instructions, including the interrogatory, defined the 

second and third degree assault as the exact same offense” and that the third-degree assault 

instruction “materially misstated the law” by including “an interrogatory asking the jury to 

determine whether Howard used a dangerous weapon.” 

The state argues that Howard did not object to the challenged jury instruction in 

district court. An appellate court has discretion to consider an alleged error stemming from 

an unobjected-to jury instruction if it constitutes plain error affecting substantial rights. 

State v. Griller, 583 N.W.2d 736, 740 (Minn. 1998). However, the state further argues that 

because Howard did not brief a plain-error claim on appeal, he has waived any claim of 

plain error. See State v. Levie, 695 N.W.2d 619, 627 n.3 (Minn. App. 2005) (stating a 

plain-error claim may be waived if it is not briefed on appeal). Howard counters that he 

preserved his objection to the alleged instructional error by objecting to the state’s notice 

to seek an aggravated sentence. 
8

We need not consider the parties’ arguments regarding whether Howard raised the 

alleged instructional error at trial or whether the challenged instruction was erroneous, 

because Howard does not contend that the alleged instructional error impacted the jury’s 

verdict. See State v. Hall, 722 N.W.2d 472, 477 (Minn. 2006) (“A mistaken jury instruction 

does not require a new trial if the error was harmless.”). Instead, Howard’s allegation of 

instructional error is the foundation for his sentencing challenge. We address that 

challenge directly. 

Howard argues that “the crime of third degree assault does not require or involve 

the use of a dangerous weapon” and that “the result of the interrogatory was to make the 

elements of second degree assault and third degree assault exactly the same.” Howard 

concludes that because he “was convicted of two offenses with the exact same conduct, the 

rule of lenity requires his sentence for second degree assault to be vacated and that he be 

sentenced to third degree assault.” 

“[T]he rule of lenity . . . applies to the interpretation of criminal statutes when a 

grievous ambiguity or uncertainty in the statute remains after we have considered other 

canons of statutory construction.” State v. Nelson, 842 N.W.2d 433, 443 (Minn. 2014) 

(quotation omitted). The rule of lenity requires us to resolve the ambiguity in favor of the 

criminal defendant. Id. at 444. The rule “‘vindicates the fundamental principle that no 

citizen should be held accountable for a violation of a statute whose commands are 

uncertain, or subjected to punishment that is not clearly prescribed.’” Id. (quoting United 

States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507, 514, 128 S. Ct. 2020, 2025 (2008)). 
9

Howard relies on Nelson, as well as State v. Lewandowski, 443 N.W.2d 551 (Minn. 

App. 1989). That reliance is misplaced because those cases involved statutory ambiguity 

and construction. See Nelson, 842 N.W.2d at 444 (“The rule of lenity requires us to resolve 

the ambiguity in the care-and-support statute in favor of the criminal defendants.”); 

Lewandowski, 443 N.W.2d at 554 (“[P]enal statutes must be construed strictly against the 

state and in favor of the defendant.”). Howard has not identified a statutory ambiguity that 

justifies statutory construction and application of the rule of lenity. Instead, Howard argues

that “the result of the interrogatory was to make the elements of second degree assault and 

third degree assault exactly the same.” There is a legal doctrine that applies in such 

circumstances, but it is not the rule of lenity. 

Minn. Stat. § 609.035, subd. 1 (2014) provides:

[I]f a person’s conduct constitutes more than one offense under 

the laws of this state, the person may be punished for only one 

of the offenses and a conviction or acquittal of any one of them 

is a bar to prosecution for any other of them. All the offenses, 

if prosecuted, shall be included in one prosecution which shall 

be stated in separate counts. 

“The purpose of section 609.035 is to protect against exaggerating the criminality 

of a person’s conduct and to make both punishment and prosecution commensurate with 

culpability.” State v. Ferguson, 808 N.W.2d 586, 589 (Minn. 2012) (quotation omitted). 

Section 609.035 “contemplates that a defendant will be punished for the most serious of 

the offenses arising out of a single behavioral incident because imposing up to the 

maximum punishment for the most serious offense will include punishment for all 
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offenses.” Id. (quotations omitted) (emphasis added). Under section 609.035, the district 

court correctly sentenced Howard to the more serious offense of second-degree assault. 

Howard also argues that “[t]hird degree assault is a lesser included offense of second 

degree assault” and that “[t]he rule of lenity requires that the sentence for second degree 

assault be vacated and that [he] be sentenced on the lesser included offense of third degree 

assault.” 

“A person prosecuted for a crime may be convicted of the crime charged or a lesser 

included offense, but not both. When the finder of fact has a reasonable doubt which crime 

a defendant has committed, the defendant is entitled to a conviction on the lesser offense.” 

Lewandowski, 443 N.W.2d at 553 (citation omitted). This principle is inapplicable because 

Howard does not present, and the record does not suggest, any reason to believe that the 

jury had a reasonable doubt regarding whether Howard committed second- or third-degree 

assault. 

In sum, Howard has not established that the alleged instructional error resulted in 

an improper sentence for second-degree assault. We therefore affirm Howard’s sentence. 

Affirmed.