F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JUN 27 2003

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

SOUTHERN UTAH WILDERNESS

ALLIANCE and the SIERRA CLUB,

Plaintiffs - Appellees,

v.

THE BUREAU OF LAND

MANAGEMENT,

Defendant - Appellee,

and

SAN JUAN COUNTY, UTAH;

TYLER LEWIS, San Juan County

Commissioner; KANE COUNTY,

UTAH; and GARFIELD COUNTY,

UTAH,

Defendants - Appellants.

NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE

COUNCIL, NATIONAL PARKS & 

CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION,

THE WILDERNESS SOCIETY,

ALASKA CENTER FOR THE

ENVIRONMENT, ALASKA

WILDERNESS LEAGUE, 

SOUTHEAST ALASKA

CONSERVATION COUNCIL,

NORTHERN ALASKA 

ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER,

Amici Curiae.

No. 01-4173

(D.C. No. 96-CV-836C)

(D. Utah)
*

 This Order and Judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

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ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, Chief Judge, HOLLOWAY, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.

Defendants-Appellants, three Utah counties and one of their commissioners

(collectively “the Counties”), seek to appeal the district court’s order upholding a

Bureau of Land Management (BLM) determination against them and the Counties

also seek to strike the BLM’s reply to their appeal as untimely. The district court

decision below upheld the BLM’s denial of all but one of the Counties’ claims to

certain rights-of-way over federal land. We need not reach the merits of the

Counties’ arguments, however, because we find that we lack jurisdiction to hear

this appeal. The district court’s order neither granted injunctive relief nor

damages as requested, and therefore is not a final decision as required for the

exercise of appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, nor is it an appealable

interlocutory decision under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1).

Accordingly, we DISMISS the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and DENY

the Counties’ motion to strike the BLM’s response as moot.
1

 This right-of-way provision was R.S. 2477, which provided that “the

right-of-way for the construction of highways over public lands, not reserved for

public uses, is hereby granted.” R.S. 2477, recodified at 43 U.S.C. § 932 (1938)

(repealed). R.S. 2477 was repealed on October 21, 1976 by the Federal Land

Policy and Management Act (FLPMA), but claims in existence at the time of its

repeal were to be honored thereafter. FLPMA, § 706(a), Pub. L. No. 94-579, 90

Stat. 2743, 2793 (1976).

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BACKGROUND

Because we are dismissing this case for lack of appellate jurisdiction, we

will not extensively discuss the facts relevant to the substantive issues implicated

in this case. We will, however, briefly review the factual basis of the Counties’

claim and the procedural posture of the dispute in order to explain why the district

court’s grant of summary judgment is not appealable at this time.

The three Utah counties in this case attempted to construct roads through

federal wilderness without the permission of the federal government. The

Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance (SUWA) and the Sierra Club filed suit against

the Counties in federal district court to enjoin their actions, and the environmental

organizations added the United States as a party. Proceedings were suspended for

the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to study whether the Counties were

entitled to the land under the right-of-way provision that they asserted.1

 The

BLM ultimately agreed with the environmental organizations that the Counties

did not have valid claims to most of the land.
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SUWA and the Sierra Club thereafter filed a “motion for summary

judgment” in the federal district court proceeding to enforce the conclusion of the

BLM’s report. They prayed for declaratory judgment and for injunctive relief. 

The federal government joined the SUWA and Sierra Club’s motion, and also

requested damages for trespass. The district court properly interpreted the motion

for summary judgment as an appeal of informal agency action rather than treating

it as a summary judgment motion. SUWA v. Dabney, 222 F.3d 819, 824 n.4 (10th

Cir. 2000) (citing Olenhouse v. Commodity Credit Corp., 42 F.3d 1560, 1579 - 80

(10th Cir. 1994)). As the BLM is the agency charged with the management of

federal lands, the district court reviewed the BLM’s decision under the arbitrary

and capricious standard of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA). It found

substantial evidence for the BLM’s decision and affirmed the agency’s

determination regarding the merit of the Counties’ claims.

The district court’s order, however, did not dispose of all requests the

parties made in their motions. The environmental groups requested declaratory

judgment and injunctive relief; the federal government had requested damages. 

The district court, though, merely reviewed the BLM’s decision; it effectively

granted declaratory judgment, but failed to rule on the pending requests for

injunctive relief or for damages.
2

 The applicable text of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 reads: “The courts of appeals . . .

shall have jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of

the United States . . . .”

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The Counties now appeal, and SUWA, the Sierra Club, and the BLM filed a

series of cross-motions. We find that we need not reach the merits of the case

because we lack jurisdiction to hear it under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 

DISCUSSION

Under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, federal courts of appeal have jurisdiction to

review only the “final decisions” of district courts.2

 28 U.S.C. § 1291. A final

decision is one that fully resolves all claims for relief. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co v.

Wetzel, 424 U.S. 737, 744 (1976). 

Orders that leave the “assessment of damages or [the] awarding of other

relief . . . to be resolved have never been considered to be ‘final’ within the

meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291.” Id.; see also McKinney v. Gannett Co., Inc., 694

F.2d 1240, 1246 (10th Cir. 1982) (finding judgments that merely determine

liability cannot be final under 28 U.S.C. § 1291). On its face then, “[a] judgment

that does not recite the relief granted but merely states that the plaintiff’s motion

for summary judgment is granted is . . . likely to be nonfinal.” Buchanan v.

United States, 82 F.3d 706, 708 (7th Cir. 1996). 
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Unless there is a certification pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

54(b), “any order or other form of decision, however designated, which

adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all

the parties shall not terminate the action as to any of the claims or parties” for

purposes of appeal. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b); 10 Charles Alan Wright et al., Federal

Practice and Procedure § 2656, at 47 (3d ed. 2002) (“No ruling can be appealed

until a certification is obtained under Rule 54(b) or until all the remaining issues

in the case have been decided.”). Here the district court made no certification

under Rule 54(b) that the parties’ claims could be separately adjudicated. Even if

the district court’s order were to adjudicate one issue in its entirety, but fail to

adjudicate the remainder of the parties’ claims, we would not hear the appeal. See

Harolds Stores, Inc. v. Dillard Department Stores, Inc., 82 F.3d 1533, 1541 (10th

Cir. 1996); Bristol v. Fibreboard Corp., 789 F.2d 846, 848 (10th Cir. 1986). 

The district court’s order was not final as required by 28 U.S.C. § 1291,

and we therefore lack jurisdiction to hear the Counties’ appeal. The various

parties requested three remedies from the district court: declaratory judgment,

injunctive relief, and damages. The sum of the district court’s order was that the

“BLM’s determinations regarding the validity . . . of the rights-of-way claimed by

the Counties are AFFIRMED.” Although this may constitute a declaratory
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judgment, it cannot be construed as specific injunctive relief or a method for

calculating damages. 

We find no injunction present in the district court’s order in either form or

effect. We are particularly careful to examine the language of a district court’s

order when injunctive relief may be at stake. Under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 65(d), injunctions must “set forth the reasons for [their] issuance, . . .

be specific in terms; . . . [and] describe in reasonable detail . . . the act or acts

sought to be restrained . . . .”

The language of the district court’s order simply affirmed the BLM’s

determinations regarding the Counties’ claims to the rights-of-way; it did not

attempt to control the parties’ actions in any manner. See Schmidt v. Lessard,

414 U.S. 473, 476 (1974) (per curiam) (“[T]he specificity provisions of Rule

65(d) are no mere technical requirements. The Rule was designed to prevent

uncertainty and confusion on the part of those faced with injunctive orders, and to

avoid the possible founding of a contempt citation on a decree too vague to be

understood.”) By its omission of any words of command, the district court’s

order fundamentally failed to describe what behaviors might be acceptable and

what might not. Keyes v. School Dist. No. 1, Denver, Colo., 895 F.2d 659, 668

(10th Cir. 1990) (noting that “an injunction [must] be reasonably specific in

identifying what acts are prohibited or required, both to give notice to the
- 8 -

defendant of what is prohibited, and to guide an appellate court in reviewing the

defendant's compliance or noncompliance with the injunction.”).

An order that does not expressly grant or deny an injunction, but has the

practical effect of doing so, may possibly be appealable under § 1292(a)(1) if “a

litigant can show that an interlocutory order of the district court might have a

‘serious, perhaps irreparable consequence,’ and that the order can be ‘effectively

challenged’ only by immediate appeal . . . .” Carson v. American Brands, Inc.,

450 U.S. 79, 84 (1981); Gillis v. United States Dep’t of HHS, 759 F.2d 565, 567

(6th Cir. 1985). The Counties, however, make no showing here of consequences,

serious, irreparable, or otherwise.

We similarly find no ruling on the claim for damages in the district court’s

order. An order involving a claim for damages will be considered final for

purposes of appeal only where any remaining calculation of damages is

ministerial and can be made pursuant to a predetermined procedure. Albright v.

UNUM Life Ins. Co. of America, 59 F.3d 1089, 1093 (10th Cir. 1995) (citing

Goodman v. Lee, 988 F.2d 619, 626 - 27 (5th Cir. 1993) (per curiam)). The

district court’s brief affirmation of the BLM’s determination regarding rights-ofway here establishes no formula for how or if the federal government should be

awarded damages for trespass. 
- 9 -

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, we DISMISS for lack of jurisdiction. We also DENY the

Counties’ motion to strike the government’s response as moot.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

David M. Ebel

Circuit Judge