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PAUL BETA SUBSYSTEM 

ENGINEERING PROTOTYPE EVALUATION MODEL 

(PEN) 

PART 0 

FINAL REPORT 

SUBCONTRACT NO, 029B25006 

(PAUL) 

31 OCTOBER 1968 

VT-ANN :C. via; 

CONTROL: SYSTEM ONLY 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Section Title Page 

1.0 Introduction . 7 

1.1 Scope 7 

1.2 Summary of Program Objectives 8 

1.3 EPEM Performance Status . . . . . 9 

1.4 Performance Improvements and Required Additional 

Investigations 11 

1.4.1 Performance Improvements 11 

1.4.2 Required Additional Investigations 17 

2.0 Engineering Prototype Evaluation Model (EPEM) . . 24 

2.1 Theory of Operation . 24 

2.1.1 Functional . 24 

2.1.2 Operation Sequence 27 

2.1.3 BETA Subsystem Response . . . 30 

2.2 Description . 37 

2.2.1 Sensor Package Assembly . . . - 37 

2.2.2 Electronics Assembly . 46 

2.2.3 Sensor Electronics . 50 

2.2.4 Power Supply . ...... . • . . . 53 

2.3 Acceptance Test Results and Comparison of Test Results 

with Performance Requirements 58 

2.3.1 Initial Condition Tests 58 

2.3.2 Dynamic Range and Linearity . 58 

2.3.3 Saturation Indication . 60 

2.3.4 Noise and Bias 60 

2.3.5 Threshold and Null Linearity 66 

2.3.6 Frequency Response 80 

2.3.7 Effects of Illumination and Contrast 80 

2.3.8 Voltage Variations 83 

2.3.9 Optical Focus Variations . . . . . 84 

2.3.10 Cloud Obscuration 84 

2.3.11 Dynamic Null Tests . 84 

2.4 EPEM Improvements - 86 

2.4.1 Weight 86 

2.4.2 Power .. 89 

2.4.3 Saturation Recovery Time . . . . . 89 

3.0 Related Program Effort 94 

3.1 Technical Studies . 94 

3.1.1 BETA Subsystem Analysis and Performance Parameters . 94 

1.1.9 Sensor Tvil-Na. Operation and Darnmtni-c,m-,c 96 

3.1.3 Scene and Illumination Characteristics 97 

3.2 Sensor Tube Configurations and Possible Improvements 99 

3.2.1 General . . 99 

3.2.2 Present Configuration 99 

- 3.2.3 Future Improvements - Minimum Modifications • • . . 101 

3.2.4 Future Improvements - One to Two Years 102 

3.2.5 Life Tests 103 
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Page 

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 

4.0 Ancillary Tester 106 

4.1 Description 106 

4.2 Operation 106 

4.2.1 Programmer 106 

4.2.2 Signal Monitoring Boxes 109 

APPENDIX 

A Detail Milestone Chart 110 

Functional Comparison of EPEM and BETA Subsystem 

Breadboard (Princess I) 114 

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure 

2.1.1-1 

2.1.3-1 

2.1.3-2 

2.1.3-3 

2.2.1-1 

2.2.1-2 

2.2.1-3 

2.2.1-4 

2.2.1-5 

2.2.2-1 

2.2.2-2 

2.2.3-1 

2.2.4-1 

2.2.4-2 

2.3.2-1 

2.3.4-1 

2.3.4-2 

2.3.4-3 

2.3.4-4 

2.3.4-5 

2.3.4-6 

2.3.4-7 

2.3.4-8 

2.3.4-9 

2.3.4-10 

2.3.4-11 

2.3.4-12 

2.3.4-13 

2.3.4-14 

2.3.5-1 

2.3.6-1 

2.3.7-1 

2.4.1-1 

2.4.1-2 

2.4.3-1 

4.1-1 

Title 

PAUL BETA Subsystem Block Diagram 25 

Simplified Transfer Function Block Diagram . . • 31 

Open-Loop Bode Plot 33 

Closed-Loop Plot 36 

Sensor Assembly 39 

Tube Assembly 41 

Erase Light and Contact Ring Assembly 42 

Subassembly of Erase Lights, Focus Coil, Deflebtion Coil, Contact Ring and Shield ..... , . 43 

Sensor Body Weldment 44 

Electronic Control Assembly 47 

Electronic Control Subassembly 48 

Sensor Electronics 51 

Low Voltage Converter and Case 54 

DC to DC Converter Block Diagram . 55 

Linearity, Large Signal Region 59 

Mathematical Sequence to Determine the Total Contribution of Noise and Bias 61 

Noise and Bias Terminology Definitions 62 

Noise PSD Plot Summary 65 

Acceptance Test Procedure Test IV-A - BETA Subsystem 

Channel X Output PSD 67 

Acceptance Test Procedure Test IV-A - Channel X 

Attenuated Sampler Output PSD 68 

Acceptance Test Procedure Test IV-A - BETA Subsystem 

Channel Y Output PSD 69 

Acceptance Test Procedure Test IV-A - Channel Y 

Attenuated Sampler Output PSD 70 

Acceptance Test Procedure Test IV-B - BETA Subsystem 

Channel X Output PSD 71 

Acceptance Test Procedure Test IV-B - Channel X 

Sampler Output PSD 72 

Attenuation Factor for Sampler PSD 73 

Acceptance Test Procedure Test IV-B - Channel X 

Attenuated Sampler Output PSD 74 

Acceptance Test Procedure Test IV-B - BETA Subsystem 

Channel Y Output PSD 75 

Acceptance Test Procedure Test IV-B - Channel Y 

Sampler Output PSD ' 76 

Acceptance Test Procedure Test IV-B - Channel Y 

Attenuated Sampler Output PSD 77 

Threshold and Null Linearity 79 

Frequency Response, Gain and Phase - X Channel . 

• 

81. 

Contrast Performance Evaluation 82 

Proposed Sensor ASsembly with Mounting Adapter Included and With a Separate Optical Assembly . . . 87 

Proposed Sensor Assembly Incorporating Adapter and 

Short Tube 90 

Saturation Recovery Time Example Using Electronic 

Anticipation Control 93 

EPEM and Ancillary Tester Interconnections 

• 

107 

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LIST OF TABLES 

Table Title Page 

2.3.4-1 Noise and Bias Error Results 64 

2.3.5-1 Threshold and Null Linearity Data 78 

2.3.11-1 Dynamic Null Test Summary 85 

2.4.1-1 Sensor Weight Estimate 88 

2.4.2-1 Sensor Minimum Power Estimate 91 

3.2.2-1 Sensor Tube Modifications 101 

3.2.5-1 Life Tests Tabulation 103 

3.-2.5-2 Tabulated Life Test Results 105 

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LIST OF REFERENCES 

No. 

1. Image Velocity Sensor Work Statement; (M&M) 4 December 

1967 

2. Performance/Design and Product Configuration Requirements 

for Image Velocity Sensor; Specification No. EC-701A 

Rev. 5; (M&M) 4 December 1967 

3. Performance/Design and Product Configuration Requirements, 

Specification No. EC-701A Rev. 6; (M&M) 4 June 1968 

4. PAUL BETA Subsystem Engineering Prototype Evaluation 

Model (EPEM) Acceptance Test Procedure; (M&M) 13 September 

1968 

5. Performance/Design and Product Configuration Requirements 

for Image Velocity Sensor; Specification No. EC-701B; 

(M&M) 31 July 1968 

6. BETA Subsystem Theoretical Response; (PAUL) 1 May 1968 . 

7. Cloud Detection Techniques Final Report, (PAUL) 

16 October 1968 

8. BETA Subsystem Sensor Stress Analysis (Preliminary); 

(PAUL) 29 May 1968 

9. Technical Proposal; (PAUL) RFP 159; 28 June 1968 
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1.0 INTRODUCTION 

1.1 SCOPE 

This final report summarizes the work which was accomplished 

during the period 1 January 1968 to 30 September 1968, as defined 

in Reference 1. 

The primary objectives of this program were: 

(1) Design, develop, fabricate, test and deliver a BETA 

Subsystem Engineering Prototype Evaluation Model (EPEM). 

(2) Provide necessary deliverable ancillary tools and test 

equipment to support engineering testing of the EPEM. 

(3) Provide field test support for the BETA Subsystem Breadboard which was delivered to M&M in January 1968. 

(4) Provide field test support, from October through December 

1968, for the M&M evaluation testing of the EPEM. 

Additional program objectives were: 

(1) Perform related technical studies dealing with analysis, 

design, and performance characteristics of the BETA Subsystem. 

(2).Provide a full-scale metal mock-up of the BETA Subsystem 

which simulates the external dimensions and form factor. 

(3) Supply documentation reflecting the as-built condition 

of the EPEM. 

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1.2 SUMMARY OF PROGRAM OBJECTIVES 

The objectives of this program were successfully accomplished 

with the delivery of the Engineering Prototype Evaluation Model 

(EPEM) and Ancillary Tester on 4 October 1968. 

The EPEM, although a prototype model, reflects the prime hardware from a configuration and packaging standpoint and was fabricated 

using standard engineering shop processes and tolerances, such as 

would be employed for the prime hardware. Before delivery, the EPEM 

was subjected to a formal Acceptance Test which allowed the performance parameters to be evaluated in order to determine compliance 

with the performance requirements listed in Specification EC-701A 

Rev. 5 (see Ref. 2). 

Close coordination was maintained with the contractor through 

weekly status reports, monthly status reports and technical direction meetings. Numerous technical reports discussing the analysis, 

design and performance characteristics of the BETA Subsystem and 

additional related studies dealing with scene parameters and tube 

characteristics were prepared and submitted to M&M. Overall program 

objectives and compliance are documented in the Detail Milestone 

Chart shown in Appendix A. 

A full-scale metal mock-up of the BETA Subsystem simulating 

external dimensions and form factor was delivered in November 1967. 

No further effort in this area was required during the period of 

performance covered by this report. 

Numerous trips were made to the contractors facility in order 

to support the test program for the BETA Subsystem Breadboard. 
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1.4 PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS & REQUIRED ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS 

1.4.1 PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS 

As a result of evaluation testing and BETA Subsystem studies 

performed during this program, three major performance problem areas 

were identified. These were: 

(1) Dynamic Null, 

(2) Low Contrast Performance, 

(3) Signal-to-Noise Improvement. 

1.4.1.2 DYNAMIC NULL 

The first problem area - dynamic null - was the subject 

of considerable investigation. The investigation approach and conclusions reached are discussed in section 3.1.1. Briefly summarized, 

the conclusions state that the dynamic null rates obtained from both 

PAUL and M&M simulators are due to the increased field-of-view of af 

Vico 

the simulators and are aiDp_rpxiraately _7-0__trimes_g_reater_ than the rates 

corresponding to real-case geometry.. The dynamic null problem was, 

therefore, adequately explained and is not considered to be a performance problem area in the final mission since the anticipated 

rates are below the specified threshold requirements. 

1.4.1.3 LOW CONTRAST PERFORMANCE 

Figure 2.3.7-1 shows the EPEM performance evaluated for various 

contrasts over the required average illumination range. As can be 

seen from Figure 2.3.7-1, performance was not obtained over the 

total required rectangular area with the deficient area being high 

illumination - low contrast combinations in the lower right-hand 

corner of the rectangle. The limiting factor in the ability of the 

BETA Subsystem to perform with low contrast images is that of 

adequately storing (writing) the modulation content of the scene. 

Clearly, satisfactory system performance cannot be obtained unless 

initial storage of the image is enhanced. Methods are available, 

however, which will allow image modulation enhancement. These are: 

(1) Write exposure control based on image modulation content, 

(2) Spectral filtering and modified photocathode response. ddri,r) 

1.4.1.3.1 WRITE EXPOSURE CONTROL BASED ON IMAGE MODULATION CONTENT 

A method of optimizing the stored image is to first analyze 

the input image and then allow the write mode of operation to be 
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controlled so as to store a prescribed charge pattern sufficient to 

assure satisfactory operation. This can be done by dissecting the 

input image and analyzing the image content for modulation amplitude. 

The image dissection can be accomplished in approximately 5 milliseconds by using a storage mesh containing a small aperture (5-10 

mils) at its center and deflecting the electron image across the 

aperture by means of a ramp input voltage applied to the deflection 

yoke. The resultant modulation would then be available, through 

the AC coupling at the sensor tube output, as a direct measurement of 

illumination vs. position in the input image. Comparison of the 

dissected output to the average value of illumination received by the 

sensor (photocathode current) would provide a direct measurement of 

the input scene contrast. The write exposure would then be controlled to optimize the stored image, based on the tube write time 

constant, and the tube storage mesh bias would then be automatically 

adjusted to center the stored modulation on the tube transconductance 

characteristic curve. 

This technique of write exposure control would require the 

addition of some electronic circuitry to the present system and would 

increase the recycle time approximately 5 msec. However, the increased capability of the BETA Subsystem in analyzing and determining 

whether the input image content is acceptable prior to completing 

the operating cycle could result in a net saving in time when the 

input imagery is determined to be unacceptable for system operation. 

The full potential of this technique of analyzing the input 

image cannot be fully explored until the input imagery characteristics are fully defined. However, it clearly lends itself to a 

sophisticated variable exposure control which will significantly 

improve the system performance with low contrast scenes. It is 

recommended that an investigation into the variable exposure control 

using the aforementioned technique be undertaken immediately in order 

to determine the amount of improvement possible in system performance. 

1.4.1.3.2 SPECTRAL FILTERING AND MODIFIED PHOTOCATHODE RESPONSE 

Low contrast performance can be improved by incorporation of 

spectral filtering used to reduce transmission for areas of the 

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illumination spectrum containing poor contrast. Additional low 

contrast performance improvement can be obtained by modification of 

the photocathode response so as to allow optimum matching of the 

sensor tube sensitivity to regions of the illumination spectrum containing the highest modulation to total illumination ratios. The 

approaches of spectral filtering and modified photocathode response 

can be employed since the present EPEM performance at minimum 

illumination exceeds the requirements of EC-701A Rev. 5. The minimum 

illumination requirements of EC-701A Rev. 6*are relaxed from Rev. 5: 

0.028 ft-candles and 0.006 ft-candles, respectively. The present 

low-light level performance, which is more than sufficient for Rev. .6 

requirements, in addition to higher expected photocathode sensitivities 

and further write exposure reduction due to increased storage mesh 

thickness, if required, allow the trade-offs of low-light level performance for spectral filtering to be made. 

Based on investigations conducted during this program, it 

appears that the relatively poor contrast contained in the illumination spectrum region of 400-600 nanometers is low compared to the 

600-1100 nanometer region and is probably due to atmospheric 

scattering effects. Effectively, the illumination in this blue region 

of the spectrum would lower the low contrast performance of the BETA 

Subsystem. With the illumination received below 600 nanometers 

filtered out and the photocathode modified to obtain the optimum 

match between received illumination spectrum and photocathode response, 

the low contrast performance would be significantly improved. 

Further investigation is required to identify the regions of the 

illumination spectrum which allow optimum modulation content to be 

obtained for all sun angles and with different scene content. It is 

recommended that a program be initiated to investigate these spectral 

illumination conditions. 

1.4.1.4 SIGNAL-TO-NOISE IMPROVEMENT 

As shown in Table 2.3.4-1, the total noise and bias error 

for PAUL #1 scene at 0.05 pa photocathode illumination level was 

0.0394 ips and at 0.40 pa was 0.0183 ips, both of which are larger 

than the required value of 0.01 ips for total noise and bias error. 

Approximately 50% of the total noise figure for each of the X and Y 

*See Ref. 3. 

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channels was contributed by periodic frequencies, the most predominant of which occurred est 57 Hz. Investigation is continuing 

to determine the cause of the relatively large periodic frequency 

content at 57 Hz. noted during EPEM acceptance testing and tests 

will be conducted using the PAUL breadboard unit. These tests will 

involve both subsystem and individual circuit frequency response 

data to determine if any non-linearities are present in the system 

and electronic filtering techniques to determine if a generating 

source is introducing the periodic energy. Determination of periodic 

frequency content will necessarily involve investigation of system 

packaging, signal routing, cross-talk between channels, shielding and 

power return terminations. 

After the periodic frequency reduction iscbtained, several 

system-oriented techniques for further random noise reduction are 

available. These techniques allow signal-to-noise improvement to be 

obtained as explained in the following paragraphs. 

1.4.1.4.1 ADAPTIVE CONTROL 

The previous discussion in section 1.4.1.3 concerning low 

contrast performance improvements use techniques which allow signalto-noise improvement since image modulation enhanced by write exposure 

control and spectral filtering with modified photocathode response 

both result in increased signal level values. 

Use of the information obtained by analyzing the input imagery 

can also be applied to optimizing the system response to the 

particular image parameters received by the BETA Subsystem. With 

the input imagery parameters known, and by using the fact that the 

image power spectral density and autocorrelation functions are 

Fourier Transform pairs, the subsystem gain and dynamic response 

can be controlled so as to obtain optimum performance for any imaae 

thus improving the overall signal-to-noise ratio of the subsystem. 

Thus, the subsystem could easily be made an adaptive system by 

optimizing its performance over a wide range of input image parameters. 

If desired, the BETA Subsystem could continually analyze the input 

imagery and, if sufficient information is not present for satisfactory 

operation, the subsystem would prevent the operating cycle from being 

initiated until the input imagery content would allow satisfactory 

operation. 
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It appears that the technique of analyzing the input imagery 

could provide information for the compensation of rates being sensed 

which are displaced from the center of format. Further study of 

this potential compensation is required; however, it appears that 

information derived by image dissecting could be used to bias the 

sensor tube such that image "slicing" occurs and only that portion 

of the image which would indicate the velocity at the center of 

format would be used by the system. 

The similarity between the image dissecting technique using 

the sensor tube and that presently being used to obtain data for 

use in deriving the Wiener Spectrum for various scenes is evident. 

Therefore, it is recommended that a study be undertaken to ascertain 

the equivalent Wiener Spectrum for selected images obtained using 

the sensor tube. A meaningful correlation between Wiener Spectrum 

data obtained to date and the BETA Subsystem performance with various 

scenes could thus be obtained. A significant side benefit from 

this effort would be a better understanding of how the scene input 

parameters affect the subsystem performance. 

1.4.1.4.2 FIXED RECYCLE TIME 

Use of a fixed recycle time in which the verification and 

lock-on time of the BETA Subsystem operating cycle are controlled 

for a fixed time increment, would allow improvement in signal-to-noise 

ratio by a faster periodic updating of input information. The 

BETA Subsystem recycle command is presently determined only by the 

track verify circuit. Although the quality of the match signal 

determined by the track verify circuit is based on a comparison of 

2 kHz, 1 kHz and noise content, the sensitivity of track verification 

is, by necessity, based on the average weighting of match frequency 

and noise content for a wide variety of scene parameters. Certain 

scenes may contain image content which can result in a match signal, 

satisfying the average requirements imposed by the track verify 

circuit, but whose rate indication may be questionable due to image 

slicing effects, shading, scale factor changes and low contrast conditions. A fixed recycle time, used in conjunction with the track 
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verification circuit would significantly minimize the probability 

of operation in instances where the correlation curve would be 

considered marginal by allowing the input image to be periodically 

restored allowing maximum useage of updated information to be realized. 

1.4.1.4.3 MAGNETIC ZOOM 

Incorporation of a magnetic zoom capability in the BETA Subsystem will allow compensation to be made for image scale changes 

as a function of line-of-sight. Although the scale factor and 

shading effects have been determined to be in the order of 70 times 

less than obtained in laboratory simulators, the technique of magnetic zoom will allow a further increase in signal-to-noise capability 

by image scale compensation. The implementation of magnetic zoom 

can be achieved by a modification of the focus coil windings in 

which the magnetic focus field would either minify or magnify the 

live image with respect to the stored image as a function of stereo 

angle. The exact amount of magnetic zoom will be determined by the 

average value of the cross-track and along-track compensation required 

as a function of the line-of-sight angles involved. 
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1.4.2 REQUIRED ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS 

1.4.2.1 GENERAL 

A summary of the related study effort for this program is 

summarized in section 3.1 for three general categories: 

(1) BETA Subsystem Analysis and Performance Parameters 

(2) Sensor Tube Operation and Parameters 

(3) Scene and Illumination Characteristics 

For some studies, the effort undertaken on this program was, 

by definition, preliminary and further studies were anticipated in 

following programs to complete the effort. During the normal course 

of investigation related to the study objectives of this program, 

potential areas of improvement were identified, which, could not be 

completely investigated and still satisfy the primary study objectives. 

Additional investigations on following programs will be necessary to 

evaluate compliance with, and determine the effects of the revisions 

made in EC701 Rev. 6. The following sections describe the required 

additional areas of investigation and are subdivided into the following 

categories: 

(1) Studies directly supporting future design effort, 

(2) Studies involving evaluation of trade-offs in future 

design effort, 

(3) Error analysis, 

(4) Cloud obscuration. 

1.4.2.2 DESIGN EFFORT SUPPORT STUDIES 

1.4.2.2.1 CORRELATION MATCH POINT 

A preliminary effort on the Correlation Match Point Effects study 

was started on this program. Basic concepts and a basic understanding 

of the e-F-Fis of the imdge coiLeidLion 1[k:itch point effects on BETA 

Subsystem performance as a function of look angle were obtained. Refinements of the basic concepts and a complete evaluation of the image 

correlation match point effects on the determination of the velocity 

at the center of format remain to be completed. This study will 

involve analytical and experimental investigations of the effects of 

various scenes, with known correlation match points, on the BETA Subsystem performance. 

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1.4.2.2.2 ILLUMINATION SPECTRUM EFFECTS 

The Illumination Spectrum Effects study will involve experimental and analytical evaluations in order to determine the effects 

of the revised illumination spectrum defined in EC-701A, Rev. 6 on 

BETA Subsystem performance. This study will include the determination of the effects of different atmospheric conditions as well as 

various sun angle and look angle effects on Subsystem performance with 

respect to the illumination spectrum. 

1.4.2.2.3 OUTPUT POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY INVESTIGATION 

This investigation will analytically and experimentally evaluate 

the output power spectral density with respect to the revised requirements of EC-701A, Rev. 6. The task is a continuation of the one 

started on this program. The additional required effort in this area 

will be to update the PSD computer program to be compatible with the 

revised specification and evaluate the updated BETA Subsystem design 

when it is available. Collaboration with M&M engineering will be required to properly update the computer program. 

1.4.2.2.4 DYNAMIC RESPONSE INVESTIGATION 

The Dynamic Response Investigation effort consists of developing 

the analytical transfer functions for the various functional blocks 

within the BETA Subsystem. A comparison of the theoretical block 

diagram with experimentally obtained data will be made in order to 

verify the theoretical work. The results of this study will aid in 

understanding and possibly improving the present system implementation. 

1.4.2.3 TRADE-OFF STUDIES 

1.4.2.3.1 DYNAMIC RANGE VS. ACCURACY 

The Dynamic Range vs. Accuracy study will be primarily oriented 

toward defining and evaluating the trade-offs involved in changing the 

BETAEUbsystem dynamic range to improve the accuracy of the system. 

Revised requirements for scaling and hence the dynamic range appear.in 

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EC-701A, Rev. 6. These requirements will be evaluated and then the 

trade-off portion of the study will follow. 

1.4.2.3.2 DYNAMIC RESPONSE VS. ACCURACY 

This study will evaluate the revised requirements of EC-701A, 

Rev. 6 with regard to the BETA Subsystem response and identify and 

evaluate the trade-offs involved in improving the system accuracy by 

modifying the dynamic response. Experimental support for this study 

will be provided by the operation of a BETA Subsystem breadboard on 

the PAUL simulator. 

1.4.2.3.3 LINEARITY VS. ACCURACY 

The trade-offs involved in improving system accuracy at the 

expense of linearity will be identified and evaluated during the course 

of this study. Experimental evaluations of the possible trade-offs 

will be included. 

1.4.2.3.4 POWER VS. WEIGHT VS. ACCURACY 

A trade-off study will be conducted to identify and evaluate 

methods of improving accuracy by possible increases in subsystem weight 

and power. Experimental evaluations of the recommended trade-offs 

will be made, as well as analytical evaluations. 

1.4.2.3.5 HIGH AND LOW FREQUENCY TIME SHARE OF LIGHT WITH THE VISUAL 

OPTICS VS. ACCURACY 

The improvement in system accuracy will be investigated with 

respect to obtaining a higher input illumination level by time sharing 41 

the light made available to the visual optics. Providing additional q-- 

light during periods of low light level operation clearly will improve 

the BETA Subsystem performance but possibly this light could be 

provided at a high frequency rate which would not appreciably deteriorate either the subsystem or the observers image and improved performance could be obtained without undue compromise of the observer. 

A complete analytical and experimental investigation of this mode of 

operation is planned. 
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1.4.2.3.6 ACCURACY VS. IMAGE LUMINANCE 

The effects of variations in scene luminance on system accuracy 

will be investigated both analytically and experimentally. Both 

uniform and non-uniform luminance variations will be considered involving various atmospheric conditions and sun and look angles. 

1.4.2.4 ERROR ANALYSIS 

An error analysis of the BETA Subsystem will be conducted encompassing all error contributors from the input imagery tO the output 

signals. Experimental verification of the analytical study will be 

made where practical. 

1.4.2.5 DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE MODEL STUDIES 

The objective of this analytical and experimental study will be 

to complete the development of a math model of the BETA Sensor. 

The model will be implemented in the form of a digital program for 

the IBM 360 (S40) computer, in order to provide an efficient and 

flexible capability to predict the output signal performance characteristics as a function of changes in either the input image parameters or in the sensor internal component parameters. 

During this program, a separate study was performed to develop 

the techniques required for mathematically specifying the input optical 

image. This preliminary effort primarily concerned the evaluation of 

computer generated synthetic images, to identify the scene parameters 

which significantly influence the sensor correlation response. Generally, 

these special images were mathematically specified by a tabulation of 

the transmissivity and color at each individual point across the entire 

format. 

Also during this program, a separate study was performed to 

develop the techniques required for mathematically specifying the performance of the BETA Sensor tube. Emphasis was restricted to this 

particular component of the sensor, since the tube operation represents 

a complex inter-relationship between many individual physical responses.. 

This preliminary effort identified the responses that were significant 

to the model, and defined appropriate mathematical expressions. 

Generally, the tube model was formulated on the basis of synthetic 

input imagery that could be specified on a point-by-point basis. 

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On following programs, these two investigations will be continued, but they will be integrated into a single program to develop 

a sensor math model. This reflects the need to provide a marriage 

between the response function of the sensor and the excitation function 

of the input image. Accordingly, future efforts will primarily concern an effort to specify complex actual input imagery in a mathematical 

form that can be accepted by the sensor model, and to adapt the 

sensor model to insure full accommodation of the input stimulus. To 

achieve a manageable model, an image specification technique other than 

a point-by-point tabulation will be required; i.e., one which can 

combine all the significant image characteristics into a relatively 

simple mathematical expression. 

To develop such an expression, both analytical and experimental 

studies will be performed. The laboratory effort will include the 

scanning of image samples with a microdensitometer to determine the 

spot size (resolution) and the scanning patterns (% coverage) that are 

required for adequate specification. An attempt will be made to find 

suitable combinations wherein the data obtained from relatively few 

scans, or from averages obtained by non-spot aperatures (e.g., slits), 

is shown to be sufficient. Tests will also be performed with coherent 

and non-coherent optical processors to determine whether data extracted 

from the frequency transform plane or from the autocorrelation response 

will be sufficient. It is likely that data obtained from a reasonable 

combination of these various sources will be required for a comprehensive specification of the image characteristics, and that machine 

processing of this data will be required to generate the corresponding 

mathematical expression for the model input stimulus. 

The analytical effort concerning image specification will prbvide 

the equipment and measurement parameters to be examined experimentally: 

based on the image characteristics which are known to influence the 

correlation response. This effort will also provide the programming 

necessary to process the resulting data. The effort will not include 

a specific effort to establish the nominal physical characteristics of 

terrain imagery received at a spaceborne sensor. The effort will, 

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however, include a study to determine if these nominal characteristics, if available, could be used to adequately specify the model 

input stimulus. Such summary characteristics are spatial frequency 

distribution, spectral distribution, etc. will be considered. 

The image specification study will be closely coordinated with 

the development of the sensor model, to insure that the expressions 

for the input stimulus are mechanized in a form that can be readily 

accommodated by the model. Likewise, the prediction performance 

that results from trial exercising of the model will be evaluated to 

identify deficiencies in the image specification and to conceive 

necessary improvements or allowable simplifications. 

The effort to develop a mathematical model of the BETA Sensor 

will, as previously mentioned, include modification of the model form 

in order to accept input expressions that fully describe complex 

actual terrain images. In addition to this, the study will include 

the general improvement and refinement of the expressions used to 

describe the individual physical responses and their interactions 

within the sensor tube. The model will also be expanded to include 

the electronics external to the tube, as required to fully describe 

the output signal characteristics under null and dynamic conditions. 

Expressions for noise and non-linear responses will also be included. 

Also, a significant effort will be expended to program the 360 

computer as defined by the math model, and then to exercise the 

computer in such a manner as to isolate the deficiencies. For this 

evaluation, actual sensor output signal characteristics will be generated 

from comparison with the model results by performing appropriate tests 

with the Princess Sensor and Laboratory Simulator. 

1.4.2.6 CLOUD OBSCURATION STUDY 

The objective of this analytical and experimental study will be 

to determine how specific cloud and terrain parameters influence the 

intended performance of the BETA Sensor, and to determine the characteristics of sensor signals that are selected as indicative of cloud 

obscuration. This will be a logical continuation of a corresponding 

effort initiated during this program. As such, the proposed effort 

will primarily concern the refinement of image parameters, obscuration 

simulation, test procedures, and data evaluation. 
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The study will include a continued evaluation of engineering 

data concerning typical cloud characteristics that is available from 

this and other programs. This information will be used to develop 

obscuration simulation techniques which provide more realistic parameters. The servo-driven image fixture, the BETA Sensor, and the 

Laboratory Simulator will be used to experimentally determine which 

obscuration models prohibit "in-spec" performance when used in conjunction with a variety of typical terrain scenes. This data will be 

compiled in a form to show the probability of successful performance 

as a function of the type and degree of obscuration. 

Also as part of these tests, selected signal points within the 

sensor will be monitored. This data will be evaluated to determine 

the nominal characteristics of these signals as a function of the 

obscuration parameters. These characteristics will be analyzed, in 

turn, to develop computer processing techniques capable of automatically indicating the type and degree of obscuration. Analysis 

or trial computer runs will be performed to identify obscuration conditions which can result in ambiguous indications, or in errors of 

commission or omission. 

Refinements in signal measurement techniques and/or alternate 

processing techniques will be evaluated, as required to minimize 

these deficiencies. 

At the conclusion of this study, it is anticipated that the 

obscuration conditions which can prohibit satisfactory performance of 

the BETA Sensor will be specified. Likewise, the signal measurement 

and signal processing techniques required for an automatic indication 

of obscuration conditions will be defined in sufficient detail to 

adequately determine the influence of this capability on the mission 
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2.0 ENGINEERING PROTOTYPE EVALUATION MODEL (EPEM) 

2.1 THEORY OF OPERATION 

2.1.1 FUNCTIONAL 

Figure 2.1.1-1 shows a block diagram of the PAUL BETA Subsystem and the table in Appendix B compares the functional differences between the EPEM and the on-site BETA breadboard subsystem 

(Princess I). Following is a discussion of the subsystem operation. 

In order to obtain image rate information, the system centers 

around a special storage tube. This tube requires three Modes of 

operation: 

(1) A "write" mode, at which time the initial image position 

is stored as a two-dimension charge pattern and during 

which no output can be given. 

(2) A "read" mode, wherein correlation of the input image 

and the previously stored reference is performed, and 

during which the sensor output is enabled. 

(3) An "erase" mode, wherein the previously stored reference 

charge pattern is removed from the storage mesh, and 

during which the sensor output is inhibited. 

During the write mode, an optical image isstored as a charge 

within the tube by electron secondary emission of the storage mesh. 

During the read mode, a switching sequence is enabled to the 

tube elements to reduce the electron velocity so a non-destruct 

readout can be performed. Thus, for the single write sequence, many 

non-destructive comparisons can be made before signal degradation 

occurs and a new write sequence is required. Before a new image 

can be stored it is necessary to erase completely the previously 

stored image. This is accomplished by properly biasing the tube 

and flooding the storage mesh with a uniform electron bundle. 

The data stored in the tube is fixed on an x-y plane. The 

incoming optical image produces an electron bundle within the tube 

which is modulated a small amount by field deflection in the coils 

around the tube and an area match yields a maximum output when the 

input and stored images are superimposed. Closed-loop characteristics 

of the BETA Subsystem maintain the image superposition in a best 

match condition by deflecting the field around the tube and displacing the incoming image. 

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W 

¢ Q Nt 

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X tu 

to 4 )••• 4.. cc 

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k k kt p It/ ...1 

*¢111 (f. 

ti •A ik. 

k 

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5 0 
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The incoming image is nutated alternately in the x and y directions by a one kilohertz sine wave, switched at a 500 Hz rate. 

The output data is thus a complex, multiplexed signal which is 

synchronously demodulated to separate x and y output channels. 

During a closed-loop match condition, this signal appears as a fullwave rectified sine wave. Under normal conditions this signal may 

vary from one millivolt peak-to-peak to 150 millivolts peak-to-peak 

depending on the image and, at the tube output, is referenced to a 

2,000V DC level. 

The output signal is coupled through a buffer amplifier to 

ground level where it is amplified and held to a 3 volt peak-to-peak 

leVel without distortion or phase shift. To accomplish this, three 

stages of amplification are used which provide a common bandpass 

well in excess of an order of magnitude above and below the error 

signal frequency. 

Since the signals are multiplexed, only .a single channel of 

gain is required. However, to properly AGC the separate x and y 

data, there are two separate AGC amplifiers which are multiplexed 

synchronously into the feedback loop in one of the three stages. 

The purpose of holding the error signal at a constant amplitude 

is to maintain a constant forward-loop gain and thus constant loop 

dynamics. 

The fixed amplitude wave is then passed through the phase 

discriminator which reconstructs the match signal in a manner to 

obtain the least DC output for the best match. When the input 

image moves away from the stored image, the match signal becomes distorted. The phase discriminator determines the magnitude and direcActcl,mni- 4-1-No 4 4, 

match. 

The correction signal, still multiplexed, is now separated by 

synchronous demodulation and sent to separate x and y filters for 

processing. Each filter is designed to produce two single lags, 

one at 60 Hz, the other at 210 Hz. The signal separation is 

accomplished prior to these filters to avoid smearing the x and y 

data. 

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Each of the nutation summing amplifiers has a DC input which 

is controlled by the output of a position integrator. The input 

to each of the integrators is the output from the corresponding x 

or y filter. By summing the nutation signal and the integrator output, the incoming image is deflected across the stored image maintaining the best match signal. When the incoming image is displaced 

away from the centroid far enough such that the integrator can no 

longer force the deflection to match, then the "saturation limiters" 

force an erase-rewrite mode. The new write will start with the 

stored image in the center of the tube and both integrators zeroed. 

The closed-loop response maintains the optimum position match 

between the incoming image and the stored image. The integrator 

which maintains "position" must, by definition, have "rate" as its 

input. Rate inputs to the integrators are filtered by a. 3.5 Hz 

filter and this relative DC output is scaled to provide the proper 

range of voltages for the input image rates encountered. This 

output is converted to provide a zero to plus five volt input to 

the analog to digital converter. The polarity bit will be used with 

the digital readout for negative excursions. 

To insure that good rate information is being given and that 

the system is not lost during lock-on, a verification circuit is 

provided. The verification circuit monitors the match signal from 

the third error amplifier and compares the magnitude of the 2 kHz 

match signal to the magnitude of the 1 kHz off-match signal and the 

magnitude of the noise. If the ratio of 2k to 1 kHz or the ratio 

of 2 kHz to noise is greater than a predetermined level, the 

verify circuit forces a recycle. 

2.1.2 OPERATION SEQUENCE 

The operating sequence is implemented in the following manner: 

1. A 13 second warm-up interlock is enabled when power is 

applied. 

2. At the end of warm-up, and if the input scene illumination 

level is greater than 0.035 camps photocathode current, the 

system steps into the "standby" mode which indicates operational readiness. 

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3. If a "track command" is available, the system will step 

from standby without delay. Without a "track command" it 

will remain in the operational ready or "standby mode". 

Given the three primary."initial conditions": the 13 

second warm-up, satisfactory illumination and a track 

command, the system will initiate an erase to prepare the 

tube and establish all initial conditions in the operating 

sequence. 

4. The next sequence step is a "write" cycle which is dynamic 

with light intensity such that a low light causes a longer 

write period. At present,0.1 camps photocathode current 

requires a write time of 120 milliseconds. 

5. When the write mode is satisfied, the tube is switched to 

the "read mode". For the first 112 milliseconds of the 

read mode, a stabilization and verification period is 

established. After 80 milliseconds of stabilization, the 

3.5 cycle filter inputs are enabled to permit their 

stabilization before being placed "on line". The verification circuit is also enabled to permit an evaluation of the 

match. 

If,at this time, the verify circuit indicates a fail condition, the nutation amplitude is increased in an attempt to 

force a pass verify. 32 milliseconds is allowed after the 

increase in nutation to evaluate the new match signal. If 

the verify circuit still indicates fail, the system is 

forced into a recycle. If the verify output indicates a go 

condition, the system is ready to go into the lock-on mode. 

If, after .80 milliseconds, the verily circuit had pioduced 

a pass signal, the system would have waited 32 milliseconds 

more before going to the lock-on mode. 

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At the end of the 112 millisecond stabilization time, the 

position saturation monitors are enabled. Two clock pulses 

at a 2 kHz clock rate are permitted before the lock-on 

signal and output data are released to permit verify or 

saturation to operate prior to lock-on. 

6. "Lock-on" consists of passing the verify test without 

limiting on the position or deflection coil drives. Otherwise,an erase mode is activated and a new cycle begun. A 

rate saturation is read out but does not force a recycle. 

During "lock-on" the verify circuit makes a continuous 

monitor of the quality of the match. Once in the "lock-on" 

mode, the system will stabilize and "match" the image until 

the deflection coils reach a limit or the verification indicates a degraded match signal. The system will continue 

to recycle and relock-on until the "track command" is removed or low input illumination is encountered. 

7. There are two operational modes that will stop the system 

with the track command on: one is low input illumination, 

the second loss of power. 

(a) If low illumination is encountered, a low light indicator is activated to produce a system output subthreshold illumination indication and the system continues in lock-on until the next recycle. Recycle 

can be initiated by either the track verify circuit or 

a saturation command to the system. If this occurs, 

the system completes the erase mode and stops the clock. 

When the light again becomes available and if the 

track command is still on, it will erase again.to clear 

the system and then continue cycling. 

(b) If power is dropped for less than one second the 

system will not go through warm-up. It will erase as 

the first step when power comes back on. If power loss 

is longer in duration, the system will "warm-up" for up 

to 13 seconds, erase and then continue operation. 

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2.1.3 BETA SUBSYSTEM RESPONSE 

2.1.3.1 GENERAL 

A simplified block diagram is shown in Figure 2.1.3-1 in 

which a single transfer function for the forward-loop terms and a 

single feedback loop transfer function is shown. The forward-loop 

transfer function from Xeto Xi, consisting of a gain term and the 

dynamic portion, two lag frequencies, is: 

Xi 1100 

Xe [ S [ S 

211- 99 27r178 

This expression combines the tube, buffer amplifier, error amplifier, 

AGC circuit, phase discriminator, and associated filter circuit 

responses. The feedback loop transfer function from Xi to Xf of 

0.1- includes the integrator, nutation summing network, deflection 

control amplifier, and deflection coil circuits. 

The optics and tube response to the scene velocity input Xin 

to Xin are shown as a single block whose transfer function is 

1 in he scaling amplifier and low-pass filter from X. to 

2.8S in/sec 

Rout has the following transfer function: 

2.8 

[2715 -I- 1] 

The single lag at 3.5 Hz is used to modify the overall loop response 

to obtain the desired characteristics. The 2.8 gain term is used 

to cancel the optical attenuation value of 1 2.8 ' 

2.1.3.2 OPEN-LOOP TRANSFER FUNCTION 

Stability of the control loop can be determined from an openloop Bode Plot of the forward and feedback-loop transfer functions. 

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-P 

0 

0 

•X 

• X 

z 

-d 

• x 

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- s 21x99 + 1 .1 [27178 

1100 S 

1] 

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Thus: 

KGH(S) 110 

1 r 1 

S [ s + 11 2799 [24.78 j + 1; 

The Bode Plot is shown on Figure 2.1.3-2 and indicates a crossover frequency of 8 Hz. The combined gain margin of 23 db and 

phase margin of 75 degrees indicates a very stable control loop. 

2.1.3.3 CLOSED-LOOP TRANSFER FUNCTION 

The forward-loop transfer function KG(S), and the feedback 

transfer function H(S), can be combined to obtain a closed-loop 

transfer function 

X. KG (S) 

X. in 1 + KGH(S) 

Substituting values for KG(S) and H(S) from the loop portion 

of the simplified block diagram: 

1100 

X. + 1j 2

1 [S + 1] [21%9 7178 

X. 

S 1 

S [ '0 29 lj [27178 +lj + 110 

7-- 
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1 in. 

For purposes of analysis, the optical scale factor 2._ 

bi in. 

Xi 

will be neglected in the determination of 7-- but will be considered 

X. in X ouu. 

in the overall BETA Subsystem transfer function 

• 

X. in 

Xi - 

Solving for by multiplying through by 

X. in 

gives 

X. in 

X. in 

1 

S

Xi 1100 

in 27199 + 1 [ S ] I S + 1] + 110 L2n178 

1100 (209) (271178) 

S

3 + S2 [(27)(99+178)) + S 4712 [(99)(178)) + 110 [(2799)(27178)) 

This cubic can be factored into the conventional form 

X. 

1 10 

k. in 2730 + 1 [2752 + 1 [ 27T95 1 

X. 

To determine the overall system response, the equation' for 

must be multiplied by the transfer function of the 3.5 Hz filter.in 

The gain term of this filter cancels the attenuation term of the 

optics ratio. 

x

out X. 1 

. [ S 

Xi i X + 11 n n 23.5 
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Therefore, the overall transfer function is 

Itout 10 

Xin S S + 1 2u30 ] [27[52 + 1]u1 ][.u [2195 23.5 + lj 

and is shown plotted in Figure 2.1.3-3. 

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2.2 DESCRIPTION 

2.2.1 SENSOR PACKAGE ASSEMBLY 

Packaging Considerations 

The following items are packaged in the Sensor Assembly: 

(1) Storage tube and sleeve assembly, 

(2) Deflection coils and support, 

(3) Focus coil, support, and shield, 

(4) Cathode contact ring and support, 

(5) Erase lights and support, 

(6) Hermetically-sealed electrical connector, 

(7) Optics including field lens, helium barrier window, 

and relay lens assembly, 

(8) Sensor body weldment and covers for electronics, 

(9) Electronics requiring close proximity: 

(a) X and Y Deflection Control, 

(b) Erase Light Control, 

(c) Cathode Monitor, 

(d) Buffer Amplifier, 

(e) High Voltage Control, 

(f) Focus Control, 

(g) High Voltage Power Supply. 

Arrangement of the above items into a complete sensor package 

required careful consideration of several factors before a final 

design could be realized. Included were environmental, reliability, 

maintainability and manufacturing requirements, even though the EPEM 

was not required to have passed qualification or production acceptance 

testing. The final design was predicated on the following conditions: 

(1) Operational Conditions: 

a) Temperature range: -65°F to +160°F 

Shock: 35g half-sine wave for 2.6 millisecond duration 

c) Vibration: .01 g2

/Hz for 10 to 140 Hz; linear increase plotted on log-log scale from .01 

to .035 g2

/Hz over 140 to 260 Hz frequency 

band; .035 g2

/Hz level from 260 to 1,200 Hz; 

-3 db/oct roll-off for 1,200 to 2,000 Hz 

frequency band 

--Sf-C-RE+/D 
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PAGE 38 

d) Pressure: 10-9 mm Hg min and 14.7 psi max. 

e) Helium gas leak rate: Less than 10-9 cc/sec when 

tested in one atmosphere of 

Helium 

(2) Accuracy: Since the assembly operates as an electrooptical device, a primary consideration of the mechanical 

design was to insure built-in accuracies so as not to 

compromise the electro-optical requirements. 

(3) Reliability versus Serviceability: Primary consideration was given to reliability of design without sacrificing 

necessary serviceability requirements. 

(4) Weight; The Sensor Assembly weiaht was 14.8 pounds. 

(5) Manufacturing Requirements: The sensor package was 

designed to simplify the fabrication of parts such that 

excessive complex tooling or manufacturing techniques 

would not be required. The design was also based on 

making all assembly and subassemblies with a minimum of 

tooling and effort. 

(6) Hermetic Sealing: Two methods of making the required 

hermetic seal were developed. A hermetically-sealed package 

is required due to the exposure of the package to a helium 

environment. 

Package Description 

Housing and Subassemblies 

The following discussion describes the sensor package configuration which is pictured in Figure 2.2.1-1. Assembly and subassembly confiyurationsarc also explained and tho major subassemblies are shown 

in Figures 2.2.1-1 through 2.2.1-5. 

Support for the tube is accomplished by means of a metal sleeve 

and elastomer interface. This combination maintains the mechanical 

SECET/D 
HERMETIC SEAL 

HERMETIC 

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PAGE 39 

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PAGE 40 

support and alignment initially set up by special fixturing. The 

elastomer is cured in place and forms a dense, uniform interface 

between the tube and the sleeve. The sleeve positions the tube 

accurately in all axes and is locked in place at its final installation. This subassembly is shown in Figure 2.2.1-2. 

Figure 2.2.1-3 shows the subassembly of the erase lights, photocathode contact ring, and contact ring support. This subassembly 

is actually the combination of two lesser assemblies - the erase 

lights aid the contact ring assembly. The erase light assembly contains 16 selected neon lamps accurately located by fixturing and 

cementing in place. After addition of two printed circuit rings with 

leads and a resistor in series with each of the 16 lamps, the entire 

subassembly is assembled to the contact ring assembly by means of 

a fixture which establishes the correct axial relationship plus the 

required concentricity. The entire assembly is then potted. 

The deflection coil form construction and assembly is governed 

mainly by the electrical requirements as is its physical position 

in relation to the tube. This form also accepts the erase lights, 

contact ring, and contact ring support. These items are then positioned in the focus coil form which has previously been wound with 

aluminum magnet wire in order to minimize the assembly weight. After 

positioning and potting all electrical leads in place, the magnetic 

shield is placed over the entire subassembly and eboxyed as shown 

in Figure 2.2.1-4. The deflection coil form is keyed to the focus 

coil form which can then be adjusted during checkout for the correct 

axial alignment. 

The main body or housing is a welded assembly machined so as 

to maintain proper positioning and alignment of all sensor package 

subassemblies. In addition, this housing has an exhaust tube which 

is used after final assembly to evacuate and back-fill the sensor 

package with dry nitrogen. The tube is then pinched off in order to 

complete the sealing as slioWn in Figure 2.2.1-5. 

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SECRET/D PAGE 41 

SFERFT/D 
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PAGE 44 
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PAGE 45 

Optics 

The optics are adjusted for optimum focus and position using 

a Bench Tester and Alignment Fixture. Measurements are made for 

each set of optics and then these optics are installed in the sensor 

using the measurements. Since the alignment fixture duplicates 

the dimensions of the sensor, the compensation for any tolerance 

build-up is automatic. 
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PAGE 46 

2.2.2 ELECTRONICS ASSEMBLY 

The electronics assembly, shown in Figures 2.2.2-1 and 2.2.2-2, 

is contained in an aluminum case whose outside dimensions are 6.00 x 

5.25 x 6.75 inches excluding the mounting flange. Base dimensions 

including the mounting flange are 6.00 x 6.75 inches. 

Outside surfaces of the aluminum case are burnished to a No. 16 

finish and given a clear chemical film protective coating. Hemispherical emissivity is <.15. The total weight of the assembly is 7.90 

pounds. Six mounting screw holes are provided in the base mounting 

flange. 

The outer aluminum case has two hermetic (solder) seals; one 

at the junction of the power supply section with the main body, and 

a separate seal at the connector or wiring header of the main body. 

An evacuator-filler tube installed in the power supply section serves 

both areas in that the RFI seal between the two areas will allow 

air passage between. 

All incoming and outgoing conductor connections are made through 

a total of three hermetic connectors as follows: 

Connector No. Number of Pins and Wire Size Function 

A2 J1 

A2J2 

A2J3 

55 - #20 

32 - #20 

5 - #16 

'Input and Output 

,Signal Leads 

Interconnecting 

Cable to Sensor 

Power Leads 

Wire-wrap pins built into the multi-layer boards provide the 

terminating method for all internal connections. Power and ground 

buses also have wire-wrap pins for interconnections. 

Electronic circuitry contained within the Electronics 

Assembly is divided into two main areas. One area consists of the 

low voltage power supply, and the second area consists of four multiSECKT/D 
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PAGE 49 

layer printed circuit assemblies of the same size and shape stacked 

together. 

The low voltage power supply (A2A1) is contained in a separate 

RFI proof compartment within the overall assembly. The low voltage 

power supply is further divided into three separately shielded subassemblies. 

The four multi-layer printed circuit assemblies are identified 

as follows: 

Module A2A2 

Module A2A3 

Module A2A4 

Module A2A5 

- Signal Conditioner Assembly 

- Input-Output Interface Assembly 

- Control Circuits Assembly 

- Logic Circuits Assembly 

Each of the four assemblies makes use of a maximum amount of 

integrated circuits and flat-pack, modularized components as compared 

to discrete components. Wherever possible, the discrete components 

used have ribbon leads to facilitate the use of reflow solder or 

welded junctions. Each of the four assemblies has five conductive 

layers; two power planes (+12V and -12V), two signal planes,and one 

ground plane. 

Some supplementary circuitry associated with, and attached to, 

each board was added during final checkout. These,are in the form 

of smaller two-sided printed circuits mounted "piggy-back" to the 

board. 
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2.2.3 SENSOR ELECTRONICS 

Electronic components directly associated with the sensor tube 

are packaged within the sensor assembly in two areas as follows. 

Six modules of approximately equal size and shape, but with different 

circuitry, are installed in the forward section of the sensor package 

in a close-fitting hexagonal pattern around the optics housing. 

Two additional electronic assemblies in the form of circular terminal 

boards with open centers are installed at the rear of the sensor 

package around the tube base. In addition to serving as interconnecting terminating points for the tube pig-tails, these terminal 

boards also provide mounting for select-at-test components. These 

assemblies are identified as Al and A8. 

The six-module grouping in the forward section is surrounded 

by a ring of wire-wrap terminals to which all wiring from the aft 

section, plus all wires from the hermetic connector, are permanently 

terminated. These pins then provide interconnecting terminating 

points for the module wiring, and for easy replacement of modules 

without disturbing the permanent sensor wiring. 

A description of the six modules follows and the module locations are shown in Figure 2.2.3-1. 

Module A2 High voltage components. Total, 19 components. 

Module A3 - Focus control circuit, and erase light control 

circuit. Total, 20 components. 

Model A4 

- 

X and Y deflection control circuits. Total, 

19 components. 

Model A5 - High voltage control circuit. Total, 40 

components. 

Model A6 Filter circuit for 2 KV supply. Total, 8 

components. 

Model A7 

- 

2 KV chopper and rectifier circuit. Total, 

15 components. 

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The component count per module is low enough to allow module 

replacement instead of repair. Components within the modules are 

mounted either on two-sided P.C. boards, or on multi-layer P.C. 

boards. These boards,in turn, are epoxied to aluminum plates which 

serve as heat sinks as well as mounting plates. 

A6 and A7 modules are potted with filled epoxy, each being 

potted in the same size and shape mold. 

Conductors from internal circuitry of each module terminate on 

wire-wrap pins molded in the module and extend out of the module 

near the wire-wrap pins of the outer terminal ring. 

C 

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2.2.4 POWER SUPPLY 

2.2.4.1 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 

The Engineering Prototype Evaluation Model DC to DC converter 

is contained in the bottom 2.75 inch section of the electronics 

assembly package. The base section also serves as the power supply 

case. Figure 2.2.4-1 shows the base and the converter assembly. 

The base weighs 1.8 pounds and the converter assembly weighs 2.9 

pounds. The converter is divided into three sections: (1) preregulator, (2) oscillator, and (3) series regulator section. A 

metal divider. is placed between the three sections to provide isolation against radiated noise. Isolation between the pre-regulator 

and the oscillator sections is maintained by using feed-thru ceramic 

capacitors for the interconnections. The input power passes through 

an RFI filter section and the operate command line passes through a 

feed-thru ceramic capacitor. The voltage output terminals from 

the series regulator section are feed-thru terminals with discrete 

ceramic capacitors connected between each pin and case ground. 

2.2.4.2 THEORY OF OPERATION 

A block diagram of the converter system appears in Figure 2.2.4-2. 

This system utilizes a high efficiency switching regulator as a preregulator to provide a nearly constant output voltage over the entire 

input voltage range of 20 to 33V DC. The pre-regulator also contains the command."0N-OFF" control (operate command) for the entire 

system. The pre-regulator DC reference voltage is obtained from an 

auxiliary winding on the low voltage oscillator. This technique 

makes the pre-regulator compensate for the effects of oscillator 

transformer loading. In addition, some regulation for the oscillator output sections which are not series regulated is provided. 

Thir, approach also thc o-Jorall offiic=ncy by allow.1..ng 

series regulators to operate with a smaller voltage drop across 

them. The pre-regulator utilizes a flat-pack operational amplifier 

as a comparator. Three flat-pack dual transistor NPN-PNP units are 

used for signal conditioning and control. The final three stages 

of switching transistors are discrete units with the final transistor 

capable of switching 10 amperes. This unit uses the switching 

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RF / F/1.

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Figure 2.2.4-1. 

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PAGE 55 

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PAGE 56 

inductor as a current transformer to generate an additional voltage 

to the four stages preceding the switching transistor. Thus the 

pre-drivers drive the switching transistor into saturation and consequently reduce the power loss in the switching transistor. 

The low voltage oscillator is a dual-transformer type. The 

dual-transformer oscillator depends on a small saturating tapewound toroidal transformer for switching while a larger nonsaturating 

power transformer generates the feedback and output power transformation. This approach reduces the switching transients associated 

with the conventional single saturating transformer and helps improve 

the oscillator efficiency. The power transformer provides outputs 

for the +150V DC, -12V DC, a feedback winding, and two auxiliary 

sources. The auxiliary windings are used to increase the efficiency 

of the plus and minus 12 volt series regulator sections.' 

The series regulator section contains the required rectifiers, 

regulators, and filters. The 150V DC section has a full-wave 

bridge rectifier and a single L-C filter section. The plus and minus 

12V DC sections contain discrete component full-wave rectifiers, 

miniature integrated circuit DC voltage regulators driving discrete 

high current transistors, and capacitive filters. The two regulated 

outputs are short circuit proof. They have a fold-back current 

limiting feature to reduce the power dissipation of the series 

regulators in the event of a short circuit. The plus 12V DC unregulated output is taken from the plus 12V DC regulated section 

before it is series regulated. The term "unregulated" output refers 

to regulation better than 0.15% for a 10% load variation without 

the series regulators. This regulation is a result of the oscillator 

feedback to the pre-regulator. Two auxiliary supplies are used to 

ineLeut;u the voltage on the inteyrated circuit regulators and, in 

turn, reduce the power loss through the high current series regulators. 

The high voltage oscillator is also a dual-transformer type. 

The output of the oscillator feeds a full-wave bridge rectifier and 

a voltage doubling circuit. The output of the'voltage doubling 

circuit feeds two L-C filters and one R-C section. The input to 

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PAGE 57 

the high voltage oscillator is taken from the minus 12 volt regulated 

output. This source serves two purposes: It (1) provides a stable 

low impedance source for the high voltage section, and (2) a current 

limited input to the high voltage unit. The current limited input 

provides indirect short circuit protection for the high voltage 

supply. 

The overall supply efficiency has been measured at 65% over 

the full line voltage input range of 20 to 33 volts. 

RCT /D 
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2.3 EPEM ACCEPTANCE TEST RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH 

PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 

Acceptance testing was performed on the EPEM in accordance 

with PAUL Final Acceptance Test Procedure (see Ref.4 ). The acceptance test results are compared with EC-701A Rev. 5 requirements 

in this section and a summary of the comparative results are 

summarized in section 1.3 (EPEM Performance Status) of this report. 

Optical focus variation and cloud obscuration tests, along with 

portions of other tests, were not performed in order to meet the 

EPEM delivery schedule. In addition, it was planned to perform the 

acceptance tests using both PAUL #1 and #8 scenes and M&M scenes. 

The M&M scenes were acquired too late to be used in the acceptance 

testing. 

The test results shown in this section are summarized for 

clarity of comparison and interpretation and will not, in all instances, exactly follow the test result format for reduced data 

given in the Acceptance Test Results section of Ref. 4. 

2.3.1 INITIAL CONDITION TESTS 

The initial condition tests were conducted using the PAUL #1 

scene. The specification requirement applying to this test is the 

maximum two minute warm-up time requirement. The complete EPEM 

warm-up required 13.72 seconds which is well within the required 

warm-up time. 

2.3.2 DYNAMIC RANGE AND LINEARITY 

A plot of X and Y indicated vs. true image velocity in the 

large signal region is shown in Figure 2.3.2-1. As can be seen 

from the plot, the EPEM indicated vs. true image velocities fall 

within the indicated specification requirements of EC-701A Rev. 5. 

Also during this test, it was found that left rate motion at 

the subsystem optical interface produced a rate polarity indication 

of zero volts and right rate motion caused a sense voltage of 4.5V 

DC (logical one) for rate polarity indications which complies with 

the specification requirement. 
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PAGE 60 

2.3.3 SATURATION INDICATION 

The rate saturation outputs met the specification requirements 

for positive rate saturation signals at 0.3 IPS and negative rate 

saturation signals at 0.31 IPS. 

2.3.4 NOISE AND BIAS 

The null accuracy evaluation tests were conducted utilizing 

three channels of analog information. The X and Y rate outputs 

and a 2.5V DC reference was transmitted over Bell Telephone Lines 

to an analog to digital converter and the digital information stored 

on magnetic tape. The noise and bias data was then evaluated using 

an IBM 360 programmed for the mathematical sequence outlined in 

Figure 2.3.4-1. Terminology definitions are given in Figure 2.3.4-2. 

All Power Spectral Density Data was obtained using a Fast Fourier 

Transform technique. 

Tests IV A and B were conducted and the resultant data is 

indicated in Table 2.3.4-1. Tests A and B were run for one high 

light level and one low light level. Since available time was 

critical and the tests were considered representative, the remaining 

tests were not conducted. 

There are three stages necessary in the processing of random 

noise data for compliance to para. 3.1.1.1.1.0 of EC-701A Rev. 5. 

These include determining the power spectral densities at the output 

of the BETA Subsystem and the output of the sampler along with the 

PSD obtained after application of an attenuation factor to the 

sampler output. A block diagram showing these three stages can be 

seen in Figure 2.3.4-3. Also noted in the same figure are the 

locations of PSD plots obtained for Acceptance Test IV A and IV B. 

In reviewing the PSD data, a very large amount of energy was 

found to be concentrated at 57 hertz. The amount of energy contained 

in the 57 Hz region was the major contributor to the total periodic 

noise figure and it was found that this frequency could be filtered 

out with a notch filter at the rate outputs. However, the PSD 

results shown in this report were derived from unfiltered rate outputs. 
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SECET/D 
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PAGE 62 

A = Half amplitude of 

• Half amplitude of 

about the X axis - 

• Half amplitude of 

about the Y axis - 

• Half amplitude of 

the X axis - IPS 

• Half amplitude of 

the Y axi8 - IPS 

each periodic frequency - IPS 

the complementary periodic frequencies 

IPS 

the complementary periodic frequencies 

IPS 

the primary periodic frequencies about 

the primary periodic frequencies about 

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= 

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Bias of the X axis - IPS 

Bias of the Y axis - IPS 

= Attenuation factor for the half amplitude of the complementary periodic frequencies about the X axis - db 

= Attenuation factor for the half amplitude of the complementary periodic frequencies about the Y axis - db 

= Attenuation factor for the half amplitude of the primary 

periodic frequencies about the X axis - db 

= Attenuation factor for the half amplitude of the primary 

periodic frequencies about the Y axis - db 

Total noise - IPS 

Sum of random component and total periodic noise about 

the X axis - IPS 

Total periodic noise about the X axis - IPS 

Random component of noise about the X axis - IPS 

1-7;1.1dnm rompcnPnt and fc-A-al periodic noise abouL 

the Y axis - IPS 

N

yp 

= Total periodic noise about the Y axis - IPS 

Nyr = Random component of noise about the Y axis - IPS 

Figure 2.3.4-2. Noise & Bias Terminology Definitions 

(Sheet 1) 

-SE-C-ReTID 
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Resultant PSD about the X axis - IPS2/Hz (Found by 

ccx 

mult.

x 

by the appropriate attenuation characteristic) 

0 = Resultant PSD about the Y axis - IPS

2

/Hz (Found by 

ccy 

mult. 0 

Y* 

 . by the appropriate attenuation characteristic) 

0x* = Sampled PSD about the X axis - IPS2

/Hz 

Sampled PSD about the Y axis - IPS2

/Hz 

Figure 2.3.4-2. Noise & Bias Terminology 

Definitions (Sheet 2) 
Test No. IV-A 

PAUL #1 

0.05 pa Illum. Level 

Test No. IV-B 

PAUL #1 

0.40 pa Ilium. Level 

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TABLE 2.3.4-1. NOISE AND BIAS ERROR RESULTS 

X-Bias 

X-Periodic Noise 

X-Random Noise 

X-Total Noise 

Y-Bias 

Y-Periodic Noise 

Y-Random Noise 

Y-Total Noise 

Total Bias 

Total Noise 

Total Bias 

and Noise 

0.0005 IPS 

0.0124 

0.0200 

0.0324 

0.0009 

0.0098 

0.0106 

0.0204 

0.0011 

0.0383 

0.0394 

0.0005 IPS 

0.0067 

0.0087 

0.0154 

0.0009 11 

0.0032 11 

0.0045 

0.0078 

0.0010 II 

0.0173 

0.0183 tl 
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BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 65 

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The value of the bias term appears to have some error due to 

the 2.5V DC reference level. The bias level is obtained by using 

all the data up to one hertz. This data is first processed by subtracting 2.5V DC assuming there is no line loss in transmission and 

that the single ground reference transmitted has the same potential 

as the rate output references. In reality, there is probably a 

sufficient amount of error involved in these assumptions which would 

contribute toward making the bias term larger than it should be. 

In spite of the probable errors in the data,there still is a 

random noise problem which will have to be investigated. At this 

time, the EPEM does not comply with EC-701A Rev. 5 requirements for 

null accuracy. The value of total bias and noise obtained from the 

final acceptance test data has a value of 0.0394 IPS for the low 

illumination scene and 0.0183 IPS for a high illumination scene 

compared to the specification allowable level of 0.01 IPS. Methods 

for reducing the system levels are discussed in section 1.4.1.4 of 

this report. 

Considerable reduction in periodic noise could be. achieved if 

the amplitude of each periodic sinusoid was multiplied by the change 

in cumulative power as required by the latest revision of the 

specification EC-701B paragraph 3.1.1.1.1.C. (see Ref. 5). 

2.3.5 THRESHOLD AND NULL LINEARITY 

Only one section of this test was performed due to the limited 

amount of time available and the amount of time necessary in reducing 

and analyzing the data from small signal low light level data. The 

data taken was obtained with an illumination level of 0.4 pa of 

cathode monitor current. The data is shown in Table 2.3.5-1. 

The data is plotted in Figure 2.3.5-1. The boundary conditions 

for this curve wPr.-- frrqr, rigur.= 2 o-F C-701A 

Rev. 5. The indicated vs. true velocities for both axes can be 

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2.3.6 FREQUENCY RESPONSE 

Data for the frequency response was taken on the PAUL #1 

scene at a cathode current of 0.4 pa to expedite testing and data 

reduction. This data will be representative for all conditions of 

subsystem frequency response with the possible exception of variations 

occurring in interpretation of data. Low density scenes with low 

light levels necessarily produce more noise in the indicated rate 

data and increase the difficulty in obtaining phase and gain information. 

The data from the X channel was plotted on Figure 2.3.6-1 and 

both phase and gain indicate a single lag at approximately 3.5 Hz. 

Gain and phase measurements are within the EC-701A Rev. 5 requirements for a single lag to a frequency of 15 Hz which was the maximum 

frequency limitation of the test equipment used. Previous information dealing with theoretical system response (Ref. 6 ) indicates 

that deviations in gain and phase greater than the required limits 

can be expected at frequencies greater than 100 Hz. 

The BETA Subsystem frequency response is related to the output 

PSD requirement, however. Each of these requirements can be satisfied 

independently. Trade-offs between these two areas will be required 

in order to obtain satisfactory system performance. 

2.3.7 EFFECTS OF ILLUMINATION AND CONTRAST 

Tests on the PAUL #1 scene indicated the CCU light could be 

increased until the total light level was 8.6 times the original 

scene light for satisfactory system operation. PAUL #1 scene has 

an average contrast of 33.3% and the addition of CCU dropped the 

contrast to 3.9%. Tests on the PAUL #8 scene, with an original'contrast of 13%, would allow the system to operate with CCU added which 

dropped the contrast to 7.2%. The differencein. minimum operating 

contrast between the two scenes is due to the frequency content of 

the different scenes with PAUL #1 scene representing a low spatial 

frequency condition and scene #8 a high frequency scene. 

Figure 2.3.7-1 is a plot of one-dimensional Wiener Spectrum 

content expressed in db versus image plane average light level 

expressed in footcandles. The data is identified and indicates 

constant contrast lines for PAUL #1 and #8 scenes. The line 
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NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 83 

representing both PAUL #1 and #8 is the present operation of the 

EPEM unit with the addition of CCU. The remaining line represents 

data obtained from previous tests performed before the final acceptance test. The apparent difference between the two curves was 

due to increased noise and the effect of the noise on the present 

track verify settings. The enclosed rectangle represents the area 

of interest for operation based on specification EC-701A, Rev. 5. 

A discussion of methods which can be used to improve low 

contrast performance is given in section 1.4.1 of this report. 

2.3.8 VOLTAGE VARIATIONS 

The voltage variation tests were conducted according to the 

input levels outlined in the final acceptance test procedure. The 

procedure calls for operation by varying the system input power 

from 20 to 33V DC which includes the abnormal power range of the 

specification. The system remained operational throughout the entire 

run; however, the noise on the rate outputs were excessive with a 

20V DC input. When the input voltage reached 23V DC the noise 

suddenly dropped in magnitude. This effect is caused by the internal 

unregulated supply voltage dropping to the level where the focus 

control stops regulating. In checking the supply input, it was 

noted that there was about 1.5V DC dropped in control box and long 

cables. One reason for the voltage drop is a result of a series 

diode in the Ancillary Tester Programmer to protect the system against 

a polarity reversal on the input power. 

The BETA Subsystem does not contain protective diodes. Further, 

the input voltage was measured at the input power supply and before 

the voltage drop encountered in the Programmer. Therefore, the 

present system would not be expected to show a rate noise increase 

at low supply voltages (20-23V DC). Several BETA power supply 

modifications can be made, if necessary, on the system which will 

improve the efficiency of the focus control circuitry and thereby 

allow increased system performance over a wider range of input 

voltages than the present system will allow. 

--&E-C-Rf-T1D 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

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2.3.9 OPTICAL FOCUS VARIATION 

These tests were not conducted during the final acceptance 

tests due to the required delivery schedule. However, these tests 

have been performed in, the past, and no noticeable effect on system 

performance using average scenes have been noticed. 

2.3.10 CLOUD OBSCURATION 

These tests were not conducted since they were not related to 

a direct specification requirement. The results of cloud obscuration testing using the PAUL breadboard (Ref. 7 ) and are considered 

representative of the results which would be expected using the EPEM. 

2.3.11 DYNAMIC NULL TESTS 

The results of dynamic null tests are summarized in Table 

2.3.11-1. It should be noted that values of X and ,Y velocity are 

given minus the component due to null noise and, therefore, indicate 

only those velocities introduced by distortion of the scene and 

the simulator focal length used. Data with the optical nutator 

running are given minus the sine wave component due to the nutator. 

.M&M scenes were not available in time for evaluation. Due 

to the EPEM delivery schedule not all of the dynamic null tests were 

run with both PAUL scenes; however, sufficient tests were run which 

allow adequate evaluation of system performance during dynamic null. 

In all cases, the indicated rates were less than 0.01.in/sec. 

and showed a random distribution as scene, roll angle and light 

level were varied. An explanation of dynamic null errors for 

simulator vs. real case geometry is given in section 1.4.1 7 Performance Improvements. 
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NRO APPROVED FOR BIF-048/001-2424-68 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

.,SE-C-Re7D BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 86 

2.4 EPEM IMPROVEMENTS 

2.4.1 WEIGHT 

The present EPEM weight is 22.7 pounds which is composed of 

7.9 pounds for the Electronics Assembly and 14.80 pounds for the 

Sensor Assembly. The,total weight requirement for the BETA Subsystem of 22 pounds was not met. This is due to the sensor.package 

weight of 14 pounds not being met. Several methods of reducing 

the Sensor Assembly weight are available and will be explained in 

the following section. 

2.4.1.1 SENSOR ASSEMBLY WEIGHT REDUCTION 

. A stress analysis of the sensor was made (see Ref. 8). The 

results indicate that the present stiffeners used on the sensor 

body are not required and could be eliminated resulting in a weight 

reduction of approximately 0.8 pounds (Ref. 9). Thinner metal 

could be used in other areas of the sensor housing reducing the 

weight even further. With these changes the BETA Sensor Assembly 

weight would be less than the required 14 pounds. 

A three pound weight is estimated for the mounting adapter 

which is required as interface between the BETA Subsystem Sensor 

Assembly and vehicle mounting surface. 

A redesign of the Sensor Assembly can be made in which the 

mounting adapter could be incorporated with a resultant saving in 

weight and number of parts required. As shown in Figure 2.4.1-1, 

this redesign has the additional advantage of allowing the Sensor 

Assembly center of gravity to be located on-axis and closer to the 

center of the assembly (4.90 inches from image plane) than presently 

located. This estimated redesign weight is 14.33 pounds. Excluding 

the 3 pound allowance for the adapter, the effective sensor Asseffibly 

weight would be 11.33 pounds as shown in Table'2.4.171. The redesign would also encompass. changes in the coil forms and positioning 

of the electronic modules. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

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__SE-C-RerD 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

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PAGE 88 

TABLE 2.4.1-1 - SENSOR WEIGHT ESTIMATE 

• 

FIELD LENS ASSEMBLY 0.32 

FIELD LENS LOCK RING 0.03 

BARRIER 0.02 

BARRIER LOCK RING 0.03 

RELAY LENS LOCK RING 0.02 

RELAY LENS ASSEMBLY 0.23 

ERASE LIGHT ASSEMBLY 0.28 

SHIELD 0.65 

CONTACT RING ASSEMBLY 0.06 

CONNECTOR 0.05 

EXHAUST TUBE 0.03 

DEFLECTION COIL 0.56 

MAIN SUPPORT HOUSING 2.52 

OPTICS HOUSING , 

FOCUS & DEFLECTION COIL ASSEMBLY 6.07 

TUBE ASSEMBLY 0.89 

COVER & SOLDER 1.00 

ELECTRONICS & WIRE 0.80 

fr.^..0-VSOAYI 441.VO,04T 14.33 

ADAPTER WEIGHT 3.0 

EFFECTIVE SENSOR WEIGHT 11,33 LBS. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

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PAGE 89 

By using the shorter tube discussed in section 3.2.3, the 

proposed Sensor Assembly could be shortened as shown in Figure 

2.4.1-2 and provide an additional saving in weight. The total 

Sensor Assembly weight would then be an estimated 13.3 pounds. 

Since this weight includes the incorporation of the required interface mounting, the effective weight of the Sensor Assembly would be 

10.3 pounds due to the 3.0 pound allowance for the mounting adapter. 

2.4.2 POWER 

The EPEM, at present, requires 25 watts average power. This 

power can be reduced 20 to 30% by changing the present Amelco Logic 

to the R.C.A. MOS FET logic now available in mil-spec ratings. The 

R.C.A. MOS FET logic requires only 10 nanowatts of power per gate 

and has all the advantages of the presently used Amelco HNIL which 

requires 20 milliwatts per gate. 

A further reduction of 4% can be obtained by reducing the length 

of the drift section of the tube (see Section 3.2.3). This will 

allow a shorter focus coil which results in the power savings. 

The design goal of 3 watts in the sensor can be met. To 

accomplish this would require repackaging the high voltage supply, 

the focus control and both deflection controls in the electronic 

control unit and modifying the present focus coil. A breakdown of 

the new sensor power estimate is given in Table 2.4.2-1. 

2.4.3 SATURATION RECOVERY TIME 

The EPEM can comply with the 0.5 sec. recovery time, but 

can only partially comply with the 0.1 sec. recovery time. The 

lock-on time of the EPEM varies from approximately 0.16 sec. to• 0.3 

sec., and is dependent on many factors, several of which are beyond 

the control of the subsystem. The erase cycle is presently 0.065 

sec., but may be reduced depending on the outcome of future tradeoff studies. The write cycle varies from approximately 0.01 to 

0.150 sec., depending on scene brightness. There is an additional 

0.080 sec., approximately, required for lock-on stabilization. 

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PAGE 90 

NRO APPROVED FOR 

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NRO APPROVED FOR BIF-048/001-2424-68 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 PAGE 91 

TABLE 2.4.2-1 - SENSOR MINIMUM POWER ESTIMATE 

CG 

COR;ZELATRON 

DEFLECTION COIL 

FOCUS COIL 

ERASE LAMPS 

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0.042 

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...S.EfeRe7D 

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PAGE 92 

When a disable signal is not supplied to the BETA Subsystem, but 

it is saturated, the subsystem will continuously recycle until it 

locks on. If the image velocity falls below the dynamic range of the 

BETA Subsystem during the last 0.1 sec. of the cycle, the requirement 

for 0.1 sec. recovery will be met. If the image velocity falls below 

the dynamic range of the BETA Subsystem during the rest of the lockon cycle, the recovery time will be greater than 0.1 sec. 

There will also be times when the subsystem will lock on for m7acre 

velocities above 0.3 in/sec. If the tracking mirror can respond 

fast enough to prevent the live image from reaching the edge of the 

stored image, the recovery time of 0.1 sec. can be achieved. 

It is possible to comply with the saturation recovery time of 

less than 0.1 sec. by use of an electronic anticipation circuit in 

which the rate of change of saturated image velocity will'be detected 

and the recycle point determined such that the recycle time will be 

completed as the image velocity just comes out of saturation. This 

concept is feasible since the inner loop of the BETA Subsystem accurately tracks image velocities up to 0.5 IPS. However, an output rate 

saturation indication is provided when the indicated rate exceeds 0.3 

IPS per the system requirements. A typical plot of image velocity is. 

time for normal operating and saturation ranges is shown in Figure 

2.4.3-1. Note that the image velocity rate of change would be detected 

such that as the rate decreases, the recycle point occurs at approximately 1.75 sec. which, with an assumed 0.25 sec. recycle time allows 

the BETA Subsystem to provide indicated velocities in the operating 

range at 2.00 sec. when the image rate reaches 0.3 IPS. 

Use of the electronic anticipation circuitry whose operation 

would be based on rate saturation indication commands, cathode monitor 

voltage (to determine write time) and tracking mirror outer-loop 

response time limits would allow the saturation' recovery time requirement of less than 0.1 sec. to be satisfied. The degree of circuit 

sophistication required, naturally, is dependent upon the characteristics of the image rate during the period when the rate exceeds 0.3 

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PAGE 94 

3.0 RELATED PROGRAM EFFORT 

3.1 TECHNICAL STUDIES 

The technical reports written during this program may be 

classified into three general categories. These are: 

(1) BETA Subsystem Analysis & Performance Parameters, 

(2) Storage Tube (Sensor) Operation & Parameters, 

(3) Scene & Illumination Characteristics. 

Titles of the studies undertaken on this program are shown in the 

Detail Milestone Chart (see Appendix A). 

3.1.1 BETA Subsystem Analysis & Performance Parameters 

Studies dealing with the BETA Subsystem performance parameters 

such as theoretical response, dynamic response vs. accuracy and 

length of track and accuracy as a function of line-of-sight were 

made as normal program documentation procedures. Also, analyses 

of the sensor stress and thermal characteristics were made to determine compliance with the program requirements. 

An extensive study was made of cloud characteristics and the 

effects of clouds on the BETA Subsystem performance. Based on the 

operational theory of the system, a minimum number of signals were 

determined which would provide a reliable indication of cloud presence 

determined from the BETA Subsystem outputs. 

As a result of testing performed on both BETA Subsystem breadboard models (Princess I and II), it was found that an unexplained 

indicated velocity for the in-track component was present for no 

apparent input image velocity as the stereo angle was varied through 

limits of +40° to -40°. This phenomenon, called the dynamic null 

.r l .. . :=,.11hj=*-of rnn=zirlel- hle Goometrical 

configurations for both real and simulated cases were defined and 

mathematical equations relating both image motion and shading at 

the BETA Subsystem optical interface as a function of stereo angle 

were derived. It was concluded that the.apparent rates observed were 
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SE-C-4W-T1D PAGE 95 

due to the target movements and image shading resulting from the 

shorter focal lengths (compared to the real-case focal length) used 

in both PAUL and M&M simulators. Good correlation between simulated 

measured rates and theoretical rates were obtained and it was further 

concluded that, for the scenes investigated, the corresponding 

apparent real-case image rates would be approximately 70 times less 

than produced in the M&M simulator and would be within the required 

specification limits for dynamic null accuracy. However, it is PAUL's 

opinion that further investigation is necessary in the area of 

dynamic null accuracy to evaluate the magnitude of apparent alongtrack velocities as a function of stereo angle over a wider range 

of scene parameter variations for the real-case conditions. 

In order to evaluate the BETA Subsystem noise and bias errors 

accurately and with a minimum data reduction time, a method was 

developed which allows the rate output voltages to be transmitted to 

an analog-digital converter remote from the testing area. The 

digital rate information, contained on magnetic tape is then processed 

by an IBM 360 digital computer and power spectral density print-outs 

and computer-derived PSD plots are made. The PSD program, developed 

specifically for this program, involves the use of the Fast Fourier 

Transform which significantly reduces the computation time while 

allowing the accuracy of the PSD evaluation to be increased and 

allowing easy removal of any periodic frequencies present. 
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3.1.2 SENSOR TUBE OPERATION AND PARAMETERS 

As part of the Performance Prediction Techniques study, it 

was necessary to formulate a realistic mathematical model of the 

sensor tube in order to predict the overall sensor performance as 

a function of changes in the input image characteristics or of 

changes in the sensor parameters. 

The sensor tube internal operations leading to an electrical 

output signal are combinations of four basic physical phenomena, 

for which the defining mathematical representations were first 

derived. These model elements - photoemission, electron image 

focusing, storage mesh surface dynamics, and storage mesh transmission - 

were then related by additional mathematical formulae which define 

how the model elements interact to produce the tube output scene. 

These formulations, referred to as synthesis operations, were made so 

as to provide the capability of being incorporated into an integrated 

tube model consistent with the mathematical concepts used to describe 

the input scene parameters. 
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3.1.3 SCENE AND ILLUMINATION CHARACTERISTICS 

The performance capability of the sensor is a function of 

the quality and quantity of the image information presented to the 

sensor, and is also a function of the ability of the sensor to 

utilize this information. The image input information is not 

constant and is dependent on a variety of localized changes within 

the image format which include: illumination level, color, contrast, 

focus, scale and geometrical orientation. Accordingly, the scene 

and illumination characteristics of the input image were the subjects of considerable investigation during this program to obtain 

engineering data relating to: 

(1) Determination of which input image parameters influence 

the PAUL sensor performance, 

(2) Determination of how the significant input image parameters should be specified, 

(3) Development of a mathematical model of the input image 

parameter specifications which would be a compatible 

forcing function for the related mathematical model of 

the sensor transfer function. 

The approach used to obtain the required engineering data 

was to initiate studies which would allow the isolation and control 

of specific image parameters. This was accomplished by defining, 

generating and evaluating synthetic images derived from a digital 

computer. The generated synthetic imagery allowed the scene information content to be quantized and minimized to the extent that 

all the information contained could be controlled and completely 

specified. With a controlled method of generating synthetic images 

thus avniinh1c, thc 1..t l effects of p.=,:cam„-„LeL6 

scale, azimuth, contrast, spatial frequency, orientation, color, 

focus and target distribution were analytically evaluated by a 

computer correlation of the basic X,Y scene parameters. Comparison 

of correlation (matching) results obtained using photographs of 

the synthetic map and a PAUL sensor tube allowed the analytical 

match curves to be compared to laboratory results for the controlled 

parameters. 

..4SFX-litT7D 
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Additional studies were made concerning spectrum utilization 

to demonstrate the improvement in the BETA sensor low light level 

sensitivity which could be obtained by a modification of the spectral 

transmission characteristics of the Main Optics Assembly. Since 

the incoming available optical energy extended considerably beyond 

the restricted band provided for the Camera Assembly image, the 

studies were undertaken to demonstrate that the PAUL sensor could 

utilize a portion of this additional energy and thus significantly 

improve the low-light capability of the BETA Subsystem. Necessary 

analyses of factors which influence the spectral content of the image 

such as geometry, atmospheric absorption, reflectance, etc. were 

made. In addition, an analysis of the transmission properties of 

the PAUL sensor optics and spectral conversion efficiency of the 

sensor photocathode was required to evaluate the sensor response to 

the incoming optical parameter variations. 
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3.2 SENSOR TUBE CONFIGURATION AND POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS 

3.2.1 GENERAL 

This section discusses modifications made to the sensor tube 

during the program and possible future modifications which would 

enhance the performance and/or reduce size, weight, and power. 

Details on the tubes procured may be found in section 3.2.2. In 

the future, the possibilities are divided into: (1) reduction of 

the tube size which could be easily accomplished, and (2) configurations that are being investigated under PAUL corporate R&D that will 

enhance the sensor tube capabilities in one or two years. 

3.2.2 PRESENT CONFIGURATION 

The model 190X tube used in the EPEM is specified in PAUL SCD 

623A500-308-103. At the start of the program, the tube model 

specified was the 395. This model differed from the 257 model of the 

previous program on the following: 

(1) Minimum photocathode sensitivity of 2 of the 395 tubes was 

180 pa/lumen and of 4 tubes was 200 pa/lumen compared to 

150 pa/lumen of the 257 model. 

(2) Connection to the base of the 395 was with pigtail leads and 

the base was potted compared to the connector used on 

the 257 model. 

Concurrent with the start of the 395 program, the tube vendor proposed 

using unencapsulated resistors in the internal electron multiplier 

bleeder. This would increase yield because of the possibility of a 

leak in the capsulated resistors. Tubes were provided to PAUL for 

performing life and environmental test. After passing these tests, 

the 4 - 200 pa/lumen 395 were changed to unencapsulated resistors. 

As the program progressed, it became apparent that the low light 

level/contrast capabilities of the tube required improvement. This, 

in essence, required that the write exposure of the sensor tube be 

reduced. Therefore, a program was initiated to: 
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(1) reduce the storage mesh capacitance by increasing the 

dielectric thickness by a factor of 2, 

(2) increase the front end transmission by using a high 

electron transmission collector mesh. 

These modifications were successful and resulted in a model 190 

tube. Measurements on four 190 tubes showed a reduction of 2.4 to 

4.0 in the write exposure. In addition, the 190 tubes had cesiated 

electron multipliers which reduced the multiplier fatigue. 

At this time, another problem developed when the available 

input illumination was increased. While the write time was reduced, 

during the read mode the electron multiplier could saturate. Saturation was due to inadequate bleeder current and was solved by bringing 

dynodes 7, 8, and 9 (in addition to 1 and 10) out of the tube. 

Thus an external divider could be used for the last stages which 

resulted in an order of magnitude increase in anode current before 

saturation occured. 

The above modification and results are summarized in Table 

3.2.2-1. 
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TABLE 3.2.2-1 - SENSOR TUBE MODIFICATIONS 

Change from Previous Model 

Tube used on previous program 

(1) pigtail leads and potted base 

(2) increased photocathode 

sensitivity 

(3) unencapsulated resistors 

Results 

(1) increased 

reliability 

(2) improved low light/ 

contrast operation 

(3) increased yield 

Sensor Tube 

Model No. 

257 

395 

190 (1) thick dielectric 

(2) high transmission collector 

mesh 

(3) cesiated electron multiplier 

190X Dynodes 7,8 and 9 brought out 

(1) & (2) improved 

low light/contrast operation 

(3) reduced multiplier 

fatigue 

Eliminated multiplier 

saturation at high 

i4lumination 

3.2.3 FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS - MINIMUM MODIFICATIONS 

The following changes are possible in order to improve the 1/4 

configuration of the sensor: 

(1) The tube length may be reduced by 1.4 inch in the photocathode to storage mesh spacing. This has been verified 

on an Air Force guidance program in which the shorter 

length tube is used. 

(2) The electron-multiplier length may be reduced by 0.9 inch 

without any changes internal to the tube. 

(3) Because of the reduced electron multiplier fatigue with 

cesiation, two or three dynode stages may be eliminated. 

The reduced length would be 0.15 inch per dynode eliminated. 

Thus the length may be reduced by 2.3 inches plus 0.15 inch per stage 

of multiplier gain eliminated. Also, the storage mesh dielectric 

thickness may be increased by another factor of 2. Two tubes of 

4E-C-1 E11M 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 102 

this nature are currently under evaluation by the tube manufacturer 

and show a reduction of greater than 4 in the write exposure as 

compared to the 395 model. The modification would require additional 

evaluation before incorporation into a final design. 

3.2.4 FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS - ONE TO TWO YEARS 

Under PAUL Corporate R&D, modifications to the tube to improve 

its capabilities are being investigated. The improvements applicable to the sensor could be incorporated in one to two years, depending 

upon the R&D progress and contractual funds for ruggedization and 

life verification. The items considered applicable to the sensor 

are as follows: 

(1) Use of a micro-channel plate electron multiplier in 

place of the dynode multiplier is under investigation. 

This would reduce the tube length to less than 6 inches. 

(2) With the micro-channel plate multiplier, a many segmented 

anode could be used for cloud discrimination and tracking 

only to cloud free areas. 

(3) An electrostatically focused and deflected tube is under 

investigation. This tube would be approximately 1-1/2 

inches in diametei". by 4 inches long. In.addition, the 

sensor power and weight would be reduced due to elimination 

of the focus and deflection yokes and the sensitivity would 

be doubled due to elimination of the field mesh. 

In addition, it is estimated that the minimum S25 photocathode sensitivity of 250 pa/lumen will be possible in one year and will reach 

an anticipated maximum value of 300 pa/lumen in two to three years. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 103 

3.2.5 LIFE TESTS 

3.2.5.1 TUBES 

The electrical performance of several sensor tubes, subjected 

to typical operating conditions, was measured in a series of tests 

performed on the PAUL life tester. The life tests and their durations for each tube tested are shown in Table 3.2.5-1. 

TABLE 3.2.5-1 LIFE TESTS TABULATION 

Tube Life Test Duration (Hrs.) 

066802-2 1 1177.8 

036801- 1 1165.Q 

LT-31 2 2445.2 

TOTAL 3610.2 

076703-8 1 1149.2 

2 1280.7 

3 1134.0 

' 4 1165.0 

TOTAL 4728.9 

086702-11 1 •1149.2 

2 1185.4 

3 1134.0 

4 1263.3 

TOTAL 4731:9 

3.2.5.2 TEST CONDITIONS 

All tubes were automatically cycled every three (3) seconds; 

and with the exception of evaluation testing time, the tubes were 

cycled twenty-four (24) hours a day, seven (7) days a week. 

The performance effect of different voltage combinations on the 

tube elements was observed during the life tests. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

B1F-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 104 ,SEX-R€171) 

3.2.5.3 RESULTS 

Results of life tests performed on four tubes are shown in 

Table 3.2.5-2. Photocathode sensitivity and multiplier gain decay 

or increase is expressed in percentage for each test. The type of 

decay or increase is noted for each test and is expressed as either 

exponential decay, gradual decay, or where no definite pattern was 

evident,was expressed as random. 

3.2.5.4 SUMMARY 

All life tests with the exception of life test No. 1 on 

036801 LT-31 and life test No. 4 on 076703-8 were performed using 

tube potentials near those used in the BETA Subsystem (20 volts on 

field, collector and drift tube elements). No failures were 

experienced during the life tests. The rapid drop-off in multiplier 

gain during the first life test of each tube is considered normal 

and did not affect the operation of the tube as determined from 

evaluation tests performed after each life test run. 

Two life tests were performed as noted above to determine the 

effects of second node operation in which the field mesh, collector 

mesh and drift tube were held at 190 Volts. Operation in this 

region causes severe ionization which accounts for the excessive 

drop in cathode sensitivity. Because of this, second node operation 

cannot be considered satisfactory for BETA Subsystem operation 

although a theoretical increase in tube resolution is possible for 

second node operation which was the basis for life testing under 

these conditions. 

A comparison between the type using a cessiated electronmultiplier (LT-31) and tubes with non-cessiated multipliers shovied 

that significantly less decrease in multiplier aain was obtained 

with the LT-31 tube. The sensor tube used in the EPEM contains a 

cessiated electron-multiplier section in order to minumize multiplier 

gain decrease. 
Ul 

U) TABULATED LIFE TEST TABLE 3.2.5-2 

NRO APPROVED FOR BIF-048/001-2424

-68 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 PAGE 105 COMMENTS Exponential Decay Exponential Decay to 2600, thenRise to 4100 Exponential Rise to 5840, thenDecal to 3200 Exponential Decay Exponential Rise i to 193, thenRan- domDecayto 172 'Random Exponential Decay Random Random MULTIPLIER GAIN 27.2% Drop 4.2% Drop 21.95% Drop 74.0% Drop 2.38% Rise No Change 7.56% Rise 86.5% Drop 9.64% Drop 16.0% Drop 9.10% Drop COMMENTS Gradual Decay Approximately Exponential Decay Random Random Random Random Random Random Random Random Random CATHODE SENSITIVITY 

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1.82% Rise 

10.81% Drop 

1.61% Drop 

3.86% Rise 

34.9% Drop 

6.54% Drop 6.97% Rise 

6.20% Drop 5.07% Rise 

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PAGE 106 

4.0 ANCILLARY TESTER 

4.1 DESCRIPTION 

As required in Paragraph 1.3 of Reference 1, the Ancillary 

Tester was designed and built to support on-site engineering testing 

of the Engineering Prototype Evaluation Model. 

The Ancillary Tester allows a variety of testing functions to 

be performed on the EPEM including: 

(1) Signal monitoring, 

(2) Signal interrupt and injection, 

(3) Open and closed-loop operation, 

(4) System hold condition in pre-selected operational modes, 

(5) Trouble-shooting. 

The EPEM system status can be continually monitored from meter 

readings and indicator lamp status as observed on the Programmer 

front panel. 

The Ancillary Tester consists of the following equipment: 

(1) Programmer, 

(2) Two signal monitoring boxes designated as Break-Out and 

Input-Output boxes, 

(3) Nine interconnecting cables. 

Figure 4.1-1 shows the available interconnections between the 

Ancillary Tester and the EPEM. Several variations are possible de-

.pending on which combination of signal monitoring boxes, programmer 

and associated cables are used. 

4.2 OPERATION 

4.2.1 PROGRAMMER 

Tilt: BETA Suliuystcm operation and monitoring is controlied troii 

the Programmer front panel switches, indicator lamps and meters. 

Functionally, the Programmer controls and monitors may be 

classified as follows: 

(1) Input Control, 

(2) Output Control and Monitoring, 

(3) Internal Testing Control, 
;EX-RE<D NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

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BREA-oLff I 

BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 107 

Figure 4.1-1. Interconnection of 

Ancillary Tester and EPEM 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 108 

4.2.1.1 INPUT CONTROL 

All input control commands are generated internally within the 

Programmer while inhibiting the normal input commands to the BETA 

Subsystem. Input commands are: 

(1) Master Power, 

(2) Operate Command, 

(3) Track Command, 

(4) Inhibit Command. 

4.2.1.2 OUTPUT CONTROL AND MONITORING 

The output control and monitoring functions may be listed as: 

(1) Recycle, 

(2) Cathode Current Meter, 

(3) X and Y Rate and Position Meter, 

(4) X and Y Polarity Bits, 

(5) X and Y Rate Saturation, 

(6) Lock-on, 

(7) Subthreshold Illumination, 

4.2.1.3 INTERNAL TESTING CONTROL 

Several Programmer control switches and indicators are provided 

for the purpose of BETA Subsystem internal testing control while 

analyzing system performance during testing and trouble-shooting. 

The purpose of the internal testing control switches is to allow 

the BETA Subsystem to be held in any desired mode for as long as 

required. Additionally, manual cycling and single-axis operation 

are available. The internal testing controls are: 

(1) Standby Mode Lock, 

(2) Erase Mode Lock, 

(3) Manual Erase, 

(4) Write Mode Lock, 

(5) Verification Mode Lock, 

(6) Clock Stop and Manual Clock, 

(7) X and Y Nutation Inhibit. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 109 

4.2.2 SIGNAL MONITORING BOXES 

The two signal monitoring boxes allow access to all signal and 

power lines from the associated connectors. Access to any line is 

obtained by the use of top-mounted banana jacks and shorting plugs. 

Any line may be disconnected for signal injection or current measurements by removing the shorting plug. 

The Input/Output (I/O) box, when used, is connected either 

(1) between the EPEM electronics package and input cabling, or (2) 

between the electronics package and Ancillary Tester Programmer with 

input cabling connected to the Programmer. 

The Break-out (B/O) box, when used, is connected between the 

electronics package and Sensor Assembly of the EPEM. 
V 

V 

NRO APPROVED FOR 

RVLEASE 1 JULY 2015 

APPENDIX A 

DETAIL :,11L EST= SCEEDULE, 

BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 110 

1.)ART 0 

(PAUL) 

A::ALYS:s 

Studirlf; 

Engineering Studies for Design 

Support 

Null Accuracy Complete 

IlluMinance Effects 

Center of Power Effects 

Track Length Predictability 

System Response Theoretical 

Dynamic Response Vs. Accuracy 

Dynamic Range Vs. Accuracy 

Linearity Vs. Accuracy 

Image Specification Techniques 

Complete Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of Spectrum 

Utilization & the Influence of 

Contrast, Scale & Rotational 

Changes 

Interim Report Complete 

Complete Analytical & Experimental Evaluation on the 'Influence of Resolution, Color & 

Distribution 

Complete Specification Technique 

for Synthetic Imagery 

Final Report 

I j I 

i'_. _ form:,,,nce rediction i..c:clardclues 

Complete Definition of Math. 

Model for CORRELATRON & 

interim Report 

Complete Evaluation of Math 

Model for CORRELATRON 

Final Report Complete 

A V 

A 
A 

A 

NRO APPROVEllEOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 111 

A 

Cloud D,:.!tcction Techniclues 

Interim 1,.• port Complete 

Receive Cloud Paramr2ter Data 

Complete Experimental Evaluation 

of Cloud Gbscuration affects & 

Final Report Complete A 

Design & Development 

Drawing Release Final 

Interface Finalization 

Ground Diagram Complete 
A 

A A 

4 

A 

V 

A 

Start A 

NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1,111LY 2015 

_ • 

0 

BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 112 

JiL,CrRelD 

**•1 I A ji I A 

1.2 ENGINEERING HARDWARE 

S 

I 

A 

A I 

A 

EPEM 

Sensor 

Shop Release Complete 

Parts Release Complete 

Fabrication Complete 

Assembly Complete 

Checkout Complete 

Sensor Electronics 

Shop Release Complete 

Parts Release Complete 

Fabrication & Assembly Complete 

Installation & Checkout With 

Sensor Complete 

Electronic Assembly 

Shop & Parts Release Complete 

Fabrication Complete 

Assembly & Checkout Complete 

System 

Engineering Evaluation Tests 

Complete 

Checkout Preliminary for 

Delivery 

Acceptance Test Procedure Comte 

Acceptance Test Complete 

Ship 

Princess II 

Fabrication Complete 

Checkout Complete 

Simulator Cloud Modification 

Complete 

Optics Assembly Evaluation 

Complete 

A 

A A 

A A 

A 

A 
S 

A 

V A 

A 

A 

A A 

A 

A 

A • 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

A 

V 

A 

M I j J A 

1 

A V 

V V 

V 

A 

YA 

A 

BIF-048/001-2424-68 

PAGE 113 

NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELASE 1.JULY 2015 0 „SE-C-F-2'71) 

Ancillary Tester 

Design Complete 

Fabrication Complete 

J‘r;r:embly Co::Iploto 

Fab. New Control Box Complete 

Checkout Complete 

Procedure Complete 

Ship 

4.0 MANAGEMENT & ADMINISTRATION . 

Status Reports 

T/D Meetings 

Cost & Manpower Report 

Detail Milestone Schedule 

1.3 GENERAL ELECTRIC SUPPORT 

LEGEND: 

A = Scheduled Milestone 

A = Completed Milestone 

V = Rescheduled Milestone 

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BIF-048/001-2424-68 

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