NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 21a0433n.06

Case No. 20-2235

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

RODOLFO MORENO,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN

Before: GUY, MOORE, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.

RALPH B. GUY, JR., Circuit Judge. Rodolfo Moreno appeals from the denial of 

his motion for reduction of sentence pursuant to § 404 of the First Step Act of 2018, which 

authorized retroactive application of changes to the statutory penalties for crack cocaine offenses 

enacted by the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010. Although Moreno was found to be eligible for such 

relief, the district judge concluded—after considering the relevant § 3553(a) factors—that no 

further reduction in his sentence was warranted. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). Finding no abuse of 

discretion, we AFFIRM.

I.

Moreno pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to distribute more than 50 grams of crack 

cocaine and marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). At the time of 

sentencing in 2008, that conviction triggered a mandatory minimum sentence of 120 months. 
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Moreno’s plea agreement admitted, in part, to the sale of at least 66 grams of crack cocaine, 66 

grams of powder cocaine, and 4.47 kilograms of marijuana in controlled buys. If not for his career 

offender designation, Moreno would have had a Guidelines range of 100-125 months (based on an 

offense level of 27 and a Criminal History Category of IV). As it was, however, Moreno’s

admission that he was a career offender increased his offense level to 34 and his Criminal History 

Category to VI. As a result, his applicable Guidelines range was 262-327 months of imprisonment.

At sentencing, the district judge found that range to be “considerably overboard” and 

“greater than necessary to achieve the goals in [§] 3553(a).” At the same time, a “substantial 

custodial sentence” was required to satisfy the need “to provide deterrence” and “to protect the 

public”—as was “called for by mere virtue of the mandatory minimum sentence.” Concluding 

that “there might be some benefit to [imposing] additional time above that,” the district judge

sentenced Moreno to 144 months of imprisonment. That was well below the Guidelines range—

but also two years more than the mandatory minimum.

In 2012, Moreno sought his first sentence reduction under the retroactive amendments to 

the crack cocaine Guidelines that followed enactment of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, § 8, Pub. 

L. No. 111-220, 124 Stat. 2372, 2374 (2010). See USSG § 1B1.10; 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). The 

same district judge who originally sentenced Moreno granted the motion and reduced Moreno’s 

sentence to the statutory minimum of 120 months. In 2015, while still serving that sentence, 

Moreno was transferred to home confinement. Before completing that sentence, however, Moreno 

was arrested on new drug charges and pleaded guilty before a different district judge to conspiring 

to and possessing with intent to distribute more than 100 grams of heroin. The Bureau of Prisons 

aggregated his new 151-month sentence with the uncompleted sentence in this case, and he 

remains incarcerated.
Case No. 20-2235, United States v. Moreno

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That brings us to the matter at hand—Moreno’s 2020 motion for a reduction of his 120-

month sentence under § 404 of the First Step Act of 2018, Pub. L. No. 115-391, § 404, 132 Stat. 

5194, 5222 (2018). The district judge found—and the government does not dispute—that Moreno 

was eligible for a reduced sentence on his crack cocaine conviction. After weighing the § 3553(a) 

factors, however, the district judge denied relief “most prominently because the previously 

imposed term demonstrably was insufficient to achieve specific deterrence of this defendant.” 

Reconsideration was sought by Moreno’s new counsel out of concern that letters in support of his

motion had not been submitted to the court. The order denying reconsideration explained, 

however, that the letters had been presented timely and were considered. This appeal followed.

II.

Section 404(b) of the First Step Act provides that: “A court that imposed a sentence for a 

covered offense may, on a motion of the defendant, . . . impose a reduced sentence as if sections 2 

and 3 of the Fair Sentencing Act . . . were in effect at the time the covered offense was committed.” 

There is no question that Moreno’s conviction was a “covered offense” because § 2(a) of the Fair 

Sentencing Act modified the statutory penalties for conspiracy to distribute more than 50 grams of 

crack cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 and 841(b)(1)(A)(iii). See Terry v. United States, 

141 S. Ct. 1858, 1863-64 (2021); United States v. Barber, 966 F.3d 435, 437 (6th Cir. 2020). As 

is pertinent here, the Fair Sentencing Act raised the threshold quantity that would trigger a 10-year 

statutory minimum penalty from 50 grams to 280 grams of crack cocaine. Barber, 966 F.3d at 

437. So, after the Fair Sentencing Act, conspiracy to distribute 50 grams of crack cocaine would 

carry a statutory minimum penalty of 5 years (or 60 months). Id.

1

1 The government does not dispute that Moreno was eligible to seek a reduction under § 404 

notwithstanding his earlier Guidelines-based reduction. See 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(B) (a court 

“may modify an imposed term of imprisonment to the extent otherwise expressly permitted by 
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A district court’s decision whether to grant a reduced sentence is reviewed for abuse of 

discretion. See United States v. Boulding, 960 F.3d 774, 778 (6th Cir. 2020) (citing United States 

v. Foreman, 958 F.3d 506, 514-15 (6th Cir. 2020)). Because Moreno’s last Guidelines range was 

dictated by the statutory minimum penalty, the Fair Sentencing Act’s change required a 

recalculation of an amended Guidelines range. See United States v. Maxwell, 991 F.3d 685, 690 

(6th Cir. 2021) (discussing Boulding, 960 F.3d at 776-78). But as Maxwell clarified, the range is 

recalculated “as the law existed at the time of the original offense, accounting for the new variable 

created by the Fair Sentencing Act.” Id. at 693. Although a district court is not required to conduct 

a plenary resentencing, it may “consider subsequent developments in deciding whether to modify 

the original sentence and, if so, in deciding by how much.” Id. at 691; see also id. at 692 

(explaining that a court has discretion “to consider [intervening legal] developments in balancing 

the § 3553(a) factors”).

Exercising that discretion here, the district judge recognized that Moreno would no longer

be classified as a career offender after this court’s decision in United States v. Havis, 927 F.3d 382, 

386 (6th Cir. 2019) (en banc). See, e.g., United States v. Cordero, 973 F.3d 603, 625-26 (6th Cir. 

2020) (finding conspiracy to distribute controlled substances would not qualify as a “controlled 

substance offense” for purposes of USSG § 4B1.1(a)). Using current drug quantity tables, the 

district judge determined that Moreno’s offense level would be 21 with a Criminal History 

Category of IV. That would result in a Guidelines range of 60-71 months, “the floor of which 

reflects the new statutory minimum sentence.” Just as it was permissible to consider the 

intervening changes in the law, the district judge was also permitted to consider other 

statute”); United States v. Woods, 949 F.3d 934, 936 n.1 (6th Cir. 2020) (explaining sentence 

reduction under § 3582(c)(2) based on retroactively amended Guidelines was not a previous

reduction under the Fair Sentencing Act).
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developments “that occurred after the defendant committed the covered offense when considering 

whether to reduce a defendant’s sentence.” United States v. Allen, 956 F.3d 355, 357 (6th Cir. 

2020). Without the benefit of Maxwell, the district judge described Moreno’s 120-month sentence 

as a substantial upward variance that was justified. The district judge explained:

Moreno’s disadvantaged youth is reflected in his criminal history that starts at age 

ten. He was 20 years old when he was sentenced in this case. He committed at 

least three prior drug distribution offenses and he was part of an armed drug 

trafficking gang in this case. And when he was charged in this case, he already was 

on probation for another drug crime. Those facts by themselves do not warrant a 

substantial upward variance. However, the Court is obliged to impose a sentence 

that promotes respect for the law, adequately protects the public, and provides an 

adequate measure of general and specific deterrence. See 18 U.S.C. 

§ 3553(a)(2)(A)-(C). The 120-month sentence apparently did not achieve those 

goals. When Moreno was released to a halfway house to complete the custody part 

of his sentence, he returned to precisely the same criminal behavior that caused him 

to be locked up in the first place. And that conduct earned him an even more 

substantial sentence [in the second case]. Moreno has offered evidence of his 

educational achievements while in prison. He has been discipline-free for the past 

ten years. That behavior is commendable, but it does not outweigh the grave 

concern that once at liberty, this defendant will return to crime. Because the 

punishment already imposed failed to achieve its intended purpose, and a reduced 

sentence certainly would not improve the deterrent potential, no further reduction 

of the completed sentence is warranted.

The district judge added, in denying reconsideration, that he had received and considered the letters 

that were submitted in support of Moreno’s motion for a reduced sentence.

Moreno makes no claim of procedural unreasonableness, arguing instead that the district 

judge’s reweighing of the § 3553(a) factors resulted in a substantively unreasonable sentence. 

(Appt Br., p. 13.) Substantive reasonableness asks whether the district judge “‘abused his 

discretion in determining that the § 3553(a) factors supported’ the sentence imposed.” HolguinHernandez v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 762, 766 (2020) (quoting Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 

38, 56 (2007)). A sentence can be substantively unreasonable if “‘the court placed too much 

weight on some of the § 3553(a) factors and too little on others’ in reaching its sentencing 
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decision.” United States v. Perez-Rodriguez, 960 F.3d 748, 753-54 (6th Cir. 2020) (citation 

omitted). “Needful to say, this is a matter of reasoned discretion, not math.” United States v. 

Rayyan, 885 F.3d 436, 442 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Gall, 552 U.S. at 51).

Moreno contends that the district judge gave “too little weight” to his rehabilitation since 

returning to prison—including his success in college courses, completion of drug education and 

drug abuse programs, and plans to work with his girlfriend’s stepfather when released—and “too 

much weight” to the fact that he resumed his drug trafficking activities when released to a 

residential re-entry program. On the contrary, the district judge’s reweighing of the relevant § 

3553(a) factors reflected reasoned consideration of Moreno’s arguments and reasonably 

determined that factors favoring a reduction were outweighed by his post-offense conduct. It was

reasonable for the district judge to give greater weight to the fact that Moreno resumed drug 

trafficking while in a residential re-entry program before he even completed the already reduced 

custodial sentence. Because the district judge did not abuse his discretion in balancing the § 

3553(a) factors, the denial of Moreno’s motion for reduction of sentence under § 404 of the First 

Step Act is AFFIRMED.