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Ali
JOHN L. MARTIN, JR.

Colonel, USAF

Pepnii-Aesfetant'ior Advanced

TeOhnOlogy;qICS/Developnent
DEC 2 1 195i

• :,. , • , •

• MEMORANDUM viva THE SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE

4 131333JECT: Army and Navy Requirements for Development of

Surveillance Satellite Systems

By Amendment No. 16 to ARPA Order No. 9-60, dated December 3,

. 3

' 1959, responsibility, for development work on the SAMOS Project was transJaped from the Advanced Research Projects Agency to the Department of

the Air Force. . Al indicated in that Amendment, the Department of the

Army and the Department of the Navy documented requirements were to be

forwarded under separate cover. Accordingly, they are attached herewith.

As indicated in the transfer directive, further development work on

the SAMOS System undertaken by the Air Force should be responsive to

the reconnaissance requirements of all three Military Departments. The

attached documents thus should serve as a basis for such direct liaison

between the Department of the Air Force and the Departments of the Army

and Navy as is necessary to ensure that the interests of all will be

adequately served.

FOR THE DIRECTOR OF DEFENSE RESEARCH

AND ENGINEERING

A. W. Betts

Brig. General, USA

Director

5 Attachments

Army. Space Rcpu. 1712 (A) c, 5/7/59

Army Space Rqm.. 1712 (4) d, 5/7/59

Army Space Rqm. 1712 (A) e, 5/7/59

Ltr ft CNO, Ser 00199P07, 5/18/59 w/encl

Ltr fr CNO, Ser 00177P07, 5/18/59 w/encl

' • •

cc; ,(r/to attachments)

e JoglOttgp

.Secretary of AIR Aran,

:Secretary of the Navy

• 571T-Ailq_

. .•

;/ADVANGKILD RESEARCHPROJECTS AGENCY

,.: WASHINGTON 25, O. C.

. •
,• .

ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY

WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

DEC 21 1959

MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY or THE AIR FORCE

SUBJECT: Army and Navy Requirements for Development of

Surveillance Satellite Systems

By Amendment No 16 to ARPA Order No. 9-60, dated December 3,

1959, responsibility for development work on the SAMOS Project was transferred from the Advanced Research Projects Agency to the Department of

the Air Force. As indicated in that Amendment, the Department of the

Army and the Department of the Navy documented requirements were to be

forwarded under separate cover. Accordingly, they are attached herewith.

Aindicated in the transfer directive, further development work on

the SAWN Systkun undertaken by the Air Force should be responsive to

the reammaissige requirements of all three Military Departments. The

attached Coeuttlifts thus should serve as a basis for such direct liaison

between the Desratment of the Air Force and the Departments of the Army

hard Navy Cs is necessary to ensure that the interests of all will be

asquatelyiserved.

POR THE DIRECTOR OF DEFENSE RESEARCH

AND ENGINEERING

5 AttUhments

Army Space Rqm. 1712 (A)

Ltr fr CNO, Ser 00199P07,

lAr fr CNO, Ser 00177P07,

5/7/59

5/7/59

e, 5/7/59

5/18/59 w/encl

5/18/59 w/encl

, • - • cc: (Irto uttecnra wait)

The SoiiteStift

iS 59-432

Siened - A. IL Batt:*

A. W. Betts

Brig. General, USA

Director
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• 1. tliQ General

a. There is an Army requirement for a Combat Surveillance

Satelliteftrbem to provide operational commandera at field Army level

with "real time" information of their immediate areas.

S A

•• b. The Combat Surveillance Satellite System will perform the

following functions:

Combat surveillance.

. Target acquisition and location.

(3) Area denim aseessmaat.

c. The Combat Surveillance Satellite System will consist, of:

The necessary space vehicles and sensors to permit

day and night, all-weather coverage.

The necessarymaile ground equipment to allow:

Receipt, interpretation, and dissemination of

inforpetion from the satellite.

Orders to be transmitted from the ground to the

satellite.

2. 011 Background for Requirement 

a. The broad mission of Army forces in war is to bring to

bear sufficient power at the inaftemme decisive point and time to render

an enemy's military capability ineffective. Ulm= Inherent in this

mission is the requirement for combat intelligence systems which will

pernit commanders and staffs at all echelons to:

(1) Arrive at timely decisions in conducting current opera=

.- .

7

•

?..•••• •

4 

; •
•

(2)' Select targets for effective use of available weapons.

Conduct post-fire damage assessment.

Assist in the preparation of plans and estimates for

future operations.

(5) Avoid surprise.

b. The current information collecticecapability of the Army

is limited in two principal respects:

CO Depth of penetration into enemy territory.

(2) Obscured vision during night or bad weather.

C. Use of aircraft to secure intelligence information will

become increasingly more unreliable as air defense systems are improved.

Current intelligence systems severely limit the Army's

ability to obtain tactical information prior to the outbreak of hostilities.

The employment of sensory equipment on space vehicles

provides a logical augmentation and extension of current and projected

information-collecting sub-systems within the framework of the combat

intelligence system. Their use vill be coordinated with other sensory

sub-systems.

3. Operational Concept 

a. Orbits for coabat surveillance satellites should permit

repeated observations df pre-selected areas of the earth's surface up

to 1,000 nautical miles wide by 1,500 nautical miles long. The altitude

of the satellite obbit above this selected area should be as low as

possible consistent with acceptable satellite life. Consideration should

be given to using an elliptical orbit whose licritm perigee is over the

area of wimpy interest in ordAr to achieve maximums satellite life

with minimum degraktion of sensor performance.
•

b. Sufficient satellites should be employed to provide surveillance of the designated area at least once each eight hours with a

resolution of at least 15 meters initially wi •'200 re desired by

1970.

C. Sensors are required. which will give intxmmotion day or

night, under all weather conditions. Initially it may be necessary to

• •

have two sets of sensors - one that gives extremely good data during

daylight and good. weather, and aback-up set of sensors that provides

data during night and bad weather conditions.

Pictorial type presentation of sensor data will be acceptable initially. The ultimate objective is the incorporation of devices

designed to sense the unique characteristics or "signatures" of intelligence targets.

Mobile ground equipment, located in the area of the field

Army, is required to:

Interrogate and receive information from the satellite

during each pass over the area of interest.

Catalog and store information received.

(3) Furnish to an .ccorator, on commend, information by

type, for example:

(a) Changes in missile launcher locations since

lait pass.

Complete missile mot launcher locations detected.

Troop movements.

Changes in troop locations I since last pass.

Area damage assessment by location.

(f) Depot locations.
(1) Merge data listed in subparagraph (3) above into an

automatic data processing system for display to all interested agencies.

(5) Issue commends to the satellite for minor orbit and

attitude .comrections.

f. The system should be able to detect and track surface-tosurface missiles for the purpose of launch site location and impact

zone prediatin and earning.

4. IA) Degree of Urgency

This system should be operational during Fr 1963.
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•

getsts : : a :7014AV Dmitri*4ea 3900.8. of 29 Apr /958 ;2' :...-,•:x.1.. • ,::,__ •.'. 4. ...

,

-'• ,:. b '1)00 Directive dlo.-• .5105.15 of 3.7-Mar 1959 witkin . ':

,

1

cirtBilurrtel .. • .

!,,- e 'Kr ARPA semoraide to of 30 JulAPS2,?''.

26 • Aug' 1958: 001. Mar . 1959. 7', , ' '' . ''.' • "''' ,.. .

• ; • . • • .. . . •

liA01/ (1) Operational Require:gent No. /0-05101 :

•

1. The responsibilities of the °action", Illitade., or lesuPportinge1.11nreses

as defined . in.reteramcs (a) aro sonsehat modlf4edinthe.a0Mesrch_and . .....

development programs for space ayitems:- RefOrones (WOrectatshat the i.•

.. 1111411101111thiliby for certain rosearehlielda, laclutimg*arth.satellites

:'.ts emilusirely aesignetto time Directer s of the: Advanced Research Projects

, ',. Agency, A4PA). The Director of ARPA hai, by memoranda . (ref (0))i suth- .

,:-.0risied . 00 Military Departments to proceed indopeedently in epees ..

• research' within certain monetary lim1tations. .; _

. '. • -

.

' - • .

, .- • • ..

2. The production and operation of specific equipmento inAmpsee

technology for naval applications remain in the province of the Wavy

Dopertnent. ARPA sponsored research projects will be transferred to

the using service after. th. meacessful completion of an experiments/ darn-titration of feasibility. At this change-over point ARPA •

responsibility ands and, for vc•jrans of naval interesti . the cognisant

ru”er tp FN,n1A fur rvepitred to ••±dorteke normal developient functions.

Enclosure (1)• her been forwarded to the Secretary of Defense for

consideration by the biroctor of ARPA in plaaning his research and

development program. . •

Enclosure (1) is forwarded to the Chief of Novel Research 44

principal action addressee.and to other addressees for information or

sash-setion as their interest or responsibility itt support-of this •

:Operational itequireient may indicate. A rokpostiwill lodfeadete.tho

Secretary of the, Navy for designating the Office' of Nivel Research as

Lead Bureau for this Operational ac quirement. • : •

, • S. The Chief of Naval Research ie'requested to rerieM . tho Resesroh

?.cadi'Development program now in ProgressistARPALandAidiiiim . the:Cbief or

ihkval Operations of the adequacy of thimeport in au otlant

requirements. • 1 . • t,

Lerit4C4411 page 2.1.

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• •
Okcsr*i

Currant orstomit,s0 ing.elecintelligeneS:ire peripheral. in ap^r^ and do 'Wet' .

anmOr'vital •, • 'inside thiAloviet Wee.' A.

relatively.dalmple iatelli 'Usrrying'SqUipmentsi for inter,* ing.radar

and, other . 4.otrenteiAmiesionswould provide vitariefermat

bithiter:-eeee''oat':military significance .•at an •• 'Skies' • .•

more versatile but more 'complex rfotmes appear ,.teguitbWatu.

the ' •

firs years early development is.in beeontial element . W. Abis coneept

-• •

2.;•OPE4TiOlIAL REQUIRDIarts • s ::• •

neieloti's satellite system eapablc.erdeteotingi' lloonitingi,,and pro

elltelinedeliberate, and lnadvertent-eleetronie transniesiwei under an

weather. Conditional,. emanating from:interior and intreq4Ootlreevered...

regiOnS:obStrolled-Mbylniiiign natiOns -inUrder to provide strategie.'

warning,:. installation. and installation lobation in.advealik.of.

other know • systems.

resins; tQbL

•

(I) All foreign nations are kaown to use controlled electromic

radiatione'for a wide variety of • purposes, e.g., detection, comminicationa,

vehicle control, and navigation. The major potential enemies of the

United States 'are on is pair with the'Uittid States and itf-Alliss in their

ability to„develop, produce, sad use systems for these . purposes. The

ability ofV.4. IntelligencsAgencies, to intercept and exploit such

radiations is preinntly limited in both depths and completeness of

coverage. It is believed that many of the foreign electreele sites

and development facilities aro located beyond intercept coverage now '

.provided. There is a.requirt-icntto fill this gap in order to learn of

technological advanced, provide strategic warning, and assist mission

"planning. The satellite appears to be one of.the most logical systems

which can be developed to'accomp/ish this function in a short time period.

.

,

(2) This system should provide material and teohmiques for placing

a satellite in orbit, establish the tracking -ephemeris, a rapid and '

automatic means of intercepting and collecting electronic transmiesicco,

and relaying selected data•to Navy (including ship and airoratt)..and

'national interosAititients When oommaided. Date professing-should-be

! capable of being accomplished through existing processing facilities

in an .interim system.

b. Thtgas,

(1) The known ability of • potential enemy te:laitiate a limited

or all-out war against the free world is a oontinninstbrost..,Xhis

threat steadi/r increases as it becomes entnardlyi40A#Cot tbWen enemy's

capabilities for conducting war are increasing. To offactively.,,counter

this threat, detailed intelligence concerning levelor...111074141ctiotais

' activity, type of electronic emissions, and general location of electronic

equipments is required. The electronic reconnaissanoefeystee needed to

provide this information shill consist of a number ofoemponeets which,

when used together, provide scompletelucomprehehsive all-weather

syltde.

ENCLOSURE (1) to CNO

Ser 110199,91 19" •

• • • •

•

•

•

.

•
#244414riet6ind-iIMiiitiVin 

,7 11).MiSimum features ACC'.

(s) Illokir,t; or at. leant 4 4111114:-

(b) Onverage,Wesingle • vehiele ;of"S" . ,"X",band7with

..controlled interrogation. : ' . • . 

lalOws

]:. 4Y • -

.(e) Payload of approxikately IO pounds

.

. • . • .

Orbit and•trajecteiy bbtaidable with THOR or similar

*boosters using existing- facilities.

•

Utilise existing .teleletering, control, and .interoept

stations.

•

Additional features desired will be.qtated in development•characteristies.

(2) It is desired, when the payload is capable of being increased

Sufficiently and the state-of-the-art permits, to cover in one satellite

multiple electronic emissions bands. Specific operational' performance

requirements will bo stated in Development Characteristics.

d.. yeaturos of desired develonment work

(1) Data collection and control systems and equipments envisaged

will be pe. imarily for shore-based EMT activities for an interim system.

Substantial requirem ents exists however, for receipt of electronic

intercept data from satellite directly by mobile platforms (ships and

airborne vehicles) ' nod rapid processing on board.

(2) riaximum security should be provided to prevent furnishing

intelligence to tho enemy and should have minimum susceptibSlity to

countermeasures. •

(3) :teli4bilit • shall be a paramount feature of MAI' tc:.

(4) Employ modular techniques whenever feasible.

•

(S) System should automatically intercept, collect, record, and

relay to control and processing sites, data on electronic emissions.

•

Frequency

Pulse repetition rate

Pulse width and modulation

Antenna scan rate, pattern

Polarization

Location of emission.

and beam structures

(t.) Any shipboard equipment required- should be designed for ailNaval environments.

(7) The system should be designed so as to use all or any existing

sites and electronic reconnaissance equipment whenever desired.

(0 This system should not only furnish, at an early date, the

desired intelligence data, but also valuable information for design and

development of future collecting, relaying,' recording, and processing

lcalipment.

52648X---.
is *IL.

(1) . sauce leak be taken 'Of weight and i

imposed by i m payload -,,Which existing combistations of rocketry ohs.,

plate in orbit. , _ • •

t. itaiiiiaLananwentiaLlig- tiatau

• (1.) It will be necessary to obtain necessary freqUeecy'cleareoces'

for thedeta link portion of the system aseettorth in OPNAV InstruOtion

02410.8 - • . . • . , • .

• gusiaLsigsomuta • •

availlible.reliable, and imitable equipment short of the ultimate Opeeifia,

but which nevertheless will constitute a considerable advance over

presently available equipment. Dotoruination and notificatios of such

-alternatives should be considered an essential pert of the preparation •

of the Technical Development Plan. In atibmissimuef.the Technical.

DovolopmentPlan, the 4•1velemping agency ahall inform the Chief of Naval

Operations or Comeandant Of the Marine Corps, as appropriate, of the

results, with respect to the factors enumerated 'above, in order that

ration may be given to making an appropriate modification of this

Operational Roquircr.zut.

. .3. JUPPORUNG DA/A MD RECONNENDATIONS: .

I.• ELCOU 94/5, SEC&?, 19 . June 'SS - U.S. RUNT Objectives and

General Intelligence Requirements. • .

b. DEIS ILINT Committee memo . SIB 0004 of 24 Peb S9 - Pr0P!ut

TATTLETALE Objectives. .1

a. U. AL'Epecific ELINT Collection Requiresentm.(EpEter) of

1 July 1957.

•

•

•

d. BRL Esport'VS-0293 of 17 Dec 1958 - Project TATTLETALE.

ABSENT EOUIPMIDet AFFECTED: 

. None at this time.

. 

• 

nay* AND imam CoNSIDERATIONG: , • -

The devilOplig ihreC0 ► Ohall give the utmosteanaideintions44.4tii1X-.

fug and personnel requirements peculiar tothis. systemdering ressermih

and. development. •

. 6. • wiam. UNDER DEVELOPMENT

Al. Project VANGUARD (NASA).

b. ERL Electronic Research Program.

3

•

a

- -

04 In all material developments, the Chief 044441 dpeiatiOns

cies:Wars timely availability and suitability of first importamec, -Genaiderations-of cost, critical materials, and manpower are of almost

equal importance.. The performance figures given in this requirement are

goals, except where specifically noted as minimises. During.tbe cm:urea

6:rel.:ening for this development, it me, be found that in meeting these

.goals a large and complex or costly article will result; whereas it sly

be found possible to develop a such simpler and therefore, more .readily

•
•T',ATALiiiate•Tiojiii‘'4...,Mt12.1inifOrt,,TiP,22934t.i7Dec"58. .Lals, ATLAS, 180R, D/SCOVERER, -SSIUD14 .-INAIW:JUPITSS, and

••

•,. 

.:::: e.::•;8101TRT . Projeot - ALFA.- • • •• • • • •

f; NOTS,IDP.367, Study of 18 llov 1957*.

g. Militarititel/ite Tracking System (MIL).

•

a.

„

. •

Smistinsitechnologi end know-how peratit satisfying the basicjuid•relents nitheut , aoy additional bssicresearch. Components rewired

' for thii.operational roquiremesh have already been developed and used

in other 'systems. Coaposent isprOvement- will require applied resew&

and 'development. • • •: • .. •• • •

bn %lie Air iorsni and Arsay:havo a 'similar..requirenent. • Close liaison

• Sed swokimin_of inforsItiat'amist be maintained with the Air Force and Aral.

•

o

. Additional research is reipliraCto.inerosse the payload which now

an•be 'pl aited in orbit and. to Jewelry other system components and to •

•• adapt reeeiver equipment to shipboard nao. • • '

anddevelepieet 'bark is Sehlevieg this requiremect is • •

'! subjectUrthe **visions of DOD:Directive Dn.-2200J of 19 NO 190 sad

nolonurOs thereto which in *part itatas4hat the Director, ARPA will have

exelusive-authority is Also applicable are three memoraeda

:Trim! the Dliector,ARPA - Wthe Service Secretaries dated 30 July 1958, 26

Angech . 1931 and . 3 Marnh •1959 %Acto ► autherise.`•the Military bepartnents

to enter into contracts * for exploratory studies and feasibility investigations in AR?!. project arse within certain nonetnry

8. SICULTIUM6AMAI

Existing methods, eqpimont, aud:teehnology will meet the denandc

.or interim situations fel within Vali reqpirment.

'9. DATE COMPLETION Isauxmov • •

•

• • k • An interim iSmLor arite land Satellite•SLIST system is ' required by

aid-oalendar 1959 or as soon thereafter as possible. .

b. 'Date's for eompletise St telemetric epaulet following the tutorial

systemwill be 'epecified in the Development Characteristics or other

directives. • . . . . .•

10. ZWOMBUSURDZIABLZOBTAIMMAUfkank

. •

Directly supports PlaneWebjeetive - 10.

Indirectly supports !lefties Objeetive - AS, AD, AO SC, CA, ti VW. stead Duress --OM .

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..:,. ef,;.=-61.14,:,:4441:139nia4tions .,_,z.

•• .. J4os . Distribution Liet,.... of. .%,

;Rubj . aii.:ReSeiiiieh, and fiiiieloplet- Plies • .0peratieei&Itequ ‘,. . ..,, ),.. NoWN0-00341ReedenaisaanCeiBurveillaneelkitellite:Syetimi:tw, -, ''

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left - 1 a .016tv'Liseissoi.Ibis -39004 of 29 . Apr 3,958 ' . . „.. b '29D. Direetive Nos- 5105.15 .0 17 Mar -aiso with -sent

c . Dir'ARPOsenoraeda toliervioe Secretaries of 30 Jul 1958,

. 1 0 Aug 1953 and :3 Mar ;1959 - • . • . Esop.,..•10-operationilltoqiirese,t )6.. I0-04502 • .. ;...!

1; the responsibilities of the "action", need", or nsupportingf Bureaus

as defined in'referenoe (a) . are momewhatuodified in the'researehAind..

development *Ogren' forspace systems. Reference (10.'direets that the 'responsibility for certain ressareb fields, including earth satellites,• is exclusivity assigned to the Director of the Advanced Research Projects .Ageney . (ARPA). The ,Director of ARPA has, by memoranda (v 0 1)40 .4=0- •

'orised the Unitary Departments to,proceibd independently in space . . researeiririthin certain monetary limitations.

2: The production and operation of spieifie'eqpipments'in space — technology for naval applications remain in the province of •the Navy Department. ARPA sponsored research • projocCs will bm transferred to. the using service atter the successful completion of an experimental demonstration of feasibility. At this change-over point AREA

responsibility ends and, for prOgrams of naval interest, thp i

Bureau should be prepared to undertake normal development foot . ,,..

 •

3. Enclosure (1) has been forwarded to the Secretary of Defeo*e for consideration by the Director.of ARIA in planning his research and development program.. ' •

• 4. Enclosure (1) is forwarded to the Chief of the Bureau of Aerenaitios- as principal action addressee and to other addressee's for information or such action as their interest or responsibility in support of this Operational Requirement nay indicate. A request will be made to the Secretary of the Navy for designating the Bureau of Aeronautics as Lead Bureäu for this OperationalRequirement. •

5. The Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics is rivested to reWievrthe Research and DevelOpeent program now in progress in ARIA and'advise-the Chief of Naval Operations of the adequacy -of this effort in auppOrt ' • of naval requirements.
1,PF.RAT; -i42t .pct,

-11 ,!;:ai43AXvi/W. L

1. OPABATIONAL CONCEPT:

• a, The Long Range. Objectives . of the4ayy•indieateAkiat the;missions

and tasks of the naval strikinc forces will. be dkrieted-towards,the

deterrence' of and the conduct of..-limitpd,war . and;OGOOOtal Wai 'clhe . successful employment of theie:fOreicswill reqUiródOntinUous.and iristanL::.

taneous reconnaissance 41nd-4/surveillance of oonaniiiiareiiii, • areas

of naval interest, And eheMy ' Operating bases te • Obtaia:early knowledge

of the enemy. intent, and extent • ahliztypeof war he'14-preparing'to fight,

and the inventory and diiposition of tWanemVaaval forces. Reconnaissance

and surveillance operations, in the event of warvwill provide intelligence necessary to naval commandere-for:Oarly warning, strategics warning,

tactical vernier, deployment control, -force inventory, installation

inventory, and target damage assessment.

A method of obtaining thin information during:this time period

is by P canned or unmanned satellite reconnaissance/surveillance system.

r.- . Tho objectives of this satellite aerates' during this period are to

constantly and instantaneously obtain reconnaissance and surveillance

data not obtainable by other system', or,to supplement data obtainable

by other systems and relay it directly to surface ships, submarines,

aircraft, and shore stations or store the•data and relay it when commanded.

These receiving stations must be equipped with rapid read-out systems to

permit both tactical and strategic use of. the information.

2, OPERATIONAL REVVIUMENT:

• The technical feasibility of establishing unmanned or Manned satellites

in Wodetermiccd orbit& about the earth with long lifetimes opens up the

possibility of establiahing a system which can provide reconnaissance and'

surveillance information in future' years which is either not obtainable by

Other known systems, nor can be obtained in advance of other known systems.

The concept of naval operations esteblishes an operational requirement for

research and development of satellite reconnaissance/eUrvoillance systems

and equipments to support, both limited and general war during the period

1965-1975.

.-

a. ral

ot m&L2j1L.,=2AmLIziaj2ttRmad

•

(1) In the /invent of hostilities it is assumed that the enemy

capabilities will be approximately the same as our own. It mustbe assumed

that operations will involve forces about whose disposition, strength,

movements, and build-up little is known. This information, as well.as

details of, land targets of naval interest, is required to prevent

destruction 'of our forces by surprise attack; to . provide early warning;

tactical warning, and strategic warning; to maintain Up-to-the minute

surveillance of actual coMbit; to provide target diMage*assessment; and to

provide commanders with vital information on 'which to base tactical and

strategic decisions. •
Reiff 'a . 0gAv'iintiitiiiieil 39404 of Apr JOSS ' '

1

b DP. Direetiio To. • 5105.15 of 17 Mar -19541 with.:Snoliebhsreto

a •Dir` ARP& koMeranda to Berries Bearetaries of 30 Jul 1956,

'28 Aug 1958 and :3 mar:19S9 •

• • Boole ,..(1) Operattaial*ReqUirement No. T0-00502 .

.:ProoleC: •.7Chlot Opera on

Toe Distribution List

t.

lice

. iil#/ltanea y k. Rat;i44•1001814E. Plait ....0Perationia: .

,.I0a095 Eso.airØiialaut(10filiuleillaise. • ilAt•e;4t.-- SY10. 0 ;111)

. .

Li semi*

ey silos

1: the responsibilities of the maction“, need" or "supporting" !tureens

as defined it'referenee (a) . are somewhat, modified in the researoh..and•-

,development *Ogress forrspace sYstems. Reference (Wdirects that the'

responsibility fer certain research fields, including earth eatellitesi •

is exelusivily assigned to the Director of the Advanced Researeh Projects

,Agenoy . (ARPA).. TheDirecter of ARPA has, by memoranda (ref 10),. suds- •

'wised the Military Departments to, proceed independently in spools

research within certain monetary . limitations, •

.

TM, Production. and operation of spielflis equipments in space -

technology for naval applications retain in the province of•thie Wavy

Department. ARIA sponsored research • projec‘s will be transferred to.

the using service after the successful completion of an experimental

demonstration of feasibility: At this change-over point ARPA

responsibility ends and, for programs of naval interest, tbp oognipant

Bureau should be prepared to undertake normal development funotions.

...

J. Enclosure (1) has been forwarded to the Secretary of Defense for

consideration by the Director . of ARPA in planning his research and

development program. . ' •

• •

4. Enclosure (1) is forwarded to the Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics.

as principal action addressee and to other addressees for information

or such action as their interest or responsibility in support of this

Operational Requirement may indicate. A request will be made to the

Secretary of the Van for designating the Bureau of Aeronautics as

Lead Bureau for this Operational .Requirement. •

• S. • The Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics is requested to rwriew.the

Research and Dsv•Aillatene program new in•progress in ARTA end 'advise...the

Chief of Naval Operations of the adequaoref this offert in supra•

of naval requirements.
-111ii.i)X±4301XViti4V.

1. OPERATIONAL CONCEPT:

ng .

The Long Range Objectives of the•Nevyindicate;t4at theetimsloisand tasks of the naval striking forces will be directed towards.the

deterrence of and the conduct of:limitedwar and•of*Oneral wai,%- The •

successful employment of these feicee.will. requiredontinuous aed idetac!.

tenuous reconnaissance 'and surveillance of ocesn/sia-areaa, land areas.

of naval interest, and enemy operating bases te obtain early knewledge

of the enemy intent, and extentehd type': of war he is preparineto fight,

and the inventory and disposition of thie,..e0smie naval forces. Reconnaissance

and surveillance..operations, in the event of war, will provide intelligence necessary to naval commandere for early warning, strategitwarning,

tactical warning, deployment control, force inveatory, installation

inventory, and target damage assessment.

A method of obtaining thi♦ information duri this time period

is by e canned or unmanned satellite reconnaissance/surveillance system.

c. Tho objectives of thin satellite system during this period are to

constantly and instantaneously obtain reconnaissance and surveillance

data not • obtainable by other systems, or to supplement . data obtainable

by other systems and relay it directly to surface ships, submarines,

aircraft, and shore stations or store the.data and relay it when commanded.

These receiving stations must be equipped with rapid read-out systems to

permit both tactical and strategic use of . 

information.

2. OP "RATIONAL REOMEMCNTI

The technical feasibility of establishing unmanned or banned satellites

in predetermined orbits about the earth with long lifetimes opens up the

possibility of establishing a system which can provide reconnaissance and'

surveillance information in futureyears which is either not obtainable by

Other known systems, nor can be obtained in advance of other known systems.

The concept of naval eperatione establishes, en operational requirement for

research and development of satellite reconnaissance/OUrvoillance eystems

and equipments to support, both limited and general war during the period

1e63-1975.

a. runetions required to be nerformedi •

• . •

-

In the anvont of hostilities it is assumed .that the *net ►

capabilities will be approximately the same as our own. It must be assumed

that operations will involve forces about whose disposition, strength,

movements, and build-up little is known. This information, as well.aa

details of . land targets of naval interest, is required to prevent

destruction • of our forces by surprise attack; to . provide early warning;

tactical warning, and strategic warning; to maintain be-to-the minute ,

surveillance of actual combat; to'O rOvide target dieage'essessment; and to

provide commanders with vital information on Which to bass tactical and

strategic decisions. • • - ' • •

This "system should be ultimately capable of placing unmanned.

er sunned satellites in orbit which are capable by both passive and active

moans, under all weather conditions, of maintaining a continuous and up-todate minute surveillance of ocean and :sea targets, air targets, and land

targets of naval interest. This information must be capable of being

ENCL (1)*to CIO ear 00177P91 1859

. . .
-0.50 ,••. • 1 ,- :;,

*

. .: :.

aiiCtci-1100.,10-4 'Commanded, or ut6441 icalt*ind.ripidly. viewed, interpreted, and made.. available in'f inp6Opriati4ormi for • the nivel: commander . • ..'; 7..;.

.• ..• .-1 .

b. Threat: - •

- • (1) The known ability of:a potential, enemy to initiate a war...

:.jilisinstYthis. Country is *continuing thrnat..The.threat steadilyjnereaaes

as it-becomes outwardly apparent. that an enemy's capabilities for . Conducting war are increasing."... fie effectively counter,this-threat,Aetsiled

'intelligence cOneeraing his war making...plans and potential are required.

The reconnaiasa nce/syrveillance systems needed to .'provide this infoimation

shall. consist of a number of components which, whqn used togetherilireride

a completelreemprehensive, day and night., operable in all-weather,•aystem.

• . .

o. ferforpaqgo and limitation':

(1) Operational performance requirements will be prescribed in the . - Development Characteristics..

d. features of desired development work:

(1) System'should be capable of night• and day operations under all weather conditions.

(2) Ultimate System should be capable of integrating any or all methods of active or pcsaive sensor techniques:

Visual/Optical

Infra-red Electronic Interctpt

Acoustics Sonic. Xuclear Sniffers Other

(5) Swisor sysi.uata must be developed which will provide for the

detection, location, and identifita:Zon k:la, land, and air targets of naval interest.

.(4) Maximum security should be provided to prevent furniehing. intelligenoe•to the enemy and the system should have minimum susceptibility to countermeasures.

.

(S) Reliability shall be a paramount feature of the mystemi'

(6) Employ modular techniques whenever feasible.

(t) System should be capable of Vapid readout, comparison ofreturns

from different sensors and interpretation on shipboard.

-(8) System must be compatible in so far as practical with existing shipboard and aircraft equipment. Particular attention to compatibility with equipment under development for other associated systems must govern design criteria.

(41

re)d

e

f

c

0 •

•

2
10 -09S02 :

ifeiiiiht . anCapace limitations:

•

•

..

....• ': '(1) Cogniiance mist be taken of weight and size limitationatimPosed

by maximum payload which c&lbinations.ef rocketry can place in orbit.

(2)Veight.and space-limitationi:of ships and - aircraft must be borne

in mind in the design of equipment for them..

f. Doecial environment 1 Limitatioqa: . .

• • .

.. . (1) it will be necessary to obtain frequency clearance for active

detectors and the relay portions of the system, if new frequencies are

utilized.

e. General Information:

- .

(1) In all material developments, the Chief of Naval Operations

consider. timely availability and suitability of firit importance.

Considerations of cost, critical materials, and manpower are of almost

equal importance. The performance figures given in this requirement are

goals except where specifically noted as !minimums. 'During the course of

preliminary design or development, it may be found that in meeting these

goals, a large and complex or costly article will result; whereas it may

be found possible to develop a such simpler and therefore more readily

available, re7jahlc, znJ cl• itrble equipment short of the ultimate specified,

but which neve•ethe3eas will constitute a considerable advance over presently

available equipment. Dote • ninetion of encl. alternatives should be cow_

sidered essential in the pr-Alaratien of the Technical Development Plan

required in response to this Operational'Requireeent.

3. SUPPORTING DATA AND REC ► :1•ENDATIONS: 

Past experience hac shown that reconnaissance and surveillance,

particularly of the photogss variety, has ten a set porier and accurate

Reins of obtaining necessary intelligence on the enemy loa4(s and installations. Because of the rapt(' pace at which modern war.are nay take place

and the posribility of a surprise attack it is essential that rcconneissz.nce

and surveillance data of high quality be available to naval commands

constantly and quickly in erder to immediately interpret and evaluate the.

military situation.

CNO Ser 004P93 of 24 Feb 49 (LRO-59) states the requirement for

reconnaissance during the 1969-74 period.

c. CONNAVAIRLANT . Ser 50/01807 of 2 Nov 53 states-that existing

photographic aircraft are deficient.

d. Joint ltr COHSIXTIIFLT Ser 0031/2 and COMSECONDPLT Ser 0022 of

15 Feb 1958 states that there is a weakness in reconnaissance capability.

e. OWR Report "A preliminary Discussion of the Technical Operating

Problem. of a Reconnaissance dtd March 1958.

4. MEMMIEMEUIEELAMMAR:

None at this time.

3 •
• sitirral:.-

ZO .:19..02

'4:116i;RdkrukbiOiliVELorma 

NRL Report TS . 2293 of 17 Deo 190 - Project 1ATTLETAL8 proposal.

,.:Project •SENTRY - ARPA.

o.* NOTS Report IDP 367 of allay 19S7 - Proposal for Naval Observational

Television Satellite.,

Project VANGUARD - NASA.

Project DISCOVERER - AP.PA.

Doppler and Minitrack Network b BRL.

A401 MON System - SUM.

h. POLARIS, ATLAS; THOR,' JUPITER, TITAN, SCO/1T, NOVA CENTAUR booster

prograks.

1. Project TIROS - ARPA.

.1. Navy Tactical Data Systole - DUSHIPS.

k. Project SALAAM - Army..

TRAINING AitD l'ERSONNE CONSIDERATIONS:

The developing agencies concerned shall give the utmost consideration

to training and personnel requirements peculiar to the reconnaissance/

surveillance satellite,eystem and shall define in the earliest planning

stages the unique and unusual personnel talents required. EVery effort

shall be made during design planning to minimise the additional fleet

training requirements.

lutipsAuci! rg'.17!)ERATIONDi

Existing technology and know-bar permit only partial fulfillment

...I' VA: rf.:viresent. Additional feasinxiity studies -and research and

developewnt are required to satisfy this requirement particularly le the

iicld of censor development, relay systems, and readrout and interpretation

systems, ratellite vehicles, and satellite power supplies. •

The' Air Force and Army have a similar requireiwnt. cacao liaison

and exchange of information suet be maintained w.th the Air Force and Army,

and.duplication of costly parallel projects runt be avoided. .•

o. Research and Development work in achieving this reqiiremont is

subject to the provisions of DOD Directive No. SlOS.IS of 17 Mar 1959•and

enclosures thereto which in part states that the Director•ARPA will have

exclusive authority:in this field. Also applicable are three memoranda'

from the Director, ARPA to the Service Seeretaries dated 30 July 1958,

26 August 1956 and 3 March 1959 which authorise the Military Departments

to enter into contracts for exploratory studies and feasibility investi- •

rations in ARPA project area within certain monetary limitations.

IMIEKLU-WRISAW

•

a.Alatisting. develOpmeats will met satisfy this requirement.

• b. An interim capability only partially satisfying this requirement

with a single high resolution sensor and a nimbus useful life of 6 months

is acceptable.

PATE CSOTLSTION OP imstotplan is Amman:

a. The•seed exists for the reconnaissance/surveillance satellite

system to be employed immediately. Acceptable completion dates will be

indicated upon receipt of a Technical Development Plan for the Leadamr•MR.