# Patent

## Title
Circuitry for image processing

## Abstract

A method of increasing the color saturation of the RGB values of at least one pixel of an image, the method involving: calculating a luminance value based on RGB values of a first pixel; calculating a first maximum increase of said color saturation based on the highest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; calculating a second maximum increase of said color saturation based on the lowest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; and increasing the color saturation of said first pixel based on said first and second maximum increases.

## Background
BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for modifying the color saturation of one or more pixels of an image.
2. Description of the Related Art
There are various color models that can be used to represent the pixels of a color image. The RGB (red, green, blue) color model consists of three values R, G and B for each pixel representing respectively an intensity of red, green and blue light. Such a representation corresponds closely to the display of images on displays such as cathode ray tubes (CRT) and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). For storage and processing purposes, the RGB format is not optimum, and thus different color models may be used, such as the YUV color model or variants thereof, according to which one value Y represents luminance of the pixel, and two values UV represent the chrominance. Furthermore, the HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color model comprises one color value H representing the hue, a saturation value S, and a value V that represents luminance.
A user may define a desired color saturation increase to be applied to the pixels of an image. However, it is easy to over saturate an image, leading to a degradation of the image quality. A problem is the tools that currently exist for modifying color saturation in an image do not adequately assist a user in selecting the appropriate and safe color saturation.
BRIEF SUMMARY
An embodiment of the present disclosure at least partially overcomes one or more problems in the prior art.
According to one embodiment, there is provided a method of increasing the color saturation of the RGB values of at least one pixel of an image, the method comprising: calculating a luminance value based on RGB values of a first pixel; calculating a first maximum increase of said color saturation based on the highest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; calculating a second maximum increase of said color saturation based on the lowest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; and increasing the color saturation of said first pixel based on said first and second maximum increases.
According to one embodiment, the method further comprises, prior to said step of increasing the color saturation of said first pixel, the step of calculating a saturation factor SFp to be applied to said RGB values according to the following formula: SFp=MIN(SFmaxL, SFmaxH, SFUSER), where SFmaxL is the said first maximum increase, SFmaxH is said second maximum increase, and SFUSER is a user defined color saturation increase, wherein said color saturation of said first pixel is increased by said factor SFp.
According to another embodiment, said first maximum increase SFmaxH and the second maximum increase SFmaxL are calculated based on the following formulas:

SFmaxH=(Cmax−Y)/(max(Rp,Gp,Bp)−Y)

SFmaxL=(Y−Cmin)/(Y−min(Rp,Gp,Bp))

where Cmax is the upper limit of the code representing each of said RGB values, Cmin is the lower limit of the code representing each of said RGB values, Y is said luminance value, and Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values.

According to another embodiment, said luminance value Y is calculated as: Y=WRRp+WGGp+WBBp, where Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values, and WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively.
According to another embodiment, said step of increasing the color saturation of said first pixel comprises: converting said RGB values into luminance and chrominance values; applying a gain to said chrominance values; and converting said luminance and chrominance values back into RGB values.
According to another embodiment, increasing the color saturation of said first pixel comprises performing the following matrix calculation:




  
    [
    
      
        
          
            R
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            G
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            B
            p
            ′
          
        
      
    
    ]
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        R
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        G
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        B
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
      ·
      
         
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  R
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  G
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  B
                  p
                
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
    
  




    
    
        where Rp, Gp, and Bp are said RGB values, R′p, G′p, and B′p are RGB values after said color saturation increase, WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively, and SFp is a saturation factor determined based on said first and second maximum saturation increases.
    
    


According to a further aspect of an embodiment, there is provided method of color saturation correction of an image comprising increasing the color saturation of each pixel of said image according to the above method.
According to a further aspect of an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus for increasing the color saturation of the RGB values of at least one pixel of an image, the apparatus comprising a memory arranged to store said image, and a processor configured to: calculate a luminance value based on RGB values of a first pixel; calculate a first maximum increase of said color saturation based on the highest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; calculate a second maximum increase of said color saturation based on the lowest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; and increase the color saturation of said first pixel based on said first and second maximum increases.
In an embodiment, a method comprises: increasing color saturation of RGB (red, green, blue) values of at least one pixel of an image by, converting RGB values of a first pixel of the image into luminance and chrominance values; calculating a first maximum increase (SFmaxH) of color saturation based on a highest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; calculating a second maximum increase (SFmaxL) of color saturation based on a lowest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; applying a gain to said chrominance values based on said first and second maximum increases of color saturation; and converting said luminance and chrominance values back into RGB values. In an embodiment, applying the gain comprises determining a saturation factor SFp according to the following formula: SFp=MIN(SFmaxL, SFmaxH, SFUSER), where SFmaxL is the first maximum increase, SFmaxH is the second maximum increase, and SFUSER is a user defined color saturation increase. In an embodiment, said first maximum increase SFmaxH and the second maximum increase SFmaxL are calculated based on the following formulas:

SFmaxH=(Cmax−Y)/(max(Rp,Gp,Bp)−Y)

SFmaxL=(Y−Cmin)/(Y−min(Rp,Gp,Bp))

where Cmax is an upper limit of code representing each of said RGB values, Cmin is a lower limit of code representing each of said RGB values, Y is said luminance value, and Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values. In an embodiment, said luminance value Y is calculated as:

Y=WRRp+WGGp+WBBp 

where Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values, and WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively. In an embodiment, applying the gain comprises performing the following matrix calculation:





  
    [
    
      
        
          
            R
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            G
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            B
            p
            ′
          
        
      
    
    ]
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        R
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        G
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        B
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
      ·
      
         
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  R
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  G
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  B
                  p
                
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
    
  




where Rp, Gp, and Bp are said RGB values, R′p, G′p, and B′p are RGB values after said color saturation increase, WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively, and SFp is a saturation factor determined based on said first and second maximum saturation increases. In an embodiment, the method comprises increasing the color saturation of each pixel of said image.

In an embodiment, a non-transitory computer-readable medium's contents configure one or more processing devices to increase color saturation of RGB (red, green, blue) values of at least one pixel of an image by performing one or more of the methods described herein.
In an embodiment, an apparatus comprises: an RGB conversion block configured to convert RGB values of a first pixel of an image into luminance and chrominance values; a first calculation block configured to determine a first maximum increase of color saturation based on a highest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; a second calculation block configured to determine a second maximum increase of color saturation based on a lowest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; a gain block configured to apply a gain to said chrominance values based on said first and second maximum increases of color saturation; and a conversion block configured to convert luminance and chrominance values into RGB values. In an embodiment, the gain block is configured to determine the gain based on a saturation factor SFp determined according to the following formula:

SFp=MIN(SFmaxL,SFmaxH,SFUSER),

where SFmaxL is the first maximum increase, SFmaxH is the second maximum increase, and SFUSER is a user defined color saturation increase. In an embodiment, said first calculation block is configured to calculate the first maximum increase SFmaxH and the second calculation block is configured to calculate the second maximum increase SFmaxL based on the following:

SFmaxH=(Cmax−Y)/(max(Rp,Gp,Bp)−Y)

SFmaxL=(Y−Cmin)/(Y−min(Rp,Gp,Bp))

where Cmax is an upper limit of code representing each of said RGB values, Cmin is a lower limit of code representing each of said RGB values, Y is said luminance value, and Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values. In an embodiment, the RGB conversion block is configured to calculate said luminance value Y as:

Y=WRRp+WGGp+WBBp 

where Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values, and WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively. In an embodiment, the gain block is configured to perform the following matrix calculation:





  
    [
    
      
        
          
            R
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            G
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            B
            p
            ′
          
        
      
    
    ]
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        R
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        G
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        B
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
      ·
      
         
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  R
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  G
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  B
                  p
                
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
    
  




where Rp, Gp, and Bp are said RGB values, R′p, G′p, and B′p are RGB values after said color saturation increase, WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively, and SFp is a saturation factor determined based on said first and second maximum saturation increases.

In an embodiment, a system comprises: means for converting RGB values of a first pixel of an image into luminance and chrominance values; means for calculating a first maximum increase (SFmaxH) of color saturation based on a highest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; means for calculating a second maximum increase (SFmaxL) of color saturation based on a lowest of said RGB values and on said luminance value; means for applying a gain to said chrominance values based on said first and second maximum increases of color saturation; and means for converting luminance and chrominance values into RGB values. In an embodiment, the means for applying the gain is configured to perform the following matrix calculation:




  
    [
    
      
        
          
            R
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            G
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            B
            p
            ′
          
        
      
    
    ]
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        R
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        G
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        B
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
      ·
      
         
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  R
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  G
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  B
                  p
                
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
    
  




where Rp, Gp, and Bp are said RGB values, R′p, G′p, and B′p are RGB values after said color saturation increase, WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively, and SFp is a saturation factor determined based on said first and second maximum saturation increases. In an embodiment, the system further comprises means for storing the image.




BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other purposes, features, aspects and advantages of embodiments of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description of embodiments, given by way of illustration and not limitation with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a module for determining a color saturation increase to be applied to a pixel according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating an example of RGB channels before and after a color saturation increase according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates an apparatus for increasing the color saturation of one or more pixels of an image according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates an apparatus for modifying the color saturation of one or more pixels of an image according to a further embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 5A to 5C are graphs showing examples of curves representing transformations made by a transformation block of FIG. 4 according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
FIG. 6 schematically illustrates an apparatus for modifying the color saturation of one or more pixels of an image according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an apparatus for modifying the color saturation of one or more pixels of an image according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 8A and 8B are graphs showing examples of curves representing transformations made by transformation blocks of FIG. 7 according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating an example of RGB channels before and after a two-stage saturation modification according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and
FIG. 10 illustrates a device for image processing according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following description, numerous specific details are given to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments. The embodiments can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations, such as, for example, image sensors, processors, memories, etc., are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the embodiments.
Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” “according to an embodiment” or “in an embodiment” and similar phrases in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.
The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of embodiments.
In the following description, the term YUV will be used generally to refer to color models in which a pixel is represented as a luminance value (Y), and two chrominance values (UV). This covers a range of formats, including for example YCrCb and YPbPr.
Furthermore, throughout the following, a color saturation modification is defined based on a saturation factor, which for example represents the saturation modification as a percentage of the original color saturation, as a percentage increase, or as a gain, where for example a value of 1 indicates unitary gain.
FIG. 1 illustrates a module 100 for generating a saturation factor to be applied to a pixel such that the hue of the pixel is preserved.
Over-saturation of an image represented in the RGB color space can result in a clipping of one or more of the RGB values, which in turn results in image degradation. In particular, to increase pixel color saturation without increasing the luminance of the pixel, the RGB values are for example converted into an YUV format, such that a color saturation gain can be applied to the chrominance values without affecting the luminance value. However, when the modified YUV values are reconverted into RGB values, the upper or lower code limits of one or more of the RGB values may have been exceeded. This leads to image degradation, as the clipping of one or more of the RGB values results in a hue shift of the pixel, which in particular becomes apparent when a number of neighboring pixels are clipped in the same way.
With reference to FIG. 1, module 100 determines a saturation factor SFp to be applied to a pixel p of an image. Pixel p is represented as RGB values Rp, Gp, and Bp at an input 102. These values are provided to a luminance calculation block 104 (Y CALC) and to a maximum saturation factor calculation block 106 (MAX SF CALC).
Block 104 determines the luminance Y of the pixel p based on the RGB values, for example based on constants WR, WG and WB, which are weighting coefficients corresponding to the color values R, G and B respectively. Such coefficients are for example defined for a given display monitor, and can be stored in a memory. In particular, the luminance is for example determined based on the following calculation:

Y=WRRp+WGGp+WBBp 

Block 106 receives the luminance value Y from block 104, and also the RGB values from the input 102, and calculates maximum saturation factors SFmaxH and SFmaxL based on these values. The saturation factor SFmaxH is determined based on the highest of the three RGB values, and the luminance value. The saturation factor SFmaxL is determined based on the lowest of the RGB values, and on the luminance value Y.
The values SFmaxH and SFmaxL are provided to a block 108 (MIN), which selects the minimum of these values to provide an output saturation factor SFP for the current pixel p. Optionally, block 108 also receives from an input 112 a user defined color saturation value SFuser, which corresponds to a saturation increase that a user wishes to be applied across a whole image comprising pixel p. In that case, block 108 selects the minimum of the three values SFmaxH, SFmaxL and SFuser, to provide the saturation factor for the current pixel SFp.
The maximum saturation factor SFmaxH is for example determined as:

SFmaxH=(Cmax−Y)/(max(Rp,Gp,Bp)−Y)  (1)

where Cmax is the upper limit of the code representing each of said RGB values, Y is said luminance value, and Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values.

The maximum saturation factor SFmaxL is for example determined as:

SFmaxL=(Y−Cmin)/(Y−min(Rp,Gp,Bp))  (2)

where Cmin is the lower limit of the code representing each of said RGB values. In the case that Cmin is zero, this becomes simply:

SFmaxL=Y/(Y−min(Rp,Gp,Bp))

The upper code limit Cmax depends for example on the number of bits used to represent each RGB value. Assuming that each value is represented by n bits, the upper code limit is for example 2n−1, and the lower code limit is zero. If n is equal to 8, Cmax is then 255, and Cmin is 0. Alternatively, depending on how the RGB values are defined, the upper and lower code limits could be different.
The saturation factors SFmaxH and SFmaxL represent the maximum value by which the color saturation of the pixel, as defined by the YUV color model, can be increased before clipping of the RGB values occurs. In the case that the user defined saturation factor SFUSER is in the form of a percentage increase, the saturation factors SFmaxH and SFmaxL can also be represented in the form of a percentage, by multiplying them each by 100.
Advantageously, by calculating the saturation factor based on the minimum of SFmaxH and SFmaxL, over-saturation in the RGB color space can be avoided, as will now be described in relation to FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating an example of RGB values, which are received on channels A, B and C, and a luminance value, before and after a saturation increase is applied. Channel A represents the highest of the three RGB values, channel C represents the lowest of the three RGB values, and channel B represents the intermediate RGB value.
The present inventor has found that, when represented in the RGB color space, a YUV saturation increase corresponds to an increase by a same factor of the distances between each of the RGB values and the luminance value. Furthermore, clipping of one the RGB values will first occur in either the highest or lowest channel.
FIG. 2 illustrates, at a dashed line 202, an example of initial RGB values of channels A, B, and C, and of a corresponding luminance value, which has a value between those of channels A and B. As the color saturation is increased, the values of channels A and C move away from the luminance value, towards the upper and lower code limits, labeled Cmax and 0 in FIG. 2. The value of channel A reaches upper code limit Cmax, at a dashed line 204, before the value of channel C reaches the lower code limit. This point represents the optimum saturation increase, just before any clipping of the RGB values occurs.
The saturation factor SFmaxH described above with reference to FIG. 1 corresponds to the gain that is applied to the value of channel A such that it just reaches the upper code limit Cmax. Indeed, with reference to formula (1) above, the distance labeled 206 in FIG. 2 between Cmax and the luminance value is equal to Cmax−Y, and the distance labeled 208 between channel A and the luminance value is equal to max(Rp,Gp,Bp)−Y. The ratio between these two distances determines the saturation factor to be applied to bring channel A to the upper code limit Cmax.
Calling such a saturation 100 percent, the initial saturation can then be defined as a percentage of this maximum permissible saturation, and in the example of FIG. 2 the saturation is thus initially at 50 percent.
The saturation factor SFmaxL calculated for the example of FIG. 2, is higher than SFmaxH. However, in alternative examples, the value of channel C could hit the lower code limit before the value of channel A hits the upper code limit, and in this case it would be the value of SFmaxL that is the determining value.
FIG. 3 illustrates a system 300 for increasing the color saturation level of the RGB pixel p of FIG. 1 received at input 102. As illustrated, the RGB values are provided to a matrix calculation block 302 (MATRIX CALC), which also receives the saturation factor SFp generated by module 100 (MAX SF CALC) of FIG. 1, and also the weighting coefficients WR, WG and WB. Block 302 applies a matrix operation on the RGB values based on saturation factor and on the weighting coefficients, in order to provide modified RGB values R′p, G′p and B′p at an output 304 for the pixel p.
For example, the matrix calculation that is applied by block 302 may be as follows:




  
    [
    
      
        
          
            R
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            G
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            B
            p
            ′
          
        
      
    
    ]
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        R
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        G
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        B
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
      ·
      
         
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  R
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  G
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  B
                  p
                
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
    
  




Such a matrix calculation corresponds to a transformation of the input RGB values Rp, Gp and Bp into luminance and chrominance values, the application of the saturation factor SFp to the chrominance values, and the transformation of the luminance and modified chrominance values back into the RGB color model in the form of values Rp′, Gp′ and Bp′.
For example, if a color saturation increase is to be applied to an entire image comprising pixels 0 to P, each pixel p is provided to the module 100 and to the matrix calculation block 302 of FIG. 3 in parallel, such that, for each pixel p, a corresponding saturation factor SFp can be generated and applied to the pixel by the matrix calculation block 302. In the case that a user also defines a color saturation increase for the image, each pixel will be modified based on the value SFmaxH, SFmaxL or SFUSER, whichever is lowest.
Alternatively, no user saturation increase may be specified, but instead the user may request that an optimum color saturation increase is applied to each pixel. In this case, the lowest of the maximum saturation increase values SFmaxH and SFmaxL is for example applied to each pixel.
FIG. 4 illustrates an apparatus 400 for modifying the color saturation of one or more pixels according to an embodiment.
An input color pixel value 402 (PIXIN) may be any format, including but not limited to RGB, HSV (Hue Saturation Value), YUV, etc. The pixel value is provided to a calculation block 404 (CAL SAT/HUE/LUM), which determines one of the color saturation, hue and luminance of the pixel. In the case that the pixel is in the HSV format, this information can be extracted directly.
Alternatively, in the case that the signal is in the RGB color space, the luminance can be calculated as described above. The color saturation in the YUV color space can be determined by determining the saturation factor explained above with reference to FIG. 1, and then taking the inverse of this factor. The hue, on a scale of 0 to 360, can be calculated by the following equations based on the RGB values:

IF max(R,G,B)=R: Hue=60*(G−B)/(R−min(R,G,B))

IF max(R,G,B)=G: Hue=120+60*(B−R)/(G−min(R,G,B))

IF max(R,G,B)=B: Hue=240+60*(R−G)/(B−min(R,G,B))

where on the scale of 0 to 360, the values 0 and 360 correspond to red, the value 120 corresponds to green, and the value 240 corresponds to blue, and intermediate values correspond to intermediate color shapes. Saturation the HSV color space can be determined as follows:

SATHSV=(max−min)/max

where max is equal to max(R,G,B) and min is equal to min(R,G,B).

Furthermore, in the case that the pixel is in the YUV color space, the color saturation and hue can be extracted by first converting the signals into the RGB color space, and then as described above.
The block 404 provides a color saturation, hue or luminance value W to a transformation block 406, which transforms this value W into a saturation factor SF′p to be applied to the pixel. For example, the block 406 comprises a look-up table, which provides a certain saturation factor for each value or range of values of the value W. This is illustrated by a curve in FIG. 4, representing the relationship between the value W and the saturation factor. Such a transformation is for example implemented by a lookup table, or by the application of a certain formula describing the transformation. In some cases, such as if W is a saturation value, the saturation factor corresponding to the peak of the curve may be set by a user defined saturation increase SFUSER provided by a block 408. For example, saturation factors for each value W are defined as a fraction or percentage of the user defined saturation factor, the peak of the curve corresponding to 100 percent of the user defined saturation factor. Alternatively, the magnitude of the curve could be user defined.
The saturation factor SFp′ from block 406 is provided to a color saturation modification block 410 (SAT MOD), which also receives the pixel value 402, and modifies its color saturation based on the saturation factor SFp′. It provides an output pixel 412 (PIXOUT).
FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are graphs illustrating examples of the relationships between the value V and the saturation factor SF′p, in the case that the value is the color saturation, hue and luminance respectively.
FIG. 5A illustrates the saturation factor SF′p for saturation values of between 0 and 4095, assuming a 12-bit saturation value, although an alterative scale could be used, which is for example user defined. For color saturations between 0 and 1000, the saturation factor is approximately proportional to the color saturation, for example progressively increasing from 25 to 140 percent. For color saturation values between 1000 and 2000, the saturation factor stable, for example at around 140 percent. Between color saturation levels of 2000 to 4000, the saturation factor is inversely proportional to the color saturation, for example progressively decreasing from 140 percent to 100 percent.
More generally, the relation between the pixel saturation and the saturation factor is for example such that, for relatively low color saturations, relatively low saturation factors are provided, for intermediate color saturation values, a relatively high saturation factor is provided, and for relatively high color saturations, relatively low saturation factors are provided.
FIG. 5B illustrates the saturation factor SFp′ for hue values progressing from red to green to blue and back to red again, for example on a scale of 0 to 360 as described above. Alternatively, the hue could be remapped to a power of 2, such as a scale of 0 to 255, in other words 8-bits. In this example, hues close to red result in a relatively low saturation factor, for example at around 120 percent. Indeed, such hues often indicate faces, which are preferably not highly saturated. Hues close to green result in an intermediate saturation factor, for example of around 150 percent, while hues close to blue for example result in a relatively high saturation factor, for example of around 180 percent. Indeed, greens and blues in pictures often correspond to vegetation and sky, which generally benefits from relatively high color saturation.
FIG. 5C illustrates the saturation factor SF′p for luminance values of between 0 and 4095, assuming 12-bit luminance values, although other scales could be used. For luminance values between 0 and 500, the saturation factor is approximately proportional to the color saturation, for example progressively increasing from 30 to 100 percent. For color saturation values between 500 and 2000, the saturation factor is stable, for example at around 100 percent. Between color saturation levels of 2000 and 3500, the saturation factor is inversely proportional to the color saturation, for example progressively decreasing from 100 to 35 percent, and between 3500 and 4000 it is stable, for example at 35 percent.
Thus, for very low luminance values and relatively high luminance values, the saturation factor is low, whereas for intermediate luminance values, higher saturation factors are provided.
FIG. 6 illustrates an apparatus 600 for modifying the color saturation of one or more pixels according to an embodiment. Features in common with the apparatus 400 of FIG. 4 have been labeled with like references, and will not be described again in detail.
Rather than a single calculation block and transformation block, the circuit of FIG. 6 comprises three calculation blocks 602 (CALC SAT), 604 (CALC HUE) and 606 (CALC LUM) for determining the color saturation, hue and luminance of the pixel respectively, and three transformation blocks 608 (LUTSAT), 610 (LUTHUE) and 612 (LUTLUM) implemented as look-up tables for transforming the color saturation, hue and luminance values respectively into saturation factors SFpSAT, SFpHUE and SFpLUM. Each block 608, 610, 612 is for example implemented as a lookup table performing the transformation represented by the graphs of FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C described above. The three saturation factors SFpSAT, SFpHUE and SFpLUM are provided to a block 614 (MIN), which determines the minimum of these values to provide the saturation factor SFp′ to be applied to the pixel, using the block 410.
Optionally, a user defined saturation level SFUSER is provided to transformation block 608, for determining the peak color saturation as described above. Additionally or alternatively, the user defined color saturation level may be provided as another input to the block 614, such that it will be selected if it is lower than all the other saturation factors.
Furthermore, optionally the module 100 described above with reference to FIG. 1 is also provided, and receives the input pixel 402. In this case, the input pixel comprises RGB values, and the block 100 generates a further saturation factor SFp that avoids a hue shift of the RGB value, as described above. This saturation factor is for example provided as an additional input to the block 614, such that it will be selected as the saturation factor SFp′ if it is lower than the other inputs.
In the case that the input pixel 402 is in the format RGB, the blocks 602, 604 and 606 could be implemented by a single block that performs a conversion from RGB to HSV.
In alternative embodiments, one or two of the calculation blocks 602, 604, 606, and the one or two corresponding transformation blocks 608, 610, 612, could be removed.
FIG. 7 illustrates an apparatus 700 for modifying the color saturation of a pixel according to an embodiment.
An input pixel 702 is in the RGB format, comprising three channels Rp, Gp and Bp of a pixel p. The input pixel is provided to a conversion block 704 (RGB TO HSV), which converts the RGB values into the HSV format.
In the example of FIG. 7, there are two transformation blocks 706 (LUTHUE), 708 (LUTSAT), which receive the hue and color saturation values respectively from block 704, and provide saturation factors SFpHUE and SFpSAT. Alternatively, there could be one or three of the transformation blocks 608, 610, 612 of FIG. 6. The blocks are for example implemented by lookup tables, which for example apply the transformations represented by the corresponding curves of FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C. Alternatively, the transformations may be, for example, those represented by FIGS. 8A and 8B, as will now be described.
FIG. 8A illustrates the saturation factor SFpSAT for saturation values of between 0 and 255, assuming an 8-bit saturation value, although an alternative scale could be used, which is for example user defined. For color saturations between 0 and 50, no saturation increase is applied. Then, between color saturations of 50 and 75, the saturation factor SFpSAT progressively increases from 100 to 160 percent. For color saturation values between 75 and 150, the saturation factor SFpSAT is relatively stable at 160 percent, before progressively falling back to 100 percent between color saturations of 150 to 200. Between color saturation levels of 200 and 255, the saturation factor SFpSAT is equal to 100 percent, implying no saturation increase.
FIG. 8B illustrates the saturation factor SFpHUE for hue values progressing from red to green to blue and back to red again, for example on a scale of 0 to 360, or on a scale based on a power of 2, such as a scale of 0 to 255, in other words 8-bits. In this example, hues from red to green, i.e., from 0 to around 100 on a scale 0 to 255, result in a relatively low saturation factor, for example at 100 percent. Then, the saturation factor SFpHUE rises progressively and reaches around 145 percent at around a hue of 120, which is maintained until a hue of around 140. For, hues of around 140 to 175, the saturation factor SFpHUE increases to around 170 percent, before falling progressively back to 100 percent at a hue of around 200, corresponding to the start of red again.
The color saturation factors SFpSAT and SFpHUE are provided to a block 710 (MIN), which determines the minimum of these saturation factors in order to provide an output saturation factor SFp′ used to increase the pixel saturation of pixel p.
The saturation factor SFp′ from block 710 is provided to a color saturation modification block 712 (SAT MOD (HSV IN RGB)). Rather than receiving the input pixel directly, block 712 receives it after an initial color saturation modification has also ready been performed by a block 714 (SAT MOD(YUV)). Block 714 for example applies the saturation factor SFp generated by the module 100 of FIG. 1 described above. Thus, this saturation factor SFp for example corresponds to the maximum saturation increase without clipping the RGB values. Alternatively block 714 could apply a user defined saturation factor.
Both blocks 712 and 714 apply a color saturation to the RGB values, but the color saturation applied by block 714 is for example a color saturation modification defined according to the YUV color space, in which the distance of the RGB values from the luminance value is modified, whereas block 712 applies a color saturation modification according to the HSV color space, according to which the distance between the highest of the RGB values and the other two RGB values is modified. This will be described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 9.
Optionally, block 710 may also receive a maximum saturation factor SFmax from a calculation block 716, which determines the maximum saturation increase that can be applied to the RGB values as modified by block 714, while avoiding clipping of the RGB values, as will be described in more detail below. In this case, the block 710 outputs the minimum of the three saturation factors SFmax, SFpHUE and SFpSAT.
In some embodiments, rather than applying the saturation factor SFp′ provided by block 710, block 712 could apply a saturation factor defined in a different fashion, such as a user-defined saturation factor. In such a case, blocks 704, 706, 708 and 710 could be removed.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing an example of a two-stage color saturation modification. As with FIG. 2, the channel A is the maximum of the RGB values, channel C is the minimum of the RGB values, and channel B is the median of the RGB values.
The initial values of channels A, B and C of the RGB input pixel, at a point shown by dashed line 902, for example correspond to 50 percent of the maximum saturation increase that can be applied in the YUV color space before clipping of the RGB channels occurs. In the example of FIG. 9, the block 714 of FIG. 7 applies the maximum saturation increase, bringing the color saturation to 100 percent, as shown by dashed line 904. Thus, the luminance remains constant, whereas the channels A, B and C are distanced from the luminance.
Next, block 712 of FIG. 7 applies a color saturation modification in the HSV color space. For example, this results in an increase in the spacing of channels B and C with respect to the highest channel, which is channel A. In particular assuming channels A, B and C initially have values a, b and c, after application of the saturation factor SFp′, the value of channel A will remain at a, while the modified values b′ and c′ of channels B and C become:

b′=a−(a−b)·SFp′

c′=a−(a−c)·SFp′

If the modified value c′ of channel C is chosen to equal zero, the value of SFp′ that results in a maximum saturation increase while avoiding clipping of the RGB values can be calculated, in other words the value results in channel C just hitting the minimum code value, which is for example equal to zero. In other word, the following calculation can be made:

SFmax=a/(a−c)

where a is equal to max(Rp,Gp,Bp) and c is equal to min(Rp,Gp,Bp). It should be noted that advantageously the hue is preserved during this two-stage saturation modification.

FIG. 10 illustrates a processing device 1000 for processing images according to the methods described herein. An image memory 1002 (IMAGE MEM) stores one or more images, for which a color saturation modification is to be applied. The image memory is coupled to a processor 1004 (P), which is under the control of an instruction memory 1006 (INSTR MEM). The instructions of instruction memory 1006 control the processor 1004 to implement one or more of the color saturation increase methods described above, and a display 1008 (DISPLAY) is for example provided for displaying the resulting image. A user input 1010 (USER INPUT) for example allows the use to select an image from the image memory 1002 for processing, and also to optionally define a user saturation factor.
The device 1000 is for example a PC (personal computer) or laptop computer, digital camera, or other electronic device capable of processing a digital image.
In some embodiments, the pixels of an image to be processed according to the methods described herein could be streamed to device 1000, in which case the image memory 1002 could be omitted.
An advantage of an embodiment of generating a maximum saturation factor for a pixel based on the minimum and maximum of the RGB values is that clipping of the RGB values may be avoided, and thus the hue of the pixel can be maintained.
Furthermore, an advantage of an embodiment of determining a saturation factor based on one of the color saturation, hue and luminance of a pixel is that the color saturation may be automatically limited based on the characteristics of the image.
Furthermore, an advantage of an embodiment of performing a two-stage color saturation modification, firstly by modifying the distance between the luminance and each of the RGB channels while maintaining the luminance, and secondly by modifying the distance between the maximum of the RGB channels and each of the other RGB channels, is that a broader saturation increase may be applied. Furthermore, most of the saturation increase may be applied in a safe fashion, while preserving the luminance, and then additionally color saturation can be applied to specific hues, that for example decreases the luminance while preserving the hue, and leading to an improved image quality, for example darker and/or deeper color shades. This may be be particularly advantageous in the case of blue skies.
Having thus described at least one illustrative embodiment, various alterations, modifications and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art.
For example, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, while the embodiments herein describe the modification of the color saturation of one pixel or of all the pixels of an image, in alternative embodiments, only certain pixels of an image may be selected for modification.
Furthermore, the various features described in relation to the embodiments of the present disclosure could be combined in alternative embodiments in any combination.
Some embodiments may take the form of computer program products. For example, according to one embodiment there is provided a computer readable medium comprising a computer program adapted to perform one or more of the methods described above. The medium may be a physical storage medium such as for example a Read Only Memory (ROM) chip, or a disk such as a Digital Versatile Disk (DVD-ROM), Compact Disk (CD-ROM), a hard disk, a memory, a network, or a portable media article to be read by an appropriate drive or via an appropriate connection, including as encoded in one or more barcodes or other related codes stored on one or more such computer-readable mediums and being readable by an appropriate reader device.
Furthermore, in some embodiments, some or all of the systems and/or modules may be implemented or provided in other manners, such as at least partially in firmware and/or hardware, including, but not limited to, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), discrete circuitry, standard integrated circuits, controllers (e.g., by executing appropriate instructions, and including microcontrollers and/or embedded controllers), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), state machines, complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), etc., as well as devices that employ RFID technology. In some embodiments, some of the modules or controllers separately described herein may be combined, split into further modules and/or split and recombined in various manners.
The systems, modules and data structures may also be transmitted as generated data signals (e.g., as part of a carrier wave) on a variety of computer-readable transmission mediums, including wireless-based and wired/cable-based mediums.
The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. Concurrently filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/624,613 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety (which claims priority to French Application Nos. 1158374 and 1158375, both filed Sep. 21, 2011). Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.
These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.

## Claims

1. A method, comprising:
increasing color saturation of RGB (red, green, blue) values of pixels of an image by,
calculating a luminance value (Y) based on RGB values of a first pixel;
calculating a first maximum increase (SFmaxH) of color saturation based on a highest of said RGB values and on said luminance value;
calculating a second maximum increase (SFmaxL) of color saturation based on a lowest of said RGB values and on said luminance value;
increasing the color saturation of said first pixel in the RGB color space based on said first and second maximum increases; and
modifying the increased color saturation of the first pixel in the RGB color space based on a modification defined in the HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color space.

2. The method of claim 1, comprising:
determining a saturation factor SFp according to:


SFp=MIN(SFmaxL,SFmaxH,SFUSER),



where SFmaxL is the first maximum increase, SFmaxH is the second maximum increase, and SFUSER is a user defined color saturation increase.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein said first maximum increase SFmaxH and the second maximum increase SFmaxL are calculated according to:


SFmaxH=(Cmax−Y)/(max(Rp,Gp,Bp)−Y)



SFmaxL=(Y−Cmax)/(Y−min(Rp,Gp,Bp))


where Cmax is an upper limit of code representing each of said RGB values, Cmin is a lower limit of code representing each of said RGB values, Y is said luminance value, and Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein said luminance value Y is calculated as:


Y=WRRp+WGGp+WBBp 


where Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values, and WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively.

5. The method of claim 1, comprising:
converting said RGB values into luminance and chrominance values;
applying a gain to said chrominance values; and
converting said luminance and chrominance values back into RGB values.

6. The method of claim 5 comprising performing a matrix calculation as follows:




  
    [
    
      
        
          
            R
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            G
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            B
            p
            ′
          
        
      
    
    ]
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        R
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        G
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        B
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
      ·
      
         
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  R
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  G
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  B
                  p
                
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
    
  




where Rp, Gp, and Bp are said RGB values, R′p, G′p, and B′p are RGB values after said color saturation increase, WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively, and SFp is a saturation factor determined based on said first and second maximum saturation increases.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising increasing the color saturation of each pixel of said image.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein modifying the increased color saturation of the first pixel in the RGB color space comprises increasing the increased color saturation of the first pixel.

9. The method of claim 1 comprising creating a second image based on the pixels having the modified color saturation values.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the first maximum increase and the second maximum increase represent maximum increases which avoid clipping of RGB values of the first pixel.

11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium whose contents configure one or more processing devices to increase color saturation of RGB (red, green, blue) values of pixels of an image by performing a method, the method comprising:
calculating a luminance value (Y) based on RGB values of a first pixel;
calculating a first maximum increase (SFmaxH) of color saturation based on a highest of said RGB values and on said luminance value;
calculating a second maximum increase (SFmaxL) of color saturation based on a lowest of said RGB values and on said luminance value;
increasing the color saturation of said first pixel in the RGB color space based on said first and second maximum increases; and
modifying the increased color saturation of the first pixel in the RGB color space based on a modification defined in the HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color space.

12. The computer-readable medium of claim 11 wherein the method comprises:
determining a saturation factor SFp according to:


SFp=MIN(SFmaxL,SFmaxH,SFUSER),



where SFmaxL is the first maximum increase, SFmaxH is the second maximum increase, and SFUSER is a user defined color saturation increase.

13. The computer-readable medium of claim 11 wherein said first maximum increase SFmaxH and the second maximum increase SFmaxL are calculated according to:


SFmaxH=(Cmax−Y)/(max(Rp,Gp,Bp)−Y)



SFmaxL=(Y−Cmin)/(Y−min(Rp,Gp,Bp))


where Cmax is an upper limit of code representing each of said RGB values, Cmin is a lower limit of code representing each of said RGB values, Y is said luminance value, and Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values.

14. The computer-readable medium of claim 11 wherein said luminance value Y is calculated as:


Y=WRRp+WGGp+WBBp 


where Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values, and WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively.

15. The computer-readable medium of claim 11 wherein the method comprises:
converting said RGB values into luminance and chrominance values;
applying a gain to said chrominance values; and
converting said luminance and chrominance values back into RGB values.

16. The computer-readable medium of claim 15 wherein the method comprises performing a matrix calculation:




  
    [
    
      
        
          
            R
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            G
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            B
            p
            ′
          
        
      
    
    ]
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        R
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        G
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        B
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
      ·
      
         
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  R
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  G
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  B
                  p
                
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
    
  




where Rp, Gp, and Bp are said RGB values, R′p, G′p, and B′p are RGB values after said color saturation increase, WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively, and SFp is a saturation factor determined based on said first and second maximum saturation increases.

17. The computer-readable medium of claim 11 wherein the method comprises increasing the color saturation of each pixel of said image.

18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11 wherein the method comprises creating a second image based on the pixels having the modified color saturation values.

19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11 wherein the first maximum increase and the second maximum increase represent maximum increases which avoid clipping of RGB values of the first pixel.

20. An apparatus, comprising:
one or more memories; and
image processing circuitry configured to process pixels of an image, the processing including:
determining a first maximum increase of color saturation of a pixel of the image based on a highest of RGB (red, green, blue) values of the pixel and a luminance value of the pixel;
determining a second maximum increase of color saturation of the pixel based on a lowest of said RGB values and on said luminance value;
increasing a color saturation of the pixel in the RGB color space based on the first and second maximum increases of color saturation; and
modifying the increased color saturation of the pixel in the RGB color space based on a modification defined in the HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color space.

21. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the image processing circuitry is configured to determine a saturation factor SFp according to:


SFp=MIN(SFmaxL,SFmaxHSFUSER),


where SFmaxL is the first maximum increase, SFmaxH is the second maximum increase, and SFUSER is a user defined color saturation increase.

22. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein said image processing circuitry is configured to calculate the first maximum increase SFmaxH and the second maximum increase SFmaxL according to:


SFmaxH=(Cmax−Y)/(max(Rp,Gp,Bp)−Y)



SFmaxL=(Y−Cmin)/(Y−min(Rp,Gp,Bp))


where Cmax is an upper limit of code representing each of said RGB values, Cmin is a lower limit of code representing each of said RGB values, Y is said luminance value, and Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values.

23. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the image processing circuitry is configured to calculate said luminance value Y according to:


Y=WRRp+WGGp+WBBp 


where Rp, Gp and Bp are said RGB values, and WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively.

24. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the image processing circuitry is configured to:
convert the RGB values into luminance and chrominance values; and
increase said chrominance values and convert the luminance and increased chrominance values into output RGB values.

25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the image processing circuitry is configured to perform a matrix calculation:




  
    [
    
      
        
          
            R
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            G
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            B
            p
            ′
          
        
      
    
    ]
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        R
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        G
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        B
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
      ·
      
         
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  R
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  G
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  B
                  p
                
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
    
  




where Rp, Gp, and Bp are said RGB values, R′p, G′p, and B′p are the output RGB values, WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to R, G and B values respectively, and SFp is a saturation factor determined based on said first and second maximum saturation increases.

26. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the image processing circuitry comprises one or more look-up tables.

27. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein modifying the increased color saturation of the pixel in the RGB color space comprises increasing the increased color saturation of the pixel.

28. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the image processing circuitry is configured to create a second image based on the pixels having the modified color saturation values.

29. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the first maximum increase and the second maximum increase represent maximum increases which avoid clipping of RGB values of the pixel.

30. A system, comprising:
means for calculating a first maximum increase (SFmaxL) of color saturation of a pixel of an image based on a highest of RGB values of the pixel and on a luminance value of the pixel;
means for calculating a second maximum increase (SFmaxL) of color saturation based on a lowest of said RGB values and on said luminance value;
means for increasing a color saturation of the pixel in the RGB color space based on said first and second maximum increases of color saturation; and
means for modifying the increased color saturation of the first pixel in the RGB color space based on a modification defined in the HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color space.

31. The system of claim 30, comprising:
means for converting RGB values of the first pixel into luminance and chrominance values, wherein the means for increasing the color saturation includes means for increasing said chrominance values based on said first and second maximum increases of color saturation and converting luminance and chrominance values into RGB values.

32. The system of claim 31 wherein the means for increasing the color saturation is configured to perform a matrix calculation:




  
    [
    
      
        
          
            R
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            G
            p
            ′
          
        
      
      
        
          
            B
            p
            ′
          
        
      
    
    ]
  
  =
  
     
    
      
        [
        
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        R
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        G
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
          
          
            
              
                
                  W
                  R
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  G
                
                ×
                
                  (
                  
                    1
                    -
                    
                      SF
                      p
                    
                  
                  )
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  W
                  B
                
                +
                
                  
                    (
                    
                      1
                      -
                      
                        W
                        B
                      
                    
                    )
                  
                  ×
                  
                    SF
                    p
                  
                
              
            
          
        
        ]
      
      ·
      
         
        
          [
          
            
              
                
                  R
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  G
                  p
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  B
                  p
                
              
            
          
          ]
        
      
    
  




where Rp, Gp, and Bp are said RGB values, R′p, G′p, and B′p are RGB values after said color saturation increase, WR, WG and WB are constant weighting coefficients corresponding to the R, G and B values respectively, and SFp is a saturation factor determined based on said first and second maximum saturation increases.

33. The system of claim 30, further comprising means for storing the image.