UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR VETERANS CLAIMS

NO. 04-0534 

JAMES P. BARR, APPELLANT,

V.

R. JAMES NICHOLSON,

SECRETARY OF VETERANS AFFAIRS, APPELLEE.

On Appeal from the Board of Veterans' Appeals

(Decided June 15, 2007 )

Jenny Y. Twyford, of Waterford, Virginia, for the appellant. 

Tim S. McClain, General Counsel; R. Randall Campbell, Assistant General Counsel;Richard

Mayerick, Deputy Assistant General Counsel; and Ralph G. Stiehm, all of Washington, D.C., for the

appellee. 

Before GREENE, Chief Judge, and KASOLD and HAGEL, Judges. 

GREENE, Chief Judge: Veteran James P. Barr appeals through counsel a February 17, 2004,

decision of the Board of Veterans' Appeals (Board) denying entitlement to service connection for

varicose veins. He argues, inter alia, that the Board erred (1) in its determination that no evidence

demonstrated service incurrence of his condition or supported a finding of continuity of

symptomatology since service; (2) by relying on an inadequate medical examination; and (3) in its

determination that the Secretary complied with his notification duties pursuant to 38 U.S.C.

§ 5103(a) and the Veterans Claims Assistance Act of 2000 (VCAA), Pub. L. No. 106-475, 114 Stat.

2096. The Secretary argues that (1) a plausible basis exists in the record for the Board's decision;

(2) he had no duty to obtain a medical opinion in this case; and (3) Mr. Barr was provided adequate

notice. For the reasons set forth below, the 2004 Board decision will be vacated and the matter

remanded for further adjudication.
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I. FACTS

Mr. Barr served honorably in the U.S. Army from September 1965 through September 1967.

Record (R.) at 14. His induction medical examination report does not note any abnormalities of his

vascular system or lower extremities. R. at 17. His separation medical examination reports a history

of leg cramps. R. at 34. In October 1996, Mr. Barr filed a claim for disability compensation for

varicose veins. R. at 62-63. He claimed that his condition began in the summer of 1966 as a result

of daily training runs on hard surfaces while wearing boots. Id. He stated that he had been treated

in a field hospital at Fort Benning, Georgia, during the summer of 1966, and had also received

private treatment since his military discharge. Id. A January 1997 VA medical examiner opined

that Mr. Barr had varicose veins and venous insufficiency of the legs, more marked on his left leg.

R. at 76. The VA examiner noted that none of Mr. Barr's medical records were available for review,

but recounted his history of onset during service, and treatment since that time. R. at 75. The

examiner did not offer an etiology opinion. A VA regional office (RO) denied the claim (R. at 79-

80), and Mr. Barr filed a Notice of Disagreement (R. at 82-83).

In December 1997, Mr. Barr submitted to VA a statement asserting that he filed his claim

more than 30 years after his service because he "never had problems with the leg until very recent

years" and because his "left leg has looked like hell since 1966, but, the pain has just started." R. at

88. He described the veins in his left leg as "erupting" during the summer of 1966, causing

unsightly bulges from above his knee down to and including his foot. R. at 89. He stated that, while

in service, he was a medical supply clerk, and that his company included several doctors and

"experienced medical specialists" who, on several occasions, observed and considered his

varicosities. Id. He reported that another person in his company developed worse varicose veins

and had them surgically stripped, but that the medical personnel who had observed his condition did

not think he required medical treatment. Id. He also stated that he did not recall reporting to sick

call "to file a formal complaint" because it would have seemed odd to have done so after having

discussed his condition at length with the medical personnel with whom he worked closely. Id. He

reiterated these same contentions in more detail during a Board hearing in June 1997. R. at 114-32.

At that time he also recounted several private physicians whom he had seen over the previous

30 years for other conditions, to whom he had mentioned his varicose veins. R. at 125-29.
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In October 2001, the Board remanded the case and directed the RO to (1) ensure compliance

with all VA notification requirements; (2) request that Mr. Barr identify all VA and non-VA medical

treatment providers and authorize VA to attempt to obtain pertinent treatment records; and (3)

"specifically instruct[] [Mr. Barr] to submit competent evidence to support his assertions that he had

developed varicose veins during service." R. at 137-38. The RO sent Mr. Barr a letter in November

2001 with the stated purpose, inter alia, of advising him of "what evidence is necessary to establish

entitlement to the benefit you want." R. at 141. The letter referred to Mr. Barr's claim for service

connection for varicose veins and stated that in order to establish entitlement the evidence must

show (1) an injury or disease that began or was made worse in service, or an event in service causing

injury or disease; (2) a current disability; and (3) a relationship between the current disability and

an injury, disease, or event in service. R. at 141-42. The letter requested that Mr. Barr sign enclosed

medical authorization forms to enable VA to contact the healthcare providers he had previously

referred to and attempt to obtain any relevant medical records. Id. Finally, the letter also advised

Mr. Barr to "submit competent evidence to support [his] assertions that [he] developed varicose

veins during service." R. at 143. The record does not demonstrate that Mr. Barr responded to that

November 2001 notice. Following an October 2003 Supplemental Statement of the Case (R. at 146-

65), the Board issued the decision here on appeal.

In denying Mr. Barr's claim, the February 17, 2004, Board initially found that VA had

complied with all VCAA notification requirements. R. at 6. The Board then determined that the

preponderance of the evidence was against the claim for service connection. The Board considered

the January 1997 diagnosis of varicose veins, but found: "[T]he medical evidence does not show that

his currently demonstrated varicose veins were present in service or for many years thereafter or that

any such current disability was caused by any incident or event in service." R. at 8-9. The Board

considered Mr. Barr's testimony regarding the onset of his condition, but denied the claim for lack

of evidence in support of those assertions. See R. at 9 ("The service medical records do not serve

to confirm the onset of varicose veins . . . [and he] has submitted no competent evidence to show

that the varicose veins are due to disease or injury in service . . . [nor] has [he] submitted . . .

evidence to support these assertions . . . . [The] Board has considered the veteran's arguments,

particularly in regard to the onset of his current disability. However, the veteran is a layman and

not competent to offer an opinion as to questions involving medical diagnosis or causation as
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presented in this case."). The Board concluded that the record contains "no convincing evidence that

the veteran's currently demonstrated varicose veins had their clinical onset in service." Id. This

appeal followed.

II. SERVICE CONNECTION AND 

CONTINUITY OF SYMPTOMATOLOGY

A. Arguments of the Parties

Mr. Barr argues that reversal of the Board's decision is appropriate because his statements

from 1996 forward constitute a "noting" that his varicose veins started in service and have persisted

continuously since 1966, and thus provide competent evidence of continuity of symptomatology

entitling him to service connection pursuant to 38 C.F.R. § 3.303(b) (2006) and Savage v. Gober,

10 Vet.App. 488 (1997). As a basis for that assertion, he avers that varicose veins are a condition

capable of lay observation, and therefore, the Board erred when it rejected his lay statements as not

competent and denied the claim based on a lack of supporting medical evidence. He further

contends that the Board erred when it failed to provide an adequate statement of reasons or bases

for its determination that "'the evidence of record does not support his assertions of having had . . .

a continuity of symptomatology.'" Appellant's Brief (Br.) at 7-8 (quoting R. at 9). 

In response, the Secretary argues that Savage does not support Mr. Barr's claim because,

although a lay person is competent to describe observations regarding veins, an interpretation of

whether those symptoms amount to a diagnosis of varicose veins requires medical expertise.

Secretary's (Sec'y) Br. at 8-9. He further contends that, even assuming Mr. Barr is competent to

diagnose varicose veins, the 27-year hiatus between Mr. Barr's separation examination from service

and his first diagnosis of varicose veins gave the Board a plausible basis to conclude that "'the

evidence of record does not support his assertions of having had related in[-]service manifestations

or a continuity of symptomatology or treatment thereafter.'" Id. at 8 (quoting R. at 9).

B. Law 

Establishing service connection generally requires (1) medical evidence of a current

disability; (2) medical or, in certain circumstances, lay evidence of in-service incurrence or

aggravation of a disease or injury; and (3) medical evidence of a nexus between the claimed

in-service disease or injury and the present disability. See Caluza v. Brown, 7 Vet.App. 498, 506
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(1995), aff'd per curiam, 78 F.3d 604 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (table); see also Hickson v. West, 12 Vet.App.

247, 253 (1999); 38 C.F.R. § 3.303. Under § 3.303(b), and of relevance here, an alternative method

of establishing the second and/or third Caluza element is through a demonstration of continuity of

symptomatology. See Savage, 10 Vet.App. at 495-97; see also Clyburn v. West, 12 Vet.App. 296,

302 (1999). Continuity of symptomatology may be established if a claimant can demonstrate

(1) that a condition was "noted" during service; (2) evidence of postservice continuity of the same

symptomatology; and (3) medical or, in certain circumstances, lay evidence of a nexus between the

present disability and the postservice symptomatology. Savage, 10 Vet.App. at 495-96; see Hickson,

12 Vet.App. at 253 (lay evidence of in-service incurrence sufficient in some circumstances for

purposes of establishing service connection); 38 C.F.R. § 3.303(b). The Board's determination on

continuity of symptomatology is a finding of fact reviewed by this Court under the "clearly

erroneous" standard of review. Savage, 10 Vet.App. at 496.

Significant in our caselaw is that lay persons are not competent to opine as to medical

etiology or render medical opinions. See Grover v. West, 12 Vet.App. 109, 112 (1999); Espiritu v.

Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 492, 494 (1992). Lay testimony is competent, however, to establish the

presence of observable symptomatology and "may provide sufficient support for a claim of service

connection." Layno v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 465, 469 (1994); see also Falzone v. Brown, 8 Vet.App.

398, 405 (1995) (lay person competent to testify to pain and visible flatness of his feet); Espiritu,

2 Vet.App. at 494-95 (lay person may provide eyewitness account of medical symptoms). The

Court has emphasized that "symptoms, not treatment, are the essence of any evidence of continuity

of symptomatology." Savage, 10 Vet.App. at 496 (citing Wilson v. Derwinski, 2 Vet.App. 16, 19

(1991)). Once evidence is determined to be competent, the Board must determine whether such

evidence is also credible. See Layno, supra (distinguishing between competency ("a legal concept

determining whether testimony may be heard and considered") and credibility ("a factual

determination going to the probative value of the evidence to be made after the evidence has been

admitted")). 

In Savage, the Court considered when and how a condition could be "noted" in service.

There the veteran had presented postservice testimony regarding an in-service fall that had caused

him to limp since service. Savage, 10 Vet.App. at 496-97. The Court held that if the condition was

one "as to which a lay person's observation is competent," medical evidence of "noting" was not
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necessarily required. Id. at 497. Presuming Mr. Savage's testimony regarding his in-service fall

credible, the Court held sworn testimony alone sufficient to establish an in-service "noting," and that

no specific in-service medical notation, let alone diagnosis, was required. Id. (holding veteran's

statements, "in and of themselves, sufficient to show continuity of symptomatology" for wellgroundedness purposes). The Savage Court went on to hold, however, that notwithstanding the

veteran's showing of postservice symptomatology, the question of whether his arthritis was related

to his in-service fall was a question of etiology requiring medical expertise. Id. at 497-98; see also

Clyburn, 12 Vet.App. at 301 (recognizing medical evidence is not required to demonstrate

relationship between present disability and continuity of symptomatology if conditions are such that

lay person's observations are competent, but finding Mr. Clyburn "not competent to testify to the

fact that what he experienced in service and since service is the same condition he is currently

diagnosed with," when claim was for service connection for knee condition and Court was presented

only with evidence of in-service knee problems, current diagnosis of chondromalacia patellae or

degenerative joint disease, and veteran's lay testimony of nexus).

C. Analysis

The type of evidence that will suffice to demonstrate entitlement to service connection, and

the determination of whether lay evidence may be competent to satisfy any necessary evidentiary

hurdles, depends on the type of disability claimed. See Falzone, 8 Vet.App. at 406. Thus, to address

the parties arguments here, the Court must determine whether (1) varicose veins is a condition that

a lay person is competent to identify, and (2) if so, whether the Board erred in its adjudication and

consideration of the evidence in support of Mr. Barr's claim. For the following reasons, we hold that

the answer to both of these questions is yes.

1. Lay Observations and Varicose Veins 

The Secretary argues, and the Board implicitly held, that the presence of varicose veins is

a medical determination that must be supported by competent evidence, beyond that which may be

offered by lay testimony. Because of the unique nature of varicose veins, we disagree. Varicose

veins are "[e]longated, dilated, tortuous superficial veins (usually in the legs) whose valves have

become incompetent, permitting reversed flow in the dependent position." THE MERCK MANUAL

590 (16th ed. 1992) [hereinafter MERCK];see also DORLAND'S ILLUSTRATEDMEDICAL DICTIONARY

2008 (30th ed. 2003) [hereinafter DORLAND'S] (defining "varicose veins" as veins that are
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"unnaturally and permanently distended"); WEBSTER'S MEDICAL DESK DICTIONARY 751 (1986)

[hereinafter WEBSTER'S] (defining "varicose" as "abnormally swollen or dilated" and "varicose vein"

as "an abnormal swelling or tortuosity . . . of a superficial vein of the legs"). MERCK further states:

"The patient usually makes the diagnosis of varicose veins, but their extent is usually greater than

can be determined by simple inspection and can be judged accurately only by palpitation with the

patient standing." MERCK at 590. As to symptoms, MERCK states: "Initially, superficial veins are

tense and may be palpitated but are not visible. Subsequently, they become visibly dilated and

tortuous; the diagnosis is then obvious to the patient." Id. "Varicose veins are incurable irrespective

of the method of treatment." Id. at 592. Once service connected, varicose veins are rated pursuant

to Diagnostic Code (DC) 7120, which, inter alia, assigns a noncompensable rating for

"asymptomatic palpable or visible varicose veins," and a 10% disability rating for "intermittent

edema . . . or aching and fatigue in leg after prolonged standing or walking, with symptoms relieved

by elevation . . . or compression hosiery." 38 C.F.R. § 4.104, DC 7120 (2006). 

"As a general matter, in order for any testimony to be probative of any fact, the witness must

be competent to testify as to the facts under consideration." Layno, 6 Vet.App. at 469 (citing

Espiritu, supra). In Falzone, the Court stated that the veteran's description of his flat feet was not

a determination that was "medical in nature" and, therefore, lay testimony may "suffice by itself"

to show the presence of such condition. 8 Vet.App. at 405-06; see Layno, supra (lay evidence is

competent to establish features or symptoms of injury or illness); see also Charles v. Principi,

16 Vet.App. 370, 374 (2002) (appellant is competent to testify concerning symptoms capable of lay

observation). But see Epps v. Brown, 9 Vet.App. 341, 344 (1996), aff'd, 126 F.3d 1464 (Fed. Cir.

1997) (requiring medical evidence to show that skin condition caused blood clots that ultimately

resulted in heart condition). Similarly, the Court has found a veteran competent to testify as to a

condition within his knowledge and personal observation. See Bruce v. West, 11 Vet.App. 405, 410-

11 (1998) (finding veteran competent to describe dry, itchy, scaling skin). But see Layno, supra

(cautioning that lay testimony that veteran suffered a particular illness (bronchial asthma) was not

competent evidence because matter required medical expertise).

We conclude here that a lay person is competent to identify veins that are unnaturally

distended or abnormally swollen and tortuous. See WEBSTER'S and DORLAND'S, both supra.

Although the symptoms of the initial stage of varicose veins (which MERCK identifies as exhibiting
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tense superfiscial veins) do not appear to be capable of lay observation, we conclude that veins that

have become visibly tortuous or dilated are observable and identifiable by lay people. We further

hold that because varicose veins may be diagnosed by their unique and readily identifiable features,

the presence of varicose veins is not a determination "medical in nature" and is capable of lay

observation. See Falzone, supra; MERCK at 590 ("[T]he diagnosis [of varicose veins] is then

obvious to the patient.").

2. Board's Varicose-Veins-Merits Determination 

In concluding that the preponderance of the evidence was against the claim, the Board stated

that Mr. Barr had submitted "no competent evidence" of in-service incurrence of his varicose veins.

R. at 8-9. The Board repeatedly emphasized that the lack of medical evidence and lack of support

or confirmation of Mr. Barr's assertions was fatal to the claim. Id. In light of our holding that a lay

person may be competent to observe varicose veins, the Board's reasoning for denying the claim is

flawed. See Buchanan v. Nicholson, 451 F.3d 1331, 1335 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (stating "competent lay

evidence can be sufficient in and of itself" to obtain disability benefits). 

Mr. Barr testified repeatedly during the adjudication of his claim that the onset of his

varicose vein condition occurred in service and that he has suffered from that condition continuously

since then. See R. at 75, 88-89, 115-30. The Board determined that Mr. Barr was not competent

to provide such evidence. See R. at 9 (veteran "has submitted no competent evidence" of continuity

of symptomatology). Although the Board would have been within its province to have weighed that

testimony and to have made a credibility determination as to whether that evidence supported a

finding of service incurrence and continuity of symptomatology sufficient to establish service

connection, the Board erred in outright refusing to consider it as competent. See Buchanan,

451 F.3d at 1337 ("Board, as fact finder, is obligated to, and fully justified in, determining whether

lay evidence is credible in and of itself, i.e., because of possible bias, conflicting statements, etc.");

see also McLendon v. Nicholson, 20 Vet.App. 79, 84 (2006) (when subject is one to which lay

person is "competent" to testify, such "testimony can be rejected only if found to be mistaken or

otherwise deemed not credible"); Layno, supra. In essentially dismissing Mr. Barr's assertions as

not competent, the Board committed prejudicial error in failing to adequately consider material

evidence favorable to the claim. See Caluza, 7 Vet.App. at 506 (Board must provide reasons for its

rejection of any material evidence favorable to claimant);see also Gutierrez v. Principi, 19 Vet.App.
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1, 9 (2004) (finding Board's reasoning flawed when it failed to discuss adequately evidence in

support of claim); 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2) (Secretary must take into consideration all lay or

medical evidence of record, including statements of claimant); 38 C.F.R. § 3.303(a).

Accordingly, for this reason combined with the other errors addressed below, the Board's

decision will be vacated, and the matter remanded for readjudication. On remand, the finder of fact

must consider the credibility and weight of Mr. Barr's statements, and any other competent lay or

medical evidence submitted, to determine whether he is entitled to service connection based on

continuity of symptomatology. See 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(2); 38 C.F.R. § 3.303(b). As emphasized

in Buchanan, the Board may not reject as not credible any uncorroborated statements merely

because the contemporaneous medical evidence is silent as to complaints or treatment for the

relevant condition or symptoms. See Buchanan, 451 F.3d at 1336-37; see also McLendon,

20 Vet.App. at 84 (stating that competent testimony "can be rejected only if found to be mistaken

or otherwise deemed not credible, a finding the Board did not make and the Court cannot make in

the first instance"). 

III. ADEQUACY OF MEDICAL EXAMINATION 

The Secretary has a duty to assist claimants and must "make reasonable efforts to assist a

claimant in obtaining evidence necessary to substantiate the claimant's claim for a benefit."

38 U.S.C. § 5103A(a)(1). As a part of his duty to assist claimants, the Secretary must provide a

medical examination or obtain a medical opinion "when such an examination or opinion is necessary

to make a decision on the claim." 38 U.S.C. § 5103A(d)(1). A medical opinion is adequate when

it is based upon consideration of the veteran's prior medical history and examinations and also

describes the disability in sufficient detail so that the Board's "'evaluation of the claimed disability

will be a fully informed one.'" Ardison v. Brown, 6 Vet.App. 405, 407 (1994) (quoting Green v.

Derwinski, 1 Vet.App. 121, 124 (1991)).

The record supports Mr. Barr's argument that the January 1997 VA examination report upon

which the Board relied was inadequate because the VA examiner failed to review Mr. Barr's prior

medical records and did not provide an opinion as to whether Mr. Barr's varicose veins were related

to service. The examiner explicitly stated that he did not have the claims file to review. R. at 75.

It is well established in the Court's jurisprudence that a thorough medical examination is one that
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"takes into account the records of prior medical treatment, so that the evaluation of the claimed

disability will be a fully informed one." Green, 1 Vet.App. at 124; see also Cox v. Nicholson,

20 Vet.App. 563, 568-69 (2007); 38 C.F.R. § 4.1 (2006). Further, we note that the VA examiner did

not indicate whether he considered Mr. Barr's assertions of continued symptomatology. Cf. Ardison,

6 Vet.App. at 407 (opinion is adequate when based on consideration of veteran's prior medical

history and examinations and also describes disability in sufficient detail so that Board's evaluation

will be fully informed). For these reasons, the Board erred. 

Further, the Secretary appears to argue that any inadequacy in the January 1997 examination

was nonprejudicial because the Secretary had no duty to provide the examination in the first instance

when there was no medical evidence showing varicose veins in service, and because the Board

rejected Mr. Barr's claimed history of continuity of symptomatology. For the reasons that follow,

this argument is not persuasive. 

First, the Board never rendered a finding that a medical examination was not warranted and

the Secretary's argument that it was not needed is rejected as post hoc rationalization. See Martin v.

Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n, 499 U.S. 144, 156 (1991) ("'Litigating positions' are

not entitled to deference when they are merely appellate counsel's 'post hoc rationalizations' for

agency action, advanced for the first time in the reviewing court."). Further, once the Secretary

undertakes the effort to provide an examination when developing a service-connection claim, even

if not statutorily obligated to do so, he must provide an adequate one or, at a minimum, notify the

claimant why one will not or cannot be provided. See Daves v. Nicholson, 21 Vet.App. 46, 52

(2007) ("Due process requires the Secretary to notify the claimant prior to the adjudication of the

claim of his inability to obtain evidence he has undertaken to obtain, so that the claimant has a fair

and reasonable opportunity to try and secure it or procure alternative evidence at a time when such

information will be most useful to the adjudicator."); Sanders v. Principi, 17 Vet.App. 232 (2003)

(highlighting veteran-friendly nature of VA adjudication process, and stating that when hearing

examiner promised a medical examination but VA did not provide one, Board must explain in its

decision why it "would not or need not provide the promised examination"); see also Stegall v. West,

11 Vet.App. 268, 270-71 (1998) (remanding where VA examination was "inadequate for evaluation

purposes"); Hicks v. Brown, 8 Vet.App. 417, 422 (1995) (concluding that inadequate medical

evaluation frustrates judicial review). Even assuming, arguendo, that a VA medical examination
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was not required by law in this case, because VA undertook to provide one, the Board erred in

failing to ensure it was adequate or to otherwise notify Mr. Barr as discussed above. 

IV. REMEDY

Although Mr. Barr argues for reversal, remand is the appropriate remedy where the Board

has incorrectly applied the law or failed to provide an adequate statement of reasons or bases for its

determinations. Tucker v. West, 11 Vet.App. 369, 374 (1998). This is not a situation where the only

permissible view of the evidence is contrary to the Board's decision. See Johnson v. Brown,

9 Vet.App. 7, 10 (1996). Accordingly, because VA must make the credibility determinations

necessary to resolve Mr. Barr's service-connection claim, remand, as opposed to reversal, is the

appropriate remedy. See Gutierrez, 19 Vet.App. at 10. During remand, any issues surrounding

notice and the application of the correct law may be raised. Therefore, we need not address here Mr.

Barr's arguments concerning the Secretary's compliance with his notification duties.

Mahl v. Principi, 15 Vet.App. 37 (2001) (Court will rarely address issues unnecessary to its

decision). Further, on remand Mr. Barr may present additional evidence and argument in support

of his claim, and the matter is to be provided expeditious treatment. See 38 U.S.C. §§ 5109B, 7112;

Kay v. Principi, 16 Vet.App. 529, 534 (2002). In adjudicating Mr. Barr's claim, VA must give

consideration as to whether continuity of symptomatology is to be presumed based on the unique

nature of varicose veins. See MERCK at 592 ("Varicose veins are incurable irrespective of the

method of treatment.")

V. CONCLUSION

The Board's February 17, 2004, decision is VACATED, and the matter is REMANDED for

further adjudication consistent with this opinion.