NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

ALETA GUTHREY, a conserved adult, 

through her conservator, Areta Guthrey; 

ARETA KAY GUTHREY, Conservator, 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

 v. 

ALTA CALIFORNIA REGIONAL 

CENTER, a California Non-Profit 

corporation; et al., 

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 23-16056 

D.C. No. 

2:18-cv-01087-MCE-JDP 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of California

Morrison C. England, Jr., District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted August 13, 2024 

San Francisco, California

Before: GRABER, CALLAHAN, and KOH, Circuit Judges.

Partial concurrence and partial dissent by Judge CALLAHAN.

Plaintiffs Aleta Guthrey and Areta Guthrey appeal the district court’s 

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6) dismissal of their action under 

Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”) and § 504 of the 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

FILED

AUG 30 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

Rehabilitation Act (“Section 504”) against Alta California Regional Center 

(“Alta”), On My Own Independent Living Services, Inc. (“OMO”), and S.T.E.P., 

Inc. (“STEP”) (collectively, “Defendants”).

1 Plaintiffs also appeal the district 

court’s denial of their Rule 59(e) motion for reconsideration. “When a district court 

dismisses a claim pursuant to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, we evaluate the complaint de 

novo to decide whether it states a claim upon which relief could be granted.” Lee v. 

City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 679 (9th Cir. 2001) (cleaned up). “We review a 

district court’s denial of a Rule 59(e) motion for abuse of discretion.” McQuillion 

v. Duncan, 342 F.3d 1012, 1014 (9th Cir. 2003). We have jurisdiction under 28 

U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further 

proceedings. 

1. The district court did not err in dismissing Plaintiffs’ ADA Title III claim

against OMO. The second amended complaint (“SAC”) failed to allege sufficiently 

that OMO owns or operates a place of public accommodation. “To prevail on a 

discrimination claim under Title III, a plaintiff must show that: (1) [s]he is disabled 

within the meaning of the ADA; (2) the defendant is a private entity that owns, 

1 STEP’s unopposed motion to remove Tammy Smith, who was dismissed by 

the district court, from the case caption (Docket No. 9) is GRANTED. We sua 

sponte remove Mary McGlade and Michelle Ramirez, who also were dismissed 

from the case by the district court, from the caption to reflect that only Alta, OMO, 

and STEP are the proper appellees in this matter. The Clerk shall amend the docket 

accordingly.
3 

leases, or operates a place of public accommodation; and (3) the plaintiff was 

denied public accommodations by the defendant because of [her] disability.” 

Arizona ex rel. Goddard v. Harkins Amusement Enters., Inc., 603 F.3d 666, 670 

(9th Cir. 2010). Places of public accommodation are “actual, physical places where 

goods or services are open to the public, and places where the public gets those 

goods or services.” Weyer v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 198 F.3d 1104, 

1114 (9th Cir. 2000). To state a claim, “some connection between the good or 

service complained of and an actual physical place” must exist. Id. However,

Title III’s reach is not limited to “services occurring on the premises of a public 

accommodation.” Robles v. Domino’s Pizza, LLC, 913 F.3d 898, 904-05 (9th Cir. 

2019) (“The statute applies to the services of a place of public accommodation, not 

services in a place of public accommodation.” (quotation omitted)).

None of Plaintiffs’ allegations establish that OMO’s physical office is open 

to the general public. See Langer v. Kiser, 57 F.4th 1085, 1102 (9th Cir. 2023), 

cert. denied, 144 S. Ct. 823 (2024), reh’g denied, 144 S. Ct. 1132 (2024) (“Any 

private entity or facility ‘not in fact open to the public,’ is . . . exempt from Title III 

of the ADA.”). The SAC does not, for example, allege that Plaintiffs or any other 

OMO client ever visited OMO’s physical offices. Therefore, the district court 

properly dismissed Plaintiffs’ ADA Title III claim against OMO.

2. The district court did, however, err in dismissing Plaintiffs’ ADA Title III 
4 

claim against Alta and STEP. The SAC alleges that Plaintiffs visited Alta’s and 

STEP’s physical offices, so that Alta and STEP could assist Plaintiffs in locating 

suitable housing and arranging for caregivers. Drawing all reasonable inferences 

from such allegations in favor of Plaintiffs, the nonmoving parties, we can 

reasonably infer that Alta’s and STEP’s offices are indeed open to the public (i.e., 

customers can visit physical offices to conduct business). See Manzarek v. St. Paul 

Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008) (“We accept factual 

allegations in the complaint as true and construe the pleadings in the light most 

favorable to the nonmoving party.”). Because the coordination of care services 

provided at Alta’s and STEP’s offices are social services, those offices constitute 

“social service center establishment[s]” and places of public accommodation. 42 

U.S.C. § 12181(7)(K); see 28 C.F.R. § Pt. 36, App. C (DOJ guidance indicating “a

facility that provides social services would be considered a ‘social service center 

establishment.’”). Because Plaintiffs physically visited Alta’s and STEP’s offices 

to receive those services, Plaintiffs have adequately alleged the requisite nexus to a 

physical place of public accommodation. See Robles, 913 F.3d at 904-05. 

Therefore, the district court improperly dismissed Plaintiffs’ ADA Title III claim 

against Alta and STEP.

Defendants also argue that Plaintiffs’ ADA Title III claim fails for the 

independent reason that the SAC fails to allege any discriminatory conduct. We 
5 

decline to reach this argument, which was not considered by the district court, and 

instead remand for the district court to consider it as to Alta and STEP in the first 

instance. See Ecological Rts. Found. v. Pac. Lumber Co., 230 F.3d 1141, 1154 (9th 

Cir. 2000) (“Our judicial system generally assumes that consideration of an issue at 

both the trial court and appellate court level is more likely to yield the correct 

result, because the issue will be more fully aired and analyzed by the parties, 

because more judges will consider it, and because trial judges often bring a 

perspective to an issue different from that of appellate judges.”).

3. The district court erred in holding that Plaintiffs failed to state a claim 

under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act because Defendants are not places of 

public accommodation under Title III of the ADA. To bring a Section 504 claim, a 

plaintiff must show that “(1) [s]he is an individual with a disability; (2) [s]he is 

otherwise qualified to receive the benefit; (3) [s]he was denied the benefits of the 

program solely by reason of [her] disability; and (4) the program receives federal 

financial assistance.” Updike v. Multnomah County, 870 F.3d 939, 949 (9th Cir. 

2017) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Under Section 504, there is 

no requirement that the defendant own or operate a place of public 

accommodation, as is required under ADA Title III. The cases cited by Defendants

and the district court equating the substantive standard of liability under 

Section 504 and the ADA were discussing Title II of the ADA, not Title III. See, 
6 

e.g., Payan v. Los Angeles Cmty. Coll. Dist., 11 F.4th 729, 737 (9th Cir. 2021); 

Weinreich v. Los Angeles Cnty. Metro. Transp. Auth., 114 F.3d 976, 978 (9th Cir. 

1997); Vinson v. Thomas, 288 F.3d 1145, 1149, 1152 n.7 (9th Cir. 2002).

2 We 

remand for the district court to consider Defendants’ alternate challenges to 

Plaintiffs’ Section 504 claim in the first instance.

4. Plaintiffs argue that they are entitled to Rule 59(e) relief because the 

district court erroneously declined to consider their claim under ADA Title II,

which prohibits disability discrimination by a public entity, “any State or local 

government” or “other instrumentality” thereof. 42 U.S.C. §§ 12131(1)(A), (B);

12132. A Rule 59(e) motion “should not be granted, absent highly unusual 

circumstances, unless the district court is presented with newly discovered 

evidence, committed clear error, or if there is an intervening change in the 

controlling law.” 389 Orange St. Partners v. Arnold, 179 F.3d 656, 665 (9th Cir. 

1999). 

The district court properly denied Plaintiffs’ Rule 59(e) motion because the 

SAC failed to provide Defendants with proper notice of the ADA Title II claim as 

required by Rule 8(a). Rule 8(a)(2) requires “a short and plain statement of the 

claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief in order to give the defendant 

2 ADA Title II, like the Rehabilitation Act, prohibits discrimination by a

“public entity,” rather than by those who own or operate places of public 

accommodation. 42 U.S.C. § 12132.
7 

fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. 

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 545 (2007) (cleaned up). As the district court 

noted, the SAC makes no mention of ADA Title II. Rather, the SAC states only 

that Alta (but none of the other Defendants) “acted at all times as an agent of the 

state and under color of law.” However, “[c]onclusory allegations of law . . . are 

insufficient.” Lee, 250 F.3d at 679; see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 687 

(2009). Because Plaintiffs failed to plead an ADA Title II claim adequately, the 

district court was not required to consider it and did not err in denying Rule 59(e) 

relief.

5. In the alternative, Plaintiffs assert that the district court should have 

granted leave to file a third amended complaint. “The district court’s discretion to 

deny leave to amend is particularly broad where plaintiff has previously amended 

the complaint.” Metzler Inv. GMBH v. Corinthian Colls., Inc., 540 F.3d 1049, 1072 

(9th Cir. 2008) (cleaned up). As the district court noted, Plaintiffs were afforded 

multiple opportunities to amend their complaint to correct any deficiencies. 

Moreover, Plaintiff Areta Guthrey, who drafted each iteration of the complaint

before substitution of counsel, is an attorney licensed to practice both in the State 

of California and before the district court (Eastern District of California).

“[A]ttorneys representing themselves should not be afforded special consideration 

and do not fall into the category of those ‘proceeding without assistance of 
8 

counsel.’” Huffman v. Lindgren, 81 F.4th 1016, 1019 (9th Cir. 2023) (declining to 

afford an attorney representing himself the liberal pleading standard afforded to 

pro se parties). Moreover, after the substitution of counsel, new counsel was 

allowed to file a sur-reply to Defendants’ motions to dismiss. Therefore, the 

district court did not abuse its discretion in denying leave to amend, and the court 

properly denied Rule 59(e) relief.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, and REMANDED.3

3 The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
Guthrey v. Alta, No. 23-16056

CALLAHAN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

I concur in the majority’s affirmance of the dismissal of Plaintiffs’ ADA 

Title II claim against On My Own Independent Living Services, Inc., the remand 

instructing the district court to consider Defendants’ alternate challenges to 

Plaintiffs’ Section 504 claim, and the affirmance of the district court’s denial of 

leave to amend the complaint. 

I dissent from the reversal of the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiffs’ ADA 

Title III claims against Alta California Regional Center (Alta) and S.T.E.P., Inc.

(STEP). Pursuant to our opinion in Weyer v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 

198 F.3d 1104, 1114 (9th Cir. 2000), places of public accommodation are “actual, 

physical places where goods or services are open to the public, and places where 

the public gets those goods or services.” In our more recent opinion in Robles v. 

Domino’s Pizza, LLC, 913 F.3d 898 (9th Cir. 2019), when holding that the “statute 

applies to the services of a place of public accommodation, not services in a place 

of public accommodation,” id. at 905, we nonetheless reiterated that the “nexus 

between Domino’s website and app and physical restaurants . . . is critical to our 

analysis.” Id. Accordingly, I do not agree with the majority’s statement that 

“[b]ecause the coordination of care services provided at Alta’s and STEP’s offices 

are social services, those offices constitute ‘social service center establishment[s]’

FILED

AUG 30 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
and places of public accommodation.” I do not think that the two alleged visits by 

Plaintiffs to Alta and STEP’s physical offices are sufficient to establish the 

necessary nexus between Defendants’ provision of services and a place of 

accommodation. Accordingly, I dissent from the vacatur of the district court’s 

dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims against Alta and STEP.