* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, e xcept under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and col lateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and condi tions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### SEP 13 2001 

### PATRICK FISHER Clerk UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v. MICHAEL WILLIAM GARDNER,

Defendant-Appellant. No. 01-6089 (D.C. No. 00-CR-109-C) (W.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before ANDERSON and BALDOCK , Circuit Judges, and BRORBY , Senior Circuit Judge.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, th is panel has determined unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a dec ision on the briefs without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.-2-

Defendant Michael William Gardner appeals the distr ict court’s denial of his motion to dismiss the second count of the indictment because it was premised on an unconstitutional statute. We affirm. Defendant, a convicted felon, rented a motel room i n which police found a handgun, displayed openly and within defendant’s control. Defendant was charged with, inter alia, possession of a firearm b y a felon in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Defendant moved to dismiss this count of the indictment, arguing that the possession statute was beyond Congress’ power to enact under the Commerce Clause because mere possession of a fi rearm does not have a “substantial effect” on interstate commerce, citing United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 (1995), United States v. Morrison , 529 U.S. 598 (2000), and Jones v. United States , 529 U.S. 848 (2000). The district court denied defendant’s motion, holdi ng that the statute is constitutional because its jurisdictional element r equires that the firearm be possessed in and affecting commerce, and that Lopez does not require more than a de minimis effect on interstate commerce in indiv idual cases. Defendant then pled guilty to constructively possessing the weapon“in and affecting interstate commerce” because the firearm had crossed state lines to reach Oklahoma. See Aplt. App. at 102, 119; Aplee. Supp. App. at 163. As part of the plea agreement, defendant agreed to “waive[] his right to appeal orcollaterally challenge [his]-3-

guilty plea and any other aspect of his conviction, except the court’s pretrial disposition of . . . Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Count 2.” Aplee. Supp. App. at 166. In this appeal, defendant raises two constitutionalchallenges to 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1): a facial challenge regarding Congress ’ power to enact the statute under the Commerce Clause, and an “as applied” chal lenge based on its application to his constructive possession of the f irearm. Defendant concedes that his facial challenge is foreclosed by our decision in United States v. Dorris , 236 F.3d 582 (10th Cir. 2000), cert. denied , 121 S. Ct. 1635 (2001), which, indeed, resolved the exact challenge raised by defendant. See id. at 585-86 (holding that Lopez , Morrison , and Jones did not implicate prior cases upholding § 922(g)(1) as a valid exercise of congressional po wer under the Commerce Clause, and explaining that the statute is valid be cause it regulates the possession of goods moved through interstate commerce and because its jurisdictional element limits the statute to firearms that are the subject of interstate trade). Defendant’s challenge to the statute “as applied” i s waived by his plea agreement. In United States v. Dwyer , 245 F.3d 1168 (10th Cir. 2001), we held on almost identical facts that the defendant’s admi ssion that he constructively possessed a firearm “in and affecting interstate co mmerce” waived any constitutional challenge as to whether his possessi on was sufficiently connected-4-

to interstate commerce. See id. at 1170. Because here defendant made the same admission and raises the same challenge, Dwyer forecloses his argument. Defendant attempts to distinguish Dwyer by arguing that in this case the plea agreement preserved for review the district co urt’s resolution of his constitutional challenge to the statute. However, defendant’s motion to dismiss only made a facial challenge to the statute, and di d not argue that the statute was unconstitutional as applied. See Aplt. App. at 16-32. Because the “as applied” challenge was not raised in his motion to the distr ict court, it is now precluded by his waiver of the right to appeal all other issu es in the plea agreement. See United States v. Elliott , No. 00-5010, 2001 WL 991955, at *1-*2 (10th Cir. Aug. 30, 2001) (holding the court will enforce a de fendant’s knowing and voluntary waiver of the right to appeal his convict ion in a plea agreement). The judgment of the United States District Court fo r the Western District of Oklahoma is AFFIRMED.

Entered for the Court

Stephen H. Anderson Circuit Judge