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FREQUENCY REQUIREMENTS SPECIFIED FOR 

AIMING POINTS IN SAMPLE 

NR. OF FREQUENCY 

CATEGORY CODE & DESCRIPTION AIM. PTS.BWW M Q SA A 

1. Guided Missiles 

A. ICBM Deployment 168 

13. IRBM and MRBM 71 

C. Research & Development (inc. space) 46 

D. Production Facilities (inc. test) 26 

E. Suspect Missile 8 

G. Naval Launched Missiles 47 

H. Anti-Missile Missile 32 

I. SAM Sites 33 

J. Short Range SSM 10 

K. Missile Support/Storage Areas 18 

L. SAM Training Complexes 9 

Sub-Total 468 

2. Aircraft 

A. Long Range Bases 79 

•B. Production Facilities (inc. R&D) 41 

C. Airfields 327 

Sub-Total 447 

3. Nuclear Energy 

A. Test Area 20 

B. Production 31 

C. Stockpiles 12 

D. Research Institutes 6 

E. Suspect Activity 3 

Sub-Total 72 

4. Naval Activity 

A. Operating Bases 27 

B. Production Yards 8. 

C. Commercial Ports 13 

D. Locks & Canals 3 

Sub—Total 51 

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NR. OF FREQUENCY 

CATEGORY CODE & DESCRIPTION AIM. YTS. BWW M Q SA A 

5. Biological/Chemical Warfare 

A. BW/CW Test Areas 10 

B. Production 10 

C. Storage 14 

D. Research Institutes 

E. Suspect Activity 5 

Sub-Total 39 

6. Electronics 

A. Missile Tracking Facilities 19 

B. Electronics, General 39 

Sub-Total 58 

7. Military 

A. Military Installations 422 

B. Special Area 3 

C. (Unspecified) 2 

D. Landing Beaches 2 

G. Tactical SSM Support Facilities 

Sub-Total 429 

8. Urban/Industrial 

A. Complexes 16 

B. Industrial Plants 23 

Sub-Total 39 

9. Other 

A. Unidentified Installations 34 

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NR. OF NR. OF AIM. PI'S. 

CATEGORY CODE AND DESCRIPTION INSTALL. AIM. PTS. PER INSTALL, 

1. Guided Missiles 

A. ICBM Deployment 75, .1168_ 2.2 

B. IRBM and MRBM 27 71 2.6 

C. Research & Development (inc. space) 19 46 2.4 

D. Production Facilities (inc. test) 9 26 2.9 

E. Suspect Missile 6 8 1.3 

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I. SAM Sites 26 33 1.3 

J. Short Range SSM 7 10 1.4 

K. Missile Support/Storage Areas 7 18 2.6 

L. SAM Training Complexes 3 9 3.0 

Sub-total 200 468 2.3 

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B. Production Facilities (inc. R&D) 

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D. Research Institutes 2 

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Sub-Total 25 

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A. Operating Bases 10 

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C. Commercial Ports 4 

D. Locks & Canals 1 

Sub-Total 17 

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3.3 

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6. Electronics 

A. Missile Tracking Facilities 9 19 

B. Electronics, General 31 39 

Sub-Total 40 58 

7. Military 

A. Military Installations 188 422 

B. Special Area 3 3 

C. (Unspecified) 2 2 

D. Landing Beaches 1 2 

G. Tactical SSM Support Facilities 0 0 

Sub-Total 194 429 

8. Urban/Industrial 

A. Complexes 9 16 

B. Industrial Plants 10 23 

Sub-Total 19 39 

9. Other 

A. Unidentified Installations 5 . 34 

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CONTROL SYSTEMS 

DORIAN-GAMBIT 

DEVELOPMENT OF 

A TARGET MODEL 

FOR THE DORIAN SYSTEM 

30 Septembei 1968 

CONTROL NO BYE-13427-68 

TOP SECRET COPY,_4L_.0F_._ZZ_COPIES 

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VTV SYSTrm 
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CONTROL S 

DORIAN-GAMBIT 

CONTENTS 

III 

V 

VI 

VII 

Page 

Introduction 1 

Target Model Requirements 2 

Model Development Concept and Sample Derivation 5 

Development of Data for the Model 

Statistical Analyses 16 

Problem Areas Identified 19 

Summary 23 

RANDLE VIA 

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V. 

DORIAN-GAMBIT 

PREFACE 

This report presents a history of the efforts undertaken 

to develop a target model for the DORIAN system and describes 

some of the data resulting from these efforts. It has been prepared by the Satellite Operations Center, National Reconnaissance 

Office, to provide information which may be needed to use the 

model or properly interpret the data. The development of the 

target model represents a high degree of initial agreement on 

goals, continued planning and working relationships among the 

National Reconnaissance Office and the U.S. Air Force agencies. 

Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lycan, USA, initiated and sponsored the 

management actions leading to the development of the DORIAN 

target Model. 

4001 ILILee 

DWIN . SWEENEY 

Colonel, USAF 

Deputy Director for 

Satellite Operations 

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LIST OF TABS 

TAB 

Distribution of Installations in Basic Deck by Categories A 

CCCR and Non-CCCR Installations in Basic Deck 

CCCR and Non-CCCR Installations in Sample 

Distributions of Installations in Sample by Categories 

Target Card List for Model 

Sortie Planning List for Model 

Development Information Booklet 

Revised Target Card List for Model 

Revised Sortie Plan List for Model 

Installation Diameters .... 

Number of Aiming Points per Installation 

Distance of Aiming Points from Center of Installation 

Aiming Point Diameters M. 

Growth of Intelligence Targets 

Distribution of Installations in Current Deck by Categories • • • 0 

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D ORIAN - GAMBIT 

DEVELOPMENT OF A TARGET MODEL 

FOR THE DORIAN SYSTEM 

I. INTRODUCTION. 

The purpose of the development of a target model for the 

DORIAN system was to obtain a realistic, comprehensive model 

of the MOL reconnaissance missions. The unique system capabilities, including those contributions which can be made by man, 

required information that was not available in current target lists. 

This report describes the requirement for a target model, the 

overall approach used, the sampling technique, the procedure 

followed in researching and recording data, and discusses the 

results of preliminary statistical analyses made to date. More 

detailed analyses will be completed in the near future, and the 

results will be covered in a subsequent report. 

The following organizations have participated in this development effort: 

MOL Program Office, Office, Secretary of 

the Air Force 

MOL System Office, Office, Secretary of 

the Air Force 

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DORIAN - GAMBIT CONTROL SYSTEM 

Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, 

Headquarters, USAF 

544th Aerospace Reconnaissance Technical Wing, 

Headquarters, SAC 

Foreign Technology Division, Air Force Systems 

Command 

During the development continuing progress reports have been made 

to various groups of the Committee on Imagery Requirements and 

Exploitation (COMIREX) (formerly Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance (COMOR), United States Intelligence Board, for review 

and comments. 

II. TARGET MODEL REQUIREMENTS. 

The MOL/DORIAN system is being developed to provide 

many new and unique capabilities for the collection of intelligence 

data by a photographic reconnaissance satellite. Some of these 

capabilities will result from equipment designs and others will 

result from the utilization of man in the space reconnaissance 

mission. The system is being designed to provide photographic 

resolutions of a circular 

photograph covering a ground scene 9100 feet in diameter at 
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nadir. The tracking mirror has a continuous pitching capability 

which can provide line of sight coverage between the hardware 

limitations of 4- 30 degrees and — 40 degrees. The on-board 

astronauts increase system capabilities and reliability by 

providing backup or refinement of the automatic focus control and 

automatic alignment necessary for the high resolution photography. 

An important addition to the collection capability of the system is 

provided by the ability of the astronauts to view targets through a 

telescope to determine if programmed targets are obscured by 

weather or if alternate targets have more intelligence value and 

should be photographed instead of the programmed targets. The 

astronauts can also provide visual intelligence reports if photography 

is not needed to satisfy the intelligence requirements. The system 

will include a secondary camera platen which can be loaded with 

special types of film such as color, IR or high-speed black and 

white, or with black and white film which can be developed and 

evaluated on-orbit by the astronauts. 

These capabilities of the MOL/DORIAN system can only be 

employed efficiently if requirements are defined in greater detail 

than requirements are defined for current operations. For example, 

H ANGLE VIA 

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the small field-of-view of the MOL/DORIAN system will require a 

more specific definition of targets and greater accuracy in geodetic 

location; the continuous pitch capability and variety of photographic 

sequences will require a detailed description of the photographic 

mode for each target. The manned operations will require that 

new and unique collection requirements be specified for each target 

so that the astronauts can take appropriate actions and make proper 

decisions. 

A realistic definition of these anticipated collection requirements was requested by the MOL Systems Office in October 

1966. Early development of a target model was needed for use 

during the engineering development of the system and to provide 

guidance for defining system simulation and crew training requirements. The model would provide information which could be 

applied to detailed system design and trade-off studies; analysis of 

on-board computation and data management concepts; evaluation of 

compatibility and integration requirements for space-ground communications and control; and system tests and checkout including 

software validation. System simulation activities which required 

target model data included the development, validation and refinement of operating procedures and techniques; definition of 

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procedures, interfaces and data requirement for flight planning; 

and definition of types of training material and on-orbit cue requirements for crew members. 

Another important aspect of the target model development 

was the identification of problem areas which might be encountered 

in obtaining operational targeting information. The main concern 

was whether the format and content of targeting requirements 

anticipated for the DORIAN operational time period would provide the 

data necessary to effectively and efficiently use all the system 

capabilities. 

III. MODEL DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT AND SAMPLE DERIVATION. 

Discussions between the Satellite Operations Center, MOL 

Program Office and the COMOR Photo Working Group (now Imagery 

Collection Requirement Subcommittee (ICRS)) indicated that data were 

not available to meet the system development requirements stated 

above. Further, resources were inadequate to make a complete 

study of anticipated intelligence requirements for DORIAN operations. 

It was decided therefore to use an existing GAMBIT CUBED target 

deck as the best available indication of high resolution objectives 

and to select a representative sample of targets from this deck 

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for detailed examination of very high resolution requirements. The 

use of a sample would reduce the amount of detailed analysis required, 

and would provide a basis for using the entire GAMBIT CUBED target 

deck to obtain an estimate of a total DORIAN target list. 

The Satellite Operations Center used the GAMBIT CUBED 

intelligence target requirements provided by the PWG for Mission 4303, 

14-22 December 1966 as the target model base. This target list 

included a collection priority and a category code for each target. 

A description of these codes and the number of targets in each 

category are contained in TAB A. Some targets were also identified 

with a Current COMOR Collection Requirements (CCCR) category 

code. A total of 4654 targets were in the list; 3422 were identified 

with CCCR categories. 

The total target deck was sorted to obtain matrices of 

CCCR targets vs priorities and non-CCCR targets vs priorities. 

These matrices are at TAB B. Considering variations in geographic 

location, ten percent, but never less than one, of the targets in each 

matrix element were selected for the sample. Thus, the sample was 

representative of the total deck in terms of CCCR categories, nonCCCR categories, priorities and geographic distribution. This 

selection process resulted in a sample of 585 targets. As will be 

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discussed later, during the development effort 23 additional targets 

were added to the sample, resulting in a final sample size of 608 

targets. The matrices for the final sample are at TAB C. TAB D 

is a summary by categories of the targets in the sample. 

Each target in the sample was then examined to determine 

appropriate targets for the DORIAN system and to define the 

intelligence and photographic requirements for each of these selected 

targets. This effort is described in detail in the following section. 

During the model development effort and throughout the remainder 

of this report, the targets in the GAMBIT CUBED deck are described 

as "installations" and selected DORIAN target s are described as 

"aiming points." 

Once the detailed analysis was accomplished for the sample, 

a total DORIAN target deck was developed by expanding the sample. 

All installations within a matrix element of the basic GAMBIT 

CUBED deck (TAB B) were assumed to be identical to the installation 

from that element which was selected for the sample. Only the 

geographic coordinates of the real installations were retained. For 

each installation in the sample, the locations of the aiming points from 

the center of the installation were determined. This geometric 

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installations of the matrix. All intelligence and photographic data 

developed for the aiming points in the sample were used for these 

synthetic aiming points. When there were more than ten installations in the matrix element, more than one installation was 

included in the sample. Each installation in the sample was then 

related, on a geographic basis, to a proportionate number of 

installations in the matrix element. 

IV. DEVELOPMENT OF DATA FOR THE MODEL. 

With the support of the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, 

Hqs USAF, and the Director of Intelligence, Hqs SAC, selected 

personnel and the resources of the 544th Aerospace Reconnaissance 

Technical Wing were made available to perform the initial detailed 

analysis of each installation in the sample. The list of installations 

in the sample was provided to the 544th ARTW during the last week 

of January 1967, and project personnel were briefed on the model 

requirements. The system characteristics could not be discussed 

with these personnel since they did not have a DORIAN clearance. 

The model requirements were stated in terms of defining appropriate 

intelligence targets for an advanced satellite system which would 

have resolution capability and a 9000 foot ground field of 

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view. Each installation was to be divided into suitable aiming points 

and the intelligence requirements (EEIts) and photographic requirements were to be supplied for each aiming points. 

Installations in the sample were identified with a COMOR 

number. Targeting and intelligence data at the 544th ARTW is 

maintained in the basic encyclopedia (BE) identification system. 

The first task therefore was to use the DIA priority reconnaissance 

objectives list (PROL) and automated intelligence file (AIF) to 

convert each installation designation from the COMOR number 

to a BE number. The BE number was a more meaningful identifer 

to the photographic interpreters who subsequently worked on the 

model and it also provided a means for automatically transferring 

information in the AIF directly into the target model data base. 

Photography was selected for each installation and given to 

photographic interpreters who determined appropriate aiming points 

and defined photographic requirements. Mensurated and geodetic 

coordinates were then derived for each aiming point. Photography 

was not available on some of the 585 installations in the sample and 

23 installations in the basic deck on which photographic coverage 

was available were added to the sample, resulting in a final sample 

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of 608 installations. Although real aiming points could not be determined for those installations without photography, a single aiming 

point at the center of the installation was arbitrarily established in 

order to maintain the expansion logic previously described. 

Priorities were determined by first grouping the aiming 

points into related areas: offensive, defensive, research and 

development, production, support, and miscellaneous. Aiming Points 

within each group were then arranged by TDI categories in relation 

to SAC intelligence interests. This procedure resulted in 502 

separate priorities. 

Upon completion of the aiming point definition phase, 1771 

aiming points had been defined. The data derived for each of the 

aimings, either through manual efforts or by collation with the AIF, 

were assembled into a target model data base using the Formatted 

File System at SAC. This system provided flexibility and many 

unique capabilities which were needed in handling the large amount 

of textual and numerical data. 

Outputs from the file were provided in two formats. One was 

a card listing for each aiming point using the same format as the 

current GAMBIT CUBED target card with a few data elements added. 

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A description of the format and a sample listing are at TAB E. The 

other output was identified as the Sortie Planning List. It contained 

references used in selecting aiming points such as photography and 

pap sources, various identification numbers and categories, and 

textual descriptions of intelligence requirements, photographic 

requirements and coverage frequency. TAB F is an example of the 

Sortie Planning List. 

When the initial aiming point definition had been completed 

by the 544th ARTW, the Foreign Technology Division (FTD) of the 

Air Force Systems Command was requested to review the target 

model in terms of technical intelligence requirements. This 

review indicated that the SAC priority system should be revised 

to accommodate specific technical intelligence needs. For example, 

the ICBM launch pad at should have a 

higher priority for technical intelligence coverage than it had in the 

SAC priority structure since there is a large gap in technical 

intelligence concerning Chinese ICBM capabilities and the first 

Chinese ICBM would probably be fired from this site. The FTD 

review also indicated that photographic requirements should be 

specified on an individual target basis rather than on a target 

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category basis if maximum utilization was to be made of the DORIAN 

systems unique capabilities. Specific viewing angles and azimuths 

should be specified in order to obtain the best possible photography 

of those elements of the target which require very high resolution 

for technical intelligence analyses. The time of exposure is also a 

critical requirement. For example, the distance from exhaust nozzles 

to flame deflector impingement point and the location and sizes of 

deflector coolant openings are critical factors in assessment of the 

maximum thrust capability of a vertical rocket engine test stand. 

Flame deflectors are often in the shadow of the floor of the test 

stand and specific time of day for best photographic exposure should 

be identified. 

In October 1967 it was decided that additional definition of 

requirements should be made if the target model was to be as realistic 

as possible of potential DORIAN requirements. Based on SAC's recommendations resulting from their difficulties caused by lack of DORIAN 

cleared personnel, authority was obtained to clear a group of people 

at FTD. A team of photo interpreters and engineering analysts, each 

specialists in a specific field, was organized by FTD. This team was 

cleared and given a detailed briefing on the system design and 
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capabilities, and the purpose of the target model development effort, 

Also by this time, the MOL Systems Office had defined the concepts 

for mission planning and evaluation computer programs. An information booklet describing the target data requirements was prepared 

and a format for recording target specific requirements was given to 

the team (see TAB G). 

The work at FTD began in December 1967. A copy of the 

Sortie Planning List containing the 1771 aiming points identified by 

SAC was the basic reference document. Initially a target priority 

system was developed by FTD. A four digit number was used with 

the first two digits indicating the installation priority and the last 

two indicating the relative priority of aiming points within the 

installation. For example, an aiming point at a control area of an 

ICBM complex under construction has a priority of 0503 which 

indicates that ICBM complexes under construction have the fifth 

highest priority for technical intelligence exploitation and control areas 

are of third importance within such complexes (launch sites are first 

and tracking and guidance sites are second). A listing of the FTD 

priority for each aiming point was furnished to SAC for inclusion in 

the data base. 

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Folders were prepared for each of the 608 installations in the 

sample. Photography and other intelligence data such as reports on 

previous coverage were placed in each folder. Data sheets as 

described in TAB G were then prepared for each aiming point. The 

target folders were circulated among the photo interpreters until 

each specialist had completed the initial write-up on the aiming 

point data sheets in each folder which pertained to his specialty. 

The engineering analysts then reviewed the data sheets and made a 

final integration of all the requirements for each aiming point. This 

information was then prepared on punched cards and sent to SAC. 

Concurrently with the effort at FTD, SAC was restructuring 

the data base in order to accommodate the large amount of new 

data. Revised formats were devised for the target card listing and 

Sortie Planning List. Computer programs were being written and 

validated for the expansion of the sample into a total target deck. 

The development effort at FTD was completed by early May 

1968 and approximately 34,000 punched cards had been prepared and 

sent to SAC. The sample now contained 1637 aiming points, or a 

reduction of 134 from the 1771 initially identified by SAC. This 

reduction resulted from the deletion of some invalid aiming points such 

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as large urban/industrial or complex type targets and the combination 

of overlapping aiming points. If two or more aiming points with the 

same EEI 's were located within 2000 feet of each other, only one 

aiming point was retained since photographic coverage of one aiming 

point would include the other with very little loss in resolution. 

With the additional information entered into the data base, 

SAC prepared listings using the revised target card and Sortie 

Planning List format. Examples of these listings are contained in 

TABS H and I, respectively. The new target card contains all the 

elements of the current GAMBIT CUBED card so that the deck can 

be run with existing software programs if desired and also includes 

machine coded additional information developed for the target model. 

The format for this target card is described in Appendices Al and 

A2 of TAB G. 

The listings of the target model sample were reviewed by the 

SOC and a few corrections and/or additions were made. New listings 

were prepared for the sample and the sample was expanded to obtain 

a total target deck of 4654 installations with 12,462 aiming points. 

These lists have been furnished to the MOL Systems Office for use 

in the various studies and analyses discussed previously. FTD has 

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also sent the Systems Office the folders used in the development 

effort which contain annotated photography identifying all the 

aiming points. These folders should provide valuable information 

in defining crew training and on-orbit cue concepts. 

V. STATISTICAL ANALYSES. 

Statistical analyses have been made of some of the data 

included in the target model. These are at TAB J through TAB 0 

and are discussed briefly in this section. Most of the data is 

presented in both histogram and cummulative percentage graphical 

form. Since the data provided by FTD has only recently been 

available, these analyses are based on the initial target model 

information defined by SAC. Changes resulting from analyses of 

the new data and the results of additional analyses will be 

published at a later date. 

TAB J shows the distribution of the installation diameters 

for the 608 installations in the target model sample. Both the 

diameters as specified by COMIREX and as defined by SAC are 

shown. The differences in diameters occurred when SAC changed 

the targets from the COMIREX identification system to the BE 

system, and illustrates the problem of precise identification. 

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When SAC established a diameter larger than specified by COMIREX, 

then a greater area was available for selection of aiming points, and 

the converse is true if the SAC diameter was smaller. The distribution 

of diameters throughout the sample is about the same with both data, 

and the model should be valid for density-type studies even though 

there may be considerable differences on an individual target basis. 

Based on the SAC data 75% of the installations had a diameter of 

1.5 n.m. or less; 93% had a diameter of 4.0 n.m. or less. The 

complex and urban/industrial targets account for most of the 

installations with diameters greater than 4 n.m. 

TAB K indicates the number of aiming points identified for 

each installation in the sample and projected for the total deck. For 

the 608 installations in the sample, 1771 aiming points were selected, 

or an average of 2.9 aiming points per installation. However, 30% 

of the installations had only one aiming point, while 19 aiming points 

were selected at one installation. If this sample information had been 

expanded based on the original deck of 4654 installations, 13,534 

aiming points would have been obtained. (After the FTD review, the 

sample contains 1637 aiming points; the total deck, 12,462 aiming points.) 

TAB L shows the distance of the aiming points from the center 

of the installation. 39% of the aiming points are within 0.5 n.m.; 

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83% within 1.0 n.m.; and 91% are within 1.5 n.m. This illustrates 

that several aiming points may be covered by a single photograph. 

This single photograph might satisfy the intelligence requirements 

for all aiming points unless maximum possible resolution was 

required, which would necessitate having each aiming point near 

the center of separate photographs. 

TAB M is a distribution of the diameter of the area of 

interest associated with each aiming point. 72% of the aiming 

points had a diameter of 1000 feet or less; 93% had a diameter 

of 3000 feet or less. The area coverage required and the distances 

shown in TAB L can be used for target coverage optimization. 

The target model development has used the GAMBIT CUBED 

target deck of December 1966 as a base. Since that time the 

target deck has increased as shown in TAB N. Current mission 

decks contain slightly over 6800 intelligence targets. Most of 

this change has been caused by the addition of new targets, although 

some of the targets in the December 1966 list are no longer current 

or have been divided into several separate targets. TAB 0 shows 

the distribution of the current deck by target categories, which if 

compared with the distribution of the target model base deck (TAB A) 

shows little change in the types of targets requir ing high resolution 

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coverage. Using an average of 2.7 (1637/608) aiming points per 

installation, the current GAMBIT CUBED deck would result in about 

18,000 aiming points. The CCCR categories are no longer used, thus 

no comparison between the basic deck and current target lists can be 

made on this basis. 

VI. PROBLEM AREAS IDENTIFIED. 

The objective of the model development, in addition to 

providing a data base for use in studies and analyses, included the 

identification of potential problem areas in obtaining operational 

requirements for DORIAN missions. Many of the difficulties 

encountered were due to the developmental nature of the model effort 

which caused a number of false starts; however, certain problems 

were of such significance that they must be considered in preparing 

operational requirements. Actions are now being taken to develop 

procedures and/or operational concepts which will assist in resolving 

or minimizing some of these problems; others will require further 

investigation and study to determine appropriate solutions. 

Initial definition of requirements by SAC was limited due to 

the lack of DORIAN cleared personnel. None of the information 

needed to support man's contributions, such as activity indicators, 

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visual reporting requirements, etc., nor any of the detailed system 

characteristics could be discussed within TALENT KEYHOLE 

classification. Some of these problems were overcome when the 

FTD team was cleared. Clearances for all members of the intelligence community who will have to participate in the definition of 

requirements will require long lead times and extensive planning. 

In addition to the time required for clearance of personnel,. 

a considerable amount of time and effort was needed to fully inform 

the analysts and photo interpreters of the new and unique system 

capabilities which will be available. Proper definition of collection7; 

requirements can only be made if the requesters fully understand — — 

the potential capabilities which can be exploited. An initial effort 

toward solving this problem was the preparation of a booklet 

(TAB CO to provide information and guidance to the FTD team. 

This booklet is being revised and expanded, and will be available 

for guidance in defining operational requirements. 

The amount of resources and time required to complete any 

phase of the model was usually underestimated. Some of the additional 

time was due to the developmental effort itself which required redoing 

tasks as more information and experience were obtained. The handling 

of the large amount of new data needed to efficiently plan and conduct 

DORIAN missions was also time consuming. Standard formats must 

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be established and completely understood by the requesters; computer 

programs will have to be prepared for processing and maintaining this 

data; and the adequacy of data links will have to be evaluated. Quality 

control of the data may be a serious problem when considering the 

textual data requirements. 

Perhaps the two most significant problems faced in the 

development effort were target identification and location. As stated 

in Section IV, the installations selected for the sample were furnished 

to SAC in terms of a COMOR (now COMIREX) identification number. 

This is the identification system currently used in specifying collection requirements between ICRS and SOC; however, all information 

at SAC (and FTD) is maintained according to the BE (Basic Encyclopedia) 

identification system. There is no direct correlation between these 

two systems. A particular COMIREX target may include many BEnumbered targets. Conversely, although not usually, a BE target 

may refer to an area much larger than that included in the COMIREX 

number. Since there is no standard definition for targets, it is 

difficult to communicate between various organizations, and sometimes even between several groups in the sarmorganization. This 

problem exists today for those targets in the current target lists. 

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The problem of unique identification of new targets, which Bell be 

required for DORIAN operations, must be solved. 

Associated with unique target identification is the problem 

of obtaining accurate geodetic coordinates required for satellite 

operations. After selecting appropriate aiming points, SAC derived 

mensurated and geodetic coordinates. Coordinates determined at FTD 

for supposedly the same aiming point differed considerably from the 

SAC values in a large number of cases. This difference was many 

thousands of feet in some cases and apparently was caused mainly 

by the use of different editions of series 200 charts to determine 

coordinates. Since the data in the model will only be used for 

analytical purposes, no attempt was made to resolve these differences 

and the SAC derived coordinates have been used. 

These problems are of significant importance to DORIAN 

operations. The small field-of-view requires precise target 

identification and accurate geodetic positions. Training of the crewmembers and proper evaluation of the target on-orbit requires a system 

which insures that the person requesting coverage and the crewman 

observing the scene are both considering the same target. With the 

large number of new targets which will have to be designated for 

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collection by the DORIAN system, a procedure must be established 

for rapidly, and if possible automatically, determining accurate 

geodetic coordinates. A system using a gridded, photographic chip 

is now under consideration which will provide common identification 

and the automatic determination of accurate coordinates. This 

chip would also be used to provide pre-mission training material 

and on-orbit cueing. 

VII. SUMMARY. 

The development of a target model for the DORIAN system 

has been completed. Starting with an actual GAMBIT CUBED target 

list, a sample of 608 targets (about 13%) was selected and 1637 aiming 

points were defined in detail. This sample was then expanded into a 

synthetic total deck of 12,462 aiming points. This model contains 

information which can be used as guidance for performing system 

evaluations, conducting mission studies, evaluating computer programs, 

estimating crew training requirements, and developing operational 

concepts. 

Several difficulties were encountered in the development effort 

which must be considered if operational requirements are to be obtained 

in a timely manner. Personnel designating requirements must be 

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familiar with the many unique capabilities of the DORIAN system in 

order to state their requirements in a manner which will effectively 

exploit these capabilities. The identification of targets and 

determination of accurate locations. are problems which must be 

solved at an early date. 

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DISTRIBUTION OF INSTALLATIONS IN BASIC DECK 

BY CATEGORIES 

CATEGORY CODE AND DESCRIPTION 

Nit. OF 

INSTALL. 

% OF 

TOTAL 

I. Guided Missiles 

A. ICBM Deployment 

B. IRBM and MRBM 

C. Research & Development (inc. space) 

D. Production Facilities (inc. test) 

E. Suspect Missile 

G. Naval Launched Missiles 

H. Anti-Missile Missile 

I. SAM Sites 

J. Short Range SSM 

K. Missile Support/Storage Areas 

L. SAM Training Complexes 

717 

279 

57 

60 

33 

50 

32 

217 

16 

23 

4 

15.4 

6.0 

1.2 

1.3 

0.7 

1.1 

0.7 

4.7 

0.3 

0.5 

0.1 

Sub-Total 1488 31.9 

2. Aircraft 

A. Long Range Bases 91 2.0 

B. Production Facilities (incl. R&D) 32 0.7 

C. Airfields 630 13.5 

Sub-Total 753 16.2 

3. Nuclear Energy 

A. Test Area 19 0.4 

B. Production 46 1.0 

C. Stockpiles 23 0.5 

D. Research Institutes 18 0.4 

E. Suspect Activity 5 0.1 

Sub-Total 111 2.4 

4. Naval Activity 

A. Operating Bases 41 0.9 

B. Production Yards 14 0.3 

C. Commercial Ports 27 0.6 

D. Locks & Canals 1 40.1 

Sub- Total 83 1.8 

5. Biological/Chemical Warfare 

A. BW/CW Test Areas 9 0.2 

B. Production 19 0.4 

C. Storage 37 0.8 

D. Research Ins titutes 5 0.1 

E. Suspect Activity • 12 0.3 

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CATEGORY CODE AND DESCRIPTION 

6. Electronics 

A. Missile Tracking Facilities 

B. Electronics, General 

Sub-Total 

7. Military 

A. Military Installations 

B. Special Area 

C. (Unspecified) 

D. Landing Beaches 

G. Tactical SSM Support Facilities 

Sub-Total 

8. Urban/Industrial 

A. Complexes 

B. Industrial Plants 

Sub-Total 

9. Other 

A. Unidentified Installations 

Total 

NR. OF % OF 

INSTALL. TOTAL 

34 0.7 

190 4.1 

224 4.8 

1738 37.3 

3 0.1 

13 0.3 

1 40,1 

0 0 

1755 37.7 

73 1.6 

61 1.3 

134 3.9 

23 0.5 

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CCCR INSTALLATIONS IN BASIC DECK 

CCCR NR. PRIORITY TOTAL 

2 4 5 6 7 8 9 

114 

121 

123 

131 

132 

134 

135 

136 

141 

142 

143 

144 

151 

161 

171 

211 

213 

214 

221 

231 

241 

251 

261 

311 

331 

341 

351 

411 

421 

441 

461 

511 

521 

531 

611 

622 

623 

624 

625 
CC CR NR. PRIORITY TOTAL 

3 4= 6 7 9 

631 

632 

641 

711 

721 

741 

751 

191 

TOTAL 

NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

CCCR INSTALLATIONS IN BASIC DECK (CON'T) 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

NON-CCCR INSTALLATIONS IN BASIC DECK 

CATEGORY PRIORITY TOTAL 

CODE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

IA 

IC 

1D 

lE 

1G 

1H 

1I 

1J 

1K 

IL 

2A 

2B 

2C 

3A 

3B 

3C 

3D 

3E 

4A 

4C 

4D 

5A 

5B 

5C 

SE 

6A 

6B 

7A 

7B 

7C 

7D 

8A 

8B 

9A 

TOTAL 

GRAND 

TOTAL 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

CCCR INSTALLATIONS IN SAMPLE 

PRIORITY TOTAL 

2 3 4 5 6 

1-2 

131 

132 

134 

135 

136 

141 

142 

143 

144 

151 

161 

171 

-211 

213 

23.4 

221 

231 

241 

251 

261 

311 

331 

341 

351 

411 

421 

441 

461 

511 

521 

531 

611 

622 

623 

624 

625 

11, 
CCCR INSTALLATIONS IN SAMPLE (CON'T) 

CCCR NR. PRIORITY TOTAL 

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

631 

632 

641 

711 

721 

741 

751 

191 

TOTAL 

NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

NON-CCCR INSTALLATIONS IN SAMPLE 

CATEGORY PRIORITY TOTAL 

CODE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 

IA 

1C 

1D 

IE 

1G 

1H 

II 

1,1' 

1K 

IL 

2A 

2B 

2C 

3A 

3B 

3C 

3D 

3E 

4A 

4C 

4D 

5A 

5B 

5C 

5E 

6A 

6B 

7A 

7B 

7C 

7D 

8A 

8B 

9A 

TOTAL 

GRAND 

TOTAL 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

DISTRIBUTION OF INSTALLATIONS IN SAMPLE 

BY CATEGORIES 

CATEGORY CODE AND DESCRIPTION NR. OF 

INSTALL. 

% OF 

TOTAL 

1. Guided Missiles 

A. ICBM Deployment 

B. IRBM and MRBM 

C. Research & Development (inc. space) 

75 

27 

19 

12.3 

4.4 

3.1 

D. Production Facilities (inc. test) 9 1.5 

E. Suspect Missile 6 1.0 

G. Naval Launched Missiles 13 2.1 

H. Anti-Missile Missile 8 1.3 

I. SAM Sites 26 4.3 

J. Short Range SSM 7 1.2 

K. Missile Support/Storage Areas 7 1.2 

L. SAM Training Complexes 3 0.5 

Sub-Total 200 32.9 

2. Aircraft 

A. Long Range Bases 12 2.0 

B. Production Facilities (inc. R&D) 10 1.6 

C. Airfields 70 11.5 

Sub-Total 92 15.1 

3. Nuclear Energy 

A. Test Area 9 1.5 

B. Production 8 1.3 

C. Stockpiles 3 0.5 

D. Research Institutes 2 0.3 

E. Suspect Activity 3 0.5 

Sub-Total 25 4.1 

4. Naval Activity 

A. Operating Bases 10 1.6 

B. Production Yards a 0.3 

C. Commercial Ports 4 0.7 

D. Locks & Canals 1 0.2 

Sub-Total 17 2.8 

5. Biological/Chemical Warfare 

A. BW/CW Test Areas 3 0.5 

B. Production 3 0.5 

C. Storage 7 1.2 

D. Research Institutes 0 0 

E. Suspect Activity 3 0.5 

Sub-Total iT 2.6 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

CATEGORY CODE AND DESCRIPTION 

NR. OF 

INSTALL. 

% OF 

TOTAL 

6. Electronics 

A. Missile Tracking Facilities 9 1.4 

B. Electronics, General 31 , 5.1 

Sub-Total 40 

7. Military 

A. Military Installations 188 30.9 

B. Special Area 3 0.5 

C. (Unspecified) 2 0.5 

D. Landing Beaches 1 0.2 

G. Tactical SSM Support Facilities 0 0 

Sub- Total 194 32.1 

8. Urban/Industrial 

A. Complexes 9 1.4 

B. Industrial Plants 10 1.6 

Sub-Total 19 3.1 

9 . Other 

A. Unidentified Installations 5 0.8 

Total 608 
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NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

[ladle via BYEMAII 

Control System 

DEVELOPMENT INFORMATION 

FOR THE 

MODEL 608 ANALYSIS DECK 

Handle in in BIM 

Control System 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

THE MODEL 608 ANALYSIS DECK AND ITS APPLICATION 

INTRODUCTION 

The Model 608 Analysis Deck will be used as the target data base for 

study and analysis during development of a High Resolution Photographic System. The deck will reflect the data associated with approximately 13,500 aiming points. The data for each aiming point 

will be specified in an 80 column format which will, when required, 

be used with analysis software. Appendix A shows the proposed 

Model 608 Analysis Deck format. 

It will be noticed that the "608 Deck" is made up of much targetspecific information. A great majority of this type of information 

has previously been specified, but on a data base-specific basis, 

i.e., "canned" parameter, rather than a target-specific basis. In 

order to efficiently employ the flexible capabilities of the proposed 

system, it is now necessary to specify this requirements data on a 

target specific basis. 

Many of the data on the target card are used to access other data for 

use in the analysis computer programs. In these instances, the 

table or function which is called by the target card data entry is 

stored in the analysis program data base. For certain target card 

entries the absence of data will automatically imply that "canned" 

parameters are to be used. Finally, for certain target card entries, 

nominal data at a minimum must be input for there is no "canned" 

data to be used. The succeeding sections of this report describe the 

target data card for the "608 Deck" and the data base parameters 

associated with target selection. 

SYSTEM CAPABILITIES 

Max Resolution Capability: 

Field of View: 9100' diameter circle 

Variable Pitch Mirror: 4- 300to —400 

Vehicle Roll Capability: .4- 400from Nadir 

)(‘ 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

Manned/Automatic Systems Capability 

Real. Time Decision Making On-Board via Visual Inspection 

Telescopes and On-Board Computer 

Secondary Camera System allows two different types of 

photographic film to be used on a target on any one 

pass 

ANALYSIS DECK FORMAT 

The following describes, in general terms, the format and information 

content of the target data card which will be used in the Model 608 Analysis Deck. Instructions for preparing detail data required in the Analysis Deck are contained in Appendix C. This detail data will be entered 

into a data base using the format described in Appendix A. 

I. Priority (Inactive) - Card Columns 1-2 

A number from 0-00 which expresses the relative intelligence 

value of obtaining a clear photograph of this target in the absence of 

activity as compared to other targets photographed under the same 

conditions. This input will be used in conjunction with a data base 

priority/value table for the proposes of target selection. 

Number of Looks - Card Column 3 

M. Diameter - Card Columns 4-5 

The diameter of the target as measured in hundreds of feet. 

These data are utilized by the ground software for target selection 

purposes and by the flight crew for cue information. Large targets 

may be selected as scan targets. The range of allowable values for 

this input is from 0 feet to 9,900 feet. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

IV. Altitude - Card Column 6-9 

The altitude of the target above or below mean sea level 

at its associated geodetic coordinates as measured in hundreds 

of feet. The range of allowable values for this input is from -99,900 

feet to 4-99,900 feet. 

V. Shade Factor - Card Columns 10-12 

This factor will allow the shading of the effects of Priority 

(Inactive). This shading takes the form of assigning an interpolated 

value to the weight for the target derived from the data base priority/ 

value table. There are 1000 interpolated weight values between 

priority levels available. 

VI. Photo Mode Weighting Table - Card Column 13 

This indicator allows selection of the proper photographic mode 

table of sequence value relationships. The available data base tables 

are used in target selection. The range of values available is from 

Table 0 to Table 9. 

VII. Target Alter Card Flag - Card Column 14 

This indicator signifies that the target is to be added to, deleted 

from, or changed in the target selection data base. This column may 

contain an "A" for additions, "D" for deletions, ."C" for changes, or 

a blank where no alter operation is desired. 

VIII. Acquisition Rev Number - Card Columns 15-17 

This number is used to specify any special revolution in which 

the Target Alter Card Flag is to apply. A blank in this column is 

interpreted by the mission planning software as a request to use the 

alter information on all applicable revs. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

IX. Direction of Pass - Card Column 18 

This alphabetic symbol is used to specify whether the Target 

Alter Card Flag is to apply on the Ascending (A) passes only, the 

Descending (D) passes only, or on both (blank). 

X. Country Code - Card Columns 19-20 

Approved alphabetic characters representing the specific 

country in which the target is located. 

XI. Exposure Setting Sequence - Card Column 21 

An indicator which specifies the desired photographic exposure 

sequence for photography on the target. 

XII. Priority (Active) - Card Columns 22-23 

A number from 0-99 which expresses the relative intelligence 

value of obtaining a clear photograph in the presence of activity as 

compared to other targets photographed in the absence of activity. 

This input will be used in conjunction with a data base priority/ 

value table for the purposes of target selection. 

XIII. Desired Pitch - Card Columns 24-26 

The desired initial pitch angle for stereoscopic photography 

on this target. This value with allowable range from 4. 99 degrees 

to — 99 degrees is used in conjunction with the specified Pitch 

Weighting Function for target selection purposes. 

XIV. Scan Target Flag - Card Column 27 

This flag indicates that the target has such dimensions or is of 

such a nature that a scanning prodedure is to be exercised by the 

flight crew utilizing an Acquisition Telescope (ATS). This flag is 

not used in target selection. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

XV. Benchmark Flag - Card Column 28 

This flag allows identification of those targets whose geographic 

location is well enough known to be considered as landmarks for onboard ephemeris update. This flag is not used in target selection. 

XVI. Mandatory ATS View Flag - Card Column 29 

This flag indicates that the target is of exceedingly high 

intelligence value when active. The existence of this flag will cause 

the target to be selected for ATS viewing, i.e., it will necessarily 

be selected as either a primary or an alternate target. 

XVII. Mandatory Primary Flag - Card Column 30 

This flag indicates that the target is of exceedingly high 

intelligence value even in the absence of activity. This target will 

be necessarily scheduled for the primary optics path. 

XVIII. Probability of Activity - Card Column 31-32 

The probability, expressed in percent, that the target will 

be active when photographed. These data are used in target 

selection. 

XIX. Specified ATS View Time - Card Columns 33-34 

The specified time in seconds and tenths of seconds for flight 

crew viewing of a target prior to a determination of active indicators 

and/or degrading weather conditions are, or are not, present. These 

data are used in target selection. 

XX. Pitch Weighting Function - Card Column 35 

This value specifies that pitch weighting function to be used in 

conjunction with Desired Pitch for target selection. The weighting 

functions themselves are contained in data base. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

XXI. Obliquity Limit - Card Columns 36-37 

This value defines, in degrees, the absolute value of 

maximum allowable obliquity angle for photography of this target. 

The allowable range of the limit is from 0-99 degrees. 

XXII. Target I.D. - Card Columns 38-47 

This is an administrative sequence number assigned by 

COMIREX to top priority targets in the National Priority Reconnaissance Objectives List (PROL). 

XXIII. Weather Factor - Card Columns 52-53 

This is a factor to be used in deweighting the value assigned 

to target photography as a function of 'predicted and/or verified 

weather. 

XXIV. Resolution Requirement - Card Columns 54-55 

This value expresses the technical resolution requirement 

for photography of this target. This value is not used in 

target selection. 

XXV. Special Category Code - Card Columns 56-58 

This number represents that functional classification of 

the target as obtained from a Functional Classification Handbook. 

These data are not used in target selection. 

XXVI. Target Location Validity - Card Column 59 

This number specifies the validity of the geographical 

coordinates utilized to define the position of the target for selection 

purposes. These data are not used in target selection. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

XXVII. Latitude - Card Columns 60-66 

The geodetic latitude of the target as expressed in degrees, 

minutes, and seconds. These data must also have indicators for 

north or south. 

XXVIII. Longitude - Card Columns 67-74 

The longitude of the target as expressed in degrees, minutes, 

and seconds. These data must also have indicators for east or west. 

XXIX. Card Type Flag - Card Column 75 

XXX. Visual Intelligence Flag - Card Column 76 

This flag indicates that the target need not be scheduled for 

possible photography but that it may be scheduled for ATS viewing 

alone. 

XXXI. Card Count - Card Columns 77-80 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

APPENDIX A: FORMAT FOR TARGET MODEL DATA BASE 

Two types of data cards will be prepared for entering 

target model information into the data base - an installation 

record and an aiming point record. Each installation record 

will be followed by a record for each aiming point for that 

installation. Formats for the installation records and the 

aiming point records are described in Appendix Al and AZ, 

respectively. 

Cx1 

0 

cn 

FORMATFOR TARGET MOD.t,L, AIMING POINT CARDS 

DESCRIPTION& UNITS 

Exposure SettingSequence(0-9) 

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NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

APPENDIX B: ACTIVITY AND ACTIVITY INDICATORS 

1. Advanced Aspects of the DORIAN System - The DORIAN system 

program is unique among reconnaissance system programs because 

it is manned and because it possesses advanced capabilities for 

utilization of man in the space reconnaissance role. The increased 

man/equipment capability of the DORIAN system will, therefore, 

require more sophistication in specifying collection requirements 

in order to fully exploit the system design potential and to assure 

that the use of man in making decisions relative to enhancing the 

photographic product does not lead to either loss of man's potential 

through overcaution or the degradation of the value of the collected 

data. 

The resolution capability of the DORIAN photographic 

sensor payload will provide the potential for obtaining detailed 

information of a technical intelligence nature which would be 

inaccessible by other systems as a result of resolution limitation 

alone. In addition, the DORIAN system provides high quality 

automatic tracking telescopes to provide the capability for the 

flight crew members to closely inspect several designated reconnaissance targets and evaluate their technical intelligence value 

prior to the optimum time for committing the photographic payload 

to a photographic sequence opportunity. Therefore, collection 

requirements for the DORIAN system should consider not only the 

advanced potential of the photographic sensor payload but also the 

flight crew potential for enhancing, through real-time observation, 

the value of the photographic intelligence information collected. 

2. Transitory Nature of High Value Technical Intelligence - In 

the past, the most valuable technical intelligence information 

contained on photography derived from overhead reconnaissance 

has usually occurred accidentally, i.e., preprogrammed photography 

of an area has revealed something that would not normally have been 

exposed. Therefore, it has been concluded that the exposure of 

objects of high technical intelligence value are likely to be of a 

transitory nature. The meaningful technical intelligence objects 

which make a complicated high resolution photographic sensor cost 

effective are usually of a size and nature which permits their concealment from exposure to overhead photographic reconnaissance. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

They can be kept under shelters and protective covers; they can be 

covered over after construction; they can be lowered into silos and 

sealed off from overhead view, etc. For example, ICBM's may be 

transported to a launch area and placed in silos or storage buildings where they might not be exposed to overhead reconnaissance 

for months, and, even then, they might only be exposed for a few 

hours for the conduct of training, replacement, maintenance, etc. 

Similar situations also exist relative to aircraft, naval vessels, 

nuclear weapons, etc. 

The DORIAN system, with its advanced photographic 

sensor payload and its employment of man to provide real-time 

decisions offer a means of increasing the frequency of securing 

photography of these transitory occurrences. This can be accomplished by equipment which permits the crew members to 

observe the targets and make real-time decisions on whether 

a target is "active" (designated transitory occurrence is present) 

or "inactive" (designated transitory occurrence is not present) 

based upon community designated "activity" and "activity 

indicators." 

3. Activity - For DORIAN operations the transitory exposure to 

overhead photographic reconnaissance of objects designated as 

being of high technical intelligence value has been identified as 

"activity." "Activity" means that the designated high value object 

(subject, item, condition, etc.-, which represents an identified 

high priority need) is present and vulnerable to overhead photographing. A photograph of a DORIAN target (aiming point) should, 

therefore, be of much greater value to the community if it contains 

activity than if it does not contain activity. Activity, then, is the 

actual presence of a specific object designated by the community 

as representing high technical intelligence value. The same object 

could apply to more than one target, and the relative value of the 

objects could vary. Also, designated objects and their values are 

subject to change as community needs change--due to changes in 

emphasis and the success of overall collection activities. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

4. Activity Indicators - It would be ideal if it were possible for the 

crew members to always be able to positively confirm the presence 

or absence of the object(s) designated as constituting activity. However, size of the objects and other limitations make this impossible. 

Nevertheless, there are conditions which are known to exist in conjunction with the presence of certain high value technical intelligence 

objects. There may be a variety of these conditions and they may 

have widely varying degrees of credibility, i.e., they may represent 

various abstraction levels which possess varying degrees of probability that the object will be present if the condition is present. 

These conditions are called "activity indicators" or their presence 

indicates some probability that an associated activity might be 

present. By using "activity indicators" the probability of the 

presence of activity can be used as the basis for assigning enhancement value for an "active" target prior to the pass on which it will 

be vulnerable to photography. The crew members can then make 

their decisions relative to whether targets are "active" or "inactive" upon whether or not they can confirm the presence or 

absence of the specified activity indicators. Like activity, these 

indicators and their values must be designated by the community. 

Because they would also be subject to change based upon community 

decision, there must be some way to show the appropriate community-designated activity indicators to the crew members in 

conjunction with programming their equipment to view the targets. 

The designation of the indicators in this manner relieves the flight 

crew from the responsibility for making probability computations 

relative to a variety of potential indicators, and it relieves them 

from having to remember a number of indicators and the changes 

that could occur during the course of a mission. Probabilities 

should have been determined by the community in designating 

indicators for the targets, and the updating should occur as a 

function of target programming. 

Much effort is still required to develop valid activity 

indicators. A representation of the current effort by the SPO to 

determine possible activity indicators for certain categories of 

targets is shown in Atch 1. 
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NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

APPENDIX C: EXPLANATION OF AIMING 

POINT DATA SHEET 

This appendix provides guidance in the specification of additional 

data for the Model 608 Analysis Deck. A separate sheet will be 

prepared for each of the 1776 Aiming Points. Appendix Cl is an 

example of a completed data sheet. 

Item 1, 2 & 3: Aiming point number and geodetic coordinates as 

specified in the Sortie Planning List. 

Item 4a: Verbal description of the intelligence requirements and 

specific types of data required by the intelligence analyst such as 

type of measurement, equipment identification, etc. 

Item 4b: A verbal description of the type of photographs required. 

It should include desired photographic sequences, viewing angles, 

direction of photograph, desired resolution, and special film type 

requirements (i.e., IR, color, or high speed). 

Item 4c: A verbal description of coverage requirements in terms 

of frequency. 

Item 4d: The Analyst's verbal description of activity indicators 

which would be visible with 6' to 10' resolution through the ATS 

and whose presence is highly correlated with the activity. on this 

target which would enhance the value of collected photography. 

This activity need not be recognizable through the ATS at the time 

of photography. See Appendix B for further discussion of activity 

and activity indicators. 

Item 5: Enter a number 1 through 5 to indicate desired photographic 

sequence. The five sequences which are available are described inTable 1. The desired sequence should be the one which will provide 

photographs that best match the requirements stated in Item 4b. The 

desired sequence and the desired initial pitch angle selected in Item 9 

define the optimum photographic coverage. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

Item 6: Enter a number 0 through 9 to indicate the weighting table 

that relates the value of desired photographic sequence selected in 

Item 5 to other available photographic sequences. The relative 

values used in each table are shown in Figure 1. For example, 

if Item 5 showed a desire for sequence 1, the selection of Table 1 

indicates that photographs obtained from using sequences 2 and 3 

are worth 70%, sequence 4 is worth 10%, and sequence 5 is worth 

90% of those obtained from the desired sequence 1. 

Item 7: Enter a value for K of 1, 10, 100, 1000, or 10,000 to 

reflect the relative value of a target in an active state compared 

to its value in an inactive state. A complete discussion of activity 

and active indicators is given in Appendix B. Such activity, when 

present, would enhance the target's intelligence value. Active 

value = K (inactive value). 

Item 8: Enter a number 0 through 99 to indicate the percentage of 

the time that the analyst, based on past experience and coverage, 

would expect activity to occur. 

Item 9: Enter a number 4. 30 through - 40 to indicate the desired 

pitch angle for start of photographic sequence (see Item 5). Pitch angle 

is the angle in the orbit plane between the line of sight from the 

vehicle to the target and the local vertical. Hardware limitations 

restrict the pitch angle to a value between 4- 300and -40°. 

Item 10: Enter a number 1 through 6 to indicate the type of pitch 

weighting function shown in Figures 2 through 7 which reflects the 

relative value of starting the photo sequence at a pitch angle other 

than the one selected in Item 9. 

Item 11: Enter a number 0 through 90 to indicate the maximum 

allowable obliquity angle. Obliquity angle is the angle in a plane 

perpendicular to the orbit plane between the line of sight from the 

vehicle to the target and the local vertical. Hardwarii'limits are 

plus or minus 400. 

Item 12: Enter a value for photographic resolution which 

would satisfy the indicated percentages of the intelligence requirements. 

Item 13: Mark YES or NO to indicate if a visual intelligence report 

only would be suffici ent to satisfy most of the intelligence requirements 

on this target. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

TABLE 1: PHOTOGRAPHIC SEQUENCES 

Sequence No. 1. Type: Symmetric Stereo 

Seven Frame Sequence: First three primary frames at 3 degrees 

pitch increments; a 16 degrees tracking angle with a secondary 

frame inserted midway; and a final series of three primary frames 

of 3 degrees pitch increments. 

An example of this sequence in which the starting angle was specified 

at -4-14 degrees pitch is: 

14° 11° 8° 0 -8° -11° -14° 

Pri Pri Pri Sec Pri Pri Pri 

Sequence No. 2. Type: Forward Asymmetric Stereo 

Five Frame Sequence: First three primary frames at 3 degrees pitch 

increments; a 12 degrees tracking angle with a secondary frame 

inserted midway; and a final primary frame. 

An example of this sequence in which the desired starting angle was 

11 degrees is: 

11° 8° 5° -1° -7° 

Pri Pri Pri Sec Pri 

Sequence No. 3. Type: Aft Asymmetric Stereo 

Five Frame Sequence: A single primary frame; a 12 degrees tracking 

angle with a secondary frame inserted midway; and three primary 

frames at 3 degrees pitch increments. 

An example of such a sequence for a desired start angle of 8 degrees is: 

8° 20 -4° -10° 

Pri Sec Pri Pri Pri 

Sequence No. 4. Type: Basic Mono Sequence 

Three Frame Sequence: Two primary frames at 6 degrees separation 

and a secondary frame midway between the primary frames. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

An example of this sequence for a desired pitch of 4 15 degrees is: 

15° 12° 9° 

Pri Sec Pri 

Sequence No. 5. Type: Continuous Coverage Mode 

Twelve Frame Sequence: Four primary frames at 3 degrees pitch 

increments; a 9 degrees tracking angle with a secondary shot 

inserted; and a final sequence of seven primary frames at 3 degrees 

pitch increments. 

An example of such a sequence for a desired starting angle of 12 

degrees is: 

12°9° 60 3o oo _6o _90 

Sec 

-12° -15° -18° -21° -24° 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

FIGURE 1: PHOTO MODE WEIGHTING TABLES 

Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 

Sequence 1 . 1. .9 .9 .5 .8 1. 1. .8 .8 .7 

Sequence 2 .7 1. .8 .5 .6 .5 .2 1. .9 .5 

Sequence 3 .7 .8 1. .5 .6 .5 .2 .9 1. .5 

Sequence 4 .1 .2 .2 1. .1 0 0 .3 .3 .1 

Sequence 5 .9 .7 .7 .5 1. .9 .8 .9 .9 1. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

FIGURE 2: NOMINAL PITCH WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS 

TYPE 1: This weighting function is for 

very pitch sensitive targets where the 

user is very particular about the 

specified initial pitch angle ( Z,„„ ) 

at the start of the sequence. This 

particular example shows sensitivity 

about Ew, of -50• 

lo • So o -S• co' -is 

TYPE 2: This weighting function is for 

targets about which the user is indifferent to the pitch angle at the start of 

a sequence. In this case, the specified 

initial pitch angle will be obtained only 

if it does not interefere with photography 

on other targets. 

TYPE 3: This weighting function is for 

targets about which the user is indif 

ferent to pitch angle over a certain 

range and sensitive to pitch angle outside of this range. The nominal indifference range will be .4. 5 degrees from 

the specified initial pitch angle, Z. 

This example shows a desired Z.., 

of 0 degrees. 

/.o 

r 

so so 
/.0 

41% 

.•• 

NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

FIGURE 2: NOMINAL PITCH WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS (CON' T) 

TYPE 4: This weighting function is for 

targets where the value of a photo sequence is of decreasing value as the 

starting pitch angle moves from fore 

to aft. The nominal full value to zero 

value range will be Zs, to ( f,,,,= -20 

degrees). This particular example 

reflects a user desire for Z.= -4-15 

degrees. 

TYPE 5: This weighting function is for 

targets where the value of a photo sequence increases as the initial pitch 

angle moves from fore to aft. The 

nominal range from zero value to 

full value will be ( -4-20) to 

This particular example is for 

El.,: -15 degrees. 

TYPE 6: This weighting function is 

for targets on which either a forward 

or aft high oblique sequence is desired. 

The nominal varies from full value at 

Z„,„ to zero value at ( + E,..,I-15 

degrees) and (- 1 .4-15 

degrees). This example shows the 

function for Lb,: 15 degrees. 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

1. 

APPENDIX Cl: AIMING POINT DATA SHEET 

Aiming Point No. 1A0019D A 

2. Latitude: 46° 00' 58" 

3. Longitude: 64° 01' 07" 

4. Verbal Description: 

a. Intelligence Rqmt: Detailed dimensioning of missiles, transporters, 

loaders, fueling vehicles, cranes, auxiliary equipment. Check any 

retorfitting on site to determine extent & follow-on photo coverage 

rqmts. 

b. Photographic Rqmt: Symmetrical stereo, high oblique at 30° 

coverage fram all directions, color film to detect blast marks, 

medium contract, max resol requirement ri 50% rqmts 

satisfied by 

c. Frequence: Annually or when equipment is observed 

d. Visible Activity Indicators: Fueling trucks, instrument vans 

near launch pad, missile loaders. 

5. Desired Photo Sequence: 1 

6. Photo Mode Weighting Table: 1 

7. Activity Enhancement Factor: K z: 100 

8. Probability of Activity: 60% 

9. Desired Pitch of Sequence Start: -4— 30° 

10. Pitch Weighting Function: 4 

11. Obliquity Limit: 40

o 

12. Resolution Required to Fill Percent of Intelligence Rqmts 

Resol 

95 

75 

50 

0 

13. Visual Intelligence Acceptable: YES X NO 

I Oi 1: 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

AIMING POINT DATA SHEET 

1. Aiming Point No. 

2. Latitude: 

3. Longitude: 

4. Verbal Description: 

a. Intelligence Rqmt: 

b. Photographic Rqmt: 

c. Frequency: 

d. Visible Activity Indicators: 

5. Desired Photo Sequence: 

6. Photo Mode Weighting Table: 

7. Activity Enhancement Factor: K 

8. Probability of Activity: 

9. Desired Pitch of Sequence Start: 

10. Pitch Weighting Function: 

11. Obliquity Limit: 

12. Resolution Required to Fill Percent of Intelligence Rqmts 

% 

95 

75 

50 

0 

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13. Visual Intelligence Acceptable: YES NO 

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DISTRIBUTION OF INSTALLATIONS IN CURRENT DECK 

BY CATEGORIES 

CATEGORY CODE AND DESCRIPTION 

NR. OF 

INSTALL. 

% OF 

TOTAL 

1. Guided Missiles 

A. ICBM Deployment 

B. IRBM and MRBM 

C. Research & Development (inc. space) 

D. Production Facilities (inc. test) 

E. Suspect Missile 

G. Naval Launched Missiles 

H. Anti-Missile Missile 

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1113 

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49 

46 

16 

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7.0 

0.7 

0.6 

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2. Aircraft 

A. Long Range Bases 95 1.4 

B. Production Facilities (inc. R&D) 46 0.7 

C. Airfields 830 12.4 

SUb-Total 971 14.6 

3. Nuclear Energy 

A. Test Area 25 0.4 

B. Production 58 0.9 

C. Stockpiles 14 0.2 

D. Research Institutes 22 0.3 

E. Suspect Activity 19 0.3 

Sub-Total 138 2.1 

4. Naval Activity 

A. Operating Bases 78 1.2 

B. Production Yards 35 0.5. 

C. Commercial Ports 81 1.2 

D. Locks & Canals 0 0 

Sub- Total 194 2. 9 

5. Biological/Chemical Warfare 

A. BW/CW Test Areas 10 0.1 

B. Production 25 0..4 

C. Storage 30 0.4 

D. Research Institutes 5 0.1 

E. Suspect Activity 11 0.2 

Sub-Total BT T".7 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

CATEGORY CODE AND DESCRIPTION 

NR. OF 

INSTALL. 

% OF 

TOTAL 

6. Electronics 

A. Missile Tracking Facilities 58 0.9 

B. Electronics, General 200 3.0 

Sub-Total 258 3.9 

7. Military 

A. Military Installations 2261 33.9 

B. Special Area 7 0.1 

C. (Unspecified) 16 0.2 

D. Landing Beaches 1 0 . 1 

G. Tactical SSM Support Facilities 80 1.2 

Sub-Total 2365 35.4 

8. Urban/Industrial 

A. Complexes 192 2.9 

B. Industrial Plants 149 2.2 

Sub-Total 341 5.1 

9. Other 

A. Unidentified Installations 32 0.5 

Total 6672