J

- S23020

- 20

NON

- PRECEDENTIAL DECISION

- SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

SEAN DUFFY CONOVER

Appellant :

:

:

:

:

:

:

:

: IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 2374 EDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered July 23, 2019 In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County Criminal Division at

No(s): CP

- 15

- CR

- 0003475

- 2017

BEFORE: NICHOLS, J., McCAFFERY, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.: FILED AUGUST 07, 2020

Sean Duffy Conover (Appellant) appeals from t he judgment of sentence

entered in the Chester County Court of Common Pleas following his non

- jury,

stipulated

- fact trial convictions of two counts of possessio n of a controlled

substance with intent to deliver (PWID). 1 Appellant avers the trial court erred

in denying his pre

- trial motion to suppress physical evidence based on the

Pennsylvania State Police’s violation of the knock and announce rule during

the ex ecution of a search warrant. We affirm.

The suppression court summarized the facts as follows:

On October 2, 2017, the Pennsylvania State Police were notified by the Department of Homeland Security that U.S. Customs and Border Protection had seized a parcel entering the United States that contained 306 grams of 3,4

- Methylenedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), a Schedule I narcotic commonly known as “ecstasy” or “molly.” The package was

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

1 35 P.S. § 780

- 113(a)(30).J

- S23020

- 20

- 2

-

addressed to [Appellant] , and had a return label indicating it had origin ated in Dü sseldorf, Germany. On October 3, 2017, the Pennsylvania State Police obtained an anticipatory search warrant for [Appellant’s] residence [ ] which would provide valid authority for police to enter and search that location only if the parcel was delivered to and was taken into the residence. The package was transferred to the Pennsylvania State Police, and the majority of the controlled substance in the parcel was seized and removed. A small amount, of MDMA, referred to as the “representative

sa mple,” was left in the package for the purpose of a “ controlled delivery,” a law enforcement tactic in which an officer poses as a courier and delivers a previously intercepted package of contraband.

The following day, October 4, 2017, a team of close t o fifteen (15) law enforcement officers from multiple state and federal agencies arrived at [Appellant’s] residence to execute the warrant. The “ controlled delivery” was performed by Trooper [Jen] Ruhl, who left the package on the doorstep of the residenc e between 10 and 11 a.m. [Appellant] thereafter opened the front door and brought the package into the house at approximately 11

a.m. Approximately five (5) minutes later, the law enforcement agents moved to enter the house, with some “stacked up” to ent er the front door and others covering the rear exits. PSP Sergeant Wysocki [ 2 ] handled the battering ram, while Trooper Jason Trupp was responsible for conducting the “knock and announce.” Trooper Trupp testified at the [suppression] hearing on November 9 , 2018 that he knocked on the door and said “ state police, search warrant.” When there was n o answer, he waited approximately five seconds, and knocked and announced again. This process was repeated four or five times, which took a total of approximately twenty to thirty seconds. After there was no response or detectable movement inside the residence, Sergeant Wysocki used the ram to force open the door [

. Appellant] was lo cated inside the residence and taken into custody. The package was discovered torn open on a bathroom floor, along with the representative sample contained therein and [Appellant’s] shoes [

. ] Police also recovered other various controlled substance s and d rug paraphernalia from the residence, as well as a Mossberg Model 88 shotgun

.

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

2 The record does not indicate Sergeant Wysocki’s first name.J

- S23020

- 20

- 3

-

Order, 12/20/18, at 2 n.1

. Appellant was arrested and charged with numerous offenses

. On April

6, 2018, Appellant filed an omnibus pre

- trial motion s eeking suppression of

the evidence seized from his residence , based on the alleged improper “knock

and announce,” and the statement he made to police after his arrest. The

trial court conducted a suppression hearing o n November 9, 20 18

. Trooper

Trupp testified about the circumstances surrounding this knock and announce:

[Commonwealth:] Before you said state police, search warrant, had you knocked, or did you say that before knocking, or how did that process begin?

[Trooper Trupp:] I think generally I knock at least three times and I say state police, search warrant, and then I usually give it, oh, I don’t know, a couple seconds, and then I knock and announce again [sic]

.
Q. H ow many times did you knock during your time at the front door?

A. It was probably fo ur to five times of three knocks.

Q. And each of those four to five times, was the pattern three knock s and then state police, search warrant, or how did that go?

A. Yes. It’ s generally I go

— I knock three times and I say state police, search warrant, give it a break, and then I'll knock again

—

THE COURT: I’m sorry. What was the last thing again ?

* * *

[Trooper Trupp:] Break. I'll knock and then I'll say state police, search warrant, and then there'll be a

—
THE COURT: Okay.J

- S23020

- 20

- 4

-

[Trooper Tru pp:]

— break or a pause in time, and then I’ ll knock again and say state police, search warran t

. [Commonwealth:] How long are these breaks?

[Trooper Trupp:] Maybe a couple of seconds.

Q. Meaning under five, more than five?

A. About five seconds.

Q. Approximately how long were you at the front door?

A. Oh, at the front door while we knocked and announced, probably about 20 to 30 seconds total.

N.T. Suppression H’rg , 11/9/18, at 18

- 20.

Without objection from the Commonwealth, the trial court grant ed

Appellant’s motion in part by suppressing the statements he made after his

arrest . However, the court denied the motion in part by allowing the evidence

recovered from the search and seizure of his residence. Order, 12/20/ 18

.

This matter proceeded to a non

- jury trial on April 18, 2019 , on two

counts of PWID. The parties stipulated as to what testimony the

Commonwealth’s witnesses would give if called to testify. N.T. Trial, 4/18/19,

at 3 , 12

. Appellant did not testify or present any evidence. The trial court

found him guilty of two counts of PWID. 3 On July 23, 2019, the trial court

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

3 One count of PWID related to 24.80 grams of MDMA, and the second count related to 26.95 grams of “GHB.” N.T., 4/18/19, at 12

- 13.J

- S23020

- 20

- 5

-

sentenced Appellant to an aggregate term of 111⁄2 to 23 months’ incarceration
,

to be followed by two years’ probation.

On August 12, 2019, Appellant filed a timely pro se n otice of a ppeal. 4

On August 21st, the trial court directed Appellant to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)

concise statement of the errors complained of on appeal. Appellant’ s trial

counsel filed a motion for leave to withdraw , which sought appointment of

a ppellate counsel on Appellant’s behalf , as well as an extension of time for

new counsel to file a Rule 1925(b) statement . On September 5 th , the trial

court appointed current counsel, who then timely filed a Rule 1925(b)

statement on November 4 th

. Appellant presents one issue for our review:

Did the trial court err in denying Appellant’ s motion for suppression of physical evidence based on the violation of the knock and announce rule during execution of the search warrant thereby violating Appellan t’ s rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments and Article I Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution?

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

4 See Pa.R .Crim.P. 576(A)(4) (if represented criminal defendant submits for filing notice of appeal that has not been signed his attorney, clerk of courts shall accept it for filing, and copy of time

- stamped document shall be forwarded to defendant ’ s attorney and Co mmonwealth within 10 days); Superior Ct. O.P. § 65.24 ( pro se notice of appeal received from trial court shall be docketed, even where appellant is represented by counsel) ; Commonwealth v. Wooden , 215 A.3d 997 , 1000 (Pa. Super. 2019) ( although defendant’s attorney remained as counsel of record, it was proper for trial court clerk and Superior Court ’ s Prothonotary to docket defendant’s pro se notice of appeal )

.J

- S23020

- 20

- 6

-

Appellant’s Brief at 5. Appellant avers the Pennsylvania State P olice violated

his constitutional rights by not conducting a reasonable knock and announce.

Appellant claims police failed to wait a reasonable amount of time after

announcing their presence and before forcibly entering his residence to

effectuate the search warrant. Appellant also points out that at the

suppression hearing, the C ommonwealth conceded there were no exigent

circumstances that would have allowed police to enter the home immediately.

Appellant’s Brief at 27

- 28 , citing N.T. , 11/9/18, at 39

. No relief is due.

Our standard of review for the denial of a suppression motion is well

established:

[ An appellate court’s ] standard of review in addressing a challenge to the denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record and whether the leg al conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted when read in th e context of the record as a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by the record, [ the appellate court is ] bound by [ those ] findings and may reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are

erroneous

. . . .

Commonwealth v. Smith , 164 A.3d 1255, 1257 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation

omitted).

Pennsylvania’s knock and announce procedures are governed by

Pa.R.Crim.P. 207 :

(A) A law enforcement officer executing a search warrant shall, before entry, give, or make reasonable effort to give, notice of the officer’s identity, authority, and purpose to any occupant of theJ

- S23020

- 20

- 7

-

premises specified in the warrant, unless exigent circums tances require the officer’s immediate forcible entry.

(B) Such officer shall await a response for a reasonable period of time after this announcement of identity, authority, and purpose, unless exigent circumstances require the officer’s immediate forcible entry.

(C) If the officer is not admitted after suc h reasonable period, the officer may forcibly enter the premises and may use as much physical force to effect entry therein as is nec essary to execute the search.

Pa.R.Crim.P. 207 (A)

- (C) . This Court has stated:

“ The purpose of the ‘ knock and announce ’ rule is to prevent violence and physical injury to the police and occupants, to protect an occupant’s privacy expectation against the unauthorized entry of unknown persons, and to prevent property damage resulting from forced entry. ” The purpose of the ru le may be achieved only through police officers’ full compliance. Indeed, our Supreme Court has held that “ in the absence of exigent circumstances, forcible entry without announcement of [ identity, authority ] and purpose violates Article I, Section 8 of t he Pennsylvania Constitution, which proscribes unreasonable searches and seizures. ” Our Supreme Court has determined that “ the remedy for noncompliance with the knock and announce rule is always suppression

. ”

During a suppression hearing, the Commonwealt h bears the burden of proving that the police seized evidence without violating defenda nt ’ s constitutional rights. “ The Commonwealth can satisfy its burden by establishing either that the police complied with the knock and announce rule or that the circumstances satisfied an exception. ”

Commonwealth v. Frederick , 124 A.3d 748, 755 (Pa. Super. 2015)

( citations and some emphasis omitted ).

The trial court explained the factual and legal rational e for denying
, in

part , Appellant’s motion to suppress :J

- S23020

- 20

- 8

- In this case, Trooper Trupp first complied with Pa.R.Crim.P. 207(A) by knocking on the door of [Appellant’s] residence, identifying himself as the state police, and stating that they were present to serve a search warrant. After this first knock and announce, he waited approximately five seconds, and when there

was no response, he knocked and announced again

. This process was repeated four or five times, and according to the trooper it took between twenty to thirty seconds. Trooper Trupp’s serial kn ocking and announcing gave [Appellant] , or any other occupant of the residence, repeated notice that the police were present to

serve a search warrant. Police forced entry only after failing to receive any respo nse; or perceiving any activity in the resid ence, after knocking on the front door and announcing “ state police, search warrant” no less than four times. We find that this was a

“ reasonable period of time” before making entry pursuant to Rule 207. Moreover, the search warrant was served at approxi mately 11:00 a.m., distinguishing this case from a potential scenario where a warrant is served early in the morning or late at night, a time when the occupant may not be able to simply proceed directly to the door due to being asleep or undressed.

We are unpersuaded by [Appellant’s] argument that service of the warrant was unreasonable due to the police allegedly

“ planning ” to take down the door and break into the house. Police have the right to be prepared to make a forced entry into a place upon which they are serving a lawful search warrant, including being equipped with a battering ram. There is no evidence that police were intending to break into the house regardless of any answer to the knock and announce, and they fully complied with the requirements of Rule 207. Counsel for [Appellant] also invited the court’s attention to an August 20, 2018 order

. . . in Commonwealth v.

. . . Muse , CR

- 4247

- 17, granting a motion to suppress filed by counsel for another client based on a violati on of the “ knock and announce” rule. However, the facts in Muse are distinct from those before us in this case. The Commonwealth in Muse alleged that there were exigent circumstances that voided the usual knock and announce requirements, while in this ca se the Commonwealth is not arguing exigency. Likewise, the police in Muse forced entry with a battering ram a mere one to five seconds after they knocked and announced, while in this case the police knocked and announced multiple times and only forced ent ry after no response was received after twenty to thirty seconds

. Order, 12/20/18, at 3

- 4 n.1

.J

- S23020

- 20

- 9

-

Our review of the record supports the suppression court’ s findings of

fact, as well as its conclusion that the Commonwealth established the evidence

was not obtained in violation of Appellant’s right s

. See Smith , 164 A.3d at

1257

. Appellant’s argument would require this Court to reweigh Trooper

Trupp’s testimony and supplant the trial court’s credibility findings with our

own; this we c annot do. See id.

In conclusion, we do not disturb the trial court’s finding that the

Pennsylvania State Police waited a reasonable amount of time after knocking

and announcing their presence before entering the home.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Pres ident Judge Emeritus Ford Ellio t t joins this memorandum

. Judge Nichols concurs in the result. Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary

Date: 8/7 /20