[Cite as State v. Gebrosky, 2024-Ohio-2659.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

WOOD COUNTY

State of Ohio Court of Appeals Nos. WD-23-020

WD-23-021

 

Appellee Trial Court Nos. 2021CR0388

 2022CR0096

 

v.

John Eric Gebrosky DECISION AND JUDGMENT

Appellant Decided: July 12, 2024

* * * * *

Paul A. Dobson, Wood County Prosecuting Attorney, and

David T. Harold, Chief Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee.

Autumn D. Adams, for appellant.

* * * * *

ZMUDA, J.

I. Introduction

{¶ 1} This consolidated matter is before the court on appeal from the Wood

County Court of Common Pleas judgments of March 24, 2023, following two separate 

trials, sentencing appellant, John Gebrosky, to an aggregate prison term of 21 years to 

life. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
2.

II. Facts and Procedural History

{¶ 2} In August 2021, in Wood County case No. 2021CR388, the state charged 

appellant with one count of rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b) and (B), a felony 

of the first degree, and one count of gross sexual imposition in violation of R.C. 

2907.05(A)(4) and (C)(2), a felony of the third degree. In March 2022, in Wood County 

case No. 2022CR096, the state filed additional charges, charging appellant with one 

count of rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) and (B), a felony of the first degree, and 

one count of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor in violation of R.C. 2907.04(A) and 

(B)(1), a felony of the fourth degree. Both cases involved delayed reporting by a child

victim.

{¶ 3} In case No. 2021CR388, the state alleged appellant engaged in sexual 

conduct and had sexual contact, on or about December 25, 2016,

1 with his daughter, 

H.G., who was 11 years old at the time. In case No. 2022CR096, the state alleged 

appellant engaged in sexual conduct with A.J., who was 13 years old, and engaged in 

sexual conduct with a minor between the age of 13 and 16, and appellant was more than 

four years older than the victim at the time, with the conduct occurring on or about May 1 

to June 30, 2012.2

1

Initially, H.G. alleged the contact took place over the Christmas holiday in 2017, but she 

later clarified it happened in 2016 and the state amended the charges accordingly.

2 After A.J. testified, the state amended the indictment to narrow the time frame from 

May 1 to September 1, 2012, as initially charged, to conform to the evidence pursuant to 

Crim.R. 7(D).
3.

{¶ 4} The state sought to join the two cases for trial. Appellant’s trial counsel 

objected, and the trial court denied the request for joinder. The matter proceeded to 

separate trials.

A. Case No. 2021CR388 

{¶ 5} A jury trial in case No. 2021CR388 was held September 13-15, 2022. The 

state presented testimony of H.G., the victim; Anissa, appellant’s former girlfriend and 

mother of his two younger children; Detective Israel Garrett, a Lucas County special 

victims unit detective who first investigated the offenses; Carrie Menchaca, a behavioral 

specialist employed by H.G.’s counseling agency; Samuel Young, appellant’s fellow 

inmate at the jail while he awaited trial; and Detective Dustin Glass, the Wood County 

detective who received the case from Detective Garrett and later spoke with Samuel 

Young.

{¶ 6} At the time of H.G.’s testimony, she was 16 years old and a junior in high 

school. H.G. testified regarding events over Christmas, 2016, when she was 11. As 

background, H.G. indicated appellant and her mother separated when H.G. was very 

young. H.G.’s mother had custody and appellant had visitation. H.G. testified she met 

Anissa when she was about 5 years old, when appellant and Anissa began their 

relationship. H.G. viewed Anissa as a stepmother, and felt close to her two half-siblings, 

born to Anissa.

{¶ 7} H.G. recalled the events occurred during Christmas, 2016, because her 

maternal grandmother had just passed away and it was her little sister’s first Christmas. 

Because it was appellant’s visitation time, she spent the holiday with appellant. He, 
4.

Anissa, and their two children were staying with Anissa’s father in Perrysburg during the 

holiday. H.G. testified regarding the layout of the home, the two upstairs rooms where 

Anissa’s father and his wife slept and where appellant, Anissa, and the younger children 

slept. H.G. indicated she either slept on a living room couch or on the floor in appellant’s 

and Annisa’s room with her two siblings.

{¶ 8} H.G. testified that, around 1:00 a.m. on December 24, she and appellant 

were downstairs watching a movie while everyone else slept upstairs. H.G. testified that 

appellant asked her to “move couches and come lay next to him” because he was cold. 

H.G. complied, and appellant positioned himself behind H.G., spooning, with a blanket 

between them. Appellant then moved the blanket “and he was breathing really heavy” in 

her ears. She testified appellant started running his hands up the front and sides of her 

legs, from ankle to her inner and outer thighs, causing H.G. to feel “weird” and stay 

“still.” During this conduct, appellant told H.G. he loved her. He stopped after she got up 

and walked away. When H.G. went into the kitchen, appellant followed her and 

“cornered” her there, and told her “that what he was doing would put him in jail for a 

long time.” H.G. testified that she began having a panic attack and appellant followed her 

into the living room with a glass of water “and kept saying he doesn’t know what 

happened, told me to drink water.” Eventually H.G. calmed down, but she did not tell 

Anissa or anyone else what happened. Nothing further occurred that night, and in the 

morning her mother picked her up and took her for breakfast.

{¶ 9} H.G. said nothing to her mother regarding the incident, and she felt too 

uneasy to eat breakfast. She told her mother she was not feeling well. When H.G.’s 
5.

mother returned her to the house after breakfast, appellant was standing by the couches, 

“waiting for me to get there.” H.G. testified appellant waiting for her was unusual, and 

appellant “started apologizing and saying that it wouldn’t happen again,” regarding the 

incident the night before. H.G. testified that something else happened the next night.

{¶ 10} According to H.G., appellant repeated the conduct of the night before as 

H.G. and appellant were sitting on the couches around 1:00 a.m. She testified:

He had me lay down and he was laying next to me and was rubbing 

up my legs again, the same way he was doing the night before. He asked 

me to get up and take off my pants because they were bothering him. And I 

was – I didn’t want to at first, but I didn’t really, again, think much of it 

because I had a long T-shirt on that night too, so it covered me.

{¶ 11} H.G. indicated she went to the other couch and lay on her stomach, but 

appellant followed her and asked to give her a back massage. H.G. testified she was 

uncomfortable, but appellant had given her a back massage before, so she “didn’t really 

put two and two together.” She then described the back massage as:

He didn’t – he didn’t sit down at first, he just put his hands on my 

back, and then he sat at the bottom of my legs, over me, with a blanket, and 

was rubbing my back.

* * *

He was rubbing his hands on my back, until he started rubbing his 

body against my back.

* * * 

Like, he was laying on top of me and he was moving himself back and 

forth.

H.G. then felt appellant’s hands “move over my underwear, and then I felt something 

very close to my vagina. What I presume was either his fingers or his penis.” H.G. 

testified that she jumped up when she felt this, before his fingers or penis could enter her 

vagina.
6.

{¶ 12} After this encounter, H.G. did not want to lay down again, so appellant 

asked her to play the “food game,” a game H.G. and her younger siblings had watched on 

YouTube where one person is blindfolded and the other person gives them weird food 

combinations that the blindfolded person tries to identify. H.G. testified she had never 

played the game before but agreed to play with appellant. H.G. testified that appellant 

wore the blindfold first and H.G. combined ketchup with “something else out of the 

fridge and had him try it and he couldn’t guess what it was.” 

{¶ 13} H.G. wore the blindfold next and sat on a chair near the dining room table. 

She described the game in testimony, as follows:

Q: Okay. So you were blindfolded, and then, what happened 

next?

A: I had my – I had my leg up on the chair in front of me and I 

was – I was blindfolded, and he pushed my leg off and put his leg up there. 

But I didn’t know – like, I knew he pushed my leg off but I didn’t know he 

put his leg up, because I couldn’t see anything.

Q: And when you say he put his leg up, where did he put it?

A: On the chair in front me.

Q: On the chair that you were sitting on, or on a different chair?

A: The chair that was sitting next to me, it was a different chair.

Q: Okay. So, go ahead, what else happened?

A: He told me to open my mouth and he put something in it that, 

initially, tasted sweet, and he told me not to bite down.

Q: What did you think about that instruction?

A: I didn’t think anything. I mean, we were playing the food 

game, I just figured that he wanted to make it harder or something, more 

difficult to play.

Q: What happened next?

A: He started moving my head back and forth. 

Q: How did he do that?

A: He put his hand on the back of my head.

Q: Okay. And what was happening with what was in your 

mouth?

A: The sweetness flavor was going away.

Q: What did you taste then?
7.

A: Salt, salty.

Q: How long did he move your head back and forth?

A: Maybe less than a minute before I moved myself.

Q: What made you move yourself?

A: He told me not to bite down but I bit down a little bit and it 

made him jump, which made me move, and then I took the blindfold off 

and he ran into the kitchen, hunched over, holding either his stomach or 

whatever – or – with a party cup in his hand.

Q: Okay. What did you do, then, did you follow him into the 

kitchen?

A: Yes.

Q: Okay, what happened next?

A: I asked him what it was and he told me it was a pepper. And I 

said, peppers don’t taste sweet. And he said he dipped it in syrup. Which, 

the party cup on the counter had syrup or honey in it.

{¶ 14} H.G. also testified that she noticed appellant’s leg was up on the chair when 

she took her blindfold off. She also testified that, although appellant tried to convince her 

it was a pepper in her mouth, she knows it was appellant’s penis based on appellant’s 

later admission to her. H.G. described bringing the matter up in a conversation with 

appellant, sometime later, in which appellant admitted his conduct:

We went to the park, and it got brought up, and at first he told me 

that it was a toy, that it was a dildo, and then he told me that it wasn’t, that 

it was him, and then he – then he tried to take it back and go back to saying 

it was a dildo.

H.G. then clarified that when appellant said it was him, “he called it his dick.” She also 

testified that she brought it up on a later date when she was explaining to appellant why 

she did not want to sleep in the same room with him. After this, H.G. testified she 

pretended the incident never happened, and mainly stayed with his mother for appellant’s 

visitation and did not like being alone with appellant. 
8.

{¶ 15} Around 2019, H.G. had an incident with her mother that resulted in a 

referral to children’s services and a brief placement with appellant’s mother. H.G. began 

seeing a therapist and admitted to cutting since the age of 11. Eventually, H.G. shared the 

incidents involving appellant with a close friend. In 2020, she disclosed the incidents to 

Carrie Menchaca, the behavioral specialist, believing the disclosure would remain private 

as part of therapy. As a mandatory reporter, Menchaca notified authorities, police 

investigated, and appellant was charged.

{¶ 16} On cross-examination, H.G. admitted she remained close with Anissa after 

Anissa and appellant ended their relationship, and H.G. spent time with Anissa and her 

younger half-siblings every weekend. H.G. also admitted that, during the conflict with 

her mother she asked to live with appellant, but she testified that she made the request 

because she “knew I would be with my grandmother.” As to the incidents, H.G. admitted 

she never saw appellant’s penis. H.G. also acknowledged that she initially reported the 

abuse by a “family member,” without naming appellant. She did not identify appellant 

until police interviewed her.

{¶ 17} Anissa testified next. She confirmed the family stayed with her father 

during Christmas, 2016, and lived with her father from October 2016 until April, 2017.

Anissa also testified regarding the layout of the home, describing the bedroom she shared 

with appellant and their two children, upstairs. Anissa testified that they never had a 

stable home, and would live with her mother, his mother, or her father when they did not 

have their own place. She testified that when they did get their own place, “it always fell 

through and we didn’t stay very long,” citing an inability to pay the bills, leading to 
9.

evictions. Anissa testified she and H.G. have a good relationship and continue to spend 

time together since the break-up with appellant. 

{¶ 18} On cross-examination, Anissa admitted she never had any concerns about 

appellant and H.G. and never noted any concerning behavior by appellant. Anissa 

acknowledged that H.G. could be “untruthful” when she was much younger, but as she 

got older “she learned to just tell the truth about things.”

{¶ 19} Next, the state called Detective Israel Garrett. Detective Garrett conducted 

the initial interview with H.G. and then with appellant, and the jury viewed a redacted 

videorecording of appellant’s interview.3 Detective Garrett testified regarding his work 

with the special victim’s unit, and described delayed disclosure, indicating delayed 

disclosure is not unusual for child victims. Garrett then outlined the process that brought 

H.G.’s allegations to police, indicating the police received a report from the Children 

Services Bureau in August of 2020. Soon after, Garrett received the assignment to 

investigate, and he interviewed H.G., who was then 14 years old. Garrett confirmed some 

of the details with Anissa regarding the place where the incidents occurred. He then 

interviewed appellant who denied the allegations but admitted that H.G. had viewed 

pornography and that he smoked marijuana around H.G. and let her try marijuana.

Appellant also told Garrett that H.G. had contacted his mother, and H.G. told her 

grandmother that the matter had been “blown out of proportion.” 

3 The state redacted portions of the recording that referenced appellant’s prison terms and 

Detective Garrett’s questions about conduct that occurred in Lucas County.
10.

{¶ 20} On cross-examination, Detective Garrett admitted he did not attempt to 

obtain photographs of H.G.’s Christmas in 2016, or talk to any other people in the house, 

such as Anissa’s father and stepmother. He also did not interview appellant’s mother. 

Garrett admitted he did not subpoena appellant’s phone records to check the records 

against H.G.’s allegations. However, Garrett did indicate that appellant first claimed he 

knew nothing of the allegations, then said “it was just touching,” and then referenced 

H.G.’s statement that “it was blown out of proportion,” with Garrett’s response, “Well, 

what’s blown out of proportion, it was just touching?”

{¶ 21} Next, Carrie Menchaca testified. She indicated she is a behavioral specialist 

and not a therapist. Menchaca testified she focuses on problem areas, as identified by the 

therapist, such as “social skills and academic skills.” Menchaca was unaware of H.G.’s 

problem with cutting until H.G.’s last session when H.G. brought it up, saying she did not 

do that anymore. H.G. then disclosed that a family member had abused her. Menchaca 

alerted her supervisor, then reported the incident to children’s services. H.G. had no 

further contact with Menchaca after that session. 

{¶ 22} Appellant’s trial counsel did not cross-examine Menchaca.

{¶ 23} The state’s next witness was Samuel Young, who met appellant in jail. 

Young testified that he was 19 and in jail for violating a protection order, serving a threemonth sentence. He testified he spoke with appellant the first two months, with each 

sharing details of their cases. According to Young, appellant maintained his innocence, 

telling Young he did not do anything, or his family was setting him up. Young testified 

that he was helpful when appellant would describe anomalies in his case, such as 
11.

problems with the dates/timeline, because Young felt their situations were somewhat 

similar and had empathy towards appellant. But later, Young testified, he believed 

appellant was using his advice to create a false alibi to claim he was not present on the 

dates H.G. claimed the incidents occurred. Young also began to feel uncomfortable 

around appellant after appellant described the food game and putting a hot dog in her 

mouth, and otherwise shared more details regarding the charges. Young testified appellant 

never admitted to the conduct, but appellant indicated he would use Young’s “advice to 

help his case.” This prompted Young to ask to speak to police or the prosecutor because 

he “didn’t want people to think I was helping him[.]”

{¶ 24} On cross-examination, Young admitted appellant never confessed to him, 

and Young did not have access to the discovery in appellant’s case, but only saw one 

paper, which “was the text message.” 

{¶ 25} The state’s final witness was Detective Dustin Glass, the Perrysburg 

Township investigator who took the case from Detective Garrett. Glass testified he met 

with Detective Garrett, reviewed the case file and interviews, and eventually reinterviewed H.G. in July of 2021. He noted H.G.’s interviews were consistent despite the 

passage of time. His attempt to re-interview appellant was unsuccessful. 

{¶ 26} Detective Glass then spoke with Samuel Young. Glass testified that there 

was never discussion with Young regarding consideration for information provided, with 

no talk of any deal or promises regarding Young’s case. Glass indicated Young was 

concerned that appellant was going to say Young “was giving him information, possibly, 
12.

to do an alibi,” and he wanted to make clear he was not working with appellant “to help 

him cover anything up.” 

{¶ 27} On cross-examination, Glass acknowledged he did not interview anyone 

else to corroborate H.G.’s story and did not interview Anissa or any other people in the 

house on the dates of the incidents. Glass also testified he did not use any specific method 

in interviewing children and did not “have any training in that stuff.”

{¶ 28} The state moved to admit exhibits, including the redacted video recording

of appellant’s interview and H.G.’s therapy records. The trial court admitted the exhibits 

without objection. Out of the jury’s presence, the defense moved for acquittal pursuant to 

Crim.R. 29, and the trial court denied the motion.

{¶ 29} The defense then called two witnesses: appellant’s mother and appellant.

{¶ 30} Appellant’s mother testified that she was once very close to H.G. She also 

indicated that H.G. would stay with her often. She was now aware of the allegations and

recalled a Perrysburg Township detective leaving a message for appellant to call. On 

cross-examination, appellant’s mother admitted she had no knowledge of any incidents 

during Christmas, 2016. 

{¶ 31} Appellant then took the stand in his own defense. He testified regarding his 

relationship with H.G., and with Anissa. Appellant indicated H.G. did not accept Anissa 

at first, but the relationship grew into a good bond, which he supported, and Anissa and 

the three children continued to spend time together. Appellant testified he was surprised 

by H.G.’s allegations, because when he was released from prison just before the 

allegations, H.G. was upset that she could not come see him yet; appellant did not have 
13.

housing ready so he could not have visitation. After the allegations, appellant testified he 

received “odd” Facebook messages “just saying sorry, dad, I miss you,” and he was not 

sure if it was H.G. sending the messages. 

{¶ 32} Appellant claimed he spent the nights of the incidents wrapping presents 

and had pictures on his phone to corroborate this, but after he was taken into custody in a 

separate case and incarcerated, he no longer had access to his phone. He also disputed 

H.G.’s and Anissa’s claim that the family spent Christmas, 2016, with Anissa’s father. As 

to the conduct, appellant admitted to massaging H.G., but denied it was sexual. He 

admitted playing the food game with H.G. and his son in 2017, but otherwise denied any 

incident happened as H.G. claimed. 

{¶ 33} Appellant also disputed much of Samuel Young’s testimony. He testified 

that Samuel Young tried to talk to him, but he did not like Young and did not want to 

associate with him. Finally, appellant claimed he attempted to return Detective Glass’s 

phone call, but he had been given the wrong number. 

{¶ 34} On cross-examination, the prosecutor focused on appellant’s testimony that 

tended to support H.G.’s accusations, such as the massages or the food game. The 

prosecutor also challenged appellant’s claims that he never spoke about his case with 

Samuel Young, or that the family did not stay with Anissa’s father at the time of the 

incidents. When asked about each allegation made by H.G., appellant testified that each 

allegation was a lie. 

{¶ 35} At the conclusion of testimony, the defense renewed the motion for 

acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29, and the trial court denied the motion.
14.

{¶ 36} The jury deliberated and found appellant guilty of both charges in case No.

2021CR388. The trial court continued sentencing in the case until conclusion of the 

second trial.

B. Case No. 2022CR096

{¶ 37} A two-day jury trial began in case No. 2022CR-096 on February 27, 2023. 

The state presented testimony of Anissa; A.J., the victim; A.J.’s mother, and Detective 

Israel Garrett.

{¶ 38} Anissa testified that she first met A.J. when A.J. dated her little brother, 

while both were in junior high school. Anissa testified that A.J. was 13 and Anissa’s 

brother was 14. After A.J. and Anissa’s brother broke up, appellant continued contact 

with A.J., giving her rides, buying her things, and hanging out with A.J. while Anissa was 

at work. This contact bothered Anissa and caused arguments and tension in the 

relationship between Anissa and appellant. Anissa asked appellant to stop but appellant 

refused. Anissa confided in her mother, who knew A.J.’s father. Eventually, Anissa and 

her mother went to A.J.’s house to talk to A.J. and A.J.’s mother. Anissa testified that after 

this visit, and A.J.’s confirmation that appellant took her dress shopping, Anissa remained 

uneasy. Anissa admitted she did not like appellant but was testifying to help A.J. receive 

justice, and not to get back at appellant. Anissa testified that she and A.J. are not friends.

{¶ 39} On cross-examination, Anissa testified that her only contact with A.J. was 

through her brother, during the year A.J. and her brother dated. During this period, Anissa 

and appellant lived either with her mother or his mother, but because she was still in 

school, Anissa primarily stayed with her mother during the school year. During this time, 
15.

she and appellant shared a vehicle and he used it after dropping her off at work. Anissa 

testified she confronted A.J. only once, and admitted she continued her relationship with 

appellant for several more years. Anissa denied her testimony was related to her custody 

dispute with appellant and denied she reached out to A.J. to encourage her to accuse 

appellant.

{¶ 40} Next, A.J. testified. She indicated she first met appellant in 2010, when she 

was 12, while she dated Anissa’s brother. After a year of dating, the relationship ended in 

November of 2011. A month later, A.J. was at a Quinceañera and needed a ride home. 

Appellant was also there with Anissa and her mother, and Anissa asked appellant to give 

A.J. a ride home. Appellant gave A.J. a ride.

{¶ 41} A.J. testified that her home life was difficult based on her mother’s drug 

addiction and her father’s limited involvement in her life at the time. She stated:

My mom was on drugs, she wasn’t aware of the things that were going on 

in my life, where I felt that she didn’t really make decisions on my behalf. 

Sometimes I would ask her if I could go do something and the next day she 

didn’t remember where I was. I – I played lots of sports when I was that age 

just so I didn’t have to be home and I could be involved in other things. 

Life at home was really hard, there was, oftentimes, we didn’t have heat or 

power or food in the house. Yeah, it was just a really hard time in my life.

{¶ 42} A.J. testified that, throughout 2012, she accepted rides, food, and gifts from 

appellant. Appellant bought A.J. clothes and food and “one time he bought [A.J.] a ring.” 

When A.J.’s mother noticed the ring, A.J. lied to her mother and claimed she found the 

ring at Maumee Bay State Park. A.J. indicated that appellant “told everyone that he was 

my big brother and that he was there to look out for me and protect me.” Instead of 

protection, A.J. testified that “there were sexual activities involved” with appellant’s help. 
16.

A.J. testified regarding two such incidents, with the trial court noting a continuing 

objection to questions regarding the first incident, for which appellant was not on trial.

{¶ 43} First, A.J. testified that one time when appellant picked her up to drive 

around, he took her to a secluded, industrial area she did not recognize, and asked her “to 

touch his penis and kiss him.” When A.J. refused, appellant “told me that he wasn’t going 

to take me home until I did that.” A.J. testified that she did not know where they were or 

how she would get home, because “we had been driving for a while before we got to that 

location so I thought I was pretty far from home.” A.J. testified she felt “scared, trapped, 

yeah, like I had no control over my life.” A.J. also testified that appellant told her that 

nobody would believe her if she tried to tell. 

{¶ 44} Second, A.J. testified about the day appellant took her to Cedar Point 

during the spring of her eighth-grade year. She testified that she told her mom she was 

going to school, but instead, appellant picked her up and drove her to Cedar Point. She 

and appellant rode the rides and had lunch, with appellant paying for everything. On the 

way home, appellant told A.J. they needed to make a stop. A.J. testified that appellant 

stopped at a motel on Woodville Road, and it was next to a bowling alley she used to go 

to when she was a kid. A.J. identified the bowling alley by name and police showed A.J. 

photographs of the bowling alley and motel as part of the investigation. A.J. confirmed 

the photos depicted the same motel. 

{¶ 45} Once in the motel room, A.J. testified that appellant held her down on the 

bed, pushed a bullet-shaped spermicide inside her vagina, and then put his penis inside 

her vagina. A.J. testified that she “kept telling him that I wanted him to stop and I didn’t
17.

want to do this, and he told me it would be very quick and then he would take me home 

afterwards.” A.J. did not tell anyone what happened because she “didn’t think anyone 

would believe me. I didn’t feel there was a safe person to talk to about it.” A.J. indicated 

police eventually contacted her and she spoke to Detective Garrett.

{¶ 46} A.J. acknowledged Anissa came to her house to confront her around this 

time, questioning whether A.J. and appellant were “in a relationship.” A.J. told them 

appellant would not leave her alone and she wanted it to stop. A.J. did not disclose the 

abuse, however, because she felt attacked and not safe. A.J. testified she broke off contact 

with appellant by avoiding him. She testified, “I stopped accepting his phone calls and 

text messages, I hid away at friends’ houses.” 

{¶ 47} On cross-examination, A.J. admitted to having many boyfriends, indicating 

one boy she dated on and off from fifth grade until her sophomore year of high school, 

with her relationship with Anissa’s brother during a break in the relationship, when she 

was in seventh grade. She dated another boy for three years beginning her senior year of 

high school. She then met her current boyfriend. A.J. also acknowledged Anissa 

messaged her on Facebook in 2021, but denied the two were friends, other than Facebook 

friends, probably initiated when she dated Anissa’s brother in 2010. A.J. testified she did 

not plan with Anissa to report appellant to benefit Anissa in a custody dispute.

{¶ 48} Next, A.J.’s mother testified about events in 2012. She indicated she was 

now sober since 2017, but in 2012 she was struggling with an opioid addiction. Appellant 

would come to her house and give A.J. rides, which A.J.’s mother accepted because she 

did not have transportation at the time. A.J.’s mother testified that she asked A.J. about a 
18.

ring, and A.J. told her she found in the bathrooms at a park. Eventually, A.J.’s mother 

learned the ring was a gift from appellant. A.J.’s mother also recalled the visit by Anissa 

and her mother, confronting A.J. about “some sort of relationship” with appellant. On 

cross-examination, she denied having a friendship with Anissa. A.J.’s mother 

acknowledged that appellant gave A.J. a tattoo in her home in 2012, while she was 

present.

{¶ 49} Finally, Detective Israel Garrett testified. He described his training and 

work for the special victims unit and testified regarding the investigation that led to Wood 

County. Garrett testified he became involved with the case after a police report filed in 

Toledo. After interviewing A.J., he determined the crimes occurred in a motel in Wood 

County. Detective Garrett identified photographs of the hotel and bowling alley and 

testified that A.J. did not know the name of the motel, but she did recall the name of the 

bowling alley, and he used that information to locate the motel. Detective Garrett testified 

he also interviewed Anissa, A.J.’s mother, and A.J.’s father, and information from all his 

interviews demonstrated consistencies. Garrett also addressed the delayed disclosure, 

testifying it is not unusual for a child victim to delay reporting abuse.

{¶ 50} On cross-examination, Detective Garrett admitted his contact with the 

motel was limited to asking the hourly room rate over the phone. He did not attempt to 

check the motel records for the period covering the incident or confirm appellant checked 

in. Detective Garrett testified he would not expect to obtain evidence from a ten-year-old 

crime scene. 
19.

{¶ 51} After Detective Garrett’s testimony, out of the presence of the jury, the trial 

court admitted the state’s photographs of the motel and bowling alley as exhibits, and the 

state rested. The defense moved for acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29, which the trial court 

denied. Appellant chose not to testify, and the defense renewed the Crim.R. 29 motion, 

which the trial court denied. The jury returned, and the state and defense formally rested 

their respective cases before the jury. The trial recessed for the lunch break, with the jury 

charge expected after the break.

{¶ 52} After trial resumed, out of the presence of the jury, appellant asked to 

reopen his case so that he might testify. The state did not oppose reopening, and the trial 

court recessed trial so the parties could research whether appellant’s guilty verdict in case 

No. 21CR388 could be addressed under Evid. R. 609. After the parties agreed the matter 

was proper impeachment evidence, appellant reiterated his wish to testify against the 

advice of his attorney. The trial court engaged in a colloquy with appellant regarding his 

rights and granted appellant’s request to reopen the case.

{¶ 53} Appellant took the stand in his own defense and immediately addressed his 

prior, criminal record. He admitted he was found guilty of rape in case No. 21CR388, 

along with a conviction for violation of a protection order in 2019, with Anissa the 

complainant. Appellant testified regarding his relationship with Anissa, and indicated he 

met A.J. through Anissa. Appellant claimed he gave A.J. rides when Anissa was 

unavailable, and he did not consider A.J. a friend. He also testified that he only hung out 

with A.J. when Anissa and her brother were also present. Appellant maintained that A.J. 

hung around because she was Anissa’s friend, and Anissa and A.J. would go shopping 
20.

together. Appellant testified he only went to Cedar Point with Anissa, and never took A.J. 

to Cedar Point. 

{¶ 54} Appellant testified that he and Anissa had a visitation dispute, beginning 

when he filed for visitation rights in 2019. Appellant claimed Anissa withheld his 

children from him and the “allegations started happening... because she changed the 

order while I was in jail, and when I came home she – for better lack of a term, these 

allegations started and she stopped allowing me to see the kids immediately.” Appellant 

denied any improper conduct or contact with A.J. Appellant also testified that he had 

personal knowledge of a continuing friendship between Anissa and A.J., stating they 

continued to hang out, “went to, like dinners or movies” until the present, and spent 

Christmas together in 2019.

{¶ 55} On cross-examination, appellant maintained his innocence in case No. 

21CR388, and testified he was appealing and did not rape H.G. He also testified that 

Anissa and A.J. were both lying about a continued friendship, and Anissa asked A.J. to 

make the allegations about him to keep him from his kids, despite the fact A.J. came 

forward two years after H.G. made her disclosure. Appellant also acknowledged that one 

of the reasons his relationship with Anissa ended was the fact he slept with Anissa’s sister 

but claimed “we both had our infidelities.” 

{¶ 56} At the end of appellant’s testimony and closing arguments, the trial court 

instructed the jury, with specific instruction regarding “other acts” as follows:

The State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that all, or at least part, of 

the offenses were committed in Wood County, Ohio. The evidence about 

the commission of acts other than the offenses with which the Defendant is 
21.

charged in this trial cannot be considered for any other purpose than the 

purpose of background information. It was not received and you may not 

consider it to prove the character of the Defendant in order to show that he 

acted in conformity or in accordance with that character. It does not follow 

from the Defendant’s past acts that he committed the particular crimes 

charged in this case. The State has the burden of proving each element of 

the particular crimes currently at trial beyond a reasonable doubt. The State 

cannot satisfy its burden merely by implying that the Defendant committed 

these crimes, because his other acts suggest a propensity to commit those 

crimes. 

After deliberating, the jury found appellant guilty of both charges.

{¶ 57} On March 24, 2023, the trial court held separate sentencing hearings in 

case No. 2021CR388 and case No. 2022CR096. 

{¶ 58} In case No. 21CR388, the trial court noted the jury found appellant guilty 

of rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b) and (B), a felony of the first degree, and 

guilty of gross sexual imposition in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) and (C)(2), a felony 

of the third degree. The trial court determined the two offenses were not allied offenses 

and not subject to merger, and imposed a mandatory prison term of 10 years to life for the 

offense of rape, and a definite prison term of 3 years for the offense of gross sexual 

imposition, ordered the sentences to be served consecutively, and classified appellant as a 

Tier III sex offender.

{¶ 59} In case No. 2022CR096, the trial court noted the jury found appellant 

guilty of rape in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) and (B), a felony of the first degree, and 

guilty of unlawful sexual conduct with a minor in violation of R.C. 2907.04(A) and 

(B)(1), a felony of the fourth degree. The trial court determined the two offenses merged, 

and the state elected to proceed to sentencing on the rape count. The trial court imposed a 
22.

mandatory prison term of 8 years on the rape offense and classified appellant as a Tier III 

sex offender. 4 The trial court ordered the sentence in case No. 2022CR096 to run 

consecutively to the sentence in case No. 2021CR388.

{¶ 60} In both cases, the trial court noted the aggregate prison term imposed was 

21 years to life, based on “8 years in case 2022CR096 and 13 years to life in case 

2021CR0388.” 

{¶ 61} Appellant filed a timely appeal from both judgments, and we consolidated 

the cases for this appeal.

III. Assignment of Error

{¶ 62} Appellant raises the following assignments of error in the consolidated

appeal:

I. The manifest weight of the evidence did not prove Gebrosky put his penis 

into H.G.’s mouth.

II. The manifest weight of the evidence failed to establish that Gebrosky 

touched H.G. for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification. 

III. Other alleged acts of sexual contact between A.J. and Gebrosky should 

have been excluded as more prejudicial than probative.

IV. Analysis

{¶ 63} Appellant challenges the weight of the evidence to support his convictions 

in case No. 2021CR388, arguing H.G. lacked credibility for purposes of his rape 

4 The trial court did not impose a sentence pursuant to R.C. 2967.271 in case No. 

2022CR096. We do not address the issue as no party raised it as error.
23.

conviction and that the state failed to demonstrate sexual motivation for purposes of his 

gross sexual imposition conviction. Appellant challenges the admission of other acts 

evidence as unduly prejudicial in case No. 2022CR096. We address the assignments of 

error according to each case.

A. The manifest weight of the evidence supported conviction in case No. 

 2021CR388.

{¶ 64} Appellant’s first and second assignments of error challenge the weight of 

the evidence in support of his convictions for rape and gross sexual imposition in case 

No. 21CR388. Appellant specifically challenges H.G.’s credibility on the rape conviction 

based on her initial claim the assault occurred in 2017 when she was 12, and her 

subsequent claim that she remembered the assault occurred in 2016, which appellant 

argues was done to ensure Wood County retained jurisdiction over the case and renders 

her testimony without credibility. As to the gross sexual imposition conviction, appellant 

argues there was no proof he touched H.G. for sexual gratification “because he breathed 

heavily while touching her,” lacking evidence appellant does not normally breathe 

heavily as behavior “out of the norm.” 

{¶ 65} In challenging the manifest weight of the evidence, appellant either 

challenges H.G.’s credibility or argues insufficient evidence of conduct meant for sexual 

gratification. As explained in State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380 (1997), sufficiency 

of the evidence and manifest weight of the evidence are different concepts, both 

qualitatively and quantitatively. Thompkins at 386. Sufficiency is a standard “applied to 

determine whether the case may go to the jury or whether the evidence is legally 
24.

sufficient to support the jury verdict as a matter of law.” Id., quoting Black’s Law 

Dictionary (6th Ed.1990). “[A] conviction based on legally insufficient evidence 

constitutes a denial of due process.” Thompkins at 386, citing Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 

31, 45 (1982) (additional citation omitted.).

{¶ 66} “Weight of the evidence concerns ‘the inclination of the greater amount of 

credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather than the other.

... Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends on its effect in inducing belief.” 

(Emphasis sic.) Id. at 387, citing Black’s Law Dictionary. In considering the evidence 

based on a manifest weight challenge, an appellate court sits as a “thirteenth juror,” and 

must review the entire record, weight the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider 

the witnesses’ credibility, and determine whether the jury clearly lost its way in resolving 

any conflicts in the evidence, creating such a miscarriage of justice that reversal and a 

new trial is necessary. (Citation omitted) Thompkins at 387. “Under the manifest weight 

of the evidence standard, a reviewing court must ask the following question: whose 

evidence is more persuasive—the state's or the defendant's?” State v. Herrera, 2022-

Ohio-4769, ¶ 37 (6th Dist.), citing State v. Wilson, 2007-Ohio-2202, ¶ 25. However, “[a] 

conviction should be reversed on manifest weight grounds only in the most “‘exceptional 

case in which the evidence weighs heavily against conviction.’” Thompkins at 387, citing 

State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175 (1st Dist.1983).
25.

{¶ 67} Appellant was charged in case No. 2021CR388 with rape in violation of 

R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b), which provides:

No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another who is not 

the spouse of the offender or who is the spouse of the offender but is living 

separate and apart from the offender, when any of the following applies:

...

(b) The other person is less than thirteen years of age, whether or not 

the offender knows the age of the other person.

Sexual conduct is defined at R.C. 2907.01(A) as including “fellatio ... between persons 

regardless of sex.” Black’s Law Dictionary defines “fellatio” as “a sexual act in which the 

mouth or lips come into contact with the penis.” Black’s Law Dictionary (6th Ed.1990). 

{¶ 68} In this case, H.G. provided detailed testimony of the rape, testifying 

regarding appellant’s conduct during the “food game” and appellant’s subsequent 

admissions to H.G. regarding the incident, disclosing the object placed in H.G.’s mouth 

was “his dick.” H.G. also identified the timeframe as the Christmas holiday the family 

spent at Anissa’s father’s house, which she mistakenly placed in 2017 at the time of 

indictment, later corrected to 2016 in her testimony at trial. 

{¶ 69} Appellant now argues that H.G.’s error in the date demonstrates she lacked 

credibility, relative to her entire testimony of the rape. However, H.G. was recalling 

events from her childhood, and “a certain degree of inexactitude in averments is not 

necessarily fatal to a prosecution in cases dealing with sex offenses against victims of 

tender years.” State v. Lawrinson, 49 Ohio St.3d 238, 239 (1990). Furthermore, the exact 

date is not an element of the offense of rape. State v. Gomez, 2019-Ohio-576, ¶ 78 (6th

Dist.), citing State v. Buchanan, 2017-Ohio-1361, ¶ 22 (8th Dist.), citing State v. 
26.

Collinsworth, 2004-Ohio-5902 (12th Dist.). Finally, H.G.’s confusion of the year was 

offset by her recall of significant events that placed the incident on a timeline: her 

maternal grandmother had just died, and it was her sister’s first Christmas. Details of the 

time frame, moreover, were corroborated by Anissa, who testified the family spent the 

holiday at her father’s house. 

{¶ 70} Appellant testified and disputed H.G.’s testimony at trial, and now argues 

the jury lost its way in believing H.G.’s testimony over his own, based on details H.G. did 

not relate, such as seeing his penis or his pants down, as well as her mistake regarding the 

year. We must examine the entire record, however, and give deference to the jury’s 

credibility determinations “given that it is the fact-finder who has the benefit of seeing 

the witnesses testimony, observing their facial expressions and body language, hearing 

their voice inflections, and discerning qualities such as hesitancy, equivocation and 

candor.” State v. Hendricks, 2020-Ohio-5218, ¶ 39 (6th Dist.), citing State v. Fell, 2012-

Ohio-616, ¶ 14 (6th Dist.). Considering this record, we do not find that the jury lost its 

way in returning a guilty verdict as to the rape charge.

{¶ 71} We also find no merit to appellant’s argument, relative to his conviction for 

gross sexual imposition, claiming a lack of evidence demonstrating sexual arousal or 

sexual gratification. 

{¶ 72} Pursuant to R.C. 2907.05(A)(4): 

(A) No person shall have sexual contact with another, not the 

spouse of the offender; cause another, not the spouse of the offender, to 

have sexual contact with the offender; or cause two or more other persons 

to have sexual contact when any of the following applies:

...
27.

(4) The other person, or one of the other persons, is less than thirteen 

years of age, whether or not the offender knows the age of that person.

Sexual contact “means any touching of an erogenous zone of another, including without 

limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock, pubic region, ... for the purpose of sexually 

arousing or gratifying either person.” R.C. 2907.01(B). 

{¶ 73} At trial, appellant testified that H.G. lied in her own testimony regarding 

the incident, admitting only to giving H.G. back rubs on occasion. He did not raise the 

issue of a lack of sexual intent. On appeal, appellant does not challenge most of H.G.’s 

testimony, including testimony that appellant lay on top of H.G. after having her remove 

her pants, appellant rubbed his body against hers while purporting to give her a shoulder 

massage, appellant touched her inner and outer thighs, and appellant moved her

underwear aside, touching her vaginal area with either a finger or his penis. Instead, 

appellant maintains the state failed to demonstrate sexual arousal or gratification, because 

the state did not demonstrate that his “breathing heavily” was “a reflection of sexual 

gratification,” and not his normal state.

{¶ 74} While appellant does not appear to dispute H.G.’s testimony that she was 

touched on one or more erogenous zones, as described under R.C. 2907.01(B), there must 

also be some evidence that the touching was done for sexual gratification. In re Anderson, 

116 Ohio App.3d 441, 443 (12th Dist.1996). The additional element of purpose makes 

gross sexual imposition a specific intent offense. State v. Schmidt, 2022-Ohio-4138, ¶ 34

(12th Dist.), citing State v. Mundy, 99 Ohio App.3d 275, 292, (2d Dist.1994). Proof of this 

intent, however, need not be established through direct evidence of arousal or sexual 
28.

gratification. (Citation omitted) State v. Solomon, 2021-Ohio-940, ¶ 48 (8th Dist.). 

“Whether the touching was undertaken for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification 

is a question of fact to be inferred from the type, nature, and circumstances surrounding 

the contact.” In re Anderson at 443-444, citing Mundy at 289.

{¶ 75} Contrary to appellant’s argument, the jury heard testimony depicting more 

than heavy breathing. In addition to heavy breathing, appellant asked H.G. to remove her 

pants, and he positioned himself on top of H.G. and rubbed his body against hers as he 

touched her inner and outer thighs. Appellant then moved her underwear aside and 

touched her vagina. Courts have found lesser circumstances supported a finding of sexual 

motivation. In State v. Dooley, 2005-Ohio-628 (8th Dist.), touching the victim’s belly 

button satisfied the element of sexual intent, based on the totality of the circumstances, 

where the defendant showed an attraction to the victim and attempted to kiss and wanted 

to ‘play’ with the victim’s belly button. Dooley at ¶ 32. The nature of the touching, 

moreover, permits an inference of sexual motivation. In State v. Vanpernis, 2022-Ohio4563 (4th Dist.), the defendant touched the victim’s vagina while “cuddling” on the 

couch, with sexual motivation reasonably inferred because “there is no innocent 

explanation for this behavior.” Vanpernis at ¶ 14. 

{¶ 76} The jury considered testimony of appellant’s heavy breathing as part of the 

totality of the evidence, and based on the record, sexual motivation was a reasonable 

inference. Appellant cites to no authority demonstrating that the state was also required to 

present evidence that proved his heavy breathing was not his natural state. Furthermore, 

because the jury could observe appellant during the trial, both at the defense table and 
29.

when appellant took the stand to testify, the jury would have had a frame of reference to 

determine whether heavy breathing was “out of the norm” for appellant and could have 

weighed that with all the other evidence for purposes of determining a sexual motivation. 

{¶ 77} Accordingly, upon due consideration of the record, we do not find the jury 

lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice, requiring reversal. Appellant’s 

convictions for rape and gross sexual imposition were supported by the manifest weight 

of the evidence. We find appellant’s first and second assignments of error not well-taken.

B. Admission of other acts evidence did not result in reversable error in case 

 No. 2022CR096.

{¶ 78} In his third assignment of error, appellant challenges evidence relative to 

his second trial in case No. 2022CR096. Appellant argues the trial court improperly 

admitted other acts evidence to prove his propensity to commit the offenses because A.J. 

testified regarding an unindicted, prior incident with appellant. He argues that this 

unconnected incident, sometime before the trip to Cedar Point, provided no probative 

value, and was introduced only “to evoke the jury’s horror and desire to punish.” 

{¶ 79} Appellant challenges only the testimony concerning the prior incident, 

which the state argued was admissible as background evidence of a related act or 

evidence of appellant’s plan, to establish appellant’s access to A.J. and to explain how 

A.J. skipped school to go to Cedar Point with appellant. The state argued that testimony 

of a prior incident of sexual contact was material to a disputed issue and provided 

explanation for A.J.’s delayed reporting of the charged offenses. This was consistent with 

the state’s notice of intent to use evidence, in which the state indicated an intent to use 
30.

this evidence “for the limited purpose of creating a ‘setting,’ and [to] help the jury 

understand and consider the nature of the relationship of the Defendant and minor 

victim.” The state argued the evidence was admissible as “past sexual activity with the

victim” under R.C. 2907.02(D) or as evidence of “scheme, plan, or system” in 

committing the act, pursuant to R.C. 2945.59. 

{¶ 80} Throughout the proceedings, appellant denied having contact with A.J. 

after A.J. stopped dating Anissa’s brother and maintained that A.J. accused him of rape at 

the behest of Anissa, to help Anissa’s custody case. Appellant objected to the evidence of 

the prior incident, preserving the issue for appeal. The trial court overruled that objection, 

permitting A.J.’s testimony on the matter. “The admissibility of other-acts evidence 

pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B) is a question of law.” (Citation omitted) State v. Hartman, 

2020-Ohio-4440, ¶ 22. However, a trial court’s determination after weighing the 

probative value of admissible other-acts evidence against the prejudicial effect is 

reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id. at ¶ 30. 

{¶ 81} As an initial matter, we note that the state argued R.C. 2907.02(D), the rape 

shield law, as a basis to admit evidence of prior sexual activity between A.J. and 

appellant. “Ohio’s rape-shield law protects both the accuser and the defendant from the 

admission of evidence of prior sexual activity.” State v. Jeffries, 2020-Ohio-1539, ¶ 14. 

Pursuant to R.C. 2907.02(D):

Evidence of specific instances of the victim's sexual activity, ... shall not be 

admitted under this section unless it involves evidence of the origin of 

semen, pregnancy, or sexually transmitted disease or infection, or the 

victim's past sexual activity with the offender, and only to the extent that 

the court finds that the evidence is material to a fact at issue in the case and 
31.

that its inflammatory or prejudicial nature does not outweigh its probative 

value.

Thus, “R.C. 2907.02(D) provides that evidence of defendant's past sexual activity with

the victim or evidence of ‘other acts’ pursuant to R.C. 2945.59 is admissible only to the 

extent that the court finds that the evidence is material to a fact at issue in the case, and 

finds that the inflammatory or prejudicial nature of such evidence does not outweigh its 

probative value.” State v. Acre, 6 Ohio St.3d 140, 143 (1983). In his appeal, appellant 

limits argument to admissibility and the undue prejudice from this testimony, 

outweighing any probative value. We limit our analysis to this argument. 

{¶ 82} “Evidence that an accused committed a crime other than the one for which 

he is on trial is not admissible when its sole purpose is to show the accused’s propensity 

or inclination to commit crime or that he acted in conformity with bad character.” State v. 

Williams, 2012-Ohio-5695, ¶ 15, citing State v. Curry, 43 Ohio St.2d 66, 68 (1975); State 

v. Jamison, 49 Ohio St.3d 182, 185, (1990). However, there are exceptions to this rule, 

recognized at common law and codified in R.C. 2945.59. R.C. 2945.59 provides:

In any criminal case in which the defendant's motive or intent, the absence 

of mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant's scheme, plan, or 

system in doing an act is material, any acts of the defendant which tend to 

show his motive or intent, the absence of mistake or accident on his part, or 

the defendant's scheme, plan, or system in doing the act in question may be 

proved, whether they are contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent 

thereto, notwithstanding that such proof may show or tend to show the 

commission of another crime by the defendant.

Additionally, Evid.R. 404(B) provides:

(1) Prohibited Uses. Evidence of any other crime, wrong or act is not 

admissible to prove a person's character in order to show that on a 

particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.
32.

(2) Permitted Uses; Notice. This evidence may be admissible for another 

purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, 

knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. ...

{¶ 83} To satisfy the relevance test, the evidence must be relevant to “a noncharacter-based issue that is material to the case.” State v. Smith, 2020-Ohio-4441, ¶ 38. 

Specifically, the relevancy determination does not concern whether the evidence is 

relevant to the ultimate determination regarding guilt, but rather, “whether the evidence is 

relevant to the particular purpose for which it is offered.” (Emphasis sic.) Hartman, 

2020-Ohio-4440, at ¶ 26, citing State v. Curry, 43 Ohio St.2d 66, 73 (1975). The 

“particular purpose,” moreover, “must go to a ‘material’ issue that is actually in dispute 

between the parties.” Id. at ¶ 27, citing Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681 (1988).

{¶ 84} The state argued it offered the evidence to demonstrate background or 

demonstrate a scheme, plan, or system, and that the evidence was admissible pursuant to 

R.C. 2907.02(D) and R.C. 2945.59. Whether evidence is offered to demonstrate a 

“scheme, plan, or system” is relevant in two scenarios: “those in which the other acts 

form part of the immediate background of the alleged act that forms the foundation of the 

crime charged in the indictment and those involving the identity of the perpetrator.” 

Williams at ¶ 18, citing Curry at 72. 

{¶ 85} In considering admissibility of such evidence, courts must conduct the 

following three-step analysis:

The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence is relevant to 

making any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action 

more or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401. 

The next step is to consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, 

or acts is presented to prove the character of the accused in order to show 
33.

activity in conformity therewith or whether the other acts evidence is 

presented for a legitimate purpose, such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). 

The third step is to consider whether the probative value of the other acts 

evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See 

Evid.R 403.

Williams, 2012-Ohio-5695, ¶ 20.

{¶ 86} Appellant’s challenge concerns the non-character purpose, argued by the 

state and accepted by the trial court in permitting the testimony of the prior incident. The 

state argued the testimony was properly admissible to demonstrate background and to 

demonstrate a scheme, plan, or purpose. We first consider whether the prior incident was 

introduced as background evidence. 

{¶ 87} Evidence of background refers to “the immediate background of the 

alleged act.” See State v. Williams, 2012-Ohio-5695, ¶ 18, citing State v. Curry, 43 Ohio 

St. 2d 66, 73 (1975). Background evidence is necessary evidence, as “it would be 

virtually impossible to prove that the accused committed the crime charged without also 

introducing evidence of the other acts.” Curry at 73. The state advanced no argument to 

support the use of the prior incident as necessary background evidence, with argument 

limited to explanation of appellant’s access to A.J. or explanation of A.J.’s delay in 

reporting the incident following the trip to Cedar Point. 

{¶ 88} In this case, A.J. testified at length regarding her desperate conditions at 

home and appellant’s provision of transportation, food, and clothing. She also testified 

regarding appellant’s representation to others of a brotherly concern, contrasted with 

appellant’s actions that belied any “brotherly” feelings, summarized by A.J. as the 

“sexual activities” in return for appellant’s help. Appellant’s trial counsel did not object to 
34.

this testimony, and this testimony presented a history of appellant’s interactions with A.J., 

explaining appellant’s access to A.J. and demonstrating how A.J. could skip school to go 

to Cedar Point with appellant. 

{¶ 89} The testimony of Anissa and A.J.’s mother mostly corroborated A.J.’s 

testimony of her history with appellant and provided evidence to explain A.J.’s delay in 

reporting appellant’s offenses. A.J., Anissa, and A.J.’s mother each testified regarding 

Anissa’s visit to A.J.’s house to confront A.J., an eighth grader, and question A.J. about a 

“relationship” with appellant. A.J. testified that this confrontation with Anissa made her 

feel unsafe. A.J. further testified that she had nobody to go to for help, and instead, stayed 

with friends and otherwise hid herself from appellant to sever all contact with him.

{¶ 90} Unlike the testimony of A.J. that detailed the history of appellant’s 

involvement in and eventual extrication from her life, with details corroborated by Anissa 

and A.J.’s mother, the state failed to demonstrate that testimony of the prior, unindicted 

incident constituted background evidence for the indicted offenses. To constitute 

background evidence, the evidence must be “relevant to making any fact that is of 

consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would be 

without the evidence.” Williams at ¶ 20, citing Evid.R. 401. 

{¶ 91} For example, in State v. Fips, 2016-Ohio-5402, (8th Dist.), testimony 

regarding other, unindicted conduct, was deemed admissible as background evidence. In 

that case, evidence of prior sexual touching, reported by the minor victim, had resulted in 

her parents’ installation of locks on the bedroom door to keep Fips, a family member, 

away from the victim. Fips at ¶ 36. The minor later moved to another bedroom, without 
35.

the same lock, and Fips resumed his conduct, escalating to sexual conduct. Id. The minor 

victim accused Fips of rape, but subsequently recanted the accusation and asserted the 

sex was consensual and not by force. Id. at ¶ 25. The state sought to introduce other-acts 

evidence of the prior, sexual touching, including installation of locks, to demonstrate a 

lack of consent and demonstrate the offender’s “scheme and progression – from 

consensual and experimental touching to forcible rape[.]” Id. at ¶ 34. The evidence was 

deemed relevant on the issue of “consent,” a material issue in dispute at trial. Id. at ¶ 33.

{¶ 92} In appellant’s case, the state made only conclusory argument of relevancy 

to connect the prior incident with the charged offenses, with little to demonstrate the 

appellant’s previous conduct was “inextricably related” to the offenses on trial and 

necessary in explaining the sequence of events that led to these offenses. See State v. 

Thompson, 66 Ohio St.2d 496, 498 (1981), citing State v. Wilkinson, 64 Ohio St.2d 308 

(1980). Specifically, the state advanced no argument that supported a need for details of 

the prior incident of sexual contact to explain why A.J. went to Cedar Point with 

appellant, or that these details were “necessary to give a complete picture of the alleged 

crime.” Thompson at 498, citing Wilkinson at 317. 

{¶ 93} Next, we must consider whether testimony of the prior incident was 

introduced to demonstrate appellant’s scheme, plan, or purpose. Evidence in this category 

could be evidence of prior, similar conduct showing appellant’s plan to target and groom 

A.J. to facilitate the offenses. See, e.g., Williams, 2012-Ohio-5695 at ¶ 21-22 (testimony 

of another victim demonstrated the offender’s preparation and grooming of his victims). 

However, this “plan” evidence should demonstrate the accused “has committed similar 
36.

crimes within a period of time reasonably near to the offense on trial, and that a similar 

scheme, plan or system was utilized to commit both the offense at issue and the other 

crimes.” Curry at 73, citing Whiteman v. State, 119 Ohio St.285 (1928); Barnett v. State, 

104 Ohio St.298 (1922); see also State v. Frost, 2007-Ohio-3469, ¶ 33 (defendant 

committed similar crimes against the same victim near in time to the charged offenses).

{¶ 94} In State v. Hartman, 2020-Ohio-4440, the Ohio Supreme Court clarified 

“common-plan” evidence, relating such evidence to background evidence. The Court 

explained:

Common-plan evidence generally concerns events that are “inextricably 

related” to the crime charged. ...; Curry, [43 Ohio St.2d at 73]. The other 

acts form the “immediate background” of the present crime: they are 

typically either part of the “same transaction” as the crime for which the 

defendant is on trial or they are part of “a sequence of events” leading up to 

the commission of the crime in question. ... As one authority has explained, 

this type of other-acts evidence is admitted:

[t]o prove the existence of a larger, continuing plan, scheme, or 

conspiracy, of which the present crime on trial is a part. This will be 

relevant as showing motive, and hence the doing of the criminal act, 

the identity of the actor, and his intention, where any of these is in 

dispute.

McCormick [Evidence, Section 190, 448-449]. Thus, plan evidence 

generally supports one of the following possible conclusions: “(1) the 

occurrence of the act in issue; (2) the identity of the person who committed 

the act; or (3) the existence of the required mental state in the actor.” 

Hartman at ¶ 41-42 (internal citations omitted.). In Hartman, the Court cautioned that 

“plan evidence should show that the crime being charged and the other acts are part of the 

same grand design by the defendant. Otherwise, proof that the accused has committed 
37.

similar crimes is no different than proof that the accused has a propensity for committing 

that type of crime.” Hartman at ¶ 46. 

{¶ 95} In the present case, the record on appeal does not demonstrate similar 

offenses or clearly identify temporal proximity between the prior incident and the 

charged offenses. A.J.’s testimony concerned another incident in 2012, arguably close in 

time to the rape, as part of appellant’s involvement with A.J. that year that included 

giving her rides, food, and gifts, with the attendant “sexual activities” demanded by

appellant in exchange. There is little in the record, however, to demonstrate the prior 

assault was part of a larger scheme, of which the prior incident was only a part, or a 

preparatory act for the rape. Hartman at ¶ 42-43. 

{¶ 96} Additionally, evidence of intent or plan was not material to an issue in 

dispute regarding the elements of the charged offenses. The state had introduced evidence 

that established appellant often drove A.J. around, but the issue was not “why” appellant

was with A.J.; appellant denied any contact with A.J. or that the trip to Cedar Point ever

occurred. See, e.g., State v. Decker, 88 Ohio App.3d 544, 548 (1st Dist.1993) (intent not 

material issue where defendant completely denied any involvement in the acts alleged).

Therefore, based on the record, the state’s “proper purpose” argument lacked factual 

support, and the trial court erred in admitting the testimony. 

{¶ 97} Having found the testimony of the prior incident not properly admissible, 

we must next address whether the error requires reversal and a new trial. The state argues 

that, because the defense requested and was granted a limiting jury instruction regarding 

the other-acts testimony, appellant invited any error regarding the other-acts evidence, 
38.

waiving all but plain error. However, because appellant did object to the admission of the 

evidence and does not challenge the limiting instruction as error, the doctrine of invited 

error is inapplicable on appeal. Invited error prevents a litigant from taking advantage of 

error “invited or induced.” (Citation omitted) State v. Grate, 2020-Ohio-5584, ¶ 197. 

There is nothing in the record demonstrating appellant invited admission of the other-acts 

evidence, the issue on appeal. 

{¶ 98} Rather than invited error, the matter concerns error in the admission of 

Evid.R. 404(B) evidence, necessitating harmless error review to determine whether the 

error affected substantial rights, mandating a new trial as remedy. State v. Morris, 2014-

Ohio-5052, ¶ 26. In addressing harmless error, we apply the three-part analysis 

established in Morris and restated in State v. Harris, 2015-Ohio-166, ¶ 37:

First, it must be determined whether the defendant was prejudiced by the 

error, i.e., whether the error had an impact on the verdict. [Morris] at ¶ 25 

and 27. Second, it must be determined whether the error was not harmless 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at ¶ 28. Lastly, once the prejudicial evidence 

is excised, the remaining evidence is weighed to determine whether it 

establishes the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at ¶ 29, 33.

Harris at ¶ 37

{¶ 99} In the instant case, we cannot find that appellant was prejudiced by the 

error, as the record demonstrates that testimony of the prior incident was limited and 

lacked specifics. Appellant acknowledged the vague and abbreviated nature of this 

testimony, arguing the state had plenty of other testimony to demonstrate the stated 

purpose for the other-acts evidence and introduced testimony of a prior sexual incident 

“to evoke the jury’s horror and desire to punish.” 
39.

{¶ 100} We also find that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In 

reviewing the record, A.J.’s testimony regarding the prior incident inferred the sexual 

contact occurred, without expressly testifying she submitted to appellant’s demands. In 

contrast, A.J.’s testimony about appellant’s other conduct demonstrated appellant did 

favors for A.J. in return for “sexual activities” and after the Cedar Point trip, appellant 

forcibly raped her. The trial court instructed the jury, moreover, to limit consideration of 

the prior incident, and we presume the jury followed the trial court’s direction. State v. 

Noling, 2002-Ohio-7044, ¶ 39, citing State v. Williams, 73 Ohio St.3d 153 (1995).

{¶ 101} Finally, excluding the evidence of the prior incident, and weighing the 

remaining evidence proffered at trial, we find the state established appellant’s guilt 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Both A.J. and appellant took the stand and testified, with 

appellant’s version of events wholly inconsistent with the testimony of A.J. Much of 

A.J.’s testimony was also corroborated by Anissa and A.J.’s mother. In other words, the 

state’s case was supported by consistent, testimonial evidence that negated appellant’s 

claim that he never had any contact with A.J. leading up to and during the time of the 

charged offenses. The state’s evidence, furthermore, established proof of all elements of 

the charged offenses. Considering this record, the evidence supported the verdict beyond 

a reasonable doubt.

{¶ 102} Therefore, based upon our review, any error in admitting the other-acts 

evidence was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we find appellant’s 

third assignment of error not well-taken.
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V. Conclusion

{¶ 103} Having found substantial justice has been done, we affirm the judgments

of the Wood County Court of Common Pleas. Appellant is ordered to pay the costs of this 

appeal pursuant to App.R. 24.

Judgments affirmed.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4.

Gene A. Zmuda, J. ____________________________

 JUDGE

Myron C. Duhart, J. 

____________________________

Charles E. Sulek, P.J. JUDGE

CONCUR. 

____________________________

 JUDGE

This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of

Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported

version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at:

http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.