Leading Water Utilities Secure Their Chemicals | Center for American Progress

https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2010/03/02/7538/leading-water-utilities-secure-their-chemicals/[10/16/2015 4:20:37 PM]

Issues Projects Experts Events Reports About Us Press

Leading Water Utilities Secure Their Chemicals

Survey Shows Improved Chemical Security Makes

Millions Safer

SOURCE: AP/Joe Raymond

A portion of tank at the BP waste water treatment plant is shown in the foreground with the Chicago

skyline in the background.

By Reece Rushing and Paul Orum | Tuesday, March 2, 2010

SHARE: 

Interactive map: Protecting Americans from Toxic Terrorism

Chart: List of the 554 converted water utilities (pdf)

Fact sheet: Safer Chemicals Create a More Secure America
Leading Water Utilities Secure Their Chemicals | Center for American Progress

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More than 40 million Americans are no longer in danger of harm from a terrorist-released

or accidental toxic gas plume because their water utility has converted to safer alternatives

to chlorine gas in water treatment. A new survey by the Center for American Progress

identifies 554 drinking water and wastewater plants in 47 states that have replaced

extremely hazardous substances with safer and more secure chemicals or processes.

These facilities show what can be done with proven technologies to remove chemical

hazards from communities. Unfortunately, weak federal chemical security standards don’t

encourage more treatment plants to reduce their hazards.

The Department of Homeland Security and other agencies warn that terrorists could use

industrial chemicals as pre-positioned weapons. Current temporary Chemical Facility AntiTerrorism Standards, or CFATS, exempt water utilities and do not require any facilities to

look for safer and more secure chemicals and processes. And at least 2,600 additional water

and wastewater facilities still use large amounts of chlorine gas.

Leading facilities have converted, but progress is slow. We know how to dramatically reduce

the risk of toxic terrorism. But more than 2,500 water facilities still use large amounts of

potentially deadly chlorine gas, threatening millions of Americans.

The 554 converted water facilities are located in 47 states and the District of Columbia. Of

the 554 converted facilities, 235 treat drinking water, 315 treat wastewater, and four treat

both. Of the 315 converted wastewater facilities, approximately 140 switched to ultraviolet

light and 175 switched to liquid bleach.

About two-thirds of U.S. wastewater plants already use a disinfectant other than chlorine

gas, according to the U.S. Government Accountability Office. Drinking water utilities in at

least 160 large U.S. cities already use liquid bleach.

Water utilities use chlorine to disinfect drinking water or wastewater. Utilities may avoid

chlorine gas by switching to liquid chlorine bleach (sodium hypochlorite), which they may

buy in bulk or generate on site. Wastewater plants may also avoid chlorine gas by switching

to ultraviolet light. Some wastewater plants also avoid sulfur dioxide gas, used to

dechlorinate, by switching to sodium bisulfite.
Leading Water Utilities Secure Their Chemicals | Center for American Progress

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The House passed the Chemical and Water Security Act (H.R. 2868) in November 2009. The

comprehensive chemical security standard would include water utilities and encourage

hazardous chemical plants to develop safer and more secure technologies. The measure is

now under consideration in the Senate.

Converted facilities are safer for employees and communities while reducing potential costs

and liabilities for companies, and it makes sense for Congress to ensure that high-hazard

chemical facilities take reasonable steps to adopt proven alternatives.

The 554 converted facilities together removed their toxic gas dangers to 1 million or more

people in 12 states: New York, New Jersey, California, Ohio, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Florida,

Indiana, Georgia, Michigan, Louisiana, and Virginia. In an additional 22 states, the converted

facilities removed their dangers to more than 100,000 people.

Reece Rushing is Director of Government Reform at American Progress and Paul Orum is a

consultant at American Progress.

For more information, see:

Interactive map: Protecting Americans from Toxic Terrorism

Chart: List of the 554 converted water utilities (pdf)

Fact sheet: Safer Chemicals Create a More Secure America

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1  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

1 Ketchikan Chlorination Plant Ketchikan AK Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.90 5,510 Liquid bleach

3 Choccolocco Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Oxford AL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 3,200 Ultraviolet light

4 John B. Rains Filter Plant Fort Payne AL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.63 4,763 Liquid bleach

7 Valley Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Bessemer AL Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 1.68 7,800 Ultraviolet light

6 Cahaba River Wastewater Treatment Plant Birmingham AL Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 5,176 Ultraviolet light

6 Shades Mountain Filter Plant Birmingham AL Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.04 53,000 Liquid bleach

7 Five Mile Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Fultondale AL Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.06 13,200 Ultraviolet light

1 Carlos A Morris WWTP Prichard AL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 31,500 Liquid bleach

1 Stanley Brooks WWTP Prichard AL Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 1.30 6,000 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

3 Sugar Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Alexander City AL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 660 Liquid bleach

3 Harrison Waste Water Treatment Plant Harrison AR Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.60 108 Ultraviolet light

3 Berryville, City of-WWTP Berryville AR Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 4,000 Ultraviolet light

3 City of Van Buren Main Plant Van Buren AR Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 22,000 Ultraviolet light

1 Wynne Water Utilities Wynne AR Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 881 Ultraviolet light

3 Russellville Water Treatment Plant Russellville AR Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 5,380 Liquid bleach

2 Adams Field Wastewater Treatment Plant Little Rock AR Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.53 12,600 Ultraviolet light

2 Jack H. Wilson Water Treatment Plant Little Rock AR Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 54,000 Liquid bleach (converting)

2 Ozark Water Treatment Plant Little Rock AR Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 74,000 Liquid bleach (converting)

2 Hazel Street Wastewater Treatment Plant Benton AR Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 7,690 Ultraviolet light

3 Massard Wastewater Treatment Facility Barling AR Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.60 2,701 Ultraviolet light

3 Benton/Washington Regional Public Water Authority Lincoln AR Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.10 75 Liquid bleach

6 Chandler Water Treatment Plant Chandler AZ Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 13,000 Liquid bleach

2 City of El Mirage Wastewater Treatment Plant El Mirage AZ Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 0 Liquid bleach/UV

2 Goodyear 157th Ave. Wastewater Treatment Plant Goodyear AZ Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.70 200 Liquid bleach

5 Northwest Water Reclamation Plant Mesa AZ Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 13,000 Ultraviolet light

6 Southeast Water Reclamation Plant Mesa AZ Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 2,400 Ultraviolet light

5 Johnny G. Martinez Water Treatment Plant Tempe AZ Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 7,070 Liquid bleach

5 South Tempe Water Treatment Plant Tempe AZ Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 11,293 Liquid bleach

7 Water Pollution Control Facility - Figueroa Yuma AZ Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 1,000 Liquid bleach

3 Ione Water Treatment Plant Ione CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 8,000 Liquid bleach

3 Tanner Water Treatment Plant Sutter Creek CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 1,800 Liquid bleach

3 City of Angels Water Treatment Facility Angels Camp CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 2,028 Liquid bleach

3 Ebbetts Pass (Hunters) Water Treatment Plant Hathaway Pines CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 1,515 Liquid bleach

3 Jenny Lind Water Treatment Plant Valley Springs CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 196 Liquid bleach

3 La Contenta Wastewater Treatment Plant Valley Springs CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 215 Ultraviolet light

4 South Tahoe Public Utility District South Lake Tahoe CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 7.20 27,000 Liquid bleach

22 KCWA ID4 Water Purification Plant Bakersfield CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 16,663 Liquid bleach

32 Canyon Chlorination Facility Azusa CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 5.00 5,085 Liquid bleach
2  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

32 Canyon Filtration Plant Azusa CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 5.00 5,086 Liquid bleach

29 Burbank Water Reclamation Plant Chlorination Stn. Burbank CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.00 32,000 Liquid bleach

30 Tapia Water Reclamation Facility Calabasas CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.40 23,000 Liquid bleach

37 Joint Water Pollution Control Plant Carson CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.80 210,000 Liquid bleach

46 Long Beach Water Reclamation Plant Long Beach CA Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 3.90 250,000 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

38 Pomona Water Reclamation Plant Pomona CA Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 2.44 57,000 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

32 Whittier Narrows Water Reclamation Plant South El Monte CA Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 2.50 98,000 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

27 D.C. Tillman Water Reclamation Plant Van Nuys CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.50 112,000 Liquid bleach

30 Westlake Water Filtration Plant Westlake Village CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.94 4,474 Liquid bleach

18 City of Merced Wastewater Treatment Facility Merced CA Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 7.00 68,270 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

48 Big Canyon Reservoir Corona Del Mar CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 18,000 Liquid bleach

48 J.B. Latham Regional Plant Dana Point CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 20,000 Liquid bleach

46 Orange County Water District Fountain Valley CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 4.00 406,000 Liquid bleach

42 3A Treatment Plant Laguna Niguel CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.70 42,000 Liquid bleach

42 Yorba Linda Water District Placentia CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 27,000 Liquid bleach

4 Dry Creek Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant Roseville CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 9.90 626,000 Ultraviolet light

49 Water Treatment Plant Canyon Lake CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.25 6,540 Liquid bleach

45 Valley Sanitary District Water Reclamation Plant Indio CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.50 76,500 Liquid bleach

49 Horsethief Canyon Water Reclamation Facility Lake Elsinore CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.25 5,430 Liquid bleach

49 Railroad Canyon Water Reclamation Facility Lake Elsinore CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.25 14,182 Liquid bleach

49 Regional Wastewater Facility Lake Elsinore CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.00 1,070 Ultraviolet light

45 CalOaks Pumping Station Murietta CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.40 4,200 Liquid bleach

44 Lake Mathews Reservoir Riverside CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 6.20 94,000 Liquid bleach

44 March Wastewater Reclamation Facility Riverside CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 7,959 Liquid bleach

44 Riverside Regional Water Quality Control Plant Riverside CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.20 129,000 Liquid bleach

3 WF1 Calvine Meadows WTP Elk Grove CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 4,500 Liquid bleach

3 WT2 Waterman Road WTP Elk Grove CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 8,310 Liquid bleach

43 Rialto Wastewater Treatment Plant Bloomington CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.70 52,523 Ultraviolet light

26 Royer Nesbit Treatment Plant Etiwanda CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 25,000 Liquid bleach

43 Grand Terrace Chlorination Station Grand Terrace CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 12,926 Liquid bleach

43 Regional Plant #1 Ontario CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 7.00 350,000 Liquid bleach

49 Rainbow Municipal Water District Fallbrook CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 8,000 Liquid bleach

49 Red Mountain Station Fallbrook CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 4,260 Liquid bleach

49 Betsworth Facility Valley Center CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 5.60 24,000 Calcium hypochlorite

49 Cool Valley Facility Valley Center CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.40 3,400 Calcium hypochlorite

11 White Slough Water Pollution Control Facility Lodi CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 25.00 606,505 Ultraviolet light

11 Wastewater Quality Control Facility Manteca CA Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 5.40 71,540 Ultraviolet light

14 Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant Palo Alto CA Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 4.80 191,998 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

7 Easterly Wastewater Treatment Plant Elmira CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 4,100 Liquid bleach

10 North Bay Regional Water Treatment Plant Fairfield CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 16,500 Liquid bleach

10 Waterman Water Treatment Plant Fairfield CA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 18,000 Liquid bleach
3  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

23 City of Oxnard Wastewater Treatment Plant Oxnard CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 4,750 Liquid bleach

2 Olivehurst PUD Wastewater Treatment Plant Olivehurst CA Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 12,140 Ultraviolet light

2 Wes Brown Treatment Plant Thornton CO Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 11,667 Liquid bleach/UV

2 Big Dry Creek Water Reclamation Facility Westminster CO Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 26,000 Ultraviolet light

2 63rd Street Water Treatment Plant Boulder CO Drinking water Chlorine gas 4.80 960 Liquid bleach

2 Betasso Water Treatment Plant Boulder CO Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.07 9,200 Liquid bleach

4 City of Longmont Wastewater Treatment Plant Longmont CO Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 41,000 Ultraviolet light

2 Upper Eagle Regional Water Authority Plant Avon CO Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 3,000 Liquid bleach

2 Arvada Water Treatment Plant Arvada CO Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 23,878 Liquid bleach

2 Ralston Water Treatment Plant Arvada CO Drinking water Chlorine gas 4.20 23,878 Liquid bleach

7 City of Golden Water Treatment Plant Golden CO Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 5,900 Liquid bleach

7 Maple Grove Water Treatment Plant Lakewood CO Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 4,000 Liquid bleach

4 City of Loveland Wastewater Treatment Plant Loveland CO Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 4,952 Ultraviolet light

3 Fish Creek Filtration Plant Steamboat Springs CO Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.40 5,000 Liquid bleach

4 23rd Ave Treated Water Storage Facility Greeley CO Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 5,122 Liquid bleach

4 Water Pollution Control Facility Greeley CO Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 1,500 Ultraviolet light

4 Mianus Water Treatment Plant-Aquarion Water Co. Cos Cob CT Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 9,700 Liquid bleach

5 City of Danbury - West Lake Water Treatment Plant Danbury CT Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 9,474 Liquid bleach

4 BHC Easton LakeTreatment Plant Easton CT Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 26,000 Liquid bleach

4 Fairfield Water Pollution Control Facility Fairfield CT Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 6,500 Ultraviolet light

4 BHC Stamford Water Treatment Plant Stamford CT Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 30,000 Liquid bleach

4 Stamford WPCF Stamford CT Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 70,000 Ultraviolet light

1 Hockanum River Water Pollution Control Facility Manchester CT Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 5,000 Ultraviolet light

5 New Britain Water Department New Britain CT Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.00 10,000 Liquid bleach

1 Reservoir 6 Water Treatment Facility West Hartford CT Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 844 Liquid bleach

1 West Hartford Water Treatment Facility West Hartford CT Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 5,017 Liquid bleach

3 Lake Saltonstall Water Treatment Plant East Haven CT Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 63,000 Liquid bleach

5 City of Meriden Water Pollution Control Facility Meriden CT Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 56,400 Liquid bleach

3 Lake Gaillard Water Treatment Plant North Branford CT Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 24,000 Liquid bleach

3 City of West Haven Water Pollution Control Fac. West Haven CT Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 113,192 Liquid bleach

3 West River Water Treatment Plant Woodbridge CT Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 29,000 Liquid bleach

2 Norwich Wastewater Treatment Plant Norwich CT Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 13,238 Liquid bleach

1 Blue Plains Wastewater Treatment Plant Washington DC Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 15.00 1,700,000 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

1 Delaware City Wastewater Treatment Plant Delaware City DE Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 78 Liquid bleach

1 MOT Water Farm No. 1 Odessa DE Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 1,500 Ultraviolet light

1 City of Wilmington Water Pollution Control Fac. Wilmington DE Wastewater Chlorine gas 13.00 560,000 Liquid bleach

1 Board of Public Works Lewes DE Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.60 2,800 Ultraviolet light

15 D. B. Lee Wastewater Treatment Facility Melbourne FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 10,596 Liquid bleach

15 City of Palm Bay Palm Bay FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.30 500 Liquid bleach

23 Peele-Dixie Water Treatment Plant Fort Lauderdale FL Drinking water Ammonia gas 2.00 50,300 Aqueous ammonia/bleach

19 East & West Site Water & Wastewater Facilities Margate FL Drinking/Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.60 98,000 Liquid bleach
4  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

17 The City of Miramar East Water Treatment Plant Miramar FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 35,000 Liquid bleach

3 Arlington Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 45,000 Liquid bleach

3 Buckman Water Reclamation Facility Jacksonville FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 7.90 360,000 Ultraviolet light

4 Community Hall Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 17,000 Liquid bleach

4 Deerwood 3 Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 14,000 Liquid bleach

4 District II Water Reclamation Facility Jacksonville FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.10 3,000 Ultraviolet light

3 Fairfax Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 57,000 Liquid bleach

4 Hendricks Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.70 17,000 Liquid bleach

3 Highlands Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 18,000 Liquid bleach

4 Lakeshore Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.70 29,000 Liquid bleach

3 Lovegrove Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.70 30,000 Liquid bleach

3 Main Street Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.60 29,000 Liquid bleach

6 Marietta Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 12,000 Liquid bleach

4 McDuff Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 44,000 Liquid bleach

3 Norwood Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 50,000 Liquid bleach

4 Oakridge Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 15,000 Liquid bleach

4 Ridenour Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 15,000 Liquid bleach

3 River Oaks Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 28,000 Liquid bleach

4 Southeast Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 4,400 Liquid bleach

6 Southwest Water Treatment Plant Jacksonville FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.10 28,000 Liquid bleach

9 Lake Bridge Water Treatment Plant Lutz FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.60 5,606 Liquid bleach

12 Falkenburg Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant Tampa FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.80 12,000 Ultraviolet light

9 Northwest Regional Water Reclamation Facility Tampa FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.80 13,000 Ultraviolet light

11 River Oaks Advanced Wastewater Tratment Plant Tampa FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.80 38,000 Liquid bleach

6 Leesburg Wastewater Treatment Plant Leesburg FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 6,000 Liquid bleach

14 BSU Water Treatment Plant Bonita Springs FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.02 300 Liquid bleach

14 Central Advanced Wastewater Treatment Facility Fort Myers FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.93 53,885 Liquid bleach

14 Green Meadows Water Treatment Plant Fort Myers FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 200 Liquid bleach

14 South Advanced Wastewater Treatment Facility Fort Myers FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.93 41,919 Liquid bleach

14 Greater Pine Island Reverse Osmosis WTP St. James City FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 290 Liquid bleach

6 Water Reclamation Facility #1 Ocala FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 71 Liquid bleach

6 Water Reclamation Facility #2 Ocala FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 71 Liquid bleach

21 Hialeah Water Treatment Plant Hialeah FL Drinking water Ammonia gas 3.10 110,000 Aqueous ammonia

17 Oeffler-Norwood Water Treatment Plant Miami FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.90 10,000 Liquid bleach

8 Eastern Regional Water Production Facility Orlando FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 5,631 Liquid bleach

24 Eastern Regional Water Reclamation Facility Orlando FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 576 Liquid bleach

16 Acme Improvement District Water Treatment Plant Wellington FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.50 44,343 Liquid bleach

9 Hudson Wastewater Treatment Plant Hudson FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 6,200 Liquid bleach

5 Cypress Creek Pumping Station Land O’ Lakes FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.60 4,386 Liquid bleach

9 Deer Park Wastewater Treatment Plant New Port Richey FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 22,600 Liquid bleach

5 Little Road Water Treatment Plant New Port Richey FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 8,400 Liquid bleach
5  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

9 Embassy Hills Wastewater Treatment Plant Newport Richey FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 7,900 Liquid bleach

5 Shady Hills Wastewater Treatment Plant Spring Hill FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 2,900 Liquid bleach

5 Wesley Center Wastewater Treatment Plant Wesley Chapel FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 2,500 Liquid bleach

5 Southeast Wastewater Treatment Plant Zephyrhills FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 970 Liquid bleach

9 East Advanced Pollution Control Facility Clearwater FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 5,007 Liquid bleach

9 Marshall St. Advanced Pollution Control Facility Clearwater FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 10,160 Liquid bleach

9 Northeast Advanced Pollution Control Facility Clearwater FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 38,000 Liquid bleach

9 Reservoir 1 Clearwater FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.00 54,000 Liquid bleach

9 Reservoir 2 Clearwater FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.00 37,000 Liquid bleach

9 Reservoir 3 Clearwater FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.00 39,000 Liquid bleach

10 Albert Whittted Water Reclamation Facility St. Petersburg FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.62 32,000 Liquid bleach

12 Polk County South County Jail WTF Frostproof FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.10 5,257 Liquid bleach

12 Polk County Turner Road WPF Mulberry FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.10 23,000 Liquid bleach

12 Polk County Central Regional WWTF Winter Haven FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.10 14,316 Liquid bleach

12 Polk County Gordonville WPF Winter Haven FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.10 1,900 Liquid bleach

13 Eastside W.R.F. Nokomis FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 2,493 Liquid bleach

13 City of North Port Wastewater Treatment Plant North Port FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 1,197 Liquid bleach

13 City of North Port Water Treatment Plant North Port FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 3,312 Liquid bleach

13 City of Venice R. O. Water Treatment Plant Venice FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 5,993 Liquid bleach

13 T. Mabry Carlton Water Treatment Facility Venice FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.17 2,200 Liquid bleach

24 City of Altamonte Springs Water Treatment Plant #2 Altamonte Springs FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 20,428 Liquid bleach

24 City of Altamonte Springs Water Treatment Plant #5 Altamonte Springs FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 17,242 Liquid bleach

7 Greenwood Lakes WWTP Lake Mary FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 25,440 Liquid bleach

7 Des Pinar WTP/WWTF Site Longwood FL Drinking/Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 6,300 Liquid bleach

7 Wekiva Hunt Club WWTF/WTP Longwood FL Drinking/Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 11,600 Liquid bleach

7 Northwest Regional WWTP Sanford FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.40 4 Liquid bleach

24 Winter Springs East Wastewater Plant Winter Springs FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 5,124 Liquid bleach

7 Bethune Point Wastewater Treatment Plant Daytona Beach FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 22,147 Ultraviolet light

24 Brennan Water Treatment Plant Daytona Beach FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 75 Liquid bleach

24 Westside Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant Daytona Beach FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 148 Ultraviolet light

7 Ormond Beach Wastewater Treatment Plant Ormond Beach FL Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 1.33 9,600 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

7 Ormond Beach Water Treatment Plant Ormond Beach FL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.33 11,000 Liquid bleach

24 R. Dwayne Huffman Reclaimed Water Plant Port Orange FL Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 18,000 Liquid bleach

11 Cartersville Waste Water Pollution Control Plant Cartersville GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 7,074 Liquid bleach

1 Naval Submarine Base (NSB) Kings Bay Kings Bay GA Drinking/Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 652 Liquid bleach

1 Mission Trace Water Plant St. Marys GA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 12,000 Liquid bleach

1 Water Plant #3 (Old Jefferson Road) St. Marys GA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 10,000 Liquid bleach

1 Weed Street Wastewater Treatment Plant St. Marys GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.40 1,000 Liquid bleach

1 Tybee Island Wastewater Treatment Plant Tybee Island GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 2,000 Ultraviolet light

6 Rose Creek Water Pollution Control Plant Woodstock GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 10,160 Calcium hypochlorite

10 J. G. Beacham Water Treatment Plant Athens GA Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 12,185 Liquid bleach
6  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

6 South Cobb WRF Austell GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.01 40,656 Liquid bleach

11 Noonday Creek WRF Kennesaw GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.62 47,200 Ultraviolet light

6 Quarles Water Treatment Plant Marietta GA Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 4,390 Liquid bleach

10 Clark Hill Water Treatment Plant Appling GA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 150 Liquid bleach

10 Little River WPCP Evans GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 1,400 Ultraviolet light

10 Jim Blanchard Water Treatment Plant Martinez GA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 3,530 Liquid bleach

10 Reed Creek WPCP Martinez GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 3,530 Ultraviolet light

5 R. M. Clayton WRC Atlanta GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 14.00 1,151,993 Ultraviolet light

10 Augusta Water Treatment FilterPlant Augusta GA Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 6,017 Liquid bleach

12 J. B. Messerly Wastewater Treatment Plant Augusta GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 3,300 Liquid bleach

12 Spirit Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Augusta GA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 1,000 Liquid bleach

2 Waikoloa Beach Resort Water Reclamation Plant Waikoloa HI Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 3,000 Liquid bleach

2 Kaunakakai WWRF Kaunakakai HI Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.80 1,000 Liquid bleach

4 Mason City Water Department Mason City IA Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 1,700 Liquid bleach

1 Eagle Point Water Plant Dubuque IA Drinking water Chlorine gas 5.40 59,459 Liquid bleach

3 West Des Moines Water Works West Des Moines IA Drinking water Chlorine gas 4.30 87,874 Liquid bleach

5 Sioux City WWTP Sioux City IA Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 10,635 Liquid bleach

1 City of Boise- West Boise WWTP Boise ID Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 6,000 Ultraviolet light

10 Wilmette Water Plant Wilmette IL Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 50,000 Liquid bleach

13 Downers Grove Sanitary District Downers Grove IL Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 6,880 Liquid bleach

6 City of Elmhurst Wastewater Treatment Plant Elmhurst IL Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 100,000 Liquid bleach

19 Mt.Vernon Wastewater Treatment Facility Mt. Vernon IL Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 2,250 Liquid bleach

14 Aurora Water Treatment Plant Aurora IL Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 17,000 Liquid bleach

10 Village of Mundelein-Waste Water Treatment Plant Libertyville IL Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 1,734 Liquid bleach

17 Sanitary District of Decatur Decatur IL Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.80 59,000 Liquid bleach/UV

12 Granite City Regional Waste Water Treatment Plant Granite City IL Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.30 7,000 Liquid bleach

8 Woodstock Northside Wastewater Treatment Plant Woodstock IL Wastewater Chlorine gas 6.00 25,000 Liquid bleach

17 Moline Water Treatment Plant Moline IL Drinking water Chlorine gas 5.40 198,871 Liquid bleach

13 Springbrook Water Reclamation Center Naperville IL Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 1.91 4,830 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

3 Water Pollution Control Plant Fort Wayne IN Wastewater Chlorine gas 14.00 330,000 Liquid bleach

9 Jeffersonville Wastewater Treatment Plant Jeffersonville IN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.00 8,000 Ultraviolet light

9 Jasper Wastewater Treatment Plant Jasper IN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 7,000 Ultraviolet light

9 Seymour Wastewater Treatment Facility Seymour IN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 1,500 Ultraviolet light

8 Vincennes Wastewater Treatment Facility Vincennes IN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.60 8,455 Ultraviolet light

7 Fall Creek Water Treatment Plant Indianapolis IN Drinking water Chlorine gas 11.00 771,633 Liquid bleach

7 White River Water Treatment Plant Indianapolis IN Drinking water Chlorine gas 15.00 968,579 Liquid bleach

1 Flint Lake Treatment Plant 2 Vallparaiso IN Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 1,523 Liquid bleach

2 Mishawaka Wastewater Treatment Plant Mishawaka IN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 24,500 Liquid bleach

2 Edison Filtration Plant and Well Field South Bend IN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 18,815 Liquid bleach

2 Olive St. Well Field South Bend IN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 14,158 Liquid bleach

4 Canal Road Pumping Station Lafayette IN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 27,000 Liquid bleach

4 Glick Pumping Station Lafayette IN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 18,000 Liquid bleach
7  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

2 Clinton Reservoir Water Treatment Plant Lawrence KS Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 7,654 Liquid bleach

3 Kaw River Water Treatment Plant Lawrence KS Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 3,400 Liquid bleach

3 Johnson County Wastewater-Tomahawk Leawood KS Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 2,806 Ultraviolet light

3 Johnson County Wastewater-Martway Pump Station Mission KS Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 9,815 Ultraviolet light

3 Johnson County Wastewater-Nelson Complex Mission KS Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 10,201 Ultraviolet light

3 Johnson County Wastewater-Turkey Creek Mission KS Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 10,201 Ultraviolet light

3 Johnson County Wastewater - Middle Basin Overland Park KS Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 7,041 Ultraviolet light

3 Johnson County Wastewater-75th Street Pump Station Overland Park KS Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 12,104 Ultraviolet light

4 Sewage Treatment Plant No. 2 Wichita KS Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 18,000 Ultraviolet light

2 Topeka KS - N. Topeka Wastewater Treatment Plant Topeka KS Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 3.10 39,000 Liquid bleach

4 Fort Thomas Filtration Plant Fort Thomas KY Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 47,706 Liquid bleach

2 RWRA East Wastewater Treatment Plant Owensboro KY Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 27,750 Liquid bleach

2 Waste Water Treatment Plant, West Owensboro KY Wastewater Chlorine gas 25.00 90,000 Liquid bleach

4 Dry Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Erlanger KY Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 5,900 Liquid bleach

5 London Wastewater Treatment Plant London KY Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.60 18,238 Ultraviolet light

2 Shelbyville Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Shelbyville KY Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.63 12,000 Ultraviolet light

1 Franklin Water Treatment Plant Franklin KY Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 3,100 Liquid bleach

4 Lucas Waste Water Treatment Plant Shreveport LA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 726 Ultraviolet light

4 North Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant Shreveport LA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 726 Ultraviolet light

7 City of Sulphur Regional Wastewater Facility Westlake LA Wastewater Chlorine gas 5.40 43,000 Ultraviolet light

2 Bridge City Wastewater Treatment Plant Bridge City LA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 5,183 Liquid bleach

1 Jefferson Parish East Bank WWTP Harahan LA Wastewater Chlorine gas 12.00 790,000 Liquid bleach

2 Marrero Wastewater Treatment Plant Marrero LA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 22,600 Liquid bleach

3 Thibodaux Water Plant Thibodaux LA Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.63 21,766 Liquid bleach

5 City of Ruston - Wastewater Treatment Plant Ruston LA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 470 Ultraviolet light

5 Water Pollution Control Center Monroe LA Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.49 14,738 Ultraviolet light

3 Destrehan Wastewater Treatment Plant Destrehan LA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 1,528 Ultraviolet light

3 Houma Water Treatment Plant #2 Houma LA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 2,100 Liquid bleach

1 Pittsfield Wastewater Treatment Facility Pittsfield MA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 9,300 Liquid bleach

3 City of Attleboro Wastewater Treatment Plant Attleboro MA Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 67,026 Liquid bleach

4 High Hill Chlorination Building Dartmouth MA Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.90 7,300 Liquid bleach

5 Lawrence Water Filtration Plant Lawrence MA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.20 13,000 Chlorine dioxide/bleach/UV

1 Holyoke Water Pollution Control Facility Holyoke MA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 27,568 Liquid bleach

5 Lowell Regional Water Utility Intake Station Lowell MA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 7,552 Chorine dioxide

5 Lowell Regional Water Utility Treatment Plant Lowell MA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 10,382 Chlorine dioxide/bleach

5 Letchworth Avenue Wastewater Treatment Facility No. Billerica MA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 7,500 Liquid bleach

4 Quittacas Water Treatment Plant Rochester MA Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.90 4,000 Liquid bleach

3 Annapolis Water Reclamation Facility Annapolis MD Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 2.90 23,000 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

1 Arnold WTP Arnold MD Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.70 31,100 Liquid bleach

5 Broadwater Water Reclamation Facility Churchton MD Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 2.90 5,000 Ultraviolet light

3 Crofton Meadows II Water Plant Crofton MD Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.70 17,500 Liquid bleach
8  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

3 Patuxent Water Reclamation Facility Crofton MD Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 2.90 25,000 Ultraviolet light

7 Ashburton Filtration Plant Baltimore MD Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.20 338,837 Liquid bleach

2 Back River Wastewater Treatment Facility Baltimore MD Wastewater Chlorine gas 14.00 1,470,000 Liquid bleach

6 City of Westminster Weastewater plant Westminster MD Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 3,259 Liquid bleach

5 Mattawoman Wastewater Treatment Plant LaPlata MD Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 5.40 94,500 Ultraviolet light

1 Cambridge WWTF Cambridge MD Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 1.30 6,300 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

8 Seneca Wastewater Treatment Plant Germantown MD Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 7,759 Ultraviolet light

5 Piscataway Wastewater Treatment Plant Accokeek MD Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 3.10 20,000 Ultraviolet light

5 Western Branch Wastewater Treatment Plant Upper Marlboro MD Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 3.10 7,322 Ultraviolet light

2 Lake Auburn Intake Facility Auburn ME Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 1,157 Liquid bleach

2 Lewiston-Auburn Water Pollution Control Authority Lewiston ME Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 10,300 Liquid bleach

1 East End Wastewater Treatment Plant Portland ME Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 64,411 Liquid bleach

1 Sebago Lake Water Treatment Facility Standish ME Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 3,956 Liquid bleach/ozone

6 Benton Harbor-St. Joseph Joint WWTP Saint Joseph MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 16,000 Liquid bleach

7 CBPU Waste Water Treatment Plant Coldwater MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.10 0 Ultraviolet light

1 Petoskey Wastewater Treatment Plant Petoskey MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 1,900 Liquid bleach

6 Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant Kalamazoo MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 17,300 Liquid bleach

3 City of Grand Rapids Wastewater Treatment Plant Grand Rapids MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 15,873 Ultraviolet light

3 City of Grandville Wastewater Treatment Plant Grandville MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 2,900 Ultraviolet light

7 City of Adrian, MI - Wastewater Treatment Plant Adrian MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 28,679 Ultraviolet light

7 City of Adrian, MI - Water Treatment Plant Adrian MI Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 25,922 Liquid bleach

15 City of Monroe Water Filtration Plant Monroe MI Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.50 18,000 Liquid bleach

2 Muskegon Heights Water Filtration Plant Norton Shores MI Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 32,000 Liquid bleach

2 Donald K. Shine Water Treatment Plant Holland MI Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 1,500 Liquid bleach

2 Holland Wastewater Treatment Plant Holland MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 16,000 Liquid bleach

10 City of Port Huron Wastewater Treatment Plant Port Huron MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.00 13,000 Liquid bleach

10 City of Port Huron Water Treatment Plant Port Huron MI Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.00 7,700 Liquid bleach

15 Ypsilanti Community Ultilities Authority Ypsilanti MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 10,613 Ultraviolet light

13 Wyandotte Wastewater Treatment Facility Wyandotte MI Wastewater Chlorine gas 14.00 1,100,000 Ultraviolet light

1 Mankato Wastewater Treatment Plant Mankato MN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 10,933 Liquid bleach

2 Seneca Wastewater Treatment Plant Eagan MN Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 1.90 22,793 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

2 Metropolitan Council - Empire WWTP Farmington MN Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 1.90 1,664 Ultraviolet light

2 Metropolitan Council - Hastings WWTP Hastings MN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.70 11,504 Liquid bleach

2 Metropolitan Council - Rosemount WWTP Rosemount MN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.70 351 Ultraviolet light

8 Grand Rapids Waste Water Treatment Plant Grand Rapids MN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 748 Liquid bleach

7 Hutchinson Wastewater Treatment Facility Hutchinson MN Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 12,882 Ultraviolet light

7 Hutchinson Water Treatment Plant Hutchinson MN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 4,641 Liquid bleach

4 Metropolitan Wastewater Treatment Plant St. Paul MN Wastewater Chlorine gas 7.50 520,000 Liquid bleach

8 Western Lake Superior Sanitary District Duluth MN Wastewater Chlorine gas 10.32 128,293 Liquid bleach

2 Cottage Grove Wastewater Treatment Plant Cottage Grove MN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.70 3,100 Ultraviolet light

6 Liberty Water Treatment Plant Liberty MO Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 2,250 Liquid bleach
9  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

7 Northwest Treatment Plant Springfield MO Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 1,500 Ultraviolet light

7 Missouri American Water Company Blendville Plant Joplin MO Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 14,006 Liquid bleach

6 Maryville Water Treatment Plant Maryville MO Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 6,850 Liquid bleach

2 City of O’Fallon Wastewater Treatment Plant O’Fallon MO Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 16,500 Ultraviolet light

2 Fenton Wastewater Treatment Plant Fenton MO Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 4,994 Ultraviolet light

2 Grand Glaize Treatment Plant Valley Park MO Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 10,000 Liquid bleach

4 Laurel WWTP #1 Laurel MS Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 500 Ultraviolet light

4 WWTP #2 Laurel MS Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 800 Ultraviolet light

2 City of Vicksburg Wastewater Treatment Facility Vicksburg MS Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 4,760 Liquid bleach

2 City of Vicksburg, Water Treatment Facility Vicksburg MS Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.20 3,417 Liquid bleach

1 Havre Water Plant Havre MT Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 10,000 Liquid bleach

1 Missouri River Treatment Plant Helena MT Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.31 1,000 Liquid bleach

1 Colstrip Water Treatment Plant Colstrip MT Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.00 1,500 Liquid bleach

13 Ed Thomas Water Treatment Plant Burlington NC Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 8,400 Liquid bleach

10 Catawba River Water Filtration Plant Morganton NC Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.64 15,367 Liquid bleach

2 Cross Creek Water Reclamation Facility Fayetteville NC Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.09 0 Liquid bleach

7 Rockfish Creek Water Reclamation Fayetteville NC Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.09 0 Liquid bleach

4 Brown Water Treatment Plant Durham NC Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 1,400 Liquid bleach

4 Williams Water Treatment Plant Durham NC Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 9,800 Liquid bleach

13 City of Oxford Wastewater Treatment Plant Oxford NC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 2,664 Ultraviolet light

2 A.B.Uzzle, Jr. Water Plant Erwin NC Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 3,100 Liquid bleach

2 City of Sanford Water Treatment Plant Sanford NC Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 72 Liquid bleach

10 City of Lincolnton Waste Water Treatment Plant Lincolnton NC Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 5,000 Liquid bleach

12 Irwin Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Charlotte NC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 4,700 Ultraviolet light

9 Sugar Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Charlotte NC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 13,200 Ultraviolet light

6 City of Kannapolis Water Treatment Plant Kannapolis NC Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 12,770 Liquid bleach

2 Town of Garner WWTP Facility Garner NC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.33 205 Calcium hypochlorite

2 132nd & Harney Pump Station Omaha NE Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 39,000 Liquid bleach

2 Maple Road Pump Station Omaha NE Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 17,000 Liquid bleach

2 Missouri River Wastewater Treatment Plant Omaha NE Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 9,400 Liquid bleach

2 Rainwood Pump Station Omaha NE Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 11,000 Liquid bleach

2 Skyline Pump Station Omaha NE drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 2,700 Liquid bleach

2 Turner Boulevard Pump Station Omaha NE Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 93,000 Liquid bleach

2 Walnut Hill Pump Station Omaha NE Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 104,000 Liquid bleach

1 Northeast Wastewater Treatment Facility Lincoln NE Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 350 Ultraviolet light

1 Theresa Street Wastewater Treatment Facility Lincoln NE Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 8,100 Ultraviolet light

1 City of Norfolk WPC Norfolk NE Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 6,100 Ultraviolet light

2 78th & Harrison Pump Station LaVista NE Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 60,000 Liquid bleach

2 36th & Edna Pump Station Omaha NE Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 59,000 Liquid bleach

9 Bergen County Utilities Authority Little Ferry NJ Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 6,800 Liquid bleach

12 River Road Plant Chlorination and De-Chlorination Princeton NJ Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 24,078 Liquid bleach
10  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

6 Carl J. Olsen Water Treatment Plant Edison NJ Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.15 0 Liquid bleach

6 Middlesex County Utilities Authority Sayreville NJ Wastewater Chlorine gas 35.60 10,740,000 Liquid bleach

8 Little Falls Water Treatment Plant Totowa NJ Drinking water Chlorine gas 5.40 430,000 Liquid bleach

5 Chemical Building/ Filtration Plant Wanaque NJ Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 6,000 Liquid bleach

5 Lower Gate House Wanaque NJ Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 7,223 Liquid bleach

5 Old (Original) Treatment Plant Wanaque NJ Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 5,573 Liquid bleach

7 Somerset Rariatn Valley Sewerage Authority (SRVSA) Bridgewater NJ Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 6,500 Liquid bleach

13 Edward P. Decher Secondary Wastewater Trmt. Plant Elizabeth NJ Wastewater Chlorine gas 14.00 50,000 Liquid bleach

13 Wastewater Treatment Plant (TCPA ID No. 1903) Linden NJ Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 10,000 Ultraviolet light

2 Truckee Meadows Water Reclamation Facility Reno NV Wastewater Chlorine gas 5.40 113,000 Liquid bleach

24 City of Auburn Water Purification Plant Auburn NY Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 8,500 Liquid bleach

22 City of Poughkeepsie Water Pollution Control Plant Poughkeepsie NY Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 9,400 Liquid bleach

19 Poughkeepsies’ Water Treatment Facility Poughkeepsie NY Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 15,907 Liquid bleach

27 ECSD #2 - Big Sister Creek WWTP Angola NY Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.70 8,789 Liquid bleach

27 Erie County Southtowns WWTP Buffalo NY Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.70 32,983 Liquid bleach

27 ECSD #6 - Lackawanna WWTP Lackawanna NY Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.70 54,157 Liquid bleach

28 City of Niagara Falls Wastewater Treatment Plant Niagara Falls NY Wastewater Chlorine gas 25.00 1,100,000 Liquid bleach

24 Oneida County Water Pollution Control Plant Utica NY Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 13,500 Liquid bleach

25 Marcellus Water Treatment Plant Marcellus NY Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 5,367 Liquid bleach

25 Otisco Lake Metering Station Marietta NY Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 2,327 Liquid bleach

22 City of Newburgh Water Filtration Plant Newburgh NY Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 7,500 Liquid bleach

19 Peekskill Wastewater Treatment Plant Peekskill NY Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 14,300 Liquid bleach

18 Port Chester Wastewater Treatment Plant Port Chester NY Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 22,600 Liquid bleach

8 Middletown Wastewater Treatment Plant Middletown OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.60 21,000 Liquid bleach

2 Clermont County Lower East Fork WWTP Milford OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.60 2,500 Ultraviolet light

6 East Liverpool Water Department East Liverpool OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 25,500 Liquid bleach

11 Baldwin Water Treatment Plant Cleveland OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 38,300 Liquid bleach

11 Nottingham Water Treatment Plant Cleveland OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 14.00 1,100,000 Liquid bleach

5 Defiance Water Treatment Plant Defiance OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 4,000 Liquid bleach

15 Dublin Road Water Plant Columbus OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 17,015 Liquid bleach

15 Jackson Pike Wastewater Treatment Plant Columbus OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 57,000 Liquid bleach

7 Southerly Wastewater Treatment Plant Lockbourne OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.10 4,600 Liquid bleach

7 Xenia Ford Road Wastewater Treatment Plant Xenia OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 6,510 Ultraviolet light

7 Xenia Glady Run Wastewater Treatment Plant Xenia OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 4,100 Ultraviolet light

1 Mill Creek WWTP Cincinnati OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 14.00 860,000 Liquid bleach

1 Muddy Creek WWTP Cincinnati OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 2,300 Liquid bleach

2 Polk Run WWTP Loveland OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 6,800 Ultraviolet light

4 City of Findlay Water Pollution Control Center Findlay OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 13,000 Ultraviolet light

4 City of Findlay Water Treatment Plant Findlay OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 15,000 Liquid bleach

6 City of Steubenville, Wastewater Treatment Plant Steubenville OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.70 3,000 Liquid bleach

14 Aqua Ohio Inc. Lake Shore Division Mentor on the Lake OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.50 15,738 Liquid bleach
11  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

14 Lake County Water Treatment West Willoughby OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.90 19,792 Liquid bleach

12 Newark Water Treatment Plant Newark OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 37,000 Liquid bleach

9 Maumee River Wastewater Treatment Plant Waterville OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 1,500 Ultraviolet light

8 Celina Water Treatment Plant Celina OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 7,129 Liquid bleach

17 Akron Water Supply Plant Kent OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 14.00 411,356 Liquid bleach

17 Streetsboro-Hudson WWTP Streetsboro OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 6.88 15,091 Liquid bleach

2 City of Portsmouth Water Treatment Plant Portsmouth OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 5,798 Liquid bleach

17 Warren Water Filtration Plant Cortland OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 2,740 Liquid bleach

18 City of Dover Wastewater Treatment Plant Dover OH Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 2,900 Ultraviolet light

5 City of Bowling Green Water Treatment Bowling Green OH Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 580 Liquid bleach

4 City of Lawton Wastewater Treatment Plant Lawton OK Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 3.10 3,500 Ultraviolet light

4 City of Lawton Water Treatment Plant Medicine Park OK Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.50 500 Liquid bleach

2 Broken Bow Water Treatment Plant Hochatown OK Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 10 Liquid bleach

5 Bethany Water Plant Bethany OK Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.20 2,851 Liquid bleach

3 Clackamas River Water WTP Clackamas OR Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 8,900 Liquid bleach

4 City of Myrtle Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Myrtle Creek OR Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.50 7,200 Ultraviolet light

4 Winston-Green Wastewater Treatment Facility Roseburg OR Wastewater Chlorine gas 12.00 10,000 Liquid bleach

2 Big Butte Springs Butte Falls OR Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 20 Liquid bleach

2 Robert A. Duff Water Treatment Plant White City OR Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.20 330 Liquid bleach

4 Albany Wastewater Plant Albany OR Wastewater Chlorine gas 5.20 46,899 Liquid bleach

4 Albany Water Plant Albany OR Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.60 17,296 Liquid bleach

5 Willow Lake Wastewater Treatment Plant Salem OR Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 15,585 Liquid bleach

5 Geren Island Treatment Facility Stayton OR Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 2,600 Liquid bleach

5 Franzen Reservoir Disinfection System Turner OR Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 4,900 Liquid bleach

3 Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant Portland OR Wastewater Chlorine gas 5.60 157,500 Liquid bleach

6 Joint Municipal Authority of Wyomissing Valley Reading PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.00 64,000 Liquid bleach

9 Tyrone Wastewater Treatment Plant Tyrone PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 150 Ultraviolet light

8 Chalfont-New Britain Township Jt Sewage Authority Doylestown PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 1,000 Ultraviolet light

8 Pennridge Wastewater Treatment Authority WWTP Sellersville PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 9,789 Ultraviolet light

5 St. Marys Wastewater Treatment Plant St. Marys PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 770 Ultraviolet light

15 Northampton Borough Municipal Authority WTP Whitehall PA Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 33,725 Liquid bleach

11 Mountaintop Area Joint Sanitary Authority Mountaintop PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 1,046 Ultraviolet light

11 GHJSA Wastewater Treatment Facility West Hazleton PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 3,700 Ultraviolet light

10 Williamsport Sanitary Authority - West Plant Williamsport PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.60 38,000 Liquid bleach

7 Matsunk Water Pollution Control Center Bridgeport PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 14,361 Liquid bleach

7 Oaks Wastewater Treatment Facility Oaks PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.04 13,300 Liquid bleach

6 ENPWJSA WWTP Plymouth Meeting PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.87 40,414 Liquid bleach

15 Easton Area Joint Sewer Authority WPCF Easton PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 8,735 Liquid bleach

10 City of Sunbury Wastewater Treatment Facility Sunbury PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.50 20,400 Ultraviolet light

2 Belmont Water Treatment Plant Philadelphia PA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.70 49,670 Liquid bleach

13 Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant Philadelphia PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 7.30 1,575,971 Liquid bleach
12  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

13 Samuel S. Baxter Water Treatment Plant Philadelphia PA Drinking water Chlorine gas 7.30 787,271 Liquid bleach

1 Southeast Water Pollution Control Plant Philadelphia PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 7.30 1,182,741 Liquid bleach

12 Authority of the Borough of Charleroi Charleroi PA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 3,450 Liquid bleach

2 Warwick Wastewater Treatment Facility Warwick RI Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 100 Liquid bleach

1 Water Pollution Control Newport RI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 14,460 Liquid bleach

1 Pawtucket Water Purification Facility Cumberland RI Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 122,000 Liquid bleach/UV (new plant)

1 Woonsocket Regional Wastewater Commission Woonsocket RI Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 0.90 5,700 Sodium bisulfite/bleach

2 Quonset Point Wastewater Treatment Facility North Kingstown RI Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 12,200 Liquid bleach

3 Lake Hartwell Filter Plant Anderson SC Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 1,500 Liquid bleach

3 Middle Branch WWTP Easley SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 137 Ultraviolet light

6 North Charleston Sewer District WWTP Herbert Site Charleston SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 14.00 365,213 Ultraviolet light

1 Plum Island WWTP Charleston SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.40 7,500 Liquid bleach

6 City of Johnsonville Wastewater Treatment Plant Johnsonville SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 2,600 Liquid bleach

4 Lower Reedy Plant Fountain Inn SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 200 Ultraviolet light

4 WCRSA Mauldin Road Plant Greenville SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 4,000 Ultraviolet light

4 Pelham WWTP Greer SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.90 4,000 Ultraviolet light

4 Gilder Creek WWTP Simpsonville SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 720 Ultraviolet light

3 W. R. Wise Water Treatment Facility Greenwood SC Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 2,444 Liquid bleach

3 West Alexander WWTP Greenwood SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.88 3,300 Ultraviolet light

3 Wilson Creek WWTP Greenwood SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.88 1,800 Ultraviolet light

1 GSWSA Myrtle Beach SWTP Myrtle Beach SC Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.23 5,500 Liquid bleach

4 Durbin Creek WWTP Fountain Inn SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 1,400 Ultraviolet light

5 City of Bishopville Wastewater Treatment Facility Bishopville SC Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.50 1,300 Ultraviolet light

2 Lake Murray WTP Lexington SC Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.90 4,000 Liquid bleach

4 City of Union Water Treatment Plant Union SC Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.90 2,600 Liquid bleach

1 City of Aberdeen Wastewater Treatment Plant Aberdeen SD Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.50 15,000 Ultraviolet light

1 Wastewater Treatment Plant Yankton SD Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 10,000 Ultraviolet light

1 Newport Utilities Board Wastewater Treatment Plant Newport TN Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 9,595 Liquid bleach

1 Newport Utilities Board Water Plant Newport TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.20 7,321 Liquid bleach

4 City of Pulaski Wastewater Treatment Plant Pulaski TN Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 3,700 Ultraviolet light

3 Soddy Daisy Falling Water Utility District Soddy Daisy TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 2,000 Liquid bleach

2 First Utility District of Knox County WTP Knoxville TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 7,020 Liquid bleach

2 First Utility District of Knox County WWTP Knoxville TN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 3,900 Liquid bleach

2 Knox Chapman Utility District WTP Knoxville TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 6,300 Liquid bleach

2 Northeast Knox Utility District WTP Knoxville TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 7,900 Liquid bleach

2 West Knox Utility District WTP Knoxville TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 2,600 Liquid bleach

2 West Knox Utility District WWTP Knoxville TN Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 1,800 Liquid bleach

8 Clarksville Water Treatment Plant Clarksville TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 2,727 Liquid bleach

6 LaVergne Water Treatment Plant LaVergne TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 3,400 Liquid bleach

6 Stones River Water Treatment Plant Murfreesboro TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 3,000 Liquid bleach

6 The Joe W. Lovell Water Quality Control Center Murfreesboro TN Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 5,000 Ultraviolet light
13  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

6 Smyrna Wastewater Treatment Plant Smyrna TN Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.50 1,250 Ultraviolet light

1 Unicoi Water Filter Plant Unicoi TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.10 300 Liquid bleach (converting)

4 McMinnville Wastewater Plant McMinnville TN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 5,000 Liquid bleach

4 Warren County Utility District Water Treat. Plant McMinnville TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.90 1,200 Liquid bleach

1 Regional Waste Water Treatment Plant Gray TN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.10 2,100 Ultraviolet light

1 Knob Creek Waste Water Plant Johnson City TN Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.10 1,700 Liquid bleach (converting)

1 Jonesborough Water Treatment Plant Jonesborough TN Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.30 3,000 Liquid bleach

20 Market Street Pumping Station San Antonio TX Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 109,000 Liquid bleach

22 City of Pearland Barry Rose W. W. Treatment Plant Pearland TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.00 46,000 Liquid bleach

22 City of Pearland Longwood Wastewater Treatment Plant Pearland TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.00 56,000 Liquid bleach

30 Dallas County Park Cities MUD Treatment Plant Dalllas TX Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 8,917 Liquid bleach

26 Pecan Creek Water Reclamation Plant Denton TX Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 3.14 27,000 Ultraviolet light

6 Red Oak Creek Regional Wastewater System Red Oak TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 10,127 Ultraviolet light

6 City of Waxahachie Wastewater Treatment Plant Waxahachie TX Wastewater Sulfur dioxide gas 2.30 8,000 Ultraviolet light

22 City of Rosenberg - WWTP 2 Rosenberg TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 28,437 Ultraviolet light

22 City Sugar Land South Wastewater Treatment Plant Sugar Land TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 6,700 Liquid bleach

22 Sugar Land Regional Sewerage System Sugar Land TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 3,298 Liquid bleach

14 Dallas Salmon Wastewater Plant League City TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.00 49,000 Ultraviolet light

4 Wastewater Treatment Plant Sherman TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.50 2,800 Ultraviolet light

2 Cypress-Klein UD Wastewater Treatment Plant Houston TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 13,000 Liquid bleach

22 Seabrook Wastewater Treatment Plant Seabrook TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 5.40 61,036 Liquid bleach

28 South Wastewater Treatment Plant Mission TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 6,000 Ultraviolet light

5 City of Terrell - Water Treatment Plant Terrell TX Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.20 7,900 Liquid bleach

25 Lakeway MUD - Wastewater Treatment Plant S-4 Lakeway TX Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.40 576 Liquid bleach

1 Water Treatment Plant #3 Layton UT Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 4,125 Liquid bleach

2 Big Cottonwood Water Treatment Facility Salt Lake City UT Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 1,504 Liquid bleach

3 South Valley Water Reclamation Facility West Jordan UT Wastewater Chlorine gas 4.40 131,968 Ultraviolet light

3 Springville City WWTP Springville UT Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 3,340 Ultraviolet light

1 Water Treatment Plant #2 Ogden UT Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 8,475 Liquid bleach

6 Abert Water Treatment Plant Lynchburg VA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 110 Liquid bleach

6 College Hill Water Treatment Plant Lynchburg VA Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 7,200 Liquid bleach

6 Lynchburg Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility Lynchburg VA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 2,300 Liquid bleach

10 Fairfax County Water Authority - James J. Corbalis Herndon VA Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 5,100 Liquid bleach

10 Kenneth B. Rollins Memorial Water Filtration Plant Leesburg VA Drinking water Chlorine gas 3.00 6,000 Liquid bleach

5 Town of South Hill Regional WWTP South Hill VA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 260 Ultraviolet light

3 Lee Hall Water Treatment Plant Newport News VA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 7,900 Liquid bleach

6 Roanoke Regional WPCP Roanoke VA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.92 5,200 Liquid bleach

7 Ni River Water Treatment Plant Spotsylvania VA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.71 1,884 Liquid bleach

1 Smith Lake Water Treatment Facility Stafford VA Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.20 17,000 Liquid bleach

1 City of St. Albans Wastewater Treatment Facility St. Albans VT Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 3,500 Liquid bleach

4 City of Kennewick Collector Well #5 Kennewick WA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 7,300 Liquid bleach
14  Center for American Progress | Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances

Water utilities that have converted from extremely hazardous substances (continued)

Congressional 

district Facility name City State Industry type Former toxic chemical

Former 

danger zone 

(miles)

Former 

danger zone 

population

New chemical 

or process

4 City of Kennewick Waste Water Treatment Plant Kennewick WA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 7,300 Ultraviolet light

4 City of Kennewick Water Filter Plant Kennewick WA Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.30 7,300 Liquid bleach

4 Wenatchee Wastewater Treatment Plant Wenatchee WA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 15,000 Ultraviolet light

9 South Treatment Plant Renton WA Wastewater Chlorine gas 9.90 650,000 Liquid bleach

1 Central Kitsap Tr. Plant Poulsbo WA Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 8,330 Ultraviolet light

1 Lemolo Chlorine Station, L.S. 96 Poulsbo WA Wastewater Chlorine gas 3.00 3,453 Liquid bleach

9 City of Tacoma, Central Wastewater Treatment Plant Tacoma WA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 5,800 Liquid bleach

2 City of Mount Vernon Wastewater Utility Mount Vernon WA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.60 5,496 Ultraviolet light

1 City of Edmonds Wastewater Treatment Plant Edmonds WA Wastewater Chlorine gas 0.90 8,800 Liquid bleach

2 Everett Water Pollution Control Facility Everett WA Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 31,117 Liquid bleach

5 City of Walla Walla Wastewater Treatment Facility Walla Walla WA Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 5,200 Liquid bleach/UV

8 Heart of the Valley Metropolitan Sewerage District Kaukauna WI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.33 7,365 Liquid bleach

1 Racine Utilities - Wastewater Utility Racine WI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 7,600 Ultraviolet light

5 Waukesha Wastewater Treatment Plant Waukesha WI Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 18,000 Ultraviolet light

6 Neenah Menasha Sewerage Commission Menasha WI Wastewater Chlorine gas 5.40 54,000 Liquid bleach

6 Neenah Water Treatment Plant Neenah WI Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.60 34,000 Liquid bleach

2 City of Charleston Wastewater Treatment Plant Charleston WV Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 2,000 Ultraviolet light

1 Crow Creek Wastewater Facility Cheyenne WY Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 1,492 Ultraviolet light

1 Dry Creek Wastewater Facility Cheyenne WY Wastewater Chlorine gas 2.20 477 Ultraviolet light

1 Roundtop Water Treatment Plant Cheyenne WY Drinking water Chlorine gas 2.20 814 Calcium hypochlorite

1 Sam Hobbs Regional Wastewater Facility Casper WY Wastewater Chlorine gas 1.30 896 Ultraviolet light

1 Sheridan Water Treatment Plant Sheridan WY Drinking water Chlorine gas 1.20 1,000 Liquid bleach

1 Evanston Water Treatment Plant Evanston WY Drinking water Chlorine gas 0.90 10,903 Liquid bleach/UV

Methodology: These 554 drinking water and wastewater facilities formerly reported an extremely hazardous substance to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Risk Management Planning program. 

Each converted since 1999 to a safer and more secure chemical or process. Center for American Progress surveyed these converted facilities using telephone, online information, and information reported by the 

facilities in Risk Management Plans. Some of the facilities were identified in two previous survey reports by the Center for American Progress: “Preventing Toxic Terrorism,” and “Toxic Trains and the Terrorist Threat.”
1 Center for American Progress | Safer Chemicals Create a More Secure America

Safer Chemicals Create a More 

Secure America

We Can Diminish the Security Threat from Chemical Plants

March 2, 2010

The Department of Homeland Security and numerous security experts warn that terrorists 

could use industrial chemicals as improvised weapons of mass destruction. But chemical facilities can often remove the danger of a catastrophic chemical release and make 

themselves less attractive targets for terrorists by using safer and more secure chemicals 

or processes. Such alternatives invest in American workplaces and communities—and are 

already used in many industries.

Research shows that hundreds of chemical facilities are switching to safer, more secure 

chemical processes, while eliminating dangers to millions of people. Cost-effective alternatives are already in use at bleach producers, water utilities, power plants, oil refineries, 

aluminum smelters, and many manufacturers, among other industries. But many other 

facilities have not yet adopted available alternatives.

Yet the Interim Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards, which expire October 4, 

2010, address site security without developing ways to remove unnecessary terror targets. 

Physical site security, however worthy, cannot assure protection, address supply chain 

risk, or modernize facilities. The temporary standards exempt thousands of water utilities 

and ports from security requirements, exclude knowledgeable employees from security 

planning, lack basic accountability for government enforcement, and even bar DHS from 

requiring any specific security measure.

The Chemical and Water Security Act, H.R. 2868, now under consideration in the 

Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, as well as the Senate 

Environment and Public Works Committee, establishes a permanent comprehensive 

program that would require high-hazard chemical plants to review methods to reduce the 

consequences of a terrorist attack. It would require the very highest hazard facilities to implement such techniques where cost effective, technically feasible, and risk reducing. And also it 

would provide limited funding for facilities that upgrade to safer, more secure technologies.
2 Center for American Progress | Safer Chemicals Create a More Secure America

These measures would help secure our nation’s chemical facilities and keep Americans 

safer. And in fact, reports from the Center for American Progress show that many companies already use intrinsically more secure technologies that remove the danger of a major 

toxic gas release.

The following options remove catastrophic toxic gas release dangers to employees and 

communities and are already in use in the United States.

Companies typically adopt an alternate chemical or process, use a chemical in a less 

dangerous or less concentrated form, or generate a chemical only as needed without storage. Other options include colocating chemical suppliers with users, improving inventory 

control, or minimizing bulk storage. These changes remove unnecessary dangers and avoid 

certain costs related to regulatory compliance, liability insurance, personal protective 

equipment, community notification, site security, and emergency planning.

•	 Bleach manufacturers eliminate bulk chlorine gas by generating chlorine on-site as 

needed without storage.

•	 Petroleum refineries eliminate hydrofluoric acid alkylation by using less hazardous sulfuric acid or by developing solid acid catalysts.

•	 Water utilities eliminate bulk chlorine gas by using liquid bleach, ozone without storage, 

and ultraviolet light as appropriate.

•	 Paper mills eliminate bulk chlorine gas by using hydrogen peroxide, ozone, or chlorine 

dioxide without bulk storage.

•	 Pool service companies eliminate chlorine gas by using chlorine tabs or liquid bleach.

•	 Manufacturers of polyurethane foams eliminate bulk ethylene oxide by substituting 

vegetable-based polyols.

•	 Soap and detergent manufacturers eliminate bulk oleum and sulfur trioxide by using 

sulfur burning equipment on site.

•	 Manufacturers of ferric chloride eliminate bulk chlorine gas by processing scrap steel 

with less concentrated liquid hydrochloric acid (less than 37 percent) and oxygen.

•	 Titanium dioxide producers eliminate bulk chlorine gas by generating chlorine onsite or 

using the sulfate process.

•	 Secondary aluminum smelters eliminate bulk chlorine gas by removing impurities with 

nitrogen gas injected with magnesium salts.
3 Center for American Progress | Safer Chemicals Create a More Secure America

•	 Manufacturers of semiconductors, silicon wafers, and metal products eliminate concentrated hydrofluoric acid by using less concentrated forms (less than 50 percent).

•	 Power plants eliminate bulk anhydrous ammonia gas by using cleaner combustion or 

by using aqueous ammonia or urea in pollution control equipment; they also remove 

chlorine gas by using liquid bleach to treat cooling water.

•	 Wholesale chemical distributors eliminate most bulk chlorine gas and sulfur dioxide gas 

by distributing alternatives such as liquid bleach and sodium bisulfite.

•	 Pulp mills, food processors, wastewater plants, and hazardous waste recovery operations 

eliminate bulk sulfur dioxide gas by, as appropriate, generating sulfur compounds on site 

or purchasing sodium bisulfite, metabisulfite, hydrosulfite, or other alternatives.

•	 Diverse manufacturers eliminate bulk chlorine gas by generating chlorine on site as 

needed, such as for fuel additives, water treatment chemicals, and aramid polymers used 

to make bulletproof vests.

These existing practices show what is possible for companies and the federal government 

as they work to eliminate the homeland security risks of using, manufacturing, and transporting dangerous chemicals.