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NRO .. BJ:STORY 

. Author: Itd:Iwt Peny 

The Attached 13.1Pa9a,Dltitl.4 • ., 1a1'l'ORY-, IIOUl'II J:IIItAtor ... identified _ 

the DO Biatozy Staff .011 10 June. 1'" .. beiDg Robert' hay .• Vol_ IV. 

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· .~ 11!' 1 .111., to.-·., -- ~ J& -.,. • t' ''''. tjt"~'" l:. ....::. ." ~ ~ .... '1'; -.... ' r ~ -- , ~ '" h" " U

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·T8P 

UAMBIT 

,j I . '·1 ,t., 4 -I •. I ... III •• ' 
FOR RELEASE 

lED BY: C/IART TOP S'ECRET/GAN.II 

lED ON: 7 MAY 2012 

-- .~ n -·T f; iJHAr .. 

wl-. , .. , ·~·.· .. S • . , " • ·'I·~ 

',~ V ,-~;I 

. xvu aECC~SATEL.LITE •• 1): CAPABILITIES IN R~ADOUT. 

CRISIS P.ES()1.UTION AND V,E;Jt Y HlOH'R.ESOLUTION· 

, A~thQ",h ~c!&mental scien:ilic'researc!l .. a. th. nominal 

::,.:. •• i-= elf the tint Amflrican .atellito •• r.conDda.~c.haci been 

:.:!::;::oiDcipal juStificauon£or virtually all apace.focued r •• earch 

ar.-= c.eva!opment \!.:ldertaken in the Uaite,d Stat •• before 1957. WbUe 

c~~at';d ll:L tAos. years, tbe lack of fwadiDl kept mo.t i~. study 

, j :.a.N.. £xc .. p~ ~ prelini.1Dary workoD the Samos E-l p~to;"re.do"t 

, t istem. the alilhtl y fund.ed. scientific .atell1~ pl'o.ram called 

-{a.::.jl.lud, '. &Ad tJ:.ir r.,pdctive vltblcular 

." 

compon.nU.· rolativ4tly . 

. ime 'pro.re.ss was mad.. Wh.~ mo~. adequate iU:1d.inj became ~ 

":Hable altdr- tbe r •• pectabil1ty of satellite ·re •• arch ·Was re •• tab-

::is~e.J 1&te1n'1937. * t!1are were in pr~cip1e oz:1~ nominal constrdab 

"':-. ::e, scoje :inc! dire:c:!aQ of space-reteyet rele_, c~ a:1d d"v.topm.ecc. 

:r. 3:Ct".lal:'ty. CC:l.trainta were real anel eJCt.n.h-.~ particularlyfor 

~ili:a:y .pace ?!o,ram •. ' 

Secret&ry of D.i.n •• Cb"rl •• E. Wil;l(.ft an~Uf;c!.r •• c:r':UlrY 

:>~·::' .. !'d 1.. Quazle., held space pr~IT::\ms in dilil('''Or. Mi1!tar,. .pace 

.::-·;'i4:OL":lJ V.,.c!r.c }Jartic:clady wUasbioftable in tho yeat"s b •• tw •• n!955 

:.:-.: i.~;S. The npp.:J.raQc~of tAl!' fbnt Soviet .~tel1itcs in ()('to;'ar Mui 

:.; :·.·~::1ber 1957 ~!\anied afWlcUn •• trizlJency p..,Ji~y, tb'-t hiul b~Nn most· 

... :r.·iou.J c!:.al'ir.~ :he buel,et ed.e. 01 fi.c31 yetar. 1957."d lCJ5S. The 

::'!3,~:er U db~'ul':''\ in .O&':'1e dct:.U in, J. 

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TQP·secm 

AhhoUIA the ucu&1 iDve_tnle.in l'ea"al'cll fol' ed elf'~lopnl.nt 

01 mUital'Y .pace .yatems mCl'ea.ecl bom tile ,10 ~ion avaUab1e 

ai the .wt of fl.ca11957 to a apeDcU!" rate daat ap:pr4~aC:lMla 

}-ear by fi.cal19~Z, mat exp&Daian was DOt acculIlpaldecl. 

by. eompliTable bl'oacleDiD. of appUcaticms. . One 1'4tl&sonwaa that 

d.v.l~pi. anel operaciAl milltal'Y .ateWte. pl'ovecl to be maDy tim"., . . 

·r.'lore e"Pew"e thanbacl b.~D anticipated. YODe, that mipt other- . 

wise ll.va ~en spem Oft the d."elop~ut 01 De. or .pecial capabUllie. was needed to carry OD deve1opmentof early rec0llft&is.aace 

s y.tems. The Air Force al.o i.e.ted heavily in .everal ambldou 

space pro.ram. that .ultimately fa11ed. • 

Mo_y was al.o at the b.eal't of the .ec~d iDlaibitor: althouab. 

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a variety of attractive, iuDcti01lS .eemed to be operationally 

achievable by 1960. tbe trauformation of a labol'atol'y·clemOD.tratecl 

eapabUity into a WorlWl, orbital .y.tem proved to be enormously 

Commwsications and mis.ile·lauDca detection .ateUlt •• were· 

a.:nCU~I· me mo.t favol'ed. and l~a.t succes.ful of fir.t-leDltration 

military space prolrams. Adv.Dt aDd Midas, . quickly forgotten, 

.... ·er~ notodou. examples. The '.adellcy to QDder.t-·ue probable cost 

w:u not coDftDed to .pace pro,rams, of cour.e, and iD tena. 01 

d"Uar overruns anel prolr&r.l !aUure.space prOlram. ·cow.cl DOt 

b-s cor..si-iereci major offender.. Nev.rthel •••• military satellite. 

were Ilotoriously uncierco.tc:d. and daeirequency of pro.ram f.Uure 

wa. quite hilb. 

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DECLASSIFIED ON:? MAY 2012 ... '. ..... . ~p.ul.e. A ~apabUicy Chat was att .. active _ •• baltiaUY propos~ 

amodelt COlt b.cam.laiahly unatt .. active_a real COlti pr ••• d 

IreaUy larl.i'. nat ther. w .... · few op ... aUoaal muu. .. , s.tenite 

.ystems •• rved tocoA.~"iD effor~. to aapt 'Dew capabW,Uel t~ ex-

,latlftl.yst.ml. UDtU 19M. COl'oU wa~ the om, pbO\O-reco~b·laDC • 

• y.tem ill oparatloDal us. &Dd ~o.r tb.remalMei- of the clecad~ Oamblt. 

was ltl sol.' compaDlollo Altbouall eve.u.t.rep1actimeDt of Co,"oaa by 

. .. 101Q. more capabl ..... rcb. sy.t .. ·wa. all bu.t c ... taia a~ .arly as 

1964. th. I~tem .. UI'¥i.edfor &Iloth,er apt yearl: Oamblt pezeforlDaDCe 

improved .'0 markedly aDd .teaClUy tbi-0UlhOllt the cloliD. year.·of. •. 

the 1960. that n:. ~erio"s cODsid.rado. ol l'ep1aclaa it was eiller- . 

talDed UZdU 1971. The q~lty au reUab~tyol CorOll. aIld O~blt 

operadou t.Dd.d to depreciate the attr.cd".. ••• of competlDa 

S)-.telJls. wichu:proveD pedormaac.· &Del WlcertaiD co.t •• 

Samoa E-l, ·th. oriliaal pbolG-r.adenat •• tellite .ysteiD was 

clearly Werior to a succe.dul eoroDa iii all1aaportaat re.p.cta; 

the prolram w •• thetefore canceUed aft.1' OD. I.UDch faUue aDel 

ODS mode.Uy succe.sful night. "Improved" film r •• dout· .y.tems . 

which llad "IUD cle.elopm~nt in 1958 aJUl1959--Samo. £-1 ..... 1:-3--

. weI'. caaceU.dJ.D embryo, their o~ t.cl:anical cleficicnacl.e. and 

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and 1961. 

maneuVer. &Del the poieDUal of Oambit-3 broUlbt about the 19" 

demile 01 the VaUey pl'olram, ol'lpaa11y iDte.s.d to pl'ovide a 

capl»w'ty loI'Vdl')-hlab 1' •• 01utiOla photoll'aphy. but at what eventually 

};»Jcame an uacceptably high cost for the exteDt of improvement 

provided. SamQ. E·-S.· tia.o:dy pbcto-.UZ'veW .... ce .Ylt ... thatpl'O-

'\ided for recovsrUa, both camera aDdlilm. was a. tsclmlCal dba.tel' 

t&iDtecl by .avere· co.t problems: sw:!a defect. led to» it. cuac:ellatloD 

Ie December 19.61. Samos E-6. oDcs mtezadecl to .• upttl' •• de Corou, 

was abaDdoaad ill J'alUluy 1963 after fi"e succe •• t"e flllht {aUura •• 

(ColltUaulDs improvemeDt. ill Corona perlol'lD&DCe bad made -£-6 

com:?arad."ely Ie •• appealhal by the time cancellatioD b~ame a~­

vis able. but doubt. about dieabUtty of E-6 to perform ~ .peclf1ed 

also eIiCoul'&.ecl prolram tel'muiad.oD.)* Doriaa. the ultr.~lllab-

. . 

pa:,ot of the Mamled OrbLti. Laboratory (MOL) proaram, was C&ll~ . . . 

ceU.d iD 1969 whell bud.~t.probl.m •. for~ed. choic;e betweeD HezaloA 

and MOL. Hexa,oll .l.Irviv&! owed at lealt a. much to in.titutioAal 

pre.lurel •• to any cerwil adv&I\ta,e. ovel' the Irltem. It wa. intencl"d t~ rt!p1ace. (The 1965 aSlumption tbat Hoxason could padorm 

(: Tile varioul Samol E-I.d •• prolram. are covered in Volume. 

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th .. f~tlolis of boda CoretD& ael OUD~bl' waa O"~.D b, .ve.a. 

Tb. CoZGDa pro,ram e.ed, bui wbeA H .... _ f1Da11y approaclae. 

operatloaal reacUa ••• 1D 1971, Oamw',-' was d.moA.tratiJal r.aol .. - , , 

lion capabUitleatbat HexaloD could aaatcli oalyU ex~D.iv.lY ·11' •• ~allD.eI-- . , , 

at Ir.at co.t. ) 

, ~tw1tJuitaadbal lbe r.peateel fallv. of .aorb to provide uw 

sateWt.,r.coDiaals.&DC •• ystemS witb capaldUU.., .vpu.ml tIao •• , 

of Corcm& Pd' Ciambl~ th,.d.ca_ '0,( tile 1960. was DOt ill aay ...... 

, a .disa.ter for ,sataUite r.cODDals ... c..'1'bo •• year •.• aw a ccmt:iD1IiD~ 

prolr ••• ioll tbl'oUsli. .Ucc~ •• iYely UDpsoo .... d CorOlla aDd Oamblt .,aum. .' .' : . . . . . . . 

to a HayOA .a'.~te wltblr.a ... -if'.tW. QlLprOftD--po~lltial. 

(Hex90D ctid~t fly watil 1971.) Y.t at tile eDCl oi .. decAde of co..d~IIiDI 

• re.earcb aDd deve10pm_,- a readout capabWty .~ ~ waavaUalale 

for pbo~ .atellite.. N~o .. of •••• z:a1 p~opos.d •• arca aDdJali1a, . 

r.e.olu.doD alt.rative. to th. basic CorOllA aD. Gambit .ystema i.acl 

prolr •••• d to operatloD. DOt eyeD the few comparatively 10w-co.t 

'. 

vadadou OD the i.asic .ystems eliat,hael b.~ d ••• loped ailclr.quired 

OlUY the approval of r.conAai .. ance prolram maftal.r. for-trial 

and .vea&u.al employmellt. • 

The fate of v.rious CorOaa moclel imprcw.me At proposal. baa 

beentreateelill Vol:zme 1 aACl ~111 not" fUZ'th.reliacu •• ecl bere. 

How.vel'~ it ian".)table that iD.Uhluoaal'Z'&m.r· mac lecbl\I.cal OZ' coa' 

factor. ~eZ'. primarU, respon.ibl. for tll. aocc.asive cleciaionato 

abj,"". further improv.ment 0: CoZ'GDa, ex~.PtUaa ~el~tiv.ly mocs..t 

rE:liability aod reAOlu~Dh3nc~_', in tile yaar. after 1966. 

, -, ~~l', \ "iII1. Yla .' 

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!dOlt De"" lateWte recoDDainanc •• "tem- propo •• d, lometime.ltaI'ted. &Dd .v.1lt\aaUy abaDclolled ill the 1960. could be 

faUlted OIl rilk alld COlt .rowacll. Ciellerally, there were DO luch . .' 

Itrailbtforward arau,meats a.alAst che le"er." Oambit variants 

developed ill th~ lame period •. Rathel', req.u1remeau were never . . 101icilyvalldated{cr mOlt, aa4 ther ..... CQldtaDt hi,b-le".l ell, • 

alre.emet about whether attracuve learch, readout, &Dd very-blp. 

re.oluti01l cap.bUitiel Ibould be iIlcorporatediD Oambit o~ developed' 

a. laraely new •• teUlte recor.nai.saace .ysteml. Tbat propo.al. . 

.~). '. 

for such improvement. were rt!curr." aDd that the' e.sendal pre~ • 

limiD&l'Y re.earch aDd de"elopment .ere funded not~thStandma~ 

tho •• circum •. taDce. could be explaiDed by two factors. Firlt, Oambit ") 

wa. the ODly photo satellite .Ylcern reacti1y avallable for 1D0cUfic~CIl; 

lecozad, the composite of tecbAical miaadVeDbae and cost .rowtb daat' 

had characterized .e"eral faUed proll'aml of the early 1960. had COIl- . . . 

vinced lenior Nat;onallleconnaiuance Office (NRO) oHidall that it . ' .. 

cOltly. rilkier course of develo?llli totally new 'YAtems. COlt 

teaded to be the domiDadDa consideration in .\&~h judaerneats. • 

Thi ••• ction i. concorn_4 with trend •. in pboto'l'aphic recolID&l, .. 

sa."\ce. It should tie rec.Ued, however, that various comb1ftatioial 'of 

the .0\.-. "ehicl. and either Atlas or Thor 1,.:,o.tor. were employed 

f;~C: :-esdulh' to orbit w.ather ·,.,.11lt •• , til. Quill I'ad~r roc:o:ma1 •• aftC'e 

• .'~p:':im.Di; ::n,,! ~~~tiY.l). larleftum~f senior .yat~ .. cU.. l'T;>' 

r • ., \J~\,\I . . BYEM ' t~(~U'~\\ TOP SECRET ..' '. 

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. ':be clevelopment of DeW .y.telM were aot _mall, .mmcla\ed poll •• 

0: cbe NatiOD&1".ccUma.i •• aDc~ Prolram In "1'60 •• Yet wltIa •• , . '. . 

. . . . . 

• ole exC.ptioD of Hexal0Dt a comb\D.d .web Uui.UI'Y.U1aAc:.· • .,.teaa. . 

Il~ eAUraly De. photo· r.comaah.azace .ateW.te FOlr ••• eel .t.acU1, toward.op.~ad.oD&l employnieDt ill tho.e Jeu •• Tbat.SexYOD d ... 1oP-

~eDl D.".r falter.d was mol'. the coJiaettu.ac. of IosdadlOaal .,..-. 

. . 

. fer.llc •• &baD of ·any comp.Ul. ~vaDtaI" HayOD.SWcwicled. . Prop~l.d alterDauve. to H.X!lOD "'.uallyr.pa-....... om. iIlald-aywat.iua . . . . 

.ch.m. of AyiDa aD improy.elCorOila iD·combinadoll wtIb a~. 

T2~ ODly tmporWR excepdoD was tile .!:! .,.-'Ia.or.d. by .... 

Weat Cout.eleJnllltOf the NadODal a.COM.' •• aac. Qffic ... ~·tbe 

periodbelore aeXaIOD.a. cho ..... &lid tbatpref.r.Dc:etoo.ba~. 

*( C"omizNed)Capable Dfcl.t.ctiq. ,locatiaa. ualideaUf7t. iDlruetl 

ar.d elect%omaIDetic· emi8.iOD.~ . MaJOI" subs,.. ....... lope.ta Ibe . 

C OUl' •• of tlse Ciambit azad Coro ... '1'011" ....... et::lm •• ~re "peed to 

.sucb appUcadon.. NASA (Nadoaal A.r-,udc .... Spac. A_lilleta"-) 

1I.:ellite. also ",.eel tec)uUqu •• anel d.vic •• developed i.ialtlally fozo I"SCoanaissaDc. GperatiOD. (DOtably tlle photo readout .ystem of SaiDo. £-1, 

""'::iCA r.appe~red ill Lunar Orbiter). .ADd,·of COW' •• , tile LUred .• ya.1Il 

re:»re.eAteel .. ·~Irowtb capability".tbat acwally weAt lAto or1;tlt. altlt ....... 

in the .Ilcllt pro"eel to b. an iftcapab~ rival to eitber COI"G!D& 01". Carbll . 

a:cc! was droppeel. N.y.reh.l •••• D." capabilities .om.bow ".I"e db • . &?proved 01" clemOll.crat.ellncapabUlty befoft tb.y coUld appeu .. "JI,ew" 

?~oto recoamab.ance .y.tem.· 01" .•• major ~ific:atiou of exletIai .,. .... 

** .. Dir.ccOrat. Of Sp.cial Pl'ojects: Prolr~,A. 

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illitil'ltioaal ov.rtoDe •• 5 .. 1 waf ill CODe.pt AD .xtU81ye1y impl'oved - . . 

depelMlut on De. teclmololic&l approacb •• aDd laireelieat., at 1ea.t 

i:. it. early p!la •••• thanwal th. propolal that eventually bectUDe 

!!!!!,OD.* 

lDatltu.w,Da11eanWal--or pereeptloD--laa. a ·clomin .. tAa.uace 

on the caU •• ofrecoDD&ia.uce ,atelUt. .... lopm.at cl~iD& til. 

1960., but that fact wal DOt. op.my coac •••• by the puticipant.. The 

two prmclpal allblroup. c CDc.rzaees with •• elllte r.coJlllaia.aac. 

developedatrUcizaaly differeat vi.wpointa about appropriate s,..tem 

developm.nt stratelie.. EVeD tboUib DeitbeZ' dae CIA DOl' _e D1r.ctorate . 

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I of Special Project •• ver e~p11cltly defiDed pr~feZ'l'.d ,tratepe., tho.e "') 

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cUff.rellce. ,.ere eridellt ill th.e extended cODUover.y chat preceded the 

ev.zatual .elecDoll of HexaloD ford.ve1opaainat. . Acqui81tioa .tratelY 

was al.o a .iIDlficaDt. but WlackDowle.ed factor iD cn.alreem_ta 

about bow the NRP .bould add reado"t. cri .... recoDDai.a&IICe. RCJmp 

search, &Dd vel'y-bi.b-r •• obauOD capabUiti •• to the national bweatory 

toward the elld of the decade. 

As evicleaced iA the advocacy of the!:! .eucb .,.tem by the . 

Directorate of Special Projects (5AFSP) aDd Fulcrum by the CIA . 
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aDel a. reflected ill tile eometime. cIlalauaaoalo .. co...w ... ati.oa 01 ,. . 

what to do a'bout, Frol (!'Um!ea".!Dt--S--"~ •. VD.l.!.I'Y-~" 

~e.olution--Oambit). aDd to a 1 •••• 1' .... Hlfaboy _41 H!ab~l'boJ 

(backup .earch. capabUlty fo~ O&ID~ • two "1', 4W.I'_._~ojllD_t 

aiJpl'oacbes w~re iA cOllteDtlon tbrouala die late 1960.. SAnP ... 

by 196. become paiD1uUy acute to Ga. ri8k. aa.oc~.d wltll • __ ~.I 

to ele.elop I'ecom:.ab,.aace .y.tena. tbat l'epI" ••• t.cl "'I'.at l .. p. \ 

ioZ'wal'd. II E.'"cepUDa dam bit. wblcla _ tile end ew.dJDuda to til. 

. exploitation of Corolla coac.pta _4 teclUloloaY. all Of the ~am .. 

bl~ou UDcl.l'taki~s of the ori,IUJ. Samo. PI'O,I'UD bad to _ u.tecl 

.s faUur ..... • (iambit waa .lD dlff1calt· .galt ... til ~joI'Ge .. Z'al 

Robert E. Ol'eel' aIlel ColoDal WWIam Q. Xu., 19.1'c.d a cle'" aacl . . .. . . test sliDp1Uication OD tlaat .y.~na i.D·l"3~ n.y. Dd the pl'oJect 

speciali.t •. in S~P· could DOt ipol'_. 01' fo~l_t til-troW ... tbat 

ultimately cauaed th. pl'e-opel'atioaal caacel1adOD of all tIleol'illM' 

. . 

aSloCiaUtd ;trith a s.t of Ail' FOl'ce offtcera _0 .. tecbaic:a1 m •••• _ •• 

• Tho ••• ystems are eliscu ••• d iDdiriclua1lybath ••• c:t1oa tbal 

tollow..· . 

• * Ombit be.anlil. in tile Samoa _ariI'OIIIIlattbou,1:a "'ftl' fonaally . . 

catelo:,lzecl a. a Samos sy.tem. 

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I ur ->"'~. u_ • 

of the CorOD& prolram in the yeul 195'-196~ bad be_ ItrIJd •• ly '~.~ .... ..0#1 

marked by eDliDe.rirle prapad.lm &act ... lpl c".l'yad.lm. TIaoI. 

officerl, notably ColoDel. Paul E. Wort ..... C. L.eBaUle, &ad' 

FraU Ihazarel, recopiaeel that COI'OM bad beel!- concei~eel anel 

initially operated a. a 10w-r1lk ., .tem~-at lea.t u com~ed to it. 

much mol' e ambitioua competitOr. of tile ttm.. Corona mc:orporatad 

. as much al pOlslbl. ·from exlld.D& off-th.·lJa.lf techDoloar. .Ile· 

wal available in the way of pro,,-. lubaYlteml from CoDtempOI'UY 

I 

inilsUe&lld .pace prolram.. Yet with aU 1hat, CorODa ver •• d OIl 

f~ure for itl fbat two yearl •. E".D the DaHt rac1k:a1 of lu1Ilequat 

alteratioaa of Coroll&, th. UacorporatioA of .tareo capablllty. repre· 

sented &Il accommoclatioD of .pace-proveD cameral to a rather ob-

~ou. potezatlal.. • 

I 

The.9!!!!! project of 1963-1964 .e.med &DOther proof of the 

validity of a policy of mcr.mental .cqul.ltioD: QaUl .... aD 

• nat .eDeraUzatioza, bowever accurate. doe. DOt.Ua any way .. tract 

from the lipLficaDce of iJmOvatiOD in COro.... wJai.c:h ~I DOt oaly the· 

fir.t .ucce.dul plaoto r.c~ab"DCe •• entte. but the fir.t .ter.o 

system. che first multiple-cap.lIl •• ,..'el1l. da. fh., recoverable c.,.a1. 

system ••• uc1 10 Oft. All such bmOfttiou were marked by,ra"", •. 

and 1Dcremezatali.m; that 11 the priDcipal poiDt • 

. . {:~~t\. ·1 V' ,I" 

•. ; .' ~'v ... '\J" " 

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adapt&doA of exbtiDa aUcr&tt-carded radu .~Ia!'. to th. A •• ..:.~ 

Thor aDd a CorollA r._tI'y.y.tem. It. SAI'SP"'''.''' MaJo" 

David D. Bra~"I'Il· empba.l •• d tho •• q1l&lltl •• of IAcretfteacall •• 

and lOW-I"l~ t':chAo1o.y •• JtOUed by KiD.. Battle, Wortbmaa, aDd . 

Or.ar. -, Qaill ..... a .parJclilla .ucc •••• . 

t.aamd. ~w.1a ·lIGt competltl.,. wit1\. Oamhlt ,01'· Corou. '_~ . ' 

cau •• of mata '':;j)UC:a11imliadoU, ... F ....... a '.,.rdal .v.cc ..... 

in an .ra of Ja!.,:.&lr •• ,. uul ~I'dwa. aD adaptatioD oiCor01l& 'C_- , 

cept. to alllui..: simpllAedSamol E-S camel' •• y.tem. Or .. ,,_. 

NRO m.,,,.ctor ; o.apla v. CUryk mad. a determiaed effort to ~r __ . • . I . . . . ., . i 

•• 1' •• tIa~ "U.s' pana of Samo. E-' t.a t1w ._~ll~.d SPAS-6'1.Sp!taa··· :.~ . '. ~---; 

. . (. 

proj.ct. alatA ;,ostulatlDa that chalICe. of ·FOII'UD, .ucc •••.• er. loeM. 

because &D iDc::-em.Dt&l, .w .. r1.k approach ... po •• ible. 

na. 0"1' :::l&jol' iutitutf.oul elemellt at tIae .atellite l'ecODil&i.- . ...... 

,~~ .. "i· . 

• ance pro,l'ae.. th. CIA. was tb •• poD.or of FulcS'UlD, a ra4i~,. 

n ••• Y.'eua v.~ almo.t DO t.claJlOlopcu .. .cadeaU lD. eadial' 

,exp.ri.e~.. -:-:..e. advocate. of Fulcl'Ulll mclWl. DO WpOl'taQt putlc:iPaA'. iii Co:, ·.r:.a, uul tIIu no one with the percepdoll. &Del ~dt:ationa! memor~. commOll to the SAJ'SP iro ... NOlt • .mol' FUlcI'tIIB 

proponeliC8. virw:d Corona from a per.peetl.e v.ry differeat .&om tIIat 

! 

"i 

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. aDCl atU"llnadAl pzoolzo&ID .\aCce ••• olely to muaaaeme. enterpri ... 

wUliAJDe.ato accept zoi.ka, &Ild d.eailn lDi.iU&ity. • 

lA the effort io .ec"r. acc.peaKe of!:! zoatb.zo thaD F"lcl'\UD.e 

til. 5A1'SP .p0:lSor. of th. 5-2 ."ellbially blcol"pOsoaced lDuy·el.m.nta . - . 

N.y.rdl ••••• .!.:.! ••• entially r.m.aiDecl a Ircnrtla •• r.icm of wba~ b" . 

fir.t ballD conc.iy.d. •• a r.acUlyachievabl. eatensleD of Samos ·E-6 

and Cor·ou t.cbDol~IY. Fulcrum, on ·tIa. odler baDd. lDcozoposoated 

.0 mucb Wdrlecl ADd wacer~iIl t.clmololY that the orilUaally fa<tosoed 

.- - CIA coDlZ'actor (ltek Corpoz:atlon) witlaUew &om the pro,zoUll ill 

. .. 

tb. couzo •• of a dbput. about what .bouid be attempted &ad. bow. . 

The dlsalzo.em.Dt. oyer how to proc •• d iA de.elopilll Dew 

pboto-recoJm&i •• UlC •• y.tem. Deyer. atelUlecl to aD explicit di •• 

c" •• ion ofdeyelopmaat Itrate,i •••. Yet ill til. end ~e Frol 

* nat CozoODa bad. a lIi,ber faUure ratio tbaa Samoa durlDl tIa~. 

fir.t 15 mbsioD. aUelllpt. of .ach prolram was a leDeraUy llDOsoed 

fact of Ialatory.. 50 w •• tIl .. circum.lance that Corona bad osoia1u1ly 

been iat_ded lolely to prc:wide a reladvely cheap. quickly anUabl .. 

iDtezoim satellite recODDala.aace capabULty--dle kiDd of requ!z.enaeat 

unlikely to eac:ou.ra.e iD" •• cm.Dt ill bi,ll-ri.k tee_ololY. Excepttaa 

po.libly tbe lel.Del that conc..ur.Dcy ... so •• po_ibls for. the rapid 

prOlzoe •• of th •. eady Alzo Fozoce balli.tic mia.n. prolram. there 

app.ar. to b. DO comparabl. inatance of iD.titUtional &mDe.la ill zo.c_Dl 

teclaDolopcal hiatory. . ** na. cI1l;»ute iDyolv.c! otbel' factor., too.. But technical de.lln 

was al c.ntral i •• u.. .5.1 VO~I Viol' cletaUs. . 

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2.!! J'ulc:nam (H.X&IOD)~ ud.VHJl-• ..,.c:1a-c:zoi.ia 

recouai.s.c:. Iy.tem I·.l.ctlon proc: ....... r.c:lluac:ted ••• by •. 

'. . . . . . 

div.rl.K. of vi.,.uu~&t .ventuaUybecame iM~tloD&l.· SAJ'SP~ 

" 

and for tbe mo.t part" NaO .taff m WulWaitoDe u.-.uy favol'ed 

, . 

a ·relatively couervad.v.~ iDCr.m.Dtal-.rowtla approacb to th. opera- '. 

ti~D&1 employmeAt of aewphoco-r.coaaal •• &Dce tedulolo,i... CtA 

r.coJm&i.~aDc. speciali.t., lea.~auy ."ppon •• by the I..aa. Paael 

(which 'reporteelto the Pre.iclu.t" . Scunac:. Mri.or) Uclresp.c:te •. 

• eDiol' scleatist. who advi.ed the UIIi_d Statal IDte11i,eace Boar. 

aad it •• ubc:ammltt ••• , ·coD.i.tently UI'," mor.· adveabU •• om. . . . 

approach •• : ae. hilA capabUlty .,.tem. littl. related ia CODC.pt , . . 

to tho •• ia the operadoDa1 baveatory and &eq".tly iDcor,01"&., ••• ip 

approach •• aDd t.cbDoloalcal elemeui.wat.ne4lD oth.r thaD a . 

laboratory envlrcmm:.at. The "q"aDtum Ju:lLp .. laCt:i.OD wal _c: •• sl".ly 

optimistic about the uactabUity of De. tecbDoloay aa41ittl.c:oa-

~ena.d by the risk. oft.chDical •• ch.tlul •• · Mel cOli cUfftculd.l • 

• -\dvocat.1 of ali mcr.mental aelvDc. stratelY tea_d to be Oger1., 

concena • .i a'bou.t tho.e factol'.. Neithel' the considerable Iche.aua ••. 

technical aDd cost pl'obl.m. of the Hexa,OD prOiftID IIOrtM eveDtual 

. . 

.ucce •• ~ that effort in overcomiDl .'!lela difficulties iDduceel eidaer . 

• r .•• O\\~f~ 

-.. 

~(}0~\\ . . BaaUe 'fla . 

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factioa to ~eappr-.1le 118 basic pOI idem. ne diUerenee. of vlewpolat 

Icu .. lo. 011969-1970 ".re hawa4a,ly 

remiaiaceat of tho.e expr •••• d five y.uia .arlier by the .ame iuti-

~ ... ---.. - '. , ' .,-' .' 

tutionallroqpl whea 5-1 aDel Fulcrum were the alte1'll&~ve.. Intel'-" ' . .-. . ~ .. --- ..... .,./ 

veniDl experienc. a.lear" .. ere iDteZ'preted ill way. tb&t reba:.. . ~ .... ...,. 

forced ma., lutltutlODal prefel'eDc... Th. proc ••• hal beea callecl 

mytbOJ~apby. 

The importance of the eveats that marked deve10pmeDt of . . 

operatf.oully fea.ibl. vHIt.,reaclOut, aDcl .earch capabilities ~or 

Cambit ill theyearl before 1970 derived not alone from the imp~e.­

sive techzaolo.ical coacep18 tla.y iDco~poratecl 01' th.ir clever adaptat10a 

to C&alblt. AU were 'eventually rejected, either for laCk of & valldating requirement .or iD favor of n ..... yeteau -=bodying more ambilious tecbDical cODcepta. S-.ch decl.lou nf1~ted a prefereDCe fo~ 

1arse advaDces over ~cremeat&lgrowth: for higher ra:ther thaD lower 

risk i,Jl scheclu1e. cost, aDd perform&IICe: &Del for hiaher cost, .multi;.. 

functioD .y.,.ml rather than low.r-cost specialized .ystem.. That 

conlin.Dt expres.ion of pr.ference impliCitly defiD.d an acqui.ltloll 

.tl'&t •• y for new natioDal,recoDD&is.aace .y.tem. ancllmpo •• d three 

. importazatcoza.traint. oDUle Nat~ona1 ReCODDai •• aDce Program: 

. -.--.cy -. ;we .' ............ 

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~. 

_,.Ddac. 011 a relatively few bi ..... co.' .'P-•. wIaldI. Me __ of 

co.t, laacl to embocly loq _-ol''blt opel'atia, U ••• : 'accepeuce of 

. reladvely loQI":term .Y.,em' cleve10pmeat prOirUllI 

~omparecS to ie •• thaD &WO f~1' COI'Gaa. ttaz. •• aa4 a 

1aalf 101" OUD'b1~ two f~ .9!!!.' Ou fOI" LUyutl, ... &boat !cnar, 

for H_a.o~ wltb comparably lar.el" "ve1opaa~t co.ta. D4 ... - '. 

liaace OD ... fe" lQultl-f~doD .yet ... ~atber tbaIlmaay Ibnl,,-

£UACdora .y.t.m. that Co.t 1 ....... coald "- 'bull' ill w.el' .... Il- . 

ties. The pollcy WlcleaolYf.q the .tratelY (bat .. &1D DOt expUcltly . . '. . 

voiced) •• UIlecl to~e one of aploitla. atts-actl" 1DaJ- ....... ba . ' 

aoecOllll&i •• uace tecbDolo,y .honly after •• u appeu&Dce rat1aar tIaaD •. , ·'l: ... · 

adap~ more tllO&-oua1lly proveD iDcrem_taUy ewl".cl capabIUt:I.e •• 

III the firs, iD.1:aACe tile techDoloay usQaUy clictatecl 1M 1' ......... 

ill the • .c0llC!. t'eclmolO,y was IDAcle I' •• pca.l". to' a reqair .. eat •. 

Out.W. the recollAah.aacl commuDlty. a ~olia"wb .. t eIi.orderly 

clebat. alaoUt .ystem acqui.i.t1oD .trat.p •• laacl 'be_lD ... oar ••• 

iDtel'miUeatly.iDc. 1967. lDcremntalde".lopm" aael tec:Ja.-

lopcal cOIl.erva11.m were the llomiDal victor. iD 1910, '. . f\ as iiadk .. cl 

." :,'" 

. · '-"~ O~~ . ~l),UU\,\ , ' .... 1 • .,1 •. 

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I Ut' ;')tLHt r 

by ,.poWla! of tIlo., poUcle. at tbe blabe.t l .. el. of tb. Depal'ma" . . . . .' 

tbe real claoic, of .&ratelie. fol' acqllbm, DeW .,atem. was 1D0l'e 

accurate! y reflected by til, aUocatloD of f\1lUla tbua by pollcy .tate-

. meD'.. For example, dae F-l •• F-1S. B-1 &lid TI'lct.eDt Foal'am. 

w,re Aaueed; altel'lIative. iDvolviDaimpl'OftIDellta of aucb· .. Clae 

F-4. B-5Z. &Del Wi_telftaawere rejeetect.. Ja eaela iD.taace dati 

admittedly much .rea'er co., of wboll,. DeW _yate ..... Jv.a~ •• 

by cltUalrequiremellt. for 1d,ber performaDCe dum iDcremmatally 

im;n-~ect. .y.te~. eouldnom;aaUy prOYicle. At lea_' ill tile 

Natloaal a.coAD&ia.aDce ProlI'AID. tbe· .tr~aJ.,. effective perlol'- .. ,., . . ..... 

mane. ~f HexaloD WbeD it became operatioaal .howed that aD 

.. :z 

occaai01l De.. hip;'t,clmical-I'iak ayatema coulcl 'be aucce •• fully 

developed--thCN.h at th. price of tro.abl •• om. acbildul •• UPfale •• 

initially limbed .yatem perfor~e. aDd rather .ub.taattal co.'· 

·Irowtl:\. WbetAer· Frol. ~. &Del Hilhboy/Hitlael'boy wvuldbave 

been operationally acceptable bad th.y'l'oll' •••• d to All operadOD&l 

stas, couhl ozaly be cOlljectul'ecl, of.courae. C:r:ltlc:. of the ''&oatI.el-. 

of tec!mo10IY" approach could cite the B-70. Skybolt, XF-103. 

Coucorcle. &Bd .imilar example. in ."ppol't of Ibm vi.w. Advocate • 

. .-

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bacl tJa.Oxcut. Hexa.oa. Mia .. _ .. d ._. CCllllpRul. c ..... to 

olftl' iA r.Matloe. ADcl, ill •• 1&., uaalyala~' lb. aclVoC .... of • 

. "q\&UQam Jumps" couid up. that tile fU1~ •• of llip-tecluaolo,y 

syltecas wq. mol'. &equeet ia dI. "wldte wor14" til .. wldLiD ~ •. 

commwalty of l'.co~aia'aDce.y.tem.. that .. 1Nreaac~at:lc: ta.tttutLou of DUm"" mllituy •• nle. weI' • .,.,·n,. u.c:apabl.of cul'Jlal . . 

. ambitiou hiab-tecJuaolo" ,I'OII'UDI. 'QCc •• ~ful c..clualou. aM 

'. ..' '-. 

t!l&t. the ',ecial circum.taac:e. of .ateI1lte I'ecoaaaillaace p1U tile 

WI1qu. SkUl' &vaUab1~to til. I'.collllab ... c. c:aaaat.'ty pen.u.tte4 ~ " 

. . . . . 

c:levelop.I" ~ illlOl'e 01' .IDA'" ola.taele. tlaat woU1d !aa .. c:rippl" 

. . 

.... ttl 

. • .: .. " "'&. 1 •• I !&YOI'.d Pl'oll''''·. . .. :. 

. . .' . . '. , . .' .... ::~~~:~, .. ,). 

nat &rpam ..... at l ... t panly ......... by tIleaclYocate. of .. ; : ,'. 

iDcl'emeDtal1.=, wlao .,I'e •• tlaat ,I'oal'am 'UDity aad aem,tioD &am' 

~ ., ~ .. ~ .1.: 

• f. 

" 

the friyo~tle. of "cOllYatlaaalU ,l'OIl'am c_oI.· ... I' ...... t:I.a1 . " ~' •• _. ,. .. . .. 

. ' ...... ,.~ .. 

. . . 

co." .cbeclul •• aIld tec1m1cal pedonDaac:. ,oal. "'I'e mo~. likely . . 

to be I'.~iaecl dal'oqh p~o'l'e.sia I'eplu iacl'em.Du t:baa tJuooap . '. . 

spalmoetic: effort. to Cl'eate IUIW ."tam. ba •• d OIl .Wd:I'ie4l t'q-""aI . 

ju.."'I\p" t.cluaol0'Y. • 

• The &I'Jume. had first beeA co,eDt1y voic.d by Ilobel't Wat.ODWatt, the "iDvelltol''' of. til. Bl'itllb all' d._ .. 1' .... 1' .yetem of WOl"icl . . . 

. 'nI\C,\ . . ,1 " .... ,",\\ . . '\ ...... ' ' ROUGr . .. .. 1. Yla 

t. 

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. .....,. 

For .yatem. with considerable uticmal url_DCY, the U'.aum."':) 

for UIcI .. alD.t bacremeDtaliem teDeled to be aca4emlc--atlea.~ 

throulb the .uly 1970.. tD the real world, the Uultecl State. wa. 

hilb-riak tecbDGlOIY aDd could afforcl to .uppon parall.l IUId backup' 

proaram. tlaat 1~1'.lAeci the. cIaD,er. ari ... frOID the faUve of a . 

*(coDtbaiaad) War 11, who called hi. the.ia ''the; policy of" tld.rd 

beat. II ~ latel',. a amall.roup of ... ·CoZ'pOl'adoD uaalyau 

exambaed the evideDce for aDd a.aiDat die bypotJua.,. aDd i.D a .eriea 

of atwlle. publilbeel betw.eD1901 ... 1970 aUl.e.ted that bbtOz.lcal. 

aDel .tad.deal fiDd1DI' made' tbe '''CtloD of ... i.Dc:1' __ cal approacla 

appl'oprlate for all but a f.w excepdcma1 prOpUlUt of .m .. e.utioD&lU'.UlCY. EV.D iD .ucb exc.ptioaal ba.suace., they uri'" 

the cbuace. of pro,ram. '"cce" ...... llJllflc:&IItly •• anc.d by 

iDCI'.ID .... li.m. Tbe core of tbeir arJUIDIDt wa. tbat .y.tem 

periol'lllaDceclepeDcleDt OD De. tecbDoloay ba4 to await tA. clemoDltJ'atioD of that tec:Juaol0IY. tlaat omy rarely could tile avallabU1ty 

of De •• tate-oi-tbe-art 'eclmolo,y be ac:cel_ated cmCe .. optimal 

rate of re.ource mVe.tmeDt bad'beeD rea11a_, &Dd tbat ••• I"ally 

it ft. Ie •• co.tI. y alUi IDOl'e eaecti". to .tevelop the e •• enti.al technolo.y ba recurrent iIlcl'ementl. Najol' performaDc:e i.mpra..m~t •. 

ltemmiDi from a commOD base of teclmolo,y appeareel more or 

le •• at the .ame time r ••• rell •••. of wb.tbel- developer .... N CODc~rreDt or. mcr.maDlai approache.; the "cOllCurraC" clevelopaiellu . 

geDarally ""I'e ·.0 delayeel by tha Deed to sol". 11i11 •• dclpated tedl- . 

:lical probl.m. dlat tbey became o,.rati~I a".II.bl. at the same ' 

tLoo:ne as meremeDUUy cleveloped ay.tam. wida comparable per'ol'1D&DCe. 

Tha ceDCl'al ies"a in mOlt sw:~ .us .. reemellh waa ..... t dlk eacb 

propos.d D •• sys'em actually would _111'. For the moat pan. e"eD' 

obviously bilb riall sy.tems were repr ••• Dted. to be low risk· by their 

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.livi~Oam.Dl ebal"Ae'til'is.d by .... r. fuDAla• e •• tralata. oleo ...... 

Thea; adequate but, 1 ••• eoady pel'formuc ...... e •• of til. 80l't 

r.pt ••• ated by Fro" Hi,lmoy/Hl,lael'bOy, ~ Ylmfol" Oambi& 

mllllt bepnfel'redto more eo.dy, 1DOl".l'lak,. poteatlaUy more 

ba.allaa of DOmiully acea •• lWa tec:laDMOI', tbelDOl". adftlaCedad 

l"islder .,.tem. wcN14 almo.t a1~,. be e.o.eDt whara •• -if • 

requ.UCDaat w.re .tated ill aa.d tel'lll. witlacnat r.J&l"d forth. 

. . 

apparaDt a"ievabUlty of pe rfol'1D~., baez. ••• atally cl~d".d .yat_. 

could .om.tiIDe. COla", •• wica •• fully. . . 

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Oua"', ..... CapabWd •• 

CiamWt wltb .. "".1' •• .aJ.m ... &doui capabi1lty_ becam.of 

. . 

·p~e"'balla.I'.~~·1ia 1969,·wit •• P .... w.. a~l'd Nlxo •• Ddol"" 

tIle.od_ of prmclbal aD op.Z'attoll&l _u-Z'Ma-dae Z'.acIout ca-' 

pabUlly 1oZ' .ateUit. '. photo,rapll, dulqJala adml-.boado .. - ' '. . . . . 

But readoat· of fUm lma.el"J'. a. a aaocle of .atel1l. recODDai..aaac., 

• n. ata.meat bado.er-" 01 PI' •• w..t Jolua Ke-edy'. ''to. 

tlae moo.m dal ... ·c ..... aO&1. How .ei-GIII1, Pr •• ideal N1xoa le1t 

r..uiD. mac.1'UiA. If. wa. ·CJUotad u uftq udoI'.ed·tbe a_ 

&Ad dae •• pporteZ'1 of readout .... d aD bia ••• r.em.' .. a. tilei .. 

.. ~ .. t to .. a~tl... Advocate. of cOaapetUaatec:Juaolopel lom.tIm.S 

qu •• tiOMd botll .. fact ud til •• u." of •• PI' •• 1dit1ftial COlD-· 

:nl_at 10 r.adour.· but tber. "'if _ ... ~ aII_" to obtala . 'eitll.r a CoaflnDatloA OZ' a dalal of til. a .... " Pr •• Weatlal·· de.· 

Ir.atcoac.mabou da. , _4'by tbat 

sucb iA.tl.tutlcia.l .apport tbat Z'.caD.weradoll 

.pec14c Z'.aclout "cammibDeat" .... iaf ... lble.· The· _, doc:umeDt&tiOIl 

of til. Pr •• we.ti • "ccHDaaitaaellt" ill tile 41 •• of til. Nadoaal aecODDai ••• ce Office ia iD •• form of a adDut.e c:itbaa a bri.f ... a ••• ral 

.t.t •• eat by.tam •• a. ScW •• liI,.l"iD 1'69. H. tlwa ... am"'r 

of the B.eau of th ..... t ma ••• " __ .ta(!: ill 1913 be bec'" . 

SecZ'etar, of D.f .... ~ Olv •••• P .. e.Weat' •• .u-acJmowl ..... 

~bi.plty of expZ' ••• iOD ill ditcu..loal wida bis .taU, it ia COllceivabl. tlaat !aU. "colDlDltm.ac"to cle.elop1De.tol aplaotct-r.a..-t., 

•• teWte .... sU.1It aad ca.ual. But SCkl ........ Z". w·.u. Imowa IaabitS 

01 precl.loa ill c:l tadOD .r."e .... t . III aay 

ca •• , by 1911 til. matter .... moot.· Jaatl 

recei ••• CIA &ad ·usm ador.eme.. . til. dewelapaaat 

decisioa wa. aU but Uaconceiy.ble.: Ey ...... ·' fiaaaclal 01'. technical 

difAcabie. mlibt 1eact to pro,r&lft C!&llCellatl.oa, ot cour •• , ~ dial wa. quite &Dother matter. . _ t~ f\ f \. , t. \" \.i",f , • ~ V' . . " •• 0: \G',"\ ,\-,v· \'. 

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mo.t of "1'50 •. _41 ael Mea l'ec1II'1' .. ti, M.'-ted !OJ' opel' ..... . 

'd •• elopIMDtdaroulbcut the 1,60 •• Fol', all pl'&cdcal ,vpo .... .. 

opel'adoUJ. afeuibUlty ~ film I'~.dout It.ad .... clem •• tn.ted la ' 

-. 

1961 w·.t. ~ Samoa £-1. tIa. pl'obabWty ...". tbat 1'."_ tec:1uUqu •• 

better daaD tho •• of £-1 could be, de"eloped ad .... e&pe1'1m-taIly . 

coafil'm" by 1,64. ObJecdou to 1M Ol'ipaal Samo. E-1 aba 1''''-. 

, ~utt.cluliq1l8 ~o.tly cOllcel'Dedlimbadou Oil l'e.alutloD &Ad data 

tl'u.llli •• 1oD l'ate.,-cW1al' to tile wdUlalolY deft1op.4 101' Samo •. ia 

. the 1'50 •• By 1,6S ad"aDc •• 1D BJ.m. optic •• pl'oce •• lq ~tb~. 

&lid data tl'im.m1 •• 10lL teclua1q .... bad'Wl4l1y OYel'c" •• 0 •• olt-' 

. j ectlcm.l. 'lD the imedra. ho""I'. tbe, oriP.N!l'.qulzoeaaeDt bad 

be_ OYenakeD by ,I'oll'e •• ill film';'r.cov.I'Y .atellite tec:liaololY aad 

, ' 

bad.HeD .uk.eel by colltiA" r.aPFai.a1. of tbe ..... 101' • 

rea~oat capabUity. The objectlou to fUzi:l readout .. a basic mode . . • 0 , . 

ot .atellite recoaaal •• uce were corDpelllDl ill ~ •• arly 1,60.; oaly 

the app.&r&Dce. of a • till more 'comp8UiDI requll'enae.t c:o~.d wi. 

aD bltri~ new approacll could mak. r.adDGt .ufflci ... tly atb'.ct:'''" 

·to in.ure· th ...... lopNJltof a r.aclout .ystem for til. 1'70 ••. 

.,r'r\ DR~ft '(\OU\:)~ . .' 

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.... 

-...• , .. - -' . '. 

lIaD41. 'Y1a 

o • BYEfi:;'I~ .' 

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: 

; 

t 

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............ "··i ". 

III Jamaary 1960, . at lb. b.ilbt of .ul, ..... lUm for_. 

or1lbaal E-1 aDei E-2, ala".D c1e".lopm •• -operatloaa11llpu of •• two . . . . 

film readOat Iy.ieatl W.r •• dUlD ••• eb ....... By Auplt of tIaa& 

yeaI', owbai to redb.c:t1cm .of the S_o. PO'I'_ a1!l'&y frOlll.Z' ..... t 

&Del towarel Z'.co".ry, oDl y .ix r~~.. III New ... 1' da. total was . 

reduc •• to fi" •• Tb.iDldal .ucc ••• of Coroaa. delllODauatUtt" 

operatlOllalI.a.ibUltyof fUm.r.coVery, ba. lDucb to .0 witla .. cutback but th. iller.asiDl costa of suchcomp._ ·S,..1eiD1 U £-5 ad 

1:-6 Wer. &b. ultimate determln-nCI •. The clata pl'oc;e •• u., .,..~ 

kDo~u Subsystem 1 (~. i_dal, DOt Ibe lt01D&llll1llDeral) ......... Dd·. 

. . . 

to SUD~. a. oriliDally l&14 clowza., ~ Sw.yatem I .... ~uclam.or. 

cOltly, pel'fol1ftuce defiele .. &114 delayed ba de,,~opm_t t1aaD .... 

b~.1l pr.dict.cl ill 1959. FiDa11y,· lb. advocate. of· r.adout m 1960 

WaAtecl a .ystem that would be wbolly OWII.cl by SAC raClaer ~ .. 

subject tottie opeZ'atioD&1 cOlltrol of a IlOIl-Aiz Fol'c. al_t. fte Air 

Stat! &Del SAC looked on photo readout a. a m.aD. of provicUa,·early 

warDiDI of Soviet weapoll. cone.DwadollS; f.~ iD elt.ller th. project 

. office. 01' tll. hiaher eCbelf?1l1 of tile PeatalOft baclrea1iatlc hopes da&t 

the acbievable readout capabUitle. coulcl provide that competeDc.. -t" . . . ~Ol\': \. 

. .. \\OUG'r\ V"",r 

..".u..Vl& 

. Bltt~~ control S7.~~ 

, ,.. •. I I • ,. , " .j. I I 'f - ••. * f .. , I •••• I ....... ~ I , ... I,~", 
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I 

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cI •• b. to k .. p .ataw. l'.c~DII&la ... c. bacOMpicuou 1.4 iIl.'MaIloaal , ' 

1' •• Pozaa1bW.d. ••. to tb. Stl'atellc All' COIIUIla .... 

Til. 81'1' E-l mpt AU •• iD 0c:t0H1' 1.60 beea •• of &DAla. . . . . . . . 

malf\lDcu. anabaa ill ch.cltout .1'1'01" cI-ma ~h. n. .eeoad. 

in J ---1'7,1961, l'.tun.Ci photQIl'aplay wIalcll-._.tzoated a beat 

1' •• 01utlaD capability o.f 100 f •• , &om _ aldtwla of alaoui Z~ .. deal 

mU... ~. I'e.ul,. wel'e DO' auffleleDtly pl'oaaI.'ni ~ aleeI" plaaa , 

. " 

to fly E-l GDly •• 0Ulla to PI'OY. out ,,,fllpl fIlaa pz'OC ••• i.ia •• tzo_-

mitt:Lca ... I'.c.iftzaa walta, aDd 1mal. l'.e"~t:loA eecluWt ••• 

L ••• til .. two .... aftel' Uut •• coDd E-l lauacli, plaIal 101' acIdltfone ' 

1 

, , 

, later .. ' iA E-Z _. llmit.cI .v •• dacaaP tbal 'Yltem pl"orial.ecl. 

con.ia.n.Wy hi,b.1' re.olutioa than itl lnuDeCUate pl'.dece •• ol'. 

~b. film pl'oc~ •• b" clata,r ... m18.t.oa. aacl,,,ouild .quipme. of 

E-l we"e at be.t naoel •• tly improyed OY." tlao~. of E-l-., aII4 ill mid1961 all thr •••. "b.y.t.m •• e"e I'W experieDclDa •• rio". cley_opal", 

had be.n iDcul'l'ed by ,that time, 

T~- -" : --;-.. .., 

. ".. .. 

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'. 

~ .... , . . .... ..~. 

toward. teat OD orblt~;Wlae.·tbe lauacla atteQapt.OD.9 Septemb.r 

1961 ..tI .. m .·boo.ter exj.lo.loa. Ci~eel' _4 Char'" decided ~ c...cel 

plan. fcw a a8colld trial ad to c1iacoDdau tlae l'e.aiJactel'of tb.e E-2 . ~ . .. 

develop.eDt proll'am. 

Coloael K~ •• · project off1cer 101' ·ttae two 8ul, I'eadouc proarama, . . '.. 

cODCluded Oil dae .ri~e~e of die E-l m.1at retuaa &DC! £-2 ........ t

'e.u dlat tile orillDal 81m readout approaCb ...... uaecOllOlDlcal 

aDcl t8C1ulica11 Y clefecuve solutioD to tile eutJa s:~coama1.saac:. problem. 

SpealdAl aa .the officer who bad t1:ae ..... est aaclmo.t cllrect experi.ac. 

wlth readout techDolo,y. 'be U'1"ed tbat Ibere was _ pobat Wba&e .. 1' 

to D effort to truasform cl1sappolAtba.1960-le';e1tec1molo.,. bato a 

pboto-reacSout system •. lui efleetlve .J8~. b ••• iDtah,e., req~" '). 

a capability for lolla orbital We. beayY payloacl8. boostel's able to 

put them iDeo ol'bit, uad a .rowatl-basedl'elUloat capalaUity couidel'ably 

more effecuve tbu uaytbea eODCef.vaWe. He was coDViaee~ .t:bat 

except for reuae of t&pe~ aAytbill, a 'I'eaclout system of the time coultl 

do a film 'I'ecovery system could do better. 1D coulcleraWe pan. , . , 

his cUsta.'e for film reaclout aro.e _ . the fact lbat 10111 OIl-orbit . ~ 

camera-to-subjeet dis tazace. involved, would iDsure that & film-

, ('R--~\ . "y," .. .. ' '"" ..:..\. ·J·V.· .' " .~ ........ .-T -~I~'~,~~:~~,,~p~'~r~E~- -:- --..,.. . ;J........~ 

. .ft41. 'Yta . 

BYEMAID 

COIItrol 87at_. 0Id.I 

,.... ....... " ... ,.... . "., ... , 'I'.", 
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r.covery 

'. 

.yat~ aM. to Foduc. t __ foo~-IZOUDd 

.' 

r~.o1a1lo1a ~tal. , . 

b. Umltecl to 20~foot or wor •• r •• o1utloM at t1ae ald'" .... W 

for 101ll-IUer.':do", ml •• lou. Tlul data tl"u.au..ioII ad r.c.ptl_ 

m.iacyc1.truaml.81oD-r.cepdoD .yet_ ..... ia ~I aDd E-Z 

Deeded .iZ week. to truamit to' pCNDd.tadoaii .......... of ..... 1',. 

that a Corolla-.tyle .yatem CQ& 1. ,adl.1' aDd I"e&uia Ia I ••• tIaaD Ay. , ' 

clara., He abo ob._ned. that'tb. electro": tr_mladcm of J/!,.eoan.I.-

.&Dc.lma,.I'Y'" more wlaerab1.to polIticalud pbyatcal tntWz-' 

leraDce ibaa _Y variaoi ot' filmr.coyU'y. lila ,,,,"mazy. ,i 'Calo~: • . . . . 

Kiq WZOoM. "I clOlllt fayorcWatbtc aD,. 01 O\UfFe.eac] etIorta (to 

develoP a capal:ale recovery .yetem Ia or_~ to bul1d a r.adout , ' 

ladlet~ Deapf.te tb. affort to .et lDto ra"" .... e1actro.tatlc 

ta,....tc.. I'd.a, it wa. a "ateful effort.. Starte. now it ~ 

3 

cb"'l alona _d .a would cucel,lt1a&er aaylaow. "icuaa" aoniet:bfte. 

bipt.mz.a Fe.cleDe. was rarely. i.D better fona. 

N~tb.taDcibal 'KiD.'. ci1.taate torre. __ &. SAFSP elf~ to 

clevelop .uds a capabiUcy •• re DOt ext!api.1aecllD ttl. afteimada 01 

E-l azael E-Z c&Dcellatioza. IDleural. dae product of tha _.at '.averel 

year. of re.earch azul equipmeDt cl.~1opm" ... aD bnpro.ed himat 

, , ' ~ ~\ 

, :,\"\(,\ ' 

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proc." .... "U.r ~ ~~laal.'iaD ... c~ .... ~ ~ •• flJolt . ..,ao ... t) 

b •• E-l aDCl E-2 •.. But .m-OUIaa tM pel'l04 ..... we ... Pn-.btaDt ... 

uldmate1, .6adleeffo .. u to .41 •• 10, 101M altena.tbe"'ed _ til ••• . . . . . . 

of~ec:uaa!c or ei.cuo.tatlc tape .. · a ~.acloat mediaaa. 

TIa.o •• ct..oltat1c tape cOlICept laacl.aliMcl .... ly.fa".. ill ...... 

.,.dADe" a ...... cla P"oJ.ct A.acyt. 1959. wllea tlaato ..... t,ati •. 

briea, coDt..oU.cl th. SeDtry-Samol pl'0I...... It waf IpGuO~ 

: chieay by Lockla .... wIalcJa •• I •• d "'&1'1 .. audleac: •• ia J1I1y 1959 

tha' .acla aD appl'OPc:h wo~4 ~'pl'cm" .. wp •• t p'.llbl. o,.l'fOnwac •. . . . 

b til •• Uliel' ti_ period at IIIlplm"lI' COlt. It a poa1tloD daat r.Aecte4 . 

hocb wild opdmls. aboultec:baolo.y· ..... ~UC:. of 0'" of .. few 

izL4.patabl. maximl of basic .C_omicl.. M.um"', till avallabUlty 

of·. 12-ml.&cycl. baDdwl4t1l for data.lz:aulDlaslcm. v.l'1o"s Mvoeac:y 

Il'ouP' &l'ped'tbat a ''''&elll._* fou~footr.lolutiOR could be COD-

.truce.d Witb a r.adoG' tiID .... ,ul .. elll_t of ollly about Diale •• coacta 0 

. . 

peril'am. &I cOlllpared. to tis •. flve- 10 .ipt-~u&ee.pel" .. &anae traas- • .• o· • 

mi •• loD tim. D •• d.d fo .. cia •• 1.ctrOD1c~.c:a.tec1ullque ",.d lD.tIM £-2.·. 

*A ll.m.,.cycle capability cOuld IA tMory l".cl\&C. E-2 tr_adalioa.-

rec.pd..oa time. to abo'" two or tbr •• 1IIbIIate. p_ fl"am.~-lMat _ t.cb- . 

DololY wa. available ill til ••• l'1y 19~O. wbida, _bad_ botll baadwWda 

·.:rowda poteatiaJ. aad. (.aalbl. 10 .. -dm.-..... ...t.cl ope:r&tioa. la aay 

caie, mo.t data transmission tim •• stimat •• basect OD l.bol'&to .. y esp.rimeDe. "1'. UIlCel'tam. by .~"t olle _cler ~ "~cIe--I"'nlly ill 

the directloD of opti:lu.am. .• \' f"\~~\ . : 

.. SU\)~~ .v ~ .... Yla 

t '- . ;oJ ... ~. ";'0' . BYEU ~ ~. 

, ,~ , .. ,,' I ., .• ., .f. 

· °llli\ . " C-.U01 Spot., ;1 

t "'J f . ~ f".' •... "., I' I ....... AI ..... , 
. 

• I 

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e."baa apoa •• fUm lty pl' •••• ,ltalalut .ace ••• l .. elMtDdcaUy , ' 

impl"llWe. welt .ecti-. tlaat ca~l'le. ~ .... lopiDa &ad fbd. 

lDJre._. 'n. l'.adeN' .... ,.t.aa lacld •• a 1''''", vam ' , . . 

a •• octated with.a liDe-.can1~ •• ,.tem, a plaoto-multlpU.l'tube. '~ , 

a Ylcleo 1IIlsaWl*1'. ' AD e1ectl'oia Ham tIIat f-=-.~ 0.' tIae pIao .... -

. . '. . .. ~ 'C'DDm,leDl that bI tulllllOY'. a '.pot of Uallt &Cl'oal til. wid. 

of the proc ••• ed fUm &I th. flbIllllOYec1 daroqb a r.u.o.d late. (TIle 

, beam Jaad 11M .bape of a .quu. waft. IDO'ria& CGDtI.D .... ly top to ' 

))ottom uul laottolll to top l'atll.1' tIlan I'~ to .ome !beet pobIC 

fol' each .can op.l'ado~) That pol'tlOIl Of iii. beam that pa .... IRo" 

the ,1 ••• d. .... pal'ts of the D.,ad •• '.Dlel' •• _oth.1' 1._ • .,.t •• wIalc:Ja 

relayed.15 perceDt of til. tl'anlmitteclli,lat io a plaOCollluldpUel'." 

, .Dd zoe. all _ba, tla. tl'ua.fol'1D&tioD of moclulated u,bt iDio e1K~_e 

.iIDal.. Amplili.cl~ thoa. ADal'o •• i.aal .... r. r.elayecl by' comm\llll- ' 

cauOIl-tI'&Il.mitt.r-to-.l'owacl .tatiou. nellmidq ~ebDolo.y of 

1957 (_a da., a)'St.m .allr.cl fiDal •• taD' ... a ,f.u..temeataU, a 

factor of buidwidtb (iD.,acycl •• p ••• calld) aad' acannl". be .. ' 

characteri.del. Without a reliable tl'a~el1iDa wave "'b. 01' .om. 

• 

"r.!"'"O."", ~~ -rrr , ..... : J __ ~,_: 

Bealle ~1& ' 

. 'BYEMAN" 

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•

similar component that was unavailable in the 195014 the usable

bandwidth was but six megacycles per ascend. In practice, no more

than one-tenth of an inch of low resolution. 70-millimeter film could

be scanned every two seconds. or about one frame each minute.

•

Data translation and transmission requires's' eats added to the scan

•

time requirement, imposod the data-rata constraint five minutes of

camera operation at one frame per second required a, minimum of

180 nsinutes of transmission tints. Higher fibas resolution or an

expansion of gray-scale sensitivity imposed correspondingly longer

scan • dines on the system. Because a single ground station had the

transmitting signal within its listening cone for only eight Winans on

each of five daily passes of a satalits within station range, no more '11""tt

than 60 frames per day could be captured for reconstruction. That •

represented approximately one percent of the imagery that the camerae " -

• war. capable of recording in a single day (disregarding film capacity

limitations): In gross terms, the system was constrained to trans..

mitring the colt put of one minute of relatively coarse photography to

4

each ground station, each day.

An electrostatic tape system of the sort proposed in 1959 sad

1960 used a multi-base tape containing a sensitive photo conductor

rtr% Handle Via

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-

•

AIM ••••• • .0 •n••••••

BYE

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\ 

.. 

........ 10. .......... , 

, . 

abDUu- COlDpOUllt tbat waa UDaY&UaW. lA .. 19~O .... uabl. . . . , 

b&lld~ •• was· but .la lDe.acjc1ea ,.. aecODCl. III Pl'actlc.. DO IDO~. 

thaD GIl.-t ... of aD lDcJa of low S-•• o1l1tloa. 70-miuime,.1' ft1m could 

. . . . 

. o •• c:umed .".1')' two .eccmd.. 01' about_ bame ·.ada IDI ... . 

Data tru..1atl_ o· &ACl ".a.mi ••• ,. ..... __ ..... to ... "aD- • 

180 mimd •• of tl'aa.ml.sioD t:lm.~ HiP- IUIIlr •• o1ul:lcm 01''' 

expaul_ of Is-Ay-acal ••• D.itlricyimpo ••• cOft'e.poadiapy 1.,..1' 

aCaD .tIID •• oil. the ayatelll. B.e .... & amp. .rouaClataCloa Iaad til •. 

traaaDlttl. uaw witId.A ita li.taiDl COM fol' oll1y .il~ ....... OIl 

•• cla of a". claily pa •••• of., • .,teUltti wlilala .tatloDl" .... DO IIlOr •. . . . ..'. '. - . 

tbua 60 bam •• p.s- day could be captv.d for l'.coutructioA. Tbat· 

lhDitatlo.'.' III Iro.a terma, the ay.tem .... cODatr ••• to tras- . . . 

mittiDl the eN ,ut 01.011. minute of r.lali"e1y c-.ra. Photoll'&,..Y'o 

• 

• ada Iro'" .ta~ •• cll ay. 

AD electro.tatic tape ayatem of tIa •• on propo.ecllza 1959 .... 

1960 ".eeI • multi-b ... tap. contaiDID' ••• uid.v. photo cODductol" 

... -" ........ - ... --

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aDd lMulatol', til. tape .tOl'la, ... Imaa. uaumlu.l ~ tile . . primary 1.118 'ystal. :R.adout 1'.,.1''' lb •• l.ctl"~ puMluiadoa 

~ 'CuuWai e1ectl'OIl beam..ampli1ic.doDoI_ 1'.'U!dq vicleo 

. . .1pd. uacl lI' ... ad.a108 of" _CMtWah1l .i1 ...... to • 'I'O~ .~ . ". 

AU oa.1' .I.e.y 

. . belal equal (Irame .is., . . beamwicltll, . 

Uu& &~ . . 

of ,. ...... oY.1' pouad.Udou), ••• yatem ... ib.OI'~c:aU., capabl. 

of tl'UUlmltda. eqlllvale. illaa,.I'., at equlnl •• ''l'oUlUlI'.lol~ .. ' 

.' .. ill about _.-.~ the tim. of a full, elIecU .. E-I.lystem. The 

tape .... ao-iDally reuaable, wick implied dlat all e1.Ctl'OItat:lc:e:ape .. ' . 

. .' '. . 

of compaaeDt. 01' aba_tlaD of c.-boud poWer a~.a. Ia "acdc •. 

exbaudoD of litabUlaadoaia .aa ... a _ •• lUutly to limlt op.l'~ U!e, . . . 5 

.ive. tile coaitm,j",· •• d for veWcle·ad cam.r .. ··.tabUlty 0. orbit. 

Tb. oriliD~y pl'opoa.d electroatat::lc ta,. a.,.teal •. the 5 .. oa 

E-3, wal cDc.ned Oil AiI'StaU iucnc:tlaD •••• cuatociy of Samoa 

. . waa I'"~ed to the Ail' Forcelate1l:a.1959 •. ne IIOm1p&) reaaaa ... 

. that DO a"ateal wldcb would require ·at 1 ... , tIlree yeara of .aclclitiollal 

. . * . . clevelopment .bouldbe a caDdidat. 101' fuDcII. . Worko. th. baak . . 

*1. actua11ty, "tbe Ail'· Staff acted Oa IrOUDCla of teClIIIolopcal 

1111atl"1llt &lid "IIO~ iDveated bere" reaaoaliaa,' bUt ecollOiDy ... a 

COftveD1 .. tJu.~el'. . . 

•. .. '. \)~~ 

. . 

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"",1 •.• 1&" 

. BYEMA' . \ , .... ....: -.. ' 

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tape COIIC.pt cODt:bt._cl, D ... tbe1 ••• ~ UDde~ •• · 'poDM~.lalp of tIM .~ 

'. 10 .. :~ ••• , •• _ '" ", '" 

• • 

•• cOilllal ••• c. J..a~l'atory a& Wl'ip& n.J.4. CTJaat o~lualaatloa 

.' 

not OIIly,.:rforme. mo.t of tile WOI'k, .. ,1'cm.de4I'cNlb1y 15 pe:rc_ . . 

of the ~ .. ui~.d fwad., a. uefu1 comm..u.ry OD til. Impo~taDc. 

. . 

O~ •• I". people ~tu!buted to til. &cUyl".) Late iD 1961 til. 1abol'~I'Y . . ul-I~d _ .u-ly opel'atioDal ta., of a .ystem _ ... OD .. e1ecaoetatsc 

tap. Foc ••• cle"e1oped by RCA. EYaluatloA of. pIoopo .... ,.'_ 

by SAJ"SP .atellite .peciallau ... 1 ••• ~ -.covapaa: tM IlCA 

• y.t •• pl'omi •• d to ·Teduc. dae tim. 1aa "tweeD apo.UZ'. of a plctuo. 

&Ad ita l'ec.ipt by pboto lDtel'pl'.tel'. to lZ.Jaouo. 01' 1 ••• , but tIM 

. pl'obaW. 1cnr Cluallty. of ·CIa. imal.I'Y.doabtful=abU1ty of •• cam· 

pODellte ..... bilb .,-t.m coat. ~tIi •• ystem 1 ••• att1'actl •• -- 'J) 

,.v.l'al otla.l". tlaeza iD deYe1opm."t. Oaly lD dm81m •••. of 1'.bU'Da 

6 

wat th. _y.tem coaapet:itl •• with til. cOlllelDpol'azoyCOI'~. 

*1Ja Ill. 19501 aad 1960a, ell. labol'atol'Y compleX at Da,co .... 

Wript·PaCtel'loDA11' Forc •. Ba ••. .;.bad •• "ara! fonDAl titl.l: 

Wdlbt Ab Developm ••. C.Dter, Wd.kt·A11' DeY.1opine_ Din.1aG. 

tbe A.l'oUutic&1 Sy.t.ma Di~8iOD. aDd (fol' pal't of' •• tOtal •• taWlalame"t) Ail' FOl'ce Il •••• rcb DivisioD. 1D the lal.I" •• h of D&l'l'atift . 

c01atbaultYI ••• aDeI'.lc ItWrlilac n .. 14." wJU be ",ad hezoa, .. formal 

titl •• b.q of no cODc.lvabl. bater •• t to .,but til. pedaAu of 

b~r •• ucr.cy. . 

~..-..-. .... c· • ~ 

• .' ... .• - v_ 

• ' •••• ,' 1._ •. ,••• I • 

.... 1. ~1~ 

BYEMti C_vol .,.1:_. 

,- ••. " .. , I '., I ..... , .. I I .............. 1 
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.... 

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Til. cUb .. ' ..... U. cl'bu of Octobe~ 1962 ~.vl"4 la .... ,

la ~.""'i partly NCau •• til •• uper1» pel'fonuace of a te1eYla~ 

. . . 

. r.adOQt .. ada.r .ateUbe (P-35) dewlap_ ..... 1' Gr •• I'" au.ple •• 

. -. . 

,r.atl,. .u." '. til. ta.k of IDoll1co" .. Soriet actlYltl •• 'cIUriaa the 

. ," " . 

p.riod of Inat •• t ieD.loA. Claaryk. wIao JaM be_ ~dlllately iavolv.c1la I"~OIIIlai •• aDC.· __ , ___ daria, t'IIecZ'bi. pel'lad; 

"ra.d QI" •• r· to pI'OPO'. til. tleYe1o,aa_t 01 •• "1l1li r.H11,111aa . . . 

• Tlua periodic' r.viYal of late·r •• , iD CI"UU r.c~.'aDC •• t 

iDt.l"val. dubac the 1960. wu d.arly a bJFCKk&c:t of bacIl¥Wul . 

cl'iI...ODe. 

(.. 

au:iety .edaway,tIw uaaaieal pz'."v. to c1eftlop . . 

or deploy .cm •• ,.teaa capable of ,.l"Iol'IDiIII ... a:r~I'.aJ-tla:a. rec:ODaai •• _c. oIu.iiuted a:r .... rapidly 41 ........ · ClaUacteriatlca11y. 

the .,. .... tIlat could'~ .Me qaJ.c:kly ... cJleaplymUlw.. • .... 1' 

f01" _~-t.nDu •• orf.or .tora, •.... t ..... futv ••• d. ..... .to pr04w:. ~a.el'Y widt. relatlYe1y Uttl. at:i1lty 101" criall iaeMi •• 

mellt. By tile lat. 1960. dae~e"wU .... ~al •• I" ...... ·t1aat.w.p-· 

I' •• olutloa-poizatllai • .,.telDl. weI" •••• tlal to crub Z'.co-'-.aace, 

alld tb.y .el"_ape_i... Eu~y call ._ 01 OM o~ mol" capa ••• 

of film uually a.li.aed f ..... eat&l r ...... Z' ....... 0 Cor .... ... 

Ciamblt; .idler aiDaly 01' ill comblaatloa te ..... to bec_. tile real 

pedonDel"' of cioi.la I'ecou; ... uc ••. After JUDe 1911, ~=I!!l 

" .upplaDte4 boda ~ that role. Tile _m .. d,. •. 1IlA:awo.,rAJ 

T':··-· • Ii. 

•• I ••••• II".ld were varied. 

·laiatoI'Y. . a •• o1atlaa. 

UDlaUJ~.ct1 .. for cl'ub-

.. -'. 
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.............. , """' .. 

systea tbat could be us.d 101" ,,_ ..... 1" ....... (ho"I". willa 

pdvate ~s.l •• s, autboris.d a cudal stud, of capUUttl •• aa4 

...... Hi. 0,. calculatlou .had.COA.tac .. bbD tlaa, taD IrOllD4 . 

• utlOD •• uPpol"tbaa ~ ·.ateU1~. c01ltbaully.ia ol"bit woUld boa 

D •• ded to 'I"qvid. iIIfonDadoa ... ft1_ io tllat 'psoocluc_ by -. .n.~ . .' . 

. day Cft .... m1 •• loD~ H. abo poiDted . oat t1Iat . c"lclc:a1 ·lDfol"lII .. tt_ ntl .... ted ~ 

s.Diol" U.S. official. would ol"diaadl, take B •• 4&.,. to cle1lvel" I" •• ardl .... 

of -lieda.1" a filai-z..coveI'Y .'.tem 01' a l'.acJoal satellite were ta.keel 

with •• r.,_I'.lI1eDt. C1CN.d coy.r &If.ctad daeIII. equally. n.. 

PP.l'atiIIa costa prom1 •• d to be flooal t1u'.e to .. tim_ as ,I"eat 101" . . I'.e.clout. . Of cOllr... thel'. "el'. cu-cam ..... Ia Wblclt. ,alck I"celp' 

of iDformad.oa .aii.be JuatUy •• coat. bUt ia ar •• I"'. vi..., 1"."" . capability alODe p~oYldecl DO real Par .... of qaick iDfol'lll&tIoa 1'.';' 

1 . 

tri..u.· 

By late 1961, thr •• of the foUl' most pl'omls1Da appl'oaclu. 

pu.u.d dur1D& lb. pl'.vieN. two ,eu. bel be.D.a~ctO_cl.sllopeles.~ 

Tbe IlCA photo cOllCluctiv. tape system .~vecl. Thos. dztoppe4 

iDc1ucleel a thel'llloplutic: tap •• ystem baveated by CeDel'al Electric:. 

. a mod1fie4 X.rox-tape proc ••• spouol'ecl by ~1IiC.-VOGlbt Co..poradoD, 

and a We.tbaahous.-4evelop.clp~toemisslv. tape s,stem. TIM R.CA 

.,.,- - .... li 'fla , .. I. --. - .' BY.EMAtP 

Contnl _s't_ Oa1l. " --

'" .,.. "" I I. I ., .4' I .• . t .• , '" t ,,11', •• IJ ...... I. I 
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tape ...... tG pl'~.e Ill" Il'e&ta' ·._ltl~t,,,, 81m (~. PI . . . apo.u.iacIlc: •• of betcu tJaaa E.I.150:/ .. c ........ to c_ ....... uy 

fUm .eultlfttle. a .... &PaIE.l. l. O)~ ~. re .. "' ••• 41& c.ept 

coal4 ..... .k:k1y acl&pt" to eXbt:la ••• te1llte opdcal.,at.lIla. ~ 

for tile .cwt of cirlala capabllity CIIuyk ...u .... cte;nde. 0& tile . 

av-n.hUl*" 01 20- to .o-me.acycl .... I'-•• c ....... u..--wIdcI& .. 

at.o "'1'. all •• ~4 to be "ayailaw.n .... tlaoap.dIey .... beea .aw 

o~y ta • laMl'atol'Y .IlYiI'OSIIDe" 

III pl'..:tice. .".D ill °a 1:a1plyfayorable labol'atoI'y •• ut.. .. RCA ayatelD did _t periOI'lll aalta .nelopua bacI pI'Oml.ecl •. T.ate 

completed ill Mardi 1963 .. :r. _oUy dl.appolaebli. ae801ad .. . 

r.pr ..... cI to b. bett.1' daaD 40 ou...per m'UI ..... I', FO .... to be 

. . 

about 18; film ~.D.itlvi'Y equivaluce .. a 110 b.ttel' t1aaD E.l. 1.0; 

..' . 

aDel tbe alpal-to~DOi •• ~atlo of tIl~ tape-ator.d clata .... lpt"c_dy 

poorer .. a ~CA laacl poatulate4. FiII'tb.I", altlaoap Ii • __ e ..... Ible . 

to \l •• tbe tape fO:f aUl'ye~aDce operatioM req=" oaly relall",. 

poorruoludoA, RCAI

, ct •• elopmeDt ~ • .m·bacl cIoM llftl. to _".maJa&JiCeproblem,&DcI bad.ivea DO •• aizaiW couiclHad.oa to compad-

.. " 
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, 

: 

. 

'1 

, 

I 

! 

i 

I, 

i 

I 

" 

, no opel'Uinal ,I'oada. !ol' .... ~ .,.... widell elIHdvel,. .... 1& 

hacomp.tlW. witll til ..... ciauyk PI' .. f ..... laNovemHl' 1962 •• , 

'lD mId-19~,3, aft_ .IPt ,.~a 01. ayaCelD-fOc:u.ed dOl'I: &114 a~ 

yeUIl of p~.ztm~pal''' ~w1o..... DO 1' ...... qat.m ~II mup-en" 

capalale of .at:l.f~ dae D ... '.1' el~I" crith Z'eeOll,al •• uce or fol' ' 

10.~t.nD "ttad •• ,v"Wuc. o';'atlou ..... annable or FOe 

mI..,eI to be avaUable ill _.u fu.tu.. TIle lIlmat film ."tam 

d,.velo,. &lid wlted la dae £-1 .tilll' .. " ..... dae OAly fa.albl. ' 

. , 

approacla io a plaoto-readoUt 8atelllte _elll: .... helMlicapped by data 

.CaD aDeI cIUa traD,ml.,iena r.t.lla:aitatloias. Soma oftba r •• o111t:l_ 

ahorlCom,baa. of dI., ortp,ul E-11I'd.pt coacel".W.y be OYercome by ,']) 

ada,dzal a blmal ayat:em to OIl' of .. lIewal' Qptical .yate •• aDd a, 

wWe-baBeI tr .... mi~al~ ll.ak, at1l& tbal too woalcl r .. uJz, ,cUll,eat .Uort. 

NODe of tIIaa'''I'&1 pro,ol.d electroatade or e1ectroilic 1' •• 01' .~tem. 

. , 

could I .• ~a'fy .liC' I'.quiremeau' fol' te.cozuaaillaace. On the otJael' 

b&Dd.. th. faUiD,_of y.~oUl .pproach.1 weI" realoablr well wadar~ 

Itoocl &Acllt.AI aDtire1y cOIICainW. daat mode.t aelv_c •• ill tech- . . " 

, . 

Dolol1 woUtW permit a IY'telDto be caelt:neteel Chat woulel pl'oricIe 

au.ffici,at iD ib. way of r.lolud08 mel &equeac:y of co •• ra.e to aatilly 

'. ' 

.•• '., I I., t ..... I .• I . I." t . I I.... •. .• . 
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~. m-W_d 1' ...... 11& IDI' a cri.b 1' .. .-18.11 .... -..latUtJ. 

Ak8natlftly, OM !'JZ' ••• 1'1 •• ~ Illajol' a4wac •• Ia tec1lDo10IY c ..... 

make 01 80ra ••• w Z' •• dout cnc.pt • Z''''oaable pl'08!*=' foI' -,.te • . . 

TIM Pvcell Paae1 ..w.cIl1a ,tIM· __ ~ I'" ............ . . 

. . 

lWada •••• Dtlal1y cOlll1nDe. tIM Jucta ..... t 01 a-8a1 Ck.'Z'·' ~. 

cOAdvd'. *-,'dMr ... 1' ...... _ • .w..t oppomeltlalla 1'..... .' 

.• y., .... wIaiclI·oupc.co affect 1D&j0l' plaia. lor Ianb_ .... lopaaeat ... 

. . 

COlUlW.~ cur_t aDCl acc ••• IW. capabUlde ...... ,... cOlIC ..... . . 

. , 

recollll&i •• aac., ·'101' til. mom .. at 1 ... t.9 . 

Notw1tUtaacliAl dI. coajvDctio.of a tec:Jmolopc:al Impa ••• 

with til. 1&ck o~ a cap.WaI r~'1D" 101'1'''''' ... -..1' 

momatum of pZ'olrl •• ·w •• te1l1te io.coaaal •• aaoe kept 6at ~ 

. aliv.. n •• ucc ••• of.Camblt •••••• a •• uecl by . July 1,63, tIw 

. 1110mb b wblcb· tile Purc.U Poe! de.pZ'.ciatecl l'.acIoat tecbaololJ ... 

. '. 

rlcommeaded .mph •• i&iDa cr •• dOll 01 a ''¥err Ialp ".oladoa" . . 

'. ' . 

• ystem. Witbla tIaa aext 10 lIlOataa tIt..r ..... 10pe4 & .eri •• of pro- , . 

po~al. to illtl'o4ac. aD "uva.c" Oalablt" wIIlCla woalcl .coac. a-

. C\ 

•• ~ -t., 

.... . .. e"' •• -

, 

. ... 

.. 

.-

. ~\ . 

. " \ '\ ~. -. . --.. r ... 1. Yia 

.' \'\ ..• r t' '.\\\;). I· •. · .• ;; ... _ .1_ 

~.J- . BYEMAN COIltnl _at. 0. f 
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TOP .S£CR£T 

, 

. 

,. 

i 

I .. lIII.. ~ • ,., , .. 

'~T\ 

plo1& •• VaapechdlY·,l'eat F.cia- of •• Ci ..... ·CUD4lI'& polntlD, ...J1 

.yat .... pcmde ·101' ol'biliDl uoptlcal .,. .. ~ .... au ... - . 

.' .. 

Dific:doa ,.aUal. n. comldaadOD was Itotlt attractiv. aDd teclamcall, feaalbl... It aimo.t mie1y would 1'.,.1'. tIa. FOri.loa 01. . \, .. .. 

DOl'. pcnNl'6a1 boo.t.1' 101" tIa. lU ....... Ja .... payload, ........ . 

At tIM .... tim •• m. pe ... blat .Ifons to pz'ovide imp .. .,. .. po",,,. 

so_ceafo .. I'ecouala.uc. aatellite. _ ... io pa, dlvl ..... : ·lona-

, dm.-oa-Gl'ldtc"apabUity app.ar •• ill tb. aauldf1e-capiule COI'OAa-J , . - , .trIc-raM iA tla. foa-m of ~~ .. _bap.-capsul. ml •• 10D8g1i:O"pGl'aw ' 

iDm Qemblc. 

" 

, est.e.D4ed-W. capabUlty bad Ib, i.coDdary eff.ct 01 eDlaucq dut 

daeo ... tlc:a1 le.llbWty of I"eaclout ••• loDe. Payload Fowth'l'eq_" 

lar .... ~.tel'lud mia.loa ~.lOD requlr.41cma-teZ'ID penNi-

'O\IZ'cea~ both ..... DUa1~ ,01 a u •• flIll".iacloutlyatem. Tbe _aaloa to 

develop wliat became Cambit-3 haeS a I~al" elemeDt of "I'eadlplty: 

& r.acIoat ay~tem I.I'V,. by pl'ecllely-aimed bilb reaolutlOD opdc:1 

coUld coaceivably o"el"coaae '.ome of the eal'Ue'1' objec~. to I'e • .tout 

\)~\\-~ ., \G0 ~Ov __ .. __ _ " ; ~ oM •• ; • --

oJ_ '- •.• 

. ..... ,.,., " ... , . . t·, "" II •.•• I, ....... I 
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. '. . . . . 

Late 1111964. til. Ulli~'" Stat •• lear ... tIaac dae Sowlet·uac. 

... ope~atf.Da • I' •• __ t l'.ccmaal"&DC~ .7.t- willa .laout 75-foot 

r •• ol1&tl~1l capabUlly.I.O. n. waiaaail •• loa 01 moo.plc·~ •• &Oftl" . 

Sovi., £lyby .ataWt •• r •• o1y.d uy doubt. alao"t .ida.r .capaWlity 01' . ." '. . . 

capaclty~ nat ... e1op_.~~. CDadan' ..... 1'&1 bagl' •• tba~ 

a 1' •• c1out capabUlty Io~ lame tUtu. app1lc:ailo .. aacI tbe "'1'1--=. 

of la •• 1' tac:hiao101Y comblUd to p~odu.c. CIa. ftl'.t &ttI'acd.ve appUcatlOD of advuac. la baalc.l'eadout teclmolo.y iA· •• yval year •• · 

lD the .'i_m.r of 1,65, Bz:laadl.r Cieul'al Jou L .. Waftba, 

(Jllr.cto~.Prol~aD:a A), .pouot.dwhat ... .brle11ycallecl·... . 

Camblt aeadoUt i:zp.l'lm_t" •. Fol' ,I'actlcal parpo •••• tIle.oalwa • 

. to te.t la orbital Gpel'at:ioJl acombbaado. of l'uclcNi cleric ••. aDd . . . 

Cambit optic.. u~iDI t1M _dam •• al. of tbe a_btt .yatem for :aU 

. es.e.tialfwactioD.. MudD po.talated a fllpt trial wltblaa two ,ear. 

of the ltal't of iDle •• lve developmeDt. Tb. object wal to be trlLDlmictaCi 

imasery .• t a relo1uuoa G.' fo\lZ' feet or beuer, co.erill. ~''uaew 

number ottarse'. per day'·. llecallbal the .eDerally IOU' outcome of 

'. :. 

meDt ill eIi.crete ph.I ••• 0 tbat it could b. caDc.Ued witbout .... ~ • 

... . Q~~~ 

0(1' , ,,' \~~... ,. .•.• ... --~ {',-.o.:':: ........ -., .. 

..... , .• .,1& . 

BYEMA·N· 

CcmUOl s,at. 0II1J . ,'. 
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, ....... ~. . . . . , ... ", . . 

tblwuac: •• ll .. 

NeltJa!1' &Il _perimeat ba th. fa ... of .9!!YDOI' . ~ fonu! .".cem . '. 

c:le.elopme.t ,1'011''' I'eault.c:t. pel'bap. Mcau. Mal'tia'. pzoopo.al· .. . 

was m. . timed.; ·.but two eUol'te to deYe10p . . appUc . ...... tacllllo1o.,. . "I'~ . 

by 

Iram .u UaUte. moady' to·particl,... • .... __ all'equ1zoo ... __ . " . . . . . 

101' I'eadoai ,a.iua· .ome a"CId1Uoul .... I'Dta dulBt tIM 81'., ~. of. 

compoaeat c!e.elopmeDt. ID .J'ailllal'" 1966~ .e COMQR (COAIIIII •• 

on O"l'bea4 aecomaal •• aaC. oftb. UDlle4 StatM lIIteUi,eac. Boa:r4l--

USIB) a,_ e~Uatec:t tile __ .fol' cp.ick 1' •• ,.. ••• teW.te __ '.1',.. 

cOllCluclJ.Di tbat the _velopment of a soe.doGt mocle tol' Oamblt would 

.' be. wonbwhile Ulve •• ent. COMo.. •••• DtlILlyeactol' ..... pz' •• , ' 

. -- ,- --....... Jf~::!lr .-~: . 

~ . ;-- ...... "" 

.. I· '"", '. V ll.;.~' ,~ : D 

" ~L,;~.~.t":I' ro-· ... - ... ~ i:: •• .u.-,." 0-" . .... • •• ... _ t.... w" ~ ...... ILL 

. .' 

'.'{. 

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.u.ppwtH by actequte clata ·UU •• 1Id .~oaiatI ~~tatloa C ..... " . _t dlclBOt caD, for full 'Y'. cIeft1op11leat.1Z , Tlaat c:o .. ~" . . . ' . ' . " .. ' 

.appl"oach was fuftla.~ .ado ..... It, til. ·NIlp· ••• cv.tlft C:ommlltH . 

m A11JU" 1966, tll. coamaltie. app~oy" .. DO'. ac:doa ba ......... . 

• • o. 

woS"k at 1Mat tUaup. l'aaury 1967. . 

coaclW'h. tlaat applyiDatec1mo1olyGftIM .on tit .. beiPIt.w •• dpced . 

to the GUIllat-3 l' .. pr .... te4t:b. oIIl, r.aU •• pl'o.pect loS" euly , ' 

. attalamtlllt.of & u.e1ul readoat capabUl&y. ~ uefullt aalpt'be . 

could omy be jud,ed iAt.~m. of D&ticnaa1 r.coaaai..uce I'eq....... . . . 

&Del tbat wa. a maner' fo~ mIB' ... tel'IDbIatioa. 1S 

Addl1:loaal support came &om tM, De ••• tnt.111 • ..aC8 Alene,.. 

whiCh .aw I'eadout at I'ea,ollably bip' r •• Glad ...... a "am.a-.... . , 

valuable" mean,' of aUllIleDtiaIa E1lDt data Oil ".peclal eve .. of ,zoeat 

iDlere.t to the· .cieDtiflC 01' t~1m1~&l U'e.~ .... 14 But b~ la_ Nern __ r . ~ 

i . 

I. 

I 

. ./0 

1966 dia. USlB bad'd.cided tIlat littl •. J,mm .... t.e V,.IICY' attae1aed 

toth. d.velopment of a ~.adCMIt _,.t.m app1ic~e to Gambit-' .d 

ill comol'1DAftce to USIB wisbe. DI'.·Flax ~d.l"ed a balt to th. 

componeDt developmeDt pro'l'am~ USUS bad a,ala ccmclucled. tlaat 

cd.i. reco_ai •• &Dce was Dot AD UI',eDt I' .. ul~ ... nt. If .I'eadaat . 

developmellt were to be COfttiDuecJ, usm declclecl. it should b • 

.. Hereafter, "ExCOID." 

.. ~~~. .-\c\ '.I.' . 

.~~...). ~V . .0 ••• _____________ _ 

. ' . .. -- .. 

Buuti. Via 

o BYEMAN . 

Ccmvol sr.'. OIL 
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• i.1fH .. W" '" ,. 

. . orleaiecl towan a .lII'Ylftbl •• ,._wltIa appUcadoa to .... Z' 1M 

.U'v.Wac. or tJae •• areb mia.loDe 

•• ".lopmeat .poaaor.d 

coulclJaa". appUcatio~ to· tIa. "10lIl iUe l"outiM .U'ftUla.c.tt ~.lOa. 

H •.•• tbaated that & lab01"Mor1' moW de .. _tn.tbIcayateaa capMiUtl •• 

could b. COAltJ'QCteci at a COl' of . . . 

eXt.ade ..... lopm_t of dae t8cbDoiOU aftel" a labOS'atosoy ..... tzoatl". . .. . . 

USlB~a refusal to ap.aoj- den1opaa.at of • Oamblt-S r •• tto.at· . . , .' 

. ayatem aff.ct.d .Yltem-dlrecte. effort .. IIOC ttae cn __ of DeW 

tecluao1opcal capabUlIi.I. ·Nor ... tk. cIeclalarl wIaGily abortl .. ba . . . 

effect bee-au.e, in fact,. the fU.m readout work A11eD1. II"Gap Ja..t 

.poDaored tbro",A 1966 had be.D •••• tia11y lucc ••• ful. For aU prae:-

tical P'Z'pO •••• by J'&A~I''' 196' 

.:} 
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. . 

aJaa·· 

to ul"cl"aft.&ppUcadaa •• 111'.1111 pe1'8'" aJaorta •••• :lac:k of .cr~t.~ 

eXpenl.e. Act·tIle Fe •• of other v ... wol'k.l~ But tIM 

rol. 1t operated a.1mo.t flawl •• aly. 

AltllO\llb lb. SbcDay War ofl'67at:lmulatecl._ cOlICen aboat 

cri.i •. l'eCOADai •• aace ca"'bWdea~ lb. c0D8lct: .... too _lef ... too 

. . 

limite. to iDaWiDC. tecbDololY 01' recOaui •• amce i'eqmemezaca. Ia: 

the altel'lDath of that ccmAict tile USIlS aaked lbe NltO to look tacO tlae 

f.aaibil1&y &Dct coat of a collecdo. ayatem &ppUc.we to "W~ldai/llldi-

.. ur,_DeY· 

. -r' -.f" 

.• :·::Jr' 

. 

,..- .. --- . .,,&.< ... ",- . 

. . Ban4let1a . 

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Ia ••. Yiew of COMJREX~ " •.•• OV ~ ....... ta .-.w!- . .:1) 

iDW9l"ete. a. calU,. 101'· a AeXlble • .,.teaa tIIa, cu cul'Y oat .... 

Wl.l'lliq/~dlcatiou 1'01.·&a4 at th ...... time po ••••• a capaWllty 

1.,"el. ability to do clally .am~ of.elec:t.dtaz'l.t eafeaori ••• ~ aa . 

abUi'y to tl"aumit 1" •• 111'1 to Il"cauulltatlou .. 1:DUI 

. . 

pas.iDa OV.I" a taJ'let. Sudl a waniDI-iDdlcatioa. 'Y'teID woa1d laaYe 

to 1M opel"atad eontiiauaUy aa4 Ua cODjuactloa wltll ~outaatly I".ady· 

iilteZ'pZ'etatloDaDcl uaalyal. faciUtl... OtUl"Wi8e.· COWD.EX &1" .... 

th. couldarabl. eo.t .. dUficUlty of deYe1oplal'W:~ a 'yaleIia woalcl 

DOt be Wul"anted.. COMlllEX allo:cOllCladed tbat cle.eZ'minl,. tIae . . '. '. . 

feaalW1lty of p.dormiq a .. wanWa'1.bu:I1catlo .... mi.1.lem &ad a •••• -

IU. co.t &lUI .cJa.clu1iDI iaapUcatioaa .... a talk 1.01' 6.. MaO. I? 

To 6.0 •• conV'I".ut .... lb •• tate-of-tla.-ut It waS obftou . . . 

that·m. only I'.adout ,.cluao1oly·imm.cIlately appllcaW.to •• COMnU:Xdeliaed l".quii"~8Ilt wa. that I"ec.ntly dev.loped fal' aclaptattea to . 

Cia.~bi'-3 .ystelll~ 11 A fOl"mal fhacHnl of that coacLU.i.oa .wa. klDl 

iz: comiDa. ho-.ver. a ad wlUle the NRO was a,am eval~t:lDa tla. 

. potenual of variouI· appl'oaelle. ~. Z'~ut 

. ..··.V~·· #\ 

~.~' ··v°tJ . . 

'("\: ~ . 5\ '-. ,.... 

a or ..,t'CK~; 

. Handle Via • 

BYEMA~r~~ Coatrol. Srlt. *' 

" • . •• I I. I "' of. I . ~. I" .• 1 I I I ,,_. II ...... I .... """'I 
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. . '. 

OM of· •• "otIaeZ' mteZ' •• ' •• Il"oUp." daat·~ ... to.look IIIto Z'.adaut .. 

capabiUde ....... l.aIMi Paael. PeZ'Jaa,. pl'edictabl,. ••• Lad 

. . • v •• tual _pul •• foZ' Wlaat became tb. as-.t full .cal.· Z'eadoat .,.. ... 

• eve1opmea& .iDe. 1960. 

Ia ~ctobw 196~ tile ~ p~ co~p1eted ita iDldal Z'~ 01 

'ecbaololY toZ' .eu~J'.al-dm. Z'ea __ t. IT_ foftDal.DO zoe,.l't 

·wu ut 1' •• ,. uatil Mu~ 1969.) .a.poZ'tiaa to DZ'. D. J' •. Honil; . .. . . 

that .... .•. til. DeC ••• fJ'J tedllloloir 1.01' a • ... It .. '.,a ..... 

become ..,aUable." Laacllaelcl daat.,..tem cleYelopmeat coa14 atu't 

ia 1969. • 

TIle abt •• capabW.tl.a.~t m&4e cl.".lopme_ ·liacce •• ". 

~eallattc expectatioaG:., J.,&JId •• w. weI'. tJuo.e: •• teliu •• ,..t ... tlaat . .."." .. 

could opeZ'ate reliably for a y.ar or mor~ ia spac.: ttae fealilltl1lty . 

of •• adiD. ",r.at quaatit1 •• •• of iDtormadoa raPidly &om •• lei U .. to 

greNDel .tatloa. aU by .ateWte-to-•• te11ite. l'e1ay; aDIl lb. emU'pa, 

matVol'lty of electro-optic:a1-ima.ma (EO!) tecluaoloa,.. aaid to be 

"D41.1'ta~ 

• 

.. BYEtAAN . CoIlt~o1 Spt. ~ . 
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, .•.. -.. ' ',. ", ' 

LUd was Dot pal"~c~ady ·lDtel" •• le. la fUm l".gCNt. .belaa . 

coaviDcecl of the u •• for ftl'y lODiWedme ·appllcatlODl. (Filla 

exb.aud,OD was by 196. lb. moat .1aDiAc-t IindtalioD OD tta. w. of . 

. . 

a fUm-:r .. ~~~,.t_.)lD .. vi ... of'to l.aa«l PaD.. tbl" •• tec:IL- ' 

Dololle. ".1". cODC.ivalaly applicabl.' to a 1' .... ,1"eqUl' .... 

All, t.aaui .~cI, bacl·pl'omia. ud 'aU •••• " •• faadial 

thr01llh a polDt of d.cbioD aad· c:IIDlc.1ate ia 1969. 

"W. ue •• peciaUy attracted to the .alld .c&~ an-ay, If l.aIId . 

. expla1D." . becau •• it 

Howe"er, the pan.l ,uU.~t.d Chat til. 

carried quiCkly thro"lh dlat .tal_ ofexPlcwatory ... e1opm.Dt ia ... eIl 

woUld be My.loped aa4 demouaateel--a proc ••• tlaat 

:niJht take only & ye&l". . ..... ~\. . \)\,'r ' 

. ...,., ... • __ • -",·F'~ . 

w· - ..... '. -. . 

.. 

•. , I ,., -t '" f ... ,It , I . t·· I' .... , I I " •• I, .... ". ~ I . '. '" ., ... 
t 

I 

I 

; I . 

• 

, • I 

. J 

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Can.' abMtl... J..u4 .aid, •• 10.t .1Pt of tb. 1I1thaa. ,eal: . ...... tt.,·lyIUtult .... iDformaCiaa !!:!!!.!!dwaya • ..ua ... 

•• aaor.''* Bvl.eac. of daat lalU" .. II. u .... CCHi14 be fOa. ta' 

. coismsltiD.';u to commUDlcacloll 1Uaka If. • •. oIl~"'" CapaC"",1 . , '. 

budwl4kb to baDG • .u th. iDfol'matiOll .. it la produc ••• II ae . ...• .. 

a~_ow1."" lb. A •• d fo~ de"otiDa McUtionel a.ad. to ,roaM 

proc ••• 1aa problem., ad to cOiDpatel' aIa .. tc~ ..... bat c~""'· 

that, 

'. 

''til. poteatial value of .w:b a .,stem i •• .,' 'I'.at ~t aUappll-

. . . . 

, ~' 

cabl. ,.cJmoLop .. •• , COmpOlltlJat .... lopD ...... ,.tea:Da .~. i· I 

ahould b. fim •• d cODCunelltiy ad at a 1 ... 1 act.cauate to aUow.,. .. 

4ellllitl.0Ia abOut a year frOID JaCrW--U Aec.~.&I'y. at ilL. ape •• of 

some curl''' oP.~~1 capability. ,,19 

Lad wu Do m18o~ ,*~.aU:crat. H. was a wldely~ •• peCcH 

aci.iltbt _~ bad adri •• d tbJ' •• PI' •• w. .. ad _110 •• bdl..aceluUi 

mUch to do with tIi. orlliDal Corona p~olram.· til. cr.adoll of •• tel'eO 

capabWty Io~ CO~ODa, aDel tb. ~.v.lopmuat of a 1al,1ae~ _ aoll1daa 

" 

Bull • .,1a : . 

'BYEMAN.· , 

Coa'trol IP'. 0Dl7· i . i 
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, " ..... ~ ~ , .,..." .' 

. optical .,-tem lott CiUlblt·l. .TH lADd ID-.ott ........ of Qctobezo 1'68 

. was pot.~.lIy ••• 1pUlC&Dt .. the S~le"7t dedaloD. .le..," ,.a7t. . . 

•• d1.1". .t iA.okedCIA .,:,pPOI"t fo7t •• .n.1opaaat 01 ail bteria 

.. ..te1l1t. l"ecoD.D&i •• uac. veincl.. acbl"l ..... tti• 1957 ectloD led to· CorOM . . . . ._-- ~adt.D time to a.,euttatloD O1I".con ...... c:. •• te1ll •• tta4lc.uy 

cliU.l"eDt lzoOlD tho .... uelpa .. d by til. ubtlq a.» · •• tabU..=-t. 

The 1968 Lad DleID:0rudwn ultimatelyl •• to & aaUonel co."ml-. 

. to zoa,cllc.uy D.W l".cODBal .... e •. tec:Jmo101Y -lela. If .uce ••• tul· 

iD app11c.dcm. ~uJ.d .1II'el, dolDiU.t. til. DCR .ea. of .ateUtt. 

, . 

. Tbezo. W.1"8 obj.ctloaa to tile cOUZ'.e Laati ud Jab commit •• 

favored, ad 101" two , •• zo. til. a..l ,OGtCOlll. was 1D tIoubt. "a' 

. the la.u. 01 zoeaGoW: ih'.t came 1Ip for ZO.D ..... dbcu •• daria, .. 

£SCOlD •• ettA. 1D Noy.mIMi- 1961, . Dr. Flu palated out tIaat ''if 1& 

. . 

•• 1". deemeel impezoatlv. to ,0 for ..p.&ed ...... 1opme. of a zo~ 

• y.te~ at tbi. time it ~ulel bav. to be fi1IIa reaclout_" Bott" zoe •• 

. . 

poAClecl, mUcU y. that dae Lael Pue! woulel p~obably ncommeacl 81- . . 

meetiD,. TIle ExCOIII tookao poaidoa Oil pttef.zoab1e: &ppzooac ..... lRat . . 

approyeel tbe eJCpeDd1tur. 

.. -...ne 1'la 

RYEIArp eo':o\ asat- oa: 

."'\~. 

., .,. I I'" "I I I ..•• " •• , .•• 
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in l'.a.1I&, provlclbaa tJaa' elIort. could 1M r.d1I".~"d. •• ciaa •• 1af cucum.taac ••••• m •• to W&l"l"aDt. 20 TIM.um bwol".d. 1'.". ....... 

. t.a-fold iDer •••• o"ertheJ!tr.YIou.yeu· • .,.. •••• on r.adout 

&ad tJaelui •• t ~baJl.-ya.r collUDlUza_ ,to r.&cIout ~bac. th~ cUac~Ua-' 

doa of tile Samo. E-Z fA 1961. 

A1tIlcNa.1l Dr. Lalld,· •.•• pcnaad of EOI a. a~.J'r •• zo ..... 

tecbol0IJ .ukeda waterlJa •• lB •• eY01ado. Of, dial CODe.pt. it 

USIB-COMlREX aprellioa of l •• r.lt iD re_~ appUcatlou ~ 

early 1961laaa stimulated tile l..&Iad Puelr-saol't. lnai It alao stbaalated a delayed. reactlonfl'()fA tile NRO. III WUcb 1969. Dr. nax ,. 

ul'led • C.utlOUI approach to aclopdoa tif da. ~l tec:IIDolOCr. .. CIA. 

promptly took &II,opposiA. POltacna. v.u. rapid pr.l'ea.~ .AlClacnlIIa· 

the priIldpall &Del detaill weI'. "W, ·1. 10m. r_pect8 tile is_. wu 

. ' , 

. that wbl~ laad laat .urfaced aa the 5-2/ FulcnmlH ... ,oa cODtl'oyerlY: 

lllCl'em.atal1am ".r.us CODCurl'eIlCY. 

Flax pomted out that only olle read~"t .pwnahadbee .... lope.·· 

ancl d .. oaatra~d but that •• ".ra! promiaiq appr~c:Iae. wer. aftllab1e 

"wWcb Jll&Y ofl.~ P~DdaIly more .U.etl.e &DCI. lathe loa, term, mor., 

. . ~ . . 

ecoDOmlc[al] ay.tem. if full-.ca,le ~~ .. lopm.c b balti&ted ODe oi- 1II0l'e 

. .- ... \ ~. "." 

JIll!: -. .. . . t'" 

.... w· \ .. -- .. , ) 

. - ... - -. .. , 
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y.a!". fl'GIIl DOW. It H. cautio_de bow",l'. dlat bec ..... til.,. .. ~. 

ill v.do ... , .tal •• of r ••• ax~ ,aDd' _ •• ~_t 'it woulcl be ... zy dUfl~ 

cub to p.~.dlct the co.t. .if.c:tlveD •••• ",ol' • ...uaWllty of aJay .talle . ~ . .' . 

• yatem.J'lax cODclud.d dlat It. • • OIIly , 

.tration of late,r.te. operatlcm 01 all com,.... Oil til. lZ'ouM • 

. offer. a .ufflci~t, .elre •. of collflcteac. to 1111&1'1''' proc"eIIDa wbIa' 

cieve1opm.ot of &II ope!"ati~ul .• "teal ·.t tIal •. tim •• •

1 aeUabWty aa. 

wearout Umi&atiou of val'io". COlllpo .... weI'. th. Ire ... t pI'~_ •. 

of ci.V.lopm.Ilt.. B.cause of tIlat ... ·l'ela_4 f&c:tol'..F1ax. 111' .... 

". • • lt doe.llot .... m adri.a1)l. to baltlate a' f1IJl-ac~. d ... lopm •• 

of 

of a Deal'-Z'.al-dm.-I'eadout .,.. .. m would co.t ' 

, llOtect.' wl~.,I' ••• '" tJa.1cnN.,.: 

co.t appl'Oacb~ nellmltacloll , . "to. 0 

~ .-, ...... ~.: 

wblch .UI ••• t.d that a WOulel 

be more sUracU" .•• H ••• dmacad tlaat &0111 W •• to ave ,.au. 'ft»uld 

be Deed.d to carry ._.~.,_O to lira' malae. tbat fOR to 

fi."~O year. ~w.d belle.deelto clay. lop .-1i'te-. .... tbat ' 

tbe developlllent of ua EClaysielll would ~ fOW'to fi"e yeaI' • .tt.r 

.,' 

.. T'L"alt 0 Y:'l'" ... ", ... B

' ....... , "i V s ',\It . :'.~ ,~~I" , r .~"} ~o • ,," • 1 

. • r.: ~'I J .: ~. . .J...,.I 

ControlSlltc20Dl, 

~ .......... ,,- .... -& 

I ,. •• , I .••••.• I 

f 

j 

. 

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fe.albillty .... 

. - . Fl_ h.lel tnttlae ~l"itical COlllpoMat of my Fopo •• d readout 

i. Th. problem with .oli •• atate a •• en' tec1aQo1o,y. 

__ l . '. ' .. 

louS. Crowley •. tb ••• aior CIA off1ciQcI1rllctly coaceraecl wldr .~ . '. '. .'. 

s atelUte r.cOnnai •• &Dc.techDo~," eli ••• r ••• witb •• ,,~a1 of Flaxl

• 

.' . -:;-/;." . 

,\, .,," "\ . '\ J . 

. J -- \,~ ~.~.--------~---

. ... 

~\ 
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pomt •• He ,ullelteeS that tile data Flu bad .,e4 c~ataiUd variou 

, . ' 

techDlca! error., lome of wWch had pompte. "'1'0. •• 1, millea., 

, ,O~~O~ " 

conclullou." He took pal'tl~w.al' exceptloa to .e tae a,prai.a! of , 

10Ud-ltate-uray l"telM &laeS tlle 

"a •• oclateeS .~t.1D1 impUcadoDl of dlele cr..-4w:ez..Iuc) Cr~y " 

al'lu,. tl:aat 10Ud-~tat. arrays were at 1 ... , al ,ooc1"'tll.e 

He IUlle.ted tIlattbe NIlO report Flax .... 

solid .tate array 

, juclae=e •• u requiJ'ld correctioa. 1a partlc~. Crow1ey.aiel. tile , . ' 

NIlO bad 0 .. rltate4 the COlt. of clev~lOpba tIae, EOI lya&em 

-

'cOIIIparably wader.taMeS tile co., ,of cleV'e1opial . ·T·~ J..,.} 

• , ......... "" .J., ...... . 

,y.'.m. Fbaall y, De adeled, ~'tbi. office [the CIA,'. , "...~~. 

,Directorate of SCieDce &Dd T ecJmololY] baa come to tile co~laaloa tJaU,. , .:' 

a fI1IDreaclo\lt~JlWI'&] 

.bo~d Dotbl .eriou.1y COD. ide red in the colltest of the Elect1"oOPtic~ baaiDa Prolram."Z~ 'W'beD traDIlate4 frOm bureaucralbe,' 

hil cODtelition wa. tbat EOI aDC! ,film readout cOuld aot fairly be compared. that DO trade-off analysb' of tile two WO\I1cl be accepte" , ., 

Nevert.hele •• , the two .y.t8mt did ~me directly competid. •• , "\' ' , ' . 

. ' .. 

. ' . -.- .... 

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with OA •. &DOth.r ad by 1969 badacqulr.d .yatem ~ ••. EOI •• 

c 

=. Cambit). ADd iD the iDe .... al b.tw •• D tla •• adler .tat.m •• of .. . . 

USIB/Cow."DlEX requirem.1IU (Ja~ry 1968) &ail. th •• m.ra'DC. of a 

coat.at ba1~.uulI J'rol~' a vari.ty of DOmiNny UAI'.1ale4 

••• DlS D.d iDfl"eDC.d cOAald.i'atioa of die readout isa"e. For t1ae. 

lIloa' part. they stenmied ctiZ'.ctly 01' lDclb.ctly from tIa. el.CtloD 

,!f lUeIlard M. NixoD.I Pre.ielat ill th. fall of 1968. Hb· iDauaual·· 

iD Juuuy 1969 broulbt OD a compl'eb.alve ov.rllaul of 'bWt,.ta 

aDd prioriti •• ill th. aatallie. r.cozmai •• &DC. ar.M. 

At tb.iJ' ouet, the bu •• t ad priorities q" •• ttou w.i-. _t . obviously r.l,vaDt to th, if, .• 'D, aDd .wbat of zo.adou.t. The USlB 

requireme • ..a. Yal"'; witb th. exc.ptioD of Dr •. LazulIS b.~rty 

eDdora.me. of.EOl ther ..... littl. optimism abou~ or' .Dtbulaam. 

for the pro.p.ct. d. aDY cU1'r8Dtly c:ollc.ivable .ystem. Os. i-.... 0Il 

was tbat •• v.:ral ·expeil.ive aDCl pot'Ddallyval1l&~e DOft~~e&clcnat 

.ystlllll aad p:roposecl syst.mshad acquired pow.rful couttt_Dcl ••• 

IDCl.,,4ed i.D ~11i.t of candldate. for majo:r fUDCliDI .upport over til. 

Dext.a.v.r~ y •• l-s weI'. the Mamaed Orbitilla Laboratory (MOL) aDel 

aacl a very-hilb-re.olutloD 

;' 

., .. ~' .. -.. ~ . 

.:. 

• .. "\. - r" - • . .!.; f~ .. :. ' : ... .. .. " ..... _I ........ ~ 

~----,,- ~---~- ~ -. - .-. - •• J'~ • .".... •• - • 

... -------
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umna::m •• systenl (~cb co~c.l"ably could .·atot&uy lleW .YS~ .J) 

I 

,. 1r.1IjIj, .• '''""t .•..•..•. ", 

a .modUlcadoD of Camblt, 01' a combiaaCloD of Cambit. Hexyoll.. ... 

.olleadou" with a poteati&1 ~.V .. '_.l. coat l'aIIIWloupwaru 

... __ b:a early 1~69 to be a 00 

Th. lbs' major .r •• U,Dm •• of satellite recouai •• &DCe pro"r&DU~ .• 0. 

u::aclenaMD'by th. NixoD admbllatraUoDl'e.\II.te. ill the cueellatloD • • 0 

of the WOL-DoriaD prolram. T_.tOactlo. may bav. beeD iDflueDC •• 

by Dr. l.uu!'. &l'pzDeDt that are". syatelll colllcl be .cle~cl &Del 

plll iAto o.,er&tioD WltblD 10\1.1'01' flve ,.ars, 1Mt the immecliateia •• 

t!:ie bwilet tarlets adAptecl by the DeW a4"'tn'stzo&ti.oD coulcl DOtaccommoc:l&teboth. But tbe MOL C&Dce11atloD free. aUilIilu. 

investme.t ia &clvuacecl teclmol0IY.-1UUS the succes."r issue became 

ODe of dec:l4ba. whe*er very hiah:ie.oluuoDol' re.clout should ha.e 

~. '0. 0 ·.00 '. 

priori~y. ID a memol'uclum to tbe Presicle. 'ba May 1969. imlDeciiately 

. '" ..... , I'"'' •. 

'D. 

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, '. . . b.lol'. til. MOL-H.xyoD •• cul_ was f1aaU,. tall... Luel.M4 •• eel 

cuc.lU ... MOL ... Ccil tilNiDl .... lopm •• ofa •• 1'1 lailla ·1' •• 01_. ' 

. . . 

dOD camera tJlatexp!oi •• Dorlaa actvuace., "- cODceDtl'ad.q mon 

.' '. 

l'ecouala.iaDc ••• D .ffortoa tIa ..... lopm .. Of a Deal'-real.·time 

r.aclout Z'.~s'&IlCe syst.IIl.Ex~t.tly. Dr. Laad vleel til. 

Pre aidellt to diI'.ct the NRO to stal'ttla. ''blake., pftoZ'ltr' cleftlop-

. ciaDt of a ".imple, 10111-11& imaalDa .ateU1te, able 

for 1mmecliatetrUlsmissiOll •• ,23 . , 

·lD tbe tmmecl1ate·wUe of MOL c;aacellatiaD., DI'. 1..aDcl ukeel 

• peclalla,s , to over.e. a revie. ·01 tlae C1ll'I'eAC .taw. of aoUel~.tate 

• euol' deYelopmat.Cial'Wiat• fiDelial. conflrme4leuuel' .Laa4l 

Pail.lvie .... : It ••• ti:ae solicS-s.t&te ,eclmol0l,. ia a ria'bl. appl"o-.ch 

* Preaicbuat NiXon wtially rUl.cl in ~ebl'1lUy 1969· ._iut COIltiDuiDi H-.a.OD .sad iilfavorof WOL, bu.t s.".ral of lall pl'iacipal 

adyboZ's UZ',edr.vel'lal of'that deci.SioD &Ad OD a.coM tbo._ tb8 

Pr •• 1d •• pel"mJ.ttecl botb pro,rams to coatiD". dll"-.b May 1969 

.. hUe the cOllseq"eD~e. of tile deciaion wel"e a","abeel Sa ,reateZ' . 

ci.ta11 •. The eVeDts of that period ao. cliacuaseellia Volume I, 

Chapter m (Coronal &Del Volume mB,', Chapter XV (Hexa,OIl) •. , 

Preside. Nbcoa .ppaready aolicit.el Dr. l.UlCl's vie .. ·• .. .. ~, .... 

. . • '4 ~r 

. 

\' ~\ 

'A ~ . 

. ,,_.j\;.J. _ ...... ,~ ._ ........ :.::-.... \,,-, I _. -= -, .. ' 

. ~ .. 
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cboice of detailed app~oach .' c~\Ilcl be Iila.e lty o-cembel' 196901' by . . 

. W&l'c~ 1970 at the late.t. II Oar~ repol't.ed to J..aAcl tu, 

clerao_~at.cl a re.oluUoD c;&pabWty 

, 

the iAJN' .tqe of 

.olid·.tate array. 

CarwiA cOllclud •• tIIa' ''the avaUalHlltj of 

Ittated penorm&DC'. remove. all., doubt. a. to tbe add.".bUity'. 

, . of o&cJa.; II (Oartrlll alao collCladed 

.' : 

was too compl __ .• ua1Uy for opera-

*' III aD ati.mpt to &:lamonstrace the capabUltyof __ 

_ ill Nov.mba!' 1967. eh. cOlltractol'bec~e lDvolve. ill wJaat 

. tb. SAJ"SP 'poao:,. cDarace.ria.d •• Ifa debacle. It Th. camera 

r.fu.ed to work •• ci.i-·cu:'ftseance' , 

faults . clae 

, , 

·D 

TO~ ... -.--- ".~ . - . . 1' ... "14: ':: ,,~~.I:.. ~D 

\'t... .". . S

"r r .• • ,' • 

I IL. .:ri: .. ,; '. . Cc::trol S::~~:... .-. 

I' It ..... , ....... ,~ .... ,', ,"_. 

-" .... , 
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Altb.oulb Dr. ·LaDcl.wa. cOllviAc.d tb&t Dear-real-dme-~eado. 

.. . 

wa.·~ -leDt _do_ 1' •. qubemeat.-aa4 tlaat·e1ecuo-opUcal im •• baa 

was tile mo.t .ff.ct1". tecJu:dqu. lor .atie",...· daat ~ .. uir'lIlellt--,~. . . . . . . ~ 

of1ictal 'lIPPOl't~OI' bit vi.~, .... 1ow to4a"e1op~ ID.M&y1969 

followlq dbcu..lo~. wltll L..s. J)aYlcl Packa~. (De,.y Seczoetuy 

of Defeue)am •• cl J)J'. L •• A. I)QBJ'icla. (Sdac. Mriaol' to tile 

, . . 

Netle.' a.collDab.aoc. Officei ~ UD4e1',.cl'etaI'Y ofth. Air, Force), . . . ' . 

. '.' 

&Del Hw.m.. tk. tlazo .. official,lDO.t imm .... ately ~.apoDalble for 

attcmtioD to the i •• ue. 1'!l1 •• el 'by 1.aDcI'. e.poaaal,oI zoeacloGt .,aMID 

d."elopm.Dt~ Packard.pI'OPo~.cl t1aat H.l'beJ.;;';J~~~ (& ... ~: 

' .. 

Packarcl. DuBrieli" aDel McLuc .... r.. of cOar.e, .. NlxoD 

Ac:bniza1suadola appoill'e •• to po.t. ~.rli .. r,.ld, waeler Cbe l'0~01l 

. . 

Admini.Uda. by Vuce •. Bol'", aD4 naxr .. pectl".ly .. -aJ.dloaaIa 

Flax ba.opel'at.c1 a. Dl1'.ctor. NadODa1 aeco...u.aace Qlflce, 

from til •. olacial po.ltloa of A •• latam Secretary· of ~ All' Forc., ' 

..... u-eIl ud Dev.lopm.llt. Helm •• ea,... OD as DLrectol'. Ceauu 

Ime11ia.Dc.. &IIel J)i1o.ctor of th. C.Dtral 1Dtel1ii.DCe Alael' .1IDtU.' 

replaceel by Dr. l'ame. a. schl"iDler ill 1913. '.c.t.&rc.l» Dv6r "d"t; I· . 

;" .. 1 Uc I~n. ;;'-':J/~.',·:ul 1!:-'\~'ft"l.,"': ~~",,~.IIIc. ~f.£,;,. ~e, 

.... )i'7 If.t 'j Ii~)l.;. fAA~ ~;tM~... : '. . 

j" 1= - " ,. ... r"· q Waa&1. Yla 

\,~""IQ'r ;;;:_l~::-T " :. BYEMAN 

COIltrol I~.t .. C 

I . ! 

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I "lIIII, ....... ~ ,I.. I.. • 

pai-ti:u1a~ly expert.ac:eellD ~.collllal.a-.ace matter.) t'1 ..... • .~,.. J' 

team daat wou1ell'epo~t to th. ExCom Oil foul" cIomlaalit is ••• : (1) 

th. ,,&1,.e of Deal'-real-tim.-~.actout for·lDcllcadoD-wuDiDI. c~laia. 

aJUl clay-t.o-elay lm.W.e.ceacUvitie.; (2) til. ~e1ati"elD.dte of alter-

. nad". app~C)acb •• : (ia tel'1D8 ot uea ccWe~ale. ~ •• ol1at1OD, &Dd.,bequ.acy 

of covel'a,.);( 3) the atatu •. 01 'ec!l1lO10IY aDCI lie e#.ct Oil'" Fo.peete 

of v&riou alteI'1l&tlY •• ; alld (4, tbe ftlu .. el coat of alt.natlft I"_clo.· 

.r-tem8 &Del the effect of theil' U. oa tbe"mlXu of aateWt. plIoto,l'aplay 

ay.tem •• m tbe meutime before tlae Ilext 8cbedule4 ExCom meetlDa. 

Ii.cal 19'9 fuda to th. C?lA a. teclulololY 

·PI'·OII"UA to .uppon coDtiD_clwo~k Oil ,.cbo101Y .tudle. ~ I"eaclou.t . 26 .. . 

sy.teau. 

·Coloull..e. AUeD, theD mz.ectQr of tbe NR.O ataff. achU.el . 

McLucaa about two weeka latel" t1:I&t HelmsI' lin e ... i. __ ••••• c 

ia9 ...... 1 .. ..a..,. .... tit. E1cC...,,·lIael coac1ucle4 tbAt mor •. ·I' .... I'C~ 

aDel .. "e10lJlDelit wal the lrDmed1at. D •• el of the readout Foal"-. 

Allell cOllsidel'ed.lbat Vie. UlubltuadaUy more coa.erY&tl".aa4 coiaatrued". tbaD Dr. LaDella. I. He1zu felt tbat for th. mo~ellt, pelMlbal 

. . . 

a more cl'edible d.fhaidoll of capabUity aDd ."aUabUlty. zieitlael" til. 

B.· i ..... Il ,roup Dot the NIlO-CIA eltablbhmeDt ahoulel attempt· 

." -, , . . . ..:;;.. _~ .... J ... , :. I 

. -' \ .. ' .. ' . .; -.-

.. .-

•• -. - ••• ---t:' - • 

,..... . 

--.~ 

.... -

\ .. " tV.' ' .. 'L; ,. ... " -
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, 

co.t or'pedormaz.ce cOlllparllou of com,." .,.~em •• AlleD Io_tl' 

Selma' ri ... uexb-emely r •••• ubaa .. to't.bo •• wlao, ~.la1ma.u. , , 

laacl feal"e.ttbat Dr. Land's vi.WI had WOIl lub.tential CIA aDAl DoD "17 ," 

.upport. 

ApaI't from,t1:i. Qambit mia r .. ~ut .,.CWDI(~) &Ad CIa JAii4-

favore.telec:tro-opdcal imqiD ... ,atma (EOI)' ,ODe oth.r _ar-I'._ , 

time-reaclout .,.t.m bad actractiou. t1aoulla almoat •• re1y for cruls 

.r.c~al&DC •• It ~CCluU.d the Dame 

ltuelie. d:aat utUb.c1 tbe fUtd'nll of earlle~ work perlol'm •• by 

Tt"\,P, 

+~ . 

~rrpr::' ., ~\II;. " ... 

" !!mHe Yia 

B 9:.r-:o ;~.!n'~ ~I 

..... 

.. 11.. '-.:. • ~ • .. ,.- ~. ~ .' .: .-J Control S~.te:t Or. ' 

. , 
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~ to· .tit, ..... It.· .• I. ,W,' 

evaluate' &lid '.emM feaalbl •• 

lCiJI& •. DOW a.b:rlaadle~ .... ~a1 au cu.z..ctOI' 01 

the w •• t Coa., .Hme.' of tile DO •• alcl Aady .... , if ilDme"t. . . . 

l'ea4~ut capabW'yw.l'e waD'"' a· fUm _yat ..... tile oaly feaalble 

... 

.. appz-oacla. U, Jao .. ve~.dae reClub.meat wel'e le ..... v .... 

ODe of tIM elecuomc "1' ... 11' metb.oda covld po •• ibly be aclapte" 

,roce •• u., pl'obabl y would co., .omewllat 

• 

KlDa'. people •• tima,ed diat I'e I.&I'~· cleYe1opIIleat. aIMl aa OI'Wtal 

clemoutratio. would probably COl' 

. , ..... " ... , ..... 

I . "J~' J. 

'T~ 

.. ~ 
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l"e'~"'Dte4 aD app1lcatloa toplloto.~aplll~ recoon.t.AIIC. 

t.dmlq" •• of app~oac:!a ...... 10pe4 aDd te.ted 1a 

were prialary ~prit •• 

. the ComPODut proiram Was al.o 4eAcle •• 

'. beel1 u-. •• te4 m the. &ppioacb {~oqllAapat 1'69., ldtbe r •• 1I1tl1aa· 

Z8 " 

equipm •• bad to be cate,orb •• a.''lIa bad .... pe ... 

'. .Al*oaab a repozot t~ the Ezeom from BejinatOa" stw1y Iroup 

. ". F ~ ... , ."'*. ~-..- (.D~t cO k- ~ . . . had beeR amicipate4 ~ JulY',tM mol" v ... 1.11 ••••• ae~al~ by . 

Strat •• ic AI'IIlI LimitadoDS Treaty (SALT) -JOtlad0Da dow".lId 

tb, a.eDda .el1 the kCom _Xl met OIl ., A"Iut. FuzvI-ment:ally. 

althoulb the UDitecl Stale. propo.ed to ".rtfy SO".t c_pllaDce w1tb 

thetenra.. of aDytreaty primarUy tbroueJa .ateWte reCOftDaI..aaiac:e. 

th, qu11~ aA4 qU&J:'tltJ ofrequiied conral' Juul nat yet be ..... ~ ... 

lcd.eel. wlaeth.r cOllti.Dal co"era •• or pedcxUc: cover ... at .'1''1 Well 

,:crtatT 

..... v.' _l 

., 

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I 

l"e.olutioD •• hould'be tUPl"imal", .oall'.lIla1aed ulace"t&iD. Ql~.. DI 

'0 .. , .. ~ ••• ., •• 1 ",_ I I ... , •••• , 

,tAe t_vitabUitYof • llilat NR.O _.et, 'DI". Mct,uc:u WaDdy ... .

the ExCom to decide wb.ethel" til. OD'OiDa 1U.p-I' •• oludoD wol'k , .... el . ..' . 

011 J)ol'l~ tile COVel"t up.ct of the c.-:elle. MOt. pl"oll"am, .hould " 

" . 

O~ abCN1el1lGt·~ "...suceellA acop. aDCl Iml"e fu.DcI8 IAve.t.dla tile . '.' . : . 

UDclel"ltaDCUAloftbe pOlidoD 6. V.,.d State. mipt uk. ba .. la1Jg~ 

the commi •• waa lmaDl. to clec:i4 ...... eb mlaJat b.cOIDe the moJO.' 

impozitall& vel"i.6el',· detail (billa J'1.o1at:icm) OZ' tlmeliDe •• &Ad com."e., 

he.lyeDeIi. of cOvel"a •• (readoUt). 

StW. laclc1q lUCia mformatiollt the ExCom rICO •• IDld 0De"7 

lat'l" (8 AUluat1969) t~ talce up bu •• t l...... Dr. Wcl.ac:u •• t tJae D 

lta,1 by a ••• J'c:iAa tIIal til. fi.cal 1970 NIlO 1:NcIae' wu .0 dpt t1aat 

, 

,it wouleS DOt accommoclate Ally De., pl'olr.... If 1"8.doUt, ""I". to b. 

approveeS ~0J' DeU' tenD cl •• elopme" fulldawouleS ban to H dLl"ecteel 

from the "uamUUleciti biab-re.oludoD .aleW... The elecl.loa 011 wbeth.1" 

to pJ'oce"d, a~cI wicb what, was IcaduleeS for rl.oluti0!l' at yet uoth.1" 

29 

ExCom meetiDl to be laelel ODe .. ek latel". 

By'lS AUlusC tbe NIlO POlitioD ael become firm. ',MeLw:aa 

p~opo.ecl .poDlol'iD. 

.' 

atechDololY-a4v&Del proll'aID loS' twoyeazo. 

. . 

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.,.-.- , 

.. ". .. -- . .' ,-,..." 

: . . . 

taiAU •• bel b •• D J'.,olv.d. DI'. J oJm Fo".I'. 1aolcloftl' Dil'.cto~. o~ 

Dei .... a ••• arcb a.DclED,lD •• rlDJ. f.lt tIIat !alpJ'.'01U1i. was a 

mol'. lmport-t l'equil'em.Dt but lA ~e .uuUa,·clUe" •• loaace.pteel 

~h .... '-' •. t1\at a v .• J'y .. lU.b-J'e.ol\ltl.oa yftaloa of O-mMt·wval4 . 

. • a,tlafy ~ ... abo1lt ... w.U· a. ~ Haaclor •• telltt4. . (lfe ..... _ •• 

•••• Dtlally. a Pl'opo •• dcombi';atloD of l'.fiDed J)ol'ia ... o~. wlt1a . 

a Baal_ vebicl ••. th. ecmlblDa~oD pl'oml.iq DOl'laA-.ca1. J'o,o1u-

. tio. &OID exiatiDa • at.ll it •. veblcl ••• ) 

III tlIa cour •• of the 15 A.pet ... etta, tIIl' •• dUf.~.1It: 'ft. ........ 

. .. . . . 

surfac.d. . Wc·Lucas aDd tis. NIt.C) .taII &.oJ'.d a tecbDDlOlY 4eft1opmea'-PJ'o,J'Am .. -d ad.1ay·~ a., cWe.· of I'~aclo"t ..pp~oacb •• ..ell - . .. . . . . . 

t.cbaol0IY"'_ w.ll i.D baBel. n.clA Po.idoa, 8XpJ' •••• cl 1»y CuI 

Dude.c. &:II~ A,.aere DepucYl)lJ'.*.1' tol' S~eDC ... el T.~~IY." 

.' was that It wa ••••• Dtb!1O .taJ'C a.I'''4o_ .y.t.m pJ'op-aaa 1»y . 

JaDUU'Y 1910 ad that ."bstaatia1 fuDcls .boulel be. eo~el to .ya\em 

el.fiaiUoD WOI'X imm.cUai.ly. a.lm, back.el blm UP. CODteDdi.Dt tbat 

. . . 

Aftal' 11.t •• , 10 the variow. &J'IWD.IItI. Paekud. zw...·1a 

favOI' of a mol" I'aplcl i,clinolo,y aaal,.b PJ'OSz:am dIU McLue •• ~. 

. -

_._. . .. -.~ . -~'i. '. . . . . ". . 

: ~~~~~~4"~"~~· . 'V'V . ' ..... l.T"- \.~ BYEMAN 

Caatrol· L;(a ~c:: :: 
, , 

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'D 

I 10.411'., • J ~ ~,. I.... . 

.. special taak 'fore. ~ r.port to the ExCom Oil the .tatu of fUm 

of 

, be kept ill clevelopmeDt because aldacNP it; =jht Qke' lcmael" to 

cleve lop thu ElO, it d.ht Uldmatuy prove c:1seapar to operate uul 

, EOI· 

ill azay c.... would Z'equiz'e lei I advaac:ed optici ~ the ao .,.tem.) , . " 30, 

lD tbe eDel. Packaretls compi-om1 ••• " •••• daD. carSoi.et the day. 

• •. ~j~ .... ...leJ! 'A m1Aor, 1:nat DOt iDcoDliclerabl. elemeDt ba the hi.h-re.o11&t101l 

vetlU readout ta."e was the fate of the kltmaD Koclak'elevelo,.e. 

Iro"p wlalc:h h~ UAdl MOL was caDeeUeclt' beeD occuplticl Witb the, " 

d."e1opme. of the J)oriaa .yst_m. 'EX. with olle of the tbJ' •••• taW.heel 

p~oto",.at.Uit.-el.velopm.Dt capabilities in th. country, ,haet Uttl. 

to 40' ~ 1'69 except WOl'k Oil iaip-r •• o1.ati.oia te~b~l"O • 'rIae fUm I. 

GOntmuuc:. req"irecl supportexpuul1tu1'e. of abo a , 

moDCh. Some part of that amouDt coulcl ~ CUrlleet to • a , .e, 

of readout developmeDt. bUt if hi.h-r •• olutioll work were1ar.e1Y 

dilcoDtizaued much of EK', nati". capa'bUlty woulet be cllmiDi.be4. 

The CL\ waa lea. cOllcerlleel about tbat proapect t1:aaA .ere SAl'SP 

aDel the NaO sWoIf; Perkb-Elmer aultek laad for 'a d.ea.cl. been the 

priDcl.pa1 .oure •• of CIA-,poll.orecl pbolo-recoaaal •• allCe .yatema 

whil~ moat o£ th'e SAFSP-lpoll.orecl .,.tema had beea cleve10pecl ~ 

E •• tmua KodAk. ' 

.... 1. 'Via 

• 

,,'BYE'MAL 

Ooatl"Ol _.~ .. "'D 

.. - 0'.'.. . . .... of '" ~ ••• , 
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• D~. LaM. CODe.diDl that bilb r •• olutioa wal impon&m,LaDCl 

n.vertiaele.1 maiDtalD.d that aD·improv.d (;amblt probalaly woUltl . . . . . . 

.at:ldy._t1oDa1D~.cIa udthat ~ E01.,.tem wal 10 &ttra~.,. tlaat 

" . 

lyatem ,tudi ••• bowd bellD",t oDCe. At tllat pomt. Dr. Laad'. paD •. 

·wa. cODviDced tAd 'i,. • • the el.ctro-optical cle.lp· ia of suck. . .' .' . 

consummat •• bnpilcity.iI .0 fr •• from. ~ovba. member •• ·that-thel'.· 

.. ".. . 

••• m. to b. DO poiDt IA waltlill foraAexamlDldoa. II "l'b. p".l, 

!..aDel .aid. 'was cODYizaced that the .tate of t.cJuIolOIY .... luck .. 31 . 

to male. EOlaD imm.diately obtaiDabl.capabUity. 

Howe~l'attractiv. it ••• m.4 to t1:ae LaiMI Paul &Del to .. lateUite . '. . reconnai •• uc. II'0uP in tb~ CIA, EOI c1ld not imPI'8" all' r.putable 

. evaluator ... a lyat.m "of , ••• co4.w:runat •• implicity" o~ ODe that was 

* .' '.' 

. . 

DuBrWa.4:1d IIOtba". to c:i&. J..uad'. &l'PID.DtI~ For practical . .- .,.--

·purpo •••• Packard', IIcompromi .... acc.pted II» It of tum wltlaoQt. 

d.&Wa1 daem explicitly. 

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I 

''ilDZl'ad1ate1y ob~_ble. It It. .pecial Iroup headed.by O&l'cbae~ Tacker, . D· 

A.li.tam Sacl:etaz'y of Defeille (S,-tem. ADalyab) uad Dl-. E",e.e 

F"b~Dl. olle· of the mOlt re.pected ol".el11or advi.or. ·to the Secretai-y 

oillef ••• e: . b.clqulte &Dothel: vie,... lA tbeb opb1~~ei.ecuo-optlc.i 

unqiii& repre.alitii very dUBc1llt ~eClliOlolY Cia~ac&daeCi by .. a" " . . '. . 

.very-wlde-baDClwicltll 4ata relay equipm.Dtforwbicbcorilpo .... . . 

ItW .wer.e UIlproveD, iuacl· uilltelra:tiDI .kSll tIlat would taxavaU.ble 

relovc... The ·Tucker-Fubbll committee DOted tbat· 

·-"W>JUlliOll· effectively clemazulecl the 

provi.io. of wboUy' .. ,.. tl:Ulamitter., ut. __ , &lad .pecla11 •• cl 

compoDc •• ~tbadto be c1a •• if!.ed ~.,'beJO" the .&ate-~-tb.-art. II 

Tuck.r . told' Packard that· i. &is· Jwlaemellt EOI wal too difficUlt to 

attempt .. yet:, that.iAstead of approviD. a .yatem .tart. the NRO 

.houlclmveltaclclitiollally ill re •• arch uid t.clulololY improv.m_t. 

.. . . 

U imm.cU.ate 01: Dear-term re.ult. were 1r&Dtect.· fUm I:eadout .... 

32 

the om y fe.iaible I:o"'e. . C1. . . \'~~\,. . '.'x' V' 

.. 

--.... 

~\.)U\:) . 

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Ha .... '" ~~ ... 

B I! ~'':,{.'. - '7... " . , .~:. 

. . ~.t .... 

=-.... ..... ; '.:'-'''n . 

.. -, . CO .... r'· W... S.···.· II... . -.. 

" ' ••• ,. ... ~ •• j-••• 'f ............. I ,I· . • fl' t .... I ••••.• _ ............ . 
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Pa~d decided that a IermiDatioD of fundi", WCNld Dot be fatal to . 

,. '.' thepro.p.ct of buUclJDa .w:b 'Y*telD' at .ome later time. 'T1ae delay' 

b, obtainha. operation&! .ystem. ~ t:1\e addlt:lcmal co.t. of re.~tID. 

inteDsi.e d.eyelopme.W4Ire. ill Packard', Jud,emut. offs.t by immediate b,,_et problem., COllcUZ'reDtly. the E1CCom appro.edcOIltbaa.d 

developmeDt of techDolo,y for the 

optical !mapa at azmw co.t. of , ,~ 

re.pectlvel y. 

Fo.te:rWt that more .hould be .pe.OIl 

Bu4lel'la' . 

BY'EM~N ' 

COIl'U'ol S,.a ;00 ,0:11; , .. ' 
, , 

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pa~tlcwarly beeaWi. OeDel'&!, Eleetdc wa .... ldlll eDCouraPaI proF ... · 

in •• "e~al· u.a. 01 t.chDo1ol' wile 

, _"~e1oper. • •• meeS •• akaa" 

would le.. O;;;;~,., ......... 

. . , 

Such iDtonzaatioba ..... a"aIlabl. mwud th. 1II1~. of 196, .... , •• teeS . 

effeetly •••• l.ctro-opdcal imalbaJlA boda r .. olud_ aDd rea,... 

time.. The EOla.ppz,oacb. .U.baa~d Clae .ee' '*,»" _u, of CIa. m~ 

parts. ~.Cl •• d fol' 

N.".l"tl:uIle •• ill d,cidiDa what .ayatem to .\l"o:t at wbat f1llUliA, 

level, the NRO cho •• · I'eaciout over biab. 'I'e~ol\lt:loll aDl EOI 

(Fro. was Dot a conteDeSel' ill late 1969. tile. "va.DCy"~f 

readout ~tW b •. iDIDOm.iDal.). He,xaclol' aDd alt.l'D&d". "ery-biahl'e.ol11tioD pl'o~,,.al. weI' .... entia11y .1brdnateeS from the buell.t; 

aD improv.d (iambic-' ~.c.i"ed EXCom approval.tbOQI~ at a fl.~ 

1971-19'n fuAdiDllevel of ozaly 

iD the buclaet.. but at a fWlCli:l1 lev.1 of moDtL)' 

. 

.. \)~r' at\~' 

O··~r_'~ ~"{' .. ," ---0--, i --, -~ ~ ... :: "·r ~~ _ -.. - .. ~. ., 

" ••.• ~ •• ' •• , ... .. ,f .. • .• .., "' 
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a,aaclnut work was approvad at a fuc!1DI lavll 

.. . 

197.1, wbh _","m. 

fileal 

. 

tbat ac.eellratiOD of the prolrlm milht later prova aclviaable. ,(It_ct- . 

. . 

_._ .. the aDticipateclfiaeal197f rlq\U.IIlIIl~) Tbl Bureau, 

of thl. Budalt voiced mod.at objeeUolll, . &1'1" that zead.out aU .. 

Dot 'be a major lladoDa! requizlmeDt at an. a poaf.Uoil to: wblcb Helma 

took ezeeptloll~ (Not mucb waa 1M .. made of tile Pre. it.ie Ilt , • latereat '. 

at the time.) , 

The'Det eUlctoftb. atuell.a, debate., aDd cliacuniou of 1969 

wa .. a compl .. of decialona wblcbprovicledfor a relatively h •• yY 

iDVI.tmlAt izaEOI teclmololY, a lower l~ve1 of .uppo~t 

oI the eziatba, Gambit-3 s~tem. Becau.e major que.dOlls of SALT 

1'1,=1l1li", readoUt Dleclt, ,.yatem costa. system capabWU.a, 

aDd teclmololica! status could not be resolved duriDl tb. lallof 1969. 

DO effort alODI the liDes Dr. LaDd bad advocated could reaUatic.uy 

be approved. There ~a,' moreover, ,aD alreement'witlWa dr.. ExCom 

,tbat DO DI.sys,eml would be started tlu:oulla advaaceCl .ye1OpnaeDt· 

, " 

for two years--es.entially watlltbe costs of brm.ml Hexa,ODto 

. ,~~~ , . ~V~ 

~..o~G " 

tl&ft41. Via 

Control BYEM~N ~7a;'tn 0DlJ' 

, ' ",C\ 

, 

! . 

.. ~. 
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,·10·0lil ......... ,. "1' .. ". 

operatloU! atatU laad beeD' abao~bed. J"~OL a..u.~ e~lIle_ of tile 

di.c",aioA. of mid. 1969, wa. Deitlaez: acc.l.~atedDo~ eUnWaat •• 

35 

from c:ollll_~atioD. 

nUriiaa the ~te~ of 1969·,1970, dewlap ... of E01 t.cllDololY 

, , 

Duui. Pl'oll'." tlaat, iIl·lb. J-'Ml~t of tile Laad Paul, atl'oqly . '.' 

l'ei.afoJic.ct eulie~ I'ecoauuadadou 1101' tIae atu't of a .,..tem cIe8aldOD piau.. Laadl'epol'ted to nuBrw;. ill Wuda 1970 tbat ~ltbel' 

feali'bUlty uperim ••• or cMmoutratioa uWa bad val.clated fou 

priDcipal upecta of EOl teclmolol' that, had earU~r' beeD tl'eated ' .. 

b1p-dak elemeDu. 

sudace "~l'tloDlaad beeD fabricated. u4 

tud.s; 

mUe orbits.) Testa of ima •• l'.colllt~QCd.o. l'aC., had abowA dt.ai 

tb. time the data .el'l I'elapd to a,ll'o"",tat1oa, ... 

data Uaasmi'sioll time appeared to be 

• • l -.t , -, jl ~, ... of_ , ,'" .. , fo. 1 ••.• 4. ,., I ••••• , .",., • 

.D 
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" • 

between fallue.) rate. lor 11ltllLl.VlAUJU 

array would aDDrc:.ae!.11 

mechadcal "evice. ·.1mUu to 

FblaUy, . altlaouptlle DaC .. aaz.y 

edl1 ~ ~ 1M cla •• me. ia 

. bilb-ri.k compoM1it, ·.te periormaac. Dot ba.u. be.1l deIllOUUated. 

the zo •• alader of the clMa relay • .,.iem ~ ill !.aK'. jud ...... 

'moved to tbelow~ri.k catelory. LaDd ••• ui-ed DuBriq. tbat' 

waa wholly .cldevahle, ... that 

the "elIDA. cOllltiNt.d "1M) pz-oWem .... 01 ... tbat IltaatlOll, . LUMl \ 

mmtaiD.clit ..a.elltirely 1 .... lb1. to .cbecli&l •• 1974-1975 opel'att.al 

.36' 

. date--"U.e .ei Oft with th .. deve!opmeDt. II TIM ;omt. Lud em"'.- .iz~d .el'e thole alpecil of tile Tuckel"-F1abial report 'WIdc:Ia ... ~ 

reacbed PaCkard;.Ad DuBrid.e about &bre ... eks earlier." 1D eff.ct. 

Land wal cODtellcliDa that F~bi.nl" jud •• me. of ruk had be. faulty. 

TWO·moDtb. later. Ibortly be1ol'.tbeDUl .chedul.d ExCom .. 

meatiDa. LaDcl. azul hilalloclat.1 aclYbed I)r. DaBriqe that utllD.ll , . 

both.the Fl"o, &Dd EOI approach8. tor •• doUC hM''l"eacb.d tile ata._ ..... .0( 

.. " ::...( \ .. ,. 

.'. ,~~\~' 

\

,\.)0 TOP SECRET " . . 

P.1. .. ~'!:9 't"!.a ~ ~ ~ ~ !, if ' ... _. ... ~ .• -, ...... - -' s ... . 'l.. .: .:··.f _ • . • c . ... 

.... ··· __ till .. ... -· •• : •• ...... ,._ ... -~ ... ~r· 

f 

.of\\ 
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" "" 

of clefAOMtl"a&eel f".lbW.ty &Del l"ea.oD&bl~ matw:lty. II t1i~ FS"oi luer 

.caD • .,.tem ...... o.complu aD4 .o"1lm1teclla Il"owtIl poteDtla1 daat " '., . . . 

it .houle! be uoppe4t,aacl £Ol.boUle! be .tuteel" tIll"O. tile .ysteill 

cievelop1ileat pr~ce •• a. q~ckly a. po •• lble. (Tbe E01".y.tem bael 

acquil"ecl til .• c~e " all.01'" die 'eftlls EOl 

_011&& Cl'eate MaZ'-

." .e belie .. very 

• yatem" ele.e1opmeat". II 

The LaiuI PaDel b&4 abo coacluded tbat 

"II. • • caD s.e •• cnaabl y be expected io .atisfy tIM YallllDLC 

from" 

.: 

(Inter •• tiD,l,.. ~. approximaciooli cUcl Dot expllc:ltly COD.i_I"""the .ffect 

Oil orbltalWe ~f flyiDc at the l"e1adve1;y low altitude. Z'"equUe4fol" 

,. Il •• , .... ~ 10 i .1, 

•..• -, ~ .• ·1·1,. ~f ., •• , • •• 
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, . . aelJust capabW.ty coUld b. 1DcoZ'porated WidaCMlt "p~dadac' total . . 37 . .. '. ' . 

• yt.tempeZ'forftlaDC •• ) 

DZ' •. D\aBridc.forwaZ'4.d copt •• ·of ~·Lud P~lr.po" to 

Padcud aIlaHelm.-~aDCl.ltIael' from DulIrWa.·or tbroGiIa oM 01 tile . . '. . . . . " . 

prilDu-yadcb-•••••• u.otli.Z' copy Z'ucJaH Oeor,. P. Shults, H.ad·oI . 

. . ' 

tb. OIftc. ofW .... em .. t ud BwIa~.OMB·. tec1tit#Cal' ~,.clall_ 

~.Dd •• to be rath.r. ~or. cy'lllc&l aboac the lMiaI'-tel"Jll f ... 1b1ll", 

• • . tb.y c:oaYiAc.d Shults tbat it .......... tlal to pn __ t aD oppOeiai Ylnr. . .. Slaula .... UZ'e4 Packar. that til • ..,.Dtitv. of eftA 

iD d."~~~~t 6mu' over tlut Dat' fourorJ!". ,.ua would DOt peo-

• yeteJll.wltb .it1l.r· th. cover ... capabillty of R-._ 

or tta.r.eolutlOD quality of aamblt-3. H. expr ••••• clo.bt8 aboa& 

1a a1l1lke1Uaood, til. ~loumem08 bOlD OKB to Pac:kud 

b.nr.ea July 1970 aDd.S.pt.mb.r 1911 •• 1'. prepared1ty Dr • .T .... 

A. SeW •• baler. wbor.pr •••••• OM. at ExCom m.etlaa. &ad lD 

oth.r polley •••• lou coac.ned witll DOD aD. CIA pro.ram •• 

ScW •• iD,.r .ub •• qU.Dtly became actia,'clep\lty clIrecCOI" of OMB. . 

tbeD chairm&ll of the Atomlc ED.rIY COIIIIDb.ioD. brieny Dir.ctor 

of CeDUallDteWience &Dd Dir.ctor of.~ C.Dtral'lIlIteUlteac. Aa--=y. 

aDel ill Jaauary1973, S.cr.tary of De_ .•. Sdale ........ r. wbo 1aacI 

. come to til. NlxOlladnWal.tralloD~om the ..... Corpora.ttoa. .... 

a prollDUDC.d av.r.lcm to lai.h-ri.k t.c1lDo10I' aDd a DOtorloua 

elbtrut of pr ••• ftidtiOD .yst.~:o.t •• ttmate.~. 

. . '~\ . 

• w. '.;" .' 

.. .- -" 

'" 

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TOP .SECRET 

JiaisIl. "la . 

BYEMAN . CoIlt1'ol S:.:~~ 0Dl,. , 
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I II. 411~.. ..!10.~.~ .". I'" ",' 

the Deed. foi- lucb &. ~.aclo\lt I,.atam. la •••• doDaI I' .• comaala._e 

pro,ram &lUI cautioDed Itl'ODllYaaalut a IIp1'elUtue chOice 8m" . techDlCal optlou. II Ur,baa tbatOMB ataff ..... ~ .. panlcl~te ill . 

&. study of" reqv.lI'emeDt fol' joe. __ aacl·Of altenaatift wa.,. of' 

sat:i.afyba whatev •• that I'''=e ___ mlP&~. SballS eDCU ..... . . . . .. 

Packud to adopt a cautiou appzooac:la lD dacWiDI WIaat--IfUlY-- . . . •.. . readout approach .hould be fully fwaclecl. 

Tbe urivaJ, of the Silultil iMIDO Sa •• P~OD comcW" wltIa 

Packard·. receipt csf the extual". NllP report Ik. McLucas amm·ny 

prepar.d f~r die EXCom.· Tlae McLucu I'.port to .. Exe~aacl" 

Lad Paael report .. ere d.Uver.cltwo da.,. .... foul' .. ,. I' •• ,.al_,.· 

ill aclvaace of the Icbeclul.d .July m~ 01. tJae Ea(:om--tlae·az..t ·n 

• ucAm.etlDa i.D ei,At mOllthl. By the time McLucas·. I'.~ ans .... ct. 

Pack&rcl ba4 ••• ved Shults tlsat acuefu1 .tud., of I'_clout l'.eMe·b· 

aD·Y blzacIiA.commltme.1 to a liDpe a,.atem a"I'OaeL 

The' McL~a. report l'e4.cted EOI JudiemeDU IDO~. DeUl,. 

developmeDt aDd .. the &·equeatl,. r •• . tated JudI.m.at of Ci".l'al ~'. 
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peoPle (SAnp) dlae if re._14 were wutad iD ... ..u tenDdae .oaly 

realou~. cbuCe of acqv.ll'm.u .i:atlOaal.,..mla, .adoptlCm 

of·the:rrol I,.tem. A1~'Ja Jab .... ,.• ta"'eiau WeI'. ee.,.I".4 

. by r.s.na~ adcU'.ss'.d lat.!', McLuca. be ... by fo!maI1y Z..COlll- . . . 

mudlq tIaat' ~'e~seDdal1y ~ ...... ,.--d-' fi.e foc:uect oaJ • ~. !" 

. .. -

the 4e"eloprD •• of aDeu-re~-dme I"U_at baa .... ,...~ .. 

ais advocacy, Mc1.ucas saW, ~.' ". • .~ "ecloD tM bIldal tecwc.t 

. l 

! 

t· 

j' 

• ! 

luCC ••• of' •• deVeIop .. DC of tIIe .• aU..cat. urayaDd Its ".Oc:iate4 . ; 

'·1 

aubaysi ... aM oDUSIB pldaac:e. ~e l"cIa a system is url.ad, 

D ......... ol hi.JMr priorltjtbaD poe.t.ble. c:oaaPedtoI". 101' I' •• ~ •• 

IUch MlIl,beZ' Z'.so11dioD lmaPIII .~~"D8. 

IrO\1Zuta~ Wc1.u.calfaYOr.d pZ'oc •• _. wi. S,.ielll _flwldoA .tacIlea 

"for a .,.e_ b ••• d·OAth •• 0Ud-scae. Ul"ay s ... or."u. as udl-

'. ci,ace.s. .... tudie •. coal .... c~. la about 1Z ...... a 

1971. 

r.plac. at .least OM &ad possibly botIa of· __ cvrat pIaotoirapld.c 

sy.t.ms. HexalOA .... GAmbit.aaa.cda' tM J..aD4PaD.1's e."v •• , 

. oj 

i 

I 

I 

I 

I , 

i 

i L I' """l !. I. 

f 
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'1 ut' ' ~t\;Ktl 

McLucu IUI.e.te4 tha' a: fully developed .0000-.ta. u~.Y (EOI) 

". • • may penzik lma.ery of a quality '\II'p... .m. eUl'r.Dt a-lilt. ~t 

_'-iteratively, hepoltulated-that a .,.tem p~cm.cu.a, fo~ c~uaetl." ' 

ue of tbe Gambit remery mOde ~0~aa..1Ilt camel"aba a H .... OD 

"ehicle) ~ uextu4e.Iai.b-alU~ Z'eaclO1I& ... ,._. WIl.8 lM6 

appealiDi ... aeJalew.llle. He allO .peeula ... tIaat ' 

_clave1opZDelltwere ul~el, .ue ••• w. 

, ~ould evatually I"eplaee tile fIlmre,"- mMul. 'of F~o .. 

a vtewpm.t tbat t:oWltel'e. the ''Do powtb po,,*1ltla11t upmat .... t 

acioptioll of Fro,_ S~ tile _ eIf.~ of IQc:Il ...... ~ .... to ' • 

.. ~ __ .. tin' po •• ~ty tb.~_ of·. ,e..tout .,... wcN1c1, 

lead direeU,. to' the euceUatloD of Gamblt .. 4 po.liblYof Hea ... , 

, WeLuea. rec:omm8D"~ .uppon of a baelmp ,tec:lmol0',. effon 

aimed at 4evelopme. of 

. ". . 

backup don ,uppol"dlil J"l"o.(po~.lb1,. ill ComWDado. wW& & Ii--.,. . ' 

laUDchel" &Dd orbltai vehicle). TbeFrOl-Haa,oD eaad.Dado ... McLw:u ' 

ex;alaJ.Ded, ". • • would dellberatel,. 'be cU.reeted to lOW-COlt, low-

, ri.~ aa4 posaibly re4ueecl-perfonD&DCe .yatem. to prM" _ Uter-. , 39 

'Dati.e for eouideratloza Dut "'&1'. ' 

\ (">oS>-~ . \ . , r· '. '\ -.. " O'\i\J\ ' ~, , 

+i-.-

t 

I 
• 

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. . . 

III da. ·17 Jul, 1970 disc.sloll of b1a I'KCIIIPD.DdadoU wida " . . . 

th. ExCam. McLucas IIOt.d·blI .dei-StudtDI of tb. "1 .... 1'81 ap •• - . 

m_t" that the EOI was a· ''pl'.f.i'~.d appl'oaclltl to. Mat _uel'a'" 

.. . 

• y~t.lD. But h. eXpl' •••• eI Coae.1'1I a1tout ••• e1eCtlo11 pi ~ .la .. , .. . . .

. approach. It was CODe.iv_l.. Jut colcl tlaekCom. ". • • tba, tile . 

. . 

.,skID baaed 011 th •• olid •• tateal'l'.Y ma, becom •. coo ....... ·lD 

• lmw. pu. it the bad •• t altuadoll coad .... to d •• l'lol"&l •• tI • 

•• BOlla s.u'SP &Del. tb. CIA· •. · OIAc. of S.pec:lal ProJ •• bad cODdUte.4 

_.tv.d1.s of tIM 4e.ua'ble mix of 1' ...... .,ate .. wi. co.~po&"UY 

. . 

=aabta .~ •• ·ia the lm.~ b~D 1M Nonabel' 19'9 ..... 

July 1970 ExCoaa meetlDa •• SAJ"SPhU ~01IC1.d dad 1"1'0'·.,.. ... 

tbe aua.'t c.naia. .ad • horten approac1:t. . aDd'tla&t til. lateI' tac .... ariOA of 

p.r ,..1'.1 .... dau lav.a~J:Wi, folll' a .... w .. iuulfOv Bayou pel' 

ye~r. If SAFSP Was aleo. cODvUacecS that ~ol ..... lopaa •• aDd labricadoD could be cODclucte.d 101' abOut oDe tblrcl tIM coat 0 

. . 

d.".lopme.. The CJA,. .• tal'tiA. bomtla ..... pobst. .... cODC:1ucl •• 
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,. 

I I~' .... _. • .. I ~ • ,., 1'" 

. .. 

r .. ~m.r tbaa .' F:rOI .1lCNld 1». the pre'el'l''' ...... yat~. ' . 

T!leaA JwlaemeDt.waa reWol'ce. 1»y the LaIId Paul'. l'ulfinIatloa 

of its .uUel'·.tad: . th. maJol'. 

appl'opZ'1ate. 

PaCkard pla1D1y Ia"ored:a caudoua aPJWO&C1a. .~. ro.ter 

.yatem~ ud Sc:Iale.mlel" (for til. 0fI1c:. of ......... r 

• 

&D4 Buqet) 1I1'1e. co~ilcl.l'ad.oa of a Pl'oll"aID .a.te:Ilo. . to avcWI 

a prematVe commltmeat to '.ome taappropriate .tedmlcal opdaD. 

__ "_1Cl... as. a dlat a total bw ....... 

" 

fiscal 1971 azad that ·DJo. Mcl.ucu .hoald decWle bOw that total.1aould -

be SpeDt. !)QBl'iq. uclHe1_ acc.pte. tbat an~ .. _t wbb 

the aclclltloaal pl'OYbo"t "eal'ly 1975 .... ~ be Ibe taI' •• for flrat 

lauDcJa of. reaclout .y.tem~ OD tbat bub. Mc1.w:a. Oil 27 July 

III 

Scllle.iDler .ppal'elld y accepted t1le preiDU.· tIaat EOI ... te.hrfeally fe •• ible .. eli .... heUe¥e til •• " ••• Id _ ........ Ie 

'------

n: 

'. 

r 

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. autb.ol'i..ed the dlzoector oithe CIA l'ecoauleNIICe P'I'OIRIIl to .. oc'" 

'WIth til. 'YlterncieflAltloD Pha •• 1 1 A"pat at • a.cal 

1971 fuAcUal level 

the oripaaf NRO bwla.t .•. 1Ibml •• loa of 15 July bad' 

.. da.~efo~e avaUabl. to '1l'll1llO1~ .0 

de"elopmeDt.-uac1 1"1'0, •. 

" ( 

To tbat ~ tJae priDclpal cOulderatiou fa ...... ,· p~oP" 

y .' 

decbiou bad be_ the' state of tecbDoloiY. badpi levela, .• ct ~ .. 

tiozsal views OD pre •• lA •. ut1oDa1. ... cI.~· By laM ,1970, it ... eriuDt . 

, . 

that re.dout' .,stem proll'e ..... e "'10 cou~aiDect by the _.el to . 

develop rela,. .. telUte. &Del by the capac:ity for Pl'oc ... ba. til. powlai . '. ; . 

photo .atelUte.. U all wellt · .... n.· _tWeeD cia,. of U.S. 

photo-sate1l1te operatlOD. wouldqccurm 1971 •. By Decembe~ 1970. 

the DirectOr. of Centl'a11nteUi.eac .... cautio .. that ·baa",t!lcs.Dt 

. iDterpl'aation capabw'ty wa. a"a1laW.· to badl. the _tlc:lpateel 

retuna. of H.~'OD--w1dch I\l •••• tect ~ H!!!IOII 

well create a probl~m at lea.t a. lar •• u _y It .m.... . 

"'" ,. .... \ . 

..... ,. " .. . ,'.' ,\ . 

. .,:"'\ '" ~ '\' ",'~.\ . 

~V'W 

~. . 

TCiP ,.~ -,..-

;)t _"". • .. ' 

., 

.! --- . 
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• I .. , 

.. 0 

t"i) 

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.' . . .' . 

fo~ ExCoIll cODai"~atioD McaU. ,laotIl b ...... t uacl t.cludcal d.n1Op-

, , 

mellt .espollsibUitles kad IM- aaaiped to" '~tett AU Fftce. 

But i.t was ~bvi.ou. that tile ope~atloll&l' utility of Ul, "a~ut a.,telU. 

Would be aeftJ'e~y c"ompl'om1se4if,~elay aatellit.. weI'. 4e1ay.41a 

daveJ.opm •• 01' if ,b., pl'ov.d to 1a~ye 1 ••• pel'fonlaa.c. tIaaD 1' .. 1IInd., 

NltO 4a,ecleDce OD tile, elata I'.lay .. tent,e pro.ram ~k.el' •• lb., 

occ ... loD Ia mOl'e daaaa cleca .. Ia wbic:Il ally cnadale1.meat, of tIM. 

Natioaal a.ecollllaia ... c. PI'OII'UD laael be~ pace. by tec'bnolopcal . " " . ' , 

, developmellU o~ buclle18 UDder 'io_~"" coma-oL 

mld .. 1970 (10110.1 the la~l'atory-J'.izafol'cecl c!oaclu.~D that a 

cOuld be fabricateel), • ItJalp.riak" .,.. a 

, , 

''low-risk'', approacla. .m.~I.4 r.lluac:e ,Gal data 
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of eqlD •• I'.--tba tbo •• 'l'opo •• 4 far tIM IDOl'. 81 •• _t 

coaAavatlo •• , But tIM low-d.k .ya~ abo Jaa4 de'l'a_4 Il'oWMl 

l'e.olutioDud 'a '.lowel' clata'tl'aUmlaaioa I"at.~ & co.~ thatDl-. ~ 

I 

iDc0z-PoI"U*d appl'eciably 1 ••• ambltlou data _dUAl capabUltl ••• )' 

N~ au Pl'omiDeDt .cle.ti..t4I objected to ... "low-riu" &pp1"oacll 

that wouI4 mod.atly comPl'oaua •• ,., .. c:.,aWUtf.,. Ia Octobe~ 19'70, o· '" 

.Dr. E. Q. FublDl. wbo llad .uUeI' •• " .... daief a.t.o~o.l'eacIout 

t.clmololyud n •••• fol' Daft. Packazod. ....... ~tl,.IW_.ted 

aev.l'al,of tb.deci.lou Impu..~ by" ExC0ID1 1r .TUly'19'70 ~OD . ' 

The FubiDi' colDlDitte. bad.u-U.io, cOKlu4edt!a&t altbo. 

the CIA .... doiDl a "f1Dajobli lllde"e1op1qEOl ~cJmOlo.y. it.... ' 

DO IDOl'. t1u.D' prucle.t to ."oicl._t:l.Di' a .yetem •• ·.Ip Foc ••• 

''befOl'e the te~lmolo,l •• we". ~cI.quately .".Iope .... TIl ••• "l'U 

spec:iall.t. Oil Fublal'. committ.e 1Iad .e. __ I' 01"_1'. &om 

P.c~d to avoicl que.tioll. of l'equ1l'emellta aDdco.t aDd to caDaldel' 

0221 y the ·.tata. of t.woIOI'. TIl.,. bad cOllClude.tbat EOl ....... 

D, 

Waa41.1': 

·.BYEJAJ 

CODU'ol s~J. 
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IU,... '~tCRfT 

in 

. . 

ID hbbal'. judl.m.at. . the • ,.clti~ 1' •• u4-eme.· bema hoDOred 

.YlJ~.Jn· cld1D1doD ltucU..a w.l'e H ••• actually a tI' ... ;. . ". . 

ladoD of what is t.c:Wcallypo •• lbl. w1tJ:a a.d·.tate U'zoa,. l'atMl' . 

thAD U optimum ua.oa "tw.e • .ado_ ... ~ ad coat. It hWiai 

r.iDfol'ced tllat sharp critlc1.m by r.miDeUnl Packu4 that la.--:tubiDl~­

bad lema ben a r.adout aclvo.cate, eveD to .. poIat of all'eelaa t1aat 

. DewaDel pr ••• Dtly \IAIor •••• abl. opPoi'twdtlea''woal4 reault &oai 

th. iDldal .... of reacloutcapabUiti ••• tI But. b. ~ •• el If. .. • tJaat . "'. 

th. 1'&D1. of future appU.c:atlou, Ita proceclul" •. tbat wo1l14 al.o low.1' 

. IYle.1Il coati. 

Fubbai fu:aclam.DtaUymbtJ'"stecltb. l'.quiremIDt tlaat 

1m ••• I'Y I'.~la tb. Wa.biaJt0D bltelUleDCe commUDiCy wt.:au.. 

palla!. over.a ial'let. PolAtlDl0ut tlaat &om 

. . 

bours were r.quired to posinon • lateUit., be al' ...... that 

tr&Dlmil.loft ttm. was whoU y acceptable. He a1ao cball.ftl •• tbe 

a.lumptloD tbatpl'imary uta rec.ptioD facWtlea ael to be . . 

. .' \ ",-J. 

" U~' "V, '~-..- -"E-~ TO;"" . ~'"' K::', . 
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Tlae. Fuaw tUMd to a I'e,uh"eme. tbat,lae ~evecl WldeZOto tbe field of ·Vie., It he tOld Packard. 

calleel 101' zaarrow-cO:t.e recom;lala ... ce of .tratelic tarletl wIt:Il 

''TW. requlremeAt i. "imPl. 

exa-apolatlcm of pre.eDt pl'oceelve. rather tbaa aza imaaizaaUve view 

of ~e poteDtial~ ol.me De. t.c1:uaol0IY, tlFublDi complainecl.·"" 

.tratelle reccnmal •• uce .... 1' •. tile oBly bull fol' a.l'eadout .,.tea.. 

Dr. haw allo calleel atteDdOD to ODe of tile little meDtioMd 

1971 the DatioD woWel be aWe to attempt pIlotolrapILy of 

tarl.U per year &Del woulclprolJably obtain exploitable photolraplla 

Of_tarl.U--lNt· .... ·pr •• eatlYflDdlDl it clUIlcqJ.~ to .p.cJ.fy 

tarle'. of valicl iDt.I' •• t. Iza tbo.e ,eftD8. tIleae.el for cn-

.... ~\ \ . •• -,I ~ 

.: ~~\'-" 

D 

. ,"'J . 

"~J wi \.. T.O: ---.. - ... ~. at'-K ... · 

" 

... .0.. Via-

. BYEM~~ coauo1 l~wlO" or 

I. I~ ••• " .. t t ..•• • .... ' '" 

.". I ~ _ I.. .., 
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aqle ... tOo II&I'I'OW. l'equiz'iDa too - -

, - -

mazay pa •••• to pl'ovtcle tbe D •• clecl baIol'liaatioa. Jie zo.comm ...... 

wiclulD. til. f1~d of vi.w, lzaCol'pOl'aibaa -.,01' .... capa1aW~y '. aM_, 

pl'cwWbaa fol' I'eaclout dlI'.ctly 0Ye1' the Valte4 s ..... (I'atbu tIaaa 

-by way of a itelay sat.U1t.). azul 101' accept.-:. of a - - 41' 

-hollZ' clelay 1A the cleU •• l'y oflaaa.azoy. 

Tlw oDly'.ya'em tbaDdef.blaWe tIaat could sad.fy tile De .. 

Fubbd ~tat.ci wa. FI'OI~ Fub1Af. 's, cODVlcdoa tbat dae ''Deal' I'aal 

,tim." a.pect o1l'eaclou.t clave10pmeDt laael .eD VoDWODte.y emplaaalaecl 

.. fouzael uDapecteel ."ppol't ,ill th. J)eputmeD''':ot State. coaceniad wIIIl ' , , 

, Stat.'s .pec:ia1iat f.D iAteUi.ellCe mauel's, told iIa. ComrD1u.e oa 

Ovel'iu.aclB..colmais.uac. Del ExploitadOll (COMJPEX) III 'aaUZ',. 

1971 diat a 

• 

T .... wal'e DO .eaDS of .tol'iDa tbe -0Gtpa& Of aD EOI .yacem 

iD1970, &Dd AOD.1aacI baeD a.a •• teel,fov J8Ualatel'. 

..nile 71&· 

BYE~~ftN' Contril :'.:ol;.,":~ 0: 

~~-" 
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~t 1'.,olutloD oa the Ol'del' of twO to foal' feet would •• I'ft (Ii ... , . . that tbs-ee-foot re.olutloll per~ued.laterpreter. to utermme .. 

deta11. of t~cka •. tuk., aad .imilU ~ •• ), aDd dial the U.S. 

. . 

Il •• ded. "Mociel Tit •• 'e1lit~ .YJ_ID. to ps-oduc ... Cl ... U1a'bl. photo-

." . of clae IJDtt.d Nadon •• A "Model T'i .18 ...... C1lIIe •• w it;· ... 

Oil. tbatcould b. de~eloped m.ll IDODtba 01' 1 •••• · UM off-tld-.1ieU 

tec:b.ao1OJY. provided I' •• olutloa at clae two- to.I' •• -foot 1.... Jaad'. 

ODe- to tbl'ee-4ay 1' •• ;OIl.e tim •• , aDd embodi.d tecbDolo,y •• . ' 

dildo.ve of which WO\lldDot b. dam.am. to _doDaliDtes-•• ta • 

Mor. tbaA coiDcWelltaUy, dar •• mODtba euller, OIl 1 OctoMl' 

1970, 

-,-

.... - .~ 
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. . . 

. Almo.t coDcu&-eatly. Dl". McLuca. 1a&cl .... " to D~. . ~. . 

aea.ryA. Kla.m.e&-, tIae p,. •• i.de.tl • ., •• W A •• lataat to,. Natlo:n-'· 

security~=-:. a.,eclal I'epoz:t 1CiI • .," ~. &-.,unted OIl crillu 

,.e'po.e capabllld.e.. III bl'l.~. M~L_ .. adYU.d diat 10,. _. Hal' 

. ; 

t.nD iA •. olll, prorDblqappl'oacUI. "l'edaOae.~4 _ ezladD. : 

system •. aad 1z ~D-tbe-.b.u tecUolo.,: . Corua. GamMt. ...... . . 

HexalOD '-ptatlou. ~udlDi 1',.0" 

nae a.ccumulatioD of tAt8I' •• teapl' ••••• ia "i .. ."ua! . 

. • epaz ••• tateme •• of coac:.1'Il 101' cl'islll'ecomaai.s8DCe ...... ta4 

. ODce IDOzethat a quickly avallaWe,. I'elad.wely limple lyaterD .... -- ......... 

- coutraJ.aed re.~utioll poteDdal aalPt be JalPl, cleab'aW... TJaa 

iAteWI": ... u.lAi commaltywu IDOl'. C02:lCenecl t!Iaa til. fatellI •• _.'" . ... 

. lathe riGa Coi:a,mu.a1ty by the pro.pect tba.t .ome .,..tem ml.llt be 

. selected 101' develQpDleDt .bec." •• it was tec:imoloslcaUy- acw.eYable 

rather dIaD· becaue ·it .ad..~ecl .ftlid aatf.ou1 ... IL l1aaDy •. botIt. 

u.er. aacI clev.loper. wei-e cOilceraecl tbat DO DeW .,..tem. lllialat 

*. 

become avaUable for.syerd ye.r.~· 

• 

Tbe State Dspartm.eatt• Vi ... · .. rs at 1 .... t putly laD...:" 

by ap,.I' ..... = that .e impeDdlDa Iiu1 cle __ ~ of CorOlla woaW 

eUecdve1, clb.lpa.te whatev.,. ~aiDa1 crisis r.c ..... aaac .. . capabUlty the aatioD da~ laad. State'. efforU to io.wiYe Ccwoaa lao 

1970 have "&II de.cribed ba Voluaae 1 of tW. ac:couaa.· 

........... 

.... • -r . • 

.. ._"f{ .. r·· . . , . r-' ·0 1 , .. f\t\ . OQU\,;.n .... . .~ .... l.Tla 

... BYEMAtl C.vol"d_~ 

.- .,.. ..... -.,., .. : 

... 
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, ,. ....... , .. 101 .... 

UDeaaiDea. OIl aU· of tboael~ouU _de~lay • .red •• 01 ••• '. . 

. . 

de1&ys ia·tJw 8cll.4ul.4 uv.1opm.i1l& of a Uta.~elal' aateWte 1aa4 .. 

b.come-·~.Al. th. cdala. ~eapo .. ela.ue ~em·t ...... ett1.cS, &lid 

tJ:a.:re .. a aome elea.tory CD _i_ratio. of loW-coat. altenaatlvel! to 

. But declato ... ~~. 

JllDUazy. by whicll time th. iDlda1 pbu. . "'s . . 

waa 'schedulecl to 8DCl. 

E~ly ill .Jam&uy 1971, Carl J)acbtt proposed to McLucu 

("iA accOrdaace with p~evioua discus a lou • • • I') the e.tabUabaaeDt . 

for the crisla recozmal •• &DCe •• al-=_t coul.1M .valuated. TIle· 

problem, •• Duckett ~.w it, waa elec.d.iq bow ~\&Chto laY •• t· ill a 

c1e"elopmem Duckea: .... sted that tb.· Luad Paael be 

.. sked to reriew criteria aDel.aelelect, It ••• ia tb. meutinl., l ..... t 

,tC· 

.. e cliacov .. e &By effOrt. to compare alte~D&tl". ayal4tma 1IDtIl appz'OYecl 

• taDdazda for compadsOD are' ... 'Jable. It . '. 

.. .... '1.··· . BYEIAt;) Coa,"l B71R- 0Dl1. 
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. , 

, . 

Pel"haps Duckett Ilopecl to pos.oaaecI.taUecI c;~siclel"atiOA of 

apPl"oacb that State adyocatec1.. But it s,o. he failed. 

01115 JUUI"Y. paieclsely twowaaka ",ol'e tha ExCom'~.eitaa at 

whicb .• w::!imaual"s a,. wera to ~ tak_ up. th. State Departmellt 

escalated cOIIslc:lel'atioa, of the cl'lab l'.spoD.e qu •• doll. William P. 

Jto"l'sr Secl'etary of State. f.~ma11y VI_Helm. a_ J..ahocl, to s",,.on 

cI."elop ... of a r.cOIIDA1ssaac: •• ,at.m--b,,' ODe,tbat 

scaulcI.clllttl. 

UI lood plaotolr.phlc c:letaUrelat!"e1y q.u1ckly _eI cheaply. II :-Valt:l.aa. 

fi •• ye&l'. 101' &Zl adequat •• yatem"'l Dot aC:c.ptab1e~' llo,.l"a.uaUH 

that. cri.b reccmnil •• ua.c. capabUlty .howel _tel" system deYe10pmat 

.tatus promptly. with_ re,&rd for aDy .ystems pre.eDtly ill deYelop- , 

mat 01' peDd1Da c:le"elopmut. . "A. a.yCu.. pub it., w ... ect a 'Model TI . 

or '.VOlkawa,.D' to .et u.s to tb.b~laIil'. 0" time wb_ OUI" mol'. 

expeDli". lUIell ••• m&IIe"verable Cadillacs al"e Dot able to co.-I" tbat, , '. 46 

panic\llar .cl'i.1. OD that particular clay 01' w.ek." 

By the time of tb.J&ftt.&&rJ 1971 ExCom .. a ••••• I"e1att.vely 

toward a Noy.m"'r 1971 c:l •• elopaleDt cleclsiOll pomt bacl beeD 

..... l.Yia' 

BYEMAN COiltrolS7"·~t:.1 Or.: , . 

" " -,------
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.' ' 

1 . • ' ., ,. , r If .. • ~ ( , r • t-~ ~"""'t 6J '=' ~ 1) ~ , .... 1> - 1 "'~, ~l~_ 

~ .. ~ "'+) c...o......J.. - -w.,;.o_<--h.._'" ~ t""' G!a\"'Cc..! 

~ l~~~ ...... ~"~_ c.f-~. t.;'" 

" '~c..---...c-.,,~ (,c. ... -... c_ ,\~(,)ca-'YOy~o) ~~ 

tl~ v" ••• ~~ .~·r c .... ~'ct~, .... ~ ~tS.'~+~'-l.~' ~~...,L. .. ~~ ~~ 

~-f ~ ~~. ':~. - -

, ..... " .. "'I"t , ..... , '''0. 

.41:' , I' 

':}, 

0...0 
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. . . 

compUcat.~ by a,Yariety of p.rip1:a.ral b.a ••• , Crlit1a "ec"!l!llaia.aace. 

a. WId.ntood by Kla.lIl,.r, Ro,.r •• ad elba. wa. _e. ,n •• ltua-

. .. . . 

ClOD of da. p,.o~a.d data relay .ateUite wU .0 10 .... 1' ... _pl ••• bacl 

lieeA 'utiClpac.a: pl'oapect., of "a iii It to .upport ojliez: tJliIi I'.c-.nal._.- . , 

aance pro.rUD.'~ ;"~~.en.cI ~ iDteneabiJ __ til., co.t. bad' 

mer...... If u mtedm .yetea ".1' .... decl. .".~a1 varialita of , , . avaUable fol'co ... '~"ati-. boa th. Fl'ol &lUI • H..,o.a- ' 

yal'i~ 111m "eadout .,stem were at leut DOIDmally attalaable.· ... 

cbe.r. 

At da. d .. _ 01 t:tae J ...... ., 1911 EaCo ••• e"" 'da •• ".all_ 

of th. variou propo •• d 'readout aDd cri.l. I' •• poue .yet.IDa, waa . . , . 

. , 

... .... .. --_. 

rouably .r-' . ~ .. -.. ' 

pha.e. la I)ecembei- 1,10 ael tbe ''Pia .... Uti • yatem clef1Didon effon.' 

intelldecl to lead to "arm" d." .... ad co.t .stimate.. was .clle~ 

to 1»eliD ID F.bruaty~ At that p01Dt. wbatwa.baln, propOs ...... 
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1iOUIlAAU expect .to, 

th. Syitemwould. ~y •• UI.fu1 lif. of arb" &Del 

wouell flzat become opel'ad.onallyavallalde ill Ap~U-~UDe 1915. 

cotta .1 'ItUtaated by the CIA would. p&"I •• 1iIRll~I 

(ft ••• timat. hact iAc:r ... ed. by _o~. 

~O moatM.) 

Frol--wbich at'that tim. cOsaceptu11y bac:l\iclecl the 

a. uieventual replac ... DtfOl' tale fUm-r.actout ,ad.aetry 

of the cUZ'r8Dt ctelip--.a; cle.'.iatel to uae' tile .-5 opticaof •• 

Oamblt-3 'Yltem (175-lDcb focal 1_,,); It embodiect oD-boazoeltll.m 

·D 

si.ul-to-lzoomfcl .tatio .... · The TSC eq1llpmeDt would CODyert. pbo&oD. ----.-

I II. tN .... , .. to. '. 

imal' to u el.ctroD wale, .tOi'e t1:a. data aD ~eulab1. tape. uullater 

reacl eNt by ~._. of a .caDAiA. tl.Ctl"OD beam. the product be .... a 

vicleo output li ... a1. A l'e1ay latellite coulcl,be exploitect. but was DOt 

el.ential. lacldAJ Itora •• capabUlty. had &0 ~elay clata ~. 

real time.) Direct r.acl out to a ,I'QI Del atatioD woUlei leDerate 

Ima.erya clay. each frame coveriAI a 

Im .. e ~etunl time ralliect from 

-.~n I v,' 

s .. ,-... ,- ':_1\1...1 

' ..... l • .,la . BYEr"·' ') Cor. '~l :...; • 

alj 
. ~ . 

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~ .... -.. 

Fulaal ha4 IUI ••• teel 10m. IIlODthl .aI'U.~) could DOadDa11y 1' ••• 

elata I'.tun ",,-. to 

life at a A1m expeDClltuI'. rata of 

cOla .al'. ·tlaaD a.tim&tedto 

. -- • -_:. ~ ..:( ..... ,~·I 

.' 
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cl&ta ·retuna time, coUia4l from mGaeDt 01 cleclalcna to' . 

. . . 

laUDcIa). bu.d Oil r.covery in ·tII. Atlaadc. D ... lOpmat .01114 

. .' . 

. pre.umab1y take .24 IIlODtbS &lid would cost ~ th. s ..... 

COI'O_ iza a ou-dAy c·owatdowD mode .. ,s also treated .. a 

poteadal crisis ·re.pODs. system. Mat was !Dol'e. clevice for crtlatml 

aD add1 __ optiOD, aD ..... dal of tIM 4eclaioa dtual bll,71. 

AlthCNlb aU of tile prillcipal. at the 29 JaAllUy 1911 m ••• I· 

had 1:a.ell pl"O~cled wltb. est •• ive acIVaDc. iafo~tlOft Oil all dae propo •• ct C'l'iala re.poz:ase .,stems. the eIi.C.SlOD DOD.th.l ••• tuned . .7 .. 

, The priDCipal chUI •. .~~ arlaUa,. &omcompl.tloD . 

tiOD of Fro,remabaecl ita 

,-

Tr,:. , .. P d}' . , t... ~tLkti 

. W.nll • .,ia· ) BYEMAN . 

COIatr-'l S~'tr- ar'.7 

'.110 •• · ......... 1·,," .. " 
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". 

_ .. I&U",-8 bebaa avaUaw. two yea ... lOODer wa. alao .. . . ~ 

attracdoa. Packarcl.x' ....... co .. l.'l'a~e Cciac.,D about probable 

lv=h .. _.eII aDCl th. acc1U'acy of eltlmataa •. CUliDj Mcl.uc: .. to 

" 

obasr". tlaat Hexa,OD 

ayatem wn14 al.o a •• uldiaU, acnci coat •• ttmatea ... fa""" . , 

abac~ 

aYaBabillcy. ..lit. . 

. contbnaatioA of 

lDtbs apectaUoia tat a cl.clalOll OIl full .,.teID deYelopa_. ccnd.t . ".. 

be .ch_daleel ~r No"eiDbe.. 1911. The ExCom diel aodWaa to 

enha~e da. poteDtialfo .. acquiJoiAa &laY.· ·'Mode.1 Tn .yst .. of th. aon • 

State waatecl. Ra:,~liM·.ploy bel aJIPUclll1Y faUcel. So Iuu4 hlllal'a. 

lA April alar •• llaw appear.ellA dae EXCoaa' •. apec~ .. 

DotbiD. a •• d be dOD. Wltil Novlmbl". at wblda ~ It pZ'~."'D.bl, 

"nI. 0IIlc:_ 

of Mua,eZDlAt aDd.B" •• t·(Ol4B) .. a til. bDm~aouc. Of 

pre. IIII"to act quickly etA tile readeNt qQl't:lo~ ·.1Nt ww:. Boa_ 

prefereDCe. were the cltecl'jutUlcati.oa. Ia J ... al"'. Jb. J. 11- . 

. .' \ _~"d.· ~ .... ~ ,,,r \.. . ~\ "~ .'~ ,. . . 010 t.· ~ ." " ....... . 

lOP' SECRiJ-
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Schleaba'.r,· apokealD&A lor lb. 0 ... at J:xCoIa ."dala,· "-41" ...... ked ... 

Oft Pr •• WeDtNlxcmf • cODtlDulai bate~e.t III aD .ul'-..... bWty 

reacio\lt ayatemo· Altllou.1a ScW.abta.r~ •• '" wI11iai to acc.pt 

• 

. the EsC_ ... 4.ci.iOAm poatpoa. a cl.cidoD, JW. cautiO ... tbat·OMB 

. . . .". 

Director 080r •• Po SIawts IDlIlat Dot. be of th. 'UD. ad ..... 

Wlletb., th •. reaewaJ.-of Pr .. w..t:lal c_c.na ':bo~ 1" ...... 

• vaUabUitywaapI'OIIlp.tecl by Dr.LaDcI. cUatube4 at tile appuat 

lack 

. . . 

some 1 ••• coady. mol'. qulc:k1, I"e", r ... .t s,..m. c_cat lie 

•• ta~ala.4 f"o:J(l th. avrivlaJ NIlO 4oc~ta.But~ ... ,. c .... 

aix wMkaaf&.Z' th. cIl.CUZ'.l". aadIllCODc1uai". ExCOIIl.~ .. of 

JUI1lU'Y, SlaulU·wote Packutcl H •• 0 to· _plaul_ tIa~ P .... w..t!. . .. :]) . . 

• interest iDaII. NIl T or criais ~apa'biJlty .ystem. .. As tile OMB " .. 

director IDterpretecl da. P~ •• ldeDtts Wis •• , "It woulcl be ".boUle 

'. '.. 

• 

It woul4 

. 

appear&om th. ShullS l.tt.r tIlat 

.. 

P .... ~t· NIxoa .... 

chi.a, iDt.r.ate4.ia a crist.. capability ay!teaa &lid that _ar-I".A1-tlm • 

. r aaclout ..... 1ft Iaia JUl."" Ibe beat ... y of I.auaa daat capaWllty. 

Hown'8I", yarlou.cOlDlft ••• by;ScIal •• iD.el" ad SIuilta _plau_ &lao 

th. Pr.aid .. ta iIl_ .... t iD r.aclcNt ... 1ua.c:tI.oL ...... 1" cmla 

re.pou •• · I"aaclout ~ •. a nadQ capa1)Ulty; .. re~ .. _1idiIjiI1II 

t.cllDol01Y wu the Pr •• Wailt' •. dale! .. ".1"" •• 

from til. available .ftcl.Dce. It waa Ill ....... · 

, 
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, ' 

,. . 

. . . 

G,,:"lDi da. ~r •• iGut'. aclaWai.b:atloa·. • • II .iaoald" • ,0&1 of 

. d,vil1opaa •• t~ 

TIM, SIlulta 1eeter. dat.d 11 ApI'U. l'.acb.4 ExCOIll .elliabu.· 

Oil the .y F.e.diDa &b.il' D_ .cbed.ll.d IM~ •• SIUaltS bad pat 

. th. cat ~ly am .. the mice. 

. Two kayel.cialo .. 8merleel &OID tb. 2S Apl'Ul,'71 ExCoaia 

Q·e.llaa. They WH. prompted .000el,. by •• SJaulta l.tHl' ... ~ 

.' 

ScAlealD.el'" re.ta_mat of tIM :P1' ••. We.t'.wielae.. . Ia til. Ptwuba , , 

of the EXCom mimate.. "... • tile ~ee1._t ba. Gpl' •••• .s Yia02'.e1,. 

.th. cl.ul'abUity of NaT aacl.da. Pl'e.ldat ••• wiD .. to ba .. tIWI . . . . . .. . 

capabUlty aY&ilaW. 4iuiA, bb .ecODd t:eftD Sa offlc:e. n . ID &ect· 

• 

. . 

. . , . .... .. .. TlIat .peC:1e. of .cb.cIul. eJefI.ltloA ...,.u. to _ •• ~beeD Uaiq_ •. 

. at le .. t _tbill tile Natioaal a.cODDal •• uac:. Pt.l'iuD •. Pr .. um~y 

eitll.1' .om. 10DI-ra ... plaia Claat 1'''='' l'eU-.e QIlDe&l'-I'Mltime I'ecoaaal. •• uce by 1976. 01'· a .tI'GIlI cI •• 1n 10 1M 1' ........ wH 

for haylq fo.tel' •• Aeu .. real""iim ... eMoat r_..u •• ace ... .. d:a. Pre.WeDt', .mpha,i.· OIl compl.dJII dM· wwk ""01'. __ .... . . . Pre.idellt wa. iIl.taUect. lD April· 1971, .•• N .... A .... nl.aad_ 

had beeD lD office but two y.ua all4 the' .... ctio.·of 1912 was .dU 

18 :n~:l.tta. away. INt IlO ODe ca-.dGDed tiae ..... pdoa tlaat Pl'e.w.. 

Nixon would· occupy the White Hou •• f •• 11111 elpt' yeu •• 

,. 

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I VI' ' ,~t\:.I( C I 

~ .' ., ... , -. _... • ... ; ... 1. 

r •• p ••• to that .tat.mut, tIa. EKC.m vot.d to ac, •• Fro, a.; 

aD 1A~.rbD plaotolrapblc r.coma.lIIUC. sy8, •• ' lo~ crl.la I'.COllDai •• UlC. uel to d.elayda •• ckellul.d fll"~t1awic1a of 

•• l'1y 1976. Fubial &Del CUDe .eemeclto bay. WOIl., 

Tb. l'aDl"-of options lor cdais r.coaaal.suac.,bad oac:. 

extncled to tw.lv •• lt.rn.tb· •••• ,. ApI'U 1911 it iDd.dect onl,. 

tlar •• :' (1) 10 ~l'.ctly 

lor iAterim capabUity, (~".dj Frol to •• ba.entory" 01"('3) 

CtA. app.ar.el to favor. lb. fir.t of t1ao •• opdoD.~ 1D0a' oth.r participate ill til. AprU 1971 m •• tlDa favor.d •• aecGDCl. Packard. wIao " 

alaba dom1Datecl da. eli.cu •• ", forc.d. dal'oqla a elect. ion to atretcb 

de,rel4=-PIlElezat acla.clule by a-year.· He .. a empbatic ~ 

poiDda, out tut lae ~el.!!! pl'opoa.t:o el.1&.,,~. atal't o~ th. pro,ram 

but r.th.~ to 'ext •• It. t~i-m anel thu, to Fori .. Mclitlolaaltizn. 

for .olviDa cl.velcpment problema. 

, * 

Tlao.e •• r. the optiolla 10rmaU,. couiclerecl tpy, th. ExCom. 

Oth ... clloic •• w .... concei"'a~l •• 01 CCNI'S', bat cODslcler.tloaa of 

tim., moD." 'I'lak. tedua1cal utIllty 

weilo_uarity .. aiut all. III fact, dI. 

to h.v. baeD more Wuaol'y than ... at ill -.. .. rlLll. 

.... - .,.n, of~1l •• dieroccaaloaS, 

aD)" oth.r ape~ AprU 1Ii •• tIIIlla,,...."-

-0-"' 

D 
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WIl.D dati implicatlou of lb •.•• le e1ecl.loD badNa WOI'¥ 

out 1t appeu.d. that. a re.IODabl. W~ opel'a~ ~e 101' Fl'ol 

wa.'aDual'y1974 &ad IC&l~411&J' yeu 1916." KefiD.d. 

of ."'IIILI&. a Hlay ., 

(The •• dm_ ... IIIiaMl' fol' Fro, ud" 

tbo •• cUl'I'.at iIl'l&DiaU, 1971.) Gl~_ til. additlaiW 

Ci%CUIII.t:aAC •• tIlat tJa. "IYltelll""I'~.' did DOt 11' •• tl, dUf.l'. 

Dr. McLucuba early lUll ....... tact to PackaI'd 

". be delayed pa.t it •• cbeclu1ed 1976 .anUabWt, .data u4 1' ........ . . 

to "40 .ametlWla .!!!JWQIltt." " H~ .•• _.tloa tilat "~ ... _ ~~4 

"CUD •• ...u.:weiDcl1cated a HUef·ca We ._--" - part 

also ob •• l'vect that altJaoulla 1Uchud a .... atU1 "pr.f.l"l'ect tIM cau •• 

charted atth. April ExCOIll 1II •• da .. Dr. J:>arid.DI' •. FOltaI', .obert 

l t.·. . , .. " . .""" 

-FloeblEl. (a •• iII. Maaa .. lj ..... OSD ilatel11a.ac.'''ltl.), Dr. 

R.obert S •• man • (Secretary of tb.AiI' " Forc.). 1)1'." $CJal'liDa.r~ 

Admiral Q. W. Anc1eraoa (FtABcba1nDaa) ' .... otIa.r." &II'';'' 

51 , 

INIU~U ~ cIelayed for major r •••• iP.· For practlc:al 

k!l4!e Via. 

. BVEr:~ r. ~.I . " , ..... _ .i 

Con'Cro1 S,8". 0Dl, 

!. 

i 
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purpo.... McLuca. was pl'opciaiDa tlaat Fi'o, Z'atll.r. 

be til. priDclpa1.cri.b 1' •• poD ••• y.tem 01 •• 1970·.·u4 1'80' •• 

OIl the day that McLuca..o .a4vla.d Packard, lb. Pre.iMDt 

. . . wa. eIl.c •• baa Z'eatlout .ida'lab 1'0Z'e. batellqeilce Aclvlao&", BoaZ'ci. 

DI'. ~ . p" •• uiDabi, waaWU". of Mc:Lucaa' c:an.at pl'opaal. ' . 

...expr ..... llla .. uon, tiaaJIPZ'oval of tIM .. uHe&" ExCom deci:lSloa 

.. • to eaclol'.'1:J:aI, _:_ bit.l'1ia erial. Z".po'" .-.~.­

taiaecl tbat ."eb acti_woulcl .lay _ .... .: 

mdt--wIalc:k. otc9uae.wa. p~.ciaelJ' wkat KcLv.c:a. bact juat . . . . . 

advocat.d. SpeakiD. diJoect1y. to tIa.Pr •• lcl~ L&IMlto1c!- NixoA 

that baaa-.aucl'ati .Ire wawllUPI to "''''De·." fbaaDdalriaka 

. witiout "."081 Pl'eaidatlal bac:ldlti. I. that FZ'o, waa a cav.tioQ 

D 

atep. &Del III1""q11Ui' ... ·jum.p ~ woulcl,1 .. tb. U.S~· - .. 

I ....... ' .. 1,. .,10 •..• ,. ".,. 

$2 . 

. aD uaqu •• ti __ teclUlolopc:all." iIl.tIIla field. It Nixoa a.emeel to 

cOllaiclel'atloDa of I'iak, ~oat. 01' _eel. . . 

. Teada,. later, Luad cbaU ..... BrilacUe&" OeneZ'a! Lew AU.D 

(Wb~ laadaucc.edee! Ceneral KiDI aa NRO Dl1'~cto1' of Special P1'ojacta~-

SAnP) oa a.veral ba.ic poiDta wIdl. Allea brlef •• daa complete 

l..&Ild ~ __ 1 OD !!!I. ne acc:olI .... lAYUW 

. ~UUU\-\ \) 

.,. .... ~ ~ -CDt:.T .. , . ...,: ...,E\;tl'U 
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. DECLASSIFIED ON: 7 MAY 2012 Top·. !)tl;Kt,' .. 

CIA lot a fd_clUeJ' J'eceptioD. . ODe of dae fa.cia ... d witll ••••• !If 

tb •• ve.t.· wal Colo .. el. David Jba.ibu~ wlao IaacI .uc~ •• "d All .. . 

al la.ad of .. NRO .tall.,' H. ·1"POI"'" to ~cJ.,w:a. that LaDCl .... . 

" ••• DOt cOD.dou. of _y fadam_tal te,cluaf.cu pl'ob\~ ill .. 

EOl .ystem ·aacl •••• is .ot .. ,.cially critlcu·of .. 100 •••••• of 

the I'efluil'ezn'.l' .itUado. (e.I_, wby do •• . /' . 

I' •• pw. tim,). 'Po put it uotll.1' way," Brallbun tolel McLucal; 

."U EO! it a ,ech_loly-dri •• D deve1opm_t. . Dr _ LaD4 ill tIM mala 

5) . 

c!.--tv.,. II . 

. . . . 

lDe~tably, the McJ.,~a. "'I"~ tIaat po.tpaiMCl 

aDd· Fro, ute •• d had th. effect. of 1'''l'atlaa a ItI'O", cOUDt.rpropolal . . .. 

luppon.4 tile .adi.1' ExComclec1lloD to d •• e1op FI', .... iDterim 

1974 

pOlitlOIl wal t!:aat a Ciambit ':JlocWl ... omy to Ita ..... iD ..... to' 

aceommoilate ,,:.ry .Iie. fUna I' •• u.at .. _pIIl •• t. woold •• ne ~ ..... te1y, 

.s '&II lAtei-im cS'bi8 recolUlai .. aace .ataWte. FrOl." tbu Pzoopo •• ci. 

was DOt .14eel. In4ead, Halm. said, IIllrely _~ a few IDOl" 

Oambiu aDd k •• pml them on stall4by fell' crisis ..... 1st •• tbfy 

neads--witho\lt uay iav •• miIDtin.!:!!J .. e1opaauat or opentlaa • 

• e '. • • I . 
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'. T9....... v ,"LL' } ... T r ~:n;~\"'I\.,-1 

, ~ ~ ..... , I ., I., . 

III .'1I.DC •• til. CIA cbl.f arlU.d tIIa' It •• '. tb.rro. p1"o,o.&1 a. 

cUl"ratly perc.lv.dle ,.uuct\l1".d &I a c:ompetltor to ~OI aDd. ~r.-

lore. b IaOt Aece •• arlly the oll1yor be.t barclwar •• pproacb to AD 

54 . 

interim .ystem. II . 

raUb ••• Dator. who r.vi .... d ad apprcwedtbe ''Wack'' a~riatioD. used Ja !l.1\0 procUremat actbltl... M OM P1"~t of ~oa. 

illformal backJroud •••• iOD., dUm, dae w~.k of 141 ... 1971 . . '. . 

S~aalO1" All.A 1. El1elld.1". Cbalrma of the S ... t. Committe. Oil 

. . ·~4~ ..... Appropdatl.ou," iIIfonnaU1 ..tri •• el DaviCl Packazd .. II .. d •••• 

" \,~ fi..c\. ,. . 

I:et •••• v to • . To ~.Dde~. 

look.el 1n01"e attZ'active. 

All· the cia. ale behavior patteI'D' 01 iutiba&loDal iDfiPdD, Iaac1 

become appaZ'.Dtby late lUll.. Th. Slwlu-Scbl •• m,er-WcLuca. 

maneuver 01 AprU--clda,tbe p,. •• We.t as'M a"t:laority--~d ~ 

Fro. ~ approved but t~~poraI'Y ("lIlt.rim" in th. v4!tl'llaailar) .,.teiD 

choice. .rubbd &D~ .CliD' bad. et lb •• ta,.. The ."b.equDt mew. 

would b:ave, lwl die effect of maldni FI'OI a •• mi-penaaMDt .le'llMDt 

of lb. Natioull~.coDfta1a SaDC. Sy.t_ Ud would Uy. mau ," later 

- . ... -.... 

~ " ............ -
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'/ . 

cleci.ioD to M1lDOlutratlOD 01 

',.om ••••• iltlal capability Fr. lacked.' "E •• ut1alu .... ~. ' .... atlft 

"wori. Stat. ud OUB wel",.atilSei wlda rn,a.·a'erlal. ayat •• , 

Daviet &Del WcLucas, MU.V.ettbat Fro, wo" ..... Wy '.~. rel:a- '< 

" 

a et.vot •• of til. WagOD-Watt 

mi.tzout.4 .a.:' .... uruc •• ' 

_ ..... - couW well 

C&DCeIl... Tut. after all. ....da. uatBdaaal ~ of Pl"oi"'" 

t.n:ai&aadoli: Lad'. reactioll. _ddaat of .. CIA '~I'a., -. 

clecl8loa Ot April. '~""". 

waf 

If.UbII' .Id. was Pl"~" 

to cGmp%omi... Jacleed. oac. McLU~ 1ta4 alIaDdoMd .. CoDe .... 

eMb.cl4.et ia the April ExCom dec:bl_, ... ba4 _dDi' •• et Fl"ol ... 

viable &it.nativ. 

l:ba •• W.I' •• 0cll"aWlS til." ODly OM 'Y'teID could aiizorift. ~ 

EU ••• r mad. compromi •• lmpo •• lb1. b, i*odadDI a .... line 

~ ... . ,. ... .. ..:: . 

, ' 

TOP SECRET BaIl.l'la. ' 

BYEMAN' " 

Coatrol 17--- Gab 

, , 

, r 

I' I 
'IUt' ~tLKE , 

e.or.e.ellt 1tft, .... I1'''''' tepid, aad Luad'. marvelOusly 

favorite aDd. Fro, th. UIId.rel.. That reyer.al at po.ltf.oo. r •• ulted. 

. -_. complete uder.taAcl1a1 Of ~re.i.cleat Ntxoa' • ... u .... be rea.lIn.d 

. u a mOre forceful, ~i..i.Ye,· aDel UN. 4ect.loll mlke ...... W. 

iaune.ate pred.c •• aor.. LaDd'a .' appeal to ' ._cutl . •• iulpt ~4 

· that Fro. waa iDfedor . AD Ob¥lOUliut .t'p: th. ru.ctioD . . 

mODY 

would iD.vtiably C&u ••• ExCom'. AprUellllor.emeD'· of..l:!3 to 

fall. Altenaatlvely. boweY,r, U tJa. Pre.lelat. or perllap. 

EU.IIMr alld other .eDior ...... tor., could be coaYlAced 

wa.too ri.ky. tbat EOI stU1 was p~.Ift.t\U'., 01' that the co.t .. lImate. 

· yet 10 forward. 

·D 

1\:;- ~ ... • r"--• t 

- 1aaIl. Ys.' 

. ·RYEM~N 'D ,. .' .L . • • .. 

-~.- ... .... ..... _, . ........ ~ .. ~. 

· , 0'_ ••• j 
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Some· of :tlae· o' IftUle""e'" that 10Un" were auo.' •• .. ly ... .mhli.c •• 

. . of eye~I.~1 the J"1Ilc1'WIl va 5-2 co ... tof 1965. ro~ ODe. ho.--

lUce . .-..-. S-Z';.Ia"'-1tial1y . beeDrepre.ated . . '" tte a 1'."velY ~CI'a1abt- . . . 

forwal'd aclVaDc:e OD aladD, laal'dware. .. ·~mbell1ahm._ of AD •• dna. . . .... . , 

01' d .. oaall'ate~.capabUlly: •. · Bu.1 by way of 1911, aftel' •• J:xCoa :. 

had clec~cltop~OC"eed wlCb Fl'o, developaaeat. ••. ·pnp .. '. tecJaalcal 

mau,.1'1 printel1100bd Oil 1'1'0," a. .. I. • • a fila.· ,I'oa1a&il wlt1& 

.ome uJ'clwal'e CDmIl'C!D to 110 '(Oam".;). 'ft. 7&00,". oPel'lldoaal '. 

capabWcy bact 'I'OWD .~Ud.D.1y. a~ leal' mcaee.pt. ~ tJae .ml'81 

.,..~.' .lace the' .YI.telft ... · bava.te4. ID tbe ft_ of a 'P~bad.Pa1 

1"1'01 4e.\per. "~el'e al'e IDUlY IDOl'. claal'actel'latlc. of tbl8 .~ • 

. it. million. b~"'l'e .uacl Op8l'atioD tIia~ ar.·dll.iaa~ to 0amblt-3 

• • 

tbaAlimUar." Of ~e Ea.t~ e1em ... t •• amy t1ae~. aaodUJ,e 

IVviv.cl. Fnrof the· Lockbeecll"b.Ylteml •• 1'. UDalt.reeL w1d1e. 

, the laftware aM .ateUite coatrol fAcUlty Gpel'adoDa we ... totIIIl". 

'Dew, b. aeWecl. tlTb. operational pldlolopby is Deady all .... 

MallY of ·the key. cle"elopnleal &I'e •• bdBI totally DeW ae1dl of tech55 

• 

itaUcl aeWecl. 

I . __ '--1'._ , .... '..,. f .-

_. 

.....l.Yla· 

. BYEMAH 

CoatH1 i7d- ~. 

.. 

. ' 
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TJaatvl ..... cUl'~_t 1D th. prop .. dca •• alli .eftl'd· . . . : . . . . .... . .... 

r.lpect. lacOUl.i..teDt wi~ Clae ~0IIt1. Im!aa,. of Frol-~"'. wltla 

P~l'cll.~ It 18 allkely that aida.I''''' awua of tid ilacouiataCy. 

1D a leuel" h. Pl"opo.ed to •• Iid Suatol" EU.adel'., .e Depa&y Secl'etuy . , 

".r-PPI!IIIr-tiliillr. waa ... y.t_ ~bfte'l"atl ... ratlaer: __ .pte .. 

-,0 • ..'""" ..... loprU1a~ .. ': • p&c:bzoa·tOlri:n .... I". ''I am colWbacecl .. will' 

~.eDft,.ny .. e4ltbe acWed capabW.ty &lid .~"af re.po .. e Wlucb tIui .. 

·-'YI~.·" ,.' 

Dr. David. who waa e._lea. e"uala.tic 

Paclcu41. -uteCS to teU Elle.er _t tIIere Wal a ,GOd CUe 101' Mye10piAl . . . 

both .,Iteml but pl'oftcably,'" cle1ate41 for • .,.&1' 01' 

two. David f.lt tbatt1ae dRilloa bad to be eltbU to coDti ... botII' 

prolrama, lDore .lowly paced 'becauae the _qet ccu.ld 

. ' Dot limw.taAeoualy I"pport twocoltly .. aaclout pi"OIrama, ·01" to caDcal 

56 

.. cODtlINe Fro,. 

. . By dlat time, the Luacl Pa_ll'epoJt oD·bI .. edD, of 11 JUDe 

..... 1 •• 1&. '0 

, ,BYEMAN' ' 

'CODWol ap' •• 0DlI' 

I ' .... ,~., ... ~ ." .. , . ., , ....... . ..... " ....•.. , 

.... , ' ... 
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. Fro,' I p ... fol"lDuc. WU "llIbltaadally baf ... ioZ'tI to tbat 

(a Itateaieat wbollyconti-a4lctoi'Y of da.J~ •• -.Dt McLUcas bad. 

fOI"W& .. deCl to Pae~ .. 4 ollly. ~o ... kI·odlel"), ~.!:!!I wal a Idllae .. 

_ I"bk Pl"o,,,_ becaul. ~O ... M~ lublylt~1 ad compoMDtI Jaa.~ 

.' 

.. be dev.loped and oPel'at.d ill ~dl" TIa ... epozot ~I . , 

Dowb .... muk.clby a dbeg:l. of ",_ntum jamptl. t.cbao~IY. .. .. . 

The LaM P&Mll"epos't was DOra~aUy d&W .14 July 1911. 

On 9 .lui.,.. Seraatol" m." .... ·fonaally adftlec1 packa ... ~t GIlly OM 

rea~CNt syagm. sbould 111'MllClrtttd ill tile p.Dcua. NRO bwSaet act . 51·· 

.bovl.Ibe tbt; .YIMm. 

D ... LaDcl'. ari!IWD.ac.IWl;tJa wtalcIaS.D&tor El1e"~ appeal' •• to 

be famWu, .. s. be ... lop •• ,.. ·a first ... &l .... 

. by late 1974 u~.to pl'oeeed with Frol WOuld.colt tile lI&1:toa 

additLOD&l mOlley Uto ,et .. Werio!' product ODe ye&l' 

SGODel' (with substaDtial d'k) aDd with •• ~ probabl~ ~ •• ctelay , . . .. 58··· 

of the .1Ip~rlor capabWty." 

Aput "oil!- EUend.r,who cODtl'o1led apPl'opriationl. tbe molt 

i:dlu.tlal lenaCor in such majol" pl"o.Z'am •• culoDl .wal 5._m 

• Altho",," "draft copies" ~~~l· July were circulated. 

. O'UG~ \j?'"'' . .. .. . 

.~ 

lO·P . SECRET 

",",. 

\Y 
. . 

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.' . 

. McLuca •. a~~ua." to m •• t witb Stum •• urd, after l.u-lda, of . 

£Ue~.~I. vie •• , but. cGDf.loDof .dl.dale. cauect Colo~ Brad·' 

. .' . 

lNm to become th.· .poke.mu fo~tb. EXCom fte. __ t F~OI ~acb.Z' . . 

.1ao1uJ,4 ~ tmm.cI1aIWY.a.Y.1oped.· OIl 15 July. BradiNn' . . 

cu.ful1yexp1alD.cl to SteDDl ... y ~.a40. wa. COlUicle~.d ••• _dal 

and why F~OI ' •• ID~d to aUo~. a qulck.~ aad 1 ••• co.tlyaveDa Of 

. app~OKIa to .tUtcapUU1ty. B\It Ibatwa. at be.t a baCk8.~ •• trawl,. 

. . . . .' 

'fb. E1lead.~ l.tte~. wbleb empha.ized lnldl.u I'atbe~ thaD t.cbaol~. . . 59 

bad ~eclefiMcl tbe is.ue •• · 

By 15 .July it wa •• rideDt &kat DO biadiAl _cut. 'coulcl be 

made at the 1e".1 01 tJie EXcom.. 1r.Im. complitely CU.al~eea WI. '. ~!) '. 

,. 

Packazocl aDd David. All tIIat could be dOD. tb.~~ wa.·to cl~aw to.ether 

m.DcIa .... ) tc:atbe P~ •• lcl_t. n. dWlculiy wa. that two cU.aaaetric:aU, 

oppo •• cl posidoD.. bacl developed wldWaaJUl extera&1.to th •. ExCom •. 

Tbe CIA aDd tile LaDdPanel mahltaiDecl BnA1 y tiiat 

.y.tem could be de"eloped.by 1975, that co.t. would be rea'ODable 

&DC1 CODtI"OUaW., &Del that pro.~~ .risk. would be r.latively .u.pt. 

Dr. DaYid &Del the nn-CIA pa~t of dI. MaO a~pe. ihat a bette~ 

. •. t:\_ \ . ..l J-\ . . -.... ". ~ , U\l'v\~ ". ~ .. 

_ .. ... ' -- F ~ :\1;. ,-• 

'1L!'.41~ 'it-

""t'·.~. D ~·l . 'D" IL.1:-1 •.• U , . 

c:ontrc,l 5:;.11: .. l:Il:t 

\ott, , ... , ............ 1·. 

-'."'.'" •• I _, .•.•. 
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. ' 

cO\U1 •• would b •. to' .... lop F~ol fo~'1974 ope~atlon.~ C1ella" 

··"iDa til. 1 •••• 1' I'iak ..... tile 10.el' cost. app~o&cIa. . . 

bOD. Vi .. ,pl' •• l'abl. becau~altbOv.ab ltlAcozoPol'ate4 

. '. 

·lD·dI ...... op.~ad.OD&1 capallUlty Would be "'~eclablY·II'.ate~ .. . ' 

. . '.. : 

. ·10~ F~OI. ' .. n. oda.~ ft .. wu tbat aJ;thoqIa I'~, 

wou14 ~.Clu1~. a-campl_ m.l~ad.oa otmay coaapl_ .ubliyftelD., 

" 

F~OI attamptecl cmly Ii. IDO •• 'ac1v.ac. OD tIl •• tate-oI~tbe-U"'" 

.bou14 tUl'.fore be I' • ...wy achleYabl. wlduNt ~QCb teclmleal ,uk • 

FM pzoactlc&1purpo.... '.c:Jmicalri.k~. a'1II"~~I.te 101" ft .. ~al . 

risk, liv.a that co.t Il"owth lD .atelllt. I'.c"""anac. FOP-am • 

••• lAYariably ••• oclateel. wlth UDCl." •• dmatloD of tecJUalcal. dU8c1Ilty. 

-rh. memol"aDchJm • .wz. ••• ia, tho •• i. ..... wouU hay. to 10 .to th •. . . . 

" . 

. Pi-e.i ... f~om th. ExCom--o!! fJ"om ita lDdlY1cJulmembel".altlloqb 

That portion of the~Com m •• ttaa of 15 

to briefbl,~ OD .DCl tli.cu. sloD' of 1"1'01, 

.' wa. ~te_ .. to di.clo.e &DCI •• v.lop •• ~ .... of chok ..... Ua1I1 ••. 

Formally. the beom ha. to cboo •• &IIl1" 

antlclpat .. a J'&DuAry 1976- f~.t la1lJ&C~ 

. . .. to \ ' .. :"i~\ . . ... . -. -.,. ~9\)'~" 

- ...... ~ . 

. ~,~: .... , 

at a coat 

I 

.1 

j . I 

I. 

I 

I 
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. . ~ .. - \,IllIQUID 2.. price • 

• 

ialtial la_ell. UDtU JwI •. 1976;'dae . 

.. --. ,li.t ~.'IAC:,1I 

optioza. a •• umed cODtUauaace of Fro, aACllt. o,.rad.oa ia·197~ CIa~ 

. thil'el' elid Dot •. 

. -- -.---.,~ .. SclllRUl.er &Del Pacicaii lliUy d •. belle ... tIi4t coat .atb:Date .•. 

'., . iIi~"'l t&.y ._ weI'. Q4.t 

-tho •• ~oi)_u&l'y 19ft". n;y .1I'i~pbl&al:.etl 

.' FoWtIr'Ud den ·HalllE.a, "IEldlaWty __ ~ de .. fi'~Y: • _ .. ,'_... . . . tli. CIA (wh'O ••• p.e.maIi ·Wi. C.z.l E: D.d;e.. o.JNty Dil'ec:tIft,· 

... ..-.-.- -.-~... . . - Sl=leDce ua .... -'f~.-c .... bliOmlY) clefellCl.el _til 

~. .- . -.. .--.. -:- . 

Hex.jo ...... riliaTcl';eXc".WI Hexa,o.'e ratIMr nba~al coat pOwda 

-·--_·:-··--ozrthr·ll"Oamfnhat liCIt .zaOu .... bad i.eG kHn Uout!' !!!!I!= 

th. pZ'·o,rim·appZ'oval d.culo ..... m.d.bid prot .... Claat 

._-

D 

estimat •• were reliable becau:a • teC:lmatlol:Y ... wall.-"-atoocl. 

• 

~ 1j.'.' .... I0 .......... ,'oil . . .. ·01..... . ...... .,j ~. .• •• •• 
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". 

DaYlcl Packud .. cu.. Dot .~t. air .... witla Duck.tt'. vi ... of . .. . . arC'.DKt •• f •• 1iD1latultlve1y tbat it waa UDt •• aitc to ' . . " . 

po.tWat. a 1,75 1.ucla date".teftl' th. 1.fti of fuDdin •• " If th. " 

.£01 appl'oa~b 'Wer. to be aapt." Pac:ku. ,a aid, the ExCoa alacni1d 

f:~y" Cell til. Pr.aid.~ that 1976 WU,tIl.eul1.atpollIbJa lauacJa 

clate' &lUI that ODlywi6 luck cou1cltlaat acla.clu1."b. ~ •• "' 

coura. _ald be to 1.1.ct a COD'.I'_tl .. Icb.dul. fl'OJD ...... tit. . . . . 

Neidier tJae firlt DOl' th." tid ... oftla. "optioDa" wal 1'~Clc.. Ia 

PaekaI'dla JwlIemeDt. and "b. Vie. abaMon'. couWeDtlOa of .... 

Packarcl fWDcl Fro,coatl ~dacJae~'I' aome .... t IDOl". cncllbl. 

if oalf bec~\lae tbez.e was •• mallel' lap be __ a the dID. of .. 

clevelop •• llt av.blJltalatlally aC •• _ •• al'ly cOlt &ad aela,eW ••• ti1Date •• 

optimiam altoutt.c1molollcall'lak waa a &Illy mla,lacetl. ua4 euly 

~ 

pro,ram pl·"'nin' ..... ~e4y .atbPla1le. by ita'llilcOIICepcioaa. 

.ome, Umite.-1aioW1 •• " of t.a. cbcUutaac.a. 

_the NRO Comptl'OU •••• u tIaol'CMlIW'fandUal':, wi. 

their b~clal coueqll.ac., uacl aaid ,l1ttl.~ J)uckett 1iadai ...... ' 

the CtA effort of, a_a,OD. ()tb.""... DO parde'paat til the di.- c~ •• ioia •• ppear.clto bav.,.leb.1' .tudI.d 01' "_1". clOae1yimo ' 

"aped.DC., ~_ iA"caa ... -.c. only Scide .... I'.d 

qmLbblLeci wltlt. Duck.U', exp1aD&d~ of "t, .,.rieDc: •• , at 'explalladoa .. a at Yariaac. ,witla lact., 1Nt ill_ ' 

ab.eDC. of .. no bl,tltutional .emol', .at ... not appal'e. 

attbe tim.. ' 
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I' .. ... e,' ~ .. ...,. ... , 

.. 

., ." ... ~ .• • .. ·1 ....... ' '''' 

e.tima,.a NUl ~. e.u.mat.d. time of p:rol:ram compl.tloa. Ia .••. 

'e:rm., . tile pl"lnclpal e~oice lobe a1foSo4ed P"e.l.eat NixoD waa M.· 

..... '".,"". DO ea:rUe:r tIaaa 1976 uell':r.· avall-' 

al"eemu' .at Ja t1M alabl budleta:ry em:rOlUD_wblcbeveZ'· 

.y.~ell'lwa.app1"oved .a. likely· to laa •• a 1-. ope"adoaal UIe. 

Th. 8ad_:r bveauc"adc .m&DeuveriD. had. iDa.e. Gceptaace of the : 

p"~ile tbat FrOB. U develop.d at ail:. "11ikely to remaiD lD 6. 

iIlvelltory well pa.t 1977. tile Dondnal .elate for iAtl'od1&c:tioa of • fuliy 

e' 

lat:1a. cO"" •• o~ .e torwz.e4I eIlle"e.loa· of 15 July, McLuc:a. 

,ull •• te. da&t a way out of the fiaucial laab:rOlllo would M to 4elay 

eDde d. Tbat would caul 

•• D for Fro, had 

.'YIu.MI~VloIU'" to IUp util 1971, _~ 

.. it. would :r •• o1ve the bu41et pl"obl~ _4 .... 14 r.lullia the iDltlal , 

operadoD of • re.dout IYltem ill 197 .... · SeW •• iDln' .adorled the 

notion aDel Pac:icard .••• m.dlnter •• ted (pudy becaul. ~e c!lcl DOt 

he dev.lop.d OD t1l. .checlale da_ al'\IID.d), 

b.ut Duckett was vel"Y Deladve. 11azaaliD, Helm.' oppolltlOia. lb. . '. . . 

. David, wbo had a.v.r warmed to the DOtlon of a l"ap1cl ".v.lopmeDt· 

prolram 
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Few ,racdcal IN!'pOI.' da.·oa1y prodKt 01 ~ ....... ·cIl •• . . 

CU •• lOD wali a clecillOD to fol'warcl a clI'aft .... oruclumto t1la . 60· . 

B ••• eia 15 July aDd 9·Aua.t 19"11. Da~. Pac~I'd,· aDd 

H.lm. a_.,ted to ,l'o41Ic. a .e.o daey coal. Jobat1y. 'ila.· :a,. 

5 Aup.t Helm. laael con~l_ecl tUcJae coulelllOt ap~ ...... dae ~1-

non rakeD by Packal'd &Dd David; 0Il9_Aqp.~ Ja •• at W. owa to 

.. chepa=Ue1paat. au.mptiDi to •• ur. ac:cepeuc. 01 .elr po.UIou. 

OD Z3 September the decl.loD .. a. aaallOUDC.el .. PI'"W'Dt Nlxoa· 

el.ct.cl to quaAium jump .. 

The mo.t. iDt.re.CiDI· &Del .1IilUic .. ·..... of tho •• two _011_ we~. Dot the d.Ci.loD ... It. effect OD tile ~.t. a. '~"e.t" 1»y. 

t!!e .ubl equellt dbcu.·.ien.. durUlI tile ~Com ~e.tiDl 01 30 S.pc.a_~. 

Far mor •. impor~t wel'e chI clev.lopm.DtltIla, led to a complete 

.;alit b._a .. Helm., Oil the one hand, aDdPaclean.:ad Da.w 011 lbother and the fUDclameDtal clUfel'eDC" of viewpoiat til". eIi.elM"o. . 

. "1l~ "~ . /tf,. .. • . • .. 

I ~ I . . ~~ 

0) .c..c~ .' , '" A.4--..... 

·TOP SECRET .. 

.. 

... . 

,. 
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~4 .. ~fl·~~ I ~~c.. .... '-l iWodLf .. ~ 

... ~"-1f~~~ ,....t.M~ r~~ o.-f· .' ~."'C~c. -....4.c-A.~ ~~. c.. f CJ ....... ~~. 

q,M,.,.",.,.....cA:..,. .... etr. ~~,. ,~ Colli' ~ 

~6 -. . ,u.~c ~ ~ ~ ~~""'r' ~ 

~ (Jv. ... 1..& ':;r : 'M----O('"tlt. - G~-..t:J. 

~ ....... n C 2 , L ... ""ctUOotA £....-.;" c."(J. ~. . 

~ , • I ~ ~t1I. t'cw.J-, 

-l."........-... j /. tc. -

'. 

..--(., . ........ f-' P.-/. a.' '"'"7. ... • ~ -..f 

-~---~--!:-. '----=-~-----=~~~.:--.--_~,....-=---.;, ... ~I ...~, 1::1. 7~ , ','r". ,~".. --~ ¥. ~L r~c......... '-~ _ ~ ,k 

\..~'"\. .. L, .,f ~\r~O~ ~c:.r" 44- , ... .. ~, ~ ,,~. 

~ ~~f- ~ ~'c"-'~~~'''vV(."\.l 

O~~ <r_r £t { ~ C.,t," . . . ." . '. . . 

'0 

, " ...... , ............... . 
NRO APPROVED:FOR RELEASE 

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- ' 

Aldaoqb. all atWuc. copy of da. LaDd a ... t ,.... 14 Jal,. 

bad IN •• iafo~m&1ly ci~culat_ .a~11e~ &bat mODtJa. .0 full; .... ad· 

cated cop,. .... t forwudtoJ)~ .. Da~ _till. ~uly. "'0'" ___ ~ 

of the I..&Iui PaW wl~ld Jab a~._t to til. cc.:luloDapaat, itaat , ", 

date. 'D~. All.A ,Puckett badCOD.lateatly .......... ' ..... I'Yadou 

eqa.u., , .' 

a.reed to acid hili .... to til. llat of Lud,... ___ SOl Sa apM. 

," 

- :nent wt.. dI. ba.le ~.po~. DI". lUCba~4 L. G~wbI, who baDdled 

prlipa:oadoD of the liDal ~epo~t. wa. able tobrlq Puckett to that· com-, , '61 

promi •• GAly &fte~ ..t __ d dlacu8lou.' , 

... 

....... 

F .... "Deatally. •• 1.&IMI p.-! ... c ....... tbat !:!!I. be Copped ' , ' . 

be d ... 10ped, towal"d a Noy .. be~ 1974 fbo., AlPt ute . . - . '. . .' . " - On the day dIat b.e recelved the, ~onDAl copy of •• LaDd ... ell'ePo". ' 

,Dr. DaYicl completed, the f1I'.t 'caft of a pl'opo.e4 kCoaa memonn+_ 

10 the PI' •• ldeAt, l'~cOllllft.DCUa. a ,d.oic. _ .. _ rr, ba 1974 .... 

-1976 o~ later but faYOriq Wa,.d .... 1opIlleat of tIae EOI, , ' 

, .y.tem. OIl 2 A"Iu.t. ,Helm. pr~~~~1'- Cbe £XCOill pre ••• a .. 

~ou~t~ ·BJiAN . 

c:.," 170'- ~ 
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optioza. to ~e 

"before" 1976~ 

. . . 

a 1976.cheelule, (2) 

1976, ud (5) Fl'o,iD 197 •. 

1978 •. (':rhe OptiOD. were DOmlnaUy ill ol'eler of iAcre .. 1Di 

---- co.t. . althoup i:D lIleterm. ~ discu •• loA .WIIi.pr.'IiiIIY. -_. ExCom meedn. da •. ~da opdoza. Frolplu. a 1 

- couiderable marlin le •• costly tIwa ··Fro( ptU··a 1 

Packarel, wdt!AI Oil SAul'll' aa chainlliu of tlae Exeoaa. acl-

. vi.eel Label that there was a :IQIlelameDtal dba.reement within the . 

ExCom oDwhat to l'.corDlII.encl to the Presieleat &IUlhow. 0wID&. to . . . . . 

the appal'em impo •• lbW.ty ofl'ecoaciUD. tlaeizdlve.l'lent oPwoa, •• he 

told Label,· ExCom memb.l'.propo.~cS:to .eael·two meiDol'", fol'-

wal'cS, ODe from Helm. anel the other from Packardanel Daviel.· 

Pac;karcS'• clI'aft emplla.ized tbat :readout was .e.lrabl. 'bee ... e 

of it. crisis c~pabUity and DOt beca".e of anypOt4lDdal lor tile .ub-

• aque:lt cievelop:ntllit of . 

improvemen.t of electro-o;ttiea1 imalin. technolol' ~ 1'1"01. he ex-

. . . . . plaiDed, . would nan.mit plaotol:rapba "a fe. time. a day" to aD existm. rea40ut statioD 

. ..,:"C, • .. ,,, 

-. t' , ... 

, " . -,- " 0'0 \::)'(~ .. ~ .. 

perlDittUal clata to reac:~ 

. ! 

I 

, 

I 

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]) 
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.... 'vft. ~t \O:J\C I· . 

'-

. '.' 

pictur •• 11&. bea cak... ft. .. . . 

tedmiq"e.bacl be. ba.'c~l)·deIDOutrated. u .ad,. al 1,61 (Ia" 

'E-l Suaoi). b&d be_ ••• operated·~"cee •• fuU,.tA the 19" Luu, . .. 

-=- that tim~ tbat.Fr~I'~a~fJ..d ''mo.!. bat .,,4.u1l iDte~li8uc. req •• - .. 

meDI,: ~OI would retvD relatively. ~P r •• olv.1oI.oa phOtOa~aPll' 

·cla11yud at a ratber reaaOilaWe coat. . ... ,.-- .. ' ~ ... -, 

The Eel acbematic, iA tb. Packud-DaWl ._., repr ••• te4: 

"a moreacitiDa tecJmlcal aDmPI:.a.£:Il" 

Dot aU componesata -ere proveD uCl the .ystem wa.·certala. to be very e~- '. 

live. Packard &lid David Dotect tbai tile !;OI a,.tem coulcl p ....... bl,.· 

become available DO earlier thaD ~'76 .- at a dev.Wpm_t cost' of 

.. 

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.- . 

, ';;1(. ;;j) Co\;; 1\ t; • 

... , .............. ,. to ... , 

Fl'olft. tbat atatUi sUllUD&I'Y. Pack&l'4laad naYid pl'oC •• cled;_ 

.·,tatement of c.Aolc., ucl Ju.df1cado~. If a I'eaclo •• ,.tem .el". 

"wut.dat aA eaily elate. a. tile SJaulb 1eUel" of Apl'U 191.1 ",d .UI-

.sste4,· .e"bettel' cOUl'se woiald be to _Fa illuDedl.ateu.elo"pm._t. 

of til. hOI .y •. ~em. I~ would .vel, be elM.1' tIaaA EOl (a ...... 

: mgt cost of 

. . 

. vel'y p%obably Ite avaUabl. 1".1advel, eul, 1a 1914 •. Ikea.e oftla. 

~.nate·. pre •• ve oDbd,et _eme", tile memo coldbaued. .. 

Pre.ide. mu.t claoo •• _tweeD two bastc alter_live.: develop oaly· 

. the EOI .y.tan at 

fiscal 197~. 01" develop .1'1'01. at '0._. ~d .~ E01 .ystem 

'- . 

~.velopiDeDt upon completion of 1'1"0, ".e1~eat in 1914.· . 

Tbe deci.ion em whlch COUl'.e to foUo •• 1aoWcl _ ba.ed eatbe1y 

011 wbether· early reaclOut a.auabUt" "I'e wuatecl, PacAl'd aacl DaYid . . . . 

cODcludect. If 1976 wel"e Ul acceJItable elate, tba EOI Pl"obably was the 

best choice. If an earlier date were wanted, Frol was tbe Ot..vtou. 

63 .. 

preferellce. 

Pft-yeaz ceUiD, l~~ £01 cle.e1opmeDt ... fa- . 

. EXCOIll lIleeda, of .15 .July INt· ....... to 

. at tb:&t tI.me. Dr. McLuca. "e"". at 

D 

.D 

·one point 

proliam 

a· year was aD optimum expeadlau-e~. pVeD 

operatloaal Omy d •• e1oplDeat e_g were 

. ." . GU . UR~f{· 0 0\1 ~n .... '_ 

" . Bull. 'f" . "D 

TOP SECRET BYE.MAN . Control :':a tiD OD~ 

. b"in" cOllsidered. 

\\~ 

.• ' ...... , : •• 1 •••.•• ~ .... ·"tt I ,t· • . ft. h ••• t·. ..a. .••• II ......... .. 
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.. . . 

It" ~i.~~~ U_ ~":-- "~~ 

~ i1A.t. ~~~11l'&· pLl) ,&-k... '" . at. • ta,? 

.J L . I."~ ~ ~ tJJt,....~ U4':~&-:J~ .". 

h~(':7.~....L1 ~t""~ f~ . ~ n1. i '" uc &i.4.- t:zl) a , ~ -.-..c~ . ~tJJc...., , ~ . 

A_ .• .&. '.I .~ ... _..L. .L._'_.~~·_ ~~ . .,. ~ H_ •. ~...,~_aR'iiG 4£=-....... .....- ~ ...... ~~ .~~ ... ~.,....... 

;-"'-- ... ~r I- ....., • (. ~~ ~" .ffc;...(" ". ~'-i"" .,.,)~ CW~ r c.. _ .. ". .. . . 

-' I . 

/ 

l 

,. " 

, 
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.. 

.. 6· ........ . III a prompt I' •• pou. to tIa_4&afc. & copy 01 whlela a"_da.~ Bella. . . , . 

. o~ 5 A.~c. Oil. of Duckett' •. ".patte. aclvlaecl MeLuca •. of wliat W 

become" CIA polltloll: tJa. Fr. optloa lUa1d _ dele'" .. to • 

. ·co.dy ..... Gambit plu Hesa,OIl _oul. beue. WI~ .EOI·c .... ~ ~ . 

1l.lope4.Duckett .... e. tiae·ZxCOaa·to. _Ie, 'tft_~c·naet rKoal-' 

m~cS a,. atIleJ'. cou" •• tbu to 10 all ... wItIa EOlia aD .,._-. '" ". 

way." 

Lail-cl'. r •• pou.·~poa 1~ tkat tbeDtCOIIl Ja&cl ~ .. Ii to . . . 

r.m1acl Helm. of tll. prori.ioa til .. ExCoaa daute:r (tile 1965lGtO 

chuter). wblch .pecUied tbat ·ExCoaa diHli" ....... iaould be l'e- ,. • • 

.ferr*el to th. Secretary of Def •••• for r •• oltltloa. bl the cb1naa • 

• taDc •• , 1.air •• al. he WCNl.a ••••• Helm.'. "lew. befor. taJct. All., 

.fuJotb.r acdOD. Lair. p~opo •• d to pr~e It lDeaaoran4um to .. \ . . . . ' 

. . Pr •• i ... t1Iat woUld approprlate1.,· lummaria. aereat ~cdll" 

. . . . 

but: OM t1Iat: Do_th.l ••• addr ..... _. prbacipal i •• ue. iQ • ____ . 

way and, lA'tIle e •• , recommeDded & cou •• of .ctf.o~ 

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Baall •• la 

·.·BYEMAND , c.a~ ISPt.:I aQF 

I ~."''''''.'tl ",Ao. .,_ '1." • ..f! , .... / ... '0 •• ,. 4 " I'., ".~ ........ I . ,. ...... 11.1 •.• " • ,.1 ................. .. 
NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE . 

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I 

• 

Uad02'tIIIlately. Lail''''' ~ ...... 1'.aciM4 ...... aftao Ihbiaa· ... . . ' ..' 

cU.lpacc1ae4 JIla cnna ·lUlDOl:aad'. to Pr •• Wea, ..... L&ml'alll~o 

.wa. dat.d9Aupat. aMoDda,. Helm ........ day.·UAupa\ a_, . to Laird a copy of a H.1m.·to-tb.-PI:.1icln& IMIDO date4 9 Aapft. . .' . . '. '. . 

cladoia·daat .... act' a.,. .. i. aay 01· t1w ....... ·con •• ,.... •• a 

:,ecomm_dadail toWlay ~I' .. ,.u.. 1'Iaal ...... tl68. altIaoUp 

~cua.ecl at yariou· tiaM •• 'wu aotlll. Packu4-Daftd' .-ec ____ -

~OD.of .uly ... ~~.~t:~~~&I'A ba~ ~2'ftoOcI ~De- . 

p~.~·of·tJif .... _po.lti~·S &Q..L . Rla -eac? '-.. J-I'''w.. . tI.J... . . .' 

-- ..... 

Foee • ., bam da~ ... umptiO ... ,". c1lo1c ..... EOIIlOW o~ aMv. 

• a_tlaa'Davl4"packari~,ma~,!.·{ .. ~,~1"~'4~'';' ~.,...", tr«.-- ,..".. ~ . P".L.,.,.,. ... ~c..:l.~"..,~.. "-~"'f ..... c..c..,.1-#r'4-

.,..~ -.J.-... ~'k~·b~~~.J."'-tJ,~ . .m-iaDdtil:rio· ....... t ... JJ 7u&·.·1c f1IUa~ecl ...... ~"'~ __ .. ~~ · . ~ 

. ..- . -... ..... . . .'. 

the pl'olaable COD.eqaac •• of Laird'. actloD., LaIrd. alt1uMp ead- . 

Deatl., fabola tJa. way'of aU ~yMlnlul ,alldd·M .... wboIl,. .. -

peml ••• 'Paclcucl to. operate ·ib.' Depu1:IDeiat of Defu....TJaai 

Lr..lr4 would be likely to 2'eO.ct Pac:kal'd'. YUaWlioilllt • 

. it, •• em. pl'obaW.. Paclcal'd _lItnaiad e.ttmate. 

tl'usfol'lDlDi exo.tic el.cU'ouc. teclmo1olJ' iDto .••• fu1 ope2'adONl' 

.... ,<;\ . .... ".!. 

'T()P SECRET' 

'.j 

, 

t ;. 

~ : 

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DECLASSIFIED BY:C/IART 

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, 4 ........... I .. , ~ .... ,. .'." , 

. . • ,.tem.. CPadcucl, it wU.i be z.eealJ,." ... a laIply nee •• ~~. 

e1ecb"oalc.execUllve uul .. aperieac:e ••• J) ""1'1' ill pzo,yat. .. 

IUt. J Wlrd Wa. Dot equipped by apedeace 01' lDcuUdoa to eYal. . '. . . 

1&&te tee_~oJl=a1pI'OblelD ... -a_ L&bd ioo was .eDutive to co.t . 

Wlcertf:1Dtle.. ,nere wa •• lllbt UkeJ""oocl _, Laird wauW' J'.e_-

III'" ala. la1p co.t. bllb ri.kopdoa to ~1".lcI"lGxoD. or ...aa1d' 

pl'e.~,.uc:Ja aD optloa 1D a~faYOrab1e·llI1at. If GIber cWc ... wu.· .. ..: . 

attl'actiYe • 

. lbDW:laa tlao •• ,:robabWU ••• Helm. dW 1IOt clelay ill .... _ •. 

aU hi. 0_ memo co the Pr •• i_at •. ne appUeat two-day. _lay m . . 

.etttq a copy to the PeDtal. was a bit mo:re dlIflcult to eaplaia-.- . 

but thea. DolaodyreaUy ukedally e __ a~ra •• 1n& que.tion ••• Chat 

. . .... . .. 

lb.. III 111. lIIemo to tbe Pr.eid-.t. HelGa. arl.c1 tbat tb,e ...... t 

could Dot .uppori ... combiaecl Fi'o,-EOleffon. t1aat Fro, bad _ 

• 

n •• equeDce: Laird'. memo to H.lm. Oft, AUlust •. prolllably 

c1eUyu •• tbat afte:rIlOOD. but at thelat •• t the m.or"l of T ..... ,.. 

10 AUI'Ut; He1:",'.9 Aulu., memo to the Pr •• W.at.uc1 bi. triamiRUlDeftaO to Lab4. no, wdttell or .... uatil·W ..... clay. 11 

AUlu.t 197.1~· b would perh&,. ~ UDle.tl.manly CO .... ' •• e ~ 

Helm' •. , AUlat memo was backc1atec1.(lt ~.to be 9 A",_t if it 

was to F.clate l..alrd'. la.tructloD. Dot to .... it) aDd that ... 

11 "'''IU' date Oft tb.lfolrn.-co-Laud.emo cUd DOt Dee. to be 

backdated. 

. . 

'~f ..: '--I' . 

. 

r 

~,. 

,... ... ~ 

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. . . 

exl.t.d ~ that of .tu1iAI wlda FI'0i ~ late .. aaOYlaI to EOl.· 

Helma alao '1II ••• t-tlaat 1A I'wltrEOl wu Uka17 to appeal' 0111, 

a ye,ar laCe~;~ FI'OI adebat dae ... wa.·l;lttle ._e" a~",' 

a oDe~, • .z.advaace blcapa.,Ult, if it ... at tlaMEOl·aalp.t ~'PO'~ " . .... . . '. .' '. 

. . 

- .. .• " Tlle~opdoll that Helma 1II'1lid orh ....... __ a _a. to ...... -

EOI .,.~aa cleve10pmat sa Dec""bel' 1911, .• -w. at a J1IM .1916 

laucla,. ....d to l'e1, OD aambit aDd,H!!!I!0a 101' -1 B8C ••• Uy u.- . . 

. tel'bn . cl'l~ia recoDDd •• allcecapablUty. . The 

. .prima&-,. 1l1~z.D&tl"e 

(w!dcb Helzu ideDtUlecl ail tbat fa'VOl'ed by DI'. LuMl) was to.~ 

EOI clevelo,meDt'lmmedi&tely aad.cud •• aD 

laUDch for late 1974 tat aco.t 

of the fa.ol'ecl opcloa).A dUfal'e. al .. nat:i. ... ·• B __ ~ -* ... weald 

. be to adel to tile faVOl'ed OptiOD a' pz'cmaioa fDI' ...... ~ of AD 

iAtll'im quick I'la,o.I capabUity 10 .. cl'bl. I'ecoaaalaaaace 'at a potend&! coat of two flU' of .... lopmeat). . 

Mo.t of thearaum •• u iDH.bu' • .mo .. ewbnia to tbe ~ ..... , 

focu.eel OIl a •• umed .hortcomb'laaf FI'OI: •• 

was toO 10DI fo~ cd.1- Dlaaalem... !:!:!I. pzooftded _ .... e ...... 

TOP SJ:(pq-

.. -..... , ~ .. ..: .. ,'I; :. ~ r & .. t"! r"',' . IJ ~, •.. t'i. ~ •• - Cc=trc 1 ~;i.;; e:. \I:': r 

.' ! 

,. 
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i 

of .,tta, teclulic:a1 iate1U •• Dc:. capabUlde.. h, ... 1 coatlleZ'. tIau 

other quicker"poD ••• ,. ..... lDd l!!I 4eYllopmeDt dUflcW.tle.~. 

D .. 65 

~._ ""I'ltat •• l .. 

TJa. H.lm, =_0 could.b. faultedOia .e •• a! IrOUaU. It d1cl . 

noe pl' •• _taDY.I'.a1··aite~D&the. to tIa. Z'ICoana.ad.ct priilauy ac~ . 

~ it cU. DOt obj.ctively Ivaluate tIM .. \IIta .... f.lu._ of .. t:wo .,..' 

t.ms, lnIDOZ'.clpo~tlal co.e powtla·~ .clledal •. 81ipjiobleiD. Sa 

thl mol" adYallc.d of the Ira'''. beiDl CODtl'U,,,, &Ad it 'eaaplopd . . . . . . 

I ,,". 41.,.,·· ... t .. ".... . .... 

. . . 

tb •. OP~ODI.· . B\lt it could aot " fawted _ eII.cdVe ••• 1 Il'ouad.a: aU 

of th~ poteatial Ibol'~=-inal 01 FZ',. aa4 aU .of 1M &rpm.Db alalDft . 

Frol. WeI" laid out IIdllfully •. Tb. M&ter 0' til. EOl attr&ctlo~ weI'. 

cti.lplayecl aDel' the d.k. el.pr .• cla~4.Jf •• fa ••• el optioA 1." __ ~ 

'WiI~lyopdm1ltlc al r •• &~" eOlta uclacb.~a, it could'M CODtZ' ...... 

. ~tb & atlll 1D0ir •• lowlal .. optlml.tlcopdoa .... 1' ••• by lb. ~ 

0211 of thl mo.cr •• pected and ",cc"llui of da. IcilDtil" ••• oc1atecl 

wim la,eUite reconll&i .. anc.. And if Helm. 4lct DOt .mpballa. LaDdil . . 

llaatl. Via 

····BYEM~N1) Coatrol Spt.- ~ 

• ••. ,... ., " ... ~. •• I ~. " .J,. I • 
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Tis. l"atloMle fol" th. He1mIm ............. ob8c... It . . . . F~o ••• 1". a"zoovM fOl" .eve1op11U1d ud EOl _ftlopaiut weZ'. ·poat-.. . . ~. ' . . .- ." '. 

poa... ..".~a1 e ... a would follow. )bIt. tile CIA I. I'.c .......... 

. . 

.y.tem development .peclalbu woW. bYe _ ..... 01" ...... "'OIraia . . ,. 

In.Jbeb' bweD_~y: Hexalon·~ lie. opel"adcme' ... ...u g-bIt, '. 

• . ....... u4 ·da. pl"lacipal .. " aystem woald·. a ~ of GamNt ......... '. 

.. to Ute W.a&-<:o_t ,lem.nl ol ib .... o 101" .... opaa.-:-....... !:!!II .'. . . . . . I . 

1»- .uCc ••• ful, variou of t1ae lm,,"OHmata t1aea ..... ,,"opo'" '.01" 

. the baaic Gambit miIJlt ~ be u."ccwpo~ ......... til. ·~r.d_.I· . 

life of :t1"O' coW •• ellbe, ate'" tIa.I'.~. III tIae.,,..... .. . . '. 

daAtla a 1 •• 

. . . '.' 

opel' ada. an ext.dIa •• y.t_Witia. appl'.cla~ ... '1"G. .. low-co., 

Ir~ poteDdal mipt ov.rcom ... '.6lb1oU ......... of ia .. atUai· '. 

ilia 

ttve l' .e'med oll.paper or ill a laboratory. 0Ke Fr. 'Dt. ...... ID-. 

. v,.tory, t1M 'I"o.pect •. of EOl cllmln1alae4. StaCIa lactol". t1ae CIA fully 

apjlreciated. . 

.. . TOP SECR;El 
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. . 

. . . . .' .:..' . . ., 

o.a til. da, • copy .' of He1aa .• • .. eiDO 'to da. PnaW_ zo ...... • h 

• 

Whit.Sou .... Mc~uca. ·l.UDed that J)aWl too .. em" to .. U,.,. .. 

frOlll •• euller •• zo.~dJ:xC:om poalUoA. DaYld IaaCt tol4 NcLucu 

" ~t ia dI. iater.itl of uzalty U· bid ur~tofol'e ~_ .lDcuiled ~ let 

. ~1~ '..11 

. : alOll,'witIa P.~d·l!.ft.-•• bUt DOW~'~ ~ ...... !~".d ua~ , ,.' . :-r-- .. • •• . . .. ' 

. --= 

acWevaw. ... bad d_cl ... to· "briDa forwud .... ofll1. _._.1Ie . . . ...;.... ... :- .•. . .- .' . 

. . 

f~.~ •• ~!! D&!hI: F .• ail, beU •••• that ... ~f~-t be Z'tlCot,ma._ • 

a.·a f ••• lbl. optloA~ that LUd wa. WIaoU,WI'", tJaat a _ore 4eUbu- . ..,.. . '. 

. '. 

aQ cour •• wa. a.m..abl. tbu u, MI'.COfol' •. pI'opo.nd; tllat b!l . . 

shovld beel.ployed r.,-eIl ••• of odieI' . couicleratioDl. ; _4 tlaat o.c~ 

u"ri..,.,e ip ,~., .ai.4 aiDa 1'.'" ;rOc1Dctl 'Jwl be .... acta* .. 

teclmo1o.,. IYS tem 

. N~J..uc" blm.·.1f wua' •• Labd to pr ••• tto·th. pz. • .t~\tU .. 

optlODI daat .xte ... frOm a ·1976 £01 ;~.r" to • 1,1. b, pl_ 

a 1978 EOL' Mct..aca ... s. wllUq to cOD.War .... t.b. til ........ . 

w •• He1m.· favodt.: acc.l.rat1GB of EOt 4 ••• 1opmat for ·1915 a.all. 

abUt",_ 

In th •• Dd L&1rc! d.cided to recomm._ 0- specULc: cau •• 'tlaat 

tbe ExCom could air •• ODe Tb • .ol'dba, ... pec111iU: t.alrd to14 .. 

. ..... I\r1 , . t'\ U' ,1"'\ 

, ~UU~' 

. TOP SECRet 

•.•. , .• ...••.••• ·.t I • _ 

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I 'C;~.' d. -. .' 

Pl'etldeattbat dut ExCom bad a,l'e" tbat ........ ~ 9P.dOA ... to 

develop EOI to...rd a l,760pel'ad-.' .. te _t. at a .,eDdiq I'ate 

,.&1'. HId'", H ••• 'luG., ~ecpm.lllelld" that 

ctecblOa. .ut. Labd coatbau... HebDa fe1~ tllat aD .&I'llel" oPel'a"; 

. '.: :': . tiWl dDt wU. ~dale~b1e~"I'4Iaa4.cODll,denllle ""UtI" aboU:i' .. 

.. --. 

.. 

accelezoatioll aDd ~. lom ___ &. ..... 1m1.~~ about ·l976-·~aU&bUlty. 

.a_ DaWlJavore4 1~11Il. El'e._c .. e tD 1Wa·&'l,'6 .~- . 

. . 

a~tyda&. fo~ all EOlaYlte ..... e. JalPlyaalIke1y. Heba. 

0ppo," 1'1'. m. a, e.lllt. ,."ariAl attenaad .. lui, ~apa1Hl1ty . ". . . . '. '0 

. . . ," . 

1,ltem. if.e wel'e to pro.e lIeceelUT. III La1.I'ct'ljwllemat. 

the aYallUWty of H .... ,OII Delat.el· aD, __ ellozo zoeadRtcapablllty 

at ueul, date, .0 (be tolel the Pzo .. idellt) the beat COIl .... w&1 ~ 

order proaram of EOI cl ••• l~meDttowarcl197' oper.ti~1I "01' po'l.ibly . 67 . 

lomewb&t .&I'Uel'." Helm. &lid lAJId had takeII tIlat 1'0IIII4. 

0.13' September,i)I". Heuy Ki'lillael" adYUeCl all CODCel"Ded 

that tile Pre.idellt hail COIIc1uct.ct tbat tbe.~Y.lopmeDt of the EOI 

sy.teftl .bovlcl" uaclertakeD ~warcl a i9?' operatioD&l cla.te _d· 

"unclel" a l"ea1istic' fWMl1a, prolram." F'III'~. til. Pl"e.Wut had 

declo. tbat If. • • tIlere ,houlel be DO Ia.rtIaeI" cleye10pDeat of the .' . . 68 . . 

Film a •• -Out Ca:nbit (BOO) Irs_m." ~ ... -. - . ,'.. . 

'. 

• 

-, 

, 
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t '-': .... a. ~"""I 

' ... 

TJaat •• mad til. maiD que.tIeD.· Co ..... da. aaao. Exea. '. ..". . 

m_.ao. later ill Sapt.Db.r UIIccw.j..d ..... _ ... 1M •• about .. 

"r aallldc faDllbaIPI'O'l"am"c.~ .. t,'b, widell tIae WIalte Ho •• 1aa4 . . . . 

. - prabablyjtU.·lDut.r,. II" •• _.naIIS .. a&out'Da.dOll I'at. aM '- . 

. tla. lib •. Mlor wJaaLremaba • .s. it .... MC ••• U"'. advl •• S __ Z'~-· 

);Ii __ !' of the' 4eciaioa alld,at .. _only afteao Ullied 

69 . . 

J'i1IQ re.dOut tor Oam'Wt ... oftlclally dea" ""'":' 

Tbe 30 September iD.adA, tlaat ·co_Wer_ 11M deCta of tile . . " 

., 

h. left th.· lo"erameilt lat.rebat Yeu. Abotat a pal' .latei. die 

pre.leleDt aboU.bedthe Office oISd.e.e Ad"bor: botb D1-. DaYlCl 

and th. Lancl Paul YUi..h.d tIlereby. alta. lk. Lulcl coatt.iM4 

to acbi ••••. CIA. McUac" .ani".d to becoaa. Secr.tuy of tIa. 

Ail' J"o~c. lD the .econd NboD AcinuDbtradoll; Helm. wU ~d 

actio_appeared lObe related to CIeC:"',-. but the,. 

• ~I"'~"' •• ""'''' .•. " .. , , • 1- ......... . 

• ...... ,. ~. ,1-,,," ..•• I·~f ........ I : I ... " .•• Jo ... ' J... 1.1 .•• ' ., ....... " 

-. ,'. 

·n 
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..... 

.. 

NOTES OM SOUltCEI ... 

. l~ .. " MI'll, lsQ.D •• £:Ol' •• &>, Db/la~. Pl'oj, 16 reb6l, 

a.J: Tl'lp •• port: !!! VolllA,C1a V~, dda m •• , foi' 4eta11a. 

of ~- ~ up.rim •• e.. . . . ' . 

/;: .: Samoa .~ro.r_ ~ .. ~~._. 3d-Dec 61i lD SAnP ftlea:' 

.!!! Vol BA, pp 1'1.111, . till' ••••• 101' detall8. ' .. .' 

3. Mealo, Col W. O~ Kia" "'011'''1. to CoL 1. w. a_N!. . -~ ---S..u-sp Pi ........ PolRy OIc-.-Z~L, i.a Ci.~ •• r fUea, '. 

SAI'SP •• _ .•.. . .~.. .'. .' . '. 

s. 

7 •. 

8. 

9. 

• 

Val'lou. Samo.E-1 ~q ....... 1. clad,. frOm' 1919 ... 19~ 

oZl May 59 RaM ,.,-1' by AaaltoalCatsa, "ObHnadOa S ... l~ .. 

• Uta ~. ' • .• t,/ pap.I', "ADatomy .of ...... "" NOell a. E. 

01' •• 1'. Nov 61.' ..' .' . 

. . 

apt, ''Sauy Pl'ojr .. E.3&ec:GllAu .... C .... Loc:Idl ..... MlaaU •• aDd Spac. DLv, 19 1_ 59 •. 

• pt. "SamOa ,AppUeclll.aearcla S,. ..... " 9 New 60; rpt. .. 

"A.rospac. COI"p. Evaluatloa 01 tbe ileA £1~cCI'oatadc IlDalilta 

aIMI a.cOI'eliaa Syatela, .. II New 61; Ltr."aJ D~. W. DaIay, 

5ys 81'. D/T.cla, AS~, to SAJ'SP, 13 Dec 61, .uJi De..lop-·· 

lDeat of a Pboto Tape SasOI'. 

"Automy of a.adoui. It 01' •• 1', . Nov 6.&; lu, NaJ o.a a. E. ' 

Ci 1' •• 1', Db/SP,to .Cap' F.B. QoI'IDAIl (U5N) •. SP-PIua, . 

l' Nov 61, .ubj: EstablbJameat of Special Study 01"...,. 

Samoa Prolram Cbl'oaololY' May 63: rpt, ''Pho~.Ta'' 

a.coaal •• uc. SystelD, .. prep lty T.· l. I'tIl .... AID a.eGa. 

Lab.' ApI' 61; am.DUcI_ .... t, ''PIacdo-Tape aec ... ta.aace 

System, It 15 Apr 63, allla SP·' m... '. 

M.mo, E. M. PUl'ceU, Clam, Recce P .... 1. ·co ~ 63, 

subj: PaD.1 fol' Futur. Sa~Wt. ~.COft~lsa~,...... 

. . . ,\\"\~ . '" . ~~v". ' .. ' . 

..... 1.1'1. . 

c.!l~L .. lOP·. SECREt 
NRO APPROVED. FQR RELEASE 

DECLASSIFIED BY: C/IART 

DECLASSIFIED ON: 7 MAY 20:12 

J ,_.' b: 

. . . 

-

10. Memo. B. McMIU... DNaO, _ SoD, 11,Jaa 6.5, MlbJ: Qalck . . 

11. 

11. 

- _. 

a.actlOa Svwuw.ce S,.--. AD DlfaO file ••. 

• B<iea 1. L.M"dato ~ S .• McMUI •• , . 65 •. 

apt. "Ttl. AppUcatioD 01 1m .............. SateUlte .• ecoD-. . u1a •• c~ ·toCd.La Mua •• --t."~ .. ",COMO. £xCoa:a.' _:2~ J •. 66. .• .. . 

Mba. NaP ExCOIll Nt •• 17 A 111 66. 

l4emo,"LlOaF.p. CUl'ou, Dk/J:IIA. to ~ J. 1'0_1'. _ .• 

I ;u., ... ,,,.., ... ,,,., .... "' 

15 •. 

. 16. 

Db/DA .• E. 18 Noy 66, .abJ:A8 ... ~"1U!a ~ec"", 101' lAleW.ueeCoUectloli(q._ la __ -'-5919, SAnS 

to LtC~ L. All.~ SAI'SP. 21 Noy 66,.. . 3138. Col L. All.., S4ftP, .CD ~ J. 'to 

NRQ Staff~ 6 Dec 66~ 

Mae. J. 'I.. "Nuda. .. Db/SP~ to ~ A • 

11 Jaa67. .. .. . 

17. . apt. '''-a •••• ata f~rlmal. Fonm. Satellite aecenal •• 

• &DC •••• p.iy. to Wan;aiDa/lDdicadGa. It ....... pZ'ep by 

COMlREX. 5 J .. 'I. . . . 

18. .!!.! m.mo, A. H. Flax. DNaO, to CbI:D.. ~1B. 11 Yu 69 •. . • DbJ: Study of .. equb .... _ ........... Satellite 

•• couaia ... c. a •• poui •• to WanalDi/1Dclicadaaa It ..... 

la no pOlicy m •• ~ . 

19. Memo, E./H. Luut to D ... ~ H0I'IIia. h •• Sci A4in1'. 16 

Oct 68, 110 .ubj, iD J..&ad, P ... l ,.p.r., _0 lUe •• 

~O. N1D. NR.P ~Com Mil. 13 Noy". 

ll. Memo, Flax to CbIft, USI" 12 M~ 69. 

, ,.- ....... , .,.". • ~ I ••. 1.1 , I... ••• • 

D 

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12. ,W"'o. J. .1 •. Crowley, IJP/Spec hoJa. nas.". CIA.. to ' 

mcao. 16 Ma, 69.' .ubJ: ..... " • .;01',& _tltlM "8aieWte ..... I'OI' .... a.caaaal.~ ........ 1 .... "--.1 

ladlead .. if •• cla, It Ja ,DN&Ome.. ' 

23. lIl_o, E. H. La .. to P .... US. 6· ... , 6 •• - au1t,J., ' 

Notaa; SAl"SP orieDtatioD bl"lafllia for BQua W. 'G. KiDa. 

Db/SP. 'Feb 69. . ' '. 

r' 

'Uemo.Jt..L. G~to' Dr, Echrba Lud. Z3 .1 .. 69, .1I1tJ: 

Major ame.of loUd ....... 01' Tee' .. "" few J:lectaoo- , Optical 1DCel1l1-c.I...!!!f"htelUt. (''BOl''), brl.aad P..... ' 

mea, SAnS. .'.' " .", . . . - .. Wemo. D. Packal'" DISoD, to It. Hebu, Del. L. A. DuBI'"" •• 

Pre. Sci A ••• l'i ... 4.1. L. McLucas. DNaO. 16 Ma, 69; , 

27. 

~8. 

, 29 .. 

30., 

3i. 

31. 

.1IbJ: aeal-Time a.aHut. . Memo, Col ,I.. All.a .11'.' !XI' 'taO StaS. to.Dl' 1. L. McLucaa, 

DNRO, 5 1_ 69. .111»)': a .. a1-TbDe ....... 

Vi.wal'apla. ,of bl'ie8 ••• ·is.., ola Slmpl~ ftoto ...c ....... - ..~e E1.c~OD1c ....... ,.Syetam. " pnp 'by SAnP_ 

Ba#lDatoa ClDg, 12 1_ "69;, ri~ of ,brleIIal 1ft BaeD 

W~'o.lCiD .. 1)i.1/SP, F •• 69. ia~ea. , " ' 

Mba. ,NltP EKColD Mtla~ 1 ..... A'JI 69. as 1' ... 4 ~ Sep 69. ' 

Mia. NRP ExCom )('1. 15 A., 69. 

Wemo, 'E. H'. ~, et al, to DI', L~ A. DaBI'lClie. Pl'e. 

Sci Ad •• I' ,ll Ava 69. 110 aubJ. la LaM Paael pa,... •• 

DNRO m... .. . " 

Memo, 0. T. Tucker, Aa., SoD (SA), eoD/SoD, 14 F.b 10i 

c 

.'ubJ: Iatel'lm' a.epo,t oa'dIe Committe. for lIIuDediate .ec~1"J " 

of lm .. ery (F&Ib1D1 Conmalaee); zopt. a"pol't 01 .e Committe. 

for t.asm.cliate aeco.el" of lmaaery, ' 16 Feb 10; iD .... A.L~ Latter to E. FubiDl,6 F.b 10i a~dlate 

a.covery.,' ",'~. ", Q~~t\:,' , 

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33. MID. MllP I:aCola W". 16 Sept 69: ••• "'0' ..... Col L. 

AU .... J~ .•. Db/DOS .... · to D.' ~H.Jma •. L. Dd~WI. (J:aCoa) 11 Sep"~ lubJ: _ •. . , . . , ..,. 

V1eWl1"a,..lolltJ.lefiDl' l' AVa 6 •• ,I'" by SAFsP for D~ Packucl, D/SoD. 

35. MiD. NltPJ:xCOIIl M,,8. 25 NoY69.· 165., 6'; 

36. Memo,' E. H. La"" ~ to J)It 1.. A. DtaBri..... 13 leu 70 • 

• ubj: SolW Staie.Jt.II1~e ....... ·S,.~ Ia WIld Paael 

file.; .!!! -.-0, Tcke1" to Pac:kud. .t al. 14 .Tal' 70. . . . . ... . . . . 

31. 

38. 

39. 

. J 

40. 

• 

41.· 

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Memo, E~ R. JADeS. .t L:.DIo L.A. DuBI'Wa.. Pr_Sci 

Aclvll', 13 Jui 70, .ubJ: npbk •• e .. ·1 ..... a,ate .. 

S~, ba J..iuId Paul PaPUI. 'DNaO m •• i --'0. Dddtlato I). Pac:kaI'~ D/Sol); .d a. Rebu. ncr. 13 J'ul 70, . 

• ubJ: LUldPaaelRapon .. 

Wao,O. ·P. Aulta, Jlk/OMIi, to D. Pac""" D/SoP, 

15 1111 10, DO .-J. iD SAJ'SS m •• ; .... 0 _lIIlo.Col L. 

AUeza, Jr, Db/IIKO Stilf;to Di J. L. 1Ic:Lu&:u, IiiiiaO. 

31 .Tql 70,.a): ACUwtty aepo", . 27 J'1I1 - 31 J'al 70. 

llpt, Directorl ••• pewt to •• NaP' zx.cutl" •. Com,;,, __ OD 

FY 70 statu aDd FY 11 Pros 1'"", 15 J'ui 70, ,...p by_O . 

Staff fOfJ .L·~ Mc:L1IC& •• Dl,GO; lIZ, 0" P. SlaultS. Db/OWB • 

to .D. Packard.D/SoD, 15 J'ul 70, _ .• ub,J. IA DO 41 ••• . . 

M.-ao, J. 1.. Mcl.UGa., DHIlO,CO Db/CIA aeec. Pro ... · 

Z7 Jql 70. subJ: Approval ~ a.=o-Optlcal tmaailll Prosrua 

Sya'.m :o.~dAD .Plaa •• : ·mltI,lGP ~COID Uta, IS Jal 10. 

Memo, E~ H •. LaDd, to PI' E. E. Davicl. 1r. Pr ••. 

Sci .Ad .... r. 14 ~--~ a .... -Tim. PJao .. ~aplalc: S,.tem.· 

m.s; miD, 'NIlPExColll "'ta, 20 NoY 70~ .. 

TOP SEep-g. .: . 

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4.£.· J.II", E~ .0. J'ubbl toD. p~ D/~, .a, Oct 70, ....... J. 

43. 1.1 .. 0. MaJ w. J'~ Cl'aia. MaO Staff. to·~ J. L. MC~Ii., 

mao, ...... (WI''''-t 1·11_ 71,. eaJ:"y cu... •• ·V ..... • Cnala . , .. J'.L.· . 

·U NOY 70. ~.la_O: 

...... M_o. 1. L. Mc1.ucu. ·DNRO, to ~ B.~. xu ...... o•• .0 

II DR 10, .,,"* PbotoP .... CapabUbI •• ~ CriH~. 0 ., 

m DNJtO m... . . 

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MIa. NRO ExCom "ta. 10 .. 10. 

46. . l.~.W. P .1l00a~ •• ·s.s. to .. Jle1:U. Db-/CiIA,15"~ 11. _ .uJ (lClntSc·al·lu_t to K~ . Lak., SoD, ......... ,; 

1~. C. E. DacuU. Dlz'/CIA· .acce p...... to Dr 1. L. 

WcLw:ae. DNllO.ll.Taa . 71, DO ."J. " . . . 47. . Back.r'" bifofiDadaa fnaaQP ~ Ai .... iDI' 19 .. . J. 11 EXC_ Mta." 2,1 J. 71. prep bfMAj ... CralL 

SAl"SaklDemG. B.. ICaIaal, MaO.taII.. to·J)ao I. L. WcI..1lo •• , 

DNRO.2,1 J_71 •• gb,: H_y. Me.u-Ilea1-TIme .. Moat. 

48. Mt.. .. NItp· ExCom Mtl, l'oJ .. 71.· 

49. Mba, NIlP.com Mtl •• lO Noy 70. 2,9 Jaa 71. 

50. Ln-, 0. P. $bulta. J)1i.fOMB,to D •. Packal'd. DfSoD, 

ZI Api' 71. _ ."ltJ: mIII.-P EaCom.... Z, •. 11~ baninr .. 

·LtCol W. Cl'ail. DO Staff, bya. PeI'l'Y,10 5 .. ,3. . 

51. . Memo. J. L. McLuca.,DNl\O. to D. Packa1'4. Df,oD. 

4 JaD 71, .0J: ACtio ... Appz'o'" at tile E1cCom M .. dDa 

CZ3 Apr 71);, 

·52. Memo. Ad. (ret)G. W. Alida..... .11'. C1uD, PI"lAB. to D. 

Paduai'd. 1l/SoD. 17.Twa 71. 110 .abJ.· DllRO lila •• 

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53. w .. ~, Col D.' D. B~a~ DV/.O Staff.' to Dr 'J. L.' 

54. ' 

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55. 

56. 

MeL .... DN1l0, 14J.71 •• u1aJ: .... upU of •• 1.&_ 

Pae1 14 .... , 11 Jua ~1, lD DNaO me •• 

WelDO, L. C. Dirk.,' A~_ 'J)lr SP, CIA.' to D/DDO. 17 

.1_ 71 .... "bJ: Intel'laa Neu-Bea1-TIIU s,.. .. ;'-Ve1dc:l., 

...

.. I'atloaal A1~el"aatl"'a, ad.tad,., .ame aUbJ. 1ty , 

Dicta De .... Aaal Diy. Db SP CIA. .wld.c$ .. 

, , .. ' lJ'SP St1ldy' AptJ: 'n RIO-Day Scud,. .... d COMDU:X 

'·StU,. ollDteUi.I.e ......... IftCI'l ............ . S~1l1telrD .. 1Da. II ApI" 71.,' ' , ,',,' 

Ga1a IV, An'o~pace COI'p. to.' ' 

,May 1.auj: Fro., lD SP-! m ... , . ,7,LtCoi F. Hol.-_ to Dr 1. L. McLu.ca8, 

11, fOI'Wudbal ey of *~i Packal'41tzt,to . 

EnelMler (MeLK" ""lD Loa AaJele.): lIlaio.E. E. ' " 

DavidJI', Pre. Sci' Mv.zo, toD. Packard, DISoD,' 30J. 

71~_ .ubj.la DN1l0 m... , ' 

57. Draft rpt. ''Tlae N.ar"~.al-Tbiae PlaoCOJraplale R.eQU.ta.uc ...... 1\ 

Prolram (EOI-Fr~). " pre. by Nadoaal a.ec.: th..-J/ 

58. 

59. 

60. 

......... , •· .. ·111 " ..... ~ •• ~." 

Pr •• lei_t'e Sci;e AdYl.OZ', 1 Jal 71: •• e I,! 

r. ,R. Naka, D/DNR.O. to BOa, L., ,Alle.;:-.1r. " 

3 Aua 71. traumi.tdaa •• le. of zopc: lcr. Sell. A. J. Elleadel'. 

ChID, SeDate 'Cmte OD Approprlatlou. to D. Pac:k&zod, D" 

Sol), 9 J1I1 71., no su.bJ. ill DNRO fil ••• 

• pt. al,lled by E. H. L&IId, Clam, Had a.eeee PUMl to CIa. 

Prea~ei.Dti. Selence AclYiaor, "Th. Neu-a.ea1-Time PIIoto 

~.cor.liai. aaDce (E01-Froa), It dtel 1'4 Jul 11. 

MFR.;J. L. McLucaJ, DNRO, 14, Jill 71, .ubJ: Not •• 1.01' 

U.e at We.tiaawitb SeDamI' $teJmi. ac 3:~O o·clock. 14 

July (ft. b.: memoaDDotated tID .how ita ue by Col D. D • . Brad';;, ' Dlr /"-'0 51a11.. ill 15 Jul Iftta '~~ Ste~ •. ' 

MIa, :O\P ExCom Mtl. 15 lui 71. . .. ~ Q~~ 

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61. Lull PaMl.", 14 JUl71; Itt. Ji..~ Qarir1a, ~ Pu.1. 

to ~ E. 1:. Da .... J~. Pna ad AI4ft •• Z" J1I1 71. act nbJ; 

lv, Oanda to Da"'d. 16.J1I1 7~ •. ao -1aJ. boeb ta l...Uul .... l 

,...".·.·D80& ••• ·· . . 

. 61. '1£_0. E. E. Davl" Pl'e' Sci Ad .. I'. to D.~ Pac:ka .... DI 

SoD," ucla. He1Iu, DCL 24 .Jul •. aubJ: . iii ..... .,.... to 

~Pl' •• ~ ~ J'Ioo, ... EO!: "'0. SebD. toPackan. 

. 63. 

65. 

66~ 

6;. 

68.; 

2 'Aul 11, •• ubJ: , . . 

Memo, D. Packutl. Clam ZxC~ aDd D/SoD • .' ..... . 

about 5 AWl 71. to M. JAbod. SoD. n1tJ: ...... S ... II' •••. 

wlda. act, _aft "IDO~ D. Packucl ... E •. .,.Y141. .ExCoaa, 

to PI'.' .did." aubj: ll ........ n ••• · . TJaa Packud to " 

LaUd ."0 wu·laim4Wj.l .... · "Ia' pei.cu. ... cu be date4· 

oGly&om • aolatioa .. a v __ teal aU.".. acopy ••• 

to die DNRO. • 

.... 0.1'-. Helm., lXI'. cIA. ·.SoD. 11 Aua 11, nltj:_""'. SaleWee., wi eacl. memo, Helma to PI'.', 9 Aua 11, .... .• ,. . . • 

Draft m~, 1. L. McLv.c:aa.DNl.O. to D. Pac:kaN. D/SoD, 

11 A .. 71, DO ."bJ. Tile 81. copJ' u •. ~ to .. D iIItO .... 1' ... 

piece. aDCItIwa 1' .... eaab1ecl witla .. aid"Of crUllpa .... 'cape. 

" It may Iiot bYe "eD ... t to Pa""." aU--bac la~k 

cle.enbe.' a co ...... adoA betwa_ Mcx...c:a. u. DaYid. It . 

ac:clll'ate! Y "eaec'l tb. Ii_doe a. of 11 A"I.· 

Draft m..mo fol' W. Lahd. SoD~ to Pl'e., swep by J.. L. 

McLuca., 11 Au, 71, labJ: lleadoaC SatelUte.: M. I.ail"d.. . SoD. to P .. el, 17. AUi 71, ."bj: aeadout Sate1l1te •• 

Memo, H. A.. Kil.i.el' to SoD, J)ht/OMB, DCI. Pr •• Sci . 

Aliftl' •. CIuft PFIAB, lSSep ·11.. .. j: *ar-a.al-Tlme 

Satelliee aecoDllalII~ce Syetem, lDmalO m...ltallc. atlcletl. 

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,.. . Mbl.NRPEXCO. uta. SO S., 71ilCi'. D • • ac_~ DISon. 

to ... A~ ·l. -=n ....... CIuD. Came oa A~.lad"" '. . . 

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