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NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 

WASHINGTON. D.C. 20546 1I011111MMINUM 

OFFICE OP THE ADMINISTRATOR 

Honorable Robert C. Seamans, Jr. 

Secretary of the Air Force 

Washington, D. C. 20330 

Dear Dr. Seamans: 

As you requested, NASA has participated in the DOD analysis of the 

MIL inventory of equipment, capabilities, and facilities that might 

play a role in NASA's space flight activities. NASA has received 

considerable assistance in the general areas of spacecraft and 

ground equipment. Of the DORIAN elements, the most significant 

items of interest at this time appear to be: 

a. The acquisition and tracking telescope system (ATS), 

together with the General Electric simulator. 

b. The Eastman Kodak facility and capability for building 

large optics near the diffraction limit. 

We can foresee the use of the ATS or a derivative for earth observation 

from orbital workshops and space stations in connection with earth 

resources survey activities -- if simulation and test programs point 

in that direction. We further see an early development of large 

orbital astronomical facilities which would be built around large 

reflectors of DORIAN quality. 

The principal problem we would face in pursuing these ends is the 

one of preserving the security of the DORIAN program and the related 

intelligence activities while at the same time maintaining the open, 

unclassified character of the NASA program. If it were possible to 

make equipment and facilities available to NASA without any chance 

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that their DORIAN origin would become evident, we would feel it to be 

in the best interests of all to proceed in the normal unclassified 

mode. On the other hand, the Eastman Kodak facility has an apparent 

continuing value and utility to the NAT and should therefore not be 

compromised. 

What we feel might work is as follows: 

a. Evaluate, through the GE simulator, the utility of man in 

earth resources survey. We would have to request clearances for a 

very few key people for this job. 

b. If the results are positive, NASA could contract as appropriate 

with ITEK and GE for development and procurement of the ATS. The 

equipment history could perhaps be revealed as coming from USAF supporting development without being linked to the MDL. 

c. In the near term, NASA is most interested in finding out 

what can be done with MR/AN-type hardware along the lines of a 

follow-on to our ATM. We would like to have Eastman Kodak, with your 

approval and guidance, undertake a small engineering and feasibility 

study of this matter. On a longer term basis, we are interested in 

the overall capability of Eastman Kodak in building very large optics 

for future astronomical systems; we plan to discuss the technical 

possibilities with already cleared astronomers. 

d. If these actions are approved and lead to subsequent decisions 

to proceed with system developments, it might be feasible to sole-source 

such activities to Eastman Kodak on the grounds that they have unique 

propietary processes for grinding and polishing large optics. This 

would preserve Eastman Kodak's role in DOD programs without comprosise. 

The above is admittedly an outline only of the problem and of possible 

solutions; if they appear feasible, we would like to work out the 

details together as soon as possible. 

Sincerely, 

Homer E. Newell 

Associate Admiaistrator 

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DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE 

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY 

MEMORANDUM 

September 5, 1969 

Attached is a copy of 

1. the proposed memorandum for 

General Hedrick's signature to Mr. Hansen 

2. the draft paper on the proposed 

ATS experiment for the AAP. 

I am told that the paper is under rewrite 

by Sam Hubbard per General Hedrick's 

request. I understand that the changes are 

essentially editorial -- with the exception 

of a statement to the effect that Air Force 

has no FY 70 dollars for this purpose, but 

that NASA should credit Air Force for 

dollars previously spent as the Air Force 

contribution for FY 70. 

_arJefitET.- 

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AFROS 

ATS - An Experiment for AAP 

SAFRD (Mr. Hansen) 

1. As you requested, a review of the applicability of the 

NOL Acquisition and Tracking System (ATS) as an Apollo 

Application Program experiment has been conducted. An 

account of this review is attached. 

 2. Following your request, I discussed the matter briefly 

with Mr. Dan Fink of General Electric, the contractor 

involved, and made arrangements for an appropriate presenta- 

 tion. Subsequently, I asked Colonel Stanley C. White, formerly , 

 Bio-Astronautics Assistant for MOL and Mr. Samuel H. Hubbard, 

 Chief of the MOL Engineering Division and Technical Advisor 

 to General Stewart, to conduct a more detailed analysis. 

 The attachment is the product Of their efforts. 

3. I have reviewed the experiment proposal and feel it 

is a fair statement of what might be accomplished. There 

are numr.rous problems associated with implementing such as 

experim t and some of these are mentioned in the attachment. 

 4. In ddition, there is the major matter of National 

 ReconnaLsance Policy which should be resolved by the Excom 

3 as a first order of I understand that Dr. McLucas 

 has initiated some acti,_ to this end. Ls you may be scare, 

 this evolves fro; ".„D .11ed" Nelalinr. rule as edopted 

 by the NS AN 13G '„oc Ce.::::ittee some y ;13o. Specifically, 

 tais limited ITASA to employment of down image forming 

 sensors in - :th orbit to resolutions non-:sr appr'oximately 

 20 meters. you will note in the report, the ATS is 

capable of resolution that betters this fisure by a factor 

of 10 or 

 5. An important but less pressing item which I feel is soft 

 is the estimate of costs involved. We are attempting to 

 improve our understanding of these but a precise estimate 

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will come with the definition study addressed in the 

attachment. Whatever the costs turn out to be, I think full 

recognition should be given to the past Air Force investment 

which is not only substantial but is also directly applicable. 

In any event, it is also necessary that NASA be queried at 

once as to their interest in proceeding with this experiment 

and willingness to absorb the initial funding requirement. 

This of course will include the cost of storing and maintaining the equipment prior to go ahead. 

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ATS - AN EXPER/ENT FOR AAP 

Definition of the Problem 

The report from the Ad Hoc Committee on the disposition 

of the residuals of the MOL identified the following points: 

1. A key feature of the MOL Program would have 

been its potential for quantitatively assessing the contribution of the astronaut in enhancing the performance of equipment in space. This has been and remains a goal of NASA's 

Manned Space Flight Program which has never been attained 

in a measurable way. Consequently, there remains an urgent 

need for the DOD and NASA to undertake a formal program to 

establish what man's roles should be during future spaceflight missions. Data collected in this program should 

identify man's capabilities and limitations in operating in 

the space environment. It also should provide quantitative 

data on the relative value or contribution of man's input 

in the performance of a task as compared to that of having 

the same task done automatically. Through proper study 

planning the data on man's performance should be established 

through the use of data gained in the real environment while 
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he is operating equipments that have direct mission applications to DOD and NASA. By selecting a realistic mission 

task, motivation of the crewman can be assured throughout 

longer mission periods and thereby man's worth during 

extended missions can also be addressed. 

2. The Acquisition and Tracking System (ATS) in 

the MOL space vehicle provided the mechanism by which man's 

contribution to the mission could have been measured. 

Engineering models of the ATS components were well along 

in fabrication and could be continued as an experiment to 

be flown in the AAP. Through the operation of the ATS 

system man would have exercised a full range of his abilities 

to perform a broad spectrum of demanding manual and mental 

tasks. Specifically the tasks ranged from those of pure 

manipulatory nature, such as rate killing, pointing and 

tracking, through more complex tasks requiring both manipulatory and mental decision making inputs, such as weather 

avoidance, activity identification and analysis of a scene 

for information content. If the degree of complexity built 

into the ATS experimental hardware approached that in MOL, 

a direct comparison of man's contributions could be compared 

to that of a sophisticated automatic system performing the 

same task. 
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3. As a natural adjunct to the experiment flight 

phase, a portion of the MOL mission development simulator, 

as completed at the time of MOL termination, would provide 

an excellent tool for collecting the necessary ground based 

data for comparison with flight results. The simulator 

would also provide the equipment for testing and refining 

the flight experiment program. 

4. Preliminary estimates for completion of the 

development, integration of hardware into the workshop and 

flight of the ATS subsystem on the AAP indicated approximately $25.0 million additional funds would be required. 

The preliminary estimates also showed that approximately 

$15.0 million of funds spent before MOL termination would 

be directly applicable to the proposed experiment program. 

5. The Ad Hoc Committee recommended that a study 

should be undertaken in order that many of the continuing 

questions related to man's future role in spaceflight may 

be answered. 

Subsequent study of the recommendation by the Ad Hoc 

Committee has confirmed the importance to both DOD and NASA 

of obtaining data which will permit definitive mission and 

operations planning for future space missions. 

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Analysis of the results of man's specific contributions 

to the flights to date are impressive insofar as there are 

many incidents where he has been able to take over when there 

has been inadequacy of instrumentation or failure of equipments. However, these events have been unplanned in the 

main and man's entry into the situation has been only due to 

his presence and the provision of an alternate manual mode 

for entry into the failed systems. 

On the other hand the design of'vehicle systems and the 

selection of man's roles in operating the systems have not 

addressed the problem of insuring that the ideal or best use 

of man has been used. This can be explained in part by the 

initial reservations concerning man's ability to live and 

operate during spaceflight. Man by his outstanding performance has allayed these initial reservations up through 

14 days of flight. Further, data collected from flight 

indicate that this same optimistic result can be-expected 

for longer missions if detailed data on defining man's 

adaptation to the space flight are obtained and proper crew 

support is provided. 

A major part of the explanation for not doing a better 

job of design for ideal manned operations other than the 

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routine vehicle housekeeping tasks can be attributed to 

the lack of the available data on how to assess military 

missions and scientific tasks in space operation from a 

manned point of view. This deficiency became quite evident 

during the maturation of the role of man in the MOL Program. 

As the MOL Program progressed, major changes in the crew 

station design and the time-line activities planned for the 

men resulted from the lack of definitive planning data at 

the beginning of the Program. It was on this basis that the 

MOL Program gained insight into the need for a scientifically 

designed study of performance and crew roles while operating 

the specialized MOL mission equipments. At the same time, 

the MOL Program recognized that the mission equipments and 

its operations offered a near ideal and unique flight opportunity 

for obtaining much of the deficient data. The MOL ATS system 

and man's operation of it were the essential ingredients for 

this proposed effort. Therefore, the Ad Hoc Committee recommendation to continue this part of the program is confirmed. 

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Experiment Plan 

Description of Experiment 

This discussion will be limited to an outline of the 

initial thoughts on the experiment content. Further 

detailing of this experimental protocol is a first order 

of business, however, it must be done with recognition of 

taking the current residual MOL hardware and packaging it 

for incorporation into the AAP vehicles. 

Generally the format of the experiment proposes to 

divide the assessment of man into four areas: 

1. Assessment of man's inputs while using his 

sensory and manipulatory functions to gain the maximum 

efficiency in pointing, tracking, centering of points of 

interest in the optics and the selective control of mangification. 

2. Assessment of man's ability to analyze and report 

scene content gained visually through the optics which are 

pointing and tracking automatically. Categories of activity, 

in this area will include weather avoidance, detection of 

activity in the scene, and detection, description of details 

of objects studied that will be selected to vary in size from 

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the gross scene to those approaching the physical limits of 

the ATS optics. Test objects proposed would include the 

currently used standard TRIBAR displays and also real world 

scenes where characteristics such as Shape, relationships 

of objects to its surroundings, color, etc would be studied. 

3. Assessments where combinations of 1 and 2 above 

are undertaken. These tasks will test both man's ability to 

simultaneously manipulate and to analyze scene content and 

will provide a sufficient spectrum of complex work to approach 

the limits of the capacity of the crewman to perform. The 

combined tasks will provide the means to assess man's daily 

capacity and performance, and his ability to maintain or 

continue this level of performance efficiency over prolonged 

periods. 

4. Compare the product of man's performance of the 

ATS operations either totally manually or in combination with 

partial automatic sequences, to that obtained through automatic 

programming of the ATS, and camera system. 

It is envisioned that the capabilities of man, noted above 

will be studied while using three general types of space 

mission objectives. These include: 

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1. Spacecraft to ground observation - In this case 

two categories of activities are proposed. First there are 

those studying large scene features which will address the 

questions being addressed by the NASA Earth Resources Survey 

Program. Secondly, there are those scenes which will attempt 

to exploit the maximum return from the optical system and 

will address the military interest in gaining maximum detailed 

information. 

2. 

3. Spacecraft to celestial body observation - This 

mission objective will address the questions that have been 

.raised concerning the value of having the observation on the 

station during celestial observations done outside of the 

atmosphere and on a stable platform. 

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Experiment Equipment Description 

The ATS as configured for MOL consisted of the following 

elements: 

1. Acquisition optics 

2. Acquisition optics drive 

3. Manual control stick assembly 

4. Magnification control stick assembly 

5. Cue display equipment 

6. Computer and computer interface 

This equipment was to be used in duplicate in MOL but 

as an AAP experiment would be comprised of a single unit. 

In addition to the equipment listed above; a camera with 

suitable fidelity and capacity for preserving a precise 

record of the equipment operation through the telescope 

will be required. 

A typical diagramatic arrangement of the components is 

presented in Figure 1. This figure illustrates the arrangement for MOL which may vary somewhat as influenced by the 

experiment application. 

Performance 

The ATS system characteristics are as follows: 

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1. Scan field +70° -- -40° Pitch 

+45° Roll 

2. Maximum Gimbal Rate 50°/Sec 

3. Magnification 16X -- 32X continuous zoom 

64X -- 127X continuous zoom 

Field of View 4.4° -- 2.20 

1.0° -- 0.3° 

5. Aperture 10 inches 

6. Exit Pupil 2-.4 mm 

7. Derotation Pechan Prism 

8. Focal Length 

9. Filters Up to 3 plus clear 

10. Other ProtectiVe cover 

Manual override 

Sun Viewing Protection 

Magnification Field of View Resolution 

16X 5.6 n. mi. 15.3 ft. 

32X 2.8 n. mi. 11.5 ft. 

64X 1.4 n. mi. 5.7 ft. 

127X .7 n. mi. 3.6 ft. 

The above performance figures assume a nadir view from 

80 n. mi. of a 2:1 contrast scene with luminance of 530 ft -

lamberts. 

Figure 2 and 3 summarize: adjustments of the MOL ATS 

characteristics to the AAP altitudes (200-300 n.mi.) and 

mission. 

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Status 

The engineering design of this equipment is better than 

95 percent complete in the MOL configuration, component testing 

is complete and most of the prototype fabrication is 90 percent 

complete. Performance of the Telescope/Scanner has been 

verified by testing as has the performance of the visual 

display projector. 

Weight 

The various components of experiment hardware, qualified 

and ready for installation are expected to weigh between 

500 and 600 pounds. This allows 100 pounds for an airborne 

digital computer of the IBM 4 pi type. 

Power 

Estimates of electrical power for operation of this 

experiment are as follows: 

Peak Power A) 600 Watts 

Average Power ,, 300 Watts 
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Schedule Related Activity 

Schedule 

The schedule shown in Figure 4 considers only that 

period associated with development and qualification of one 

set of flight hardware. Prior to initiation of that effort, 

a definition study of perhaps four months duration is required. 

The purpose of this study is to identify all experiment 

parameters, complete preliminary experiment design and planniig, 

refine cost and schedule information, provide preliminary 

integration estimates, and identify and isolate applicable MOL 

residual equipment. 

This hardware schedule also omits reference to the period 

that must be devoted to flight hardware installation and 

integration, flight plan development and crew training. Rich 

of this latter activity lends itself to parallel implementation. 

The Apollo Applications Workshop first flight is currently 

anticipated in the second quarter of calendar year 1972. If 

the ATS experiment is to be proposed for that flight, then the 

definition study discussed above must be initiated immediately. 

Such a schedule would also require satisfaction of integration 

fit and form checks through use of prototype or mocked up 

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hardware. Delivery of flight hardware would then be in 

late third quarter 1971 which calls for development contract 

go ahead in 1st quarter calendar year 1970. 

Funding Estimates 

Funding availability to support this activity is 

estimated as follows in thousands: 

FY 70 FY 71 FY 72 

$3,400* $12,500 $9,000 

The second AAP Workshop flight is tentatively scheduled 

for mid calendar year 1974 and would provide a second opportunity 

to fly such an experiment with ample time to consider results 

from the first flight. If the decision should be made to by 

pass the first workshop flight in favor of a single experiment 

on the second, a more leisurely but possibly more costly 

funding schedule could be accommodated. The combined funding 

for both the early and late AAP flights might appear as follows: 

FY 70 FY 71 FY 72 FY 73 FY 74 

1st Workshop $3,400* $12,500b $9,000 

2nd Workshop $2,500 $10,500 $5,500 

2nd Workshop Only $ 400* $ 1,000** $4,500 $15,500 $5,500 

* 400K required for immediate commitment. 

** 1000K required to preserve and maintain equipment_ pending 

development go ahead. r `I\ t;) . 

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Management Approach 

Because of the resolving power of the optical chain in 

the ATS and the necessity for collecting a photographic record 

of performance, a question of military sensitivity arises. 

The apparent NASA policy of complete freedom of disclosure 

could require further examination to alleviate this problem. 

It is potentially feasible and would produce useful though 

not optimum results to constrain such an experiment to 

operation only over the continental U.S. and remote states, 

possessions and foreign based U.S. military facilities. A 

lesser but still useful result could be obtained by targeting 

geologic landmarks, and other features of interest to the 

NASA Earth Resources Survey Program. A final but less 

exacting experiment protocol could devolve from targeting 

astronomical bodies. 

A combination of the experiment disciplines suggested 

above would appear to provide the most optimum spectrum of 

data for providing material for public disclosure without 

limiting or jeopardizing military goals or security. 

In view of the above technical content of the experiment, 

three options for managing the experiment offer themselves for 

consideration: 

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1. The DOD Sponsor the ATS Experiment. The DOD would. 

undertake the total program as a military manned spaceflight 

experiment in AAP. 

This approach has the advantage of minimizing the 

management of the experiment development, operation and 

exploitation. Also, the design and development of the ATS 

was dictated by the severe technical requirement needed by 

the military for gaining the maximum data on military targets 

of interest. The numbers of targets to be observed, the 

details of data needed from each target and the diversity 

of types of targets indicate that the military requirements 

are far more stringent than could be expected from NASA 

missions related to earth resource and celestial observation. 

Fulfilling the military requirements will also fulfill the 

NASA data requirements. This approach assures maximum return 

on the military questions. 

Complications arising from this approach include the 

security questions raised earlier plus the rather sizeable 

costs involved. The basic question to be answered by the 

experiment while being of intense interest to the DOD is 

required of NASA by that agency's charter. This would tend 

to call for a deeper involvement by NASA than might prove 

practical in a DOD experiment'. 

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2. The NASA Sponsor the ATS Experiment. This would 

envision that NASA would fund and manage the experiment in its 

entirety accepting DOD mission data requirements that will 

satisfy the military needs for data regarding man in space. 

NASA personnel operating the experiment would have to become 

familiar with the DOD goals and work closely with DOD, missions 

and operations people to insure that the data collected is 

pertinent. 

Such an arrangement also has a fairly streamlined 

management potential which would be advantageous. This 

arrangement would pose disadvantages similar to those envisioned 

for a DOD only experiment. The security questions remain; the 

cost is the same; and the question of DOD interest being 

adquately served in a NASA only managed experiment. 

3. Joint NASA/DOD Sponsorship of the ATS Experiment. 

Both NASA and the DOD have proposed requirements for viewing 

the earth NASA also has the 

requirement for celestial observations. The combined program 

with joint DOD/NASA management could insure that both areas 

.of interest are addressed on an equal basis and that results 

are most meaningfully developed for the national need. This 

arrangement while not removing the problem of security woulL 

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make it more manageable. As discussed earlier, the multitude 

of experiment goals available in a joint program should provide 

ample cover for the sensitive portion of the experiment. 

In addition, joint funding responsibility shared 

between DOD and NASA will soften the impact of the large 

cost of the experiment. 

Preliminary evaluation of what the funding arrangements might be for such a joint program indicates that it would 

be reasonable to plan for equal sharing of costs. In this case, 

DOD might be expected to provide the funds for construction of 

the hardware, while NASA would provide funds for integration, 

crew training and flight operations. During the immediate 

initial definition phase both should jointly share costs since 

both are interested in the final engineering design of the ATS 

experiment package, the integration definition and the final 

drafting of the flight experiment protocol. A similar joint 

arrangement for any follow on hardware appears appropriate. 

In summary, the analysis indicates that the joint NASA/ 

DOD sponsorship of the ATS experiment would appear to be the one 

of choice since it will tend to alleviate the security problem, 

minimize funding impact upon each agency and will better serve 

the individual requirements of each sponsoi.

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Security 

The proposal to fly the ATS system aboard the NASA 

AAP does have inherent within it a problem of special security 

which must be addressed. The presence of the ATS on the MOL, 

its application, and the techniques for crew operations are 

all carried under the special security constraints of MOL. 

However, the ATS system equipments and their operations lend 

themselves mechanically to separation from the MOL mission and 

environment. 

If it is considered important enough to undertake bringing 

this equipment out of the special security provisions, a 

special plan for handling the security aspects will have to 

be drawn up. ,There are no obvious reasons that this could 

not be accommodated. 

Previous precedence has been set through the successful 

arrangement for the transfer of similar types of equipments to 

NASA programs. Guidelines used for these may be appropriate 

for the problem of transfer of the ATS. 

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Conclusions 

1. The DOD and NASA should formally undertake 

an experimental program to develop data which will define 

what missions and tasks should include man in future spaceflight, will define his role(s) in the performance of these 

missions, and provide a basis for quantitatively establishing 

his contribution in the performance of his duties. 

2. The objectives of the program noted above can be 

best accomplished by reactivating the efforts related to 

the MDL acquisition and tracking system and applying this 

equipment and portions of the MDL mission development simulator into design and development of an experiment for 

flight on the NASA AAP. These equipments uniquely meet 

the experiment objectives because they produce a product 

Which addresses both scientific and real military mission 

objectives of significance. 

3. The analysis of the management approach to be used 

for the experiment recommends that a joint NASA/DOD experimental 

program be developed in order that the multitude of DOD and 

NASA experiment goals. may be met. A.joint program will 

also soften the cost impact to both, agencies. 

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4. The use of the equipments aboard AAP offers a 

problem in security management. However, previous 

experience on other programs and the self contained aspects 

of the ATS and mission development simulator engineering 

design indicate that this can be accommodated. 

5. The production, qualification, integration and 

flight of a single ATS experiment is estimated to. be $25.0 

million new funds. Immediate funds needed during FY 70 

to insure the experiment is able to meet the AAP flight 

schedules is $400,000. These funds will fully define 

engineering integration and experiment definition. 

As pointed our earlier to meet the first workshop flight 

date, additional funds of about $3,000,000 will be required 

in first quarter calendar 1970. 

DORIAN 

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