NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

-SEGOSPECIAL HANDLING 

B YEcsLE 6 ;63 

Cy 1c2 5(,,Pgs 

DESIGN REPORT 

SLIDE VIEWING SYSTEM 

SECRET HANDL-E VIA BYEMAN 

CONTROL SYSTEM ONLY 

--OECRET/SPECIAI HANDLING / -2 55- ° 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

-SEW' 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

DESIGN REPORT 

SLIDE VIEWING SYSTEM 

344-68-181 

Page 1 of 47 

Note: The main paragraph numbers used correspond to those used in 

MSM-S-137-Z. The subjects treated, therefore, will satisfy 

SCM-100-D. 

1. Tradeoff Discussions 

Introduction: The complete treatment of all of the tradeoffs involved in 

designing the SVS would be a very complex and difficult task. Indeed, a 

complete analysis is not really possible within the design schedule for 

this job and many decisions must be based on past experiences or even 

rather arbitrary assumptions in order to get the work done. The previous 

design reports have discussed the tradeoffs relevant to the design of each 

major subsystem. Therefore, this report will discuss the tradeoffs concerning mainly the arrangement of the subsystems into a system and treat 

those topics which we believe to be most relevant to the design of a successful slide viewing system. The system design requires inputs from several 

different engineering disciplines, mechanical engineering, optical engineering, 

electrical engineering as well as system engineering. 

Resume of System Mission: The principle function of the slide viewing 

system is to present views of terrestrial objects as if they were seen in the 

acquisition tracking system of the MOL vehicle. The principle problem to 

be solved is to transform photographs of these objects taken from a different 

vehicle into images that would be seen from a moving orbital vehicle through 

the acquisition tracking system. Figure 1. In order to do this it is necessary 

to introduce systematic distortions of the diapositive photograph of the terrestrial scene. As the vehicle passes over the scene, the slant range to the 

object is continuously changing as well as the apparent perspective angle. 

Therefore, the simulation system must include a zoom system to compensate 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

-See D 

106 SYSTEM 

MISSION 

(PROGRAMS 

SLIDES, ETC ) 

PROGRAMMED 

PERTURBATIONS 

TO THE MISSION 

OUTPUT DATA ON 

OPERATOR 

PERFORMANCE 

1 

COMPUTER 

COMPLEX 

OUTPUT INPUT 

I . 

SVS SPECIAL 

EFFECTS 

DEVICES 

OPERATOR 

1 

OPERATOR 

CONTROLS 

SECRET D 

Figure 1 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

tEeRET-- D 

-mei; SPECIAL HANDLING "

344-68-181 

Page 2 of 47 

for slant range variation as well as a cylindrical system for correction and 

variation of apparent perspective in the still, as seen from a moving vehicle. 

The cylindrical magnification effect and the tracking geometry also require 

the use of an image rotation device in the system. Because it is necessary 

to simulate imperfect tracking operations, it is necessary to selectively 

scan the field of view over the input diapositive. Because of the effects of 

variable illumination due to sun angle, it is necessary to have an intensity 

control on the apparent brightness of the scene. This control is also used 

with special effects devices to simulate atmospheric haze. Because the 

acquisition tracking system of the MOL vehicle has two magnifications 

which may be rapidly changed by the astronaut, it is necessary to simulate 

this change in magnification as well. Because the input diapositives are 

available in two principle series with differing photographic scales from 

which we wish to observe the same apparent sized object in the eyepiece, 

it is necessary to have a step magnification consistent with the scale of the 

input material. The nature of this mission is such that on the average, a 

different terrestrial object is to be viewed every ten seconds throughout 

a ten minute pass. Presumably because many decisions and operations are 

to be performed within this relatively short time span of ten seconds, it is 

necessary that the target diapositives be changed at a rate consistent with 

the slew rates of the Gimbal mirror system on the MOL vehicle. For this 

reason, it is necessary to change input diapositives with a minimum downtime between changes of one second or less. Because the brightness of the 

earth, as seen from a space vehicle is quite high, of the order of a thousand 

foot lamberts, it is necessary that the light source used in this system be 

capable of simulating such light intensities. 

Functional Mission Requirements, Salient Topics: Accordingly, the above 

functional mission requirements determine the principle functional blocks 

that must be accommodated in the slide viewing system for simulation of 

-SEW/SPECIAL HANDLING _Haft 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

--Reg Page 3 of 47 

-SENEVSPECIAL HANDLING 

the acquisition tracking system. The sequence of system components 

is shown in Figure 2. The input diapositives are accommodated in a 

supply which feeds a transport system which transports the diapositive 

into the viewing position where it is positively located by the positioner. 

After the viewing operation the slide is transported to the dump. The 

dump is a similar magazine system as that used in the slide supply. 

Type of Diapositive Material to Be Used: The principle tradeoff to be 

considered in the slide handling system, aside from the details of the 

actual hardware, is whether roll film or individual diapositives should 

be used. Roll film presents a problem because successive orbital passes 

will not always pass over a given sequence of targets in the same order. 

Because of the rotation of the earth in respect to the path of the orbiting 

vehicle, this would present a very complicated original film handling and 

duplicating problem in that as many rolls of film would need to exist as 

planned orbital passes. It is clear that individual diapositives which can 

be arranged in any order provide a much more flexible and useful approach 

to this problem. Therefore, roll film handling systems, while much easier 

to design from a mechanical viewpoint were discarded as a possibility. 

Because each slide or diapositive view could conceivably be used as much 

as thirty-four hundred times during the expected life of this equipment or 

the scene, it is necessary that great care be given to the handling of the 

diapositive. It is necessary to protect the diapositive from dirt and scratches 

which might occur during handling which could destroy illusions of realism 

in the simulator. Brief considerations had been given to the use of a transparent glass vacuum platen which could handle cut film and frames. It is 

obvious in light of the above facts that cut film would be subject to great 

wear through such repeated handling and we are not at all sure that a 

transparent vacuum platen can be constructed which will pull the cut film 

flat uniformly within an acceptable time much smaller than one second. It 

IEGRETISPECIAL HANDLING -HeRff- 
SHUTTER 4 INTENSITY MODULATOR INTENSITY MODULATOR 

SPHERICAL ZOOM SPHERICAL ZOOM 

POSITIONER 

COOLING 

......1 DIAPOSITIVE 

LIGHT SOURCE 

SLIDE SUPPLY RHOMBOID ARM LOW POWER FRITOMBOID ARM, -HIGH POWER 

L— —J 

TRANSPORT DUMP 

POSITIONER POSITIONER 

RHOMBOID ARM ERHOMBOID ARM-I LOW POWER-- 4 HIGH POWER 

DUMP 

SLIDE SUPPLY 

TRANSPORT 

RETICLE FLIP MIRROR 

/ 

/ 

/ 

/ 

CYLINDRICAL ZOOM 

RETICLE 

K-ROTATOR 

CYLINDRICAL ZOOM 

K-ROTATOR 

Figure 2 

NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 SECRET D 

S.V.S. SYSTEM 

344-68-181 

0447 SSC \ OY 04. 

O 

N 

OCULAR 

+ v. 

/4 

O /d. Is, 6`. 

4' 

CP /10 SPECIAL „es46,÷ EFFECT INPUTS 

IMAGE COMBINER TV MONITOR 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 D 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 4 of 47 

should be pointed out that desired ground resolutions of the order of two 

feet preclude the use of seventy millimeter small format input photography. 

Therefore, the principle sources of input photography for this ground 

resolution have rather large formats. In this case up to nine and one half 

by nine and one half inches. This large format makes it difficult to pull 

down in such a short time with a transparent vacuum platen. For these 

reasons and because the optical viewing system requires a flat field, it 

appears necessary that the cut film must be sandwiched in some kind of a 

rigid transparent carrier or that glass diapositive slides be used. Mounting diapositive film between glass plates presents potential problems due 

to Newton rings which would be an artifact destructive to realistic simulation. Some experiments were performed to attempt to eliminate Newton 

rings from such a diapositive mounting. Time was not available to conduct 

a real research effort on this subject, but the principle methods used in 

the current photo-optical trade were studied fairly carefully. These three 

approaches are, use of lycopodium powder to separate the film diapositives 

from the nearby glass mounting surfaces, the use of frosted glass to suppress 

Newton rings or the use of low reflective coatings. All three of these 

approaches exhibited fairly serious disadvantages. The lycopodium powder 

is clearly visible at the magnifications used in this system and looks like 

dirt. The lightly frosted glass which is the most useful method used in the 

industry, degraded the resolution of the diapositive significantly, at the 

higher system magnifications. The use of anti-reflection coated glass cover 

slips would be extremely costly even if they worked. However, because 

there is really no completely satisfactory low index coating available, this 

approach has never proven to be successful according to the literature 

search that we performed. After considering the above reasons, we 

arrived at the use of a glass base diapositive of the terrestrial scene. Other 

reasons are that these diapositives are in regular use in the photographic 

facilities handling such photography and processing techniques are well 

3EeRET/SPECIA1 HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 SECRET 

-SEGREVSPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 5 of 47 

established. Some effort was directed at obtaining diapositives on plastic 

bases rather than glass. Unfortunately, the emulsions available from 

Kodak on plastic bases are usually intended for use in the photo-engraving 

and printed circuit industries and the high resolution aerial positive 

emulsion that is required for this system is not available. Because of the 

foregoing we were limited to handling glass diapositives. Therefore, it 

became necessary to design frames and a mounting system for them which 

could be handled by high speed conveyor machinery. Thus, the design of 

the present slide used in the system is the result of a rather more complex 

relationship than might at first hand be readily appreciated. 

Photo-optical Image Transformations : The transformations associated with 

the picture distortions required for the mission simulation determine in part, 

the sequence of the optical elements used in the viewing train. The tradeoff 

discussion concerning the scanning means used has been described in the 

report on the Rhomboid Arm X-Y Drive and will not be further discussed 

here. The first function to be performed by the optical train is to be able 

to scan in X and Y over a fixed diapositive, while maintaining an accurate 

focus; therefore, the first element in the optical system is the rhomboid 

arm. The spherical zoom is a linear transformation which can be placed 

anywhere in the optical train without introducing any effects due to mutual 

coupling. The effect of spherical magnification is the same with respect 

to the input diapositive regardless of where it is introduced into the optical 

system. The position of the spherical zoom is, therefore, determined 

purely by considerations of optical design rather than the effect of its 

transformation from the input image. These facts are not true of the 

cylindrical zoom. Cylindrical zoom has associated with it, the azimuth 

of maximum magnification which must be related correctly to the perspective distortions that are desired in the input image. Therefore, it is preferable to place the cylindrical zoom system in the same space reference 

frame as the input diapositive. For this reason, the cylindrical zoom effect 

-OEM/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 -SEW' D 

-SECREVSPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 6 of 47 

preceeds the K-rotator in the optical system. The effect of the K-rotator, 

therefore, is to rotate the apparent azimuth of the observer with respect 

to both the input diapositive and the perspective distortions applied to it. 

Because critical observations are to be made of the pointing ability of the 

astronaut when using this system, it is necessary that a very precise 

bore sight relationship exist between the pointing reticle and the input 

diapositive. If the reticle were to be placed b etween diapositive and any 

of the above distortion optics, the reticle itself would be distorted. However, in order to maintain the maximum precision of the reticle placement 

within the optical structure, it is desirable that the reticle be placed in the 

optical train as closely as possible to the input diapositive. The first 

position in the optical train at which these conflicting requirements can be 

satisfied is to place the reticle at the focal plane of the cylindrical zoom 

collimator which is behind the K-rotator. This is the first position at 

which the distorting optics would not affect the shape of the reticle. 

Unfortunately, each of the distorting systems and the scanning system has 

associated with it, a runout. This runout is an effect which is observed if 

the reticle is projected back through the optical system, to the diapositive 

and if the various distortion optics move through their ranges. The result 

is that the reticle position apparently shifts with respect to a chosen target 

on the diapositive. The specification applied to the system for the allowable 

limit of this runout corresponds to the limit of human visibility or plus and 

minus one minute of arc as seen in the output eyepiece. If this runout or 

freedom from runout were to be achieved by pure mechanical and optical 

construction methods then extremely critical assembly would be needed. 

The use of precision techniques would result in very slow delivery, surely 

inconsistent with the schedule desired on this program. 

SECRET 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

Page 7 of 47 

IEGRETASPECIAL HANDLING 

System Configuration and Reticle Location: Because of the substantial 

distances between the slide changing mechanism and main optical bench 

and the eye point of the astronaut in the test cabin, a relatively long optical 

path is used in order to close this distance. The length of this path is 

further increased because of the necessity to change magnifications between 

two slide handling systems in the rather congested area next to the cabin 

(for each eyepiece). Great difficulty was experienced in the original packaging concept of this system with the distortion optics which were mounted 

on a horizontal optical bench leading up to the eyepiece. These difficulties 

are related to the small distance between the zoom lens and the anamorph 

group which also must accommodate a hinged joint. Between the anamorph 

and the reticle, the optical system is extremely close coupled and no folds 

are possible. After a long study of the site and the optical folds constrained 

in the above ways, it was found impossible to place all four slide changers 

on the seismic block while simultaneously delivering their outputs to an 

eyepiece with horizontal optical benches. For these reasons a vertical 

optical path was chosen which makes very compact use of floor area with 

respect to the slide changer but which uses a somewhat longer optical relay 

system in order to get to the eyepiece in the cabin. At one time, concern 

was unofficially expressed about acoustic inputs which might travel through 

the optical structure to the astronaut and perhaps cause invalid conclusions 

to be drawn from simulation data. This later fact gave added weight to our 

choice of the present system which consists of a completely separate eyepiece pedestal which can be mechanically decoupled from the moving hardware items on each slide changer. This independent eyepiece pedestal, 

while providing great flexibility in site layout, poses problems of stability 

of alignment of the eyepiece with respect to the input imagery. Such instabilities would be caused by temperature gradients in the room causing the 

eye point to shift; the insertion or removal of filters; the alignment and 

-MET/SPECIAL HANDLING -steRET-- no 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

Page 8 of 47 

-SECIOSPECIAL HANDLING 

repeatability of the image selector which switches the eyepiece view 

from one slide changer to the other; and finally the residual wedge error 

of the intensity modulator system. A preliminary estimate of the magnitude of the deviation of the eyepiece center line with respect to the optical 

axis of the instrument is of the order plus or minus ten minutes of arc. 

Therefore, in order to meet the bore sight accuracy requirement of plus 

or minus one minute of arc, it is necessary that the measuring reticle be 

placed on the slide changer part of the system for the maximum mechanical 

integrity with the diapositive coordinate system and for freedom from the 

above misalignment causes. By use of this particular configuration, the 

reticle alignment will only be affected by the K-mirror, the anamorph 

lenses, the zoom lens, and the rhomboid arm. 

Discussion of Distortion Optics, Runout & Possible Means for Compensation: 

As may be inferred from the foregoing discussion, it is becoming clear 

that only two alternate means for insuring freedom from image bore sight 

runout exists. (1) Build the equipment with a sufficient degree of precision 

and stability so that one minute tolerance can be met; or (2) correct the 

runout errors by means of some kind of compensation system. The kinds 

of compensation systems which could be used here are many but in the end 

would probably consist of some kind of a computer, either analog or digital, 

which would store the correction functions and add this into the X-Y positioner 

command signals. As stated above, Itek does not believe that the required 

mechanical precision can be had within the allowable delivery dates required 

for this program and therefore, has really come to the conclusion that either 

Itek or General Electric must provide the above mentioned correction functions. 

If Itek is to provide the correction, this would be accomplished by supplying 

a small digital, or possibly, analog computer with the slide viewing subsystem. If General Electric is to provide the compensation, Itek will provide 

a procedure by which means General Electric can determine for itself the 

kaL Li 

-SEGRET/SPECIAL HANDLING --SEGRET-- 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

--SE-eREr D' 

-SECOSPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 9 of 47 

character of the runout corrections. We believe this latter course is 

preferable because if at any time it is felt that correction data needs to be 

renewed or corrected, the General Electric Company will have the means 

to do this in their own facility with a minimum of down time. This later 

scheme presupposes that a reasonable alignment procedure can be followed 

using a moderate number of data observation points so that each slide 

changer can be capable of being fully corrected within a few hours. The 

exact nature of these corrections will be discussed below in Section 2. A 

typical flow diagram of these error corrections is shown in Figure 3. 

Second Order - Non-linear Effects: In addition to the above coordinate 

corrections from runout, high order term small amplitude, corrections are 

also required. The classes of effects concerned here are such items as 

potentiometer non-linearity, potentiometer loading, departure of experimental functions from ideal functions (such as the intensity modulator 

whose response is not strictly exponential). Other effects of this nature are 

runouts associated with gearing to potentiometers and mechanical drives 

such as the X-Y drive of the rhomboid arm. Another class of calibration 

error consists of determining the zero offsets for all commandable parameters of the system such as K-mirror, azimuth anamorph settings, zoom 

settings and so on. Another kind of zero offset error which has not yet been 

fully evaluated or appreciated is that one due to the temperature coefficients 

of the potentiometers used in this system or due to variations in electrical 

circuitry such as voltage reference supply, thermal potentials, line resistance effects, and so on. Many of the small order corrections can be 

predetermined on subassemblies and calibration curves could be provided: 

however, we believe that consideration should also be given to means by 

which the system can be self calibrating on an on-line basis. This is a 

further argument for our system concept of computer correction of the 

assembled system in the General Electric site. It should also be noted 

SECREVSPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

SECRET n 

FL OW DIAGRAM 

OF 

ERROR CORRECTION 

UNCORRECTED 

COMPUTER 

COMMANDS 

I 

X- Y POSITION 

COMMANDS 

OPTICAL 

ELEMENTS 

COMMANDS 

X- Y COORDINATE 

CORRECTION DUE 

TO KINEMATICS 

POT LINEARITY 

AND TEMPERATURE 

X- Y COORDINATE 

CORRECTION DUE 

TO OPTICAL 

ELEMENT SETTINGS 

LOOK UP TABLE 

OPTICAL 

ELEMENT 

LINEARITY 

CORRECTION 

LOOK UP TABLE 

CORRECTED COMMANDS 

TO X- Y POSITIONER 

RHOMBOID ARM 

CORRECTED COMMANDS 

TO ANAMORPH I 

ANAMORPH II 

K- ROTATOR—ZOOM LENS 

--FSEGRETFigure 3 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 -8EGREF-D 344-68-181 

Page 10 of 47 

/MET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

that the details of this correction procedure are intimately related to the 

location of the reference reticle and the system. Therefore, if more 

optical elements are introduced between the reference reticle and the 

diapositive, more computer corrections must be handled by the control 

system. 

*Figure 4 illustrates our current thinking on how the correction will be 

applied. A standard test plate will be used which will define the X-Y coordinate system for all of the slide changers as well as the measuring 

apparatus which will be used to determine the coordinates of targets on 

each diapositive. This test plate will be of a precision significantly greater 

than any of the measuring means used to observe target coordinates. Our 

present concept uses a plate consisting of twenty-five crosses placed over 

the X-Y operating range of the equipment. The grid crosses will be calibrated on a STK-I stereo comparator at our Alexandria, Virginia, Image 

Analysis Center. This plate also provides a convient vehicle for other 

tests for calibrating the system. Therefore, five standard U.S. Air Force, 

1951 tri-bar test targets per MIL-STD-151A will be included in order to 

determine that this system is capable of operating at full resolution over 

the X-Y range of the input diapositive. A spoked wheel pattern will be used 

to both determine the angular transfer function of the K-rotator 

as well as its X-Y runout. A pair of crossed graduated scales will be used 

to calibrate the zoom magnification. Similar crossed scales will be used 

for the calibration of the anamorph system. The test patterns are designed 

to be used with a special reticle also shown in the Figure 4.* The operator 

aligns all four reticle marks on the test pattern so that both the functional 

relationship and the X-Y runout calibration can be determined simultaneously. 

While this makes a somewhat more different reticle setting, many fewer 

observations need to be made. The use of this calibration plate also implies 

the need for a sensitivity joy-stick control for moving and controlling the 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

* Drawing # 122 629 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 --Rae 

-SECRETISPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 11 of 47 

position of the various servo loops on the instrument. In order that the 

accuracy of this setting be greater than that which the astronaut is capable 

of performing when he is using the system an auxilliary high power eyepiece will be used for this calibration which can be rigidly mounted directly 

on the slide viewer. This eyepiece will be removed for normal use of the 

system. By this means all of the above calibration operations will be 

carried out under more critical conditions than those used by the operator. 

The above calibration reticle has precision adjustments so that it can be 

aligned with the system reticle which the astronaut would see in normal use. 

Itek is undertaking an analysis to determine the proper number of observations 

to be taken in order to adequately define the above corrections for an orderly 

rapid calibration procedure. 

Assembly Alignment Procedures: Previous experience with the alignment 

with this kind of optical system has indicated that a carefully planned systematic alignment procedure must be followed. The usual alignment procedure 

such as used on an optical bench of centering and assembling the system 

element by element is not really practical in a system which is 

mechanically complex in its alignment. The ordinary step by step 

alignment procedure means that the system would have to be assembled as 

a whole and that the replacement of any element would probably imply the 

realignment of all succeeding elements. Therefore, we have made it a 

standard design practice to align the system on a modular basis. This 

means that a special assembly fixture is used to preadjust groups of optical 

elements which are then installed on a rugged optical bench structure. The 

modules will thus conform to standard dimensions and will be interchangeable 

with a minimum of field alignment. The principle adjustments which are 

made in this way are those of centering the optical components on a module 

so that the optical axis of the module is placed within predetermined tolerances to a standard dimension. In some cases, it will be necessary to focus 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING SECRET ~' 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

SECRET D' 

--SEGRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 12 of 47 

the module, that is, move it in an axial direction along the optical bench. 

In line with this concept, most of the optical axes of this system is aligned 

with respect to a precisely machined key-way running throughout the system. 

The key-way was chosen over other means for centering modules mainly 

because of ease of fabrication and checking straightness as well as providing 

a mechanically simple scheme which means that each module can be designed 

relatively independently from its neighbors. Each module is attached by 

means of a semi-kinematic joint. The detailed arrangements of the pads 

vary from module to module according to individual requirements but the 

general scheme and philosophy is the same, namely, each module is 

attached to a flat surface by three pads of relatively small area. The pads 

are machined from bases which are relatively massive. Therefore, it is 

relatively difficult to induce bending moments into the bases of the modules 

during the attachment process. A further advantage of this construction 

procedure is that in cases of critical alignment, it is possible to correct 

machining tolerances by scraping on the above pads. Since three point 

suspensions are in some cases slightly unstable, the steady screw system 

is also applied. This scheme has proven successful in the construction of 

many optical instruments and provides most of the advantages of kinematic 

design and eliminates some of the disadvantages due to unstable configurations. 

Location of Target Coordinates: A coherent system of measuring X-Y coordinates in the plates are a fundamental importance in designing the system. By 

coherent we mean that the system of the above mentioned test plate is used 

to calibrate each X-Y positioner in the system and also the measuring engine 

or coordinate on graph which used to measure the X-Y locations of targets 

in the diapositives. The X-Y calibration plate and the target plates use the 

same kinematic locating system which is schematically shown in Figure 5. 

This system consists of three threaded metal inserts on each slide frame. 

One of these inserts fits in conical hole and serves as an X-Y locator in the 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

4EGRET-- D 

344-68-181 SLIDE MOUNTING KINEMATICS 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

.SEGRET-- D 

—ffiGREOPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 13 of 47 

slide with respect to the slide positioner. A second insert fits into a 

grooved hole and locates the plate in an angular way in the X-Y plane. The 

third insert engages with a flat pin on the positioner and therefore, locates 

the slide in the other plane. The slide positioner, as a whole, pushes the 

slide up against the three flat pads on the fixed portion of the slide positioner. 

Therefore, by use of a completely kinematic approach in the slide positioner 

in its engagement with the slide, each slide as it is handled by each slide 

changer will repeat its position within a very close limit. Similar positioning 

schemes have held position limits as small as two microns. 

Target Focus Setting: The same metal inserts are also used to assure the 

best focal plane for each slide. Each insert is threaded and engages with a 

special wrench so that the height of each slide can be carefully preset on a 

suitable alignment fixture. The scheme we recommend is schematically 

shown in Figure 6 and is adapted from a technique for calibrating aerial 

cameras which has been in use for many years. The scheme consists of 

projecting the images of fine slits from two light bulbs onto film surfaces. 

The slit images are positioned in such a way that when the observer looks 

at them through an appropriate magnifying glass he sets the threaded insert 

through the slide so that two lines line up opposite each other and become 

one straight line thereby taking advantage of the eye's vernier acuity. By 

this means it is possible to perform alignments one order of magnitude 

more sensitive than would be indicated by consideration of the slit images 

themselves. The fixture contemplated here has the further advantage that 

all adjustments of the fixture are arranged so that the operator has no other 

critical task to perform than turning the three focusing screws of the threaded 

inserts on each side. 

Performing this focusing operation optically rather than mechanically 

corrects for the refractive index of the plate as well as its thickness. This 

is necessary because the thickness variations between glass plates exceeds 

--SECOSPECIAL HANDLING -sEeRET__D 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 r/SPEci .01-01-10$ 

rgerACcry /Alsezrt.elojusr/SvE2rELAci./ 

,e6r/cc,sER/ 7.7-0 k I / 

G/4.4/7 4.14., 85 

ZET/c4,6- exJ7* oc" firaces' *,-e;7rzy.5s6.19.- .A117--rre, ,u/ AccAJECT/04/ PROJ6t7Ipe - (5C171S op.lepue pc47•67 • - 

57.../Oe hi0e-r)E*AZ 

0 /e7)(45 PREP°acmssiAl 

Z/4gr 13UL,85 iLc7aude( 

-SEGREVSPECIAL HANDLING 

• 

1 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

Page 14 of 47 

-SEGREVSPECIAL HANDLING 

our depth of focus allowance for this particular item. In summary of the 

foregoing it should be obvious that the full capability of the slide handling 

and positioning system can only be completely exploited when the above 

alignment and assembly techniques are followed and that we are convinced 

that careful consideration should be given to having Itek help set up the 

slide target measuring and assembly operation so as to assure proper 

operation of our equipment and full compliance with the ultimate customer's 

specifications. 

System Installation Procedure: The entire slide viewing and eyepiece 

system consists of several major subassemblies. These are, beginning 

from the eyepiece: The eyepiece box consisting of the beam splitter and 

optical selector which is mounted on a pedestal and a foundation ring. Two 

slide viewing subsystems consisting of two elevators separately demountable 

with two foundations, a main box frame with separate foundations which 

carry the slide transport and X-Y positioner. The light source and power 

supply group which is mounted on another foundation and finally the optical 

tower which contains all of the major optical elements of the system in one 

group. There are two slide viewing systems for each eyepiece. By 

breaking down the assembly in these large blocks we reduce the weight of 

any one block t o a manageable value and make the shipping operation easier 

than if the entire unit were sent assembled. The entire duplex system 

described above is 9100 pounds. 

The general philosophy to be followed in the erection of this equipment is 

as follows: Each slide viewing system will be assembled on the floor at 

Itek in approximately the same configuration as it will have in the Philadelphia 

site. In preparation for shipping, the equipment will be dismantled systematically and critical dimensions will be recorded so that when reassembly is 

performed in Philadelphia the same alignment conditions and stress conditions 

-SEGREVSPECIAL HANDLING -SERET... 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

Page 15 of 47 

ifeRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

within the structure will occur as during the original construction. The 

principle alignment problems to be involved are those associated with 

duplicating the exact mounting geometry with the foundation between Philadelphia and Itek. The above major subassemblies will be attached to 

foundation plates usually made up of eye beam weldments by means of 

pads of carefully selected areas. When the system is disassembled at 

Itek, the foundations will be exposed; before dismantling of the foundations 

critical dimensions will be recorded. This will consist of two kinds of 

dimensions. The X-Y dimensions will be controlled by means of templates 

or trams so that the exact relationship of the foundation plates can be 

registered and duplicated in a different location. It is expected that the 

floor surfaces will not be flat either at Itek or Philadelphia so a leveling 

operation be performed on these foundation plates. The foundation plates 

can be grouted into the correct X-Y location by means of templates. At 

Itek the vertical coordinate of each mounting pad will be determined using 

a precision level. The precision, attainable by this method is of the order 

of a thousandths of an inch in elevation. Upon reassembly at Philadelphia 

shims will be added to each mounting pad to duplicate the level readings 

obtained at Itek. Therefore, the exact foundation geometry will be 

duplicated from one site to the other. We believe that this scheme is 

simple and straight forward and will be sufficiently accurate as long as 

the floor deflections in both sites are small compared to the alignment 

accuracies sought. While this scheme will insure stress free reassembly 

of the equipment in Philadelphia, residual differences in height from one 

slide viewing system to the other and to the eyepiece pedestal may occur 

and can be easily accommodated by the adjustments provided in the relay 

optical system as described in that design report. When installing this 

same equipment at Vandenburg Air Force Base, it is necessary only to 

use a different foundation plate for the eyepiece pedestal because of the 

difference in cabin dimensions between that facility and Philadelphia. 

PECIAL HANDLING sEeK4 D 

1 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

SECREVSPECAMLIR 

344-68-181 

Page 16 of 47 

No changes will be needed for the slide handling systems themselves 

because of the relay optical system flexibility. 

System Reassembly: Care must be taken in the reassembly of this system 

because there is insufficient ceiling height in the cabin test area to move the 

slide viewing system with a crane from above. Therefore, Itek requested 

permission from General Electric to use the adjacent room called the 

"high bay area" where there is a thirty foot overhead clearance and a 

ten ton hoist available for the primary re-erection of the instrument. 

It is expected that the modules will be received in the "high bay area". The 

main box will be unpacked and set up. The crane will be used to install the 

optical system which we call the optical tower onto the main box frame in 

this area. The box frame will be equipped with temporary wheels so that 

it can be rolled into the cabin test area with a minimum of difficulty. As 

described above, the box frame foundation will be installed in the cabin test 

area after installation and location of foundations. 

The first assembly task in the cabin area is to install the eyepiece column 

and the eyepiece box on top of it so that the eyepiece exit pupil will be 

adjusted with respect to the cabin for the correct dimensions. Adjustments 

are provided on the top of the column so that the eye point can be moved 

anywhere within a cube approximately two inches on a side within the cabin. 

Once the eyepiece column assembly is installed and properly checked out 

for location, it is possible to wheel in the box frame with the optical tower 

and install it on the prealigned foundations. The height of this assembly is 

such that it may interfere with some of the fluorescent lighting fixtures in 

the cabin test area. Therefore, it may be necessary to temporarily 

remove some of these fixtures during the moving operation, and in one case 

of the slide viewing system which is mounted directly under the air conditioner, 

it may be necessary to remove one or more fixtures. After the above installation procedure, it will be necessary to assemble the relay optic boxes on 

SPECIAL HANDLING -s-E6RET 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

-SE-61ED D 

-9E1E17/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 17 of 47 

top of the optical tower. When this is done, the optical path will be closed 

and it would be possible to begin optical alignment of system. However, 

it would be preferable to complete the assembly of the remaining hardware 

before this is done to avoid any possible accidental dislocations of equipment. After the above operations, the slide elevator foundation plates 

will be installed. It is possible with our present thinking that only the 

elevator foundations will interfere with the above moving operation and 

therefore, might not be necessary to remove the light source foundation for 

this installation procedure. The light source and power supplies are mounted 

to an intermediate table structure which is placed within the box assembly 

on the prepared foundations. It may be necessary to correct the position 

of the light source assembly with respect to the box during this assembly 

operation. After the final location is established, the light source and 

light source table will be pinned to the foundation. Installation of the 

elevators may present some rigging and moving problems that are difficult 

to anticipate at this time. However, we feel that there will be no unusual 

problems not commonly encountered by machinery movers in every day life. 

Each elevator weighs approximately one thousand pounds and rests on a 

relatively narrow base. It will be relatively straightforward to move these 

elevators on piano dollies around the area. However, two of the elevators 

must be installed in relatively congested areas as shown on the site plan 

drawing number 908 887. It will probably be desirable to install a temporary chain hoist or block and tackle above the elevators to steady them 

while they are being shifted from the dolly. The details of this moving 

operation will be worked out later or between Itek and General Electric. 

Because of the above moving operations, it will not be practical to completely 

prealign the elevator foundations for final dimensions. We believe it to be 

desirable for safety sake to check the elevator foundations at the same 

time as the precise leveling of the main foundation is being carried out. 

However, it will be necessary to remove elevator foundation during the 

SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 -SEW D 

-SEGREfSPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 18 ,of 47 

above installation with the main instrument. Scribe markings will be 

placed on each elevator and the box frame associated with it so that final 

dimensions of assembly can be duplicated between Itek and Philadelphia. 

The adjustment will probably be performed by peel shims under the elevators or the elevator vibration mounts if those are to be used. After installation of the elevators, it will be necessary to complete their assembly 

by installing the connector frame work at the top of the elevators which is 

needed to provide a stable structure. This same structure is used to 

support the skin panels enclosing the box frame and slide handling system. 

These panels should not be installed until preliminary optical and mechanical 

alignments have been performed. After the above major mechanical assembly 

has been performed it will be possible to begin detailed assembly of the system 

such as installation of cable runs and final optical alignment. These subjects 

will be treated later in the installation manual as requested. 

2. Technical Requirements 

Computation Correction Required for the Slide Viewing Subsystem, Problem 

Description: This paragraph summarizes the results of a preliminary study 

made to determine the method of applying computation corrections to the 

SVS. These corrections are made external to the SVS to compensate for 

deviations from nominal relationships, so that the requirements of TR424 

can be met. Specifically, the corrections are applied to the analog voltage 

servo command signals for the X-Y positioner, spherical zoom lens, cylindrical zoom lens, image rotator, intensity modulator and iris. The desired 

control parameters for these components are determined from the distortions 

which are to be applied to the slide being viewed. A modified set of control 

parameters is generated by the computer such that the modified parameters 

in combination with component errors result in the desired parameters. 

'SECRET n, 

--SEGRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 1" 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

-SEGRET- D' 

-MEI/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 19 of 47 

Two general types of corrections are considered. The first is concerned 

with the relationship between the servo command signal and the parameter 

which is to be controlled. This relationship is specified to be within a 

certain accuracy limit which, in general, cannot be met without corrections 

applied by a computer. In theory, if an exact calibration curve were 

available, a parameter could be controlled to any desired degree of 

accuracy by the computer. 

The second type of correction is to compensate for lateral image shift. 

This is a shift of the optical center of the image as seen at the reticle when 

the various control parameter settings are changed. 

For both types of corrections there will be a random error due to the finite 

limit of precision possible in measurements for obtaining calibration curves 

and also due to the repeatability of the hardware operation. Since this error 

is random, it cannot be compensated, and thus it represents the theoretical 

limit of performance which can be achieved. In addition there will be a 

fixed residual error due to the finite number of data points taken during 

calibration and also due to approximations made by the computer. 

METHOD OF SOLUTION 

The overall approach to providing computation corrections is shown on 

drawing 140 350. The desired control parameters are: 

K K-mirror image rotation angle 

a a-anamorph (1/2X) rotation angle 

X X coordinate of optical axis 

Y Y coordinate of optical axis 

Z Spherical zoom lens magnification 

fl-anamorph (2X) rotation angle 

X

RE, Y

RE Rhomboid error 

X

ZE, YZE Zoom lens error 

X

aE, aE a anamorph error 

X

f3E, Y PE p anamorph error 

X

KE, YKE K-mirror error 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

-SE-RE 01 AX, AY Desired position of 

optical axis at film 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

SCGRCT D' 

-MET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 20 of 47 

The computer generates the corresponding modified servo command 

voltages K',0( X', Y', Z' and /6' 

A linear model of the SVS is used where the X, Y coordinates of a point 

at the output of a component are related to the coordinates of the corresponding 

input point by the transformation matrix (Ti, To4, TA, Tk) for that component. 

At the output is added the lateral image shift contributed by that component. 

Compensation for lateral image shift is accomplished by computing a position 

offset, Q X and A Y, such that the combination of this offset plus the lateral 

image shift contributions from the various components will result in zero 

shift at the reticle. The equation for computing this offset has the following 

form: 

(XKE) 

YKE 

TK 

Ti, /A. 

PE 

)3F/ 

— 

(cos K 

- -sin K 

Tp 

Ta 

((yX a E).4. Z E\ (CR. X7 

sin K T = s') 

cos O Z 

cos 0 sin p 

2 sin2 /3 + cos2 

-cos a sin a 

sin2a + 2 cos 

Tay Tz 

aE ZEj Ayi 

( 2 cos2 0 + sin2(3 

cos/3 sin /3 

cost a + 2 sin2 a 

-cos a sina 

Although the specification for lateral image shift applies only to the 

anamorphic lenses and K-rotator, the correction required for the X-Y 

positioner (including spherical zoom lens) is also termed lateral image shift 

because of the similar correction procedures. This correction procedure is 

complicated by the hardware configuration which places the spherical zoom 

lens on the rhomboid arm. The runout contribution from the upper bearing 

joint of the rhomboid arm is functionally separated from the rest of the 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

344-68-181 

Page 21 of 47 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

rhomboid arm by the magnification of the zoom lens. Therefore, the 

total lateral image shift of the rhomboid arm will be a function of the zoom 

lens magnification command. Also, the lateral image shift contributed by 

the zoom lens itself will have to be modified by a rotation of coordinate 

axes as a function of the angular position of the upper bearing joint. 

During final test of the SVS, sufficient calibration data must be taken for 

storage in the computer so that corrections can be applied to the required 

degree of accuracy. These data are necessarily in the form of tables which 

reflect the measurements under a discrete set of parameter settings. 

However, the computer must interpolate between the data points, and it is 

desirable that the computer operate on analytical expressions rather than 

data tables. For these reasons it is necessary to fit analytic expressions 

to the data. If the form of the expression is reliably known, only a few 

data points are required to completely define the calibration function. 

Conversely, if the form of the expression is not known, much data must be 

taken, and for those components a polynomial approximation seems reasonable. 

Some of the components have characteristics which are most effectively 

estimated with exponentials or sine waves with harmonics. Tables 1 through 

5 show the type of calibration data that will be supplied. 

Two components, the intensity modulator and iris, which also require 

compensation are not shown on the drawing since they do not enter into the 

lateral image shift calculation. However, the parameter calibration and 

compensation procedure for these components is the same as for the ones 

shown. 

-SEGRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

SECRET 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

Page 22 of 47 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

In summary, the total correction procedure consists of three basic steps: 

1. SVS testing to obtain calibration data 

2. Estimation of these data with analytic functions 

3. Computer computation as shown on drawing 140 350 

-sEefe 

-SECRETASPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

-SEGREt D 344-68-181 

Page 23 of 47 

--SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

X-Y POSITIONER CALIBRATION 

X' 

(volts) 

Y' 

(volts) 

Z' 

(volts) 

X RE 

(inches) 

Y

RE 

(inches) 

-49.971 -48.993 -49.823 +0.0032 -0.0009 

I I I I I 

I I I I I 

i I I I 

+50.003 +49.063 +49.876 +0.0007 +0.10010 

405 - point table. 9 values of X' 

9 values of Y' 

5 values of Z' 

Estimate with the following functions: 

X

RE = fifth-order polynomial function of X' 

+ fifth-order polynomial function of Y' 

+ third-order polynomial function of Z' 

Y

RE = Same 

1 

Table 1 —SEeREF D' 

-SECREVSPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

Page 24 of 47 ri) 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

SPHERICAL ZOOM CALIBRATION 

Z' 

(volts) 

Z 

(magnification) 

X

ZE 

(inches) 

Y

ZE 

(inches) 

-50.003 

I 

+49.982 

0.090 

I 

0.700 

+0.0015 

I 

+0.0020 

-0.0010 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+0.0005 

16 - point table. Estimate with the following functions: 

Z = exponential + fifth-order polynomial function of Z' 

XZE = fifth-order polynomial function of Z' 

Y ZE = fifth-order polynomial function of Z' 

Table 2 SECRET !) 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 Ai. 344-68-181 

SECRET 9 Page 25 of 47 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

K- ROTATOR CALIBRATION 

K 

(volts) 

K 

(image degrees) 

XKE 

(inches) 

YKE 

(inches) 

-49.997 

I 

+49.987 

0 

I 

360 

+0.0008 

I 

I 

I 

I 

-0.0010 

-0.0011 

I 

I 

I 

I 

+0.0014 

16-point table. Estimate with the following functions: 

K = third-order polynomial function of K' 

X

KE = (Fourier components through fifth harmonic) function of K' 

Y

KE = (Fourier components through fifth harmonic) function of K' 

tteREF. Di 

Table 3 

-ME/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

-OW" 

--SECRETIPECIAL HANDLING 

INTENSITY MODULATOR CALIBRATION 

344-68-181 

Page 26 of 47 

T 

(transmission) 

T' 

(volts) 

-50.020 

+49.999 

8-point table. Estimate with the following function: 

T = exponential + third-order polynomial function of T' 

0.02 

1. 00 

Table 4 -sEeRET-- 

-8E6OSPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

--SECREVSPECIA=1,10 

IRIS CALIBRATION 

Page 27 of 47 

I 

(volts) (millimeters diameter) 

-50.002 2.00 

+50.010 4.00 

8-point table. Estimate with the following function: 

I = third-order polynomial function of II 

"""Sfeiiff r ■ 

Table 5 

-MET/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

Page 2 8 of 47 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

(1/2 X) ANAMORPH CALIBRATION 

(Table for a anamorph will be similar) 

a' a X aE Y cvE 

(volts) (degrees) (inches) (inches) 

-49.998 0 -0.0010 +0.0010 

+49.972 360 +0. 0015 +0.0020 

16-point table. Estimate with the following functions: 

a = third-order polynomial function of a' 

X ax = (Fourier components through fifth harmonic) function of a' 

a E = (Fourier components through fifth harmonic) function of a' 

-SEGREf- 

-OMR/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

-SEGR ET-D 

-SEGREVSPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 29 of 47 

3. Hardware Description and Operation 

Figure 7 is an artist's concept of one slide viewing system consisting of 

the eyepiece, pedestal, subassembly and two slide handling subassemblies. 

The hardware has been completely described in the preceding design 

reports also many system considerations have been discussed above in 

Sections 1 and 2. The interface document number 344-68-178 describes 

all of the input and output conditions of the system. In paragraph 1 

the overall system calibration philosophy was discussed. Therefore, only 

those modes of operation will be described here which have to do with noncomputer input. It will be necessary to operate this system off line for 

servicing, for calibration and during installation before final computer 

software if connections are available as well as during construction at Itek. 

For this purpose a test and checkout console will be provided to assist in 

necessary operations. The operation of this console is described in 

Reference 1. 

4. High Risk Areas 

In AGE equipment such as this system areas of high risk should be and are, 

rare. One potential risk mentioned in the elevator mechanism counterweight 

has been remedied by means of a reinforced motor housing while the only 

other hazard existing in the system is that of 110 volt and 28 volt electrical 

wiring. Standard wiring practices will be followed according to TR424 which 

will insure no personnel hazard. Conservative design practices have been 

followed so that risk or failure to accomplish the mission of this system is 

very low. For these reasons we have regarded the risk areas in the previous 

design reports to be mostly non-existent. 

5. Specifications 

Specification TR424, 16 Feb 1968, all paragraphs relevant SDR. DIN 50332-130-1 

(9303-68-X39) (Attachments 1, 2, and 3). 

lEeRETISPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

-SEC-REF D 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 30 of 47 

6. Reply to Specifications of Paragraphs 

• 1.0 The slide viewing subsystem has been described adequately in the 

foregoing documents and satisfies the objectives of the paragraph for 

scope. Figure 9. 

2.0 The applicable documents cited here have been followed in the foregoing design reports with the exception of some details of the illustrations. 

3.0 Requirements: The requirements of Paragraph 3 have been discussed in detail in the preceding design reports. Therefore, only 

those characteristics which have not been previously discussed will 

be mentioned here. 

3.1.1.1.3 Remote Controlled X-Y Linear Positioner - In addition to the 

parameters discussed in the design report on the X-Y positioner above, 

it is necessary to budget the planimetric error described in this paragraph among a number of components and physical effects. A preliminary 

error budget has been drawn up and is shown in the accompanying table 

and a set of priorities has been assigned for investigating the most 

prominent errors in this system. As mentioned in the tradeoff analysis, 

the primary ingredient in attaining the, design accuracy in this system 

is the use of computer correction for systematic errors in this system. 

Therefore, it becomes the task of the error budget to sort out those 

effects which are systematic and those effects which are random or uncontrollable. The root sum square of the uncontrollable random effects 

-SEORWSPECIAL HANDLING 
-SEC-tiff- D 

BALD LIME 

itErst,LS 

K.ROTATOR 

Dl-COLLio,OT 

• ohmORPPI 

,11,14MOZP1.1 

344-68-181 

RELAY 

711,411r7Eit 

\ 7 sew SPOTTER Tv o■CK,Jo 

, 7 De •CoLAImAToR 

FELO . SAS 

COLLIMATOR 

COLLIM ATOR - 

Z Mt% MIK OO ,V 

fo 

egeltZ; 

SA,TC710,1G. MIRROR 

PELO LEAS SPECIAL EMU'S 

To %SCUD sySYSIA 

SLIDE 

KOLLINt OUT 

(1` 5Teo moGNIOICATIO4 

Ots.lecnye 

SLIDE [IMAGER, oRpte 

COmYITOR CACA1 

TOMER 

!SODOM 

77tMISPOET EYSTEM 

MOTOR 

r

mAsAziAla 

POS%I'OPRE 

DRIVE 

Lioorsox 

O-Y toRlyS 

LIGHTIOs ASSEMBLY 

Figure 9 

Woollen, FIELD LEAS 

x-Y ORM! 

NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

rc) 

—SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 31 of 47 

then, will be applied to the tolerances of this paragraph, the reproducibility of setting in position is to be .0004" over a time span of 

about 10 minutes root sum square, while the positioning error after 

computer correction on a long term basis will not exceed .0059" error 

root sum square. The X-Y positioner may possess many open loop errors 

such as nonorthogonality of travel, curvature of travel, nutations due 

to periodic screw errors and so on. However, the X-Y positioner is 

driven by a CIC film linear potentiometer as a primary distance reference. Because the servo loop is closed through this potentiometer 

most of the above errors can be compensated by a servo feedback. The 

computer correction program described previously will correct out the 

systematic geometric errors to within the observational accuracy of 

the correction observation plus the ability of the computer digital 

to analog system to resolve position. Therefore, assuming the above 

corrections, the principle components of error in the X-Y system are 

those which are uncontrollable such as temperature gradients within 

small regions of the system or those which are random such as noise 

and bearing nutations of the traverse mechanism. Since the key measuring element is the potentiometer itself, its characteristics are 

the most important ones in determining the properties of this system. 

For this reason, the behavior of this potentiometer will be investigated experimentally in detail on the X-Y breadboard as well as in 

oven tests in order to determine the temperature coefficient of position of this potentiometer as installed in the system. If this 

ileRETAPECIAL HANDLINGIEC-Rff Pr)" 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

344-68-181 

SECRET D 

--KGREVSPECIAL HANDLING" 

Page 32 of 47 

temperature coefficient is of sufficient magnitude it may be necessary 

to introduce a systematic temperature correction into the X-Y position 

commands or perhaps into the X-Y positioner servo loop. High precision 

observations of potentiometer linearity will be made in order to assess 

the complexity of the computer correction term for this error. Therefore, the X-Y position error budget with the foregoing assumptions is 

made up of the components in Table one. 

3.1.1.1.3.3 Command Input - See Interface Document 344-68-178. 

3.1.1.1.4.1 Holder/Changer - The operation of the holder/changer has 

been described in the previous design report and in subsequent timing 

diagrams in the above interface document. The holder/changer has been 

mechanically designed to be completely reversible for maximum flexibility in operation. However, some internal logic is required to 

assure correct operation of the slide changer. Current designs of 

this logic permit recall of the last slide viewed unless the takeup 

magazine has been indexed, and also permits unloading of the takeup 

magazine into the supply magazine using a prearranged routine. Present logic does not permit quasi random selection of slides from one 

magazine to another because the holder/changer has no memory capability 

nor does the takeup magazine have a position indicator. 

3.1.1.1.5 The manual control step magnification has been described 

above. The entire lower rhomboid arm must be interchanged as well as 

a pair of condensing lenses in the light source. These items will be 

-SECRETE HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

Page 33 of 47 

SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

TABLE 1 

Potentiometer Linearity 

Thermal Drift of Potentiometer 

Voltage Drift of Reference Source 

5 microns random (limited 

by observation means) 

25 microns (uncompensated) 

5 microns (compensated) 

(These values to be experimentally verified) 

4 microns (assuming 1/100 of 

a percent regulated voltage 

supply) 

Errors due to Contact Potential 4 microns (based on an arbitrary assumption of 1 millivolt) 

Line Noise 4 microns (based on an arbitrary 

assumption of 1 millivolt) 

Reproducibility of Slide Positioner 3 microns (based on previous 

experience with somewhat similar 

kinematic supports) 

Slide Positioner, Wear 3 microns (an arbitrary assumption) 

Errors due to Ability to Observe 5 microns (based on experience 

the Calibration Grid Plate with photogrammetric grid plate 

observations) 

Potentiometer Resolution 1/8 of a micron 

(Statement from CIC) 

Nutations of X-Y Carriage due 3 microns 

to Residual Runouts of Individual 

Ball Bearing Balls 

If the above error sources are added by means of a root sum square 

method the short term error in reproducing X-Y coordinate locations will 

be approximately 12 microns. This is a first cut figure and subsequent 

analysis will be performed to determine more qualified values of errors 

with the purpose of decreasing the sum within the budget of +10 microns. 

-SENT/SPECIAL HANDLING SECRET n' 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

-SEGRET-- D 

-BERK/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 34 of 47 

color coded and numbered so as to correspond with each slide handling 

system in order that the integrity of the above system calibration 

will be maintained for both magnification ranges. 

3.1.1.1.6 Remote Controlled Spherical Zoom - The details of the 

spherical zoom system have been described in the above design report. 

However, this component has the largest impact on system reliability 

of any component presently known. The current choice of zoom lens 

is partly based on availability within the time range of this contract and known minimum or mechanical deficiencies require that the 

zoom lens be periodically maintained by a factory representative 

(Angenieux) as well as Itek for assembly into the module. Our present estimate of the service life of the zoom lens between service 

intervals is approximately three months. This will be verified by an 

experimental life test investigation. 

3.1.1.1.7.3 Lateral Image Shift Tolerances - The above error correction routine using the General Electric computer complex will be used 

to correct lateral image shifts due to anamorph system and 1K-rotator 

mutations to within two arc minutes as viewed by the eye through the 

eyepiece. Itek will provide primary calibration data tables upon 

delivery of the equipment while the above mentioned calibration routines will permit easy updating of these calibrations at the General 

Electric facility when such updating becomes necessary due to replacement of modules or modifications made after delivery of the system. 

-sEeRLET__ n 

-SECREVSPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

344-68-181 

Page 35 of 47 

--SENEVSPECIAL HANDLING 

3.1.1.1.8 Quick Change Reticle Manual Controlled - In order to practicably comply with this specification, it is necessary that special AAE 

tooling be used to center the reticles in their interchangeable mounts. 

3.1.1.1.9 Image Combiner - (Attachment 1 - Modification) The image 

combiner is designed for equal intensities of reflected and transmitted 

light. In order to satisfy the mirror symmetry of General Electric 

special effects equipment, it is necessary that the image combiner be 

able to be assembled in either of two orientations which will be determined by keyways. Access to the image combiner will be through windows 

in the side of the eyepiece box as shown in drawing number 908 863 which 

gives principle image and focal data. 

3.1.1.1.11 Output Eyepiece - Detailed design of the relay optical system has revealed the fact that in addition to changing from the temporary eyepiece to the AVE eyepiece other optical elements will have to 

be replaced or shifted in order to accomplish the retrofit operation. 

The details of this replacement have been described in the foregoing 

design report. 

3.1.1.1.11.2 The exit pupil of this system will be continuously varied 

from approximately four millimeters to two millimeters in diameter, 

controlled by means of a motor driven diaphragm on the zoom lens. It 

is presumed that this iris zoom will be commanded via the interface 

from the astronaut's control knob and will, therefore, be independent 

of the actual setting of the zoom lens (needed both for a two to one 

-sEekET__, 

1E4E/SPECIAL HANDLING 
• NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

VC ITICAL SA►R% 

- HO RR onIT111. BARS 

Co.o 011StrINATI*MS—Ir alterrg se4er a treks 4(147/ RFD viSI 

■•• 

_ 

• s, 

I TekiTATIVE 

 7■•• 

SU)SCT 

1 • 

-./. .9 MU. • 

■+' i 

4 

I 

# — i 

÷ + I 

% .4% ffis 10 4e 

Soo 

leo 

11.1 BAR 

Re SoLuTIoN 

LiUfs/1140A 

WHITE 

T /00 

1000 CcartIMST 

0 

AXIAL SHIFT- MILS 

VerPTI4 OF VOCVS TEST 

2.2Sr NIACIN i Pre CiA■71014 3YSTCA.4 

3 0 II TOPICVVICS 

Figure 8 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

„SEGie 

--SEGREVSPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 36 of 47 

zoom range and for the correction of variable slant range in photography and mission). The output resolution characteristic as well as 

other optical parameters will be exhaustively described in the results 

of the image analysis task to be reported later. It is necessary that 

the limiting resolution also occur through a useful depth of focus 

since there is no automatic focusing provisions built into this system. The data shown in Table two describes the preliminary vertical 

(Z) error budget for the system. The depth of focus is based on experimental observation through the optical system, the data having 

been taken by three different observers. Figure 8. 

3.1.1.1.12 Field Curvature and Focus Adjustment - The field curvature 

of the slide viewing system will be equal to or less than that observed 

in the image evaluation test bench. 

3.1.1.1.13 - Optical Bench Assembly - All optical components will have 

high efficiency transmission coatings and all mirrors will use high 

reflectivity multi-layer coatings for maximum transmission so that the 

real output intensity will exceed one thousand foot lamberts in the 

eyepiece. 

3.1.1.1.13.6 Image Inversion and Reversion - Because each slide hanr 

dling system has a different angular orientation with respect to the 

-SEL-ftEt 

--EMOSPECIAL HANDLING S
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

SECRET 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 37 of 47 

eyepiece it will be necessary that the servo position of each image 

rotation device be established on the site by means of a suitable 

zero offset adjustment. The polarity of the image as seen at the 

eyepiece is identical with the image seen in the slide holder positive as viewed from above. This polarity is consistent with diapositive prints viewed through their base which are hoto-reversal contact prints from second generation positive pictures of targets. 

3.1.1.1.14 The secondary image is introduced from a second slide 

handling system by means of an image selector as described in the 

foregoing design reports. Specifications for primary and secondary 

systems are identical. 

3.1.1.1.16 Facilities Installation Restraint - The installation of 

the system in the General Electric facility has been described briefly in Section 1. 

3.1.1.2 Secondary Performance Characteristics - Interface characteristics of this system are described in document number 344-68-178, 

General Electric drawing 7110477 and Itek drawing number 908887. 

3.1.1.2.9 All commanded parameters shall be resettable on command to 

any value in the operating range in less than one second with the exception of the shutters and the image selector. Fast positioning is 

possible but not required on the intensity modulator anamorphs and 

the K-rotator. Fast positioning of the present zoom lens will be 

--SEGREF 

--SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 -SEeRET-- 0' 

--SECIOSPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 38 of 47 

TABLE 2 

Diapositive Flatness +2.4 mils 

Vertical Runout of Rhomboid Arm and 

Zoom Lens Focus Tracking 

Allowance for Ability to Focus the System 

Slide Holder Focus Uncertainty 

Temporary (arbitrary) Allowance for 

Thermal Expansion 

±1 mil 

±2 mils 

±1 mil 

+2.8 mils 

The root square sum equals 4.5 mils, consistent, therefore, with approximately 180 lines per millimeter at high contrast or something in 

excess of 90 lines per millimeter, low contrast. 

--steREF 

--SEGRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

-SteftEl-D 

—SECRETIPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 39 of 47 

limited by means of a slip clutch and possible also an electric integrator to no faster than 7/10 of a second for a full range command. 

A two to one zoom setting will be possible within 1/2 second. The reset capabilities of the X-Y positioners are limited to one second by 

dynamic characteristics. 

3.1.1.2.10 Electronic Packaging and Connectors - These items are described in the above design reports and interface document. 

3.1.2 Operability 

3.1.2.1 Reliability - The system MTBF will be determined by mutual 

agreement between General Electric and Itek about allowable and practical limits of degradation of functional requirements. In general, 

it has been assumed that the MTBF can be met by means of a reasonable 

periodic maintenance schedule. 

3.1.2.2 Maintainability - The modulator construction and details of 

assembly have been described above. It is assumed that maintenance 

shall be sufficiently rapid so as to satisfy this requirement of three 

to one. 

3.1.2.3 Useful Life - In arriving at useful life estimates consistent 

with a five year period, it has been uniformally assumed that replaceability maintenance of low life components or modules will be used. 

The zoom lens module is the most notable example of this practice. 

-SEGREf- D- 

-SECREVSPEC1AL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY2015 344-68-181 

SECRET p Page 40 of 47 

-SEORESI'ECIAL HANDLING 

3.1.2.4.1 Normal Operating Environment - The SVS is being designed to 

operate under ambient temperatures of 75°F plus or minus 10 degrees 

with ground level laboratory environment humidities and pressures. 

Structural elements are being designed with natural frequencies of 60 

cycles and above which will provide adequate rigidity for both servo 

mechanisms and normally encountered ambient vibrations. It is not 

possible to design a complex optical system such as this one to be 

operable under all possible combinations of the vibration environment 

described in this specification. However, as a practical matter, it 

is extremely unlikely that any massive block such as used in this 

facility is capable of vibrating at 10 to the minus 4 inches double 

amplitude for all frequencies in this range simultaneously, that is, 

the slide viewing system would only have difficulty if a structural 

resonance in it happened to coincide with a similar frequency in the 

environment. It is believed that a practical solution to this problem (if it should exist later) can be best arrived at on an experimental basis in the General Electric facility, by such means as 

identifying the source of vibration excitation and reducing or removing it by vibration isolation if necessary. 

3.1.2.4.2 Normal Conditions Non-Operating - Exposed surfaces will be 

coated and all modules will be suitable packed for shipment by means 

of padded van or air freight for the conditions described. 

--SEGRET-- D' 

--SEOREVSPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

344-68-181 

Page 41 of 47 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 

3.1.2.7.4 Personnel Safety - Details of individual component safety 

problems have been discussed in foregoing design reports. In general, 

warning signs will be placed near hazards so service personnel will 

be warned. Interlocks will be provided so that moving elements will 

be immobilized during service. However, cheater switches may be 

needed to be used by service personnel in order to perform some service functions such as bulb changing and rhomboid arm changing. The 

entire slide handling system will normally be totally enclosed for 

protection against dust and dirt temperature gradients as well as for 

personnel safety. 

3.2.1 Interface Requirements (Mechanical) - Mechanical interfaces 

have been described either in individual drawings or previous design 

reports. The general philosophy on semikinematic mounts have been 

described in paragraph 1. All adjustments will be positively locked 

either by counter screws, suitable clamping devices or use of locktite. The principle subassemblies described will be removable independently. These are the light source, the zoom module, the anamorph 

module, the reticle, the image combiner and the step magnification. 

As described above, all principle optical elements are fastened to 

one optical bench assembly which is now called the optical tower because of its vertical orientation. Surfaces near the optical axis 

or path will be treated by non-reflecting black paint or other surface 

treatment. 

--SEGRET- 

-SECRET/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 --SEC-REt D 

-BERK/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 42 of 47 

3.2.1.1 Detailed Interface Definitions - System power requirements 

are described in document number 344-68-178 and previously mentioned 

in other interface documents. 

3.3.3 Materials, Parts and Processes - Materials, parts and processes 

will be in accordance with DR1165 wherever applicable. 

3.3.4 Fungus - It is not possible to protect optical surfaces against 

attack by fungus when environmental conditions are suitable. As a 

rule, fungus danger occurs when relative humidity exceeds 80 percent 

simultaneously with a temperature in excess of 80°F. This combination 

of environmental variables does not occur with sufficient frequency 

in Philadelphia or Vandenburg. Air Force Base, California, so that 

fungus attack of optical elements is likely to be a serious problem. 

3.3.5 Corrosion Resistance - Exterior surfaces will be painted in 

accordance with General Electric Specifications ST9026, ST9002, entitled (106 Sub-contractor outside envelope paint specification). Surface treatment for the system, in general, will consist of painting, 

plating, iriditing, anodizing, and use of corrosion resisting metals 

in order to satisfy this paragraph. 

3.3.6 Interchangeability and Replaceability - Itek standard part numbering procedures will be used to identify interchangeable subassemblies 

and assemblies and will be marked according to DR1165. 

--SEGRET- 

-MET/SPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

344-68-181 

Page 43 of 47 

-SECREVSPECIAL HANDLING 

3.3.7 Workmanship - The practices of DR1165 will be followed for workmanship as well as Itek practices, for other mechanical procedures. 

3.3.8 Electramagnetic Interference - Memorandum 344-68-112B describes 

the general practices to be used in system electrical construction in 

order to avoid electrical magnetic interference. 

3.3.9 Identification and Marking - Assembly markings shall be indelible in accordance with Section IV, paragraph A, in DR1165. 

3.3.10 Storage - The disassembled system will be capable of performance after one year in suitable storage containers containing desiccant and assuming a sheltered environment. Protective coatings for 

exposed metal surfaces will be used if storage is required. 

4.0 Quality Assurance Provisions - The slide viewing system will be 

available during assembly at Itek for verification inspection of the 

following features. Maintainability, transportability, personnel 

safety, general design features, grounding, shielding, interchangeability, replaceability, workmanship, identification, marking. A 

file of analytical design data and component data from component manufacturers will be available for review in order to support reliability, 

useful life, schematic arrangement, selection of specifications and 

standards, materials, parts and processes, fungus as mentioned above, 

corrosion resistance and storage, if storage is to be required as a 

change in scope of this job. Individual modules will be calibrated 

during assembly and the calibration data will be presented for review 

for conformance to primary and secondary performance characteristics 

--SEORKLSPECIAL HANDLING SECRET ry 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 344-68-181 

Page 44 of 47 

--SENEVSPECIAL HANDLING 

of this specification. 

4.2 Acceptance Test - Acceptance testing shall consist of demonstrations at the Itek facility that performance requirements have been 

met according to the test plan prepared by Itek and submitted for review by General Electric. 

4.2.3 Performance Tests - The philosophy of performance testing will 

be to generate test inputs in the T & C console which will illustrate 

that the system is capable of resolving the input commands and performance characteristics of paragraphs 3.1.1.1 and 3.1.1.2 of the specification, as modified by interface document number 344-68-178. 

4.3 Measurements and Calibration - Standard Itek calibration procedures conform to MIL-C-45662 calibration system requirements. 

Calibration data of system modules will be taken in order to support 

and crosscheck the system calibration procedure which is performed 

after final assembly. 

5.0 Preparation for Delivery - Paragraph 1 described the general procedure of disassembly and assembly to be followed so that the system 

characteristic will be minimumly altered by the disassembly and shipping 

process. The system will be broken down into a series of packages 

which can be handled in padded vans. Detailed descriptions of these 

processes will be made in the handling and installation procedure 

manuals. 

-SEGRE=D 

SEGRWSPEC1AL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

lefiff 

ifelOSPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 45 of 47 

7. Required Technical Analysis 

Data will be made available to General Electric on an "as available" 

basis for review, covering the topics of reliability, useful life, 

schematic arrangement, selection of specifications and standards, 

materials, parts and processes, fungus, corrosion resistence, and 

storage, as requested in paragraph 4.1.1.2 of TR424. This data will 

be available for inspection at the Itek facility on an "as available" 

basis. 

8. Mockups and Breadboards 

Mockups and breadboards will be or have been made for the following 

items: The optical bench test set up, slide transport and positioner, 

the test slide, the 1/10 scale model of the system. A mockup of the 

X-Y drive, a mockup of the rhomboid arm, an X-Y drive servo breadboard, a low power servo breadboard and miscellaneous electronic 

breadboards for circuit development purposes. 

9. Mass/Power 

Current 17 April 1968 estimates of mass for one duplex slide viewing 

system is 4.5 tons. System input power - 15 kilowatts - peak. 

10. Test Data 

No data is available at this time. 

11. Critical Components Specifications 

No critical components or procedures are used in the system. 

SECRET 

-SECIOSPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

SECRET 

-SECREVSPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 46 of 47 

12. Long-Lead Procurements 

Long-lead procurement items have been described in the design reports 

of slide subsystems. The general approach for this job is that any 

component whose delivery time exceeds six weeks is designated as a 

long-lead procurement because of the rapid project schedule. For 

these reasons such items as lenses, critical electrical components 

such as potentiometers and motors and gear heads are procured on a 

long-lead basis. The principle long-lead mechanical components are 

critical ball bearings and ball screws. 

13. Critical Techniques 

Paragraph 1 has described broadly the special calibration problems 

involved in making the system useful for its ultimate mission. The 

following list shows currently known procedures, standards, and descriptions of system alignment processes which are unique for this system. Standard optical tooling processes used in manufacturing subassemblies will be referred to in the design report index for each 

subassembly. 

14. See Project Schedule 

15. Document Index 

See attachment 

L. 

--SECREVSPECIAL HANDLING 
NRO APPROVED FOR 

RELEASE 1 JULY 2015 

SECRET D 

-SKIM/SPECIAL HANDLING 

344-68-181 

Page 47 of 47 

16. Subassembly Layout Drawings and Parts List Data: are submitted 

with those design reports. The figures included in the preceding 

paragraphs servo to describe the system. 

17. Spare Parts 

Spare parts can be specified after a spare approach is determined. 

18. Meeting Agenda 

See attachment 

-SECREVSPECIAL HANDLING