SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-0445-18T2

FRANCESCA CERRIGONE, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

v. 

WILLIAM EWING, 

Defendant-Respondent.

__________________________

Argued July 16, 2019 – Decided July 31, 2019

Before Judges Vernoia and Mayer. 

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law 

Division, Essex County, Docket No. L-3285-17.

Daniel J. Williams argued the cause for appellant (John 

J. Pisano, attorney; John J. Pisano, on the brief).

Thomas W. Griffin argued the cause for respondent 

(Litvak & Trifiolis, PC, attorneys; Thomas W. Griffin, 

on the brief).

PER CURIAM 

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
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A-0445-18T2

In this personal injury action, plaintiff Francesca Cerrigone appeals from 

an order granting her landlord, defendant William Ewing,1summary judgment 

dismissing the complaint. We affirm. 

I.

Because we consider the court's order granting summary judgment, we 

detail the undisputed facts before the motion court and consider those facts in 

the light most favorable to plaintiff, the party opposing defendant's summary 

judgment motion. See Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 

(1995). 

We limit our discussion of the undisputed facts to those presented in the 

statements of material fact and opposition submitted to the court in accordance 

with Rule 4:46-2(a) and (b), and do not consider or rely on information, 

evidence, and purported facts that were not presented to the motion court in 

accordance with the Rule. See Kenney v. Meadowview Nursing & Convalescent 

Ctr., 308 N.J. Super. 565, 573 (App. Div. 1998) (refusing to consider "factual 

assertions in [the] appeal that were not properly included in the motion . . . for 

 

1

 Defendant asserted before the motion court that the complaint was "improperly 

pleaded" against him and that the proper defendant is "379 Bloomfield Avenue, 

Inc." but there was no motion to dismiss the complaint based on that claim and 

he remains the only named defendant in the action. 
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summary judgment below" pursuant to Rule 4:46-2). As such, we reject 

plaintiff's reliance on any purported facts that were not submitted to the motion 

court in accordance with Rule 4:46-2(a) and (b) and that are asserted for the first 

time on appeal.2

The facts supporting defendant's motion are not disputed. 3 This action 

arises out of an incident in an apartment plaintiff leased from defendant. 

According to plaintiff, the top half of the window suddenly dropped on her 

fingers when she "was going to unlock the window." In her complaint, plaintiff 

alleged she suffered injuries to her hand when, "due to a deteriorated, defectively 

 

2

 In her brief on appeal, plaintiff ignores the undisputed facts presented to the 

motion court in accordance with Rule 4:46-2(a) and (b), and instead incorrectly 

relies on deposition transcripts to support purported facts that were never 

presented to the motion court in the first instance. Plaintiff's attempted reliance 

on such purported facts is rejected because it ignores the Rule's clear 

requirements, constitutes an improper assertion of purported facts for the first 

time on appeal and unfairly deprives defendant of the opportunity to contest the 

facts in accordance with the established and requisite procedure under the Rule. 

3

 In support of his motion, defendant submitted ten statements of material fact 

in accordance with Rule 4:46-2(a). In response, plaintiff admitted nine of the 

statements, and denied two of the statements but her denials are untethered to 

citation to competent record evidence, R. 4:46-2(b), and therefore each of 

defendant's statements of material facts is deemed admitted, ibid. "[T]he party 

opposing" a summary judgment "motion bears the affirmative burden of 

responding. That burden is not optional . . . and it cannot be satisfied by the 

presentation of incompetent or incomplete proofs." Polzo v. County of Essex, 

196 N.J. 569, 586 (2008). Plaintiff did not satisfy that burden here.
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maintained window . . . the spring/mechanism, which ordinarily exists so as to 

forestall a sudden drop[,] was not present, thereby causing the window to drop 

forcefully onto [her] fingers." Plaintiff alleged defendant negligently failed "to 

warn and/or alleviate the . . . window defect," "failed and neglected to provide 

a safe and proper place" and "failed to . . . keep the . . . window from 

deteriorating into a hazardous condition."

Prior to the date of the incident, plaintiff had not made any complaints to 

defendant about the window or provided actual notice to defendant about any 

alleged defects in the window. Plaintiff did not present any evidence that 

defendant had notice of the alleged defect in the window prior to the incident. 

Plaintiff did not serve a liability expert report during discovery.

Based on those undisputed facts, defendant argued he was entitled to 

summary judgment because plaintiff lacked evidence showing he had notice of 

the alleged defective window and plaintiff offered no expert report or testimony 

supporting her claim the window was defective. In response, plaintiff argued 

she could establish defendant's negligence through application of the doctrine 

of res ipsa loquitur. 

The court granted defendant's motion, finding plaintiff lacked any 

evidence that defendant had actual or constructive notice of the allegedly 
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defective window. The court also rejected plaintiff's reliance on res ipsa loquitur 

because plaintiff failed to present evidence supporting an element essential to 

application of the doctrine—that the window was within defendant's exclusive 

control. The court entered an order granting summary judgment to defendant 

and dismissing the complaint. This appeal followed.

II.

Our review of an order granting a party's motion for summary judgment 

"is premised on the same standard that governs the motion judge's 

determination." RSI Bank v. Providence Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 234 N.J. 459, 472 

(2018). That is, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party to determine whether there exist genuine disputes of material fact. 

Petro-Lubricant Testing Labs., Inc. v. Adelman, 233 N.J. 236, 256 (2018); see 

also Brill, 142 N.J. at 540.

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, determining whether 

there are any genuine issues of material fact when the evidence is viewed in the 

light most favorable to the non-moving party. Rowe v. Mazel Thirty, LLC, 209 

N.J. 35, 38 (2012). Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine 

issue of material fact, and the evidence "is so one-sided that one party must 

prevail as a matter of law." Brill, 142 N.J. at 540 (quoting Anderson v. Liberty 
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A-0445-18T2

Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986)). Provided there are no genuine issues of 

material fact, we review issues of law de novo. Kaye v. Rosefielde, 223 N.J. 

218, 229 (2015).

We have carefully reviewed the record and, based on the parties' Rule

4:46-2 submissions, conclude there are no genuine issues of material fact. We 

consider the issues of law de novo. Ibid. 

Plaintiff's complaint asserts a negligence claim against defendant. "To 

prevail on a claim of negligence, a plaintiff must establish four elements: (1) 

that the defendant owed a duty of care; (2) that the defendant breached that duty; 

(3) actual and proximate causation; and (4) damages." Fernandes v. DAR Dev. 

Corp., 222 N.J. 390, 403-04 (2015). "[W]hether a defendant owes a legal duty 

to another and the scope of that duty are generally questions of law for the court 

to decide." Morris v. T.D. Bank, 454 N.J. Super. 203, 209 (App. Div. 2018) 

(alteration in original) (quoting Robinson v. Vivirito, 217 N.J. 199, 208 (2014)). 

"[W]hether the duty was breached is a question of fact." Ibid. (alteration in 

original) (quoting Jerkins v. Anderson, 191 N.J. 285, 305 (2007)).

"[A] landlord has a common law duty to exercise reasonable care to keep 

the premises in a reasonably safe condition to guard against foreseeable dangers 

arising from the use of the premises." J.H. v. R & M Tagliareni, LLC, 454 N.J. 
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Super. 174, 181 (App. Div. 2018). The "duty arises when the harm is foreseeable 

and the landlord has sufficient control to prevent it." Scully v. Fitzgerald, 179 

N.J. 114, 123 (2004). A landlord must "maintain and repair those facilities in 

or out of the tenant's premises which are an integral part of the equipment under 

his [or her] control, such as water pipes, heating pipes and radiators, plumbing 

fixtures, electrical equipment and the like." Dwyer v. Skyline Apartments, Inc., 

123 N.J. Super. 48, 52 (App. Div. 1973). 

Establishing a breach of the landlord's duty "requires not only proof of the 

condition which caused the injury but that the condition was known or should 

have been known by the landlord prior to the occurrence, so that he had an 

opportunity to correct it." Ibid. Thus, "a landlord is liable only for injurious 

consequences to a tenant by reason of defects 'of which he [or she] has 

knowledge or of defects which have existed for so long a time that . . . he [or 

she] had both an opportunity to discover and to remedy.'" Id. at 52-53 (quoting 

Francisco v. Miller, 14 N.J. Super. 290, 296 (App. Div. 1951)). 

Here, the undisputed facts before the motion court did not permit a finding 

that defendant breached a duty owed to plaintiff. Plaintiff not only failed to

present any evidence that defendant had notice of the alleged window defect, 

the undisputed facts presented to the motion court—facts that plaintiff 
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admitted—established that defendant had no notice of the alleged defect. In 

addition, plaintiff did not submit any opposition to the summary judgment 

motion in accordance with Rule 4:46-2(b) demonstrating that the purported 

defect existed for a sufficiently long period of time such that defendant had an 

opportunity to discover or fix it. Lacking any evidence defendant had either 

notice of the alleged defect or an opportunity to discover it, plaintiff did not 

establish defendant owed a duty to repair the alleged defective window. See

ibid. Thus, the court correctly determined plaintiff could not sustain her 

negligence claim. 

Plaintiff argues the court erred by dismissing the complaint because she 

could otherwise establish defendant's negligence by application of the doctrine 

of res ipsa loquitur. The doctrine "where applicable, is a method of 

circumstantially proving the existence of negligence," Szalontai v. Yazbo's 

Sports Cafe, 183 N.J. 386, 400 (2005) (quoting Myrlak v. Port Auth. of N.Y. & 

N.J., 157 N.J. 84, 95 (1999)), and permits an inference establishing a prima facie 

case of negligence, Jerista v. Murray, 185 N.J. 175, 192 (2005); Mayer v. Once 

Upon A Rose, Inc., 429 N.J. Super. 365, 373 (App. Div. 2013). To invoke the 

doctrine, a plaintiff must establish that "(a) the occurrence itself ordinarily 

bespeaks negligence; (b) the instrumentality [causing the injury] was within the 
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defendant's exclusive control; and (c) there is no indication in the circumstances 

that the injury was the result of the plaintiff's own voluntary act or neglect."

Szalontai, 183 N.J. at 398 (alteration in original) (quoting Brown v. Racquet 

Club of Bricktown, 95 N.J. 280, 288 (1984)); Mayer, 429 N.J. Super. at 373.

The first factor, that the occurrence ordinarily bespeaks negligence, is 

dependent on "whether based on common knowledge the balance of 

probabilities favors negligence, thus rendering fair the drawing of a res ipsa 

inference." Jerista, 185 N.J. at 199. Where "the res ipsa inference falls outside 

of the common knowledge of the factfinder and depends on scientific, technical, 

or other specialized knowledge . . . expert testimony [is] required." Ibid.; see 

also Buckelew v. Grossbard, 87 N.J. 512, 528-29 (1981) (requiring expert 

testimony establishing the standard of care in medical malpractice case to permit 

res ipsa loquitur inference); cf. Mayer, 429 N.J. Super. at 376-77 (finding expert 

testimony was not required for a res ipsa loquitur inference because it was within 

the common knowledge of jurors that "too much pressure applied to glass can 

cause it to break").

Here, the undisputed facts do not permit the conclusion that the falling 

window bespeaks negligence. Although plaintiff alleged in her complaint the 

window fell due to a missing "spring/mechanism," she offered no competent 
10 A-0445-18T2

evidence supporting the claim and, in our view, whether the alleged missing 

"spring/mechanism" caused the window to fall is beyond the common 

knowledge of a jury and requires expert testimony to support application of res 

ipsa loquitur. See Szalontai, 183 N.J. at 398. Without expert testimony, 

plaintiff did not establish "that it is more probable than not that the defendant's 

negligence was a proximate cause of the mishap," Brown, 95 N.J. at 291-92; 

see also Jerista, 185 N.J. at 192, and failed to demonstrate that the incident 

bespeaks negligence.

Even if, as the motion court found, plaintiff presented sufficient evidence 

supporting a finding that the occurrence of the accident bespeaks negligence, 

plaintiff is not entitled to an inference of negligence based on the doctrine of res 

ipsa loquitur because she failed to demonstrate the alleged defective window 

was within defendant's exclusive control. Szalontai, 183 N.J. at 398. Other than 

establishing that plaintiff leased the residence from defendant, the Rule 4:46-2 

submissions are bereft of any facts establishing the window was in defendant's 

exclusive control when the accident occurred. In fact, the Rule 4:46-2 

submissions establish that plaintiff was in control of the window when the 

accident occurred; plaintiff alleges in her complaint that the accident occurred 

while she was unlocking the window. Thus, plaintiff failed to demonstrate the 
11 A-0445-18T2

window was in defendant's exclusive control as required to permit application 

of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur.4

"Res ipsa loquitur is not a panacea for the . . . doomed negligence cause 

of action." Id. at 400. A plaintiff is not entitled to prosecute a case under the 

doctrine "any time there is an unexplained accident for which a defendant might 

plausibly be responsible." Jimenez v. GNOC, Corp., 286 N.J. Super. 533, 545 

(App. Div. 1996). Plaintiff did not present evidence establishing all of the 

elements required for application of the doctrine and, as a result, the court 

correctly rejected plaintiff's reliance upon it in granting defendant's summary 

judgment motion.

Any arguments presented by plaintiff that we have not directly addressed 

are without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. R. 2:11-

3(e)(1)(E). 

Affirmed.

 

4

 Because plaintiff failed to establish either of the first two factors required for 

application of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, it is unnecessary to consider or 

decide whether plaintiff satisfied the third factor—that "there is no indication in 

the circumstances that the injury was the result of the plaintiff's own voluntary 

act or neglect," Szalontai, 183 N.J. at 398 (citation omitted)—other than to note 

that the undisputed facts presented to the motion court do not directly address 

this factor.