[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 13-12002

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 3:12-cv-00266-MW-EMT

LAWRENCE L. BLANKENSHIP,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

GULF POWER COMPANY,

Defendant-Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

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(November 20, 2013)

Before HULL, MARCUS and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

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Lawrence Blankenship appeals the district court’s sua sponte dismissal of 

his pro se civil complaint against Gulf Power Company. After review, we affirm 

the district court’s dismissal, but vacate the district court’s judgment so that the 

proper basis for the dismissal can be reflected in the judgment.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Complaint Allegations

According to Blankenship’s pro se amended complaint (“the complaint”), in 

December 2011, Blankenship called Gulf Power to disconnect the power to his 

daughter’s Atilla Avenue residence in Pensacola, Florida because she was moving

to New Orleans, Louisiana. On April 11, 2012, Gulf Power sent Blankenship a 

notice advising him that payment for the electrical service in his name at the Atilla 

Avenue residence was past due and that the past-due amount of $1,020.51 for the 

Atilla Avenue residence had been transferred to Blankenship’s account for his 

primary residence on Mitchell Lane in Pensacola. A May 2012 Gulf Power bill

reflected a total charge of $1,075.95, including $925.51 for five “Previous 

Location Balance” charges.

On May 26, 2012, Blankenship received notice from Gulf Power that it 

would disconnect the power at his Mitchell Lane residence on June 1 if he did not 

pay the outstanding balance of $1,015.95. Blankenship claimed that he did not 

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owe the outstanding balance and that the transfer of the Atilla Avenue residence’s 

balance to his primary residence account was unauthorized.

Blankenship’s pro se complaint alleged numerous claims, including 

conspiracy, fraud, misrepresentation, intentional infliction of emotional distress, 

abuse of authority, and racketeering. Additionally, the complaint alleged 

violations of various Florida and federal statutes, including 18 U.S.C. § 1001, the 

“Responsible Utility Customer Protection Act,” and the “Public Utility Holding 

Company Act.” The complaint also alleged that Gulf Power, “clothed with the 

authority of the State law,” had violated Blankenship’s substantive and procedural 

due process rights, his equal protection rights, and “those rights from the Bill of 

Rights incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.”

Blankenship prepared his complaint on a civil rights complaint form for 

actions brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The complaint alleged that “Citizenship” 

was the basis for jurisdiction and that the amount in controversy exceeded $10,000, 

but also cited 28 U.S.C. § 1343(a)(3), which gives district courts original 

jurisdiction over civil rights actions.

In the prayer for relief, Blankenship asked for $10,000 in monetary 

damages, expenses, and court costs, compensation for non-economic damages, and 

an order directing Gulf Power to restore power service to his primary residence on 

Mitchell Lane.

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B. District Court Proceedings

A magistrate judge issued a Report (“R&R”) recommending that 

Blankenship’s case be dismissed for lack of federal jurisdiction. Explaining that 

there is no federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 to entertain wholly 

insubstantial or obviously frivolous claims, the R&R concluded that all of 

Blankenship’s alleged federal claims should be dismissed. Specifically, the R&R 

determined that (1) 18 U.S.C. § 1001 is a criminal statute that does not provide a 

private cause of action; (2) the Public Utility Holding Company Act was repealed 

in 2005 by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, which also does not provide a private 

cause of action; (3) there is no federal law titled the Responsible Utility Customer 

Protection Act (and the Pennsylvania law of that name was inapplicable to events 

occurring in Florida); (4) § 1983 does “not afford a basis for relief” because that 

statute only applies to action taken “under color of state law,” and Blankenship’s 

“assertion that Gulf Power was ‘cloaked with the power of state law’ [did] not 

make it so”; and (5) there is no other federal law that provides a private right of 

action for Blankenship’s claims about Gulf Power’s allegedly wrongful conduct.

The R&R further concluded that Blankenship’s complaint failed to establish 

diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) because, even assuming diverse 

citizenship, Blankenship had not pled the required $75,000 amount in controversy. 

The R&R specifically declined to make findings with respect to any state law 

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claims. Because the complaint’s allegations “reveal[ed] no discernible basis for 

federal jurisdiction,” the R&R recommended that the entire action be dismissed for 

“failure to raise a substantial non-frivolous federal claim.”

The district court, over Blankenship’s objections, adopted the R&R “as the 

Court’s opinion.” The district court’s order, however, directed the clerk to “enter 

judgment stating, ‘This cause is DISMISSED under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) 

for Plaintiff’s failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” As 

directed, the clerk’s judgment stated that the case was dismissed pursuant to 

§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted.

II. DISCUSSION

Federal courts have limited jurisdiction and are “obligated to inquire into 

subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte whenever it may be lacking.” Buchese v. 

Town of Ponce Inlet, 405 F.3d 964, 975 (11th Cir. 2005). If at any time the district 

court determines that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, “the court must dismiss 

the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3); see also Nat’l Parks Conservation Ass’n v. 

Norton, 324 F.3d 1229, 1240 (11th Cir. 2003).1

“The district courts have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising 

under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1331. 

However, even a claim that arises under federal law may be dismissed for lack of 

 

1

We review de novo questions concerning the subject matter jurisdiction of the district 

court. Bishop v. Reno, 210 F.3d 1295, 1298 (11th Cir. 2000).

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subject matter jurisdiction if (1) the claim “‘clearly appears to be immaterial and 

made solely for the purpose of obtaining jurisdiction,’” or (2) the claim “‘is wholly 

insubstantial and frivolous.’” Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala. v. Sanders, 138 

F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th Cir. 1998) (quoting Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678, 682-83, 66 

S. Ct. 773, 776 (1946)). “Under the latter Bell exception, subject matter 

jurisdiction is lacking only if the claim has no plausible foundation, or if the court 

concludes that a prior Supreme Court decision clearly forecloses the claim.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted); see also McGinnis v. Ingram Equip. Co., 918 

F.3d 1491, 1494 (11th Cir. 1990) (en banc) (stating that the test is whether the 

claim alleged “is so patently without merit as to justify the court’s dismissal for 

want of jurisdiction” (internal quotation marks and ellipsis omitted)).

Here, the district court properly concluded that Blankenship’s federal claims 

were so patently frivolous that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction under § 1331. 

As the district court determined, neither the statutes cited in Blankenship’s 

complaint, nor any other federal statute, provides a cause of action for Gulf 

Power’s allegedly wrongful conduct. Furthermore, nothing in the complaint 

indicates that Gulf Power’s alleged actions in attempting to collect the outstanding

payment could be “fairly attributable” to the state and thus were taken “under color 

of state law,” which is necessary to obtain relief under § 1983. See Am. Mfrs. 

Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sullivan, 526 U.S. 40, 49-51, 119 S. Ct. 977, 985 (1999); Griffin 

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v. City of Opa-Locka, 261 F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th Cir. 2001). Given that 

Blankenship’s complaint failed to allege a substantial, nonfrivolous federal claim, 

the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. See

Sanders, 138 F.3d at 1352.

The district court also correctly concluded that it lacked diversity 

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). “[T]o invoke a federal court’s diversity 

jurisdiction, a plaintiff must claim . . . that the amount in controversy exceeds 

$75,000,” and the plaintiff satisfies this requirement “by claiming a sufficient sum 

in good faith.” Federated Mut. Ins. Co. v. McKinnon Motors, LLC, 329 F.3d 805, 

807 (11th Cir. 2003); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Blankenship’s complaint 

alleges only that the amount in controversy exceeds $10,000. Additionally, 

Blankenship’s complaint disputes that he owes Gulf Power the outstanding 

$1,020.51 balance and seeks monetary damages of only $10,000. Thus, it is 

evident from the face of the complaint that the amount in controversy does not 

exceed $75,000.

Further, because the district court did not have subject matter jurisdiction in 

this case, it properly declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over 

Blankenship’s state law claims. See Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 

343, 350, 108 S. Ct. 614, 619 (1988) (“[W]hen the federal-law claims have 

dropped out of the lawsuit in its early stages and only state-law claims remain, the 

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federal court should decline the exercise of jurisdiction by dismissing the case 

without prejudice.” (footnote omitted)). Thus, as the district court correctly 

concluded, Blankenship’s entire action was due to be dismissed for lack of subject 

matter jurisdiction.

We nonetheless vacate the judgment below and remand for two reasons. 

First, although the district court correctly concluded that it lacked subject matter 

jurisdiction over Blankenship’s complaint, it did not in fact dismiss the complaint 

for that reason under Rule 12(h)(3). Instead, the district court, apparently in error, 

dismissed the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be 

granted, a merits determination not addressed in the R&R adopted by the district 

court. Because the district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, however, it did 

not have authority to dismiss the complaint on the merits.2

 Second, the district 

court cited as the basis for the dismissal 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Yet, 

Blankenship paid the full filing fee and was not proceeding in forma pauperis.

For these reasons, we vacate the district court’s judgment and remand for the 

district court to dismiss this action without prejudice for lack of subject matter 

jurisdiction.

 

2

We also note that the district court’s dismissal of Blankenship’s action for lack of 

subject matter jurisdiction would be an involuntary dismissal and, thus, without prejudice. See

Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b) (providing that an involuntary dismissal for lack of subject matter 

jurisdiction does not operate as an adjudication on the merits); Crotwell v. Hockman-Lewis Ltd, 

734 F.2d 767, 769 (11th Cir. 1984) (explaining that a district court’s dismissal of a case for lack 

of subject matter jurisdiction should be without prejudice).

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VACATED AND REMANDED.

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