COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges McClanahan, Petty and Beales Argued by teleconference

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA MEMORANDUM OPINION ∗ BY v. Record No. 1922-07-1 J UDGE ELIZABETH A. McCLANAHAN JANUARY 4, 2008 STEVEN D. BLOUNT

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF PORTSMOUTH Dean W. Sword, Jr., Judge Joshua M. Didlake, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellant. (Joyce L. Weddle, Deputy Public Defender; Office of Public Defender, on brief), for appellee. Appellee submitting on brief.
The Commonwealth appeals an order of th e trial court granting Steven D. Blount’s motion to suppress evidence. Because the Commonwealth failed to preserve the argument it now makes on appeal, we affirm the trial court.
I. BACKGROUND Steven D. Blount was indicted for violati on of Code § 18.2-308.2, possession of a firearm by a previously convicted felon, and violation of Code § 18.2-108.1, receipt of a stolen firearm. Officer R. Riddle of the Portsmouth Police Department stopped a vehicle in which Blount was riding as a passenger and discovered a weapon under the passenger seat. 1 Blount filed a motion

∗ Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opin ion is not designated for publication.

1 Although the United States Supreme Court ha s held that a passenger does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in an automob ile in which he has no ownership or possessory interest, Rakas v. Illinois , 439 U.S. 128 (1978), the Commonwea lth did not make that argument either at trial or on appeal. Thus , we will not consider the issue.- 2 - to suppress arguing the weapon was seized in violation of the F ourth Amendment. The trial court granted the motion, and the Commonwealth filed this appeal pursuant to Code § 19.2-398. 2
II. ANALYSIS We start with the premise that “warrantless searches are per se unreasonable, subject to a few specifically established and well-delineat ed exceptions, and the Commonwealth has the heavy burden of establishing an excep tion to the warrant requirement.” Megel v. Commonwealth , 262 Va. 531, 534, 551 S.E.2d 638, 640 (2001) (citations omitted). Once the defendant establishes that the challenged search was conducted w ithout a warrant, the Commonwealth has the burden to id entify a specific exception to the warrant requirement that would justify the search. On appeal, the Attorney General does so, arguing the officer had a reasonable articulable suspicion th at criminal activity was afoot and that Blount was armed and dangerous therefore justifying the detention and frisk of Blount a nd the search of the vehicle, relying on Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 (1968), and Michigan v. Long , 463 U.S. 1032 (1983). However, the Commonwealth failed to present this argument to the trial court. The prosecutor simply restated the evidence, without advanci ng any legal theory or citing any case law that would justify the police officer’s actions. In fact, the trial cour t, without any objection from the Commonwealth, framed the issue as whether there was “sufficient probable cause to look for the weapon.” The trial court further stated, again without objection, “[W]e ha ve to have probable cause for there to be a seizure a nd a subsequent search.” Accordi ng to the trial court, “I just can’t come to the conclusion that there is probable cause.” 3 At no time did the Commonwealth

2 The Commonwealth failed to include in it s notice of appeal the certifications required by Code §§ 19.2-398(A)(2) and 19.2-400.

3 The probable cause standard is relevant to an analysis of whether there was probable cause to arrest Blount on a concealed weapons charge, but, on appeal , the Commonwealth does not make that argument. Therefore, pursuant to Rule 5A:20(e), we do not address this issue.- 3 - object to the trial court’s application of the proba ble cause standard or urge the trial court to apply the appropriate lega l standard set forth in Terry and Long

. Pursuant to Rule 5A:18, the Commonwealth wa s required to present to the trial court the argument now made on appeal. Under this rule, a specific argument must be made to the trial court at the appropriate time, or the allegation of error will not be considered on appeal. A general ar gument or an abstract reference to the law is not sufficient to preserve an issue. Making one specific argument on an issue does not preserve a separate legal point on the same issue for review. Edwards v. Commonwealth , 41 Va. App. 752, 760, 589 S.E.2d 444, 448 (2003) ( en banc ) (citations omitted). Thus, “though taking the same general position as in the trial court, an appellant may not rely on reasons which could have been but were not raised for the benefit of the lower court.” West Alexandria Properties, Inc. v. Fi rst Va. Mortgage & Real Estate Inv.
Trust , 221 Va. 134, 138, 267 S.E.2d 149, 151 (1980). The Commonwealth’s argument is based on th e application of a r easonableness standard – a standard the Commonwealth neve r asked the trial court to apply. 4 Thus, since the Commonwealth makes an argument on appeal that was never presented to the trial court, the Commonwealth’s argument is barred by Rule 5A:18. For these reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Affirmed.

4 The Commonwealth failed to designate on brief where, in the record, the argument it now makes was preserved for appeal as required by Rule 5A:20(c).