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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

TAMMY SUNDRLA,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

UNPUBLISHED

April 24, 2018

v No. 337582

Washtenaw Circuit Court

REPUBLIC PARKING SYSTEM, INC., LC No. 15-000358-NO

Defendant-Appellee.

Before: MURPHY, P.J., and JANSEN and SWARTZLE, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting summary disposition in favor 

of defendant, Republic Parking System, Inc., pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) and the open and 

obvious danger doctrine. We affirm.

This case arises out of a slip and fall on an icy step that occurred in the enclosed concrete 

stairwell of a parking ramp owned by defendant as plaintiff was descending the stairs between 

the seventh and sixth floor of the eight-floor structure. The seventh floor where plaintiff parked 

was covered, but the sides of the ramp were open and exposed to the elements. There was an 

open doorway leading from the parking area to the stairwell, and while the stairwell was 

enclosed, it was still susceptible to the cold, making ice a possibility as to any water that was 

tracked in by defendant’s patrons. Plaintiff testified that water would also leak or drip into the 

stairwell from some type of opening at the very top of the ramp. We shall discuss additional 

evidence below. On appeal, plaintiff argues that there existed genuine issues of material fact 

regarding whether the icy step or stair constituted an open and obvious danger and whether any 

special aspects of the hazard supported liability, assuming that the danger was open and obvious.

We review de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary disposition. Hoffner v 

Lanctoe, 492 Mich 450, 459; 821 NW2d 88 (2012). In Pioneer State Mut Ins Co v Dells, 301 

Mich App 368, 377; 836 NW2d 257 (2013), this Court set forth the principles applicable to 

examination of a summary disposition motion brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10):

In general, MCR 2.116(C)(10) provides for summary disposition when 

there is no genuine issue regarding any material fact and the moving party is 

entitled to judgment or partial judgment as a matter of law. A motion brought 

under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual support for a party's claim. A trial court 

may grant a motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) if the 
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pleadings, affidavits, and other documentary evidence, when viewed in a light 

most favorable to the nonmovant, show that there is no genuine issue with respect 

to any material fact. A genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, 

giving the benefit of reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an issue 

upon which reasonable minds might differ. The trial court is not permitted to 

assess credibility, weigh the evidence, or resolve factual disputes, and if material 

evidence conflicts, it is not appropriate to grant a motion for summary disposition

under MCR 2.116(C)(10). A court may only consider substantively admissible 

evidence actually proffered relative to a motion for summary disposition under 

MCR 2.116(C)(10). [Citations and quotation marks omitted.]

Our Supreme Court in Hoffner, 492 Mich at 459-460, provided the following analytical 

overview with respect to the law governing premises liability, explaining:

The law of premises liability in Michigan has its foundation in two general 

precepts. First, landowners must act in a reasonable manner to guard against 

harms that threaten the safety and security of those who enter their land. Second, 

and as a corollary, landowners are not insurers; that is, they are not charged with 

guaranteeing the safety of every person who comes onto their land. These 

principles have been used to establish well-recognized rules governing the rights 

and responsibilities of both landowners and those who enter their land.

Underlying all these principles and rules is the requirement that both the 

possessors of land and those who come onto it exercise common sense and 

prudent judgment when confronting hazards on the land. These rules balance a 

possessor's ability to exercise control over the premises with the 

invitees' obligation to assume personal responsibility to protect themselves from 

apparent dangers.

The starting point for any discussion of the rules governing premises 

liability law is establishing what duty a premises possessor owes to those who 

come onto his land. With regard to invitees,[

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] a landowner owes a duty to use 

reasonable care to protect invitees from unreasonable risks of harm posed by 

dangerous conditions on the owner's land. Michigan law provides liability for a 

breach of this duty of ordinary care when the premises possessor knows or should 

know of a dangerous condition on the premises of which the invitee is unaware 

and fails to fix the defect, guard against the defect, or warn the invitee of the 

defect. [Citations omitted.]

Consideration regarding whether a danger or defect is open and obvious is an integral 

aspect of defining the duty owed by an invitor to an invitee. Hoffner, 492 Mich at 460. A

possessor of land does not owe a duty to protect or warn an invitee relative to dangers that are 

open and obvious. Id. This is “because such dangers, by their nature, apprise an invitee of the 

potential hazard, which the invitee may then take reasonable measures to avoid.” Id. at 461. 

 1 There is no dispute here that plaintiff was an invitee.
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“Whether a danger is open and obvious depends on whether it is reasonable to expect that an 

average person with ordinary intelligence would have discovered it upon casual inspection.” Id. 

The required analysis involves examination of the objective nature of the condition of the 

premises. Id. It is well established that wintry conditions can be characterized as open and 

obvious, and “Michigan courts thus ask whether the individual circumstances, including the 

surrounding conditions, render a snow or ice condition open and obvious such that a reasonably 

prudent person would foresee the danger.” Id. at 464. 

There have been several Supreme Court orders that must be taken into consideration. In 

Ragnoli v North Oakland-North Macomb Imaging, Inc, 500 Mich 967 (2017), our Supreme 

Court reversed a decision by this Court, ruling that “[t]he trial court correctly held that, 

notwithstanding the low lighting in the parking lot, the presence of wintery weather conditions 

and of ice on the ground elsewhere on the premises rendered the risk of a black ice patch 

‘open and obvious such that a reasonably prudent person would foresee the danger’ of slipping 

and falling in the parking lot.” (Citation omitted.)

In Cole v Henry Ford Health Sys, 497 Mich 881 (2014), the Supreme Court similarly 

stated:

Here, the so-called “black ice” was detected by four other witnesses who 

viewed the premises after the plaintiff's accident. There were several patches of 

ice evident in the area where the plaintiff fell. In addition, there were numerous 

indicia of a potentially hazardous condition being present, including seven inches 

of snow on the ground, some precipitation the previous day, and a recent thaw 

followed by consistent temperatures below freezing. A reasonably prudent person 

would foresee the danger of icy conditions on the mid-winter night the plaintiff's 

accident occurred. [Citation omitted.]

In Janson v Sajewski Funeral Home, Inc., 486 Mich 934, 935 (2010), the Supreme Court

ruled:

“[B]lack ice” conditions [are rendered] open and obvious when there are 

indicia of a potentially hazardous condition, including the specific weather 

conditions present at the time of the plaintiff's fall. Here, the slip and fall occurred 

in winter, with temperatures at all times below freezing, snow present around the 

defendant's premises, mist and light freezing rain falling earlier in the day, and 

light snow falling during the period prior to the plaintiff's fall in the evening. 

These wintry conditions by their nature would have alerted an average user of 

ordinary intelligence to discover the danger upon casual inspection. [Citations 

and quotation marks omitted.]

In Janson, id., the Supreme Court relied on and favorably cited this Court’s opinion in 

Slaughter v Blarney Castle Oil Co, 281 Mich App 474; 760 NW2d 287 (2008), and specifically 

page 483 of the opinion, where the Slaughter panel stated:

The overriding principle behind the many definitions of black ice is that it 

is either invisible or nearly invisible, transparent, or nearly transparent. Such 
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definition is inherently inconsistent with the open and obvious danger doctrine. 

Consequently, we decline to extend the doctrine to black ice without evidence that 

the black ice in question would have been visible on casual inspection before the 

fall or without other indicia of a potentially hazardous condition. [Emphasis 

added.]

In light of this emphasized language, and considering the Supreme Court’s orders, the 

question here is whether there exists a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether the icy 

step in the stairwell would have been visible on casual inspection, and plaintiff’s deposition 

testimony indicated that it was not visible on casual inspection so we shall not explore that 

avenue, or whether there were other indicia of the potential for ice in the stairwell.

We now turn to the pertinent evidence regarding whether there were indicia of the 

potential for an icy step in the stairwell. Plaintiff testified that the slip and fall occurred in the 

month of December at approximately 9:30 a.m. She described the weather as “bitterly cold,” 

wet, and actively snowing. Plaintiff indicated that her vehicle slid on patches of black ice on the 

roadway during her commute to work. She also observed snow and moisture near the area where 

she parked her vehicle on the seventh floor of the ramp. Plaintiff further testified that the steps 

in the stairwell were “wet in some areas.” And she stated that “[w]ater would always leak” into 

the stairwell from the top of the ramp. Additionally, plaintiff did not see any salt on the stairs.

Accordingly, even though the stairwell was enclosed, the steps were still subject to 

getting wet and icing over from the cold, and considering plaintiff’s own testimony about the

regular water intrusion and the bitterly cold temperature on the day of the accident, the “wintry 

conditions by their nature would have alerted an average user of ordinary intelligence to discover 

the danger upon casual inspection.” Janson, 486 Mich at 935. Thus, we cannot conclude that 

the trial court erred in determining that the alleged hazard was open and obvious as a matter of 

law. 

On the issue of special aspects, an exception to the duty owed for open and obvious 

dangers arises when special aspects of a condition make even an open and obvious risk 

unreasonable. Hoffner, 492 Mich at 461. Special aspects exist when an open and obvious 

hazard remains unreasonably dangerous or when it is effectively unavoidable. Id. at 461-463. 

The Hoffner Court further explained:

[W]hen confronted with an issue concerning an open and obvious hazard, 

Michigan courts should hew closely to the principles previously discussed. It 

bears repeating that exceptions to the open and obvious doctrine are narrow and 

designed to permit liability for such dangers only in limited, extreme 

situations. Thus, an “unreasonably dangerous” hazard must be just that—not just 

a dangerous hazard, but one that is unreasonably so. And it must be more 

than theoretically or retrospectively dangerous, because even the most 

unassuming situation can often be dangerous under the wrong set of 

circumstances. An “effectively unavoidable” hazard must truly be, for all practical 

purposes, one that a person is required to confront under the circumstances. A 

general interest in using, or even a contractual right to use, a business's services 

simply does not equate with a compulsion to confront a hazard and does not rise 
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to the level of a “special aspect” characterized by its unreasonable risk of harm. 

[Id. at 472-473 (citations omitted; emphases in original).]

It is only those special aspects that give rise to a uniquely high likelihood of harm or 

severity of harm that can serve to remove at condition from the open and obvious danger 

doctrine. Id. at 472 n 38.

In the instant case, the icy condition of the step in the stairwell was not effectively 

unavoidable because plaintiff was not required to confront the condition. An elevator was 

available to her. Plaintiff claimed that she never used the elevator because it was usually broken; 

however, she did not recall whether the elevator was working on the day of the slip and fall. 

And there was evidence that the elevator was indeed working on that particular day. Moreover, 

there is no indication that the step was icy from one end to the other, so plaintiff could have 

shifted to another part of the step. In addition, plaintiff could have parked on a lower floor of the 

parking garage. Plaintiff testified that she specifically parked on the seventh floor to protect her 

vehicle. However, that was her personal choice. Plaintiff could have even walked down to street 

level using the ramp itself and not the stairwell. Therefore, the icy stairway was not effectively 

unavoidable. 

Second, the icy step was not unreasonably dangerous as contemplated in Hoffner. Even 

if we accepted plaintiff’s argument on appeal that both the stairwell step and a handrail were 

icy,2 she has failed to demonstrate that the situation presented a uniquely high likelihood of harm 

or severity of harm. This case does not present an extreme situation, as compared to, for 

example, the 30-foot-deep pit hypothetical given in Lugo v Ameritech Corp, Inc, 464 Mich 512,

518; 629 NW2d 384 (2001). The trial court did not err in concluding that no special aspect 

existed as a matter of law. 

Affirmed. Having fully prevailed on appeal, we award taxable costs to defendant under 

MCR 7.219. 

/s/ William B. Murphy 

/s/ Kathleen Jansen 

/s/ Brock A. Swartzle 

 2 While an incident report indicated that there was some ice on the handrails, plaintiff did not 

testify that an icy handrail played a role in her slip and fall.