COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

July 19, 2023

Samuel A. Christensen

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 

and RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2022AP2098-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2020CM371

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT II

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

 PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

 V.

NED GUERRA,

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Fond du Lac

County: PETER L. GRIMM, Judge. Affirmed. 

¶1 GROGAN, J.1 Ned Guerra appeals from a judgment entered after a 

jury found him guilty of one count of disorderly conduct, contrary to WIS. STAT.

 

1

 This appeal is decided by one judge pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 752.31(2)(f) (2021-22). 

All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2021-22 version unless otherwise noted.
No. 2022AP2098-CR

2

§ 947.01(1), and two counts of violating state/county institution laws, contrary to 

WIS. STAT. § 946.73—all three counts included the repeater enhancer. Guerra 

argues that the circuit court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the charges in 

this action because there was, he asserts, a violation of his constitutional right to a 

speedy trial. This court affirms. 

I. BACKGROUND

¶2 On May 1, 2020, the State filed a criminal complaint against Guerra. 

The Complaint charged him with one count of disorderly conduct, with a repeater

enhancer. The charge arose because Guerra and another inmate in the Fond du 

Lac County jail got into a physical fight.2 On May 26, 2020, the circuit court held 

a plea and sentencing hearing but learned no plea agreement had been reached. At 

the hearing, the court noted that Guerra was held in the Fond du Lac County jail 

on felony child sexual assault charges in another matter—Fond du Lac County 

case No. 2019CF541. At the time, the 2019 sexual assault case was set for trial in 

September 2020. After an off-the-record discussion, the circuit court indicated 

that the parties agreed to schedule the plea and sentencing date for this 2020 

misdemeanor disorderly conduct case in October 2020. 

¶3 On August 4, 2020, Guerra filed a demand for speedy trial;

therefore, the court moved the plea and sentencing date up to August 24, 2020,

and the jury trial date up to August 25, 2020. On August 21, 2020, however, the 

State filed a motion to reschedule the trial because one of its necessary witnesses 

 

2

 Both inmates were charged as a result of the fight.
No. 2022AP2098-CR

3

would be unable to attend the trial due to a scheduling conflict.3 On August 24, 

2020, the court addressed the State’s motion to adjourn and ultimately found that 

good cause existed to adjourn the trial. The court acknowledged Guerra’s demand 

for a speedy trial when it stated that “the defendant has a far more serious felony 

case with very high cash bail and noting, as a matter of law, that he is not in 

custody for this case before the Court, so those factors do minimize any violation 

of the speedy trial statute[.]” Further, the court stated that in “respecting the rights 

of a speedy trial” it would “try to find the next soonest date possible.” The trial 

was rescheduled for November 10, 2020. 

¶4 On November 4, 2020, the State filed a motion to amend the 

Complaint in order to add two counts of violating state/county institution laws, 

both with a repeater enhancer. On December 22, 2020, the circuit court held a 

hearing to address the State’s motion to amend the Complaint, and the court 

granted the State’s request. On January 8, 2021, the State filed its Amended 

Complaint, and on February 4, 2021, the court arraigned Guerra on the new counts 

in the Amended Complaint. Guerra entered “not guilty” pleas for the two added 

counts, and the court scheduled a hearing for March 3, 2021. 

¶5 At a hearing on March 3, 2021, the State informed the court that 

“both parties [were] prepared for trial[,]” but it deferred to the court as to the 

scheduling of the matter in case there were other matters on the court’s calendar 

for the next day, when the trial was to occur. Guerra reinforced that he had a 

speedy trial demand pending. In recognizing “the guarantees [of a] speedy trial,”

 

3

 The State’s motion for a new date also argued that Guerra’s speedy trial demand was 

moot because he was in custody for his 2019 felony case, not this case, and that Guerra refused to 

sign the $1,000 signature bond in this case. 
No. 2022AP2098-CR

4

the court informed the parties that “with the COVID-19[4] operating order, there 

are certain priorities and congestions on the docket which makes tomorrow’s trial 

date not viable for this case to go forward” and adjourned the trial to 

September 16, 2021. 

¶6 On June 4, 2021, Guerra filed a motion to dismiss and a few days 

later, on June 7, 2021, filed an amended motion to dismiss, arguing that his 

constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated because of the “prejudicial delay 

from the time of charging[.]” The court held a hearing on June 17, 2021, to 

address Guerra’s motion to dismiss. Again, the court recognized the guarantees of 

a speedy trial while also emphasizing “a backlog of having to prioritize older cases 

with people in custody” due to “COVID restrictions and limitations.” Therefore, 

the court found that “there [was] no actual prejudice to Mr. Guerra” that “r[o]se to 

the level of a violation of the speedy trial because he’s not in jail for this case ... 

which mitigates the stress to another case and not this one.” 

¶7 The parties reconvened on September 15, 2021, and the State again 

deferred to the circuit court on whether the case should proceed to trial the 

following day. Guerra reiterated that he would like to proceed to trial the next 

day. However, the court indicated that there were a number of older cases set for 

 

4

 The World Health Organization declared a global pandemic of Coronavirus 

Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on March 11, 2020, due to widespread human infection worldwide.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Wisconsin Supreme Court issued a series of orders 

impacting the circuit courts—first suspending jury trials and then prohibiting the resumption of 

jury trials until the circuit courts created an operational plan that satisfied safety requirements set 

forth by the supreme court and had the plan approved by the chief judge of the district. See In Re 

the Matter of Jury Trials During the COVID-19 Pandemic (S. CT. ORDER issued March 22, 

2020); In Re the Matter of the Extension of Orders and Interim Rule Concerning Continuation of 

Jury Trials, Suspension of Statutory Deadlines for Non-Criminal Jury Trials, and Remote 

Hearings During the COVID-19 Pandemic (S. CT. ORDER issued May 22, 2020). 
No. 2022AP2098-CR

5

trial but that it would make a decision later that day because of Guerra’s speedy 

trial demand. Both parties appeared the next day, September 16, 2021, at which 

time the State informed the court that, while it was prepared to go to the trial, a 

separate matter was on the court’s calendar for that day; therefore, the State 

requested an adjournment. Guerra requested that the trial begin, and if not, he 

renewed his motion for dismissal based on a violation of his constitutional right to 

a speedy trial. Once again the court recognized Guerra’s speedy trial rights but 

also informed the parties that there were “older cases and other cases with crimes 

against persons that are higher priority and older, so this case, with regret, has to 

be bumped for good cause[.]” The same scenario played out when the trial was 

rescheduled for October 5, 2021. Namely, the State deferred to the court, Guerra 

argued the case should be dismissed “on speedy trial grounds,” and the court 

denied the motion, scheduling the trial for February 17, 2022. 

¶8 On January 6, 2022, Guerra filed another motion to dismiss on the 

grounds that his constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated due to 

“governmental delay.” Specifically, Guerra alleged that it had “been twenty 

months since the Initial Appearance and seventeen months since [his] written 

demand for speedy trial, constituting a presumptively prejudicial delay.” The 

circuit court held a hearing to address Guerra’s motion to dismiss on February 11, 

2022. Again, the court denied Guerra’s motion to dismiss. It explained that it had 

“tried its best to keep the case rescheduled, in fact, on a timely basis on the trial 

calendar, and, unfortunately for Mr. Guerra, that there have been older cases and 

more serious cases that have taken precedent, and this case has been bumped, as 

[have] many others.” Furthermore, the court emphasized that Guerra “need[ed] to 

be patient,” and it found “no denial and no basis for his denial of a right to speedy 

trial under the circumstances[.]” 
No. 2022AP2098-CR

6

¶9 The case went to trial on February 17, 2022. A jury convicted Guerra

on all three counts, and the circuit court imposed a total of one-and-a-half years of 

initial confinement and six months of extended supervision. He now appeals. 

II. DISCUSSION

¶10 “Whether a defendant has been denied his constitutional right to a 

speedy trial presents a question of law, which this court reviews de novo, while 

accepting any findings of fact made by the circuit court unless they are clearly 

erroneous.” State v. Urdahl, 2005 WI App 191, ¶10, 286 Wis. 2d 476, 704 

N.W.2d 324. 

¶11 The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, 

section 7 of the Wisconsin Constitution guarantee an accused the right to a speedy 

trial. State v. Lemay, 155 Wis. 2d 202, 210-11, 455 N.W.2d 233 (1990). To 

determine whether an accused’s right to a speedy trial has been violated, this court

uses the four-part balancing test established in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 

(1972). Therefore, “[w]e consider (1) the length of delay; (2) the reason for the 

delay; (3) the defendant’s assertion of his right; and (4) prejudice to the 

defendant.” Urdahl, 286 Wis. 2d 476, ¶11. This test is not a bright-line rule;

instead, this court considers the totality of the circumstances to balance the “the 

conduct of the prosecution and the defense and balance[] the right to bring the 

defendant to justice against the defendant’s right to have that done speedily.” Id.

A. Length of the Delay

¶12 The first factor—length of delay—is a triggering mechanism to 

determine if the delay is prejudicial. Urdahl, 286 Wis. 2d 476, ¶12. A 

post-accusation delay is presumptively prejudicial if the delay approaches one 
No. 2022AP2098-CR

7

year. Id. And, if the delay is presumptively prejudicial, it is necessary to look to 

the other three factors. See State v. Borhegyi, 222 Wis. 2d 506, 510, 588 N.W.2d 

89 (Ct. App. 1998). It is undisputed that the length of the delay here—over

twenty-one months between the Complaint and the trial—was presumptively 

prejudicial. See Urdahl, 286 Wis. 2d 476, ¶12. Therefore, this factor weighs 

against the State. This factor alone, however, is not determinative of a 

constitutional speedy trial violation; it “merely triggers further review of the 

allegation under the other three Barker factors.” Lemay, 155 Wis. 2d at 213. 

B. Reasons for the Delay

¶13 The second factor directs this court to consider the reasons for the 

delay. As such, different reasons are assigned different weights. For instance, 

“[a] deliberate attempt by the government to delay the trial in order to hamper the 

defense is weighted heavily against the State, while delays caused by the 

government’s negligence or overcrowded courts, though still counted, are 

weighted less heavily.” Urdahl, 286 Wis. 2d 476, ¶26. Guerra alleges that “591 

days or approximately 19 and a half months should be weighed against the State –

with most of that weighed heavily.” 

¶14 As explained above, the State charged Guerra on May 1, 2020, and 

he did not file his demand for a speedy trial until August 4, 2020. At the 

August 24, 2020 plea and sentencing hearing, the State requested an adjournment 

because one of its necessary witnesses would be unavailable for trial, which the 

court granted. It rescheduled the plea and sentencing hearing for November 9, 

2020, with the trial to begin the following day. The time period between 

August 24, 2020, and November 9, 2020, is not counted because it was due to 

witness unavailability. See Urdahl, 286 Wis. 2d 476, ¶26 (“On the other hand, if 
No. 2022AP2098-CR

8

the delay is caused by something intrinsic to the case, such as witness 

unavailability, that time period is not counted.”). 

¶15 Most of the remaining delays were caused by the circuit court’s 

calendar. The delay between the November 9, 2020 plea and sentencing hearing 

and the December 22, 2020 motion hearing was caused by the court having 

another trial that took priority over Guerra’s. Next, at the December 22, 2020

hearing, the court heard the State’s motion to amend its complaint and addressed 

Guerra’s speedy trial demand while making the parties aware that the court had a 

significant “backlog of trials” and “COVID issues.” Thus, the matter was 

adjourned to March 3, 2021. When the parties appeared at the March 3, 2021 

hearing, the court informed them that due to its congested calendar as a result of 

COVID-19, the matter was adjourned to September 16, 2021. On September 16, 

2021, the parties appeared, but the court had to adjourn the matter to October 4, 

2021, because another matter took priority. Again, the court acknowledged 

Guerra’s speedy trial demand and stated, “I do have the utmost respect for 

Mr. Guerra and his right for a speedy trial.... And we’re here because I keep 

putting him at the next open trial date,” but the court had “higher priority and 

older” cases. The parties appeared on October 4, 2021, and again on the following 

day for trial, but the court informed the parties that a different case took priority. 

Guerra moved to dismiss the matter on the grounds that the delay violated his right 

to a speedy trial. The court found that Guerra failed to show he was prejudiced by 

the delay, and as such, it denied the motion. The court rescheduled the matter for 

a jury trial on February 17, 2022. The jury trial took place on February 17, 2022. 

Most of these delays occurred for valid reasons such as the circuit court’s 
No. 2022AP2098-CR

9

“backlog from COVID[.]”5 To the extent these delays can be attributed to the 

State, this court does not weigh them heavily.6

¶16 Guerra disputes the State’s position that the delays were tied to 

COVID-19/calendar congestion and instead asserts that the circuit court exhibited 

“a cavalier disregard of [his] right to a speedy trial[.]” The Record does not 

support Guerra’s claim. This court’s review of the Record reveals no evidence 

that the circuit court demonstrated “a cavalier disregard[.]” Instead, each 

transcript adjourning a trial date shows the court acknowledging Guerra’s speedy 

trial right and making attempts to hold his trial at the earliest possible date. 

Although the court and the State were responsible for most delays, the Record 

demonstrates that these delays were due to the court’s congested calendar and the 

COVID-19 pandemic and its significant impact on the judicial system. Therefore, 

although this factor is weighted against the State, it is not weighted heavily. See 

Urdahl, 286 Wis. 2d 476, ¶32 (“[S]ince the delays during that time period were 

due to the court’s calendar, the reason for delay is not heavily weighted against the 

State.”). 

 

5

 The circuit court explained it was “working very hard to clean up the backlog from 

COVID,” that it had to prioritize older cases involving crimes against persons, and it was trying 

as many cases as it could.

6

 Guerra’s contention that the circuit court’s adjournments were not the result of court 

congestion and/or COVID-19 is flatly refuted by the Record in this case. The Record 

conclusively demonstrates that the circuit court made every effort to accommodate Guerra’s 

speedy trial demand. As one example, the court informed Guerra that it “respect[s] Mr. Guerra’s 

speedy trial demand. [It] honor[s] the Constitution, [it] believes in it, but [it] only ha[s] so many 

trial days[.]” 
No. 2022AP2098-CR

10

C. Assertion of the Right

¶17 The third factor—the defendant’s assertion of his right to a speedy 

trial—is not in dispute. On August 4, 2020, Guerra filed his demand for a speedy 

trial, and at each hearing thereafter, he maintained his speedy trial demand. The 

only dispute arises with respect to the 116-day period from the filing of the 

Complaint and Guerra’s demand. Guerra contends that he “made his assertion 

clear as can be[,]” so this factor should “weigh[] heavily against the State.” In 

contrast, the State alleges that even though the Complaint was filed on May 1, 

2020, Guerra did not demand a speedy trial until August 4, 2020. Therefore, the 

period of 116 days “was not the fault of the State[,]” and this court should either 

weigh Guerra’s delay in demanding a speedy trial against him or, if it is attributed 

to the State, at least not weigh it heavily. It is clear that Guerra asserted his right 

to a speedy trial when he filed the demand on August 4, 2020. This factor favors 

Guerra, with the exception of the time before the demand not being weighted 

heavily against the State. 

D. Prejudice

¶18 The fourth and final factor is prejudice to the defendant. “Prejudice, 

of course, should be assessed in the light of the interests of defendants which the 

speedy trial right was designed to protect.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 532. Three such 

interests include: “prevention of oppressive pretrial incarceration, prevention of 

anxiety and concern by the accused, and prevention of impairment of defense.” 

Urdahl, 286 Wis. 2d 476, ¶34. 

¶19 Guerra conceded that the first interest—prevention of oppressive 

pretrial incarceration—favors the State. As the circuit court noted, during the 

entire time period at issue here, Guerra was in custody on a felony child sexual 
No. 2022AP2098-CR

11

assault case. The felony case had a significant cash bond, which Guerra was 

unable to post. Thus, Guerra’s pretrial incarceration was not prejudicial. 

¶20 Next, Guerra alleges that the prevention of anxiety and concern is a 

relevant factor because he was facing a disorderly conduct count with a repeater

enhancer, exposing him to up to two years of imprisonment. And, he alleges that 

the addition of the two counts of violating state/county institution laws, both with 

a repeater enhancer, “tripled his exposure to six years [of] incarceration.” Guerra 

also contends that at the June 17, 2021 motion to dismiss hearing, the circuit court 

acknowledged that exposure regarding these misdemeanors “can be stressful and 

anxiety provoking.” But, Guerra’s understanding of the circuit court’s 

acknowledgement is too limited because later in that same hearing, the circuit 

court denied any prejudice toward Guerra. The court stated: “what I find most 

convincing is that there is no actual prejudice to Mr. Guerra ... he’s in jail 

anyways for something else, which mitigates the stress to another case and not this 

one.” And, at the February 11, 2022 motion hearing, the court stated: 

Bottom line, Mr. Guerra has been stuck in our county jail 

on a very serious sexual assault charge with high cash bail, 

so any stress or anxiety that would fall to this case would 

be minimal, de minimis at best, so I give zero weight to 

Mr. Guerra’s perceived anxiety or uncertainty about a 

misdemeanor case, especially in light of a quarter million 

cash bail on a sexual assault charge.

This court agrees with the circuit court that little weight should be attributed to this 

interest because the anxiety and concern due to delays in this misdemeanor case 
No. 2022AP2098-CR

12

were minimal as compared to the charges Guerra faced in his pending child sexual 

assault case.7

¶21 Finally, Guerra alleges that the delay impaired his defense because 

his defense at trial was self-defense, which required a sharp memory, and he was 

concerned that the memories faded every time the trial court “canceled and 

rescheduled his trial.” “Impairment of defense is present[:] (1) ‘if witnesses die 

or disappear during a delay,’ (2) ‘if defense witnesses are unable to recall 

accurately events of the distant past,’ or (3) if a defendant is ‘hindered in his 

ability to gather evidence, contact witnesses, or otherwise prepare his defense.’” 

Scarbrough v. State, 76 Wis. 2d 87, 98, 250 N.W.2d 354 (1977) (citation 

omitted). Despite the significant delay, the Record does not indicate that the 

Scarbrough concerns impacted Guerra’s trial. All the witnesses were still 

available, and none expressed any problems with recollection.8 Guerra was the 

only witness called in the defense’s case, and he did not assert a lack of memory 

or inability to prepare his defense. A DVD recording of the entire incident from a 

 

7

 Guerra argues that the existence of the felony child sexual assault case did not 

eliminate anxiety associated with this case. He contends the felony case may have been weak or 

the defense in that case may have been strong. There is no indication that Guerra asserted this 

contention in the circuit court, and there is nothing in the Record to support his claim. To the 

extent Guerra wants this court to conclude that the ultimate dismissal of the child sexual assault 

case almost three years after it was filed (and four months after the trial in this case) somehow 

renders the circuit court’s prior “anxiety” findings erroneous, this court has no basis to do so.

The fact remains that at the time the circuit court made its decision, Guerra faced felony child 

sexual assault charges. 

8

 The inmate who fought with Guerra was available to testify, but both the State and 

Guerra declined to call him as a witness.
No. 2022AP2098-CR

13

jail surveillance camera existed (and was played for the jury),

9 mitigating any 

claim of faded memories. 

¶22 Further, at the February 11, 2022 motion to dismiss hearing, the 

circuit court stated that generally, when cases are delayed, “it’s the prosecutor’s 

case who gets weakened. If witnesses can’t remember anything or don’t have 

facts, then the jury has no facts to find someone guilty.... [T]he delay of the case 

works to the benefit of the defendant when the State can’t meet the burden of 

proof.” Guerra has given this court no reason to disagree with the circuit court.10 

As such, this court attributes little weight to this interest. 

III. CONCLUSION

¶23 Balancing the four Barker factors, this court concludes that Guerra’s 

right to a speedy trial was not violated. Although the length of delay was 

presumptively prejudicial and Guerra asserted his right to a speedy trial, the 

reasons behind the delays are not weighted heavily against the State because they 

were mainly attributable to the court’s congested calendar and COVID-19. 

Finally, there is no evidence that Guerra was prejudiced by the delay. Therefore, 

the circuit court did not err in denying Guerra’s motion to dismiss, and this court 

affirms the judgment. 

 

9

 The DVD contained only video of the incident as the jail surveillance system recorded 

only video, not audio.

10

 Guerra then points to the fact that the felony case was dismissed in June 2022 and asks 

this court to take judicial notice of the felony dismissal. Although this court may take judicial 

notice of the dismissal, without any other information surrounding that case, it does not impact 

this court’s analysis.
No. 2022AP2098-CR

14

By the Court.—Judgment affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.

RULE 809.23(1)(b)4.