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Equestrian Ridge Homeowners Association, 

appellee, v. Equestrian Ridge Estates II 

Homeowners Association, appellant.

___ N.W.2d ___

Filed January 8, 2021. No. S-20-239.

1. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. An appellate court’s review of whether 

the district court had subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law and, 

when it does not involve a factual dispute, is reviewed de novo.

2. Judgments: Appeal and Error. In a bench trial of a law action, the trial 

court’s factual findings have the effect of a jury verdict, and an appellate 

court will not disturb those findings unless they are clearly erroneous.

3. ____: ____. In a bench trial of a law action, an appellate court 

resolves a trial court’s determination of law independently of the lower 

court’s conclusions.

4. Standing: Jurisdiction: Parties. Standing refers to whether a party had, 

at the commencement of the litigation, a personal stake in the outcome 

of the litigation that would warrant a court’s exercise of its subject matter jurisdiction and remedial powers on that party’s behalf.

5. Standing: Parties. To have standing, the plaintiff must have some 

legal or equitable right, title, or interest in the subject matter of 

the controversy.

6. ____: ____. A plaintiff does not generally have standing to bring a case 

on behalf of a third party.

7. Contracts: Standing: Parties. Third-party-beneficiary theory is a 

common-law doctrine that allows a nonparty to a contract to enforce an 

interest owed by a promisor under the contract.

8. ____: ____: ____. The fact that a third party would be better off if a 

contract were enforced does not give him or her standing to enforce 

the contract.

9. Contracts: Parties: Intent: Proof. To enforce a contract, a third party 

bears the burden of proving that he or she was an intended, not incidental, beneficiary of rights under the contract.

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library

www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/

03/19/2021 12:09 AM CDT
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10. Contracts: Words and Phrases. An intended beneficiary is one whose 

rights and interest were apparently contemplated by the contract’s language itself.

11. Contracts: Parties: Stipulations: Intent. To be those of an intended 

beneficiary, a third party’s rights must appear by express stipulation or 

it must appear by reasonable intendment that the rights and interest of 

such unnamed parties were contemplated and that provision was being 

made for them.

12. Contracts: Proof. The person seeking enforcement of a contract has 

the burden of establishing the existence of a valid, legally enforceable 

agreement, consisting of an offer, acceptance, and some meeting of 

the minds.

13. Contracts. To be binding, an agreement must be definite and certain as 

to the terms and requirements upon its parties.

14. ____. An enforceable contract must identify the subject matter and detail 

the parties’ essential commitments to each other.

15. Contracts: Real Estate: Property: Words and Phrases. The difference 

between an analysis based in real covenant law and one based in contract law is that contracts concern primarily personal rights and duties, 

while real covenants concern rights that run with property.

16. Contracts: Real Estate. Whereas personal contract rights are not binding on successors in interest, real covenants can be.

17. Contracts: Real Estate: Intent. There are generally three requirements 

for a covenant, whether affirmative or negative, to run with the land: 

(1) The grantor and the grantee must have intended that the covenant 

run with the land, as determined from the instruments of record; (2) the 

covenant must touch and concern the land with which it runs; and (3) 

the party claiming the benefit of the covenant and the party who bears 

the burden of the covenant must be in privity of estate.

18. Contracts: Real Estate: Intent: Appeal and Error. An appellate court 

determines whether the grantor and grantee of a covenant had the intent 

to bind successors in interest by referring to the instruments of record.

19. Contracts: Intent. Interpretation of instruments of record should be 

performed in a manner that will give effect to the true intention of the 

parties as expressed in the writings.

20. Contracts: Real Estate. As with any other contract, canons of construction are used only insofar as they are necessary to resolve an ambiguity 

in the text of a covenant itself.

21. ____: ____. To touch and concern the land, the object of the covenant 

must be annexed to, inherent in, or connected with the land.

22. ____: ____. The touch and concern requirement of a real covenant is 

met when the covenant affects the legal relations—the advantages and 
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the burdens—of the parties to the covenant, as owners of particular 

parcels of land and not merely as members of the community in general, such as taxpayers or owners of other land. The covenant must 

impose, on the one hand, a burden upon an interest in land, which on 

the other hand increases the value of a different interest in the same or 

related land.

23. ____: ____. The test of whether a covenant touches and concerns the 

land is whether it tends directly or necessarily to enhance its value or 

render it more beneficial or convenient to those by whom it is owned or 

occupied. Those covenants that are generally held to run with the land 

and to insure to the benefit of the assignee are such as ordinarily affect 

the land itself and confer a benefit on the grantor.

24. Actions: Parties. Privity requires, at a minimum, a substantial identity 

between the issues in controversy and a showing that the parties in the 

two actions are really and substantially in interest the same.

25. ____: ____. Privity depends upon the relation of the parties to the subject matter and not their activity in a suit relating to it after the event.

26. Property: Parties: Words and Phrases. Privity is a mutual or successive relationship to the same rights of property. In its broadest sense, 

privity is defined as mutual or successive relationships to the same 

right of property, or such an identification of interest of one person 

with another as to represent the same legal right or derivative interest 

between parties.

27. Contracts: Parties: Assignments. Whereas a party assigns rights under 

a contract, a party delegates duties.

28. Parties: Assignments. Parties should generally be free to assign rights 

and delegate duties as they see fit, subject to certain limitations.

29. Contracts: Public Policy. Contract duties are generally delegable 

unless prohibited by statute, public policy, or the terms of the contract. Contractual duties are also not delegable if they involve the 

personal qualities or skills of the obligor, in the absence of consent by 

the obligee.

30. Contracts. Delegation to a third party of the duty to perform under a 

contract requires an agreement between the obligor under the first contract and a delegate. That is, the delegate must agree to be delegated the 

obligor’s duty.

31. ____. A delegation of duties is not itself sufficient to bind its delegate to 

perform the duties delegated.

32. Contracts: Claims: Breach of Contract. The mere delegation of a 

performance imposes no duty on the delegate to perform. If the delegate performs the duty, the duty is discharged. If the delegate does 

not perform the duty, the duty is not discharged, but any claim of the 

obligee for breach is against the delegating party and not against the 
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delegate. The delegate is under no duty to perform unless it has undertaken to do so.

33. Contracts: Assignments. Even if a delegate does not promise in so 

many words to perform the duty of the delegating party, a court may 

infer such a promise from the delegate’s conduct. Thus, if a party transfers the entire contract, assigning rights as well as delegating performance, an assumption of those duties by the transferee will be inferred 

from the acceptance of the transfer, unless the language or the situation 

indicates the contrary.

34. Equity: Estoppel: Unjust Enrichment: Contracts: Real Estate.

Implied reciprocal servitude, unjust enrichment, and equitable estoppel are theories of recovery based not on the terms of a contract, but, 

instead, on circumstances that demand judicial action to remedy an 

injustice or inequity. They are generally conceived as alternatives to 

enforceable covenants or provisions in a contract.

35. Contracts: Real Estate. An implied reciprocal servitude is created by 

implication when no express real covenant applies.

36. Equity: Estoppel: Unjust Enrichment: Contracts. Unjust enrichment 

and equitable estoppel claims are contract substitutes that courts apply 

to prevent injustice.

37. Equity: Contracts: Real Estate. Where a contract or real covenant 

itself is enforceable, its terms will not be displaced in equity.

38. Actions: Claims: Equity: Contracts. Although a party is permitted to 

allege both a claim based in contract and in equity, once the terms of the 

contract are found to be enforceable, those terms will generally control 

and supersede other equitable actions.

39. Contracts: Appeal and Error. When the terms of a contract are 

clear, an appellate court interprets the contract according to its terms’ 

plain meaning.

40. Contracts. Terms of a contract that are clear are given their plain and 

ordinary meaning as a reasonable person would understand them.

41. ____. A contract must receive a reasonable construction and must be 

construed as a whole.

42. ____. If possible, effect must be given to every part of a contract.

43. ____. A court is not free to rewrite a contract or to speculate as to terms 

of the contract which the parties have not seen fit to include.

44. Contracts: Intent. A court should avoid interpreting contract provisions 

in a manner that leads to unreasonable or absurd results that are obviously inconsistent with the parties’ intent.

Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: George 

A. Thompson, Judge. Affirmed.
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David L. Welch and Lisa M. Meyer, of Pansing, Hogan, 

Ernst & Bachman, L.L.P., for appellant.

Thomas M. Locher and Amy M. Locher, of Locher, Pavelka, 

Dostal, Braddy & Hammes, L.L.C., for appellee.

Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke, 

Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.

Heavican, C.J.

I. INTRODUCTION

This case concerns the cost of maintenance for a private 

street that connects two subdivisions to public roads. In 2010, 

the subdivisions’ developers agreed to adopt covenants requiring the subdivisions to share maintenance costs for the private street. Both developers adopted such covenants. But in 

2016, one subdivision modified its covenants to repudiate any 

responsibility to pay for the street’s maintenance costs.

The other subdivision sued, claiming, among other things, 

$18,732.74 in damages. The district court found for the plaintiff subdivision. We affirm.

II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

Equestrian Ridge L.L.C. (ER) was a limited liability company established in 1995 by Ted Grace, individually, and 

Duane Dowd, individually and on behalf of his business, 

Dowd Grain Company, Inc. (Dowd Grain). Grace and Dowd 

owned adjoining 80-acre tracts of land near Gretna, Nebraska. 

Together the men agreed to contribute their tracts to ER and 

to cooperate in developing the tracts into residential subdivisions. Grace’s tract, known as Equestrian Ridge Estates 

(ERE), would be developed first. ERE was a rectangular tract 

and bisected by a 1-mile stretch of 232d Street, a privately 

maintained street running north to south from Lincoln Road to 

Angus Road.

On November 20, 2004, Grace and Dowd executed a second agreement (2004 Agreement). In it, each acknowledged 
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that ER had already contracted to sell 5 of the 15 lots that 

had been developed in ERE. Eventually all 15 lots would 

be sold, each subject to the authority of an Equestrian Ridge 

Estates Homeowners’ Association (ERE HOA). But the next 

step, according to the 2004 Agreement, would be to develop 

Dowd’s tract, known as Dowd Grain Subdivision (DGS). 

DGS was a trapezoidal tract, located east of ERE along 

Shiloh Drive, which ran 2,000 feet south from Lincoln Road 

before turning west and ending in a dead end near the border 

with ERE.

Because DGS lots were only accessible by Shiloh Road, 

which terminated in a dead end, Grace and Dowd also determined that accessibility to DGS’ lots should be improved by 

extending Shiloh Road past its dead end to the west, across 

the border with ERE. Accordingly, the 2004 Agreement stated 

that “in the platting and subdivision of [DGS,] there will be a 

connecting street [from the Shiloh Road dead end across ERE 

land] to 232nd Street.”

To fulfill this purpose, Grace and Dowd agreed, inter 

alia, that:

2. Dowd Grain will, through Subdivision Agreements, 

Covenants, and provisions applicable to homeowner[s’] 

associations or any combination of the foregoing, subject 

[DGS] to a sharing of one third of the costs and expenses 

of [ER] and [ERE HOA] in the repair and maintenance 

of 232nd Street within [ERE]. The obligation for such 

sharing of costs will begin when all public improvements 

consisting of necessary utilities and interior streets in 

[DGS] have been completed. When and if Lincoln Road 

is paved the cost sharing shall be reduced from one third 

to one fourth. These costs and maintenance expenses will 

include road maintenance and resurfacing, maintenance 

and repair of the bridge at the south end of 232nd Street 

near Angus Road, snow removal, mowing of right-ofway and maintenance of entrances at Angus Road and 

Lincoln Road. . . .
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. . . .

4. The parties agree to execute any and all documents 

necessary or appropriate to carry into effect the foregoing agreements.

. . . .

8. . . . Grace and his related entities agree not to object 

to [DGS].

9. The [ERE HOA] and each lot owner in [ERE] shall 

be a third-party beneficiary of this Agreement.

The 2004 Agreement was signed by Grace, individually and in 

his capacity as manager of ER, and by Dowd, individually and 

in his capacity as president of Dowd Grain.

Also in the 2004 Agreement, Grace and Dowd agreed that 

their cooperation in developing the tracts was complete. They 

liquidated ER’s assets by allocating to each man ownership 

over several of the remaining ERE lots and granting all of DGS 

to Dowd. ER then dissolved in 2005.

From 2005 to 2010, Dowd developed 23 residential lots 

within DGS, and he renamed the subdivision Equestrian Ridge 

Estates II (ERE II). Shiloh Road, also known as 231st Street, 

was also extended west to connect with 232d Street.

On January 12, 2010, before any individual lots were sold 

in ERE II, Dowd, in his capacity as president of Dowd Grain, 

signed and recorded a “Declaration of Covenants, Conditions, 

Restrictions and Easements of [ERE II]” (Declaration). The 

Declaration purported to govern an “[ERE II] Homeowners’ 

Association” (ERE II HOA) that had been formed by articles 

of incorporation filed in 2007, and it required that all future 

owners of the 23 lots in ERE II automatically became members 

of ERE II HOA upon purchase of an ERE II lot.

As relevant here, the Declaration also provided:

The powers and duties to be exercised by [Dowd 

Grain], and subsequently by the Board of Directors of 

[ERE II HOA], shall include, but shall not be limited to, 

the following:
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(a) The . . . assessment for and payment of any tax 

liability attributable to the Common Areas and facilities, 

and the enforcement of the rules and regulations relating 

to the Common Facilities.

The costs and maintenance expenses for 232nd Street 

shall relate only to that portion of 232nd Street located 

within [ERE], including the entrances at Angus Road and 

Lincoln Road, and shall be in the amount of one-fourth 

of the costs and expenses expended by [Dowd Grain] 

and/or [ERE HOA] related to such matters. The costs 

and maintenance expenses will include road maintenance 

and resurfacing, maintenance and repair of the bridge 

at the south end of 232nd Street near Angus Road, snow 

removal, mowing of right-of-way and maintenance of 

entrances at Angus Road and Lincoln Road.

(b) The fixing, levying, collecting, abatement, and 

enforcement of all charges, dues, or assessments made 

pursuant to the terms of this Declaration or [ERE II 

HOA].

From 2010 to 2015, Dowd sold many of the lots within 

ERE II and gradually relinquished control over the subdivision. 

Dowd was initially a board member and was the first president 

of ERE II HOA, but on July 7, 2015, in his personal capacity, 

Dowd signed a letter titled “RESIGNATION,” resigning as “an 

Officer and Director” of ERE II HOA. On the same day, in his 

capacity as president of Dowd Grain, Dowd signed a document 

entitled “Declarant’s Release, Relinquishment and Assignment 

of Powers and Duties Under the Declaration of [ERE II].” The 

document purported to “hereby release, relinquish and assign 

to [ERE II HOA] any and all powers and duties of [Dowd 

Grain] as provided in the Declaration.” The board members of 

ERE II HOA formally accepted Dowd’s relinquishment document during the board’s annual meeting on July 7. From that 

date forward, the ERE II HOA board managed the subdivision and, until May 24, 2016, contributed its share under the 

2004 Agreement of one fourth of all maintenance costs for 

232d Street.
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Around 2014, however, a dispute formed between ERE 

HOA and ERE II HOA. In late 2014 or early 2015, the 

board of directors for ERE II HOA met to discuss major roadwork that was expected along 232d Street. ERE HOA had hired 

an engineering firm to provide cost estimates for repair of the 

street’s bridge. At the meeting, ERE II HOA board members 

complained that when ERE HOA made repairs to 232d Street, 

it did so without the input of ERE II HOA. Board members for 

ERE II HOA objected that they only ever learned about 232d 

Street maintenance projects upon receiving invoices from ERE 

HOA, typically without any explanation about the maintenance 

for which they were being asked to contribute. ERE II HOA 

board members also expressed concern that ERE HOA did not 

contribute anything to the maintenance and upkeep costs of 

ERE II HOA’s own private road, which connected Shiloh Drive 

to 232d Street.

Based on these complaints, in early 2015, ERE II HOA 

decided to amend its Declaration (Amended Declaration) to 

remove any requirement of ERE II lot owners to contribute 

to maintenance costs of 232d Street. ERE II HOA drafted 

the Amended Declaration, which 77 percent of lot owners in 

ERE II signed. Since May 24, 2016, ERE II HOA has refused 

to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs. ERE HOA has 

paid the entire amount.

ERE HOA initiated this action on July 21, 2017. ERE HOA 

filed a complaint in the district court for Sarpy County seeking to declare the Amended Declaration null and void and to 

require ERE II HOA to pay one-fourth of maintenance costs 

for 232d Street pursuant to the 2004 Agreement. Specifically, 

ERE HOA alleged seven theories for recovery: breach of contract, breach of express covenant, breach of implied restrictive 

covenant, unjust enrichment, equitable estoppel, specific performance, and declaratory judgment. The parties agreed to try 

the case to the court and stipulated to certain facts.

On February 20, 2020, after a bench trial, the district court 

entered judgment for ERE HOA. It found that ERE II HOA 

was a successor in interest to Dowd and DGS and that as 
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such, ERE II HOA was bound by the 2004 Agreement. The district court also found that the 2004 Agreement’s requirement 

that Dowd and DGS contribute to the costs of maintaining 232d Street was given effect by Dowd’s adoption of the 

Declaration. The district court also found that members of 

ERE II HOA had purchased their lots subject to the Declaration, 

with constructive notice of its covenant requiring contribution 

for maintenance costs of 232d Street. Thus, the district court 

held that ERE HOA “prevail[ed] on most, if not all[,] of the 

theories set forth in the Complaint.”

ERE HOA was awarded $18,732.74 in damages for its past 

due share of 232d Street maintenance costs. Additionally, the 

district court ordered ERE II HOA to continue contributing its 

share of costs for 232d Street maintenance and to not again 

repudiate its obligation to contribute.

ERE II HOA filed a timely notice of appeal. 1

III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

ERE II HOA assigns, consolidated and restated, that the 

district court erred in (1) finding that the 2004 Agreement was 

enforceable against ERE II HOA, a nonparty to that agreement; 

(2) finding that ERE II HOA breached its duty under the 2004 

Agreement to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs; and 

(3) awarding damages, specific performance, and declaratory 

relief to ERE HOA.

IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW

[1] An appellate court’s review of whether the district court 

had subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law and, when it 

does not involve a factual dispute, is reviewed de novo. 2

[2,3] In a bench trial of a law action, the trial court’s factual findings have the effect of a jury verdict, and an appellate 

court will not disturb those findings unless they are clearly 

1 See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-1912 (Cum. Supp. 2018).

2 See State ex rel. Malone v. Baldonado-Bellamy, 307 Neb. 549, 950 N.W.2d 

51 (2020).
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erroneous. 3 In contrast, when reviewing determinations of law, 

an appellate court resolves the questions independently of the 

lower court’s conclusions. 4

V. ANALYSIS

At its heart, this is a contract dispute that also involves real 

covenants. ERE HOA claims that ERE II HOA was bound 

by, and breached, a provision in the 2004 Agreement requiring it to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs; ERE II 

HOA disagrees.

1. Standing

As an initial matter, before considering the merits of 

ERE II HOA’s assignments of error, we must determine 

whether ERE HOA had standing to bring an action to enforce 

the 2004 Agreement. 5

[4-6] Standing refers to whether a party had, at the commencement of the litigation, a personal stake in the outcome 

of the litigation that would warrant a court’s exercise of its 

subject matter jurisdiction and remedial powers on that party’s 

behalf. 6 To have standing, the plaintiff must have some legal 

or equitable right, title, or interest in the subject matter of the 

controversy. 7 A plaintiff does not generally have standing to 

bring a case on behalf of a third party. 8

ERE HOA’s suit here is based on the 2004 Agreement, 

a contract to which it was not a named party. Indeed, the 

2004 Agreement was signed by only two persons: Grace, 

3 See State ex rel. BH Media Group v. Frakes, 305 Neb. 780, 943 N.W.2d 

231 (2020).

4 See Nolasco v. Malcom, 307 Neb. 309, 949 N.W.2d 201 (2020).

5 First State Bank Neb. v. MP Nexlevel, 307 Neb. 198, 948 N.W.2d 

708 (2020).

6 Id.

7 Id. See, also, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-301 (Reissue 2016).

8 First State Bank Neb., supra note 5.
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individually and in his capacity as manager of ER, and Dowd, 

individually and in his capacity as president of Dowd Grain. 

Still, ERE HOA contends it has standing to bring this action as 

a third-party beneficiary under the 2004 Agreement.

[7-9] Third-party-beneficiary theory is a common-law doctrine that allows a nonparty to a contract to enforce an interest 

owed by a promisor under the contract. 9 We have strictly construed who may enforce a contract as a third-party beneficiary. 10 The fact that a third party would be better off if a contract 

were enforced does not give him or her standing to enforce the 

contract. 11 Rather, to enforce a contract, the third party bears 

the burden of proving that he or she was an intended, not incidental, beneficiary of rights under the contract. 12

[10,11] An intended beneficiary is one whose rights and 

interest were apparently contemplated by the contract’s language itself. 13 This generally means that the third party’s rights 

must appear by express stipulation or it must appear by reasonable intendment that the rights and interest of such unnamed 

parties were contemplated and that provision was being made 

for them. 14

Here, it appears that ERE HOA’s third-party rights as an 

intended beneficiary were expressly recognized within the text 

of the 2004 Agreement. Despite its execution between Grace 

and Dowd, the 2004 Agreement stipulated that ERE HOA 

“shall be a third-party beneficiary of this Agreement.”

9 See, generally, E. Allan Farnsworth, Contracts §§ 10.1 to 10.6 (4th ed. 

2004); 13 Richard A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts by Samuel 

Williston § 37:1 et seq. (4th ed. 2013).

10 Podraza v. New Century Physicians of Neb., 280 Neb. 678, 789 N.W.2d 

260 (2010).

11 Marcuzzo v. Bank of the West, 290 Neb. 809, 862 N.W.2d 281 (2015).

12 Western Ethanol Co. v. Midwest Renewable Energy, 305 Neb. 1, 938 

N.W.2d 329 (2020).

13 Id.

14 Podraza, supra note 10.
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We view this as an express stipulation of ERE HOA’s rights 

as an intended third-party beneficiary. Accordingly, we find 

that ERE HOA met its burden of showing standing to bring 

this action.

2. Enforcement of 2004 Agreement

Next, we consider the merits of ERE II HOA’s first assignment of error. ERE II HOA assigns that the district court erred 

in finding that the 2004 Agreement could be enforced against 

ERE II HOA, a nonparty to the agreement. Alternatively, even 

if the 2004 Agreement could be enforced against it, ERE II 

HOA assigns that the district court erred in finding that ERE II 

HOA had breached that agreement.

[12-14] The rules for enforcement of any contract are familiar: The person seeking enforcement of the contract has the 

burden of establishing the existence of a valid, legally enforceable agreement, consisting of an offer, acceptance, and some 

meeting of the minds. 15 To be binding, the agreement must be 

definite and certain as to the terms and requirements upon its 

parties. 16 It must identify the subject matter and detail the parties’ essential commitments to each other. 17

The parties here do not dispute that under these familiar 

rules of contract law, the 2004 Agreement was binding—at 

least as between Grace and Dowd, the parties named in the 

agreement. But ERE II HOA was not named as a party to the 

2004 Agreement. Thus, ERE II HOA contends that the 2004 

Agreement, including its requirement to contribute to 232d 

Street maintenance costs, could not bind ERE II HOA. At ERE 

HOA’s urging, however, the district court held that ERE II 

HOA was bound to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs 

under the 2004 Agreement. We agree.

15 See Acklie v. Greater Omaha Packing Co., 306 Neb. 108, 944 N.W.2d 

297 (2020).

16 See id.

17 See id.
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(a) Successor in Interest 

to Real Property

While the district court held that ERE HOA prevailed “on 

most, if not all of the [seven] theories [of recovery] set forth in 

the Complaint,” the district court’s analysis implicitly focused 

on the real property law of real covenants. It emphasized that 

ERE II HOA “[was] a successor in interest of [DGS] and, 

as such, [was] bound by [the covenant at issue in the 2004 

Agreement,] which runs with the land in perpetuity.” A “successor in interest” is defined as one “who follows another in 

ownership or control of property . . . retain[ing] the same rights 

as the original owner, with no change in substance.” 18

[15,16] The difference between an analysis based in real 

covenant law and one based in contract law is that contracts 

concern primarily personal rights and duties, while real covenants concern rights that run with property. 19 Whereas personal 

contract rights are not binding on successors in interest, real 

covenants can be. 20

The general rules governing the running of covenants with 

land are rooted in English common law. 21 Therein, it was first 

stated that for a covenant to run with the land, it must touch 

and concern the land and expressly bind assignees. 22

[17] Under the modern rule, there are generally three 

requirements for a covenant, whether affirmative or negative, to run with the land: (1) The grantor and the grantee 

must have intended that the covenant run with the land, as 

determined from the instruments of record; (2) the covenant 

must touch and concern the land with which it runs; and (3) 

the party claiming the benefit of the covenant and the party 

18 Black’s Law Dictionary 1732 (11th ed. 2019). Accord 73 C.J.S. Property

§ 59 (2014).

19 Regency Homes Assn. v. Egermayer, 243 Neb. 286, 498 N.W.2d 783 (1993).

20 See id. See, also, 21 C.J.S. Covenants § 6 (2016).

21 Regency Homes Assn., supra note 19.

22 Id. (citing Spencer’s Case, 5 Co. Rep. 16 a, 77 Eng. Rep. 72 (1583)).
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who bears the burden of the covenant must be in privity of 

estate. 23 We review whether each requirement, in turn, has 

been met here.

(i) Intent to Bind

[18-20] The first requirement for a real covenant to run 

with the land is that its original grantor and grantee must have 

intended for it to bind successors in interest. 24 We determine 

whether the grantor and grantee had this intent by referring to 

the instruments of record. 25 Interpretation of such documents 

should be performed in a manner that will give effect to the 

true intention of the parties as expressed in the writings. 26 As 

with any other contract, canons of construction are used only 

insofar as they are necessary to resolve an ambiguity in the 

text itself. 27

Under the plain terms of the 2004 Agreement, we find it 

apparent that Grace and Dowd intended to sell their subdivision lots soon, while still subjecting those lots to various covenants, including the requirement to contribute to 232d Street 

maintenance costs. It was contemplated that these covenants 

would bind lot owners in the future. For example, the covenant 

at issue was expressed in the future tense: “Dowd Grain will, 

though Subdivision Agreements, Covenants, and provisions 

applicable to homeowner[s’] associations or any combination 

of the foregoing, subject [DGS] to a [232d Street cost] sharing” 

requirement. At the time the document was executed, no covenants, declarations, or homeowners’ associations had yet been 

established on either ERE or ERE II, yet the above-quoted 

provision plainly anticipated them.

In addition, the next three sentences in the 2004 Agreement 

likewise showed that Grace and Dowd intended to bind 

23 See Brick Development v. CNBT II, 301 Neb. 279, 918 N.W.2d 824 (2018).

24 See id.

25 See id.

26 Standard Meat Co. v. Feerhusen, 204 Neb. 325, 282 N.W.2d 34 (1979).

27 Id.
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persons owning subdivision lots in the future to the requirement to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs. First, the 

obligation of Dowd’s subdivision to pay “will begin” when 

the subdivision’s public utilities and streets were completed; 

second, if Lincoln Road was paved, “the cost sharing shall 

be reduced from one third to one fourth”; and third, the costs 

Dowd’s subdivision would be required to pay “will include” 

road maintenance, resurfacing, maintenance and repair of a 

bridge, snow removal, and mowing. Each of these events 

plainly had not yet occurred when the 2004 Agreement was 

executed, but was anticipated to begin or continue as the subdivisions’ lots were sold.

Reading the instruments of record in total, we view them 

as stating plainly the intention of Grace and Dowd to subject 

future homeowners’ associations and lot owners in their subdivisions to the covenants of the 2004 Agreement, including the 

requirement to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs. 

Thus, we find that the first element for a covenant to run with 

the land is met.

(ii) Touch and Concern

The second element for a covenant to run with the land is 

that it touches and concerns the land. 28 As the law of real covenants has developed, the standard for a covenant to touch and 

concern the land has grown muddled. We have acknowledged, 

as have other jurisdictions, that “‘“[i]t has been found impossible to state any absolute tests to determine what covenants 

touch and concern land and what do not. The question is one 

for the court to determine in the exercise of its best judgment 

upon the facts of each case.”’” 29

[21] However, we generally consider a series of common factors that guide our touch and concern analysis. For 

28 Brick Development, supra note 23.

29 Regency Homes Assn., supra note 19, 243 Neb. at 299, 498 N.W.2d at 791 

(quoting Neponsit P. O. Ass’n v. Emigrant I. Sav. Bank, 278 N.Y. 248, 15 

N.E.2d 793 (1938)).
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example, “‘[t]o touch and concern the land the object of the 

covenant must be annexed to, inherent in, or connected with, 

the land.’” 30

[22] Perhaps our clearest enunciation of what it means for 

a covenant to touch and concern the land was a rule that we 

adopted from the New York Court of Appeals:

[T]he touch and concern requirement of a real covenant 

is met when the covenant affects the legal relations—the 

advantages and the burdens—of the parties to the covenant, as owners of particular parcels of land and not 

merely as members of the community in general, such 

as taxpayers or owners of other land. The covenant must 

impose, on the one hand, a burden upon an interest in 

land, which on the other hand increases the value of a different interest in the same or related land. 31

We consider briefly the facts of that New York Court of 

Appeals case insofar as they are analogous here. 32 In that case, 

purchasers of individual lots in a residential community had 

objected to being required by covenants between their predecessors in interest and the homeowners’ association to contribute to the costs of maintaining roads, streets, and beaches 

within the development. The court rejected the lot owners’ 

argument, holding that since the obligation to pay was tied 

directly to the lot owners’ right to enjoyment of those roads, 

streets, and beaches, it touched and concerned the land. 33 As 

successors in interest to parties under the covenant, the lot 

owners were obligated to contribute. 34

30 Id., 243 Neb. at 298, 498 N.W.2d at 790 (quoting Homeowners Assoc. v. 

Sellers and Homeowners Assoc. v. Simpson, 62 N.C. App. 205, 302 S.E.2d 

848 (1983)).

31 Id. at 299, 498 N.W.2d at 791 (citing Neponsit P. O. Ass’n, supra note 29).

32 See Neponsit P. O. Ass’n, supra note 29.

33 Id.

34 Id.
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[23] Likewise, the Maryland Court of Special Appeals held, 

in a case 35 relied upon by this court, 36 that a covenant to pay 

an annual road charge was one that touched and concerned the 

land while a fee to pay dues to a recreational and social club 

was not. The Maryland court stated that the test of whether a 

covenant touches and concerns the land is

“‘whether it tends directly or necessarily to enhance its 

value or render it more beneficial or convenient to those 

by whom it is owned or occupied. Those covenants that 

are generally held to run with the land and to insure to 

the benefit of the assignee are such as ordinarily affect the 

land itself and confer a benefit on the grantor.’” 37

The court then found that because the fee for the recreational and social club benefited the community as a whole 

and did not increase the value of any individual lots, it did 

not touch and concern those lots. “Property owners do not 

need to use ‘social facilities.’” 38 In contrast, the annual road 

charge did touch and concern the land because “the lot owners 

must utilize the roads as a means of ingress and egress from 

their respective homes and thus should be required to pay for 

their maintenance.” 39

As in the above cases, the covenant at issue here burdens the 

ERE II lot owners in a manner that is plainly related to the lot 

owners’ use of their land. The 2004 Agreement states specifically that Dowd’s agreement to subject his subdivision to the 

requirement to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs was 

in exchange for his lot owners’ ability to use 232d Street for 

paved access to public roads.

35 Chesapeake Ranch Club v. CRC Members, 60 Md. App. 609, 483 A.2d 

1334 (1984).

36 Regency Homes Assn., supra note 19.

37 Chesapeake Ranch Club, supra note 35, 60 Md. App. at 616, 483 A.2d at 

1337 (quoting 20 Am. Jur. 2d Covenants § 35 (1965 & Supp. 1983)).

38 Chesapeake Ranch Club, supra note 35, 60 Md. App. at 616, 483 A.2d at 

1338.

39 Id.
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When the 2004 Agreement was executed, the lot owners in 

ERE II were unable to leave their lots via paved public roads. 

Their only egress was Lincoln Road, which was unpaved. Yet 

Grace and Dowd acknowledged that paved access to public 

roads would increase the value of ERE II lots. Thus, paved 

road access was inherent in and connected to ERE II lot owners’ use and enjoyment of their land. In exchange for the burden of being required to contribute to 232d Street maintenance 

costs, Dowd afforded ERE II and its future lot owners the benefit of paved access across 232d Street to public roads.

We find that the covenant in the 2004 Agreement to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs touched and concerned 

the land. The second element for a real covenant is met.

(iii) Privity of Estate

[24,25] The third element for a real covenant to run with 

the land is that the party claiming the covenant’s benefit and 

the party bearing its burden must be in privity of estate. 40 In a 

similar context, when analyzing privity for purposes of claim 

preclusion, we defined privity as requiring, “at a minimum, 

a substantial identity between the issues in controversy and 

a showing that the parties in the two actions are really and 

substantially in interest the same.” 41 That is, “[p]rivity depends 

upon the relation of the parties to the subject matter and not 

their activity in a suit relating to it after the event.” 42

[26] Although not the deciding issue in our opinion, we 

have also defined privity of estate in the context of express 

covenants. 43 We stated:

40 Brick Development, supra note 23.

41 Kiplinger v. Nebraska Dept. of Nat. Resources, 282 Neb. 237, 248, 803 

N.W.2d 28, 39 (2011), disapproved on other grounds, Banks v. Heineman, 

286 Neb. 390, 837 N.W.2d 70 (2013).

42 Baer v. Southroads Mall Ltd., 252 Neb. 518, 524, 566 N.W.2d 734, 

738 (1997).

43 See Gottsch v. Bank of Stapleton, 235 Neb. 816, 458 N.W.2d 443 (1990).
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Privity has also been defined as “[m]utual or successive 

relationship to the same rights of property. In its broadest sense, ‘privity’ is defined as mutual or successive 

relationships to the same right of property, or such an 

identification of interest of one person with another as 

to represent the same legal right [or] [d]erivative interest . . . between parties . . . .” 44

Here, under these definitions, there is strong evidence that 

Dowd and ERE II HOA are in privity of estate. At the time 

Grace and Dowd executed the 2004 Agreement, they agreed to 

grant all of ERE II to Dowd. As ERE II’s owner, Dowd agreed 

that before he sold the ERE II lots, he would subject them to 

covenants requiring the lot owners to contribute to 232d Street 

maintenance costs. Dowd did this via the Declaration.

ERE II HOA was formed in 2007 and assumed control 

of ERE II, subject to Dowd’s covenants in the Declaration. 

ERE II HOA’s board members were ERE II’s lot owners, all 

of them having purchased their lots either from Dowd or from 

his grantees.

Under these facts, we find that ERE II HOA is in privity 

of estate with Dowd. ERE II, the same property that Dowd 

once owned, is now controlled by ERE II HOA and owned 

by ERE II HOA and ERE II’s lot owners. Dowd and these lot 

owners are successive owners of the same land pursuant to 

their deeds of purchase for the lots. This satisfies the third element for a real covenant to run with the land.

ERE II HOA responds to this analysis by pointing to language in the covenant stating that Dowd agreed to subject 

DGS to the cost-sharing agreement. According to ERE II HOA, 

it cannot be a successor in interest to DGS under the 2004 

Agreement because DGS was never a legal entity.

But ERE II HOA’s argument here misunderstands the nature 

of a real covenant. A real covenant binds successive owners 

44 Id. at 838, 458 N.W.2d at 457 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1079 (5th 

ed. 1979)).
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of land. 45 As analyzed above, ERE II HOA is in privity of 

estate with Dowd. ERE II HOA does not dispute that Dowd 

was a legal entity or that he signed the 2004 Agreement on 

behalf of two legal entities: himself and Dowd Grain. As 

ERE II HOA’s predecessor in interest, Dowd subjected his 

land, DGS, to the covenant at issue here.

In this scenario, it matters not whether DGS was ever a legal 

entity. Instead, DGS is merely the description Grace and Dowd 

used for the land that would be subject to their covenants. 

ERE II HOA’s argument here is without merit.

On our de novo review, we find that the three elements for 

a real covenant here were met. Dowd’s promise in the 2004 

Agreement to subject his subdivision to a requirement to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs was a covenant that 

ran with the land. As such, we affirm the district court’s reasoning that ERE II HOA, as the successor in interest to Dowd, 

was bound to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs.

(b) Delegate of Contractual Duty

As analyzed above, the district court’s judgment rested 

chiefly on an analysis based in the law of real covenants. Yet 

another theory of recovery alleged in the complaint was that 

the 2004 Agreement was enforceable against ERE II HOA 

as a matter of simple contract law. According to ERE HOA, 

although ERE II HOA was not named in the 2004 Agreement, 

it was delegated Dowd’s duties under that agreement. The 

district court implicitly found for ERE HOA on this theory of 

recovery. We agree.

[27] Although we note that, under the law of real covenants, our analysis above is itself adequate to find in favor of 

ERE HOA, we find it important to nevertheless address ERE 

HOA’s contract theory as well because we wish to clarify the 

district court’s opinion. At issue here is whether Dowd delegated to ERE II HOA his duty under the 2004 Agreement to 

45 See Regency Homes Assn., supra note 19.
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contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs. Whereas a party 

assigns rights under a contract, a party delegates duties. 46

[28,29] We have long recognized that parties should generally be free to assign rights and delegate duties as they see fit, 

subject to certain limitations. 47 At common law, “[c]ontract 

duties are generally delegable, unless prohibited by statute, 

public policy or the terms of the contract. Contractual duties 

are also not delegable if they involve the personal qualities or skills of the obligor, in the absence of consent by 

the obligee.” 48

[30] Delegation to a third party of the duty to perform under 

a contract requires an agreement between the obligor under the 

first contract and a delegate. 49 That is, the delegate must agree 

to be delegated the obligor’s duty. 50 For example, in a 1988 

case, Ames v. George Victor Corp.,

 51 we found a provision in a 

contract sufficient to delegate an obligor’s duties under a first 

contract to a delegate. The provision read: “‘[The corporation] 

agrees to assume all the obligations of [the landlord] in said 

subleases and shall be entitled to all rentals under said subleases due and payable on July 1, 1984 and thereafter.’” 52

Here, ERE HOA argues that Dowd delegated to ERE II 

HOA his duty to pay for 232d Street maintenance costs when 

he executed a document entitled “Release, Relinquishment 

46 Burnison v. Johnston, 277 Neb. 622, 764 N.W.2d 96 (2009). See, also, 29 

Richard A. Lord, A Treatise on the Law of Contract by Samuel Williston 

§ 74:10 (4th ed. 2003); 3 E. Allan Farnsworth, Farnsworth on Contracts 

§ 11.1 (3d ed. 2004).

47 See, e.g., Union P. R. Co. v. Douglas County Bank, 42 Neb. 469, 60 N.W. 

886 (1894).

48 29 Lord, supra note 46, § 74:27 at 404. Accord Earth Science Labs. v. 

Adkins & Wondra, P.C., 246 Neb. 798, 523 N.W.2d 254 (1994).

49 See 29 Lord, supra note 46, § 74:27.

50 See id.

51 Ames v. George Victor Corp., 228 Neb. 675, 424 N.W.2d 106 (1988).

52 Id. at 681-82, 424 N.W.2d at 111.
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and Assignment of Powers and Duties Under the Declaration 

of [ERE II].” Under the terms of that document, Dowd, on 

behalf of Dowd Grain, stated that he “does hereby release, 

relinquish and assign to [ERE II HOA] any and all powers 

and duties of [Dowd Grain] as provided in the Declaration.” 

As ERE HOA argues, this appears to state that it was Dowd’s 

intention to delegate all duties under the Declaration to 

ERE II HOA.

One of the duties named in the Declaration was the duty to 

contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs. Specifically, in the 

Declaration, Dowd stated:

The costs and maintenance expenses for 232nd Street 

shall relate only to that portion of 232nd Street located 

within [ERE], including the entrances at Angus Road and 

Lincoln Road, and shall be in the amount of one-fourth of 

the costs and expenses expended by [Dowd Grain] and/or 

[ERE HOA] related to such matters.

To the extent that ERE II HOA argues that such delegation 

was unclear or that it did not specifically mention Dowd’s 

duties under the 2004 Agreement, the Declaration further provides that “[a]t such time as [Dowd Grain] no longer holds title 

to any subdivision lot, any powers and duties not previously 

released or relinquished shall be deemed to have been released 

and relinquished.” This satisfied the requirement for an obligor 

under one contract to delegate his or her duties to a delegate. 

Thus, ERE HOA argued, and we agree, that Dowd lawfully 

delegated to ERE II HOA the duty to contribute to 232d Street 

maintenance costs.

[31,32] A delegation of duties is not itself sufficient to 

bind its delegate to perform the duties delegated, however. To 

the contrary:

The mere delegation of a performance imposes no duty 

on the delegate to perform. If the delegate performs the 

duty, the duty is discharged. If the delegate does not perform the duty, the duty is not discharged, but any claim 

of the obligee for breach is against the delegating party 
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and not against the delegate. The delegate is under no 

duty to perform unless it has undertaken to do so. 53

Similar to other areas of contract law, it is foundational that an 

agreement to delegate duties is not formed until it is accepted 

by the delegate. 54

Here, we find strong evidence that the delegate, ERE II 

HOA, accepted Dowd’s delegation. After Dowd executed the 

relinquishment letter quoted above, the board members of 

ERE II HOA formally accepted it during the board’s annual 

meeting on July 7, 2015. The minutes of the meeting state 

as follows:

This annual meeting of the Members of [ERE II HOA] 

was held pursuant to the notice attached to these minutes 

on July 7, 2015 at 6:00 p.m. at 508 W. Angus Road, 

Gretna, Nebraska.

The first order of business was the acceptance of 

Declarant’s Release, Relinquishment and Assignment of 

Powers and Duties under the Declaration of [ERE II]. 

Upon motion duly made, seconded and carried, this 

Release, Relinquishment and Assignment was accepted.”

[33] Moreover, even if the minutes were not themselves 

sufficient evidence of ERE II HOA’s undertaking Dowd’s 

delegated duties, ERE II HOA’s conduct thereafter provides 

further evidence of this undertaking. As one commentator 

noted:

Even if a delegate does not promise in so many words 

to perform the duty of the delegating party, a court may 

infer such a promise from the delegate’s conduct. Thus, 

if a party transfers the entire contract, assigning rights 

as well as delegating performance, an assumption of 

those duties by the transferee will be inferred from the 

53 Farnsworth, supra note 9, § 11.11 at 723.

54 See Acklie, supra note 15.
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acceptance of the transfer, unless the language or the situation indicates the contrary. 55

Here, ERE II HOA’s conduct provides persuasive evidence 

that it accepted Dowd’s delegation of the duty to contribute 

to 232d Street maintenance costs. After Dowd executed the 

relinquishment letter, ERE II HOA took the action commanded 

by the duty, writing at least three checks between March 4 

and May 1, 2016, to ERE HOA for the costs of maintaining 

232d Street. The checks were for the amounts of $5,500.82, 

$3,385.12, and $423.14. Their subject lines stated “partial payment Road Repair,” “payment 2 to ERE I HOA,” and “Final 

Road repair Payment.”

On our de novo review, we find that Dowd delegated to 

ERE II HOA his duty under the 2004 Agreement to contribute 

to 232d Street maintenance costs. And ERE II HOA accepted 

that duty, both during its 2015 annual meeting and by its conduct thereafter. Thus, ERE II HOA, as delegate, owed Dowd’s 

duty under the 2004 Agreement to contribute to 232d Street 

maintenance costs. The district court’s judgment should be 

affirmed as a matter of contract law.

(c) Enforcement in Equity

As an alternative to the above theories of breach based on 

the 2004 Agreement itself, ERE HOA also alleged three other 

theories of recovery based entirely in equity. Those theories 

were implied reciprocal servitude, unjust enrichment, and equitable estoppel. Under these theories, ERE HOA argued that 

even if the 2004 Agreement was not enforceable as a matter 

of real covenant or contract law, its covenant to contribute to 

232d Street maintenance costs should still be enforced as a 

matter of equity.

55 Farnsworth, supra note 9, § 11.11 at 724-25. See, also, 1 Restatement 

(Second) of Contracts, § 164 (1981); 3 Restatement (Second) of Contracts 

§ 328 (1981).
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The district court implicitly found for ERE HOA on each 

of these theories, and ERE II HOA assigns this was in error. 

We agree.

[34-36] Implied reciprocal servitude, unjust enrichment, 

and equitable estoppel are theories of recovery based not on 

the terms of a contract, but, instead, on circumstances that 

demand judicial action to remedy an injustice or inequity. 56

They are generally conceived as alternatives to enforceable 

covenants or provisions in a contract. 57 An implied reciprocal servitude is created by implication when no express real 

covenant applies. 58 Likewise, unjust enrichment and equitable 

estoppel claims are contract substitutes that courts apply to 

prevent injustice. 59

[37,38] However, we have long held that where a contract 

or real covenant itself is enforceable, its terms will not be displaced in equity. 60 Although a party is permitted to allege both 

a claim based in contract and in equity, once the terms of the 

contract are found to be enforceable, those terms will generally 

control and supersede other equitable actions. 61

As we have already held, the terms in the 2004 Agreement 

at issue here are enforceable against ERE II HOA as a matter 

of real covenant and contract law. Thus, there is no need for 

a contract substitute theory to apply, rendering a judgment in 

equity. Accordingly, we deem ERE HOA’s equitable claims 

displaced and superseded. To the extent the district court 

rested its judgment on these three equitable theories, it was 

in error.

However, as analyzed above, the 2004 Agreement was 

enforceable against ERE II HOA under both the law of real 

56 See DH-1, LLC v. City of Falls City, 305 Neb. 23, 938 N.W.2d 319 (2020).

57 See id.

58 Walters v. Colford, 297 Neb. 302, 900 N.W.2d 183 (2017).

59 See, DH-1, LLC, supra note 56; Brick Development, supra note 23.

60 See DH-1, LLC, supra note 56.

61 See id.
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covenants and the law of contracts. ERE II HOA’s first assignment of error is without merit.

3. Breach of 2004 Agreement

ERE II HOA’s second assignment of error is that no breach 

occurred. It argues that even if it was bound by the provision 

in the 2004 Agreement requiring it to contribute to 232d Street 

maintenance costs, ERE II HOA did not breach that provision when it modified the Declaration in 2016. Rather, ERE II 

HOA contends, the 2004 Agreement required only that Dowd 

“through Subdivision Agreements, Covenants, and provisions 

applicable to homeowner[s’] associations or any combination 

of the foregoing, subject [DGS] to a sharing of one third of the 

costs and expenses of [ER] and [ERE HOA] in the repair and 

maintenance of 232nd Street within [ERE].”

According to ERE II HOA, a plain reading of this provision 

reveals that it imposed only a one-time duty on Dowd Grain to 

take action in the future to “subject” ERE II to a requirement 

to contribute to the maintenance costs of 232d Street. That onetime duty was activated, ERE II HOA acknowledges, “when 

all public improvements consisting of necessary utilities and 

interior streets in [DGS] have been completed.”

But ERE II argues the 2004 Agreement’s language neither 

specified for how long Dowd’s duty would last nor required 

that it be more than a one-time duty. Thus, according to 

ERE II HOA, it was within its rights to amend the Declaration 

in accordance with its amendment procedure to repudiate 

its obligation for 232d Street maintenance costs. After the 

Declaration initially subjected ERE II to maintenance costs 

and thus met Dowd Grain’s duty under the 2004 Agreement, 

Dowd’s duty under the 2004 Agreement was discharged.

[39-42] When the terms of a contract are clear, we interpret 

the contract according to its terms’ plain meaning. 62 Terms of a 

contract that are clear are given their plain and ordinary 

62 See Kaiser v. Allstate Indemnity Co., 307 Neb. 562, 949 N.W.2d 787 (2020).
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meaning as a reasonable person would understand them. 63 A 

contract must receive a reasonable construction and must be 

construed as a whole. 64 And, if possible, effect must be given 

to every part of a contract. 65

[43,44] A court is not free to rewrite a contract or to speculate as to terms of the contract which the parties have not seen 

fit to include. 66 A court should avoid interpreting contract provisions in a manner that leads to unreasonable or absurd results 

that are obviously inconsistent with the parties’ intent. 67

By the plain meaning of the 2004 Agreement, we disagree 

that the covenant at issue is susceptible to the interpretation 

that ERE II HOA urges. Contrary to ERE II HOA’s stilted 

interpretation of the 2004 Agreement, a natural reading of the 

agreement’s plain language indicates that Dowd and his successors in interest would be subject to a requirement to share 

costs with ERE HOA for the maintenance of 232d Street. There 

is nothing about the verb “to subject” that makes it necessarily 

pertain to a one-time action, as ERE II HOA alleges. Rather, 

“to subject” means “[t]o make subject or bring into subjection to the rule, government, power, or service of a superior” 

or “[t]o make submissive or dependent; to bring into a state 

of subordination.” 68

Just as ERE II HOA alleges that the 2004 Agreement did 

not specify that Dowd’s subjecting his subdivision to the costsharing requirement would not end, it also did not specify that 

it would end. A reasonable interpretation of the provision is 

that Dowd and his successors in interest would be, and would 

remain, subject to the cost-sharing requirement. We do not 

63 See id.

64 Lassalle v. State, 307 Neb. 221, 948 N.W.2d 725 (2020).

65 Id.

66 Id.

67 Id.

68 “Subject,” Oxford English Dictionary Online, http://www.oed.com/view/

Entry/192688 (last visited Dec. 31, 2020).
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read into the provision a stipulation that Dowd and his successors will be subject to the requirement only until they unilaterally change it, as ERE II HOA now alleges. 69

Moreover, construing the provision at issue within the 2004 

Agreement as a whole, there is strong evidence that it was 

intended to operate on an ongoing basis. After the sentence 

stating that Dowd will “subject” his subdivision to the costsharing requirement, it makes provisions for how that cost 

sharing will change as future events occur. For example, it 

states that if Lincoln Road is paved, Dowd’s cost-sharing obligation will reduce from one third to one fourth. And it implies 

that cost sharing is expected to occur year after year, because 

it stipulates that cost sharing includes a number of future, 

anticipated needs annually: “road maintenance and resurfacing, maintenance and repair of the bridge at the south end 

of 232nd Street near Angus Road, snow removal, mowing of 

right-of-way and maintenance of entrances at Angus Road and 

Lincoln Road.”

This language indicates strongly that the parties’ intent was 

that ERE II lot owners would continue to share the costs of 

maintenance for 232d Street with lot owners in ERE. After 

all, the 2004 Agreement suggests that in exchange for this 

promise to contribute, Dowd received something significant: a 

right to connect Shiloh Drive across ERE lots to 232d Street. 

That right of connection did not terminate after one use, so 

ERE II HOA’s obligation to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs should also not be read to terminate after one 

use. Instead, it was breached when ERE II HOA amended its 

Declaration to eliminate the requirement to contribute to 232d 

Street maintenance costs.

This case is distinguishable from Boyles v. Hausmann,

 70

which ERE II HOA cites for support in its brief. In Boyles, the 

issue before this court was solely whether certain restrictive 

69 See Lassalle, supra note 64.

70 Boyles v. Hausmann, 246 Neb. 181, 517 N.W.2d 610 (1994).
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covenants that a subdivision had modified by a majority vote 

of lot owners in the subdivision were valid. A landowner had 

challenged the covenants on the basis that they added new 

requirements to his lot. 71 We generally agreed with the lot 

owner, finding that the subdivision had not followed its own 

procedure for amending covenants. 72

But that rule from Boyles is inapposite here. Whereas Boyles

dealt solely with the validity of certain covenants executed by 

the homeowners’ association, this case deals with both Dowd’s 

Declaration regarding the homeowners’ association ERE II 

HOA and the 2004 Agreement executed between Grace and 

Dowd. Even if we were to analyze this case under Boyles and 

conclude that ERE II HOA had properly followed its procedures for amending the Declaration, that would not affect 

ERE II HOA’s obligation to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs under the 2004 Agreement. ERE II HOA’s argument is without merit.

As a result, we hold that not only was ERE II HOA bound 

by the 2004 Agreement, but that ERE II HOA breached that 

agreement when it amended its Declaration and refused to contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs. ERE II HOA’s second 

assignment of error is without merit.

4. Remedy

Based on the above-discussed theories of legal and equitable 

recovery, the district court granted ERE HOA three remedies, 

to wit: The district court ordered $18,732.74 in damages, a 

declaratory judgment that “any attempt to repudiate the obligation to contribute to the costs of upkeep and maintenance of 

232nd Street without the specific notice and consent of those 

who are benefitted by the Covenant in [ERE] subdivision is 

prohibited,” and specific performance to “continue to contribute to the costs of upkeep and maintenance of 232nd Street as 

provided for in the Covenant granted by the Declaration.”

71 See id.

72 See id.
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On our de novo review, we find no error in the district 

court’s award. First, damages were awarded for ERE II HOA’s 

past breach of contract, and ERE II HOA does not dispute 

that the amount awarded was reasonably certain and such as 

might be expected to follow the breach. 73 Second, a declaratory judgment was awarded to declare ERE HOA’s rights under 

the 2004 Agreement. 74 And third, specific performance was 

awarded to require ERE II HOA to comply with its duty under 

the 2004 Agreement. 75

ERE II HOA’s assignment of error here is the same as 

before—that the 2004 Agreement was not enforceable against 

it and that no breach of the 2004 Agreement occurred—but 

we have found to the contrary. As analyzed above, the 2004 

Agreement was enforceable against ERE II HOA, and ERE II 

HOA breached that agreement when it repudiated its duty to 

contribute to 232d Street maintenance costs.

Thus, we affirm the district court’s award of the three remedies. ERE II HOA’s third assignment of error is without merit.

VI. CONCLUSION

The district court’s order granting judgment to ERE HOA 

is affirmed.

Affirmed.

73 See TNT Cattle Co. v. Fife, 304 Neb. 890, 937 N.W.2d 811 (2020).

74 See State ex rel. Wagner v. Evnen, 307 Neb. 142, 948 N.W.2d 244 (2020). 

See, also, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-21,150 (Reissue 2016).

75 See Johnson v. Nelson, 290 Neb. 703, 861 N.W.2d 705 (2015).