r t~andle vi~\ BYEf.U\N . . Nl'li' :fPPR~YEDFOR~RELEA8e. Con trol $f~ temonlt . '- ,ep ~JiiqaB2' : D. '.' .' .''' •. D BY: CRARY . ~. CORONil/GAMB:tT/HBXAGO~O ' '. IfI,lO ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

ATTACHMENT 

-Evaluation of BOB Statements 'Rei!.rd.lllg, 

the Val\te of, HExAGON 

The followi1\g attachment prov~des evalu~tions of 

statements on the value of the HEXAGON pr,oqram made 

in t:he 22 March 1969 Bureau of the Budget letter 

(BYE 11663-69) to the Director of Central Intelligence. 

In the attachment, the BOB statements are arranged 

in the general order in which they appear in the letter. 

Because the attachment is keyed to the BOB letter 

it does not form a comprehensi~e or balanced review 

of HEXAGON. The 1 July 1968 COMlREX eva~uation performed for the NIRB and· the 13 November 1968 DoD (OSD) 

study are comprehensive reviews which remain valid. 

'I8P fJseftft'f 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

BYE-).443/69 

¢p Nil. 't. ~ If 

Handle via BYEl'otAN 

Control System Only 
Handle via BYEf.tAN 

,Control System on~ 

BOB Statement: 

"The added, ma:r'l4-.r..)Il:r','L', t1lt.fld 

if it is uBed 

and paz-t"az, B~~ 

now consi.de,~ab1,", 

have appeal'ed in 

pp-. 1-2J 

INTELLIGBRCE EVAL\JATI0N:; 

1969, which are, as they should be', bll~.a,on-ri~9rous 

current analyses of needs, ,bene~;l:t., arid '~os'ts • !All 

aspects of the value of HEXAGONpbot.ography nave been 

under review and study since 19'64;an6 were given :~omprehensive evaluations by -the Intelligence CQmmu~ity 

in lIid-1968 and by the OS!) in N'ovelnber 1968. . These 

study.findings are still valid. , Our assessments of the value of HEXAGON today are 

more firmly based than in 1964. From experience 

gained since that time in the operation of the GAMBIT 

systems, we are now fu.lly aware of the serious sho~tfalls of spotting systems in providing quality photography of large area targets or of all targets in areas 

of high target density. T.hese shortfalls were not fully 

understood as early as 1964. 

WQP &:seutt 

conoNA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

BYB-1443/69 

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: Control System Onr·' 

The 1 July 1968 Intelligence Study· tCOI-1IREX-D11.1/2) reached the following conclusion on the expected value of the HEXAGON product: 

"It is evident that the HEXAGON in combination with the GAMDIT-3 will p~ovide highly 

significant intelligence information in support of national needs that cannot be obtained 

by the combined use of CORONA and GAMBIT-3. 

Our judgment in this matter is based in 

large part on a consideration of anticipated 

needs for reconnaissance in the 1970-75 time 

frame." 

The parallel OSD review described the value in 

ter.us of three major contributions to intelligence 

that arc uniquely possible with a HEXAGON system: 

an improved ability to search for new activities or 

to provide confidence that suspicious activity is not 

underway; significantly improved intelligence on ground 

forces; and a unique ability to detect and assess 

mobile forces, such as ICBM's, IRBM's, and tactical 

offensive and defensive missiles. 

Q)QP JECRE!'r 

CORONl\!Gl\MBI1'!llEXi\GON 

BYE-1443/69 

Handle via B'lEMl\N 

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7 
·Handle via BYEl-tAN 

. ,Control System on1ft, :~) CO:ROI~~.II'~ 

BOB Statement: 

"Ths (JANBI2'-3p(lp;tO'l'M~~a.·api'n/&~ tl""~ 

'!u:rvBi 1. ZancB .ztsq.' &ti~ .•. m.en,t. :"._.' ~~,' .. ',':. n .•... t.' .. ,~a ..... *'~ ..... 8 , .. th:el'.'. 108 no 0 teal' need, fol' .. ~hB,.:ilfitJ~. 'j(<<!p~na:i.y. 

HBXAGON sya.tema8 a .~(:u~t:r •. t'f1"lui,.-£,'bt:t,1;fl",,·"n:;" 

the 6kl'Vei Z Zance'lto'te. "n,,,z.c~:,.a,~ 1"', 

p. J] J~ 

INTELLIGENCE EVALUA'J'IOBl 

The BOB statement reflects an 3precise UI;lderstanding of the surveilia~c. r.equirements and: the 

fact that systems overlap in their abilities to .eet 

such requirements. 

The July 1968 COMlREX st~YI ~or example, 

"considered the ranp ()~ intelliqenc;:e 

problems which can 'he satisfied with 

photography of varying groundx:esolu- tion and the fact tl\at th~ CORONA, 

GAMBIT-3, and HEXAGON systems represent overlapping capabilities against 

some probl_s:" 

With respect to the criterion of ground resolution 

and the question of the relative value of the three 

systems, it concluded 

"that perhaps a third of our minimum 

needs could be met by the CORONA 

alone and that 70-80 peroent could 

be met by the HEXAGON alone .In additi~n, 20-30 percent require the 

unique high resolution capability of 

the GAMBIT-3. I. 

CORONA/GAMDI'l'/IJEXAGON 

BYE-l44l/69 

Ha~dle via BYEMAN 

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uandle v~a BYf~L'iAN 

Control System on( ,. TOP SECR:B~ CORON1\/Gi\~'Brr/HEXAGON IIRo?\PPROVED FOR RELEASE •• l: "DECLASSIFIED BY: CIIART 

DECLASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

It noted further that 

lithe HEXAGON is unaffected by the 

problems of target conflict in areas 

of high target der,.:;i ty, which is one 

of the drawbacks of the GAMBIT-3 

system. " 

fi-2 

Both the Cm,tIREX and the OSD studies concluded 

that the HEXAGON not only would replace the CORONA 

in the latter's area coverage role, but also would 

be able to meE!t a large number of requirements now 

specified for the GAMBIT-3. The OSD study said, 

"HEXAGON is a more cost-effective 

search vehicle than CORONA, and its high 

resolution provides adequate intelligence 

on one-half to two-thirds of the high 

resolution targets covered'by GAMBIT 

today ... As long as surveillance is one 

of its objectives, GAMBIT missions cannot 

be optimized by high resoluti6n technical 

intelligence objective!:>." 

Surveillance, in general, is the process of ob~ 

taining repeated phot~graphy of known targets with 

the aim of maintaining c09nizance as to their operational status and to detect changes, trends, etc. 

'l'he quantity and the quality (resolution) of'the 

photography required will var~de~ending on the nature 

of the target and the intelligence problem it presents. 

Surveillance of the vario1ls facilitie~ at a missile 

test range, for example,must be'eonducted frequently, 

BYE-1443/69 

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Control System Onolft 101 smeftB' ~~fPROVEDFORRELEASE . b'EcLASSIFIED BY: C/IART 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON DECLASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

B-2 

and the photography must have relatively high resolution. Against such a tctrqet cOmplex ~~E'l- 3 

photography provides excellent quality, but. because 

of its pointing restrict.ions and limfted field of 

view, only limited quant.ity .-{' HEXAGdk'will prci>vide 

good quality and excellent qUJlntity'.co'ROiA .coverage ,s,· J; I 

is of marginal quality. but ·satisfactoryquantity. 
ftcl.ndle ",ria BYE(·IAN 

Control System Onl fer 8'8€!tB! 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

"NRb APPROVED FOR RELEASE 

DEC'LASSIFIED BY: CJIART 

DECLASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

BOB Statement: 

"The OSD study of November J 1968, concZuded that the present and improving sampli)'zg capab-i lity of the GAMBIT-3/COROIlA 

oombination is adequate to mee't, our inte~Zigenae needs in the area of soviet b~oc and 

Chinese Communist capabilities in air and 

missile defense, aireraft systems, missite 

systems, and naval forces (page 5, par. 8, 

BYE-78614/88)." [Nal"ch 22, 1969,) p. 2] 

IN'l'EL!...IGENCE EVALUATION: 

The BOB statement seriously misreprp.scnts the 

paragraph from the OSD study and gives it out of 

context. 

H-3 

The cited OSD paragraph referred to fixed air 

and missile d~fenses, to long-range air (i.e., heavy 

and medium Soviet bombers, not all aircraft systems), 

to fixed balli.stic missiles (not all missile sys.tems), 

and to submar.ines (not all naval 'forces). In addition, 

the paragraph did not refer to the present "combination" 

as being "adequate to meet intelligence needs," on 

"capabilities," but referred to are~s in which it had 

not "identified major intelligence problems for which 

HEXAGON would contribute significantly." 

The referenced paragraph in the OSO study was 

preceded by two others which, inter alia, pointed out 

CORONA/GAMBIT/H~XAGON 

BYE-1443/69 

Harld~e via 'BYEMAN 

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Handle v.i.a Bym·1AN NRQ-tPPROVED FOR RELEASE 

Control Sys tcm Onl ''') '!Pep 8BeRB'f DEC~SSIFIED BY: CIIART 

" CORONA/GAMDIT/HEXAGON OEcLASSIFIEDON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

H-3 

in one paragraph that the study had "'identified three 

major contributions to intelligence that are uniquely 

possible with a HEXAGON system, II namely: improved 

ability to search thoroughly and provide confiden.ce 

that suspicious ~ctivity is not under'f/ay; significantly 

improved intelligence on ground forces; and a unique 

ability to detect and assess mobile forces, such as 

ICBM's, IRBM's, and tactical offensive and defensive 

missiles. 

The other paragraph pointed out that more than 

20 cases had be~n identified' "where less significant 

improvemeo'ts in intelligence will be possible" and 

that it expected these would number in tbe hundreds. 

It indicated doubt "that these many improvements would, 

in thcrr.~~lvQs. jl1~d-tfy deployment of HEXAGON" but they 

would represent a significant bonus if HEXAGON \lIere 

deployed. 

!fe! 3ECltEi· :.", 

CORON'A/GANBI'r'jUEXAGON 

aYE7l443/69 

HanGlle via BYl!;~1AN 

'Coni:rol System Only 
- Handle via BYBMAN 

Control Syst. 01&;. 

BOB statement: 

"ft. GAIIUf ... I'. 

- now Meets '" of q",,..d 4,.'n... _IJ 

(U81B-D-4'. IIlf1." 

INTBLL.lGBNCB EVALUATION: 

: .. -

'!'he 1 July Cat!aBX ~. po_teet' ...... 

'L: ~ ," 

-it is par ticol.BiLy _ ...• ?:. 

phasize tbat 010:"", r' __ • 

have been aevel", oa 1:he _ 

current c.pa~l~ti.. ani thO .. within the r8ftge of the •• o~'l 

It is therefore not surpriaiR9 that clo.. to 10' fulfillment has been attained. Aggrega-. statistics such 

as these, however I can " misleadin9 because tIley obscure important details. 

For example, a review of the effect! Yeness of 

in two sample areas, 

dicates the following; 

targets not accessible to 

inwere covered in 1968; only 59 of the 97 target. in 

Belorussia were covered in 1968. The average number 

of separate targets for which high resolution photography of good or fair quality was obtained per mission 

'lOP &1I8M .. 

CORONA/GAf.1DI'l' /IJEXAGON 

BYE-l443/69 

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H-4 

in. 1,968 was 7.6 

russia. For on 

was five for each area. 

tistics that develop.ent·~and'mairi:~~a~~~·:6f:a , ' '. -'.' "'" . _ ... ~ , ·re~s.on- ; 

ably current data base (I.e •. , ~~¥l~~'.:.~;~~~J~~Q~earsOld) 

in areas of high targe~ densitYi;;~#~~F':~"" " 

is not possible wi th th~ pre:sent>~~te¥:~>~ 

t.rbe table cited by theBOB~-itis.i'inttie, aOM~REX 

Monthly Report for October 19,68--~n'd;~cates that only 

three of the required l6targets at:,·t;h~.' Tyura tam test 

range were covered in the preceding qua'tter, and coverage of the SovietMR~ 4eployment force was only 50\ of 

that called for in ',the requirements ~ The K~pustin Yar 

range was not covereQ ,at all b~cause of bad weather. 

The duration of a HEXAGON mission will be,about 

twice that of 'a GAMBI'l-3 flight, so th$ system is 

better able to wait out spells of bad weather. In 

addition, since it can see about. 140 naut.ical miles to 

either side, the HEXAGON has more target accesses during 

a given period of time than the GAMBIT-3, which can look 

only 90 milcs to each side. And, of course, the area 

covcragc capability of HEXAGON removes the targct conflict problem that limits GAMBIT-3 in high density 

tc:1rgct arcas. 

!'Sf BeefU!! 

conONA/GJ\MllI T/U EXAGON 

BYE-1443/69 

Handle yin BYEMAN 

Control !lystom Only 

" 

" 
BOB Sta temen t : 

"Phe COBONA. 

"Bquil'ement at: In;o(z~!1'. aPIl,/2"'J 

Soviet b'Loo 

pl'ovlded Ot..Oll('l"'.:Wl!f •• 

941 of mai.nZ:a 

teots ne~ ~6:~hj~~~~' 

in Pl'BV';'OUS'Z1i 

GA1rIBI'l'- 3 can be 

itBsotution spot 

1989 ~ p. 2] 

INTBLLIGENCE EVALUATI0N: 

quirements uses only a sin'91e c.J;iterion, the presence 

or absence of. clou~. Its prim~~y purpose is to 

identify Itholiday" areas, that j.s, regions overdue 

for coverage by search photography •. The· acco\Plting 

procedure does not consider image qualitY:, i.e., what 

can aotual1y be seen on the ground. Experience ,has 

shown that the quality of CORONA ~gery on the far 

oblique frequently is not gQod enough to confirm the 

presence or absence of signi~icant aotivity even when 

the area is cloud.-free. 

The 94% coverage statistic is misleading. Nearly 

all of the terrain missed is either along the coast or 

98' 888AWi' 

CORONA/GAMBI1'/lIEXl\GON 

BYE-1443/69 

Handle via BYBMAN 

control System Only 
via BYEMAN 

Control System Onl 

in South Ch,ina~, areas ~thatc8~~~J\'(:i·DUl,nYj.nlPo~tant 

targets . Botb~ re9ioJ:l$"a~~ i:1'(~11i4ea~~,11l ~the~ "h~il.t ... up , ,",' "',. " .' 

area II of t.he 1t1oc. .. CQRc)ttA,:~.q~~~t;emeri~ ~.llsfo~r .,' \.!j . ~ t', " 

clear photograph¥ of 8CJ'~·tIle::l)ui..Lt: ... up ,re.a every 

six months. 

The CORONA can detect major change.. in known facili ties, such' as:' constructionol tiui:ldings.1 the 

clearing of la~d, the extens40n of roads, ebc. Changes 

in activity levels I i'f iden'tifiable at all 'orf CORONA, 

are qenerally only detectable o"er~.n extend~d peried 

of time. There usually is a: lengthy interval bet.9teen 

the identification of change and the successful coverage by GAMBIT-3~ At least six months aX'e generally 

required, the time interval beingdepandent upon the 

season of year and the target density in the area. 

Some "known"£acili1:ie. llA.ve esoaped det.ection by 

CORONA altogether. The impact area of the Chinese 

missile test range, for examp~e, bas not been identified, 

even though its qeneral location is obvious. 

.8P 888Il1). 

CORONA/GAMBI'r /HEXAGON 

BYE-l44J/69 

Handle via BYEt-tAN 

control System Only 
HEtndlc via 13YEt-1i\N 

Control SysLcm on( ( 

NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE 

DECLASSIFIED BY: C/IART 

fet SB€Hr.J':I: fE~J.ASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

CORONA/GN-tBI'l'/HEXAGON '\. 

BOB Statement: 

"FOl*[g2'ound] fozlce compoei tion and 

readiness" M,e GJtl4BIT-3 reso~ution, cteal't,y 

Buperiol' to the HEXAGON's" does and blould p~ovide important detai~6 on the quaZity 

and quantity of Soviet and Chinese units 

thatwoul.d not be discernible by the 

llEXAG01J." (March 22" 1969~ TAB A .. p. 1) 

INTELLIGENCE EVALUAT~ON: 

H-6 

HEXAGON.-quality photography provides most of the 

details needed for the analyses of ground force units. 

To the degree that resolution affects the solution of 

ground force problems, tile most important gains are 

provided by the increase in resolution that HEXAGON 

offers over CORONA; the additional increment provided 

by GAMBIT-3 is less important. 

In areas where there are few targets and the weather 

generally is good I such as the Sino-Soviet border, it 

is possible to use GAMBIT-3 to establish ·the number of 

troops involved in garrison and the amount and character 

of the equipment they possess, but not the strength and 

disposition of forces deployed in the field. In other 

key areas, however, the target density is much greater 

and the fraction of the facilities that GAMBIT-3 can 

cover in six months or a year very limited. 

101' S8e~i1W 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

BY~-1443/69 

Handle via BYErfJJ\N 

Control System Only 
f 

" 

Handle via BYENAN 

Control Si'stem OnJ~;-

COHON/\!Gi\NHll'/IJEXAGON Handle via BYEMAN 

Control System Only 

NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE 

DECLASSIFIED BY: CIIART 

DE9sASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

'lep BfU!t\l!!I ..-

CORONA/GM1Srr/HEXAGON . 

H-6 

In the latest Sino-Soviet border incident 

GAMBIT-3 coverage showed the effects of pointing 

limitations. Photog.raphy of the Chen-pao/Damansky 

Island area on 12 March showed a small part of the 

terrain immediately around the island. No troops 

were seen, arid only eight pieces of equipment could 

be found. Yet, a regimemtal-sized engagement there 

on the 15th apparently included several exchanges of 

artillery fire. HEXAGON photography would have 

covered a much larger area with sufficient sharpness 

for us to determine the character of the forces engaged and whether either side had been reinforcinq 

in anticipation of this clash. 

Ie, Bee:RM' 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

BYE-1443/69 

Handle via BYEMAN 

Control System Only 

T 
Handle via HYt·~N..'\N 

Con.t~·o.l Systel1: On1 -, 

NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE 

DECLASSIFJED BY: CIIART 

!tOP 8BCRE~ 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

'."" D~CLASSIFleO ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

"j 

BOB StatE:!men-t: 

"For [gl>ound] foraee ,;ompositiou and readine8s~ onae GAMBIT-3 has estabLished 

the signatv.:t'6 or' function (e. g.", tank Ort 

motQ'Pized !'i[Ze division) of a groun.d force 

installa'tion, then subsequent CORONA coverage 

a tong wi th occasional updates lUi th GAlvlBIT-3 

·coverage is sufficient fol' high confidence 

estimates of fOl'ce compo8<ition and l'eadiness. 

See fo~ Bxample, studies of the Soviet Grou~d 

Force equipment hoZdings in the ByeZorussian 

Military Dist."ict (CIA, 5R IR 67-2, Oct. '87) 

and Soviet Military Forces on- the Sino-Soviet 

Border (CIA, SR IR 88-7, Sept. '68)." 

(March 22~ 1969, TAB AJ p. 1] 

INTELLIGENCE EVALUATION: 

H-7 

The CORONA/GAMBIT-3 combination in many instances 

has been able to locate military installations and 

then provide the high resolution coverage needed for 

detailed study. It permitted Lhe statll,; ~n~~ysi::; of 

the Belorussian Military District. Threc~fourths of 

the high resolution photography used in that study 

was from the KH-7 and was equivalent to HEXAGON in 

resolution. f],'he suggestion that CORONA coverage is 

adequate to monitor ground force ch~~ges has been proven 

to be generally incorrect. With rare exceptions, the 

movement of knmvJ1 uni Ls from their garrisons or the 

upgrading and mobilization of forces has not been 

'i'QP ili.aiii' 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

BYE-1443/69 

Handle via BYEf.IAN 

Control System Only 
L 

lJ.ISP 8SeH!' NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE 

Handle v~a BYEt-1AN 

___ ~ __________ Control Syc:;tCOl Onl~ 

" " ;PECLASSIFIED BY: CJJARI 

) CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON J..JECLASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

::,i 

~ 

~ 

i 

'I 

t 

B-7 

. detectable in CORONA photography. On the other hand, 

the target conflict problem affects the usefulness of 

the GAMBIT-3. Ouring the buildup for t 

the ability of GAMBIT-3 to cover only a limited 

number of the targets in the western USSR prevented a 

~ confident jUdgment as to the extent of mobilization and 

--1 

---f- ------- ~R_t_._ -------------------~---:-~-----

t For targets in lower latit.udes and in bad weather 

l 

~ 

~ .. 

1 

~ 

i 

f 

J .t\ 

areas, such as South China and collection of 

the photoqraphy needed to esta~lish the c;:omposition 

of military units has, been verY' unsatisfactory. 'Ibis 

is due not only to the weather but also to the fact 

that, on a given mission the satellite is within photographing range of a target area less often than it is 

in the case of targets at hig'ber la"t'itudes. A schedule 

calling' for four 30-day itBXAGONllliss-ion&'per year will 

provide about 28 accessG$' to'ea~htarqet. in south ,Ch'lna. 

Seven 20-day CORONA miSSitllls,~il~:prOV'ide'only about 15 

accesses to each of thes~ same t~r,&ts", HExAGON will 

bring back more clear ph ctoqra'pby'Cof'tbls area than 

CORONA, and the quality will be,bett~. An while the 

resolution of \ UEXAGON will "be bel~Wth~1t obtairie~ with 

GAMBI1-3, it will be sufficient to. d~t(trmj.ne (;hanges in 

activity, and- the number of:ins~allatJ:onseovered will 

be several-fold greater. 

CORdN~~.8. ;~,· .. '.HB.,'·, ;,'~)Qt.c.':',:.,:;tlO,,··.~:,.·.,; ••. ,.,f'::-'~~<H':~'~i":"BiiMAN r .!:," ".,,' \~<., <,','- ;,hl'.Q~Plt:S!,~t£e.IOnly " ,,~-",., ~~<." ~" ,". ,\', . 

" : ';§'Y~~:,.:' .""f~L;~: ::':~"'(;",,:s~~*~~,;,~§W,i~'fl!$,hfl'l!~L'~#"Nth,A~l'(UX n " 
BOB Statement: 

"Poro (ground' f4lftCJ_aJ ·HaftP1ollPt .. tJ. ... • , 

f, t ocaul'S ,,1UU' a pett{Qd of JlH)lttlt.'t '1;".,. . COROIA/G-3 can mQni.Q~ 8wph ahaaga. 'adwquat.ty." [N(Wch aa;t lS"~ fkB A., p.lJ 

tN'l'ELLIGENCE BW~UA'l'ION: 

The accuracy of this st..'t~.t, clepen4a oft :·'tbe : 

n·atureof the redeployment::. In 1;be case of the S!nosoviet border, the buildup. of Soviet f~c.s has .betbl 

underway since 1964 and haa involved lar.- s~le c6n-

~truction o~ new, permanent facilities. Because of 

the charact.x of the buildup it: relatively detai.'ltaa 

and accurate assessment of the buildup could be aaa. 

in the fall of 1968. 

To sample a force moving along a broad front and 

being supported by numerous rear-echelQRS r~ui~ 

nearly simultaneous high resolution coverage of hWldrcds of targets, a capability that the CORONA/GAMBlT-3 

combination cannot provide. 

.iP 81i18R8'1' 

CORONA/GM1DIT/lIEXAGON 

BYE-l443/69 

Handle via BYEMAN 

Control Syst~m Only. 

" 
Handle via BYEHAN 

control System On1r t~ 

'ISP &iI~;]~W 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

~9 APPROVED FOR RELEASE 

DeCLASSIFIED BY: CIfART 

, DECLASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

H-9 

BOB Statement: 

"For (gl'ound !o-l'ells making al J!(lpid 

:redep 'Loymen t ~ ~ny fi Zm z-ecofJery " sY!ltem 

is timi ted by the ,fact that tha,·sa.t4t,t.ttS, 

must be over the tal'gltt; ci1'64duJlinf:1JnB 1'lIdsp~o!!ment under (JtoU(/.-f~8t1(J.nd d.~,', .. Z.:l,g.~t aO.?ad." t1.0n8. Even then:. t1tstlm.tt.,lay, ,,,om 

oamera opel'ation tof"~m"nt.e~·~.1:4t"o.1J 1.S 

measured in days. The ,<;1,1'" .~th; no.'o1'-{.81.8 

coveT'ag e, be t",een the H'BXA,GfJlI'III"s.fllonfJ 41'. 

1,ongel> than those b, twee", cqiif)N4 1itii".i.Qna.," 

[M(%l'ch &2., 1869; TAB ~.).p. lJ 

INTELLIGENCE EVALUATION; 

The need for timelin~ss in reporting1s certainly 

important. However, it must be considued.here in 

relative tenn~, since none of the systems being discussed has a Ureal-time" readopt capbiUty. The 

CORONA-GAMBIT-3 combination takes many months to detect and assess changes in deplo~ent. HEXAGON will 

cut this time in most cases to a matter of weeks. 

In the our assessment 

of the extent of change, our estimate of future changes, 

and our analysis of the possible impact required several months. It was necessary to evaluate how much 

mohi 1 i 7.., Lion had taken place, ho\>/ much movement had 

occurred, ho\.J the Soviet posture had changed vis-a-vis 

NA'l'O and to what extent and 

'l'QI' .Ii:CRIlT 

CORONl\/Gl\NBTT/HEXAGON 

llYE-1143/69 

Handle via BYEt-li\N 

Control ~jy~tem Only 

z:;: 

" .~ 

< 

:~ t.~ 

~ :'\ ,,;, 

I :~ 

::~~ 

i ~~ 

r.t 

if';' 

:t 

t~ 

.fZ 

.".~~ 

.,:.:i 

.~: 

t 

~\ 

:: 

:~~"~ 

!J~ &i:-

~~~ 

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'~j 

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f~·~? ; 

' .. 

~. 

I<~ ~ 

;f>t 

'1'· ...... ~ ... '. 

.. 

':l : 

. ') 

..... '"~ 
Handle via BYE~iAN ~ 

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.~ 

. ·1 H-9 

how soon forces reverted to their px;evious s·tatus. 

A HEXAGON system would have permitted these assessments to be made more rapidly and with a far higher 

degree of confidence. Demobilization was not established until February 1969, for example, although 

other sources indicate that it was. underway four to 

five months earlier. 

Because of its greater swath width, the HEXAGON 

has more access~s to a given ta:t;'q,et area perliTeek than 

the CORONA and during that time is more likely to acquire a usable picture. Furthermore, on each photographic pass it can freeze a much larger fraction of 

the action area, permitting a more accurate appraisal 

of the nature of the redeployment and its ~xtent. 

Because the HEXAGON has four recovery buckets, it 

can drop one or two in quick successiC?n during a crisis 

and still rerna~n on orbit collecting photography. Thus, 

the interval between the taking of a photograph and its 

readout will be never longer .than that for the CORONA 

and will some times be shorter. 

Wgp {;KGHii'l' 

CORONJ\/GJ\r.1BJ'!'/I1EXJ\GON 

BYE-1443/69 

llandle via BYEMAN 

Control System Only 
Handle via BYEMAN t~ :: .... ' 

Con'tr()l Sy.stem Onl~ ., 

BOBSt-atement: 

" (w,i th 1'«. 8pao .. -;"f<. ti.i.5,. t •. ;,.,~.: ·l'tCl. .~.:P:' ·,~.t).' •. f:r. t 

8yB temB ~G-;sa' .lt~f1t:F.'~I¥~'t(tIt .. ~~ f~"'-

abte in. d"8·C(J,.JJ'1(f~ .. II~"".}fi1~f.t.·tif·'n. 8 ta 11.a t'lo()ns and~ •• U;( !11I:.tti'# ... ·1;1tf,:to() ,:9,lJ .' 

do have a pJ!:Uta~~I',,: ik.' • ''b~~1't:'t.,~'" ';'a1l 

use ( " • 9 • ~ t:rU6~.:; ,~ ",QI4~', ''!1 ~~'fJ,~'an UBe when ~ar,~!~~. ~,'.4l:l~n . (}O;',.-,..). II 

[Na:rchB2" 19tn}~ ,YA'I:A~ p., a] 

XNTELLIGENCE EVALUA'l'lOH: 

Logistical sURport is clearly ol\e of the major 

short~omin9s of the Soviet'military forces. ,GAMBIT3's resolution obviously is of qrea'f value in the 

development of the basic <lata need_d" for analysis of 

the problem. However, where theta~get de~ity is 

qreat, as it is in East.uR ~ope, GAMBIT-3 will not 

, be able to monitor the status and movement of more 

than a few civilian units during periods of change 

and uncertainty. This difficulty will lncre~se as 

the identification of the relevant civilian enterprisesproqresses and the number of key tarqets requiring coverage increases. 

'1'8' 81!e!ftEI 

CORONA/GJ\MHIT/HEXAGON 

BYE-1443/69 

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BOB Statement: 

"The Belorussian study, based on the 

GAMBIT spotti.ng system and th6 CQRONA search 8ystems~ ppoduced signifioant high confidence chanues in our unde~8tanding of $0-

vie t togistia support. "'hi te i.t is true 

that these studies we~e based in part upon 

'LofJ-leve.l obtique aepiat photogpaphy, the 

HEXAGON would .be squatty dependent on· nOI1-

sate 1, Zi. te data." (J-Japch 22,1969, TAB A, 

p. 31 

INTELLIGENCE EVALUATION: 

B-1l 

The BOB statement correc~ly notes that the Belorussian study was based primarily on earlier GAMBIT 

(K"-7·), photography Which had a resolution equivalent 

to HEXAGON. There is no question that siqnifican~ 

high confidence changes resulted, but there is also 

no question that large ar~as for profitable study remain. The added frequency of coverag'e which HEXAGON 

can provide, particularly in high density tarc,Jet a,reas, 

will permit more timeiy analyses "and improvements of 

the data base. The higher resol~tion of'GAMBIT-3 will 

be necessary to provide detai~ed data. 'on selected 

in$tall~tions, of course. 

····)tY.~i443/69 ',,' . ~ 

CORON:afozttm~~~~1.'; ..')~!l~le;Via . BYEMAN . ':",~,:; , ..•. ,!: •. J'<, .. ' . "'Control System Only 
J 

I 

I 

j' 

\. 

Hand] c via BYE~iAN 

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i:r' !fer 8BeRB'P ~C~j§,SIFIED BY: CIIART 

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.,. 

BOB statement: 

"[with respect to) oUP ability to detect and evaZuate.mobiZe mis8ite forces~ 

given the tong (e.g.~ 2 years) R&D phases 

associated with such a new miB8iZe~ and 

given the high prio~ity 0-3 cove~age targeted on missile test centers~ the G-3 

would be ab~e to establi8h a si~nature 

Of the missile and its suppoPt etements 

that could be used fop tater G-3 or 

CORONA. identification of the systems in 

depl.oyment phase." [March 22~ 1989~ TAB A~ p. 2] 

INTELLIGENCE EVALUATION: -

The ability of photo interpreters to discover 

H-12 

mobile offensive missile system signatures at the 

test ranges is questionable. No SCALEBOARD (SS~l2) 

facilities have been ideritified at any test range, 

and no clues to SCAMP (SS-14)or SCROOGE deployment 

concepts have been found at ,any. :te~t range or in th(~ 

field. 

The Soviets have claim~d to have a mobile ballistic missile sincel965, ·a'Odthe amount of telemetry 

transmitted during 8S-14 firings has dropped, suggesting 

,'" 

that deployment either is urider\.,ayor ~iii beg.in soon. 

, . 

It will take a high-resolution surv~illance system like 

IIEXAGON to provide a confident j~dgmerit .. on the extent 

and character of dcplo~ment~ 

TOP Sii81UH 

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BYE-1443/69 

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H-l2 

Their small sizes make mobile defensive systems 

difficult to pin-poin~ on CORONA photography,.even 

after their deployment patterns have been determined. 

It sometimes is difficult even to establish whether 

an identified site is occupied. 

'lap 8SeRB'P 

CORONA/GAMBITfHEXl\GON 

C ';? ,; .'.~ ". s~ ~9·" ;'~ '" .... ;Po )f;;; ;W . .),' t "ASI14 

BYE~1443/69 

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DECLASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

BOB statement: 

"{with respect to] our abiZity to detect and eva l.uate mobi1.e mi.s8i le fOl'ces" 

the G-3/CORONJl mix lJas adequate to detect 

the depZoyment along the Sino-Soviet border of a 'I;aat-ica 7, missi l.e system (SCALEBOARD, 857 12), which i~ presumabZy smaZZer 

than a mob·i 1,e missi le system sufficien tty 

Zarge to pose a strategic thpeat to the 

U.S. (See CIA, SR IN 69-7 J lleb. '69)." 

(Mareh 22, 1969, TAB A, p. 2] 

INTELLIGENCE EVALUATION: 

H-l3 

The SCALEBOARD is a mobile system, but because 

it is being maintained in fixed sites it has, to 

date, essentially the same detectability as other 

fixed systems. It would present a much more difficult 

problem if it were deployed other\'lise. The test 5i te 

used for developmental firings of the system has not 

been located. 

Even the analysis of the SC1\LEBOARO·is incomplete. 

If wide-svlath covel'age of a SCALEBOARO deployment 

area could be obtained with higher-than-CORONA resolution, it might be possible to determine the number 

of field sites associated wIth each permanent site 

and the quantity of equ~pment allocated to a complex. 

Such an evaluation has not been possible with the 

CORONA/Gfu~BIT-3 photo9raphy presently available • .. ' 

I er sa 9.AilW 

CORONA/GAft.IDIT/HEXA.GON . 

BYE":'1443/69 

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DECLASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

BOB Sta tement: 

"Because of the i.nheflent 116Pi-OUII d .. lsadvantages of mobile mi8sil,e8~ .uDh a. 

degraded accuracy ~ more diff1,(Jf~' '1; oOllllan4 

and control probtems~ Zow.~ ~tl~bl'itN~ 

l.imitedsuitabte pail. 07 t-oad n.twopk ... tc.~ 

the Soviets are untikety to introduos'"woh 

H-14 

a system or. a wide Bcats (thi. i~ atso dtscussed in the recent CIA-SR dODument pefepred to above)." [Mal'cth 83, 1968, ~AB A .. p. IJ 

INTELLIGENCE EVALUATION: 

The statement is a judgment of Soviet intentions, 

not capabilities. it is important to be able not 

only to assess this threat if it should occur, but 

also to be able to say with assurance that such deployment is in fact not taking place. While the 

GAMBIT-3 is of great help in assessing the technical 

capabilities of missile systems, it is unable to contribute extensively in the determination of the extent 

of deployment. The CORONA now is of limited value in 

determining the extent of mobile missile system deployment. It \\'ould be of very questionable value if the 

equipment were camouflaged. 

Il'el' 8H@R!!! 

conONA/CAN111 'It/H):! X1\GON 

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BOB statement: 

"CORONA (KH-4B) ~ as t;1as 196' OSI)· stud, 

and l'so.nt 01l~ Repo1!i"ts 'h4V·_·.·.£ndto~.t .• d·~ i.. 

ad·squat. to dS:tft!'t th,,:. 491q.1lm.n·t;~l att 

ail' defense pa4aJtB and·m1;B~'ls8 .. air, i.s 

oaoao-tona tty ab te to. ootnt"·uits· ·that a SAM 

.it. is 141toccupisd." fAtazfch II .. 2969 .. !PAB A .. p. 3] 

IN~ELLIGBNCB EVALUA~ION: 

H-1S 

CORONA photography is not adequate to detect 

deployment of all, or even many., air· ct.f'ense radars 

and missiles. It does. allow detection of the pattern 

of the ground installations associated wi·th radars 

and missi ies. Normally, h9wever, equJ,.pment in an 

installation cannot be identified as to type unless 

it has been 'seen previously in GAMBI'.l'-3 photography, 

and even then only if it has not been moved. 

'pop 8J ... C1tt'l' 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

BYE-1443/69 

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C t 1 S t 1~ c~. ··r· _~OVEDFORRELEASE ; on· ro ys em On~ t· {II, SSC;:~,a;. QlJI FlED BY: CM.RT 

. ORONA/GAMBll'/DXAG<».f DECLA SlFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

BOB Statemen't: 

"fle undePBtan4 thcatth •.. SI,.O, mla.ion 

,tanning toZ' a~~i~en:B".l!a:~(;Cf~'" 4f ~htl Soviet 

Union el"bhBZ' av'C)i4. 1(t&_IJ;t:~l'ior ai.ft 

def.n~e~ BifJ(~B (av~"t"l1Z.:;"~'~··B~ •• ent 

ctapabt. Z."tiel1) . o:t'cn.,a:~.B. *lJ_'~'h 3O,fIII1Iing 

or .tandoffmi.8i t.a. " (IitiN-II 'J~ 1. '·69 ~ 

!lAB A" p. 3J 

INT:B~IGENCE EVALUAT,:lOH: 

Such SlOP mission planninq'requires a confident 

judgment as to the location and C'ilpabilities'of 

defenses. Intelligence WOl'k bas been underway to 

identify all of the air defense sites in the USSR 

and to estabU:sh their capabilities, neither 0·£ which 

is possible with the CORPNA/GAMBIT-3 combination, 

since the resolution of the COR()NA'is tOO.poor and 

the area coverage proY-ided by the GAMBIT too small. 

Accurate intelligence· on mis,ile ~nd, radar sites 

provides a basis for planning that would minimize 

losses of our attack forces and maximize their effectivcness. 

ELI NT collection systems contribute to this 

problem, of course I .but we will continue to be dependent on photography for accurate position data. 

.,SF 81!!CREf 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

BYE-1443/69 . 

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~CoAb:ol Syst'eJa On 

BOB Stat~tt 

" f,.ont4H()"~ .,,- .~.ftt$o,,'"' oA ........ tllp 

(MlH"" .. 1"' .. !fA. A .. ,. 'l 

IWRu.lGBNC& BYALUA'lI", 

'll\is .ta~t 18 tne .w1t:h respect. to OMft98. 

in the nUllber of aircn:aft. However, fighter aircrwft 

frequently cannot be i48Dtified by type in COROlfA 

ooverag-e, which alao does Dot ",nalt reliable c1aage 

assesaments of equi,..nt not to~lly destroyed. 

A CORONA on orbit provides access to.a point 

target in the Middle Bast about once every nine days. 

!be HEXAGON will give aocess every fourth or fifth 

day. this _ana that in a 20-day period, the maximum duration of a CORONA mission, the HEXAGON can 

provide about twice as many pictures, and their resolution will be much better. 

CORONA/GAMBIT/lmXAGON 

BYf.:-1443/'9 

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Control System Only 

I 
NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE .Hand] e v in BYEHAN 

ConLl.ul Sy:.;t.cm onJ{ ...,oE~SSIFIED BY: C/iART \ ( Tap Jr.eftE t 1..0 • • CORONA/Gi\N13IT/HEXAGON DE. SSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 - { 

nOB Statemc:!nt: 

"Wh·i te it is tr'ue that the llEXAGON systemlUi II ppovide a bet tel' oppop-f;uni ty fop 

sweeping up bpoad a~easin good w6athel'~ the 

time delay in film recovery deg1'ades timely 

responsiveness and thepe[ore the value of 

any film recovery systeml including the 

HF:XAGON. If [Ma2'chZ2., 1969, TAB A, p. 3] 

INTEI,LIGENCE EVALUATION: 

H-18 

Because of its greater access capability, the 

HEXAGON not only will bring back more film with higher 

information content than CORONA, but will be more likely 

--in a given period of time--to obtain clear photography 

of an area. 

with its greater number of re-entry vehicles, the 

HEXAGON will allow the operator to bring back part of 

the film load faster during a crisis. f'or eXc'lmplc, if 

a crisis erupts half wC\Y' through a CORONA mission, the 

operator must either -bring- the only film bucket left 

back carly--and lose further opportunities to obtain 

coverage--or leave tlhe recovery'package up, with the 

resultant loss of timeliness. The HEXAGON operator~ 

could quickly hring back one of his t,% rcmainin9 

packages and leave the other up for the duration of 

. a normal mission. 

Yep. -8:8' "AET 

CORCN1\/GAMBIT/lIE~GON 

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i 

i 

I· 
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, ". 

TOP sneRe rCORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

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o€CLASSIFIEO ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

H-19 

BOB Statement: 

IJIII 

needed. " 

[Marcil a2~ 1969, TAB A., p. 3] 

IN~ELLIGENCE EVALUATION: 

The CORONA/GAMB:::T-3 combination did not provide 

good coverage during either of these crises. The 

photographic results obtained were reported as they 

became available I but the infor,mation acquired was 

only a small fraction of what would have been obtained if HEXAGON had been in, orbit .. 

While the problem of timely retQrn of exposed 

film has not been solved the HEXAGON is all improvement over both the CORON~ and the GAMBIT-3 in two 

ways: 

1. Its greater access capability makes 

it more likely to obtain photocgraphythan 

ei ther of the other systems orbi,ting. over 

t.he same period of time. 

2. Its greater film load and wide-swath 

coveraqe capability permits the. ~perCltor to 

expose large volumes of film quickly, and the 

10. 8l!1€;1Rpm 

CORONA/GAMBIT/hEXAGON 

BYE-l443/69 

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) 'l'QP SI'.CR£T 

";ORONA/GA?-lBI tr /HEXAGON 

') O,ClASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

BOB Statement: 

U[with respect tal Soviet testing of 

any weapon in viotation of apms eontl'oL 

treaty pl'ohibition wo~Zd be monitored 

cLosely by the 0-3 which is atroady targetsd with highest priority against Sovie t weapons R&D teat cen t62"8. " [March 32" 

1989" ~AB A~ p. 3J 

INTELLIGENCE EVALUATION: 

fI-20 

If the Soviets were to conduct weapons tests in 

violation of an arms control agreement, they would 

try to avoid the use of existing rc;lnges, where the 

us would be sure to be looking.' They probably would 

try to find a site not previously associated ttli th 

weapons testing or deployment, a site that would not 

be under surveillance by the GAMBIT-3 system. 

Even at known test sites, like Tyuratam, only a 

portion of the facility is regularly covered by the 

GAJolBIT-3, and a lower-resolution system must be used 

to identify significant activity at the rest of the 

rangE.!. The resolution of the CORONA system is too 

poor to detect minor changes ma~e at launch sites 

and to determine whether ~ctivity at a sit~ is 

significant. 

BYE-1443/69 

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" 
,,~-~--,-

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. CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON IFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

BOB Sta temen t : 

"[with pespect to] Soviet tellting of any ~eapon in vioZation of a~m8 oontpoZ tp.aty~ 

if the vioZation i8 detectabte by photog- paphy~ the highep pesotution G-I witt be 

mope abZe to detect subtte viotation8 than 

the poorep resotution HEXAGON~ and if it is 

not col, tectibte by photo9pap'hIJ'~ but pathe,. 

by SIGIN'J' 01' RUMIN~,~ the BBXAGON has no 

speciaZ advantage." [Mapah 2Z~ 2969/1 TAB A" 

pp. 3- 4] 

INTELLIGENCE EVALUATION: 

H-21 

Unless the testing were bei~ done at a facility 

previously identified as h'aving a weapons-rela·ted 

function, GAMBIT-3 coverage would not be targeted. 

HEXAGON will have a much better ability to detect 

new installations than CORONA. 

An arms control agreement might not be limited 

to weapons developmen~, but might call for a freeze 

on deployment as well. A country trying to violate 

a force-level freeze might try to deploy a camouflaged 

system in areas that had no history of \"eapons deploymente Such a system would escape targeting by the 

GAMBIT-3 system as long as its pres~nce did not become known by some other means. It probably could 

not be detected on CCORONA photography, since the 

!PiP SH@llI!. 

CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON 

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. . .. .,." CORONA/GAMBIT/HEXAGON ~E_SSIF~D BY: CIIART 

DECLASSIFIED ON: 1 OCTOBER 2012 

. B-21 

resolution of this system is hardly good enougb to 

identify the function intended ~o be conveyed, let 

alone the one intended to be disguised. Detection 

by HEXAGON, while not assured, carries a much higher 

probability. 

BYE-1443/69 fJ' 

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./ -:~",,~,,~:,y.f\lf!f4 ;14 +A~\hlA4'!1 x: ,:.t',;' , < •• • !. . ~ < 

...:IXlP SIIUU.r' 

CORONh/OAMBIT/KEXAGON