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—(6)-NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE OFFICE

WASHINGTON. D.C.

THE NRO STAFF 2 September 1975

MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD

SUBJECT: NSC Under Secretaries' Committee on Space Policy

The first meeting of the Space Policy Working Group

(TAB A) was called by the Chairman, James E. Goodby, on

27 August. I attended as the NRO representative in

Lt Col Coyle's absence. Mr. Goodby opened by stating

that Under Secretary Sisco plans to have a working luncheon

for the principals in the near future. Preliminary to the

discussions, Mr. Goodby handed out:

The memorandum establishing the Standing

Committee on Space Policy (TAB B).

Excerpts from the Rockefeller Report on overhead photography (TAB C).

The Presidential letter implementing some of

the Rockefeller Commission recommendations (TAB D).

The memorandum establishing the Committee for

Civil Application of Overhead Photography (TAB E)

Mr. Goodby stated that he felt the Standing Committee

on Space Policy was a "policy" as opposed to an "operating"

committee and would take the difficult and sometimes

controversial issues to Cabinet - or Presidential - level

for decision. He indicated that the most immediate question

was the inter-relationship of military and civil applications,

but there indeed would be others which would be developed by

individual agencies through the Space Policy Working Group or

by the Under Secretaries Committee itself. He solicited draft

proposals on specific issues from any agency representative

at any time. Mr. Goodby expects the Standing Committee to

continue not only through this administration but others as

well. He feels the committee would not only review issues

for resolution but approve guidelines for operating committees

such as that formed by the Secretary of the Interior for civil

applications of overhead photography.

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Mr. Goodby then addressed the Rockefeller report which

though unclassified has not bean addressed by the press.

He felt that an immediate task for this Working Group would

be to address those questions which can be expected as a

result of the Rockefeller report. He then distributed 19

draft questions and proposed answers for evaluation by the

Working Group members (TAB F). Speaking on the subject of

security at this point, Mr. Goodby assured the group that

its existence was considered classified and would be very

closely held by State.

Mr. Goodby proposed that the committee address the

relationship between civil and intelligence space programs

through a study to identify the issues which will require

Presidential attention, the kinds of decisions required,

and the options. He provided a draft study outline, TAB G, and

suggested that the contents could be split by agency for initial

draft and assembled by State for consideration by the Working

Group and the Under Secretaries' Committee. He acknowledged

that in this drawn heavily on the paper put

together by d Bud Coyle. The time frame

proposed was ays, eisible. Dave Elliott of the NSC

suggested that the specific:question asked by OMB and postponed

until the formulation of this committee--

Can the United States ultimately look

to a single National overhead system?--

be answered within the same time frame to support budgetary

decisions affecting NASA in early November and DoD in early

December. The general discussion concluded preliminarily

that since NASA's budget did not contain an ERTS-E, budgetary

decisions would not be required in this cycle.

I took the position that the elements of the study and

the specific OMB question were profound and we could not

hope to even approach answers in several months. Sayre Stevens

and Dr. Wade supported this point of view. Mr. Goodby observed

that perhaps we should have subgroups of the Working Group to

address specific issues and solicited other questions which

might be candidates. Among those discussed, briefly, were

the dissemination of data, both civil and military, and the

definition of "outer space" since the Soviet Union has asked

for bilateral agreement with the United States in early spring

of next year.

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Mr. Goodby closed the meeting by asking for initial

comments on the proposed questions and answers on the

Rockefeller Commission report and the draft study outline

by next Tuesday, suggesting another Working Group meeting

next Thursday. Concluding remarks from Sayre Stevens

reemphasized that because of the global aspects and the

complexity of the issues under discussion, we should

neither expect nor attempt to resolve them in the time

frame proposed.

HAROLD P. WHEELER, JR.

Colonel, USAF

Director

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NATIONAL SECURITY COMM

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--.715tEISME D

J+aly 15,1975

MEMORANDUM FOR

CHAIRMAN, NSC UNDER SECRETARIES COMMITTEE

SUBJECT: Zstablishrnent of a Standing Committee on Space Policy

•

unty• President has directed that a standing committee of the Under

caeretaries Committee be established to address issues connected

with our national space policy as it relates to the civil/military

1.9114.rface.

smut committee should review the relationship between civil and ix:tali:pence space programs, the military significance of certain civil

space programs, and any relevant international considerations. The

ecarimitlee should propose for the President's consideration appropriate new policies or changes to existing policies, and be a foram

o'er the interpretation and implementation of such policies.

The membership of the committee should include the members of the

Under Secretaries Committee augmented by representalives at NASA,

NRO, OMB, the President'i Science Adviser, and other agencies as

appropriate to the particular issue under consideration. Mai committee

should be chaired by the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.

DOD and NASA have requested that at an early opportunity the Gomm:Mee examine the international political considerations of remote

earth sensing, the protection of sensitive space technology, and the

public 14111111110 of space data and information.

•

1,4 •

Henry A. Kissinger

oat The Secretary of Defense

The Administrator, National

Aeronautics and Space Administration

The Director. Office of Management and Budget

The President's Science Adviser •

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2 Overhead Photography of The United Stoles

In ]%G. die Special Assistant to the President for Science and Tech

nology commenced a formal study on the use of aerial intellig•ic,

photography for civilian purpo-es. This study was commenced will

time appmval of the Dircdor of Central Intelligence and in coop ...ration with the Departments of Agriculture. Commerce. Interior. tin

Agency for international lknelopment and the National Atr011alltiw.

and Space Administration.

In INT the Andy readied in the establichment of a steering committee in the office of the President's Science Adviser, with menibe:ship

from the United States Geological i.urvey. the Department of exam.

merge, the Department of Agrieuhure, the National Aeronumirs

Space Administration and other interested civilian agencies. This

committee was designed to act as an interface, by which the Wallgenre community could moire the public that it was not in ► cilv•e

seledisig or determining the etc.: use of its aerial photographs of

domestic areas •

The Director of Central Inteltipnce agived to pi or;de pinuogriphy

to civilian agencies pursuant to the steering committee's request. prorided there would be no interference with intelligence needs nor any

significant cost hamar"

The photographs of the rafted States actually turned over to

civilian agencies were taken primarily for military mapping purptves.

Since that time aerial photography symems hare been wed for

such diverse civilian pmjects as mapping. assessing natural diam.ters

=eh as hurricane and tornado damage and the Santa Barham. California, oil spill, runduceing .route surveys for the Alaska

condos/ins national forest. inventories. determining the extent of hum'

cover in the Sierras to facilitate the forecast of runoff and detecting

crop Lligld ill the Plains States. Limited equipment. testing and performance evaluation is also conducted. using photographs ham of

areaswkhin the (liked States.

Ta HITS, the Ontee of the Pielident's Science Adviser was itholbelwd,

and the special steering' committee controlling the civilian arc of

aerial photograpkv ceased to exist. Efforts am underway to estshUsh a

new tenntillet• ur UlltiertlIke this art ivity! In the hteantiula. the Threetor of Central Intelligente has sidereal into agreements with several

• WhIn the Aim! cial•eeree w everlaped wet et the eperatlemel mint Phol 'rota!, eroliese. Ithis so lame repr•.114.• tow the epreaskaet a•reii• at shim owns•.

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231

federal agencies. in •huling the Environmental Protection Agency,

• which penuka them assent to chmitied overhead photography.

.•

•

Conclusions

The Commit•eion Call find no impropriety in permitting civilian •

twe of aerial photography symensks The economy of °pending a

single aerial photography program dictates the um of them photovapkt for appropriate civilian ',lupines.

Recommendcrlion (29)

A civilian agency committee should be reestablished to oversee

the civilian uses of aerial intelligence photography in order to

avoid any concerns over the improper domestic use of a CIAdeveloped system.

•

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a Muhl lama Car Alobbel dab Tabor. Tab Catt at the Treasury Depatisr.est le help

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Vaasa that such Whit; was law Were meat is salvia •

•

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THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

August 16,

MEMORANDUM FOR

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03 6j.

THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

THE ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR

NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS •

THE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT

AND BUDGET

THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE

•

I have completed my initial review of the Report of the Commission

on CIA Activities within the United States and Agency commer.ts on

its recommendetions and believe that it is appropriate to proceed

promptly v.ith the implementation of the majority of the Commission

recornmendatioms. Toward this objective, I direct the following:

•

The Director of Central Intellizence should prepare

internal CIA regulations and guidelines to carry out

the purposes of Cotnroission Recommendations

numbered 6. 9-13, 14b, 15b-c, 16-18, 20, 22-25,

and 27-28. To the extent practicable, and within the

bounds of prudent security, those regulations should

be unclassified. The DCI should also review all

current CIA.regulations and directives for conformity

with these recommendations, make such modifications

as may be necessary, and as noted above, provide for

their declassification as appropriate.

The Attorney General and the Director of Central

Intelligence should prepare and coordinate as necessary

the internal procedures and guidelines suggested in

Commission Recommandations 6, 14, 18 and 30. These

agreed guidelines should, to the extent. practicable, be

unclassified.

The Assistant to the President for NationalSecurity

Affairs, the Director, Office of Management and Budget,
-2-

•

and the Director of Central Intelligence should prepare

a draft directive establishing an interagency committee

to oversee the domestic uses of aerial intelligence

photography.

•

The above actions should be completed by August 31. Copies of

the resultant directives should be forwarded to the White House for

my information.

cc: The Vice President

The Secretary of State

The Secretary of Defense

The Secretary of the Treasury

ChairMan. President's Foreign

Intelligence Advisory Board

The Counsel to the President

•

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THE WHITE HOUSE • .

WASHING1ON

MEMORANDUM FOR

Tho Secretary of Defense

The Secretary of Interior

▪

•

The Secretary of Agriculture

The Secretary of Commerce

The Adrnini•trator, National Aoroneutics•

and Space Adrniniz.tration

The Administrator, Environmental Protection

Agency

The Chief of Engineers, United States Army

SUDYECTI Establiehment of the Committee for Civil April....:Ionn

of Classified Overhead Photography of the United States

•

•The Provident has noted that the Com:nicaion on CIA Activator 'Within tho

. United Stater in discussing c.laseffied overhead r•otoftraphy of the United

States; concluded that it can find no impropriety in permitting continuoti

civilian use of such photography and that economy dictates the two of the

photecraphs for appropriate civilian pnrpores. A.ccordingly, the President

has directed the establishment of a civi l ian arency committee to oversee

civilian uses of classiLed overhead photography token over the J.initcd Sutter..

To implement the President's decision, the following actions are to be

taken:

1. The Secretary or Intiqlor will form a Committee for Civil Applications

of Classified Overhead Photography of the United States which will:

receive, evaluato,•coneolidate, eta:Was-dire, establinh

priorities end transmit to the Director of Central Intelligence

(DCI) all requests for such photography from domestic civilian

agencies;

facilitate civilian ageneies'.use of claceift

•

 ed system: and coordinate

the incorporation of photography, derived data, and technology in

performance of domestic civilian functions;

•

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*M• supply information to civilian ageliciea so tiord they may

knowledgeably formulate requests and reach coniprornieen

between requests and capabilities;

•

act as the interface between civilian agencies and intelligence

collectors, recognising that the Director of Central Intelligence

will not be involved in judgments: concerning civil agenc y needs

or priorities and that collection for this purpose will remain '

incidental to foreign intelligence collection;

•

overtone civilian agency uses of classified photography in a

manner designed to avoid any concerns that domestic photographic

coverage is being used improperly in, for ex:tn.:plc, law enforcement, police, or internal security activities.

In performing all of thci.above activities, the Committee will be subject

to guidelines estnblinhed by the President.

Z. The Committee will be chaired by the representative of the Del/art:men'.

of Interior and will consist of representatives of Use Departments of

Agriculture and Commerce, the National Aeronautics and Space

Adminintration, tile Corp? of Engineers and the r,nvironmental

Protuc lion Agency. Membership may be expanded at the discretion

of the Committee.

3. The Director of Central Intelligence will designate a representative

to servo ex officio on the Committee for the purpose of Jialegn with

. the intelligence community, to aces: st in obtaining demeatiti photographic

coverage, to address issues concerned with the use of classified

t products, and to facilitate the acquisition of security clearances for

s users. Since civil usage of data is enhanced if unclar•Dified, the DCI's

I repreeentative will be an Intermodf.ary on questions concerning releroue

of classified information from security control,ae appropriate.

1 •

Henry A. Kissinger ' E. Colby Mimes T, Lynn

•

•

•
O's and A's on Rockefeller Commission Report 

Q. What are the operational systems referred to by

the Rockefeller Commission?

A. We cannot describe any of the "operational" systems

for national security reasons. The Presidential

• directive is designed, however,. to cover all classified systa

involving overhead photography.

Q. The Commission's report refers to "aerial photography

systems"? Does that mean aircraft? Does it include

satellites?

A. We cannot comment on technical aspects.

Q. Did the CIA use photographic systems to spy on the

US? Was this another kind of "domestic spying"?

A. The Commission's report makes clear that photographic

systems were used. The Commission found no impropriety

in their use. Such systems were not, in any event,

used to acquire data on individuals, which was the

main focus of the Commission's concern about CIA's

activities.

Q. The Commission's report says CIA doesn't operate

the systems any more. Who does?

A. That depends on the system, and we've already said

we can't go into technical aspects.

S. Q. Does Defense operate some of the systems?

A. Yes.

Q. Does NASA?

A. The 0-2 and RD-57 aircraft are now being routinely

used by NASA on an unclassified basis in support

of the civil earth resources survey program.

Q. Why • doesrthe , photography have to be classified?

A. Disclosure would adversely affect our security

interests by revealing (technical details) •

(capabilities) (accuracy) (resolution).
•

Q. Will the new interagency committee be in charge

of all classified photography of the. US?

A. It will oversee civilian uses by Federal agencies

of classified photography of the US for domestic

purposes.

Q. Do US.agencies have requirements for classified

photography of the US other than the kinds referred

to in the Rockefeller Report?

Q. Could these tests lead to the kind of improper

use the Commission wants to avoid?

A. No.

Q. Who will ensure that CIA will not improperly use

the results of the tests?

A. Presidential guidelines will be set and we are

confident they will be observed. As the Rockefeller

Committee Report indicated, the CIA has resisted •

requests for uses of this photography which it

judged to be law enforcement in nature.

Q. Ia any of this information available to private users:

A. Information produced may be made available to private

users; not the classified photography itself. The

Rockefeller report listed a number of examples of

such uses.

Q. Why can't the needs of civilian agencies be met

from unclassified sources?

A. A great many of their needs can be met in that way.

However, if classified photography can help them,

then the Commission thought it should be available.

This is a way of getting the most out of the taxpayer's

investment.

14. Q. The Commission seemed to favor a single program.

Is anything being done about that?

A. That involves a number of complex questions which

are being studied. The Administration neither

endorses nor rules out that possibility at the

present time.
Q. Can domestic agencies obtain classified photography

of other countries?

A. The Commission was concerned with activities within

the US, and the new committee will be concerned

with photography of the US. (I have no comment on

photography of other countries.)

Q. Will the President's Science Advisor be involved

in the new interagency committee?

A. The establishment of new Science Advisor Office is

still pending.

Q. Would we make available classified data from our

classified system to a foreign requester?

A. We would not ordinarily provide classified photography of the L'S to a foreign requester unless

there were some significant mutual defense interest

involved.

Q. How can the US justify running both an open and a

closed reconnaissance system?

A. We see no inconsistency in h;vin; claczificd systms

to meet national security needs and unclassified

systems to meet civil needs.

19. Q. How much better is classified photography than

unclassified?

A. We cannot comment on comparative technical capabilities
•

—1:0P-SECREVIMPeRNSecond Draft

8/27/75

PM

DRAFT STUDY OUTLINE

US National Space Policy: The Relationship Between 

Civ3.l and intelligence Space Programs 

•

I. Overview of Existin US Remote Sensing Programs

A. Intelligence Programs

Description of Programs (including Technical

Capabilities) and Organizatioi

Costs

Importance to US Security Interests

- SALT Verification

- Strategic Targetting

- Geodetic Data

-*Other Military Intelligence

Current practice and policies on release of data

S. Importance for domestic US interests

Projected Future Capabilities

Comparison of US/Soviet Capabilities

B. Civil Programs

•

Description of Programs (including Technical

.Capabilities) and Organization

Costs

3. Benefits to US

- What benefits do these. programs provide to

the US, presently and potentially

•
1 •

---TOIP:IMWRIMYNOPMF---

To what extent might these benefits be

increased by greater technical capabilities?

4. Distribution of data

Description of data release policies and

mechanisms

•••

Implications of more stringent release

policies

S. Projected Future Capabilities

II. The International Environment 

A. Benefits to Other Nations of US Civil Programs

D. International Attitudes

International political and legal acceptability of remote sensing

-1 Has acceptability changed as result of

openly conducted US civil programs, or as

a result of other factors such as knowledge

that arms control verification rests in

large part on remote sensing?

Assessment of actions, programs and trends

in the UN.

- Relations with the USSR

III. Current Issues in the Relationship Between Civil and 

Intelligence Earth-Sensing Programs 

A. Do overt civil programs arouse more or less international resistance to the acquisition of data from space?

•
B, Are such reactions likely to increase or decrease

if technical capabilities of civil systems are upgraded?

Does open release of data acquired by civil

systems compromise US classified technology, or provide

Information of military value to other nations? To what

extent is this a function of their technologi6a1 capabi- .

lities?

To what degree are these risks offset by the

present or potential economic and political benefits of

civil earth-sensing program?

E. What technical capabilities are required to maintain

or increase these benefits?

P. Is there redundancy in present and planned civil

and intelligence systems? Political and security

considerations aside, to what extent are they capable of

performing each other's missions?

G. What are the budgetary penalties of maintaining

separate but parallel systems?

IV. Alternative Options 

• Alternatives to existing policy involve expansion of

the NASA unclassified programs, or increased application

of data from classified programs to the civil sector. Three

illustrative options would be analyzed?

—TOP—SECRETINOPOIttl---

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Maintain Two Separate Trackn 

Technological capabilities of NASA unclassified

systems might or might not be upgraded. The current and

planned classified systems would be continued.

Civil Aoplication of Classified Data 

Data derived from classified programs would be

made available to US, and if appropriate, to foreign users.

No expansion of classified programs, but it might be possible

to share costs of some classified programs among several US

agencies.

C. Lift the Veil Covering Classified Operations 

This option would explore the implications of declassifying the fact that the US operates reconnaissance satellites,

and of making data from classified programs available for civil

•

applications without attempting to conceal their source. A

conscious effort would have to be made to emphasize the beneficial effects of reconnaissance satellites in resource deve/opm

The following would be among the important issues to be

explored under the above options:

. 1. Effects on US Security Interests

Extent to which US classified technology might

be compromised if NASA systems upgraded under

Option A. What ceilings, if any, should be place

on specific capabilities such as resolution?
•

Possible compromise of US classified technology

through release of data from classified sources

under Option B and C.

2. Political Impact

Effects of each option on international

acceptability of earth-sencing activity

Soviet reactions to Option C:

w aspects.

3. Processing and Distribution of Data

- Alternative distribution policies which might

increase acceptability under options B and C

Methods of protecting origin of data under

' Option B

4. Organizational Implications

Alternatives for organization space responsibilities under various options

5. Budgetary Implications

- Comparative costs of various options

Cost-sharing of some classified programs,

particularly under Option B.

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l.-(C1- The attachment. to 3C; 228J/00 of 30 July 1975 referred. to

.7-.5 a =amaranth= directing a Staajing Committee on Space Policy.

The powartun was to be chaired b% th. Under Secretary of State for

Political Lffairc. Ttu.•,.•14:1 tale c3,1- worn reauostcd to

participate. Auunst, nen L. T. Kc..rney, Jz., lSAF was

d.tragr..ite.d as your repzesentativ • and a workinsi group representative :

Era= uas designated.

2.-4SMTDI—On 27 August, Jamas E. Coodby, Chair' an, Space Policy

Wor!:ing Group, bolt: an initiel workin g g roup mooting to discuss 00 shntance of tao problem avnityned. Wonang aromp representatives u

were prwumt from the Joint Staf7. OSI:c;ia.) (Dr. James Wade) , CIA, UAras, ;;SC. Or.b. Secretary USA*_'; SS aduition to vrious State a

Departmenc representatives. Bacmpround papers wore passed out such

ass

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The recommendation of the Rockefeller Commission Report

on CIA activities to establish a civilian agency to oversee

civilian uses of aerial intelligence photography.

A memo from the President directing the Assistant to the

President for NSA, OMB and DCI to prepare a directive

establishing an interagency committee to oversee domestic

uses of aerial intelligence photography.

A draft copy of this diiective designating the Secretary

of /nterior as Chairman.

- A draft study outline for the working group entitled

US National Space Policy: The Relationship Between Civil 

and Space Programs.

3.---1-BNFD) The following two significant comments were made:

OMB representative asked if the topic of a single overhead surveillance system, desired by the President could

be included in the study.

- NSC representative stated that no Space Committee report

should be received by the NSC prior to complete interagency

staffing and comment.

The Chairman stated that the single surveillance system question

might have to wait until completion of present study and he

concurred in the need for complete agency staffing of any study

report to the NSC. Additionally, Mr. Goodby stated that he

looked for an end of September deadline for the study, admitted

that the deadline might be unrealistic and ended the meeting

by asking for interagency comment on the adequacy of the draft

study outline by 2 September.

4. -ORUM*-The following appear implicit in the direction the

Standing Committee may be going:

- Study will involve most highly classified programs.

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Potential exists for an apparent effort toP extract the

reconnaissance program from the DOD.

Issues here are:

- Dual utilization of resources.

Operational authority.

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SECRET NOM DISSEMIUATIO3

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3ECRET ,MFON DISSLAATION

Dual utilization with, of course, adequate protection of

national security interests is seen as feasible; however,

operational control of these programs by an agency other than

the DOD is another matter.

5. (U) The above is provided for your information. Points

of Contact have been established in this matter with the

Services, Secretary of the Air Force/SS, the DIA and OSD(ISA).

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SECRET rrirriml DIsscruNATION