APPENDDE A

BIOASTRORAUTICS-PESCOVERER

BOARD REPORT

22 December 1959

CLASSIFICATION OF THIS DOCUvMvErif

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UPON REMOVAL OF ENCLOSURES.
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BIOASTRONAUTICS-DISCOVERER

BOARD REPORT

22 December 1959

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SUBJECT: Report of Proceedings of DISCOVERER-Biomedical Board Convened

Under Special Order Dumber 20 Dated 27 November 1959 as Amended.

: Con► mnder

air Force Ballistic Missile Division

Air Force Unit Post Office

Los Angeles 45, California

I. tUTHORITY AND BOARD ACTION:,

On 2 December 1.059, a Board appointed under kFB Special Orders

Number 20, Exhibit A, was convened at 0900 hours in Room 205, Building 4,

Hq, Air Force Ballistic Missile Division. The Board met in daily session

to hear briefings and testimony from a list of witnesses, Exhibit B.

The following Board members were present on all days:

-.. Colonel Paul E. Worthian

Colonel John E. Pickering

Lt. Colonel Janes S. Seay

Major William H. Weaver, Jr

Dr. Fred Berner

Hq AFBMD

Hq SAM

Hq BMC

Hq AFBMD

WADC (Representating Hq ARDC)

President Voting

Member Voting

Member Voting

Member Voting

Member Voting

The following Board member vas absent on all days:

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Lt. Colonel Raymond Z. Eel-inks Hq Amp Member Voting

On 8 December 1959, at 1430 hours, the Board recessed to begin

preparation of its findings and report. Verbatim testimony was taken

by the Board; when this testimony plus supporting documents are in

final form they will be Exhibit 0 of this report.

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II. MATTA= INTISTIOATED:

IA a directive, fthibit C, sUbject, "Investigating Committee•,

to the Deputy Commander/Speca Systems, dated 29 October 1959 $ the

Commander AYIND outlined matters to be investigated, as follows:

a. Determine the facts regarding specific allegations

challenging the technical adequacy and management of the biomedical

portion of the DISCOVICUR system.

Make recommendations regarding the management structure

of the present biomedical program and possible future programs.

Make specific technical recommendations regarding the

biomedical shots within the DISCOVERER flight series.

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111. BACKGROUND INFORMA.TION:

A meeting va, held at the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division

on I January 1958 for the purpose of discussing Lockheed Proposal

#36899 dated lk January 1958 which recommended acceleration of the

WS 117L effort. The object of this acceleration was to obtain early

reconnaissance information, using THOR-boosted vehicles and a recover-

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able capsule technique. As a result of this meeting Contract Mo.

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Anat(647)-181 vas issued to the Lockheed Missile and Space Division

on 25 January 1958 (work statement extracted as Bkhibit D), calling

for four flights scheduled for October, November, December 1958, and

February 1959.

On 28 February 1958, see Exhibit E, the Director of the'Advanced

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Research Projects Agency cancelled the reconnaissance aspects of the

THOR-boosted phase of WS 117L and directed the Air Force to use these

vehicles for biomedical experiments.

On 19 MarCh 1958, the LMSD contract vas re-oriented to include

development of a recoverable capsae to accommodate a biomedical package, Which is now referred to as a "life support system." The completed capsule was to be ready for flight test no later than 30 November 1956.

On 22 May 1958, the Commander ARDC sent a letter, Exhibit F,.

subject, "Support of Bioastronautics Program," to the AFBMD. This

letter assigned Brigadier General Don Flickinger additional duty as

Special Assistant to the Commander AFSMD for Hioactronaatics, stating

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that General Flickinger would "be responsible for the direction and

coordination of all the biomedical aspects of projects assigned to

your organisation." In addition, the letter assigned two biomedical

project officers to the AFSMD, and directed the use of other competent

individuals and groups in ARDC and elsewhere in an advisory role, as

needed.

On 6 Mly 1958, see Exhibit 0, the LMsD designated the General

Electric Compaay as the subcontractor for the life support system.

It was brought to the attention of all participating agencies that

primary technical competence in the bioastronautics area was actually

within the Air ?Orem, and special arrangements, see Exhibit H, made

the technical competence of the School of Aviation Medicine, the

Aerospace Medical Laboratory (MADC), and the Leromedicel Field Laboratory (AYMDC) available to the contractor.

The G.B. life support system development comprised two 'models;

the Mark I version, designed to carry four mice into orbit, and the

Mark II version which was tp have a small primate as its passenger..

The first Mark I life support system, originally scheduled to fly on

30 November 1958, flew with "mechanical" mice in DISCOVERER III on

11June 1959. The second Mark I was scheduled to Ay.in December 1958

and flew with live mice aboard in DISCOVERER IV on 25 June 1959. Any

subsequent references in this report to the G.E. life support system

are specifically directed toward the Mark II version.

The Mark II life support system, see Exhibit I, contains the

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following major components: life sell, air conditioner, oxygen

system, electrical system, camera, feeder, air rem:wet/on system,

and clock.

The first testing of the life support gyrates: as a unit begin

at LMED on 1 April 1959. Thirteen tests, see Uhibit J, of this

general type have been run to date; only one of these can be considered to have met its objectives. As the testing program proceeded,

it became increasingly evident to all participants that the development vas encountering serious technical difficulties. These problems

were reflected further in fiscal problems (roughly $2.3 million has

been spent on this project to date), and in schedule slippages which

are now mounting to about one year.

. During the past several months numerous allegations regarding

the reasons for these technical * fiscal, and scheduling problems hive

eons to the attention of AMID staff members. On 29 October 1959,

the Commander A7 directed the establishment of a Board of officers

to determine the facts with regard to the following allegations:

A. "The basic design of the biomedical recovery capsule is

faulty and as presently configured will not support the biomedical

mission of the DISCOVERER series."

11. "Management of the biomedical test program by AIMED, LMED,

and Oa. is grossly inadequate."

C. "Biomedical program costs being incurred by 0.i. are too

high and are not being subjected to proper management control."

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"There his been inadequate utilization of available military.talent within the USAF in the conduct of the biomedical program."

"Civilian corporations, specifically (3.E .,are using their

particular positions in the biomedical program es a means of building

their competence in the biomedical area."

Additionally, the Commander Ante directed the Board to make

recommendations regarding: '

The management structure of the present and future biomedical programs.

The technical course of action to be followed for the

present biomedical program shots within the DISCOVERER series.

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rir. MORAL /MINOS:

A. Technical Aspects of the Life Support System Development. 

Witnesses appearing before the Board were in general agree-

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sent that the life support system design and test performance have

been until very recently - grossly inadequate. An inordinate

amount of under-designed and . non-qualified equipment has found its

way into the system. Outstanding offenders in this category have

been such items as oxygen regulators, the air conditioning unit,

the cooling fan, the tape recorder, the camera, the timer, the feeder,

the sintered absorbing plates, the electrical circuitry, and the

outer housing or case.

Ironically, some of the most expensive items in this list

were probably not required for successful system performance. For

example, School of Aviation Medicine witnesses testify that they

offered 0.B. a feeder which had been built for less than $2.00 (cost

of materials). The General Alectric Company spent in excess of

$78,000 re-inventing a feeder, eventually abandoned the effort, and

is now using the School of Aviation Medicine's version. The Board

noted that it is a clinical fact that the primate will not require

nutrition during the flight period; the feeder appears to be "gold-

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plating" of the primary purpose of the life support system.

The camera is a second case in point: the Board was unable

to learn who had specified the system's camera, which takes an oblique

picture of a portion of the exposed chin of the primate (the rest of

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his face being covered by a mask). Over $190,000 has been spent in

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developing this special samara; it has been a difficult, time-consuming exercise, thigh has yet to be completed. It was noted with

interest that the camera's operatic requires a light to be burning

at all tines in a capsule which is already over-heated and under-powered.

While it is true that the adequacy of design was hampered in •

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part by the absence of exact envircemental data at flight altitude,

it is the opinion of the Board that other factors were more important

contributors to the life support system's inadequate design. Among

these are:

From the very beginning, a general lack of appreciation

by the contractors - prime and sub - of the ccmplexity of the task.

Total inexperience on the part of both the prime con-

) tractor and the stbcontrictor in a difficult technical area.

Lack of a proper, thorough researching of the basis

life support system problem.

an singleness of purpose in keeping the life support

system as simple as possible;

Leak of application of scientific method in proceeding

from the staple to the complex in building the life support system.

A curious conviction, on the. part of the subcontractor's

project leader, that his responsibility terninated• with ground demonstration, rather than with actual flight test.

7.. Inadequate provisioning of spare parts:

8} Lack of quality control of life support system equip:.

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9. Lack of corrective procediares for rectifying design

equipment errors and preventing identical recurrences of equipment

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B. Managerial Aspects of the Life Support System Development. 

Baring examined the technical problems associated with the

life support system, the Board turned its attention to the management history of the project. Here, again, there was consensus among

the witnesses that the management of this program had been exceptionally unsatisfactory.

The evidence presented to the Board indicated that a number

of primary management decisions were either not muds, or, if made,

were not generally known to the project participants. For example,

there is no clear indication of formal, official evaluation of the

importance of the project. Was the life support system as important -

in terns of national, objectives - as ballistic missile. work at the

AFBMD? Was the recovery of the first living animal from satellite

orbit as important an objective, and to be accorded the same all-out

emphasis, as the recovery of the early Iamftgalt rewentry bodi.e?

While it is true that this project was considered to be 4

"crash", high-risk development, there is evidence before the Board

leading to the inference that this project was not considered to be

as important as other "crash", high-risk developments at the AFBMD.

Tfiaview is based on the consideration that many of the key manage- .

sent principles applied to the ballistic missile program by the Ann)

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were not used in this project.

A rigidly stipulated dollar ceiling was accepted in

conjunction with a "crash", high-risk development to be performed

in a relatively unexplored technical area. The Board has no indication thit this combination of factors was protested by anyone (other

than G.E.) as inherently contradictory and impractical.

The AFDMD's practice of deliberately establishing

eompetitive sub-system developments in difficult technical areas was

not invoked.

It is an accepted AFBMD practice to place officers in

semi-permanent or permanent residence at those contractors' plants

Where serious technical problems are envisioned or experienced. It

is noteworthy that in spite of the alarming state of the life support

system development progAut no such. action was taken with respect to

General Electric Company.

In undertaking "crash", high-risk ballistic missile

programs the AFBMD has considered the asisociate contractor system

to be necessary and essential to maintaining tight technical, fisoall

and management control. The DISCOVERER system, by contrast, was

organised along traditional prime contractor lines, making the General

Electric Company less accessible to the A.IMD for life support system

work than it is for re-entry body -work.

A second basic decision which the Board has been unhbla

to identify in the project documentation or testimony is whether the

Bebool of aviation Medicine was seriously considered as a possible

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developer of the /if' support system. The Board eras deeply interested

in the development history of a life support myste ► Vbidh the SAM

has fabricated for the MS* for use on experiments such as the recent

biomedical :light at Wallops Island, and took purticular note of

testimoey by the School witnesses that they had becn eager to do

similar work far the AYBMD. The School's witnesoes estimated develop- .

sent costs of $120,000 vis-a-vis appraximate1y $2.3 million already

spent on the G.Z. effort; if this estimate should be in error by a

factor of five, it still leads to the conclusion that it would have

been prudent to use the School as a second source.

The third major decision which is leaking in project history

is the developnent of a firm position as to wbo at the MSG) vas in

charge of vast. The foaming chronology illustrates this observation:

'1. 22 Heir 3958. In a letter to the AMID, subject,

"Support of Bioastronautics Program," see tchibit 7, the Coeseader

ABMC stated that Brigadier General Don Flickinger wasbeing "assigned

the additional duty of Special Assistant to the Commander A7 (D for

bioastronauties." The purpose of this assignment was to provide the

CommandAmA3200 with an "inmhouse primary biomedical technical competence

and authority." General Flickinger was made "responsible for the direction

and coordination of all the biomedical aspects 3f projects assigned to

ahe AFB4g7". The Commander Ana was assured that "control of all

aspects of this work will rest with your organization."

2. 6 June 1958. In a DF to the AFB), subject, "Biomedical

Aspects of the Ballistic Missile Program," see xhibit K, the Assistant

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Deputy Commander/2 & D, 8.1 AMC, stated that "all research and develop-

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. __meat efforts ecatemplating the use of biological payloads on board

missile or space vehicles will obtain the coordination and approval

of the Special Assistant for Bio-Astronautics or his designated

representative." In addition it stated that a bioastronautical

organisation at the AYIND would "obtain over-all approval and coordination of the life-sciences aspect" of such . projects. An unusual

administrative and command-jurisdictional feature of this letter is

that in it cos Deputy Commander (the DC/Research and Development)

at Bq ARDC presumes to assign roles and functions to a subordinate

unit within the organization of another Deputy Commander (the DC/

Ballistic Missiles) at MI'ARIC.

3. 12 August 19,8. The Assistant Deputy Commander/

Research, Eq ARDC, in a'letter, subject, "Responsibilities of School

of Aviation Medicine in the ARDC Biosatellite Program, Subsystem L

VS 11TL," see ashibit Iq advised the Commander AP (D that representatives of Mq MAY, MIq ARDC, Air University (School of Aviation

Medicine), Air Pores Missile Development Center, and Wright Air

Detelopment Center had reached agreement concerning the technical

responsibilities of the School of Aviation Medicine in its support

Of the biosatellite program, and enclosed a statement of policy for

the benefit of the AMID. The polioy statement was signed by

Brigadier General Don Flickinger as the Director of the Life Sciences

Directorate at Bq AMC and states that the School of Aviation

Medicine will provide biomedical criteria to the General Electric

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Company, vill consult on biovcdical test programs and evaluate biomedical test results, and vill provide continuous biomedical and

biophysical technical standards liaison and consultation to the

contractor. "Ali other decisions relative to test responsibility

and conduct, engineering requirements, scheduling, time and costing

functions and general welfhre of the program will remain with BAD

Bioastromanties organisation with the AFBMg7 or their properly

desisnated representatives, and BAD decisions are final." In addition "direct contact is authorised between SAM and contractor."

Prom& jurisdictional viewpoint, this correspondence was even more

unorthodox than its predecessor, for now a Directorate Chief•in the

organisation of one Deputy Commander (the DC/Research) at HQ ARDC

vas issuing instructions regarding roles and functions of a subordinate unit within the organisation of another Deputy' Commander (DC/

Ballistic NIssiles)mt Bq ARDC. It is also noteworthy, that the

Director of the 810-Astronautics Directorate at the AFBND was not

&Ware of the existence of this document until it was brought to his

attention gay the Board, early in December 1959.

4. The AYMND's tacit acceptance of these directives is

refleeted in a letter from the AFBMD's Director for WS 117L to the

Lce*heed Aircraft Corporation, sub3ect, "Contract 04(644)-181, Internal Air Force Responsibilities Concerning Biosatellite Programs,"

dated 4 September 1958, see Exhibit H $ which quoted the essence of

General Flickinger's policy statement and informed LMSD that "the

Bioastronautics Division (BAD) bas been given managerial responsibility

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for all animal bioostellito programs and will act as technical

directbst to the contractor on biomedical aspects."

3. 13 August 1959. On this date, the Deputy Commander/

Military Space Systems published a'series of ?motional Statements,

see Exhibit M. Among those was one for the Director of the DISCOVERER

Satellite System, which contained the following key statement:

"Responsible to the Assistant Deputy Commander, Spice Systems, for

the integration of all research, development, and test aspects of

the DISCOVERER Satellite System."

6. 26 October 1959. The Assistant Deputy Commander/Space

Systems, in a letter to the Deputy Commander/Military Space Systeme,

subject, "Management of DISCOVERER Biomedical Program," see Exhibit B,

stated " . . . I must as a matter . of policy support the view that the

Director, DISCOVERM Satellite System is basically responsible for

the quality of all aspects of the DISCOVERER Program and, accordingly,

must have the authority which is required to meet the responsibility

assigned to him."

In an attempt to clarify management roles the Board queried

sank witness regarding his concept of responsibility for conducting

the project. The folloving responses illustrate the diversity of

opinion in this important area:

1. The Director of the DISCOVERER system development -

Lt. Colonel Battle - believes that General Flickinger and the Director

of the Bioastronautics Directorate (presently Lt. Colonel Cole) were

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responsible for the life support system development until 13 August ,,/

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1959, when the new Functional Statement Book appeared. Lt. Colonel

Battle states that since that date' he has had overall responsibility

for all aspects of the DISCOMER system. It is his opinion that

General Flickinger is still the Special Assistant to the Deputy

Commander A/END for Bioastronagties.

2. "Tee Assistant Deputy Commander for Space Systems -

Colonel Oder - agrees with Lt. Colonel Battle's interpretation of

management responsibility, and testifies that he has no knowledge

which would lead him to believe that General, Flickinger hem vacated

the poet of Special Assistant to the Co ri 4r AFBND for Bioastronautics.

The Assistant Deputy Commander for Military Space

= Systems - Colonel Evans - also agrees with L. Colonel Battle's

interpretation of his responsibilities. While he has no definite

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knowledge of a Change in General 7lickinger's role as Special Assistant

to the Commander AFDC for Bioastronautics, be speculates that some

change may have occurred during the past few months as a result of

the reorganisation of the ARDC.

The Director of the Bioastronautics Directorate -

Lt. Colonel Cole - testifies that be is responsible to the Commander

AFDC for the managerial and technical aspects of the biomedical

portion of the DISCOVERER program.

It is a matter of fact that General FliCkinger's appointment

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as Special Assistant to the Counander MIND was terminated by Depart-

- • ment of the Air Perce Special Order A-1990 on 18 November 1958; however, this fact is confusing, rather than clarifying, to the central

issue. Is the Commander of APEMD still bound by the provisions of

the 6 JUne 1958 DY, a document which has never had jurisdictional

legality, but which was not protested by the APINIDI Was it the intention of the Deputy Commander/Military Space Systems, in the 13 Aviust

Functional Statements Book, to place the DISCOVERER Director in

charge of an aspects of the DISCOVERER program? If so, shat is the

meaning of the expressicn "responsible . . . for the integration of

all . . . aspects?" What is the status of the 26 October 1959 letter

from the Assistant Deputy Commander/Space Systems to the Deputy

ComestaderAtilitary Space Systems regarding the interrelationships

of the DISCOVERER - Bioastronautics offices?

As would be expected, the absence of a strong, single,

clearly designated, and universally-recognized AFEND leader for the

lift support system encouragied the development of many management

and technical difficulties, all of Which were symptomatic of a central

problem. The jurisdictional sparring which took place between IMF

and G.E. early in the program could and should have been stopped as

soon as it begin. The over-willingness of G.E. to respond to technical suggestions from anyone except the prime contractor could have

been eliminated by the most elementary exercise•of discipline. It

would have been easy for a responsible agent to develop end enforce

an official document Which specified agency responsibilities, agency

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spokesmen, and iaterwageney channels. Test protocols - rigidly

eaftreed • Wield have dome much to eliminate all-night "shall-row-proceed”

sessions hers decisions were made py last-minute plebiscites. Explicit

econt•down procedures would have spared the life support system test

procedures from being characterised as "utter chaos" by the DISCOVERER

test controller. A strong ageht would have advised the AMID of star

difficulties which were beyond his capability to resolve; the Board

would certainly not have been exposed to contractors' briefing charts

listing ATh' and AYBAD (an old symbol for the Bioastronautics

Directorate) as two separate agencies, both of whom must agree to a

matter before the contractor may proceed!

C. Present Status • of the Life Support System Development. 

In JUne 1959, while visiting Vandenberg Air Force Base to

observe count-down procedures, Dr. William. B. Oodells of the Advanced

Research Projects Agency, observed.the problems which were developing

in the life support system area. Dios his return to Washington,

Dr. Well contacted corporate-level O.R. officials, advised them of

his deep.periomal concern, and asked them to undertake immediate

remedial action.. In August 1959, G.E. sponsored an intensive in-house

review of the technical and managerial problems associated with its

support of the DISCOVERER program;? this. resulted in

sweeping changes in the philosophy of, and actual conduct of, develop-

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nent and testing of the life suppmrt system. The Board inquired

carefully into the details of thin "new Iola" and was favorably

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impressed by the results to eau, as veil as plane for the future.

Principal vitneMses verevneninous in indorsing the technical

direction ihieb the nevID.I. management is giving to the program;

USD representatives stated that a wholesome air of cooperation and

responsiveness now exists between themselves and the General Zlectrie

Company. There is substantial evidence to Justify, for the first

time, a feeling of optimism regerding the possibility of G.E.'s

delivering a flight-worthy lift support system within the next few

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The Commander AMID instructed ths DISCOVERNWttomodloal

Board to ecesider five specific, allegations and• to make reeommendations on three subjects, see Exhibit C. This portion of the report

deals with the Board's findisgs in response to these instructions.

A. Allegation A., "The basic design of the biomedical recovery

capsule is faulty and as presently configured will not support the

biomedical mission of the DISCOVERER series."

1. Discussion: the prime objective of the biomedical

portion of the DISCOVERER series is the successful launching, orbiting, re-entry, and recovery of a live specimen. Performance to date

in the test evaluation of the life support system strongly suggests

Allegation A to be true. Testimony before the Board reveals that

of thirteen evaluation and/or acceptance tests, only one could be

considered to have reasonably demonstrated criteria for supporting

the DISCOVERER program properly. Additional evidence from technically

qualified scientific personnel leads to the conclusion that there

has been sn inordinate emote* of faulty equipment integrated into

the life support system, i.e. the oxygen regulators, the air condition- .

Jug unit, cooling fin, tape recorder, camera, timing nichanism, animal

feeder, sintered metal absorber holders, electrical circuitry, eta.

It was obvious, Sarly . th the proceedings, that inexperience, coupled

with the unavailability of limiting physical (environmental) data,

contributed to poor design.

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For much of its history the life support system dcv3lopsent did not follow the basic principles of scientific method. It

is germane to the scientific method that clear-cut objectives be

rigidly defined at the very beginning and throughout the project.

furthermore the absolute minimum number of pieces of data-gathering

equipment should be bench tested exhaustively before they are incorporated into the total grates. As each. item passes its design criteria

tests, further sophistication end instrumentation may be.

pursued logically, but only to the extent that 'Kristen objectives are

enhenced. Great care must be exercised to avoid over-design and overoomplication in any system. Problem items of limited utility should

tw challenged early in the program and deleted as soon as possible

in any urgent piogram. These simple methods of procedure have not

been evidenced in this program - speeifinally in such items as camera

and feeder pemitmemeres, viability sensing, and in some electrical

eircuitry.

The Board is pleased to report that a cereful in-house

systems design review and critique were instituted at the General

Ilectrie Compeer between 27 August end 6 October 1959. The findings

are now being integrated into the lift support system design, to correct

deficiemeies and improve maintainability and accessibility. There has

Unit selear recognition of improper methodology and quality °ventral;

sorreetive procedures are being instituted to • avoil reeurrense of

eqpipmemt failures. It is the opinion of qualified engineers that

'he lily *Wort WWI ass be broaght to a Illabt•vorthr state la
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near Mere.

, '2. Ommelmsioas Until a life support system has been

Igaz242beahlutuccesssemdacOlete

laboratory count-down to simulate as closely as possible the problems 

of launehing, orbiting, re-entry, and recovery, with thermal and 

noise profiles superimposedi and all integrated into the expected 

time seaUence of a realistic mission (54 hours), a scientific capebill to support the biomedical mission of the DISCOVERER series 

has not been demonstrated. The Board believes that the technical

and managerial re-orientation of the program at G.B. is moving the 

development properly in the direction of such a demonstration. 

B. Allegation B. i lisnagement of the biomedical test program

by AMID, LNOD, and G.E. is grossly inadequate."

1. Discussion: Bering determined that the overall management of the life support system was under the superficial supervision

of Bq ANDO personnel from project inception to sometime between

ovember 1958 and August 1959, and perhaps to the present, the Board

believes that. this allegation should be expanded to provide a share

of management responsibility to this particular group (Bq ABDC).

The Board's findings shot three major tactori contributing

to the mismanagement of this project:

Representatives of the APBMD, USD, G.E., and Hq

A= did not research the assignment thoroughly enough to determine

the state of the art of the parameters inherent in the project.

As•a result, very unrealistic time schedules were

set'up and agreed to' bi Bq ARM, the AFTMD, IAMMI,*and G.E. Fiscal

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p3 A cring exactly paralleled schedule planning.

a. Despite attempts at non-conventional arrangements,

the prime responsibility for the project, for all intents and purposes,

rested with the AVID. The AMC failed to identify one person who

would be accountable Oar the projeet: a man whose decisions would

be irrevocable except by the Commander AYIND. Differences of opinion

as to who is responsible for the project! should have been resolved

as soon as they arose. The fiat that this vas not done encouraged

irregular managerial prowess.• and separated responsibilit y tram

authority.

the following factors also contributed very definitely

to the unsatisfactory state of the program as it existed prior to

August 19591

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Leak of ecammnication

Zack of cooperation

e. Leak of coordination

Leak of eualiti control practices

Manure to identify epecifleally the responsi•

bilities of contributing ageecies is particular, Air Raise egeselea.

f. Poor Sisp practice on 12mi pert QM&

g. Instability of dodge

10 firiepolisy eoreeraial Moro panto.

1. /allure of 0.1. to sampan aseepted latastrial

preatios, ihich espaystea senate baring and larpeatiaarmansibilittes.

2. Conclusion: Alt.tbeti simmers
• -t n

••••n • kis

slgna talsent of the lift support gist= by Eq, ABM, the 0210, LNED, 

and G.B. 

August 1952, the Board takes note of the recognition of an ume ►tisi. 

factory state of affairs by the principals , and believes that corrective 

tlstlonsmlxafr take124SDandG.E.etherviththoserecomeended

to be taken by the AFEND in Section V Part F, 2e and b of this report

will result in an acceptably managed project in the future 

C . Allegation C. "Biomedical program costs being incurred by

G.E. are too high and are not being subjected to proper management

control."

1. Discussion: In reviewing the testimony before the Be ►ed,

it was found that the allegation was improperly stated. All costs

incurred are proper; however, it is believed that the original estimate

by G.E. was not great enough to do the work in question.

The original contract, covering the period from February

1958 to projected completion in October 1959, was negotiated in the

amount of $4.3 million. This covered ouch more than the life support

system. -While G.E. was verbally directed to coamence work in February

1958, it was August 1958 before.a Work Statement was prepared and a

Letter Contract issued to General Electric by Lockheed Missiles and

Space Division. i5ie cost to data on the total effort now amounts

to approxim4ely 1,6.5 million, of which i..pproximately :11.5 million

has been Idantified as overrun. There is an additiouul amount

refLucted proposelto 1,16theed for million

• :

r% O.

VV1.1
•

which has not been negotiated to date. It is USW. position that

these costs generally reflect work which was °entreated for under

the original contract and, as such, can be construed in the main to

be additional overrun. The principal costs related to the $3.0

million proposal are from Thiokol Corporation in the amount of

$335 thousand for retro-rookets, to the Burmite Company in the

amount of $174 thousand for spin rockets, and for prima equipment

and spares in the amount of $274 thousand. An item called Support

Engineering has been included in the amount of $1.295 million. The

General Electric Company agrees that it under-estimated the scope

of the job to be done both trona standpoint of cost and time required. This in itself would lead one to think that the costs being

insurred by General Ilestrie are too high.

There are two specific items: namely, a feeder and a

senora, which reflect emits mush greater than ens mould have expected

fOr items of their nature. The camera has been procured by G.E. from

the Balms Watch Company at ,a cost of $192 thousendi the cost of the

feeder developed by General Electric amounts to $78 thousand. With

respect to the camera, the School of Aviation Medicine witnesses state

that in their opinion this item is not needed and should not have

been included in the life support . system. .The feeder presently used

by the General Electric Company is not the feeder for which the costs

have been incurred by . G.E., but one which was fabricated by the

School of Aviation Medicine. School personnel believe that a feeder

could have been adequately designed and produced for less than $1,000.

24

m
-

R.)

•

These two items, according to School of Aviation Medicine witnesses,

were good reasons for stating that the costs incurred by G.E. were

excessive, and they stated that it vas their belief the:. the entire

life support system could have been built by the SChool for $120

thousand.

LMSD stated that it believed that technical management

control of the biomedical program by the General Electric Company

was inadequate. This statement was based upon the inability of

General Electric to meet the schedule and further vas reflected by

problems incurred in the life support system equipment. LNBD did

believe the financial control of the program to be adequate.

2. Conclusions: Costs incurred by General Electric COMMAY

•

in the development of the life support erste' greatly exceeded 001. 

original estimates. Because of an under-estimate of the techalAk

task to be accomplished& greater costs were incurred than vould have 

been the case it a better appreciation of'the task to be performed 

had been realised from the beginning. Yurther i there vas inaideauate

_,x1;Lirogmtz teciu calmenteontrolinthebeeauaeoftheinabili

of G.E. to rectognies in the beginning the magnitude and scope of

the task to be performed. 

D. AllemetimaJ4.. "Mere bas bees inadequate utilisation of

available military talent within the USA7 is the aomduet of the biomedical program..

1. Dia:ruse/on: There is no doubt from the Beard revise

L.

25

•
WilittO .E% AL I

of records and testincey thet tatest hes bass used

liberally in the soidnet of life support Wows arnagageft.

.8ow effeetivelr the talemt Was used has teems the,dominant (mottos.

Life support erste. design *Mute began Laleoma 1900

with the re-orientation of the DISCOOMMIX program. From the beginning

the Anna 00110,00 the ARDO . Polier of ealliag oe Air leree.bionedleal

talent, and established a working relatiombip with the Beheol of

Aviation Medicine, the AMMO, and the ADC far support of this program.

Later in the program, the 8 August 1958 ABM directive, see dkhibit LI

was issued, Wining the responsibilities of the 84hoOl of Aviation

Medicine.

In spite of this attempt to formalise and emphasise the

blue-suit oontributiis to the life support grebmadevellopment, it is

clear from testimmorbefbre the Dowd that the actual use of military

biomedical talent left nuah to be desired. Some sa4or fnetore contribu-

•

ting to this situation are:

a. A lack of harmony alum the organisations iavoly d.

Prine.-subcontractor friction; the absence of a powerful, Central

directing agent; concern over jurisdictional prerogatives' personality

conflicts and clashes; and other complex reasons oistributed to a

deteriorating working-level relationdhii among the principals, and

inhibited the effective, use of available military talent. -

b. The over-riding consideration of meeting an ironclad schedule always stimulates friction, and this development was

no exception. In cases Where design and testing methodologies

26 .

L
r-I . 

r.i J

diverged, it vas frequently felt that precious time could not be

diverted to building rapport among the contributing organisations.

--This led to a cyclical, self-generating •problem situation Mere it

became increasingly difficult for any of the participants to work

efficiently and harmoniously.

a. Misunderstandinge as to organisational responsibilities and asnagament relationships, Ukiah affected the activations of

the peOpie involved.

Serious underestimation of the teehmical teak on

the pert of design sat technieal direction eastreetors, Uhish further

eggrovated the already-oompliaated test and design environment.

Chaogiog &alga criteria of the life support.

gyrWma Immo, of newly 44/murmured environmeotal moditioms, emoted

with a very tigbt development sehelole, 'whisk eoweragod the use of

shortaeet teat plans and procedures, and often ignored the talent

available ler molesting these tests.

2. Oomeluelons garjaussWatenueedbe

in the life supeort tents however& in stuy MIMI, and partisularli

in the easeefaio ...._....A...... olkooloft vialledicinetbousehasbeen

toto.....__ fficiseffeetive and sometimes inconsiderate. Gins I of the 

ties o teen should

be to re-istahlieh romort with the of Aviation Mediaimo. 

••

2. MelagagmAL 'Civilian ecrperaticos, speellimaihy

are estag their particular positions is the biomedical pawl= as a

mar at WOW. eats Mesas lathe biemolloollomee. Ct. i ; ,;

a. newassishit florists tbsn ilkiaaiirsol slaw ado 411,11.n
SkWK11Y uAb lFKA1 Kiri Wen

DISPOSITION FORM

I

 SUBJECT

Biomedical Aspects of the Ballistic Missile Proaram

J

j [nu"'

r.•

TO WDTS FROM RDTHA .

DATE 6 June 58 COMMENT NO. 1

• Lt Col Cain/k1/4145 •

Special Orders . Ndmber A-920, Departmentof the Air Force, 9 May 1958,

assigned Brigadier General Donald D. Flickinger, ;Staff Surgeon and Director of

Human Factors, Headquarters 1RDC, to an additional duty, Special Assistant for

Bio-Astronautics to the Deputy Commander for Ballistic Missiles, IRDC.

All research and development efforts, contemplating the use of biologi-

. cal payloads on beard missiles or space vehicles, will-obtain US coordination

and approval of the Special Assistant for Bio-Astinautics or his designated ,,

representative. •

. •

3. To provide the Ballistic Missile Diiision with timely life sciences sup-

. •

.. 4 .

port in the coordination of procurement data, moniforship of contractor efforts,

and supervision of inspection tests of components off' life supporting and bio-.

performance measuring equipment, technically.qualifiad life sciences personnel

will be placed on TDY or will be assigned to the Ballistic Missile Division.

'These personnel will be authorized to render decisións regarding the adequacy

of life supporting equipment and other technical problems Concerned with viable

payloads. This headquarters, ATTN: RUTH, will be informed of all decisions in

this area. In addition, a menthly'progress report on the development, fabrication, testing, and scheduling of the life sciences portion of the program.will

be provided.

A.. A significant portion of the nation e 5 life sciences capability in support of space operations is contained in certain AirTorce medical and behavioral

sciences research and development organizations. Certain of these agencies are

hereby designated .as points of contact for the weapons systems management organi-

. nation and contractors concerned with development and; fabrication of ).ife support-

. img equipment and life sciences experiments. The designation of these units is

..for the primary purpose of assuring that the contractor has the_latest information

.-,sialIable.for•nciorporation into his design, and secondly, to assure the fabricated,Unit meets the technical criteria as established by the Air Force. The • Wi,i4itronatitical members of the Ballistic &sine Division will obtain over-all

and coordination of the life sciences. aspect of the project. -But, in

so doing,. gill consult freely and frequentlymiA the designated units, assuring.

thit liaison is being maintained with the prime{ contractor and. subcontractors on

.‘the.Aechpical'biomedical and biorperformance -problems. associated with the projects.

.

. . .

. . . ,

'...

 -.

,' a. Amremedical Laboratory (WADC). .. .....

, .

.. j' t.,.. ...COY:Dietermination'of 

.,

the biologics adequacy of subassemblies

tthhipta : OreeificAtions fic.theAnternal lifa stipport environment, and the

:ca-.:.a1 teChnical development program responsibilities of the laboratory for

traeh environments.

. .

• •

.

.11:12L.1.4.,:.40........L.............1

. 

. SOLACES *la Rau is. ter .2. 11111deli Nay IIP $0.41402♦ * 111. a. wadown /Sift "
the bard Ins advised by BOW. ofAsiatien Wising milmesses that

this allegation did not properly express the thought they lead in

mind. It was pointed out that the 'Sheol dins not object to the

growth of biomedical competence; its real objection is to the

exploitation of noa-bicemdical personnel in attempting to achieve

rah soapstone. An example mould be the use of physicists and

engineers, rather than physicians and ftsimlogists, in &wiping

the life support systma.

2. Conlustont In the light of this explanation, the 

Board determined that Allontion I was more Prowl.y considered as 

guLLgitrzimt, oca andtreaF. angeiSsualasSaAt *Ion ere eejoined to make meow

memdatione rewriting the manademeet street-ore of the present bionedieal

program and amy suggestion fer Mum falow-on biomedieal progress.*

1• Discussiont The Board believes that the primary requirement fOr inereasliOg the managerial effectiveness of the present biomedical program is the designatioa of a single project director. Once

such an appointment has been node, the director, and he aline, should

be charged. with the responsibility for establishing clear, formal

arrangements &none all project participasts, including test prot000ls,

definite count-down procedures, the designation of single spokesmen

for all agpncies, and similar matters. The director should be charged

specifically with the responsibility for maintaining strict discipline

28
rtry.. T.7 1 nrr.-• AL 

Moog the participants, pad should be enjoined to mks special

effort toward re-establishing rapport between technical personnel

of :the ARUM and the School of Ariatiaa Medicine.

With regard to future bionedieal program, the Board

recommends amt nations which would prevent many of

the problem encountered in the. present program.

a. The Comander AMID should designate a project

director at the inception of aril future projects. The project

direetn ► swat' be empowered to, and directed to, take all AMID

decisions at the project.

11. All participating agenities should be required to

designate single spoloment ebo exercise the sane control in their

coileniseitieee as the project direetor does for the AMID.

a. Definite test protocols end eount-down procedures

Should be .stsblishsd far in steams of the need date, and should be

regarded as irani.elemi operating procedures trs all partleipants.

2. Conslusionr.nnd Specific: Becomendation: Testinos ► before 

the Board_ sham the need for (a) linking melant use of Air Force bio-

'40 tea and b elistiaa

Jurisdictional end functional dissereemnts between the Director of

1718Canna end the Director of Biosetromutise. The Board notes that

between 80 and 90 ► of the work of the Bioastramutice Direatccoate is 

in support of the DISCOVERER project. Baying considered these , factors. 

the cific recommendation that the following actions

be taken concurrently: 

. !AI 

; itALA

•••
luElv itAL

a. mat the Director of the Dioastronautice Directorate 

be de • tad immedia the AMID seem . Pro

Directost rot the Nut U Life 9port &ate*. 

U. 'fat the Eloastromautice Directorate be transferral

immediately to the Assistant Deports Comproder fOr SPeoe Systems. 

0. Directed consideration h. *Speen* recoomandations as to

the technical course of action to be followed fer the present biomsd•

teal program shots within the DISCO/UM series are required."

1. Discussion and Conclusions: A significant gain to '

national prestige as well as an important scientific contribution will

result from the recovery of a live specimen frOm a polar orbiting

vehicle. Notwithstanding the fact that time is a most important

concern in coneerving the prestige'of the occasion, certain limits 

must be imposed on firing dates. Specifically: 

The biomedical life iupport system must demonstrate 

reproducible evidence that it can in, tact support a live specimen for 

the total mission profile. 

Threove jscar2acedesiandtechniuomurt be ...Wi e1

adequately demonstrated, based upon actual recovery from orbit. 

6. The competence of all participants must be demonstratedincruet-d‘nrocedureoctihlewithestabltshed launch .o22

controller requirements. 

• •

L./ 4

. •
r

CONCLU2I0F7

L.

A. Technical . 

1. life support system cannot be considered to have met

its ground test until it has been completely bench checked and has

successfully passed a complete laboratory count-down 'which simulates

as closely as possible the problems of launching, orbiting, re-entry,

and recovery, with thermal and noise profiles superimposed and all

integrated into the expected time sequence of a realistic mission.

The DISCOVER= life support system has not met these criteria as yet,

but under G.E.'s "new look" design and testing philosophy is definitaly

•

moving in this direction.

•

' B. Manemorial. 

1. "Crash", high-risk developments involving relatively

1

unexplored technical areas should be:

1 1, a. Financed by requirements budgets rather than

ceiling budgets.

b. Encouraged to sponsor competitive sub-system developvents in arY difficult technical areas.

cc. Organised so that all contractors working in

difficult tedhnieal areas are as accessible as possible to AYIND

direction and control. •

d. -Supported by in-dresidencs AMID personnel at any

eomirsetor's plant *ere the development item La Wile or tolimietal7

difficult.

t 

Via% .; :LA
n •

ions of these conditions have been applied to the

We Support often development.

A strong, single universallp.reeognised AMID leader

Should be appointed at the inception of all projects if the project

is to summed. This has not been done for the litre support tastes

development.

fest protocols must be developed !hr enough in advance

of a test series to assure their aeceptanee as doctrine at the test

itself. This has not been done for the life support system development.

k. Clear functional statements and designated single

spokesmen are required for all agencies involved in u development

or test if inefficiency, ineffectiveness, bickering, accusations,

and counter-aecusations are to be prevented. Specific designations

of responsibility, by name, , do not exist in the life support system

development.

• CI

C'

• r

0

1•'

- t • - . • .•

4 ► .
Yrtv.;. 11114

That the AMID recognise the 0.2. "em, look" in design

sad testimg.as a proper, albeit long aver-due, methodology for developLag a fliightelamM01711216 support erste*.

That the schedule ibr the flight of a life support

antes be based Upon a clear demoostration, in gromnd tests, that

the motes eau sustain a live specimen for the total mission profile

and a clear demonstration, based upon actual recovery from orbit in

flight test, that the recovery equipment meets its operating requireeats .

S. Manapprial. 

That a strong, single, clearly-designated leader be

appointed at the ineeptice of all development projeets. This leader

most tie held r4sponsible for organising the partieipation of all

agenoies in a $U-41.4eiplinod, harmonious manner.

411 the specific ease of the Mirk It life support

grates developiemt, this Project Leader ahouldbe the Director of

the Eloestrooalics Directorate) the Directorate itself should be

transferred imrediately to the Assistant Deputy Coamender for epee*

ftstems.

3. fomprehensive iron-clad test protocols and eount.down

preeedmree thoeld be developed at owe fOr the life support portion

of the raeconakim prograa.

33
U

r

)

4. Clea.r !Unctions' statements and a list of ofnelallp‘

designated single spekeemea Should be developed kr the Prodeet

Direetor #or all agencies participating in the life support gpstem

development.

S. A special effort Should be made, under the leadership

of the Project Director, to re-establish rapport between technical

personnel of the MUD and the School of Aviation.

PAUL E. WORTHWAN, President

Colonil, USAF

JOHN E. PICKERING, Mambar JAMES S. SPAY, Meaner

Colonel, USAF Lt. Colonel, USAF

FRED BERM, Member WILLIAM H. WEAVER, Recorder

Major, USAF

11-3 1-`. • 

! . •
Ii

T: _

HQ USAF

HQ AFBMD

SCHOOL OF AVIATION

MEDICINE

HQ AMC(BMC)

HQ AFBMD

HQ AFBMD

President Voting

Member Voting

(Alt. President)

Member Voting

Member Voting

Member Voting

Member Voting

(Recorder)

USAF

strative Services

ATC

-; LBMA

BSED (AU)

- WDAS

•

HEADQUARTERS

AIR FORCE BALLISTIC MISSILE DIVISION (ARDC)

UNITED STATES H AIR FORCE

Air Force Unit Post Office, Los Angeles 45, California

SPECIAL ORDERS) 27 November 1959

NUMBER. 20)

Under the provisions of AFBMDIR 11-6, AFR 14-6, AFR 11-1, AFR 120-3,

and at the written direction of Commander ) Air Force Ballistic Missile

Division, the following named individuals are appointed to an Investigating

Board on an ad hoc basis, for the purpose pf reviewing the management and

technical status of the biomedical project currently associated with the

DISCOVERER Program. Upon submission of the Board report and approval by

the Commander, Air Force Ballistic Missile Division, the board is dissolved.

In the absence of the President the senior member present at the meeting

will act as President and'in the absence of the Recorder, the junior present

will perform the duties of the Recorder. The Recorder will notify the

Director of Administrative Services when the Board is dissolved.

*001, LEO P. GEARY, 8037A

COL PAUL'E. WORTHMAN, 7324A

*COL JOHN E. PICKERING, A0724350

*LTCOL JAMES S. SEAY,.12319A

LTCOL RAYMOND E. ZE.TENKA„ 12701A

.MAJ WILLIAM H. WEAVER, 14813A

*DR. FRED PERNER WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT

CE2TER (BIOMED LAB)

*With concurrence of respective Commander.

Member Voting

.

n .

•

FOR THE COMMANDER:

DISTRIBUTION:

2 - Ea Indiv (14)

50 - Recorder

1 - WDCA

1 - WDAA0

1 - WDGE

1 - UDGEH

5 - WDT

5

2

1

--

5

5

WDZ

-

1

I 1 a 3 - WM101 5 - UDC

. 1 5 - WDL

5 - AC (SAC MIKE)
HEADQUARTERS

AIR FORCE BALLISTIC IIISSUS DIVISION (ARDC) .

UNITED STATES Alit FORCE

Air ' Force Unit Post Office, Los Angeles 45, California

SPECIAL ORDERS) 1 December 1959

NUMBER 31) •

Under provisions of AFR 60-18, MAJ IVAN H DETHMAN, 14258A, HQ

AFBMD. Los Angeles, Calif is attached to Los Angeles Air Defense Sector,

Norton AFB, Calif for the purpose of maintaining flying proficiency.

The verbal order of the Commander on 25 Nov 59, authorizing A/1C

LARRY K WALKUP, AF13294151, 6592d USAF DispensaryvARDC, Los Angeles,

California, BAS at the rate of $2.57 per day effective 1600 hours, 25 Nov

59, under the proVisions of paragraph 20101D, AFM 173-20, is confirmed.

Exigencies of the service having been such as to preclude the issuance of

competent written orders in advance.

- 3. Special Orders Number 20, this Hq, dated 27 Nov 59, relating to

the establishment of an Investigating Board on an ad hoc basis for the

purpose of reviewing the management and technical status of the biomedical

project currently associated with the DISCOVERER Program, is amended to

delete so much as pertains to COL LEO P GEARY, 80374 HQ USAF, and is

further amended so much as reads: "COL PAUL E WORTHMAN, 7324A, HQ AFBMD.

Member Voting (Alt. President)" is amended to read: "COL PAUL E WORTHMAN,

?324A, HQ AFBMD, President Voting":,

4. MAJ FRANK R DEAN, 33846A, (Expense Code 4591100), HQ AFBMD, ARDC,

Los Angeles, California, will proceed on or about 2 Dec 59 to USAF Hospital,

March AFB, California on TDY for approximately 1 day for the purpose of

medical consultation; and upon completion will return to Hq Air Force

Ballistic Missile Division, Los Angeles, California. TPA. This mode of

transportation has been determined to be more advantageous to the Government.

TDN. 57x3600 047-9624 P690 S594200 0212. Authority: Chapter 16, AFM 35-11.

FOR THE COMMANDER:

DISTRIBUTION:

2

10

50

5

5

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

- Ea Indiv (para 1,

- Maj Dean

- Recorder (Para 3)

- WDPm0

- WDPMA

- WDCA

- WDCAF

- WDAAO

- WOQF

- WDQBA

- WDCS

- WDGE

- WDGEH

2 & 3 USAF

nistrative Services

• T 5 - Commander

5 - WDZ LA Air Defense Sector 5 - WDF •Norton AFB, California

5 - WDC

5 - WDL

1 - WDAS

5 - AC (SAC MIKE)

5 - ATC

,-

2 - Lau

1 - BSED (AU)
LIST OF In-MESSES

1 ETAXel AWILI/2102/ RAM{ =1.41.* 1:1P 7:172,

John T. Bf.v.rt LMSD

] Stanley A-. Hell LMSD

r] tarry A . Gorman SAM Colonel, MAP 19007A

Bobert T. Clark SAM • Dr.

1 E. A. Miller /

0 .E .

B. S. Miller G.E.

r: .--,j

Sobert W. Roy AMID P.O. VAFB Captain, USAF 22332A

I. Jas W. Plunmer LMSD

t.. :con =rd C. Bawler 1.1430

4-, 4 /...

- 1 survAm B. Archibald AFMDC Captain, USAF 25685A

- 4 Claranca L. Battle Arava Lt. Colonel, USAF 6209A

1, - I .abort W. Johnson mew. Captain, USAF 22226A

IPredoriek C. E. Oder laPifes Colonel, USAF 768A

[

.„ ig....nrry L. Evans ATM) Colonel, USAF h619A

.r

,:ilvara L. Cole AMID Lt. Colonel, USAF 6563A

I.il

i

--11"1

r

A. A. Little G.E.

r

. j rrod Parker 0 .E •

1

1. Hobert W. Anderson G.E.

r
REPLY TO

ATM OF: WDG

sum= : Investigating Committee

i2-4, FORCE BALLISTIC MISSILE DIVISLON -

HEADQUARTERS

AIR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

Air Force Unit Post Office, Los Angeles 45, California

29 October 1959 •

-- TO: WDZ*(Colonel Curtin)

1. For several months I have been concerned with the progress of

the biomedical mission of the Discoverer series. In the past few

weeks, several complaints have been relayed to me from various

sources. Accordingly, I should like you to establish a board of

officers to thoroughly investigate the allegations. These allegations

are as follows:

The basic design of the biomedical recovery capsule is

faulty and as presently configured will not support the biomedical

mission of the Discoverer series.

Management of the biomedical test program by AFBMD,

LMSD, and GE is grossly inadequate.

Biomedical program costs being incurred by GE are too

high and are not being subjected to proper management control.

There has been inadequate utilization of available military

talent within the USAF in the conduct . of the biomedical program.

. •

e. Civilian corporations, specifically GE, are using their

particular positions in the biomedical program as a means of

building their competence in the biomedical area.

2. In addition to determining the truth of these allegations, you

are enjoined to make recommendations regarding the management

structure of the present biomedical program and any suggestions

for future follow-on biomedical programs. In addition, specific

recommendations as to the technical course of action to to followed

for the present biomedical program shots within the Discoverer

series are required. The board of officers should be composed

of personnel from Hq USAF, Hq ARDC, SAM, BMC, and AFBMD.

The board should be constituted and convened at the earliest

possible date with recommendations to be forwarded to me not

1 an 20 November 1959.

ALsroWir /rr Yr. -

• AND

M or General, USAF .. •

C mander
Extract from Amendment 0 to Letter Contract AF 04(647)-181 dated

16 May 1959.

Item 3 of Exhibit is revised to read:

"Physical Recovery System in accordance with Exhibit B attached

hereto and made a part hereof."

Subparagraph 6 of Exhibit B is revised to read:

"Develop a recoverable capsule to accommodate an aero-medical package

for use with the Pioneer vehicle. The complete capsule shall be

available for flight-test no later than 30 November 1958.

/...t1,0 co-
gr/FP'/;;;M?'71.11../7 3.

C1:46Pliti4ti '."

Extract from Contract AF 04(647-181) definitized 6 January 1959

Pate Contract awarded: 25 January 1958

2.5.10.1.1.4 The Contractor shall be responsible for:

Ground and flight test data analysis and reduction.

The engineering evaluation of the overall reconnaissance

system and provision of the results to the appropriate

organization for use in future designs.

2.5.11 Biomedical Capsule (Subsystem L)

2.5.11.1 Item I - Research and Development 

2.5.11.1.1 Biomedical Data. This data shall be obtained by the

selection of suitable vertebrate specimens and environmental instrumentation, as permitted by the WS-117L payload weight limitations, with

the primary objectives of demonstrating specimen survival and cosmic

radiation effects.

2.5•11.1.2 -The WS-117L design modification shall be accomplished

as required to maintain the recovery capsule program current.' The

auxiliary poWer system shall be arranged to provide electrical power

required by the capsule during the ascent and orbiting flight phases.

2.5.11.1.3 Recovery Capsule. The Contractor shall design as required

by the conditions of re-entry and shall include suitable equipment

for the survival of the biomedical specimen and for the recovery of

cosmic radiation and biomedical environmental data. The capsule shall

be equipped with beacon, dye marker, and strobe lamp equipment as

considered feasible to facilitate the search and recovery operation.

2.5,11.1.3.1 The Contractor will develop and design the complete

Biomedical Recovery Capsule including the necessary components, subassemblies, and retro-rocket system. Government technical agencies

will provide available technical advice, biological specimen Ar-

. formance, environmental requirements, biological specimen tests, and

shall approve the environmental provisions of the capsule assembly.

DOWNGRADED AT 3 l',141:7:7'!:".%'..V..S:

DECLACS:F: crl AFTE° vra"..

DOD DIR 5200.10 1... e.99,991;:i.:99914:9111 -
•

AFBM 58-25

• , and instrument subassemblies. Conditions shall be provided so that 3

_ .

2.5.11.1.3.2 The BRC shall be . designed, insofar as possible, to

assure the launch, orbit, and recovery of-the viable animal subjects

the animal subjects will have suffered no irreversible damage except

that damage ascribable to prolonged weightlessness and cosmic radiation.

•

2.5.11.1.3.3 The Biomedical Recovery Capsule assembly shall consist

of the following major assemblies:

Shell Assembly. A shell assembly shall be designed for

assurance of the structural integrity under the stress

conditions encountered during boost, orbit, and recovery,

and shall provide the necessary design characteristics

to ensure thermal heat balance during flight.

The capsule shall include a recovery package complete

with radio beacons, strobe lights, radar chaff disTensers, dye markers, parachutes, and the auxiliary

equipment necessary to ensure the maximum opportunity

for location and recovery.

.Environmental Controls. The environmental subassembly

shall include the necessary nutrients, water, atmospheric

conditions, temperature, and pressure to assure adequate

lite conditions for the selected viable specimen.

Capsule Internal Structure:. The capsule internal

structure shall be so designed that the acceleration

forces of boost, re-entry, and impact will be within

the tolerances of the viable specimen selected. This

internal structure shall also provide for acceptable

environmental temperature conditions.

e. Instrumentatiu.: Instrumentation shall be provided to

include a minimum of the following data:

1) Ascent and Orbit Interval

a) Capsule air temperature

b,) Capsule air pressure

Oxygen pressure

Capsule humidity

Viability indication (desirable but not mandatory)

Camera coverage (desirable but not mandatory). •

--)

r. - tol4r,mikrovr,,
AF114 58-25

2) Re-entry Interval

Capsule air temperature

Acceleration in 3 orthogonal planes

Oxygen pressure

Capsule pressure

Noise level

Viability indication (desirable but not mandatory)

g) Camera coverage (desirable but not mandatory).

Adequate instrumentation for the recovery of data in

accordance with the flight test objectives of paragraph .

2.5.11.3.3 shall also ba provided.

Retro-rocket Rpuipment. The capsule assembly stall include.the necessary retro-rocket equipment for the initia-.

tion of re-entry.

•

Electrical Power. Adequate electrical per shall be

included for the operation of internal capsule equipment.

2.5.11.1.4 Search and Recovery Operation. A program will be planned;

developed, and coordinated to initiate the recovery of the re-entry

capsule, with consideration being given to primary "sir match" operations as well as water and land recovery plans. To ensure a communication system and arrange for the transmission of biomedical data by

means of the telemetering system and for the initiation of the capsule

re-entry and recovery phase through suitable command programmer arrangements, adequate coordination must be assured. Adequate coordination

must also be assured to plan for tracking the package over a sufficient

portion of the trajectory to permit recovery. •

2.5.11.1.5 Environmental Performance Specifications. The purpose of

this specification is to outline the environmental parameters necessary

to support life in the SRC. The maximum or minimum values stated below

osanot usually be regarded as optimum for homaceimmda; therefore, when
AFBM 58-25

--. 11possible, optimum values will be presented. The Contractor will make

..._every reasonable effort to achieve the optimum values during any phase

of flight.and will not exceed maxima or minima at any time after launch.

, • IA 14.7 psi pressure schedule is acceptable prior to launch, and, if used,

will consist of approximately 730 mm Hg partial pressure oxygen, 10 mm

g partial pressure water, 10 mm Hg partial pressure inert gas, 8 mm Hg •

um-

. partial pressure carbon dioxide and 3 mm Hg partial pressure other gases.

Total Pressure. The pressure of the enclosed environment

will not be less than 5.0 psi (258 mm Hg) nor More than

10.10 psi (522 mm Hg). The optimum value is 5.0 psi

unless contraindicated by engineering requirements.

Oxygen Partial Pressure. The partial pressure of oxygen

will not be less than 150 mm Hg nor more than 300 mm Hg.

Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure. The partial pressure of

carbon dioxide will not exceed 8 mm Hg at any time. Any

value less than this is optimal.

Water Partial Pressure. Partial pressure of water vapor

may vary between 5 mm Hg and 10 mm Hg. 10 mm Hg is optimal.

•Biologically Inert Gas Partial Pressure. The inert gas

found in the enclosed environment may be either nitrogen

or helium. Partial pressure of the gas used will not be

more than approximately 190 mm Hg. The optimal value is

10 mm Hg.

Other Gases. Other gases present such as hydrogen sulfide,

indoles, skatoles, etc. will not exceed 3 mm Hg.

Millis: Endogenously produced toxins (other than biological) such as battery gas, lithium hydroxide dust, etc.

will be excluded or filtered from the system. Other toxins

which may be produced by exogenous phenomena in orbit,

e.g.,.ozone, need not be controlled.

.Temperature. The air temperature of the enclosed environment will be maintained between 550 and 85° P. The optimum

temperature is 70° F. Temperature peaks during re-entry

will not exceed 120° F for 5 minutes nor 100° F for 30

minutes. Wall temperatures of the bio-pack may rise to

values higher than this for correspondingly briefer periods

of time, but should be • aintained at levels unlikely to

produce tissue damage on contact.

•

•

1:111717741' 5.1111/21r7141#

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A701 58-?5

1. Time, The environment described above trill be maintained

for at least 84 hours for Missions A B, C, and D and at

least 132 hours for Mission E.

Acceleration. All accelerative forces imposed on the, •

animals viii lie under a curve described by the following

time-dwell versus 'g' coordinates: 70 g's for .1 sec;

35 g's . for 1 sec; 18 g's for 10 sec; 9.5 g's for 100 sec;'

5 g's fbr 1000 pet. •

. 0

!

2.5.11.1%6 Ground Support Equipment. Ground support equipment shall

1

be designed fox the preparation,checkout, and installation of the recovery

capsule system.' •

•'7

2.5.11.1.8 Test Plan. A test plan outlining the acceleration, wibratiLigie:'

noise, environmental simulation, and. drop recovery tests to be perferaNi*,:;:!1:'•!....

on components, subassemblies, and full assemblies, will be submitted In

the Government for approval. The ' test plan viii also indicate'the use

of animals and Contractor available test facilities, and the desired

use of the Government test facilities needed to implement the test

program.'

2.5.11.1.9 Prior Approval. Rough drawings, "first approximation"

data, specifications, plans, informal presentations, etc. will be

submitted to the Government for approval prior to purchase,fabrication,

or assembly of components, subassemblies, and full . assemblies.

2.5.11.2 Item II - Hardware.

2.5.11,2.1 Biomedical subsystems shall be produced as further defined

in'this paragraph' to satisfy the requirements of the program as

enumerated in Section 1.0 of the Work Statement. Biomedical ibmasmary

Capsule assemblies phall be fabricated with the necessary spars units

2.5.11.1.7 Data Reduction. Machine analysis of telemetered data will

be performed.
and test articles to support a series of five flight experimental pro-

-grime indicated in the following tabulation.

SHOT PURPOSE ANIMAL INFORMATION AND INSTRUMENTATION

A Survival and Recovery (4) Mice

(4C-57)

Temperature, total pressure,

oxygen bottle pressure, acceleration, noise level, humidity, viability, cosmic radiation

B Survival and Recovery (4) Mice Same -as A

(4C-57)

C Survival and Recovery (1) Rhesus Same as A plus psycho-operant task

Monkey

D Survival and Recovery (1) Rhesus Same as C

Monkey

E Survival and Recovery (1) Rhesus Same as C

Monkey

.—.1

2.5.11.2.2 Ground described in Paragraph 2.5.11.1.6

shall be produced.

4

support equipment, as

2.6 COORDINATION OF SUBSYSTEM A THROUGH H WITH SUBSYSTEM I, "DATA

PROCESSING" SUBSYSTEM

•

In order to ensure optimum design and development of the complete WS-117L

system and the proper meshing of applicable portions of Subsystems A

:through H with Subsystem I, the Data Processing Subsystem, LMSD and the

Prime Contractor SS/I will collaborate to make arrangements for a suffl-

..

ciently fall and timely flow of information from each project to the

other and from each set of subcontractors to the other, as their work

affects the interfacial areas. They will jointly arrange orderly means

to . bring to light any divergencies between the two parts of the total

program, to effect the best possible compromises as they'are needed, and

to refer to the Government Contracting Officers (IMSD to HMO and Prise

Contractor ss/I to RADC) ior decision on any questions that canmot be

-,
ATER 58-4

2.2.2.6 Visual Surveillance Program 

2.2.2.6.1 The Visual Surveillance Program consists of the development

of a continuous surveillance system at ground resolutions equal to or

better than that obtained with the Advanced. Visual Reconnaissance Program.

2.2.2.7 Ferret Surveillance Program 

2.2.2.7.1 The Ferret Surveillance Program consists of the development

of a surveillance type ferret as well as a Quick Reaction Capability

(qpc). It will be an integrated ferret system that provides the capsbility of varying the frequency bands and other signal parameers of

interest by command through the ground-space communications link.

'2.2.2.8 Biomedical Recoverable Capsule Program 

2.2.2.8.1 The Biomedical Recoverable Capsule Fiogram shall have the

dual objectives of gathering biomedical data and establishing successful'

re-entry and recovery from orbit of selected living specimens. •

•

11 •
*4144 itt:a;

L •

2.2.3.12 Biomedical Cqpsule (Subeyw.em L)

2.2.3.12.1 The Biamedicel Prairen catmints of a satellite-borne capsule,

ettitable vertebreGe epecIneni and eguipnent that will collect and transnit biomedical data by telemetering and ensure successful specimen

survival after re-entry and recovery from orbit.

ANNI•11•111111n11111M.

I

2.2.3.13 Personnel Subsystems. By definition, a personnel subsystem exista

Osnaver any of the above subsystems, or the booster subsystem, requires

the interaction lof personnel. A properly designed personnel subsystem

consists of the following components: (a) Rumen engineering to insure

optimum man-machine compatibility. (b) Determination of the kinds and

numbers of personnel required to operate and maintain the associated hardware subsystem. (o) Training and training equipment required to obtain

Suitably trained personnel. (d) Appropriate personnel supports in the

 torn of technical manuals and other job aids.

-12b distinguish betveon personnel subsystems developed for Contreetor

Ipersonnel in contrast to Air Porci personnel, the terms Vontrector

1Personnel Subsystems" and "Air Force Personnel Subsystems" are wed.
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE

WASHINGTON 25, D. C.

28 February 1958

MEMORANDUM FOR: SECRETARY OF TOE AIR FORCE '

SUBJECT: RECONNAISSANCE SATELLITES AND MANNED SPACE EXPLORATION

Reference is made to the Air Force Proposal for Accelerating military

reconnaissance satellites and outer space vehicle projects discussed in

your memorandum dated 12 November 1957, and your memorandum of 1 February 1958 requesting that continuation of the Air Force military reconnaissance project be clarified.

I have reviewed your proposal in consultation with the Director of

Guided Missiles, The Special Assistant to the President for Science and

Technology, and the Director of Central Intelligence. In our review we

have been guided by the following general policy considerations:

'The Department of Dt.fense must be alert to avoid within and

between the services any unnecessary duplication of military and scientific space projects. even though some degree of risk is thereby involved,

in order that funds and other resources may be available for the large

variety of absolutely essential programs.

The scientific and engineering capabilities of each of the military

departments must be used with maximua effectiveness and efficiency. No

single military department should be'overloaded with too many high priority,

crash programs. • • •

c. In addition to its missile programs, the Air Force is responsible

for the 117L Advanced Reconnaissance System and has a recognized long

term development responsibility for manned space flight capability with

the primary objective of accomplishing satellite flight as soon as

' technology permits. It is important to achieve an adequate concentration

of effort and energy within the Air Fbrce on these programs with a

minimum diversion of • attention and of resources to.lower priority projects.

3. On the basis of the foregoing general considerations as well as of

more specific technical judgments, I have arrived at the following con- .

elusions on the points raised in the two above referenced memoranda.

.a. The ATLAS 117L project should be accelerated and carried forward

under the highest national priority in order to attain an initial operational capability at the earliest possible date.

b. The proposed interim reconnaissance system made up of a Thor

booster combined with a second stage which carries a lightweight payload

in the form of a recoverable capsule, duplicates rather than complements

the ATLAS 117L capability. The interim system would give only a small

improvement in time over the ATLAS 117L. Moreover, the successful and
. continuous operation of a recoverable reconnaissance system, with the

attendant requirement for search, appears infeasible from a practical

and useable military point of view. Accordingly, the development of

the interim system should not be pursued.

In order to attain early flights'of the Lockheed vehicle to

be employed as the second stage in the 117I, system, it maybe desirable

for the Air Force to plan for test firings of this vehicle utilizing a

TEOR booster, since an adequate number of these less expensive boosters

can'be made available for this purpose sooner than the ATLAS booster

will be available.

I understand that a THOR booster with a suitable second stage

vehicle may be. the most promptly and readily available device for

experimental flights with laboratory animals The development of such

hardware is authorized, including provision•for the recovery of the

animals, in furtherance of the objective of manned satellite flight.

8/ Roy Johnson

DIRECTOR, ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY
*DOOM UM 10

COMMANDS& AMC MTN

air

MUM SUM MI KXC1

Mallow AM Sloe

WeAktego U. O. C.

111ADQUAlTlIti

AIR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPLIENT CetOIAND

SUBJECT: (u) 9xpport of Bioastronautios Program

TO: Commander

Air Pore* Ballistic Missile Divisive (iRDO)

P. 0. Box 262

leglewood, California

In partial laplemeatatioa of the authority greeted umder

paragraph 3d, Memoramdum for the Secretary of the Air Poise from

the Director, Advaaoed Research *ejects Agemay, MD, 29 February

1958, subject, 120001111111.$14111041 Satellites :ad Mbilmod Apse Ixploretime," and is the interests of an ezpolitieue start te the investigation of the blemedisal aspects of noosed spored flight, it is

desired that stops be takes to isolude bisestreasitio0 support as a

seeondary objective in frma three to five if the gamed 22061-

boosted 118-117L Mitts which are sehodaled to begin ia Nsvembor

1958. (810RW---

To provide you with 'ax in-house primary biomedieml technic:al ooppetense and authority, Brig. Cameral Don Ilishimger is If

now assigned the additional duty of .8peoill Assistant to the Conn

mender, ATM for bioastmauties and as sodh will be reopomsible

for the direction and ceordinatioa of all the biomedical eopeets

of projects assigned to your argenimatioa. In addition, tae biemedioal project officers ire being permansetly assigned to your

Spree Systems Division to provide necessary toohniet1 *empties*.

on a matinuing basis. It is expected, of course, that you will

also make use of other oompetent Ladividuals and groups in the Air

Beeearch and Dowel t Command and elisibere in an advisory role"

as needed.

•

' 3. In order that this biomedical work will interfere as

little as possible with W8-an deralopnent and testing, control

of all aspects of this work will rent with your organisation.

It is further desired that in the interest of conserving time and

reeouroes, the AIM will, insofar as possible provide support to

this work within the existing NS-117L contractual structure. (-8)-

DOWNGRADED AT 3 YEAR !7.77.71/VA

DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 YEAkS.

' C8-1.20892 DOD DIR 5200.10 . ,• •

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B/L to AFBMD, Subject, "(11) Support of Bioastromantice *wee

4. I an directing the necessary action to provide as additional

budget authorisation and allotment at $449,000 of 71 1958 26600 funds

to your organisitite to cover the biomedical aspects of the efforts

already underway la the WS-117L Program. BA addition, $100,000 hen

been transferred from the School of kviatisa Wit:eines' resourees

(lime 780•4951) to your organisation. (umuumams) • •

,

5. It will be necessary for yom to take statism to insure that

ARPA programs additional 7! 1959 !wad of B11 tines 06600 AAA 7-600

Operation end ftnagement; and nos-P-600 fade) to mew the moot of

ocatinued effort is the W8 -117L Biomedical Asoevesekl ► Capsule 'Atteity. The 71'1959 7-600 RID funds to be pregromms$Ver this purpoee

'total $6 miIliOe and will cover the cost of e>it, itseiga mod •

fabrioatice at the recoverable capsule, animal ocetaiemrimstramentstion and telemetry, associated ',ewer, evaipment, somdm:t of the

recovery operation OA* The 17 1959 regeittmeate fay 7400 Operation

sad Bhasgemosset raja and eels-P-600 funds has* mot /BO oettattekled as

losame9-

ar.

•

lente.swinie

AID. as ao.
Missile Systemi Division * Sunnyvale, California

6 May 1958

In Reply Refer tos

LMSD/56989

WS117L/32

Subject: Contract No. AF 04(647)-181

Biosatellite Flight Program Plan

To: Commander

Air Force Ballistic Missiles Division .• Hdqtrs., Air Research and Development Command

Attn: Col. F.C.E. Oder (WDTSR)

P. O. Box 262

Inglewood, California

Reference: (A) AFBMD TWX to LMSD, dtd. 11 March 1958, (LMSD/37894)

(B) Letter Contract AF 04(647)-181, dtd. 25 January 1958,

(LMSD/37125)

The TWX of Ref. (1) from AFBMD to LMSD redirected the efforts of thb

117L program under the letter contract Ref. (2) to include biosatellite' flights

as secondary objectives of the Ilk (Thor Boosted) portion of the program. This

redirection has eliminated the requirement for development of a system suitable

to the recovery of photographic film from an orbiting vehicle and replaced it

with the need for developing a modified recovery technique appropriate to the

support of the aeromedical explorations to be conducted in consonance with the

new secondary objectives of the,program.

Prior to the redirection of Ref. (1) a division of responsibility

between prime and subcontractor had been established and a work plan approved

by the USAF for accomplishment of the film recovery program. The change in the

recovery aspect of the program has required a redetermination of responsibilities

for the prime and subcontractors in accomplishing the redirected work and has

been defined by LMSD, based on discussion"with members of the •USAF, as follows:

LMSD will assume over-all system responsibility for all biosatellite flights

incorporated into the flight program. As weapon system contractor LMSD-will

determine the general specifications for the subsystem, the general manner in

which the subsystem will be developed, the integration of the'subsystem into the

program, and will select for approval of USAF subcontractors to be used. Supporting studias and developmental investigations will be made as necessary to establish

technical validity of design and feasibility of intended flights. All .phases of

the program attendant to the operational' recovery are considérdUthe-responsibility

of USD. It is intended to augment the capability of IMO by the use of snbconDOWNGRADE() AT 3 YEA;; !NTE2v3;

DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 VCAR6. •

DOD DIR 5200.10

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tractors so as to permit the moat expeditious achievement of the program. SUbcom.

tractor efforts v111 be:

Design and construction of the re-entry shell.

Design and construction of the biosatellite sealed

capsule including all necessary environment control

and life-support components..

Experimental animals and training as approved by

the Air Force.

Biomedical data sensors, processors, and on-board

recorders as approved by the Air Force.

Design and construction of recovery devices on or

in the biomedical capsule.

Teat program for proving satisfactory performance

of the biomedical capsule.

'Design and construction of ground support trailers

for biomedical capsule.

•

The weapon system contractor recognizes General Electric's paramount

position in this field and concurswith the Air Force direction that General glec•

trio be made sole source subcontractor to assist in accomplishment of tasks (a)

through (f) listed . abore. A separate subcontract will be established for accomplishment of task (g).

It has been requested by the USAF (meeting at LMSD between representa•

tives of AFBMD, HORNE, and LMSD) that the aeromedical payload be included in the

2nd flight of the IIA (Thor Booster) program scheduled for December 58. It is

recommended that the incorporation of this AM payload be withheld until the 3rd

flight scheduled for January 59. It is further recommended that the total namber

of biosatellite flights be five with a possible sixth with a flight position as

shown by the following schedule. •

- This recommendation is based on the indication by USAF that Thort

boosted flights in addition to the ten presently programmed will be required to

complete the USAF objectives and therefore would permit later scheduling of bi.osatellite flights. This will permit better utilization of the early flights to

the accomplishment of the program's primary objectives, namely "proof of the

basic 117L vehiOle". The schedule proposed would be as follows:

Flight . 1 2 3 4 5• 6 7 8 9 10 .

Month 11/58 12/58 1/59 2/59 3/59 4/59 5/59 6/59 7/59 8/59

Obj. 117L 117L . AM 11Th 117L AM or AM AM AM AM

11Th

Engine JP4 ( UEMH '

Fuel

Eteolittok Ware

v""!!"""r lh
-1 )

5 . On the basis of previous discussions with members of AFBMD and on

the , assumption of your concurrence, LMSD is'proceeding to establish subcontracts

in - accord with the definition of responsibilities as stated above. Early Approva

of the schedule shown herein is requested to permit its immediate incorporation

r into the program.

..1

.

r

JHC:FWO,O:sg

dc: Deputy Air Force Plant Representative

Sunnyvale, California

J. H. Carter, Manager

X& Weapon System Branch

I •fr

de"..t."-AIR11110Savasm.

LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION

MISSILE SYSTEMS DIVISION
OFFICIAL FILE COPY

DATE OF DISPOSITIOM

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SUIVIZTI ;:catract alsaisiA)•441, 'Internal Air ram Hasp:deabilities

jangle:n*4 Bieeato/lite Preget=•

Lockheed Aircraft Jorparstion

Nissils t/yoUns Division

xast INS. J. Me aortal'

3251 Maurer Ctroet

Polo Alto, California

1. The follmaing Air farce internal apecanota ocomernint the

Dicoadallite Proven technical reemeibilitiee to be nacigned to

the (..lchicd. Aviatice Sadist* and the altaesumoutiss Division

Vanished tae your infaseatiem end goidance.

m. by Bloastrcsautice (ZAD) ken 'bow Ono

macavotal reepcosibiliter for all animal bincotallite proMee end will act co technical •iiiwatcr to the eentonotos• en hicresdinel aspects.

he Illanoclical ocasultatica will be 'misled to tho ;mosilem to' '; arcs oonsultenia. Deo at nese-Air Vane b-Latediaal wawa. te...ical win be 1-ald to an absolute minim= and coo at such acesultoctes when nooesmrf, will be epprom►d t Air VMS.

C. The 3chaa1 of *visit= !WW1= will provide to the ocar

traotort viA tho aleasstansetctte. DOleicn Vital sasseards, brcniaidal objectives and Units, experimatutal dmeigo. deta to be collected and technical annisdabes to be and. :fi r ti them art. traria effInet be provided in time to meet the oantrocter is deadlinect ?AD will initiate nation to aware mesh criteria from othor available

COMM •

4. The ;Dabaci cC *Viatica rail:eine will :moat cm biomedi- nal test promo* and ovelmate biegamiteal text resulte.

.

S. The ache& et Aviation tiedielne vill mad. oultirammae 2 bielbraieal and biamedioal technical etendards. lialsce mad eensult*.

' tics to the castreeter es these ere related to the hicaedioal mower

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Sbon 4-,Jos not ttuanqa Ma fact that Prnittnt

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SIGNED

Copies furnished:

AFPR, LMSD

ATTN: Mr. J. McLachlin

Sunnyvale, California

11111SL/BAD

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Camels 'XIX

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A 4. I

,- : .•• 14 r.i Ii-:: ;,1.11AAT.ON OF ifiS CON-
ITT FACILITY DUTATION

CTS:"*.traiT

FAIT.CM USE REIVIRKS.

11/0 trZiC0 5 1/2 Bra. 02 Regulator 96 Component Failure - Test aborted to save animal.

/bA9 nrmco 30 Are. Air Con. 96 Animal died - A/C did not function - R. Ti. & Temp

too high

G. E. (After Failure) stated A/C would not tunctio

vertical position. No mention of this limitation

by G. E. Rap. at time of tent. .

41/59 : • RAtC 23 fire. L/C Leaks

& Air Cond. 133

Animal died - A/C did not fUnction CVTD the unit

map horizontal - Cooler external test line freza

LIC Temp too high

1L/59 SAM 27 Pre 02 Reg. 133

•

02 Rog. bypassed after failure, no alt. or temp.

simulation - animal survived •

113/59 1 law 23 Hrs. None 133 Sled Rqn - no faibrres

22/59 VAEC 36 Ere. None 133 Alt. Chamber - no failures

3,V59 HOC 21a firs. Air Cond.

We Leaks 133

Animal died - L/b temp. too bight: CO2 too high -

Fan arm on lthrnct adequate

1/59 Imma 2h lire. None 133 Centrifuge Test - m failures
`11111,1!1111.,..1

171/1 ?no vsv

SMART OF TIFF: MIL STSTrri TEM ULM ANIMAL (COhleD)

. FACILITY DURATION

COMMIT

FAILUIr WS MARKS

.0/59 UAW 22 Urs. 'Os Ring: &

?nen Tubing

152 Test aborted to save animal - Alt. Chanter -

Lost L/C Press. 'Ow Ring & Tyson Tubing leaks

15/5'.9 nac 19 Rrs. D/B Valve Leak 152 Animal Died - Alt. Chanter - nitrogen buildup

the to failure to purge after air value lee,: repair

21/59 ITA.DC 25 Hrs. Nye

•

133 Sled !tan No ?allures

I/59 VA.7B

. •

2/ lire. Pyrosaritah

02 Reg,

'5/59

152

Alt. Chamber m Test aborted to ewe animal -

Press km.. Pyroswita blew on Inotln.

switching evorto.rocovery mode

no 21 Rm. Air Cond.

Sintered Mites

1$ Alt. Chamber - Test aborted to save animal - CO2 & R. n. Teri high - EEC did not read out
:ORR R. V. DICKSON

Colonel. USAF

Asst Deputy Commander.

DF, RDTHA to WDTS, Subject: Biomedical Aspects of the Ballistic Miss:

Ground support equipment and other unique requireme:

logical specimens.

Behavior conditioning and performance measuring req

USAF School of Aviation Medicine

Recommendations concerning instrumentation of the bioloz.

Airomedical Field Laboratory (am)

Procurement, physical conditioning, maintenance, surfac

animals, and post-mission biological studies.

5. Previous instructions in conflict with the above can be cor

seded and no longer applicable to the biomedical program.

5 Inas 4

Cy ltr to WADC,

subj as above

Cy ltr to AMC

subj as above

Cy ltr to AFCRC

subj. as above

Cy ltr to Mr Univ

subj as above

5. Cy ltr to AFOSR.

subj: Announcement

of Desig & Org of

Off Sp Asst for BioAstr to DIG for

Ballistic Missiles,

JR=
MR RESEARC : ' • N •.•.• • • :PP.Art•r• f!frPtAANO

UNITC:1 • ; • :1 7

ANnw:•

ti., eortrr

WAS:-.01f. C../111 25. O. C.

RDTBA 0

SUBJECT: Biomedical %mots of the Ballistic Missile Program

TO: Commander

Airs, University

Haven Air Force Base, Alabama

Special Orders *umber A.920, Department of the Air Force,

9 May 1950, assigned Brigadier General Donald D. Flickinger, Staff

Surgeon and Director of Human Factors, gesdquarters WC, as an

additional duty, Special Assistant for Elio-Astronautics to the

Deputy Commander for Ballistic Missiles, AUC.

All research and development efforts, contemplating the

use of biological payloads on board missiles or space vehicles,

will obtain the coordination and- approval of the Special Assistant

for Die-Astronautics or his designated representative.

To provide the Ballistic Missile Division with timely life

sciences support in the coordination of nroourement data, monitorship of contractor efforts, and supervision of inspection testa of

.components of life supporting and bio-performance measuring equipment, technically qualified life sciences personnel will be placed

on TM' or will be assigned to the Ballistic Missile Division. These

personnel will be authorised to render decisions regarding the adequacy of life supporting equipment and other technical problems

concerned with viable payloads. This headquarters, '1)TH, will

be informed of all decisions in this area. In addition, a monthly

progress report on the development, fabrication, tasting, and ached..

cling of the life sciences portion of the program will be provided.

A significant portion of the nation's life sciences cepabil#y in support of spew; operations is contained in certain Air

Forme medical and behavioral soleness research and development

organisations. Certain of thee. agencies are hereby designated as

points of contact for, the weapons aystems management organisation

and sontractmrs concerned with development and fabrication of life

supporting equipment and life sciences exreriments. The desimation

of these units is for the orimary purpose of assuring that the contractor has the latest infornmtinn neat/Able for lnoorporatiln into

his design, and seoondly, to assure the fabriccted unit nests the

technical criteria as established by. the Air rorce. T%e.bloastronautical Cambers o • the Baristic Division wiAl

I
rr

JOHN R. V. DICKSOX

Colonel, 1! AF

ASIA Deputy Comlenter/RAD

1 Inal .

Cy ltr to AF7sE

fr ARDC ROTHA

wren, 8q ARDC, Subjoin] Blemedieel Aspects of the Ballistic Missile

Progrms

over-all approval and coordination at the life seism's aspeet of the

project. sit, in so doing, will sonoult freely and frequently with

the designated unite, assuring that liaison is being maintained with

the prime contractor and subcontractors on the technical biomedioal

and bio-performance problems associated with the projects.

a. Aeromedioal Laboratory (WAX)

(1) Determination of the biological adequacy of subassemblies, technical specifications for the internal life support

environment, and the normal technical development progrem remponsibilities of the laboratory for such environments.

Ground support equipment and other unique requirements for biological speeimena.

Behavior conditioning and performance measuring

requirements.

b. USAF Sebool of Aviation Medicine

Recommendations concerning instrumentation of the

logical subjects.

a. Aerosedioal Field Laboratory (AMC)

Proeurement, physical conditioning, maintenance, surface

recovery of animals, and post.eistion biological studies.

Previous instructions in conflict with this letter can be

considered superseded and no longer applioable to the biomedical

program.

Your concurrence with the provisions of paragraph 4, above,

is requested.

FOR THE COMMANDER:

2
ficA004+1rtelli

*rn INESEARC' 7. IDEVEL0 0./EMT COMMAND

UN1TF n TA"T9

' SS

RDTHA 6 JUN 1958

SUBJECT' Announcement of Designation and Organisation of.Officm

of Special Assistant for Bio.Astronauties to Dept,

Commando. for Ballistic Xissiles, ARDC

101 . Comisider

Air force Offioe of Selentifie Research

Washington 25, C. C.

Reference is made to ftragraph II, Ostlers/ Order Haab'? 1S,

this beedquarters, dated 22 Aar 1516. =Walt as above.

The Spaniel Assistant for Bio-Astrenenties, ballistie Kieft

silos Divisions or his designated representative, will assume final

teshnisal coordination responsibility for all biologlsal psyleads

plaeed ea board ballistic missiles and space vehieles. In order

that all biomedical and behavioral science experiments and tests

be known and appropriately coordinated and integrated with t'oe 200.

listie Missiles Program, it is requested Melt any research projects

under the eognisanes of yew office, mash as 'Piggy Seeks v Nate*.

plating biological payloads be coordinated with the above office.

7011 THE COMMANDER, ,

MIL V. DIMON

Colonel, USAF

Asst Deputy Commander/En
ADDRESS 'tin y IC

COMMANDER, ARDC. MIN

T k'''..tLk:744.7..: ,

HEADQUARTERS'

AIR RESEARCH -XN-11-11EVEIVPIVIENT COMMAND

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

Anciftwi Air Force Brie

Washington 25, D. C.

RDTH X2 August 1958

SUBJECT:.

Responsibilities of School of Aviation Medicine in the

ARDC Biosatellite Program, Subsystem L WS-117L

TO: Commander

. Air University'

Maxwell Air Force Base

Alabama

Pursuant to the directive of the Commander, Air Research and

Development Command that all USAF biomedical xesources be used in support of subject program, agreements have been reached between representatives of Headquarters Air Research and Development Command, Headquarters United States Air Force, Air University (Headquarters School

of Aviation Medicine), Air Force Missile Development Center, and Wright

Air Development Center, concerning technical responsibilities to be

assigned to the School of Aviation Medicine.

As the result of the meeting referenced in paragraph 1, the

inclosed statement of pOlicy is hereby published as Supplement No. 1

to the letter from this headquarters, RDTHA, dated 6 June 1958, subject:

Biomedical Aspects of the Ballistic Missile Program. Provisions of

paragraph 4, referenced letter, in conflict with policy letter for subsystem L, will be disregarded.

FOR THE COMMANDER:

/

ki

1 Incl

Supplement No. 1, Hq ARDC

Letter, 6 Jun 1958, subj:

Biomed Aspects of Ballistic

Missile Program, 8.Aug 1958

ra

(S)

DOWNGRADED AT 3 YEAR INYEKVALS/

DECLASSIFIED AFTER 12 siEARS:,

DOD D1R '5200.10

••1 I • I

• , ,2
8 August 1958

SUPPLEMENT NO. 1 TO HQ AIR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND LETTER RDTHA,

DATED 6 JUNE 1958, SUBJECT: BIOMEDICAL &SPECTS OF THE BALLISTIC MISSILE

PROGRAM

Policy:

1.1 The United States Air Force is responsible for establishment

of biomedical criteria for subsystem L capsules and specimens. The

managerial responsibility for all animal biosatellite programs rests

within the Bioastronautics.Division (BAD), Air Force Ballistic Missile

Division, Hq ARDC. The United States Air Force will specify environmental standards, biomedical objectives and limits, experimental design,

data to be collected and technical approaches to be used.

1.2 Biomedical consultation will be provided to the maximum by

in-Air Force consultants. Use of non-Air Farce biomedical consultation

will be held to an absolute minimum and use of such consultants, when

necessary, will be approved by Air Force.

1.3 Air Force will apt as technical director to the contractor an

biomedical aspects.

Function:

2.1 The School of Aviation Medicine will provide to the contractor,

via the Bioastronautics Division, criteria noted in paragraph 1.1, above.

2.2 The School of Aviation Medicine will consult on biomedical test

programs and evaluate biomedical test results.

2.3 The School of Aviation Medicine will provide continuous biophysical and biomedical technical standards, liaison and consultation to

the contractor as these are related to the biomedical success of the experiment. Any changes resulting from this liaison which would affect

cost or time expended by contractor must receive prior approval by

BAD.

2;4 All other decisions relative to test responsibility and conduct

engineering requirements, scheduling, time and costing functions and

general welfare of the program will remain with BAD or their properly

designated representatives, and BAD decisions are final.

2.5 Whereas contractor costs will, be supported by AMID (Hq ARDC),

those costs and manpower requirements such as TDY, materials, transportation, labor and parts, lndurred by the School of Aviation Medicine

in the implementation of. this policy will be borne by the..School of

Aviation , Medicine, Air University.

C8-61,173
2.6 This policy becomes effective immediately. If the requirement

for criteria referred to in paragraph 2.1 cannot be provided in :time to

meet contractors' deadlines, BAD will initiate action to secure such

criteria from other available sources.

2.7 Direct contact is authorized between SAM and contractor; information copies will be provided to BAD.

DON FLICKINGER

Brigadier General, usu. (m)

Director•of Life Sciences

C8-61.172

WD - 58 - 05560

I
FUNCTIONAL STATEMENT

DIRECTORATE, DISCOVERER SATELLITE SYSTEM (WDZSD), OFFICE OP THE

ASSISTANT DEPUTY IMMANDER, SPAN- SISTEMS •

•

Responsible to the Assistant Deputy Commander, Space Systems,

forthe integration of all research, development, and teat aupeote

of the Discoverer Satellite System. Responsible for the determination of detailed. performance specifications, pertinent physical

charaoteristies, and essential functional criteria necessary to meet

.developmental or operational requirements. Monitors and/or co-ordinates

the actions of Oil other participating AFEMD agencies in the prepare-

.tion of detailed preliminary planning data, the production of develop'

went plans, and the formulation of work statements essential to the

integration of all dlementa of the Discoverer Satellite *stem, to

respond to specific Department of Defense and Air Force directives

and requirements pertaining to the Discoverer System. Develops and

maintains'a Closely oo-ordinated time seheddle'for all directorate •

activity to insure that meaty progress in the system is maintained,_

and to permit the most effective expenditure of resonrces by identifying those areas whicherequire timely attention. Evaluates contractor

proposals. as'appropriate. Prepares and forwards reports as required. • Directs and co-ordinates all MUD and Contractor activities as appropriate for and pertaining to the development and teat of the Discoverer

System to insure the orderly and timelyschievement of an operatic:v*11y

suitable and reliable system.

Coordinates thaactions ' of all agencies participating in and

aupporting . the development and teat of the Discoverer System, including

the MEM, AMC Centers, other AF COMMIUXis U. S. Navy, and U. S. Azure

.

tr:-.0//./5./7"

•
TYPIST INITIALS PERMANENT

TEMPORARY

wDZO/Col Oder/1522

Hanegement of DiScoVERER timed/ea/ Prcgram

OCT 26 1959

There have been a SWIM of memoranda from various sources on

the above 8*a.

The disagreement (as to whether or not a certain test was needed)

arose I believe, largely because of misunderstanding and with those

directly concerned I/441y scattered about the country at the time

the matter came up.

3. Generally speskIngain the object program WDEPX .serves as 0 glib.

Art* menages supporting WDZSD. Ihe arrangement has worked fairly

veil until the item cited In per 2 OVOIO, and wills I 'believe continue

to be "Motive.

it. Mile this current feeble. bas been resolved, I Mai as a neater

ago/lay support the view the* the Director, DISCOVERER Satellite

System is basically reeponsiale tor the quality of all aspects of

the MIACOVERXR Pragrma andvacmottlingly• must have the authority

whieh is required to meet the reeycesibility assigned to him.

SIGNED

YRIERMIC C. X. twit Copy to:

Camel, USAF WID ►RD

Assistant Deputy Commander- MPS

Space Systole WDZI►

COORDINATION SHEET

1

1

j"r(s1 C OORD IN AT ION

,t,/./16/.7" 
Vekt3117/ iesril;

r2oNy --`;%ple• • 
AlliMINNIMMOOF

SEE DOCUMENT NO 167

for original

APPENDIX 8:

This Launch Data Digest VAS Appendix D of several Lockheed

Aircraft Corporation reports, but they reflect corrections

made by Space and Missile Systems Organization's Historian,

and the addition of information on the two last launches.

CLASSIF:CATION OF THIS 03CUMENT

WILL BE DOWN GRADED TO /IAUP0'.4 REMOVAL OF ENCLOSURES.
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SECRET

LMSC 445936-60/61-70

APPENDIX D LAUNCH DATA DIGEST

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SECRET LNISC 445936-60/61-70

APPENDIX D LAUNCH DATA DIGEST (Continued)

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latada •••••••••1 ttrat UMW. .10 des Istatalla•. smuts. 01•100•1 401/0001 lst Oat 3-01 mtilleata 4.111.11.. N.aIS 4. 

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•

LMSC 445936-60/61-70

APPENDIX D LAUNCH DATA DIGEST (Continued)

,o 16. a0 1600 Maws

MCl/ MAUL

1.0111

1101111 Pa WI 110

& 7114

• MI=

OMNI

04111113 7711

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.c

-
SECRET

LMSC 445936-60/61-70

APPENDIX D LAUNCH DATA DIGEST (Continued)

• , MAN UAW

NSW le. MO NM= tag AID IA =Oa AINNUI I= DIALTAN AN

AO Walt ". 1994 IL MIL-: MUMS MI .1433!3 BIRELMICO NAM 7sge/N17M1

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.7

SECRET

LMSC 445936-60/61.70

APPENDIX D LAUNCH DATA DIGEST (Continued) •

IRIELL /UMW rob Ao slaw.

.11E-SMS. 1998-

usnem mime

.min COOL. Mt

/6112191l as

Gm • 6121-

MORS MCA DRO.PCROVI

Of Lit 15

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ththat eithal ands/ at t.th drsaltrr.

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ththol.

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row taa./70100

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•

LMSC 445936-60/61-70

APPENDIX D LAUNCH DATA DIGEST (Continued).

ii604.111

Isix646-61

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Au-1 Tr. NALL. to 1114. latolasoa

oa.

mai ataa Wawa. la des Ma madam Mafia la 11111.1' INA ma to !al Pam maw .4- Oslatro scot I'm twain. 01.0-1 last a••• lonliatta 71811 dog mouotost.7 rr cols so.oriostr3 0.05:4

moo ono 1.17507. /alas fo.00 oda ana a• to paella Napa 010.7 - dooliats• naltat dal. Amor. 1111.41 1.4. **alto ea attaas mat epee. 4/22422 Sem

esseata4 2=2.20122 OS. tra goo an Om mat al as aoseror all taw ••••01 W alma Mak wasttomast. AU ILO/ asloaatas

AVM atgalt. Isarraerd

•••7014 eArritra ala meta Lama sraa lab alt.

. . •

Plat 5-01A. aftelatas MOW • alms rasa *leas, goal saw :700=1

tro1 Ages!7•1-_730 •••• as lath wawa • rat atonal was eV wIta• Awl fro 1.M Iv.

.718011881 plame• as. ~at Mat.

- 37
LMSC 445936-60/61-70

APPENDIX D LAUNCH DATA DIGEST (Continued)

RCM UP= "

IUNT MU NO 161011. 160 OAR Ale WO% CAN= TM RM* Li

UAW sow wt. S S r7 JAMS& macs atoms 11130001.17L0 aigusEutrax ALE4 jaws&

07 11/1156 I 7-77-ye '7.. 6114 - On. lAnw t11/64. at tomotoo lona& a ttroi ottotot AtinotRo 111 do

61413641 133313 47 m171 .75 d *a a. ondo1 111-71014/01 re

M 1.1n1.147 11114

1104 Moat sham WU. AltItn6. 115.170 ft rata* oretot pllsn KW,* *Woe*. n .0. h41 ow* al toot* &Mt*. OdUnota on 71.1 ..0

U trol000t moo. WA so- Iro•atrtaltit GARR 14.016 *oda*. Moro** Ibrlads *.711 Ida ords*, ant odd. ant arbItal hotpot 177.0 on tons RR.** ol..oasto. 411 401.111 Ad.! as 1.17 *Melo ald-artaas dortderd Rd** to skirls

atostat objwillos. Cope& olositm a* aetia1 roam* so 1100 nnoNattan.

hi Unria 1 0-1-61 1.. 0174.- Us. foow4 6.016 aastlgaraUts. Loa* aosionand as Nomad Utwatbr lir.a

101016.17 187.77.31urs0 ram- barer. dratialla •oalgrot suadd. SW* Jori lta*. ft

188 or, to Rob at am* Mops asolllsIlaso. tamed sao..11.1.1 irit, Ma 10 et Una %WSW 3. tro atilt. amoeba. Inaba. Om as- loodtaulas. 117.31 11.1 pretol 1171 from ELF4, Simmietattp 0.6141 rosultlaa br 111007 010 141110 /CR ols sub 71100 pm mole. Oa. Felted 177.7 an tool pm prorawar LIIIMOint bps.. Rea an lnapralt* Owl* otter : llitatt. tolandoll Ryas

1144 tadranttlas at .....1 gas d001 641 *Mt kW- tat to aandorad e111 *dm. Ortillal portonase FooMol

.• as mottofootwo.

be WIMP 1 641-60 Ina 1224 - So. Roam ta UR. Lass* nrolnatoi an .wand *lords 131711 .• 101366-13 1111004 Z4s/ maw {bop. /Ulan of 3-01 *Knobs 171.1 rob =taws *mad us- 5.10.071. ZOO r1R 4. aoliallas It tint .mama..lanbasUaor Mt 64 11.7.1 band Ora @Mood. lboantolodoo 0.0161 Ana mat Napa asolllUas PetlaAs 50.71 .1.

Nautut. 1ord+11* hefts. 111.1 *

promoon 8.00111 tattoo* lo Arno* 30.7 as rbtsal lajoattas. 1614 taddnon adaro rondtal la anon in orladdy, altilnio, ad alarndlon CUPS rat a* do alsatoond at as sr. bat lid* Attemi madam, 4047 fru tbre mind.. OdAtturgornedo e wa/MA . h000sotri/ rap:la *nails - *Ka orlooy aroma ..71.0

• eta ..bir..

U.10/164 S 74-60 7.0. 1114. 6 Rm. 1.111.47 an float savaddsao. /UMW 177 it

&WM 1.1.17,3.01 or.nq. 6164 Mud and wood =mot. UtAtrals. 1114 as

FW 111 SAL .10. *wad * %Unary

6.701 I* plate *Idols an obit. a & bolloallow 4/.01 Ow too.darteslaombel.A. AA IFIPS017418,11-0117 yaw, .b.t.o.Urbotodlitair4. TR Ur. ' 74.141 lds }Mars sot Oho*, 401 hotted 106.6 at

0.6-.011.* Maus** WV.*Wog

11.1 - area al Ws at 111 *UM* AS* to welt attalionot 07 alma* aldoltion. Orbital ooritesome reprisal! Otte. tads*. *pole .....1.7 ..

: Paw 61. roarody oat sr. e•p11.014.

51. =MO I 7-1741 Tao in-L - Tod. Ito.. low* es OW attempt UV* 6/Awa6s 170 Ilag

11.5114-33 • UL64141/ Sonar as- *toot ornnths1 ad to Sod /UMW 110.1 as

FM Irmo, awl* *owe*, prod* *la pm- aldsol*, 21,166 11. 1711 'Mt. fur. WWI* allbta Ur kolAnoalawa 01.76 rhe NNW* sastrIsan aebalrard koadtrfallon 0.011 hi laa Mod* dg dr. kola* 11.1* ado toUarl Wool MU= On to belted its an mi.* problson •••n•4 *ad- *Yu

616 14 Nona woroUrl lo taab 1.0 an M haws at 14 1150717 apt= soloas61 ski* to mt.

sto). 1.4.7144 ***. *do souls. a* end mart. an Inbala soloototoso partann4 saUatart#117 la prod* .0. Haab troJaauey anallano fa/ orbital 1y. 00s. *MU RAN MUM* Vonslaandy

1..8 Die blibar Wm onoleral. Solleall* 0r mow le **stir *loot* 0 AR.. .." lnatolo M.O. ad to a11.46. star to la arrar la solioltt dooresas6 * oroolanordoo. lobogrotto srldnatiorb. At Aloud fa-et WS, sU wk.- aoldaros son Matted* 10.1. : srlo la roan stlairradt /t anton Ildort**.

SI 136/10. 1 61644 ion 141841 - Too. Mao. L." - 414.4 14**4 Old* Aoloatin 111.64 101014-56 U3440.01 Aortal wow. smottans earda11.0 *as Altlarlet IS so RR ory Arias 0164 /*odd nabliteala ea- Med*. 6.170 Oro alb 1.41.6 *mad pranabsolot. LRAM. botbasUssa 0.06 tog (10to1oo►). bdort, sdrarattas. awl wawa Imotrintlars 0.0161

snod. AU watola ter Portals 1431 atm

a partdonl nitlatint- tarts.. 111.1 ad at111torsto Root* *non& ARP*.. 131.6 *

trWootow atonal*. For orbital idiattlan, UMW/. trdsaUso ono* 1.1.1140 as tallanao 10 to *ono la */..Ian 6 no lor In alt11.6*

4.1 tag ols*Us SUCO pm

ok11•10.1 606 1n salnotb mos nab owls. 0161.1 nortorn. and nrwortollt oNlatodort uopl. 63/0 *elm mono

MLA sobnwoot lo 106 do.

*Wt..

- 38 --5
-a-ecriVE1- LMSC 445936-60/61-70

APPENDIX D LAUNCH DATA DIGEST (Continued)

MP= WINO IMO WOO VII 1111331. Ina Ma KS PLUM Cams tammow= MO MAIMS Ma. a. 125--- MEM -1-11IME MIELSIMILIEM 1, al8m rain'

/0:10774 .

OM% 1.4.114331$

0 11114P h 15441 1... .tad - los. hr. Lori* re Ciro atunot astosiio lit dos

WM-A 11301.17 aseut w. Orgrol 1410.0 111111 lit t.41 311..O.o, lat no MR own/ 6.44 ma. (lb otoorIn( aodoro or th.loo/sp Min 4.

1611. orbit. Meant. +en annotiliol.) Insliandamt fl.99 4.4 434 Mew. oolowittono Isow41.441 Low port- ontot000arity. fortain 51.41. 141:0 onoorron Ms 4. peva- Porto.. I1) no loos 64111.00. anti./ 34.14.o. 54 no .tau 40414 4 44orno 1.4340. Is 3-4 Ilmo-tn. fin or 174lloo.ta•bo-nobo4

13410011. sa..41-4stano tw4uo.4 ss314.4oartly. 10

tlio awIrse brat.. ay

pnpassla pew. yr h. 111-1 insibm dr so fool ft- 44103. 330illenot tentanal Ilinge• 4 orldtol L.

.. • • . .1••tts• (Am la wig. lea 4 gromml oildiro). 0•41.- 4 portonroo ow ootto. tao1.47. Ins4st4 roomy soroopIldwol.

Si Vann I 104641 Sr MD l/t. . ileditisi 3.43.3. lama on oo.olal oatanos. asylat Ire én

1101%11114,1 41311.39.10 14Novenron- Ttrot moons Nened One UMW.. 1U ea

RV al. Portood Selomirs, so. 344133. 0.333 t4

1.311 InblUalo 14044 Periods 135 ty •flpanor.• SL7-3 1.4 rolls. 210 on orftwo portomil orifrOrt, Sops )031)

alopir fatted. LItIott balinoolau 71.33 dog Craft 14.443.7 34444. 14443413. 0.441

WON

54 1335/30

40171435 •

11 1131/333

1110611-SS

fl 11/4/*

32016444 .

way. 160 vororroil dos to 4341134 nonuou. (14.* *4).

SIX! ssmi, •.4144

ariirtritary. LOA mi. oyob000 fonosSonad 4.13.401. 5-4l

611 osono dowlono

fro progoiont 44141sa (Am visor!). OSA at- tar! o•ttato•t.00p.

11 11-5-70 is 1414 - Tao Nov. lombri so 1511 44443. iol•ralial 1.1 /y

101008.01 /wig re. boot Otono ooKatootori. 4143.4. U3.3 ma 4.4 Arlie

NY Mid%

3.441.4 YOWL. Monism lopnratie ro ►. Nor%Voloritrt 24,130 4.

1.410Kima 10.111 41 pone 1441. 1.4 nola on- lloosonsiolion aft% 44 4.1114 prow 4e4e44 Pee& 10.70 Id.

!gonna inme. Oa. Porten. 130,1 ea

Kul portant/

yalltI

r Went.

Woomm7.1

*wet 155-.) •

..7. *yds 1/43,1a. rot .otoror7 a 4, 13 orbit.

1 tt-s-st 0. WA . fro Ism. 1. .4 an 1114 4344. AMMO. 111.1 we

1100451“U 1113 4r11 tar

WNW *MK Vs* {Mr atiotooso. Sop- arstfao ad .414111.1. %awls,. Me* fps 4.13..14. 11-54 dog

334.P44*. .. Ptrar"411.10113.8 8-33 marbooroolani Swaim r tx .p.441.4.4133foontl.' Um. 001%1 porrowame oat3otosta7• ft...6=W

Pada.. 13/.111 on

*gm 213.5 so 44314. •}notaao ant name?

op1.144 - Ka Isonoot on. 13134 Una oo dato.

5 10.0.1 be 1414 . h. lims. 11.0 141 on caret .141.1t. UMW*. 413.0 se

/MUSA NI

ib......ta

1.11.7 al. tow so MN

.1•14

Lima me 44141141 oPoil on ►..../. broom toknoary 54.44. ismo 4. 3.41.4.44 41.14 Imo

hordelfilire -OA relods SIM W.

Scotto. II) as

hoece. as .

hum a 4.11.65 am. Ping.

allot 441•3.11. IMO batono ottalsolne at rolairoi "dn.

1,7. CNA .0.•• wursw

am ataltob

dUlsera ....dr.raal."Its.

allissis 3.443.4 In &Oa 1/4433.no 44$31.4 to ow. 1.144 poreatora dm to anWatts. a III5-5 volinter do- nat.., nol MIA onillook wen1. Orgoltal loortoroonan 401r01'0 14.1.3.041 too pets* 43.11 ....mad. owl, 541447333434. Silo ono 44. *Wag 131.1011. NIA

molotry is AA rm. %re. dlorlog rotriona 4ton* Iv- loatel In Ur of beta.

I 12.10-61 Sr Alt.l. - Is. Las. irsostiad so Mel mums. 3143.14 1355 -

130001.41 bat Oa= odonnolo I. sotRN YAW re. .aeon lorias 336 WM.• Toloolon ISM° 34 141 1.4114 ICS as

lesoririsiVo Cala W aot morn oftooria. .1144434• ad 141% lama. 1453 404 44.1.4 Swam V. nowoolnol 4444 10..

!stirs. 711** Ira ask

at Iajeatam 00354/5 mow

the. 4411.1 prforaris

11r/d4 50.57 Ss 344.. 545 ....

a•s.. 41 m

=

sathem1ary.

oppoole 0...1...

MI atrial verporg Ns Oft

*rift.

3 9

•
LMSC 445936-61/61-70

APPENDIX D (Continued)

,elleu uDJJtat

?L1 IT NO. Alm $!DUAL ttD A1TZ Alm pt$f/t CSPNLU TTn IfUiCTta avo

LltOG *D? N0. M21RP3J ND. Tffi k llVOn Vt Mn JJlCo2RT' Y912C7.t elOA•uSS 2JICOn?OSA7iID rtlOVO DdoMR1a ON6ITAL`p'

59 1157/369 1 1-7-6) Tes ANT-L - 1.3. Pane L.ssbed on first att.pt, $.i.Iar Altitude, 125 ,,

eo)OSd4-57 1)09.49.06 S.. ,veo..ry p.rfarvn:e adeq ot. to p.0.14a rsloely, :5,7L5

PS? donne 65th near-n,,dn.l Coast apape eadi- 1ne1$.aU3n, 62. 21,

orbit. 1.1,50. 3ep.rati,n and toast phss. Rce•ntrtefty, 0.0167

naa^al. 9-016 •neinn pr,.idod Parted, 90.61

lnpalae f,, near-urinal orbital Pang.., 7:0 as

is)eetlon, .light path antis at Apse.., 257 a.

in^setton •llphtly Jeptiv..

S-OU orbital partsrenoae reportdly .oaati•factory duo to list125. saner .slfanetiao prior to

fifth orbit. Sace.aat.l ..peel•

. .3.e14e0 occurred en 65th erbfti

- - le,evar, re-entry eecorred not-

. ,-a .- aide 1.M planned era.. The cap.

sole Va. r•oo.end free the v.t.r.

60 1159/!54 5 246-41 Na ART - Pe Standard l olA ese•pt ter Lamah.d an neod atta.pt. lint

445936-59 1)46,)0.22 recovery extanaian of foevard rack attsupt meshed in tank 12 bePST to inoerporsu special cc " of difficulty vttb solid

payload. Pint PLO-26 boostir eireutry. On. hold inboeatar. posed (LI .in) tar 3-Ott aidiser puap probls. and rst.

al•sr.nce. Solid boost.. No. 2

tatlad to Sita at littaff and

did not )ettlase. Data indicate

solid ntor So. 2 van not elan-

. triaally camseted to tA, boosts •r and did not racily, a tiring

aipet. Lou of control occurred

a. a eens.gsencs of the tailor.

f 2e. 2 to ban sd resulted I.

tlt1bt terainatian and 319-26

breakup s1 a{grtldnataly T•127

..a. The w01A vebiele appar-

'ently »coined i.tsot until

5.219 i.e.

61 1161,/)60 4 3-16-4) No 432 (0r8) - Pir.t v.blel• to ban air- La shed on first atti.pt. Per- Altitude, 99.1 an

4459)6-$ 1313,00.90 5. recovery boric portion of 8rL paid- ty.thr•, .15 bold ti... Liftoff Delacity, 26,61)

PIT ae• spite. in 5-036 w- nor.al. 5.est.r ob3•ctfne

bide. Second TAT (SLV-26) achieved. 6-016 failed to at- Orbit .enditiens wra

haeetef. tat. orbit. Ls., of pnmretie nob .ttaiau•d. control .kortly aft.. a.pntto.

• dos:-ts.a..Ataatrda.l:.aldtll ttaa

(te.porary short in safe/arc

3-bee). Lack of rail et.trol

daring throat inar,al prsysnted

ppreaaps per •a POI.. Of pidi..

Pr•estw..d afdoan •f main.,

Wleh v.a indirectly eaaaslated

vlth the electrical onlfinetton,

precluded orbital .ataiu>,snt.

62 1160/376 5 4-1-63 Tea 612-1 - Ti.. Noon. Lanch an tint att.spt. N. Altitad•, 127.6 a

'445936. 60 1501a00j6 l.rlal.racer- holds Wooed. Ninety .1n delay relaity, 25,1)1.

PIT soy an 49th tins. Liftoff nor.al. Its-2 I.eUa.tlani 75.36 d,

orbit. psrtor..ne. eo11.nt. ,Sir- Saea,trieity, 0.0156

nainal coast pep• condition.. Period, 90.65

S-Oil aabsyat•.a taostiaed oat- Perip,, 127.4 a

iafactoril,. Mar-,,.loss tra- Apoper 256 an

3.etory conditions for orbital

.. iajection provided. On-orbit

problaue reported van, loss of

Ut.bset contr,l ps evidnnoed

by espa,entlal d.ee7 in sobers

pnseani .elfawtioa of singlephase 400•ops inserter evidenced

by low ovtp,t d.risg lacer re,-

olatlana. De•pit. the.. pebbles., .we•satul eapeel. •3eeaim and aerial recovery van

. -- *•... effected e. 49th orbit.

Launch on ..send att.ept. Pint Altited.n 161.0 an

oso,fdoan eue.ltsd bees.... of T leeitys 25,157 f

inability to actuate S-OP lit.- Inclination, --

boat aol.noid valve. Two hold. lee.ntricit7e 0.043

i.peaed in final neentdews for Period, 90.82 at

ran{• clearance (28 .in). 31.7-2 Parise•, 25 an

baa.t pba...atiataetory. Coat Apse.., ))O s

apse.• target Cedltlina uttstied. Sporadic 319-2 yea can4el

during initial 10 see of flight.

Incorrect 5-01.6 harfaca ..saor

blip ogle reauit.d in a .2.5 deg

flight path angle and a bZO .11•

dadatian in altitude at ini.etls,

Dental orbit not attained. Low

pens.. .,d positive flight path

engl• earned vahioo to re-sitar

during tIJ,,t revolution.

63 11111 72 1 4-26.63 .2 . £224. Neon.

233 ,27-11 - 1212,57.07 No raeevPST cry

* No. Auth: History Report

end Space Log

- 54 -
LMSC 445936-69/61-70

APPENDIX D (Continued)

MIMS IAMB .

PLIGHT 110. AND SELIAL PAD Hass AND MAIM C4P6012 1721 WIICrIne AND

WC ISNOT *O. NONIOR NO. TD Acirerrnexr AND mom =ICU Cum mama= ?LBW IMORNMPTION ORBITAL PAMAYSTMB

5 5-18-63 Teo Similar to None. Launched on fourth : attempt. Two Altitudas 75.25 r

1164. Low- coontdawne an 7 Nay and 8 Nay Velocity: 11,830

err on 33rd cancelled became of exceasiva Inelinatian: 76.61 d

orbit. upper air winds; one an 17 Nay Eccentricity: .02717

, cancelled because of quention- Period' 91.188

-. able integrity of 8-01A prima- Perigee: 85.1 no

cord. Two holds in final cunt- Apogee: . 282.0 n

r • - doom (23 min). Liftaff and boost

vbs.:: normal. Nearly exact coast

apogee conditians attained by

SLI-21. Guided:* of the S-01A

: c vehicle leas accerate than pre.

dieted. Injection errors in altitude, flight Path angle, and

inertial ooloolty otoultod in

deviations tram nominal orbit.

After injection, removal of

power to graand guidance beacon

and application of power to ply.

load (D-timer events) did not

accords. to an apparent :hart.

Attainment of orbital mission

' were thus precladed.

 Vehicle t000noo after 33 orbits.

Is 6-12-63 Ins ORD payloads IS. missile-berm guidance Launched an second attempt. Altitude: 107.9 to

1656338.03 recovery en system in 8-011 vehiela. first countdown cancelled in velocity: 25.765 1

PDT 65th orbit tentimel count bacause of difti- Inclinations 81.8) de

cultism with smat engine slew Eccentricity: 0.01851

chocks. No holds in final east- Periods 50.79 Id

down. A large roll torque in Perigees 106.6 ne

SUP-2A within first seconi after Ammer plico an

liftoff. Departure asimmth in

error by 5 deg. Trajoctary each

that it necessitated range safety

nsidor a deetrooro..

pr

to co

iate commends pre/ear

t. App

ly meented

to torroct error SU-21

a

 objoctIves subsequently &chivvied.

5-01A subsystems functioned satJ tfestarilla r. Ihthollektovoselett•

of control gut cansameduring

thrust Interval to overcome a

roll torque. Orbital performs:ire

satisfactory. Aerial recovery

an 65th orbit.

64 1165/364

►15936-65

65

dl

1161/362

DO305A-61

66 1166/381 2 6-26-63 ion Aerial re145936-66

PDT

1737:26.16 emery an

65th orbit

Altitude; 110.0 no

Tolocity: 25,732 tp

Inclination: 81.61 deg

Eccentricity; 0.01538

Period: 90.596 ni

Perigee: 110.16 on

AFWVOSS 221.1111 in

67 1432/356 1 7-16-43 Yes ANT-L. Similar to 1111

1030427-12 1700110658 , aerial reFDt .every OS

65th orbit.

•

Latch an second attempt. Pleat Altitudes 110.4 am

attempt 17 July aborted - 321-2 Veldeity: 25;717'Am

*retreat receiver No. 2 ateero- Inclinations 82.87 dig•

al. No holds in final countdown. Nocantrioity: 0.0144

Lit tort animal. Nowt phase Period: 90.1:4 min

adage:de. abeental control Perigoe: 111.5 an

transients due to flight con- APePot 216 no

trot problem daring latter portion at boost. 8-01A easy*.

toms performed satisfeetorily.

An electrical short occurred

it separation - no apparent ef.

feet oxcart loss of link 2 TAt.

Orbital serfonunce reportedly

satisfactory.

•

4,1-
•

•

. lAUP21

f1.6212 WO. AID Ofnlii. POP OM AND PIMA& CAPS= TM

MCC Waif WO. PIM $0. flag 6022222=2. AND 5100112? MICLIt MANGO DIC01116 • 110 71.am DESCRIPTICO

Hod, 20,6K, ass

ripe: lt4.6 no

191.6 ms •

LMSC B030797

APPENDIX D, LAUNCH DATA DIGEST (Continued)

Mal,* ASV

gabITAL PARA0r5AS

66 1167/362 2 7-30.63 7., Art-L. lea -' assilb-borne portion of launched on first attempt. Na Altitudes p.y . ,

445236-67 1700126.0 *Arial ream- TOL guidance paten In- holds. Liftoff and umbilical Velocity; 3v.sga •,. MT try an 33rd stalled in 641A. . ejection normal. WISCO free Inclinations rt.,' *,..t

peen. propellant depletion. Eligat Coventriaitys c,-•;.

velocity deficiency. Subsequent Periods 94.1, es. pianos commande and 5-0IA Peripma PLO . 44 thrust compensated for the deft. Apogees 214.1 a .

oaleof. Control pm consumption

during threat interval greater

then expected - outrageous roll

torque toonterection. Orbit ob.

tabled bier nominal. Orbital

perfaamme of all evbeyeteme reportedly satisfactory. Seesawfel capfuls ejection, re-entry,

recovery on 33rd pass.

69 1162/3'1 h 6-24-6.1 Tts AST-L. Tee - Niesile• ►merse portion of Lounish on second attaipt. Ile Altitudes 111.2 em

6030564.62 1729158.13 Aerial ease.

Wel ground golden. in holds. first attempt ososselled Telocit.yg fi,far ry.

POT gay It 65th &Olt vehicle. at 7-2.6 we . defective relay ' Inclination. M ee ape

revolution. in DAC AOS engine Ignition cit. Saantricitys 0.015.1

•

entry. .Liftaff tone prenatal:el Periods 90. ti OILS

tallareUe lifter f normal. 66C0 Perigees 11.6, me

from propellant depletion (rimmed). &popes 21,0.)i se

All errand guidance dishretes

properly transedtted and executed.

laquired trans apogee conditions

provided by 6LT-2A. Orbit obtained

near nominal. Orbital performance

of all subeystage reportedly satisfactory. Capsule ejection, reentry and recovery at 65th roman.

ties.

70 1169/324 5 8-29-63 7... Art-L. Tea - liens Launch on first attempt. Ohs Altitudes 1613 SO

i45936-62 1331109.92 reopary on hold inroad (32 min) because of Telecityl 2%172 rye

202 6526 revelsWe.

intermittent argentite of a pees- Inclination' ILO.. end

sore snitch on launcher. Boost Cocectricitys o.greg•

vbsaa.aattarlatan..praber.v..0„ : Pagadg ..- 40.60 Mw.

apogee cooditials provided. 74. Perigees 161.9 me

•

8-01A snonalles evident during Apogee, 120.1 a.

ascent - an excessive warren

tragaidect at separation and a

delayed engine ebotarni. lie

damage from overent transient;

exams in imitation velmiSty n

tan from delayed shutdown. OP.-

Meal mission objectives satisfied.

Ti 1163/363 2 9.23-63 to „. ARA. Tee . Lomb on first attempts petal& Altitudes 96.85 at

h115936-63 1600100.20 on 49th revs- baptised - no usjor difficulties Volseityl 75.012 toe

PET .1.tive enemmotered. Liftoff mammal. Inclinetiong 71.512 Soo

lasator lmonch objectives *Otis.

¢ricity, 0.0171!,

fled. MECO by propellant taps- Periode 90. Of ate

tine ad planned; howenr, pro- Perigees Pt.: am

pedant utillaation .less than tbb Apogee, 1)7 na

ideal. 1-OIL subsystems performed

satisfatoraY to provide proper

orbital imjcatiOn conditions. Orbital pesto► meos reportedlr aattir5dtbit.-2416,34•1211 aerials

ejection, re-entry and aerial

reeovery on 49th reyelvtion.

12 1601/366 h 10-29-63 Tee 1s7.26 SOS glt11.6.1 112,1

503075$ 1319s03.72

1ST

on fifth day

•

40144147 , (5..1' r,• nalinatams 69.vit

ptrisitis 0.00414

r

le -1228r

-4444 -
1180/396 Pad t 1241.6) lee

1345141.7

ART-Li ne

Yes; Au

Mode• . 99.7 I.

*lenity 25,158 rpm

mlination &SS deg

eeentrteity 0. 71107

Period 89.98

P•rldna 99.5 lot

Aitclet 200.6 no

TS9030797

4

•

I

1----26 -4 -1......- WV,"

. 2412 4-2.01

J (A9 &valuation

1

Wigs &sport is.)

Laumebed as first attempt. Om held

:or mine. Litiott Dorsal. ItiC0

tram outdone* command. Stage II

soparotice ma noruml, bemover. duo

to a stem alaut.doon of the stag* 11

engine, the injection velocity man

slightly vaster than requited

Alt , . 101.1

Tel • ' E5.11).1

belt. 74.99

Seam 0.020)

Period . 90.26

Pert . 101 09

Apo •

,.‘,21.2.39

. '''.."•n•..

-73-

•

- 45 -

.. 9•15•46 7.. Ilessosets1 LY-24/31149194

1.10123.10. Air t000vory

38-0

Ostdaeao

PSI in L1

LMSC B030797

APPENDIX D, LAUNCH DATA DIGEST (Continued)

MULLS Leona

!MOOT WO. AND SERIAL PAD DATE AND CitalTAL CAIDULSTIP!

1213C MORT 20. ZEE& WO. TES ACHIVVID.SNT AND !MOM( MUCUS CH.CMSS IDC0R47RATgD FLINT DESCRIPTICV

73 imAloo 2 11-9-61 N. AST.1.1 no Bowler non -TAT;standard Launched on . Firs t attempt. Two

1c00967 1777154.51 28-011 holds for trains - eight sin.

PST Boost phase unsatisfactory.

Deterioration of flint% control

system at 'Celli s.e; Deviate leas

of control at Tolit etc. Deterioration of flight control preceded by Ions of main amino flan,

shield at liftoff. Exposure of

central system wiring to exceoolve

temperateree prohably responsible

for decay in control system performance. Si:paretion du, to

structural failure. Beth stages

tumbled but remained basically

Intact. Evidence of damage in

forward end of SLY-2 and payload

reparation from 29-014 SS-01A

sobs rater normal /Mil flight

terminations remained in standby

stairs after break-apart.

"-'19JECTIPN AMU

MULL MUIR=

•

Ti

20307E0 1172/406 PALO 1 11-29-63 Yes

Pad 1 131SrL0.1)

Arf-14 no Similar to 1171

•

first 'annoy er this configuration Altitude' 99.6 no

vehicle from PALO. Launch on first Teinclar 25.779 fps attempt. One hold for 12 min - Inclination, 69.99 deg range clearance. Error in count- Eccentricity: 0.01577 dawn procedure resulted in sows- yeriedi 90.17 min elan of tent pressurisation after ' Perigees 98.1 nn

26 -01A propellant loading. Boost gpede•p 211.5 hm phase satisfactory despite lower

strecteral strength of 5N-C1A.

Trajectory conditions near-nominal.

Longer than predieted SS -01A engine

burn duration becalw of low thrust.

Mission ob.lectives and near-nominal

orbit attained. Link 1 telemetry not

switched to orbital assignment after

injection. Orbital performance

reportedly satisfactory; however.

attempted recovery on Blot Tams

..ensietnassful.
Vehicle

Flt Serial Pad Launch Orbital

No. Number No Date Achievement

77 1175/396 PALC 1 3-24-64 No

Fad 1 1422:48.52

PST

Capsule Type: AET-L

No recovery

78 1604/395 PALO 1 4-27-64

Pad 4 1623:43.55

PET

Capsule Type:

No recovery

Progran 162 Vehicles Launched: 78

Vehicles Orbited: 61

Capsules Recovered:* 40

Air 35.

Sea: 5

•

* Four payloads,, three of which Orbited, were

nonrecoverable types.

Vehicle

Changes Flight

Incorporated Description

LV-2A/SS-01A First TAT

BTL Guidance in vesicle from

$S-01A PALO; Launch or

lst'atteppt; 3

holds - 20 man

total duration,

for LV-2A gyro

heater cycling.

Reclycling BTL

loop checks and

for evaluation

indicated SS-01

fuel leak; Boos

performance sat

factory; electr

al power proble

in SS-01A at VD

resulted in complete loss a

control during thrust interval; separation and ignition

normal; engine shutdown pre.

mature due to loss of contr.(

which coupled with mis-direc

tion of thrust, precluded .

orbit attainment.

Launched on fir:

attempt. Very

accurate orbit

was attained. I

SS-01A separatic

an electrical

overload of shor

duration within

the pyro distribution system, s

part of the pyro

bus power was

permanently lost

This precluded

recovery, backup

system, and research payload operations.

The satellite was satisfactorily deactivated on orbit T

and reactivated on pass 246.

Power depletion occurred at

Orbit 359.

Yes 16th TAT (LV2A)