COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

September 28, 2021

Sheila T. Reiff

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 

and RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2020AP1846-CR Cir. Ct. No. 2016CF264

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT III

STATE OF WISCONSIN,

 PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,

 V.

DUSTIN CLELAND LARSON,

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

APPEAL from a judgment and an order of the circuit court for 

Pierce County: JOSEPH D. BOLES, Judge. Affirmed. 

Before Stark, P.J., Hruz and Nashold, JJ.

Per curiam opinions may not be cited in any court of this state as precedent 

or authority, except for the limited purposes specified in WIS. STAT. RULE 809.23(3). 

¶1 PER CURIAM. Dustin Larson appeals from an incest conviction 

and an order denying his postconviction claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 
No. 2020AP1846-CR

2

He argues his counsel performed deficiently by failing to raise a duplicity 

challenge to the incest charge. We conclude that the law on this issue is not well 

settled. Consequently, Larson’s counsel did not perform deficiently by failing to 

move to discuss the incest count and we affirm. 

BACKGROUND

¶2 The State charged Larson with one count of repeated sexual assault 

of a child and one count of incest, each involving the same victim, and alleged to 

have occurred in the City of River Falls during the same three-year period. The 

victim, Belle,1testified that Larson had sexually assaulted her more than fifty 

times during the specified time frame in multiple ways and at multiple locations. 

During Larson’s jury trial, Belle described five specific incidents but also said the 

incidents were “blurred together” in her mind and that she could not provide more 

specific details of other incidents because she had repressed many of the 

memories. 

¶3 The circuit court submitted alternate verdict forms to the jury to 

determine whether Larson was guilty or not guilty of incest “as charged in 

[C]ount 2 of the [I]nformation,” without any further specification in the verdict 

forms or jury instructions as to where, when, or how the charged offense occurred.

Larson’s trial counsel did not object to the lack of specificity in either the verdict 

forms or the jury instructions. The jury found Larson guilty on the incest charge, 

but not guilty on the repeated sexual assault count. 

 

1

 This matter involves the victim of a crime. Pursuant to WIS. STAT. RULE 809.86(4) 

(2019-20), we use a pseudonym instead of the victim’s name. All references to the Wisconsin 

Statutes are to the 2019-20 version unless otherwise noted.
No. 2020AP1846-CR

3

¶4 Following his sentencing, Larson filed a postconviction motion 

alleging that his trial counsel had provided ineffective assistance by failing to raise 

a duplicity challenge to the Information, verdict forms, and jury instructions on the 

incest count. The circuit court denied the motion. Larson now appeals, renewing 

his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. 

DISCUSSION

¶5 To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant 

must prove two elements: (1) deficient performance by counsel; and (2) prejudice 

resulting from that deficient performance. State v. Sholar, 2018 WI 53, ¶32, 381 

Wis. 2d 560, 912 N.W.2d 89. We will not set aside the circuit court’s factual 

findings about what actions counsel took or the reasons for them unless they are 

clearly erroneous. See State v. Balliette, 2011 WI 79, ¶19, 336 Wis. 2d 358, 805 

N.W.2d 334. However, whether counsel’s conduct violated the constitutional 

standard for effective assistance is ultimately a legal determination that this court 

decides de novo. Id. We need not address both elements of the test if the 

defendant fails to make a sufficient showing on one of them. State v. Swinson, 

2003 WI App 45, ¶58, 261 Wis. 2d 633, 660 N.W.2d 12. 

¶6 Here, we conclude that Larson has failed to show that his trial 

counsel’s performance was deficient. In order to demonstrate deficient 

performance, a defendant must overcome a presumption that counsel’s actions fell 

within a wide range of professional conduct. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 

668, 689 (1984). “The question is whether an attorney’s representation amounted 

to incompetence under ‘prevailing professional norms,’ not whether it deviated 

from best practices or most common custom.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 

86, 105 (2011) (citation omitted). Counsel is not required to take action in an area 
No. 2020AP1846-CR

4

where the law is unsettled. State v. Hanson, 2019 WI 63, ¶¶28-29, 387 Wis. 2d 

233, 928 N.W.2d 607. 

¶7 As noted above, Larson contends that his trial counsel should have 

raised a duplicity challenge to the Information, verdict forms, and jury instructions 

on the incest count. The State responds that counsel did not perform deficiently 

by failing to raise a duplicity challenge because the law is unsettled regarding 

what acts may properly be encompassed in a single incest charge.

¶8 Duplicity occurs when two or more separate offenses are joined in a 

single count. State v. Lomagro, 113 Wis. 2d 582, 586, 335 N.W.2d 583 (1983). 

If a complaint is found to be duplicitous, the State must “either elect the act upon 

which it will rely or separate the acts into separate counts.” Id. at 589. 

¶9 A duplicity claim may implicate multiple constitutional provisions, 

including a defendant’s right to a unanimous jury verdict, the double jeopardy 

clause, or a variety of due process concerns such as sufficient notice of the charge, 

the relevance of evidentiary determinations, or the accuracy of sentencing 

information. See id. at 586-87. Ultimately, a duplicity claim must be measured in 

terms of whether the defendant has been exposed to any of these dangers. Id. at 

589. Here, Larson focuses his duplicity claim on an argument that he was denied 

his right to a unanimous verdict.

2

 

2

 Larson also asserts that he was deprived of adequate notice of the charge and accurate 

sentencing information, but he does not separately develop those arguments. We need not 

address undeveloped arguments. See State v. Pettit, 171 Wis. 2d 627, 646-47, 492 N.W.2d 633 

(Ct. App. 1992).
No. 2020AP1846-CR

5

¶10 A duplicitous charge can deprive a defendant of a unanimous verdict 

by allowing the jury to find the defendant guilty without agreement that the 

defendant committed the same criminal act underlying the elements of the offense

that the State needs to prove. State v. Thomas, 161 Wis. 2d 616, 632, 468 N.W.2d 

729 (Ct. App. 1991). Therefore, jury instructions and verdicts generally must be 

specific as to what criminal act forms the basis for each verdict. State v. Marcum, 

166 Wis. 2d 908, 918-19, 480 N.W.2d 545 (Ct. App. 1992). There are several 

exceptions to this rule, however. Relevant here, an offense may be charged as a 

single count without violating duplicity or unanimity principles when any

underlying acts that would otherwise be separately chargeable are committed by 

the same person within a short period of time and relate to a single, continuing 

scheme. See Lomagro, 113 Wis. 2d at 587.

¶11 In State v. McMahon, 186 Wis. 2d 68, 82, 519 N.W.2d 621 

(Ct. App. 1994), this court considered whether defense counsel had provided 

ineffective assistance by failing to raise a duplicity challenge after the State 

presented evidence in support of a single incest charge that the defendant engaged 

in multiple sexual acts with the victim over the span of a month and a half. We 

observed that it was an open question whether an incest victim’s “story of assault 

by one perpetrator, over a set period of time” could properly be viewed as “one 

continuous story with various chapters.” Id. at 84. Accordingly, we concluded 

that counsel had not performed deficiently by failing to raise a duplicity challenge

at trial. Id. at 84-85.

¶12 Larson first attempts to distinguish McMahon on the ground that the 

three-year period of time at issue here is significantly longer than the period of 

weeks that was at issue in McMahon. The actual length of time over which the 

episodes of incest occurred was not the deciding factor in McMahon, however. 
No. 2020AP1846-CR

6

Rather, the court focused on the nexus between the acts and whether those acts 

could reasonably be interpreted to be part of “a continuing story.

3

¶13 Next, Larson argues that it is irrelevant whether the State could have 

charged the alleged multiple acts of incest as a continuous offense under 

McMahon because it did not actually do so. This argument appears to be 

premised on the proposition that the State was obligated to use the word 

“continuous” in the charging documents. Larson cites no authority for that 

proposition, however, and we will not further address it. See M.C.I., Inc. v. Elbin, 

146 Wis. 2d 239, 244-45, 430 N.W.2d 366 (Ct. App. 1988).

¶14 Finally, Larson asserts that McMahon invited a duplicity challenge 

in circumstances like those present here by expressing skepticism as to the State’s 

episodic-story theory of a continuous offense. While that assessment may be 

accurate, McMahon ultimately concluded that “Lomagro can be reasonably 

analyzed in two different ways [i.e., as requiring or not requiring a strict time 

constraint, and therefore] the law has not been settled.” McMahon, 186 Wis. 2d at

84. Larson has not identified any cases since McMahon where the court 

concluded there was a duplicity violation on facts similar to those here. 

Accordingly, the issue of what acts may be included in a single incest count 

remained unsettled under case law existing during the relevant time period—that 

is, when the Information, jury instructions and verdicts were crafted in this case. 

 

3 The State suggests that felony incest committed over a course of months or years may 

be considered a “continuing criminal episode” because the “gravamen of incest” is “not simply 

the sexual act but the violation of the family relationship and the destruction of the child’s sense 

of security in the family home.” Although we need not address this argument in light of our 

conclusion that the law in this area is unsettled, we note that the State’s argument appears to lend 

further support to our conclusion that this is an unsettled area of the law.
No. 2020AP1846-CR

7

Just as in McMahon, we conclude that counsel here cannot be deemed ineffective 

for failing to raise an objection based upon an unsettled area of law. We therefore 

affirm the judgment of conviction and postconviction order.

By the Court.—Judgment and order affirmed.

This opinion will not be published. See WIS. STAT.

RULE 809.23(1)(b)5.