•• so. m.• •Mirele

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-rtle • - • • • - •

OFFICE or THE DIRECTOR OF DEFENSE RESEARCH AND ENGINEERna tt;

WASHINGTON 24 IL C.

31/ aar 1960

Dear De. York:

The raw momer or•va al carilitaiaT/e/Lva

prepared the etteobsi meets solbjests -mem set aseassadation. at MIR Ilehelitte IS ---itseesee Projeet UMW sot

It is tormonta for tatorstioa ad ow settee Guest

sairceriala•

The report sows all skier swats et the grojeet

teelmites the latest MTh shateeest at satellite reeassalseasa

sequiserate. The dattberatieee at the Orove took Sato eonataleratAos the pedals efforts et:

The ME teeparatlea

The IND 1.17L.Motearr Group

Tbe Reameateeease Weal at the ViA7

floleatitSA Advisor Dowd

The treeMeattal lelestitle Niviars, Damittee

The Or me at the Aseisteat Diteetar for

9peala1 Projects, Socha ices antroselate

asthma egeoeles

It you so deeire, the Os oup earneure that the revert war

be lame die to the 060.

T. 0. Mint

kitkozy &cup ao ca=calschasir

1 tea: *apart

Dr. Iloalbeet F. York

Wester at Deere Desoeroh

set Dales rigs

The Pmts.=

linehingtan DS, D.C.
• •

% 4 • • •n • ••4el a 2 • .,

SECRET ": '',',

la - 511

"A • l•r

••4

REVIEW AND RECOMMENDAlICNS OF USAF SATELLITE, •

RECONNAISSANCE PROJECT SAMOS

•

Table of Contents .•

I. General - Backbround

U. General - Political

IIL General - Requirements

IV. General - Readout

Getter:11 - Recovery

Weather

VII. Optical • Suirsystem "El - E2 - E5"

' VIII. Data Processing - Subsystem "I"

ELINI/Ci MINI - Subsystem "Fl - F2 - F3"

11,Ianagen it nt

Annex .4 - Int..1114ence riurning • Subsystems t" and ••F"

•

Annex B - Priut ogr ..phic Performance - Subsysteir. "E"

Annex C - Readout Lan ► tations Due to Scan Rate - Subsystem "E" • •,•

•

-. • Yz

Annex D - Systemc Conspariscon - Subsyctem "E" • of ••,311.

or

Annex E - eatner Affects • Subsystem "1." ••••

• •

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I. GENERAL - Bich round Information ' ' . '''''

4 •

. • . ..

: ..:

.....z . •• • .,-. •:..:. • ?..,a •••• • • ' •••• - • 4 A. .' • .....

.

. '

During•tlie past several mon6i,•aaliberations and s

. tudies • ". ' . •:•••• '• • '---7o

.

' -'•

. ... .4.1.•,..• ...... ....... • ......, ..--.....7N-44,-•• .. 0....4.:;:AP:e..,....4 ...v....."-•;' ' 11 ::• ''' :•?....:: .:.:2:‘, ....V ...11•.:n;P:t.:44kconccrning the various aspects of the -SSI00'iiitigram.,have been 

conducte. d ..,.. .1•;;Irial-7•::'' • •. .• • 1 • : • • • ':: ', • . ..• " '' :"-• • . :: '..• • !.....•••:•• • • by many groups and indi I ••• .• :* . • *. • - • ' . . , . • - '... • • t. ' ..PAtika• •

. Viduals4C Th''' niiiiiiniiii' ma.tur......e -cf- thiProgram, s * ;and •• i • • ....

. . - •

• -..:,..,...... . •. : ..1....re-A.'

. . • • •• •• .7 • . :.:1 the high importance thaettil.riiny potiiiti-ir..uliri:a.ttrippidatpla4c

(1:iii".".:4:4•41)432441T• 14. ..•41,

any revieut ner

the program, indict eget hat. . Di .c4tiiiidei;•:tiiii-iiiiiiiiiiiii'itiili'7W4)

.. • . ....._ . • .:. i.._,..... • .., t. .......:••• a

whole in order to bn'neost,efireetive, .ireCently,- there iiiis•be I111 'evidenCe''''''F164......,

_... •.' • • •••• • ; '..". :; ,•-• ,.., .L. : i'-•:•,,;.-• .....k.:.

OfProgratr a revised doctrine' neutelIA1403 ,:,. • ... - .i. : i:l'it ..:.;ei,,ir.....0.4". • iieobtfisuiilir ',.. inf mit til'iu:':••••••••

.. 

or

. .

:' CU* Si01211 with metribers of the Office of the S'ec: ic:t ary:of

. ....tite.lir Forca;.;:........; ..:•::•:•«:;•.' •

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and as seen in sui-. directives as thi: General-Wile& !eta: to the' iiiii):.-':'''''• •

•••••••• . • However, in the meantime, national and 

inte rnational affairs have '

•

.forced '!:•;i'• ;Y

.

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• • • • • • .i• 

• ••• . • • • •;•••••:••'••• . I. ••••• .. • t'• -

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a new urgency, coupled.

.. •i•Z With a frantic expectancy:: for i 'prnjisci whnse)..1:!.e.zir ... . . ••• •

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 overstAted and enderdone.„:...Consequently;I:tiiii:.:

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repute has a A,

ttempted to consolidate various.reViews made -

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SECRET

U. 3N1 AL - Political and Management Considerations

The universal applications of satellite reconnaissance bare not been

fully recognised. World-wide mapping, disaster and rescue surveys, geological

searchy weather analysis and warning, peace-time inspection and disarmament

control, are all possible functions of satellites. Aside from these practical

applications, the scientific result? are, of course, also of very great importance.

International and national approval to conduct operations is, and will

continue to be, a serious problem. The situation must be each that the program

•

will be acceptable politiently latiely, on a U. S. National basis, and

later, on an international basis. This includes favorable indoctrination of the

public, operational and/or executive control by an organisation capable of

sponsoring both military and civilian pesce-tine utilisation of SAM S, and of

expeditiously and effectively exploiting the an4 results. Whenever political

approval is dismased, it most be remembered that the Soviet Union pioneered

in this area by petting into orbit, with no International agreement, satellites

of various typos (including at least one with photographic capabilities) and

with no agreement and uncertain action regarding international sharing of information acquired.

The O. S. cannot afford two it & D programs of this type; and the results

of this program will be of priority interest not onlr to the USAF and the DOD but

to the entire intelligence cammunity and the nation.

Political approval to undertake satellite reconmaissance will depend

ultimately upon the degree that the conditions of universal application are net

by the SAMCC system.

The military and civilian requirements are compatible -- at least, from

the R & D point of view -- and a clearer relation will need to be established

between the Department of State, NASA and the DOD as to the exploitation of R & D

results.

lft :11"

•

•

•

4.40• :«.• •
Effective and expeditious exploitation of the SAMOS material reqalres

that the data reduction be accomplished simulteneourke by or in cooperation with

all interested agencies utilising reference material from all available sources

and programs. Emphasis by the individual agencies should be consistent with

their priority areas of interest and their respective assigned roles and missions.

This indicates that existing facilities and agencies should be used, or that

immediate action should be taken to prepare an adequate facility to accomplish

this task if existing facilities are inadequate.

Program reorientation is necessary and so is strengthening of the

organisation, but one should use care before starting completely new programs

or. establast.ine completely mew or•acizatione. A solution of existing and

current problems, on a technical and management level, is very badly needed,

but the emphasis on nee R & D organisations, rev rocket developments, etc.,

that are not directly associated with the primary missions of the system, will

tend to dilute or degrade timely receipt of usable end products.

Money and effort should be used to clean up, expedite, and improve the

existing program; and greater effort should be placed on obtaining improved end

results, qualitatively and wantitatively.

O. All of the above indicates that the program should be under the

executive control of a national organization that has an international growth

potential.

H. Racermendations 

(1) It is remanded that the DOC recommend to the MSC that executive

responsibility for general guidance operational plans and policies and eetabliehment of operational priority, in both the civilian and military applications

of SAMOS, be placed cnuer a new DID executive officer (ad hoc) or under an

astatine office, sea se, the Areistant Secretary of Defens e/Special Operations.

c'rRET " • a.

?
•

!F. R ET

(2) The USAI be given tilt task oft

managing the 8 & D program

operating the military part of the operational program

either openly or under cover of a civilian mission

(c) making available both the ram and the analyzed data to

all U. S. agencies designated by the Ekecutive Office,

mhos(' establishment is recommended under (1) above.

(3) The ftecutive Officer should examine the possibility of accomplishing data roeuction by a • oict Satellite Professing and Data Reduction

Center'.

II. 3 "r% ET TN

ti •

Ma Callan - Itinctragents

A levier "

.

. . .

Vr• ••n• • .

"-As The official requirements for recommitments satellites have

=dere*** Met inportent change lit the last year: . /Wore analysing the present'

(July 2960) situation, it is worth listing here for future discussion some of the

interpretations presented by the usa is official and unofficial briefings.

*The um of satellites se warning dodoes was considered basis

until Net a few meths age. ,Ts . give effective warning (asemmiag that 444 were

possible), a largo number at satellites (10 to 20) meld be required to be in

orbit at the *am time, with practleally instantaneous transmission of pictures ‘i/. "7

requisot(gehmeten sod *oompasylag large male data handling effort la .

the greatd. (Subsystem 'I •) (tat. Amen: A).

It is worth noting at this point that the.priaciple of con currency '.%

has been observed toe etridayheres the data processors Should be built eidi

after the verb on the oolleetion system has programed at least to the point of . ;•.:4

defining the bade cemhopte. This was not dens is Subsystem ne and the come:•

ea

.0.5.

gamma of the error are serious. • . . ' 4

b. The effect of weather, of orbit geometry, resolution, and 'commie

7 • .

factors have been forcefully emphasised by a number of technical groups and, as

a comequenee, the feasibility of the original scheme as a warning device has •

been ahem to be both problematic from a technical peint . of view, and almost

•

impossible from as economical point of view.

- • ,

fora of instructions by the DU) to the contractual :stew moos to boTo.lollod .

the USAF accepted charge in dextrine.

6. we should note here, before it is fo sties, that is this

. •

ti

4

A! . •

S. The dismiss:elm of the ~nick. function as a fundamental part of

the design basis is m event of repent eocurrenoe• The necessary changes in the
• • •

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; • :. • :IN

• • 'I'''.

•: •

1

. ,

. • .

•

4 .

, .

errameseiroencept that pet eePhasis ate readout rather than reeevery, that brought • ' t:

• . • . . • .•

.el. . • •.: -•";

about .a.' ."arj. :spenditire as data promising devices, vides Links,- digital.

-

4 . ::;' 7

"% • •....

. . .

cenputers mud se sk.e.all 'labia ve,yeenciivably tura out to be melees. • • 

. • . .. %. •

-, • _.: .

• . • . w

.-- 7. Umlesi theohenge is doctrine is reoegniesd by all responsible

parties as the correetion of a previous error, some of the mistakes of the past

-.

will be compounded rather thin elistimied.

A .. •A:nether error, still present in the Projoet vete% rant** to the

leek et, proper dissemination of ?reject infermatio ►. lathe early parts of the

penman, a•deteleimed and akmarrastes effort we: sade to reduce the flew of

information an SAM to the intelligence comsmadty with imPrefier me ells')

rind-to.kams merit' rules. .Tho sitmatinkhas improved, but there is still

•

insintildeat appreciative that MOS is 'a mistimel rather than an Air Force •

.• •-•

project. 'The USAF sues to all'intereshed intelligens' agencies periodic and •

, •;•1

candid reports in its intentions, plans. and achievements. As stated heretofore,

the SAMS capabilities go far beyemormere23- prodding intelligence lafezmatSems • • ' • ••= 1

• and this fact sentiii6tei further to the respood.bility of the Air Force tawarde •-;c

. • 4:4!

meeting information needs ether than its own latelligence requirements, . -

-• 4.!

Bo The USIB July 1960 anterat

Oa July 5, 160, the USTI re.arftreatt the requirements for SAMOS. is

• •

amelYsts-of the document brings oat the following testes

..

(1) The requirement fez- satellite recemmaissamee is Important and •

1

•

esmidemegs. • •

•

(2) 10 unzeing empability is expected, rather repeat oeresege with

intervals of one tee wiz maths; if required, sane targets wary need to be re.:

emeatiied at •User intervals. -

(3) Opkleal reselitimos (Seheystem *Ss) at 20, 510Ekfaet are required

for different typosefintelligeuce lafermatioa.

III - 2

••••11 rs

S.
Very flexible ELINT devices (Subsystem PF") are desired with

•• .amphasie on R & D. The only detailed target req given at this time are • .•••

those calling for identification, localisation and analysis of key electronic

emitters used in anti-ballistic defense, missile telemetry and satellite links.

?rem a visual or optical satellite two capabilities are needed.

Paraphrasing the MIL notes, the following appear necessary:

( a) A quick solution of the surveillance problem is needed before

1962 to find *Wails bases under construction.

(b) A continuous operational capability aimed at the high priority

targets, and both continuous surveillance ands directed

reconnaissance (when the weather is suitaile) are needed.

(6) COM= collective in not clearly wanted until better data are

available on the capabilities of the system.

C. There will be a continuing renoiroment for nt.otol:ra7*.ic and EMT coverage.

As the state of the art permits and as the accuracy, tynec and numbers of weapons

systems increase, U. acceraeien and doteIl rwrired is the end products will become

increasingly greater.
Y•• • •. . .

•Ta.? ah.: • ' • • • •

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•

• • • . • •••

•
1/. • pe FRET . •.:2.

•

IT. GENERAL Readout

-1' Ths 71111 re:pimento put a pest deal of emphasis an an early capability • .e•

404-

. • %.?.

for the detection of buss ender construction in the period 1960.1962. 'may

also point out the neoissity far a continuing visual sumillamee in the years to , •

acme with resolutions of 20, , 51111111111

The requirement for an early capability does not specify the resolution

necessary, but it is clear that for the detection and identification of missile •

bases under construction, the 0510 considers 1001 resolution unacceptable. Detect..

inn of construction work rather tnan reeognitian of a bass may be the only possible

result of lOW moieties. The necessity exists, therefcre, of carrying an steel.

taneously an a & D program and a 'crash' program with the hope of obtaining initial

visual information of important currant intelligence vales. The usefUlness oft].

package from an intelligence point of view lc, therefore, not comparable to its

value as an initial R A: 0 test.

The fallowing sections of the report will be aimed at obtaining these

resulte. In this introductory paragraph it must be emphasised that the program .-e

•

suffers very seriously tram original conceptual errors, but this report is atteapt.

i.

tog to make maximum use of results alreedy obtained.

According to the previous considerations, the early E2 payloads appear

, •

• the only means for obtaining se.interim capability of a type approaching that "

Tv4Pired by the W19. There is a charms that additional types of payloads nay be- • : 5qkl(

moms mailable by the end of 1961, but this is not considered as important as the •

R & D program her recovery which is recommended below. "

•

E. It is bandameatal to this program that the recovery problem be solved • •:• 4

at all coats, independently of any operational take. If this is properly done,

it is felt that a solution can be obtained iu tine to contribute effectively to

.-•

meeting the nsia requirement for detection o: missile bases in CT 61-62. 

roI
• picture. .7

voideda and the restrain:rig effects of a strong diplomatic protest.

Oft •

4.

IT. 2 .

I, •

. • -

sow jab • - •

% n 6.••• 411/

t•

The photographic readout aspects of the•progren appear to have been.

based on unrealistic assumptions as to margin capabilities.' and the claims -

pertaining to system capabilities ears exonerated. Imerver, readout is umdleabe.

edly satisfactory for all the ? applieetions excepting petters some advanced video

•

recording capabilities. x7.4",7A7A-17—%.,

G. Other male. areas in the readout systeurigairing technical studies

to obtain the rroper answers are:

The fttertpupl problem after computer fellere and after does time

for normal naintenanee, particular/7 if a slumber of satellites are used simultamw

soualy.

Tile eocuracy of the treeking information to properly program the

camera. Specific problem areas are camera orientation, focusing, exposure contras

image motion compensation, and camera on-off times. •

•

c. :1•LA.

(3) The possibility of jamming and the effects of a high density..

electronic enxiromment (Tandenberg T & ♦ station) on the giant, of the traeraithed

(h) The possibility of intercept of a continuously orbiting recomnsissamos.
• • '

3.1

..•1••••.1••••• •• • •

;-•°

.•

.• •
. •

•

:V

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R ET .

: •414

V. GORRAL Recovery

A. The necessity of achieving recants-one 51 or batter tepees. the immediate.n

technical requirement for recovery. The present readout system limit the possible

coverage and the resol•tion.

2. In ccntraat to assertion:• of last year that Dlscoverer few:write were

either "ors hand or on order" it t necensa:7 to conclude • het the recovery efforts

up to now have failed com;letely. azecediegly, it is cron.,sed tnst eimplified

.;•

loads launchable by abundant and prerumably reliable NOR vehicles,be peonrtly

devised for prolific stadi a:. of ob:.ect recovery Mracciebits in space•

• These eir•erimento Lnvelve both land and water recoveries. They

ougnt to be charecterired by sterl e t,t reasonably precise instrumertation to

lieteraine the physics and meetanics of the separate stages of recovery. Thus, for...

Instan- e , i.c•avi.Ar .a/uLd be elearly distInenisnec from pre-entry sine

re-entry activity. Without ostensive technical information like this, orderly and

continuous recovery of a usefui prmduct cannot seriously be entietpatei.

T. . We believe that one of tne fundanentel-reaspns nhy recovery has not been

successful up to now, and it successful, unlikely to be c yritinlibusly euccessful, is • .,)f.

the urocess thrown whieh the Alr Force has gone in achievinr the des: re'

We telseve that the allotment fo- the blame cennot be easily wade to one ecntractor

or contracting agency. We de believe, hcwaysr, that ever and over, the influence •

cin the researen and develement recovery or,erae introeucea by the necessity for

some kind of Useable results, has blocked the technica, promise of 00 ruin

contreetor•

F.. It is felt that thie preeent prime contract responetbility is being well ..jborne technically. However, the R 4 D demands are sn urgent that additional

assistance, probably on a test and engineering scale, is necessary. In this way

such criticoi issues as nereennte and other re-..mtry faeilitiee can be developed

4" 74 ET

V. - 1
4

•

•

•••:.: • 1' !V..; ••••••• "••1 •

••

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.; • ..;••• ••• . • • I. • ,.;.:••• • sr •n•• • • '' ••• ••• ... •

.

1 4•

.

; ••••• • • • •

uithombimbelancei effeoti - On ' tbUdisilelopment of iiselikKiiiteelf:*-- It is felt z .%;!..?4)

that a contract situations meta. createdhere:the solution of re-entrypgao

... • . .

. .

is riiemmaxlidiscoupled frommodifiestions in.thcpsyload. Per instance, the dmsige'l-i.4

.

. ;.

changes introduced four tines in five meets in" parachnie imgirovemmte appear to be -*.*:.;. *

nixed op with other problems of signalling retro-rocket activity, position control, . :1

and so feral while there are inevitable commotion, among all these, critical

1 stages mut be separated. The rather stbtle point is that technical development

experience shows that components of a system invariably suffOr in quality when

they are developed in the system. Only after independent recovery camponenti,

1 including parachutes or other elom-donamochmedame, hems snoceeded should they be

coupled into $ specific SAM boaction4 This situation mould,of car. be different

•

if anyone bed ever recovered anything. As it is, the present regime resembles

efforts to develop Phrodnye s capacitor for the first time during the sonstruction

of a giant oomputer.

3.•

•

•

I

-41

•

'

R ET

V. 2

•

••

I.

4

7:.4

/

•

.

n

fa 'LEO rb

•
..• .

. . . -

• - •

! •

8„ is

•• • t t•

• •

..'•

•••••••n

•........ •

' •

. . •

•• • •

•n• • :.•

•

•• • •

• •

? •

1 • It• .• t 'Oft

• • ...I:7: ••1, 7•••101111114 1‘

•. .

. •

•
;

•

441.

•

'""

• .• •

•

VI. WILMER

L. Bad weather and darkness negate the possibility of obilabdngpiotographic coverage, utilising either readout or recovery epitome. As pertains to

deftness, the time of year and the latitude will detensineuhen photographic •

coverage can be obtained. As pertains to weather, the studies that have been

conducted were based on statistical averages and can only be used for long-range

planning purposes. Based anthem* studies, any comelnaiene made, relative to

the amount of coverage or the length of Unite obtain total or specific area

coverage under actual operational conditions, are invalid. Weather is continually

changing and ' there is no assurance that a continuously orbiting satellite will

be in the right place at the right tine. Large areas free of clouds, base, and

mike occur infrequently (once er twice a month dependent an the season of the

year), and persist for relatively short periods of tine (approximately two to •

three days). The SUDS readout it is not espabli of fully expledlIng large 3

cloud-free areas because if its narrow swath and because of its readout limitations. A recoverablo panoramic package launched at the proper time and recovered

at the end of M or 72 beers could tally eeploit the good weather area. In

addition, studies have indicated that a 70-es panoramic camera recovered in a . .

hours will show a gain of sewerage of 6 to 18 times over the 1-2 wysten,

eperating for the same length of time, because of readmit limitations. In terms

of information content, the gain is between 260 and 850 times depending on the

width of We film used. Is the Case of areas that are cloud Zr.. only Mei?

two days e7sers the advantages of cue reccvatl:hle packsp launched at the -

appropriate time as ocaparqd to a namitcr of ecntinnounly orbiting readopt packages.„

are apparent. Oa the other band, the loss of coverage daring cloud free areas

may result in a dotal of months before the opportunity would exist again.

•

. •

e*"."'RET
.

. •

IL 1 eamparison of the effect, of weather and the amber of den required

to obtain coverage intim' various types of orbits and different swath widths is .4 .• ...

shown in Annex E. - 1:

• •

' • • '.4s.

...P.,

•

ezb

• - 2
•

t.•

•

•

.•.

•

. ••
,r

10... •

•

. ••••.:

ra•

•

1111. •

WOO o'

CT. 1;r43-.4:, Pfi.'TCOlid?h'1C •

The st‘ottr ertler ;lino to tan sates aro;r=ice, And

iitecia-• atad Cis Las es to CO p0 11in tia9 brie SOriOUBV

'1:711-lised the utility o' the 'rte.*.

.:44ent!..m. e! tat pub:ic, rel•sasJa coac4rming nrerxam rtstus on

2 delayed ma' pry--Innre• ha g !, Cs well as ralfassa conciSmieg

ta • eurr.,:t state c' the art mot be; tnrrourh1.1 •greed

tc, Pnd , •ode-stood by a^nrrrtate Department of Defense and '

e .1:tate officia:t. The raratinr plan rust be approved

,••••."'

•

:

nt • a• rA4enni‘11 rival ono strl • tl • ldher:d to by n11 over echelons. -.

a

4

%-.

I. ♦ ±r dole' of long standing kAd nonsidored svropriats to the

Wo.:33 pro:r•s, perttnularil Pe perteinc to tha'44, is to design

to velf:rostion of thu veni cleto accommodate: the prionry

alssion.c•nahility or :2 desi •n the urinary ndssion etrobilitr.-!

to r:t rah:kola, .-erardieso of cancroid 's'.

144,ittbit t tnr onrnmolg (e.V3A '.0 the enemas

,

relairarent and nee. *nese: *•c, Ina • a •loml requi-ement• PA payloads

bacon. mons sooalstlu•ted it :•-der to eulut. the USI: rogairemen

▪

 ts,

the tabors prahlyn if net No:eased in favor of the nrinAry mission

capontl i t:,moy prevent r efolg ; nerop.+1114nent.

. Any :0110W...on or back-.c;+ o.N.•-4-.. to tn.: should repreponi

" ... "4.ott inbroremontr f.n COVW•P*2 1, revt • ition or scale, and b

▪

 e

roaei :or h&D •+40..:11: in mi d cr-lya•

6. • cortimutus worry in tilt. •aalysie of S..$ has aeon the offset

144AL t.13. clanc- r44- -nrLy ILLeLli..lann take lass Lad on tbo orderky

.mida.:t of ti,4 procran. I -1.1t:Wee tmennicnes required;

,

VT
•

• 41/s" "I ET 11111 •

.•

too interference w te.:1 L . ...2 :ds..orcn and development has had ,

-...

„ • I.• .. • •.* .

a:

' . .! 41.

.. •

. • • ' •

.. - ••• .....vot

. 2.! • ...t. i

verleas effects. Tr. o-der to illlstrate the-difference ' • • ey.:.p.

between research and dsvolument concepts and operational •: .

•

.•:• •••• •••

concepts, the fortevinc example in T.ivens - consider the

C44 3. of an Eia 7 a;l_rw c?411. !'i.:st time.

F-om nntnt of view of researcn and developmsnt this is a

nv.lor mtanI OW! :11! ,-orvior attained frtr it

of' uud -iteftt impu:Lauc.. Wras toe O0iAt of via, at

in'elligenon, the 100' resolution is insufficient to wake

the moult! of perticalar sirani P icence. For this reason, one

real state that 95% of :he userUlness of the mission vatld.be •

acquired if the lens and fibs of the camera were subjected to.

% • . .

a Wi nking light and did not view the terrain. In fact, the

first C-1 s a tellite 1411 carry fill wry:wad and developed,

!Um excused it not develonee, and film to be weetood.

D •semetion obtained by tnd readmt sptem on those films re-.

preawr oA wow thee W.( of the ihrerortion required from the'

ressa-en and develop.•int point ce view. ibe fact that one

a

cold ale* look an the outside acrd . get sane incidental Intel-'

.• •

lirAnce tem the teresin below, eppe••s to a research developneat minded organisation an interesting tut not 'work?' important- -

by-product of An outs.tan-tiar RF•D hahlevemInt.

VLF. B. i.1 

1. "ta 6-1 is a strIl •aw?' witn a 6, focal ldnEta lens designed

to glit 260 sta tute Elise. With the 70 am forest sod

2 n0 llhom MAR (Ay . weighted area rleulution) it

to exprev. &basic r •.,.;:se wesolatIon of :00'. To

•

is reasonable

•

roaliss this
•

.4

. • ..11,

r the DE suet to 5 Imcasol! :••" Lim! la.% •=pos-.L.v.e time

of 1/75 second. Sine*: e:•bit will he ell'...stica), taxis point-, •

sneuld be tudige carefully.

S. The 6-1 • /sten is lair ewe. tax fro! such or worka.l.: 11313 the

s is :ow. .

ga. "' IA.'S it m r000 rP, A. zuo1 (110 mi. wide

:

strip). It is 'elt Um' it. Iva n limited *sesinc" canny/lit:, since

h • ter reada. • 9. , • '''1!(-3.•n' A.1311 of at 1 •' r tal Will 41"tinis.irally be

liCtel t. 300'. Stri:. rareJras r re nr'• arena f •r pruning but

a-elrext-v!te msami rernnts of sJii1 oL;•:e. •.s eatect:d are eassible.

Tarrin4 wes••h•r rom.derat'. an,, t114.3 :.i.e :•tal.- could cover Russia

In sia.t. teen dry:. Tata is not a vo :7 rocartiner il statement, Wt.

westro•• s ml da rkness rte; vit•ly iencr tar.t ral•ts.

.•

3. Ti:., csantitative 1119tiCtil at til^ r •q d0Ut n •ot•leas are not as crttie.al

in the ii-1 as in this 71-7 cyst.". 7a* qualitative asnects ' in tar= • c

.•

... - • .:

or degradation due to transvittsioz., r-..prodar •Azn, and system

cw:;•ltuat.2•

art 311:33 as o ar the

..• There is a:. EMI •iyar.tvea or errri-over value tram 3-1 onto E-2

An that r f orw. 'A on, in-fli„;at "racer s in! seenniAg, transession, etc., tree ruin. "• ftwee of •leresr of the 3.1

preerg., will daft= hittter than an: w.nor 3/etOR stud; the fins/

des tie;t of :'rodeo •. prorroms.

•

• The questlonarle renos.:timn Lie end reealts obtainod from this

system arol tt•e great n••ei f ••••,•-nrreitsaner-irtelliEeenee intonation •.

from galenite 'chi cle% . 71' •83100 • punr•ems air! fAturef

n re 'to:oleo:rad to tie the imps:- problem areas. .:•=• • •

"slu

6, he nsr.krire to vet of "..1 c -.arre.:nt :eat and till

Le. tested Rinultan4atti:- witis tc.e nockege.

.•

•

•

g WIMP

•

s %A:
..

• 110.

• . 0.14

•

7. There is limited powsr surnli available (e7Jraximetely 15 days..

.-

R. The file of the 8-1 when launched will be in three different • . 

•

•

croft tionst 

. • • •.:-

exposed anc p•oreJsed

exposed and r•r. arocessed • '

(3) not =Posed ani not rvoressed

This 2411 allow for. *no sptenetic evale . tian of tit* three major

nuset1 ens of the systyp in ?light.

ttt-:e canponent test vehicles a o schedilee. Ps rollers, •

Sentenber 3360 Jamac.ry 1961, and t4srdh 1961

M. C. stsrx

•

.

. • ..

. • . • • ..••

. ". ur• •

•

1. he .1.•2 is a strip camera; with a 360 focal length legs defigned

to operate at. an altitude of 760 statute milesi and with a 70 ga

• ., t

W 

.

farnet and 100 WI system rosolation, it is masamble to u •- .. pset •• 2

::?"'it. a grease! resolatina ot' 20 feet. A reriew of toe Lockhsod.engihawing .

.......

.... ...

Analysis fl000rt, proaeoid roacern a oomt. the distinction betweett.ps-

.

''....-eill

*elation and receipt, tion (innex ?). it is felt that 50-90 feitt.-fsr- N.-.7'.34:-=

';.

. -;.,.. :-: i:17:t4t.

. •

• r

men/titian is a reslIctir ft }ass. tie. width of OPP incite covers.: 4

obtained is 17 stiles Led Ulm information is trer.soittod.olowti'astiagty .

••.•

• - .p 

(e) the !'ebbs' e''u env' re furasten landyste n

•• % f !

(•) the problem 0' saoistx a tartar:1pr tercet. •••••i4'...t*

.

. .

The covaracs obtaltavl by c 97;11tarl •!.! limited by the spietf...".1:-•••?.ti

• at. which ills can b,1 se t -fined, the nwhber of frzand stations,

••• r. • ,•

sr• • alt.

derendihr an the a:mat or operation pletsied far ;itch Paoksigo).. •

•

. •

.

to the sr mai, orb,- r pr Jerr.r el are sov.ning saseisp't

•

'• there are we differ.olt arohlese :.0 which the E-2 %tine
•

:*

.

•

•

re '7 e; ET .

bandwidth o; tio road-cut eyaten, wrta •a.sr, and thq reaolotion • •In

define the overall answer. To•

.41 comers:A with an system •

. •

berervs econoWeally .noun'!, In teas c •* the number or satellites

reneiv.od, the elaborate grcund system required, and the ccapistity

or :cti. (4nmax C and D). fo r- r rinels ssiellite to recompile the

•

- .-4

jot, arorosimm.sl: 50i drys would be -cwired. Takitir weather and

eon nnnle into c.ns..derL%ton, thin inr.vesed to years.

:n order to ot.tain rove.-o or h rve rticelar :Argot an the krzand

with the £-2 comers ra7man of obtains nr coverers, 150 miles an

eitner site of tno one!- point, apreeninete14. 10 oays would he

i•ec•::..r•ae:. (r r: 9s f).

qunerrily rite: S'04 ca pture orstem, viewed f-s. teoncictl advances

to (lat.:, fs It im.,:r.ge each oeoretional lieltatione

(?..rath-teitnsi and reset-o,...; to welts t. pc er31Nationo

• ocaroalna.17 end boti;.!.••...1.).7 on o c•ectabi••:. "sh: extras* xemitivity•

•

o' tear eMetogrephic e:..•teAs•, the overall comPlesitt, and the

extremes; rlom: toler•ncos inv•aved fndicate that the possibility

c' ahteinin: the t•3-h nical coals and objectives mentioned in the

rd.:v. 2e! naily.xes • A p.:•,14,.1 •

7:-. 'J.

?,5

;"C

., ...2'..,

:::1

.

1. 7^.• • :tall, -3' ..a) calmer% ea. a" FA: aporritares and 4 focal 'length .• •: 3,

...••

.....

e 66 :7e:::-tr. Minims,. t parr tiacol r.cun., reuelat ion o: 5-112 feet • • 

•

•

M. ...E..... . .64

.. "4..

wit:: mow-it:on fa' oc2ec.s at 1c-IC fret *re expected, iiipludinz - • sei

... ' • ;.,; &wadi' Lion dee to l •v.crTeq.aaitge trafe Ri.3:41. 411 :VI• vehicle statkilir - -:...i,

.v.„4 •

 •

p . .... . .r: .,

wa tts= residual. (12 li/rn at i55 ma. "i.) ?Up capacity is

. .

.. ;

.;

. •-•

rouvriP (1!;,000 feet) r•.ft••.,•re t••tve 1....• Vona° feet of thin..base:. w'

. •4

., .'

1.

: •

Tra
•

2. nu is p-o4 •it••ad to ha boosted into cetit by' the ATLI'S &Oak

capeWity-of etnimeo 35 dewlap fore sod eft.

Mr. Tim denim is eep44le o: brinr molified to arnap: 500 • ..

: .

. . 1 . 

.

.. ...---'..1..:!iT

posnde. The orbit life is 30 drys with selected targets as 4:—. id, .-..".

,

., . • .. .. j • •

dame. Coverses J.: JAnaittics1 miles sir% elticlit eve it • 1 . .....m .. ,

...t : . f

5. This is dictat4e ty the req.:fres:wit to keen tin. vehicle in

orbit fo- 30 da;,:-. Taio in turn dIctfise Fn orbital alma& of

Males, ern.:..cn in tarn estaJlit riels a minium weiyht hasiss the

.

..

lens parameter, of 11/58 the focel longth of 66 inches and the

derirohilit.. of A hcritental cannot-et/on (to additlon, the 7/5

ap:rture is required to maintain earth o fleas). The resultant

weight of the sister. Includes: film, is 1,300 to 1 1 :50 pounds. : 

...

3. ; design tbct aosumns a 31 day life noes n..t sar:k to oe es well

"notched" to meethlr conditions inc :ntallirenco new:meant, as

L.

.

,•

os

Palle t*,obtsift-d IOC'. a he-inot F/5 wits. at lho and lam altitude-..

E Oeva,:t4 or ^ran a 5h-incn p/5 'P ews 4,111C 75 feet of film. This mould

Lc r•v cocris•o • t wii ► trio weatnar (coverers or Incas cloud

arils in 2h-72 hewn), oolitIcal 7rnillesis (psycnololltral effect

of :1 contluoously orbitin e r e ann:JamEnce vehicle aver long

"Arles of •.ime) and reqUiramont, mentioned oreviouelie

The launch sciridalc fo- the r5 is one nor month •r followes..:

CT 61 - September and risausber

CT 62 - arcs, Mrsy s J:ftc, S0rittrbtlr, inc November •

Somiaus sin: to of lain total comiretwo s.: are 33 de,raos not -*

. •

far weatntr cr s.r angle) is appromimatel7 twenty days . • ••••• ► 4'.

.s.f : • - . .

and minimum tine to fly within range of any tercet is sprrairimataly - •

4.. ..1"

.

( • s• 4 .

three days (comers is capable or roAl steering and Any be rolled .: • .x -. •.; :

...• -.t.,*

. 4. • •

..1.• A, . • ..4 .. . . • ;

. • . .1 ••• t ,... '•kr.

. ..7: r: kr ; : • • 1:1;4

-.. ". ...:•`..t..••••••:.-

• • •.. • •

la" to 30° for specific objective tergettine.

es.

JP

VII.-6
.

-

04•Nirmit h and the .e tore: tic elikriti on or redundant material,

stralicr inC.rnatton.

5. True develoonent of eroand moceselng anc dc.0 reluction equipment

ref:bearable ps-loads smears to 1PE behind the develogimist.of • .• •

• ••••

the vehicle system. Of enecifio

t

concern in tois area are the

devslopments of reetitntionel printers, e4eruats mensuration

for.

• . •n: •• . ill "se" 

... • %., al Soo

:•4

•,*•'...:,•VEP

g

vn . z.

S.P.731Vt

1. :hat the existinr. 1.1 or ozraa is adequate

A

• orolrae .:.lutn remain a.: ..rannrly Twills:red and

schedule. (-1 and 1161). In the avant that one of the systems

v lf4r4cti art, thu ot ••-- b. sten I. fiwid useable MD remits,

sal, to obtain exe•srf.-erce in launching; tine/ payloads for cover

PurJosee.

•• •*.

•

•

3. That, if possible, thv /aunoo schedule be expedited.

. •.

L. That nu ...-mcatt. or the ftbeto erse.v., Int itt. at the

exnense A7 Sin, !s:-rdt

strasysta.

5. I t is recomnan•4e4 tae Forms bet limdted to a anintii .

• •

is felt thit a total a' ruadsia. packages (3 Z-1) is

itefte.ient to obtain tur 1454 objectives and receive nuf•iciont

'

" • '•41

•

. •• -

to OVitiat Lt :Or CULL 1,1 Idol nee in this area.. It ••• • 3.4%.

•

Is felt tkzi. this wIll alloy sufficient overlap vita the recovery ►

prows to inim4re cre.danal rusdinuss of the letter. • V.

• •

*. es.

sy •'s ON. f' ET -• •

.:;.••::,A1

•••••

of fair vehicles ani speretnated at the end of CT-1961.
. ••

. • ...

•

. • -

• . . .

— • .. .. • • .

•

"C•11 is. •

. 11* 6. I is recommended 'Lot itralich uni teohntcil dowel:436mM prove,* , :.......

..-'

. .".• -...tlite

be initiated in the ref/clout. - • :. area that 'd11 allow far on adequate %-.54

.. .•

roodou t slaters is the future if required. •

• ,...a

... •

it is recnmeended

.

 that the reduced effort in the readout ores be'

.

.-

reflocted in increased emphssie an tn* esar availmhility of

recoverable system, and in the rroper reduction of ovrintsis in

th* atrropriate ground proceusin.:, reproduction, and data

redaction epitome.

34 SUBSTSTEN 

P. ?nut efforto bs plowed an tne d-veloonant of smaller m.ssra

pectages alts nigher resolution, .sd smaller dial sa7losds

(effective stereo for better tercet reopinition, tad mstasurements,

"1 .t-,•41.

as well As rev pslitipei aim wothso (. 0:mit-le-At:nor): Utilization

of all aotertnect orgsnima%t ons a,r 'seilltios Waist ortmary

edssien resrarsibilities In .•ecnnoainanuen shmle be utilised.

o. It is.recomeended that over.; c?fort be awe to nrovids the users

with sem:rate mimeo -,144.3int and data reducLion equipment in

seflnicnt tImm t, nn v, -mer.ttona/ly reaMy upon receipt of

the rehoeurnd file.

in. Ziner une nrismry nd:s!en e tn. r• -wremtr. chotacrephli

%

reconnaissnata, it !: r-scomxicadv: that tne vehicle be designad

in such a Manor that :t does mot complicate and/or COMpralliSO

tha desim srA nurs •-inus of the centre.

' oss vs% via
S.

•

•
•

-•

. .,••••••••e-: •

t•

;

.7.14

9n1. A, SUBS/STS4

. - A poemh iapressionhu been created by the namcmp ammant of . •

information available ea SObsysten e1e that partieipation andknodbm* by Its

'eotire intelligence Commit, and by the other contractors in the SAMOS osiomm

has hem limited, perhaps because it is not steeple" as important by the =An

This sitnatienhas apparently resulted in a limik of ceordinationetiCh has bempirei •

the cyst" design. In addition, it has . been eery difficult for &scalawag government

agencies to examias in detail the procedures, the programs mist the hardware of

Subsystem II%

There is ne doubt that the principle . of cancurree4 when applied to

a greyest data handling wasa of this %ye is a very diffimeltluilmmtge to f011ov.

Seemlendations were mods by this and ether reports regarding a shift of emphasis

between readout and recoverys thaw rieemmuadations eorrespend-to a radian change.

In the means of cellecties and Rev well make neit •• f the system ebseleto after the .

• k• , • ••

•.•

i.

.•

. •

first few flights. • 1.

.

.

There are serious, verriee created by briefings and dimmest"! am'

to whether the interface between the collection dad the analysis has been properly

talon into acclimate .

Asa resat of premature initiation of hardware work, the states Of

the art has surpassed motels SUbsystea or components while at the sane ties the

Changes In the 'swell system concept have nude ether component: of snail use.

•••

There has been insufficient analysis of the essential rennin:neat, of Subsystem 111‘,.4

•

daring an la D phase, and contusion has been created between the wed ether:Min

& D intalligesies stales and the aged !Sr developing the neoessm7 facilities for •

an eventual operational SAMOS system.

A substantial number of new problems suet be assessed deieing the M & D

phase, These include the type of information callectad, the radical difference
•

betimes recovery and readout requirements, the continuously varying information

•

rates, scales and scope of covtrage, and the problem of correlating the informatima

with the orbital tins. It is evident that a carefully controlled acPerlimmtal

pre ram is isossessry, to solve three treblena and it is very likely that interim •

solution will be neoessary to handle some of the R & D intelligence •take•.

Oe the ether hand, it is by no means clear that the proven has been

handled on this basis; rather, the impression has been created of a large scale

effort toward heavily automated consoles. Also, uniquely new digital computers

have been developed "per se" rather than is answer to a particular It & D problem.

The change in the operational concept between a warning system and An imtelligesee

system should have had early and profound influence on the 'wok of Ube:ratan "I I. •

r •

lbeJuns 1, 1960 letter from General Mileesto END is a late recognition e this

fast and may not have been properly inolesented yet, . 1

.

elaborate simuLatiou procram nay have led to wrong omissions miarebeg the quell*

I, •

of the equipment because of the obvious and very serious differences between

•

simulated and real material. Substantial differences in estimates of the expected

4!%!

Inc laded in the development at Subsystem •l• is en elaborate alsalation

program that seams not to have involved the use of actual intelligence data. This

signal environment by various contractors is one example of this possibility.

VIII. RICCMPUINDLTIONS

(1). It is reeeenended that further work ea Subsystem 'I • components be

preceded by innediate toot and evaluation work to classify the sub.. .

projects into the talents, cetagoriest

a. Items thigh are, or appear likely to be, batten, than similar

devious already available for general use. These should be

eempleted and made available to systems other than SAMOS.

b• Item which are, or appear likely to bop indispensable and

available to supply aninimon capapalty for the interpretation

't ..

2

•

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of the intvria data that will be foraished by E2, Should aloe 

...7 be cempleted, .: .. -. .F

co Items which appear indispensable for future handling of recovery

payloads should be continued, if already initiated, provided thvy .

are general in scope and do not lip it the ultimate system pertormones.'

d. Items which do not meet the (a), (b). (c) criteria and those that .

•

appear to be /limited to the handling of MINT data should-he'

suspended. cm data from more than three peylaids are unlikely

taboos's. available in the nextwtwelisers, and the relative

importance of analog-aciddigitil data is still under gUeitiOn..

/IA= that de net met the above criteria and the SLIM portions

should remota suspended peudiag discussinns batsmen the Air Pores,

the different contractors, and the ultimate users, aimed at

determinist/ to what extent special purpose faciltties are actually

required.

It is recommended that simulation progress be based on realistic rather

than idealistic concepts, and that the purpose of . thess program be

one of actual evalastien of'thosemiymant, as it mill operate in the

future, rather than of displaying data n iiilLta4404 Tarawa ee

unrealistic basis.

It is recommended that the entire intelligence community participate

in all aspects .f the Suhsysten program, and that evaluation of

the system take into consideration all other programs, both special

and conventional.

•• •

.1. • 1 •

viii - 3

. •

•

•

•
- • 1.

••••

•

. .• • •

••••• • ` ..r. ••••.*

• • . • .
U. 1. mums or ME V= tacinmas rot svanwrist

of the flights, ether tasks are to be defined.

"r• .7.41

The BUB believes that 'it is essential that the M.S. have emcees to

ingermeties derived from electronic emissions innide of desired areas that, in

the present state of the art, can be collected mar by electromic reconmeidemase

over these desired areas' and that the 091 & t effort to achieve this:eniability:.

should be carried forward with the highest priority short of interfering with

the photographic tasks'. A careful atudy of the USD document does Mot,

ever, indicate that the photo effort snot be pursued to the =tont that the . -

ferret capabilities are serious* compromised.

The OSIB doeument also states that:

•

qOur first and most urgent priority requirement is for a photographic

t

reconnaissance system capable of locating suspect ICBM launch sites. It is

estimated that mew sites for the lsenchiag of operational Soviet ICBM's will • 4`..ri

be completed between now and the end of 1962. It is our strong belief that ear • ••

:

best and possibly our only chance to detect these sites mill be daring the • .•

••

constriction phase; once these rites are completed, we will have considerab*

less opportually to detect them. It is important, therefore, that a maxima! • •••• s

effort boned* to find the soviet operational ICBM launch sites before the end - .21

of 1962. Once any ICJ, site is located, a satellite reconnaissance system with • " it

adequate ground resolution should be able to maintain surveillance and report

changes is its status, but if these sites are not located before the end o[. tie' •

. P

:F

eonetruction phase, almost soy reconnaiscence system would be of considardhly

less value against such a target. We believe that if as are to filed the Sergio! •If

operational ICBM launch sites, our highest priority effort should be directed to ...

.*-

-!.'• • !:;:;;

' Ix. - 1 S r.F1 F T
&general search of a sabstantial portion of that part of the IOU covered by

the railroad net. photographic resolution to accolPlish this slot* "swim

would need to approach 20 feet on a aide. RapetitiOS of this general sear* at

the rate of approximately once each month initially scald give us a relatively

high degree of assurance of providing the information required.•

D. Is addition to the three specific tasks listed Above (i.e. AMP,

missile and satellite ground-to-apace channels), the ISIS indicated that it

night agree, if conaulted, that an additional requirement should be laid was.

the ferret portion at the subsystem calling fen: assistance to the visual peploads in mistime this most urgent requirement of detecting missile bases under

construction before 1962. This oould be obtained lathe:assemble degree of

emcees by asking the ferret subsystem to famish data to the visual ante, as

to 'Where to look•, through the determination of:

'sixteens de establishment of signal completes of peculiar tgpes.

spreading of con ennication and transportation networks to mow

geographical areas

3) existence of airports and traffic control centers

11) spreading of some forms of navigational aids to new

geographical areas

I. It is clear that there are two sets of the requirements that theIMMIC.'

is not read i.e define until more complete ft & data are available. The reqpire.

meats in this category are:

1. Identification and detencinatIon of deployment :of electremic weapons:

Inoledge of changes in deplayment cum eontribute a great deal toward

indicating ens, pleas and intentions. This requirement weed invilie •

the capability of maintaiaimg periodic albeit infrequent surveillance

of the enemy deployment during the cold mar period. Capabilities for

increasing surveillance daring periods of tensions mould be mein&

IX. - 2 'h.& • L'a •

•
. '

w.i

V

• ET 7

4.....,:,...

•

2. 00.11artion of technical intalliience on 

This involves the care11fal szadnation of on alecia•onic osissioSs

collected in the felfillauxt of other requ.tremants.

•

Analysis of the infermatios thui obtained could be made so as to

permit discovery of nes mew technical thre ats. **eyed "germ

systems, and increased operational capabilities.

F. The GM document sad most of the documents issued by the Baker

°mattes of MOM is the past, after recognising sore of the most snout

missions, put a great deal of enchaais on the BA D effort required to develop

the techniques necessary for -straitly* adtellite ferreting. • •

It is felt, boomer, that in are a a D efforts a pevlininary and sound

concept at future operation is seminary. In section III at this report * the

serious cemsequences of a faulty operation). ecneept were pointed out. • • . ••••

0. Operational pleas mast be assered, B & D program than plumed or • •

executed au the basis of this exemption; operational plans mat then be • • I

.0

/*Mg.

amended as a cessequence at the a & D Menage, ani so es. This interpla7 process **4

•

•••••-k;

,..• • .t.•

*4.

.4

•,.t:u•

No banchddth limitation mists on most of the conceivable

spurs:Sorel take.

Ferret subsystem are particularly adapted to the mares

eamination of large areas and surveillance thereof.

1.. Ferreting makes amp camouflage either very difficult or

estright impassible.

.• jr

- •

1777,RET

gm

t • •

converges almost in all ingter.ce3 dari% tho initial stages of a project.

I. Ai B a D plan is ferret ndmoystems should make effective use of the

folloviat facts:

I. Ferreting is ladependest of cloud cover, darkness and weather.
.

7•

I.

•

It is felt thet the following concept of operations can be used 'oder:.•,

• s

•

r

•

as a Euide line of futnre Rix work (and is tkerefore subject to fature emend.:

meets before beige acceptable for actual operational %m •). This plan is drawn

ancordinr to tne rules set by the USIA document either explicitly or implicitly,

Eerveillanoe of Fine-Soviet territory will be a primary task

of are futuie operational ferret cebsyeteit.

ransiontInn of the fine-Soviet territory for all appropriate

frequencies once or %vim, a year must b• assumed for tae cold

war pertn:: eLe work will fah at supplying the correepimidiag

cerabilittaft nnd reliability.

'. directed gernmaisaence flights with special QRC

nineteen will be renuircd at Jr:ocular intervals averaging twice

o- three tiers • year. (This concept to not explicit in the

USTR report but is the neenesary nensequence of the requirement

particularly as related to sots-ballistic missile detection.)

R&D work 'tumid be eseducted to future uso of 00 .•

riaa

•

procedures and to develop the twehmilues requfii4 -net_enly for v.

. ,.

. . long term surveillance but also fnr short term ranonnninennon. n.:

••%. ••

., t...;.

n

..... . 7--

A. The orderly leveloument of a satellite ferret capability moat take %.!.: .4,,

•

:.:....• 1

.1.1t.,

Into account the need for early availability of devices capable of meeting the .

=Tort requirements lied.' above and plan ten work toward a more complete,

reliable end flexible device capable at a later date of meeting nissions of..

.

InrPer scope. • •

3. A nonber of p.-nbleme present themselves and the work should be pleated

towards their early solution.

) ;Lis trai:zz_sai-Ø.D4OrJa ::-tty...rnitsai.12.4bumnsidankswidp • J

Tho probl•n of seleet:re art:-aellistic nisele radars from a deeie

It

.:% /"' • •

001111011
steunl environment Is not ronialy Frer•?rt nro3 •nms cta.-tad in the

corrent di • rntion but insufficient att•sntion was given t•• t:.a croblon rn•ently.

Tho sletentIon of ,..tel_12te-sineel charm:in nr gro•nv!-to-Iiihnue

guidance r.oannels ars not orer inonoriy studir4 end no 1..r?nt.1 n.1.1 effttrt vans boen

tnitistnd.

( P) nivotrvatiott n •* cert. r:•s:a 

wr rrAd 1 et1 hr. t-,p zew 1 tr.-- emiarton n tranntitters whoso n3i!1

nattrrr iainr! toward mosze. ., !.:elude"

Vic 1.ar or przzontly plarmn.: 71, purinew-nt wouli

Cive a dociOve answer in t • usir 134nr:.

(3: an4-ICJAl2114,===.0,

; cownwcrd looking t•rcriqwn iv urea' reirretin, from a satellite

stniinr it: nary way% to that wee! foT- vialLt ,te•-: rvht.f.or. ;4111e tme appncrs

Bond in principle, no rround or flight tact ran rivr o s•Itizfketory rvaluntion.

Pla:rwut Fl F:, br4 F3 in crt.it ;:ive a partial &mutt.

rerardi:c VA' validity or tn.

(43 ;r01)&r&tlen tr'_'etttr -roLce si.rrkfla.

A nzahar of u• enrynrtto• utl puerto:Nem say is • :::". Pnvnribd of whose

exir.trner win now have ro Lnr:e- ► t!c-i. T► n :ntino.1.-.1 fn....W..7: De /.0 4c discovere.d

wit Inutn:k :1 in ov• i-it is suer tin•ytnnena. !so of satellites 1.8

in,Licpcnnatle. ?2, ,:v.1 3 411 etInt n ...-•rtiz.1 ar.over.

(51 LIAtinle Intcrects c-rtrious vicuals. nolartratan

2E:MC1a

romr 7•ohlaflo t" tyrr r..41 bc:rause of the

diff••re'n't •".111MY'ave of tn.: main itn,' Int ,xtr.nn, ft ri°ft-ent polarizations.

r • f**ect onocrnert.- • 1- ••••• "I Ant ar i - ri.21 lar ph•noesent• cannot

FP, nnLicin ► tP4.

- 4

lb.

g Nil • 

I 

•

bd.

010.

•

•
In-flight satellite calibration.

This has never been attempted before

used to test the tectur.4ae.

Space signal 'environment.

could be

rr

Wide band exploration of the spectrum has not been made outside

the earth end outside the auroral latitudes, however, nothing special is expected.

At auroral latitudes, some of the lower Fl bands may reveal unexpected signals.

Satellite tests are obviously essential.

Nigh gain antennas stabilised to earth.

This is an essential characteristic of maw catellites of the reconnaissance and conmunication types. We need to prove the technique; there seems to •r

be no reason why difficulties should appears satellite tests are essential.

Real time payload adjustment to correct errors er to switch in

alternate units.

The requirement for reconnaissance rather than surveillance adagios

*.*

. .

- • t

delay. In this region, 12 and r3 will give decisive answers. *.t

than satellite tests could be employed to prove the practicality of this technique. •

(10) Satellite 00712T.

This collection requirenent.is net now a part of the present SOUVn

sent program. A sensible E & D test should be wade in a suitable and likely

•

frequency band to determine whether the collection method is effective; *ether

the take could be used if available on a regular basis; whether the very existence

--.4. : ' y rather than the content of ccesranication emissions can be useful-1,y determined. , . • -1

• • 1

The possibility of eicptayinc Iti4git oath antennas aimed at a particular .. :...:

point on the am:n.1 should be arlorsd. The technique could be essentially identical to those plannnd for aiming the 22 camera. One should note that the accure01 ►

planned for thineamers would per' 'nine z 25 db gain antenna.

r` -Perm% 

will pat a prenine em payload adjustments that can be lade without hours or days

. .

4
fe y of the pertinent questions are listed below:

Do the Soviets track our satellites?

Do the Soviets have a space surveillance riestem?

3) What is the power, gain, and character of all the ground-to..

satellite links that can be interoented?

ig) What new frequency bands will be revealed as employed by the

Sine-Seel-As"

- 7

4 .,00 - R ET 01111b

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A ccerparison of the received data with the Wens permoters ef '1. •••• • • ... s•

:1

ilk.

..

no confidence or validity factor can be established.

•

(12) Feasibility Subsystem '1'.

There is little doubt that *subsystem I' will, more than any other,

be influenced by the results of the early :lights and A&D techniques in collective.

The elimination of errors, of redundant data, of inhibit errors; the accuracy of • •

location, the cheek with calibrations; the feedback to subsystem F; are pi-Oblong

iv

still ineefficlent. Malin data handling requirements are very =clear; the

ability of SS/I to abstract useful results from partial data; the future extensions

of MIST procedures to COMINT; ere all open subjects for investigation and

development.

C. In addition to theme technical problems, a nmiber of operat1444:10011- -44

. .'"e

tions seed to be answered before such requirmaents as those listed by the MID

can be net; this is, of course, always the case with any electromagnetic c011eotles.

•

The mewls tedhniqaes, characteristics and tactics are fundamental in determining

.

the changes necessary in our original plans to achieve operational OUCCO118.

*a*

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4. 1:: 1;1:

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•

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(11) Overall :el/ability of Fatality take.

• " •

• .

signalss frau U.S. radar, vit = iation aids and other emitters win be essential ae ,

 , Ajr5

.

a means o' establishing overall reliability of the data. Without this kmeeledgi;'.

"

that are not likely to be correctlf resolvewithout intense DO trials on actual •.

satellite data take. Fl data is essential hors, F2 data sill be such better, but
•

Cin:CRET

It is isportant to note that the SAVLG equipment, as .presently planned,

Gould do only a part -- and, a small part at that -- of the work that the 81.474

: • :?.4.

;

/t1

•

•• • • •

have been carrying on along the periphery of the western world. if the missions.

am:awl/shed b7 these reconnaissance air?lanes are essential to the country —

and if periphery flights were to become politically unacceptable, the present

concept of ferret SAMOG subsystem would have to be substantial/ modified.

a. 3. SUBS/STIN 1" HECOMMIDATIOVS

1. It is reconwended:

That since the Mount of expenditure allocated to the boosters is

out of all proportion with that allocated to the payloads, that greater emphasis

be plaoed on the payloads, the ground support equipment, airplane and ground -

testa and test data processing.

That the number of Atlas Agana boosters be reduced and as noqr

satellites as possible be based on the use of Thor boosters (with or without -

clustering Sergeant missiles) for SAD tests.

3. That of the threelrl payloads currently mailable, as many as are

necessary, be flown singularly or in combination with an El . peyload, at the

earliest possible date, to achieve one successful orbiting ferret collector-

(fee at least 36 hours).

Is. That of the four P2 payloade now under construction, as maw as

piyleads.

5. That in order to meet specific requirements mentioned in the USD.

document, a vigorous aso program be initiated:

) to develop modifications to the F2 design or of the special

teat payload package to develop an early capability for the

IT. - C RET

ti

.••• •

.

are necessary be flown with Thera boosters to achieve successful orbit with two

•

7.
III.. :....: . •••-t:Yiti

::-:..4.

ft: 7" ir• 0 = . ••.. *-.tel

,

detection of Soviet antiballistic missile defenses including - ...

long range early inning and trackers. . . - „ .; . .. 7 4

r

to develop modifir-atiens or extension s of the 22 design lauding :

•. -

, ,

-. q

i 7:4

to a means of detection of missile telemetering and satellite

tracking channels.

to study the use of or F2 ps7lesds is support of the early

•

search for bases under construction and to modify the present

e

flight plan if this program appears capable of early success.

d) to emblem. the orderly solution of the SO problems listed

.

above, aimed at obtaining an increased performance in the F) •

and ?h family with !got A! detection by analog means of Uri-.

conventional signals and 

.

.

sigma oemplemes, sore accurate and

reliable oesition determination, higher gain receiving antennas

to be directed to a specific point on the ground (possibly

sufficitns, :'or wore at distances in the order of 24,000 stiles).

.,•8

s) to provide for at least one flight with the above capabilities 

In the revised deployment plan.

4

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t •' • I '• % • ..t.;;I•CifrIte.:-.::47.;:‘,. 4•!*V11::',.**••1 •4 • •••••f:7tr :11 ..34,1%,4

ruomy of its a:Npartint. •rrora six.•11a. 1..raL.-e4 . back to . determine tie *Toes. of 14.0...,j.;4,45

. •.• atiVrfoTeif,:1404rri

- • -Lr e tfiiy" gkht.Idockbeisd " n ' . e.• •

direottvea nn contiac LOT . 3 de4.1.3.funn:: , r."

• •

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and rtcovary dot .2 ilet• 34isit. " the rir la c...-itrat..ti'emobaniame,trim,30bY....tt!e:;S:1;;;:.:440;t'i-,•"14% .

.

• ••; • ., . ':...",-*;;:.,:1.•:.7-:.'kt;•••!.:;••• ..

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toe intelligtmee requirements' roles thath.14;1b;nin.?Pliiyedzi..iri'ibil3.4.:es.Tlit,-.1sast.

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. • • • •• • ...• ."ria....- . • "I -;:t• .y. .. ; • • .: : .c...

since 1957 are unreal and confining:.- 

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:*tivi. fOteseosible frtnre gejor...seripr .,

' .• • . : , *. •""" .1' .

e '.. . I % :- ••.. :•10::.:,.•.. • . • ...v , I.. t

-sel.iv it"' sho31.1 center on sip- --rinen ts,“ Spa: :: ftoalif to iiiPand'tke:knoilledgS•snoted-

. , • . - •

shove. Properties of payloada :and dmyelament tor optimun:phe

eochanisem ahocld proccod canecrrort.1). !sotin a relatively' pendiiitt assn..

1. NPelifraMd.Tt'ons

.

. 1 . , • ...• ,....",,, ...:. ..fee . ' • ....... ;,..••••• . . •••• ..iiiii

le • Delpi Li the errors of the:It:m artini ::.131' sianicesient Erowieit4t,'

. • . :: • ....-.?..: • -4,.., .t.,e• .: . • 'i ' . • S.'

•

that lessons ha-se ,mmin learnod and that' rsriazeagt has improved.and. will.

.

. . . ..

. • si•-•• • _ ....-.• • e.;

... _ .A.,,,:t.., pt•

f•Irther. It is recommended that every efrort t•e nade to. .asite. .the existing orfilliti

- •

. 

 . ' -.. :•1• • w*"

.

. ......

mations work rather t.han make" radical c.::anrco aktbis "tie: I • • : •:'. • •:. s.,*...N.......

. . .

• 2. It is rcooar..anded V-at tha ir:D ' orviniza Lion 1 •I: reinforced a4.1.01sir.

officers with resor•taissa-tsc orwtrivisee arc that the ,311t.tons Occupied on •

•• . ' • ' ' '' ' • . - ':•- 't • - f ..•• 4y ., • •:-

be WWI • t•cnt With the MA priority of:the rrojsetie • ... • : ,. •:',.-:•••••'• ••• • 4.••

.

.•. . • .. . ' : ••••"'" i/•11.....!-ItJ.Irl!if..1iIr

. • .. • . .

. . 

.. it, 'as reconismded Lilo* or-oiaicatiomi and•1410

into the argot manacenent structure, that their advice. be tavan• inch, Ova

. • . • : • .• ...• • • • • • •• : • •12

than in the /43t., lend that adrinistrative r.rocedsres t•e• rntriciii to ,pireii

to special projscts ea a .tiosnly balio..4teid.oappeperanceijesCpas to

. . • . • ;

DAD has sometime avoided asking for advice true aingrii.PC

recmieendations in a direction that later o•:rfits (is in the nammement.of;

provedwrong. If thee ohm• resoamondation is unacceptable, itio.

•:" • • •

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WARNING r

1. The mbar, a! the wuniug problem is suck bust it eheeld. not W. allowed

. .

to confUse just

•

 ify, or exert technical influinem onthe recorsialisance Matellite

• rest

s:.•stce. The various Calgrh er. of wantavg hot noly imply, but are emendent to a

litre degrLe on the known intentions of any potential enemy. Therefore, it cannot

•

•

be cosigned for. CM the °thy.? hand, the impoOnce of early and reliable warning •

to the national defensive. and offensive efforts is recognised. In order to

insure tce hip hest quell ► results„ the indicators of the laud:tame of hostilities

t.itould be derived iris each end all of the following intelligence categories' - . . ••.

(2 .1 scientific and technical, (b) ecoranic, (c) political, (d) military (sir, .

•••.

. • :n"; crolnc, and sea), (e) sociological, (f) geographic, (g) transportation And.

telecommunications, (h) biographical. . . •

—. • - •

-

2. 7:43, in turn, become° a national long4ern(days-months-yeare) problem. . 04

•

involving all intellirence agencies. Close coordinatioh of airactleiles and'

.

empatiollity of ail systerm is mandatory in order tot rovbie on a timely basis the

eo:Aributions 'gat :Amass maw make to ste above intelligence categories. The' .

'.

:

f•11

urgency of a tnreat at any situation is depenoent on the oegree that it iM:.

supported Cy all of the above factors in addition to the extent that tempter

- •

:14,1,t:

acLions nave been taken during the build-up of the situation.

3. The question of timeliness as eartains to the evaluation of the SAMOS - ..,;,....:.t

. • t. %. st;

nd products should be stied very care/413y. As pointed out previously, the ,, 1"e451

. i --- :.3:5

advantages of satellite reconnaissance are sick that in a very short period of

. 1 ..•.i.•'...:..yf.

time it can saturate any and all data reduction systems toat are now in being. • 1 ..' t 1.

:q..;.# Complete se:emetic,' of the data reduction process could very easily hinder and

slow love: %re oecisicn process particularly as 'pertains to tne short range -

short t••rs uroLlens. DIMS reduction on a select basis and effective method to

eliminate rAd=ndant material is required.
n•n
• 

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end1.00 lines per we low contrist. •• Conversion tsmeasuremont 1:: object space revfntil

••

. • • • , - ..

.

! xtiserepanoles in the anticipated 204entretiegaition wound resolution., - A.higb • : .1; - • ' *-.•••••

.

,...-; . . _,. • .

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tar

. . : . • .• •

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lei 8 t • • 1. --. ' ..."' . 

▪

• .

 contrast (100:1) at 20D• lines ear aim Yields a lietectablirdinension . - • .

• .•••-•..........—.. • ••• . • - .7.

. -.4 ••• • . * I • ''

. •

v ••• '••••••• ••

. 

.... fink or appiatlaatort 9 fent on.the 'ground at a soal, * ar 526030021 .(xo statute : .• .;•.,;,,

.

.,........„ 

,

• . . • : . •• , 4

. miles). - filwriete, it is .7rennia;lifiegoted that to iPiCentill on • oblitioti, 'it nisi :;••••••• •.!•::"..*. t . .

&• - • .4 .N.. f

1 • ••• • . • .

• - 

•• • • 

_

•

.•

.-

..

have fram.1d, times the detection rsuiRitios. lberefores this (8.7) 9 foot •• . .4:3t. : -. '

'•∎••• .............. •. • ., . . ..., . • ._. 

z%-

-

distension (detection) ni4;samov 1.11 -

tali eir.daa 1546 toot is i 1115.7.641;itei.34.41iiii:;;::*.P.

""

i:'.4; .

• .- .. .

•fa • .-• ,

-; "... • . . r.

• . leverla astalaill. Operationaltetate in •.alwags .dialisti.ii• th *tar boritSisf• • to.; -• • • - ;.".-

A ..

. . . a ... .1 .. ,:;e- .:. -.• • • •• . • • .: •1%•?,i,

'.i. •..... • ••' (sad accepidng the stated figure (+r100 lines per•nit). the aocaptod wood objeallyie .1:,r, .7.

L_ is. ',IP:ti

.

►

.. •

' • ..• • • ' 7.. hi•••••:' 2.'4...4*,

recognitionon threshold is mot loss than 5040' task.' 'liberator*, lt

,. •

-is.ilkass taal:1*, 17.1:.•;•, .5re

.

. — • ....

- e'• 1.4.9i,;A.. . 41 '' e..• ".t.11-;11€ . • .... . ... •• . .. 

.. . •

to think of tkeol s►stin as • td-ico test systek.than.a .20 font 'ratan tiben KIS.- Alf;1

w

.

. .

.. •

ss •

.• : ••••%: • •• --47* ..0.

4 - • • a Pg

5040 foot system. it -should pis* be emphasised that the sbare.oanditS,931 x,

based upon a atie•in ralationililn of tamers in

• •

mild; lite offsets it-17st:iii

• • . . •:•.: • . .

• : - • •••• dynentics during the period of tins for ap pear, !briber affect the*. "does'. sad- f • ' .

nn•

. : • . • . • • .0.

▪

 - .40 a

are discussed In lite bo4r.br this Annex. . • '• ;•-• • •-.V11-7,..*•rf

•••• • •:*i• : .

Camera Orlentatio” Problems* ••• •,. .• . • ›.r. a" ' • a • • • •

J . .

••:

•

..

.i. • .

.

required to identify' and reeopetprobjentc. "mayworireatteldelusidie:54 as a -

• 1:11.

with photographs-takes oblique]; and the resulting . insge degradation.

. . a •• . ... .. .... •

: ''t ."nn•••4r1

'r • ..

..

•

i _.... :... . . • . - .... . i ..,tAl...

A final Mt of a numerical description of the' siystiei'ileals j .-1;r1r:t !- • • ')-.v

 .r.,er«.1

, - ....•

••••.. to the flightpath. The Tt•esa fills

•

 is then

and at a velocity equivalent to the relative :round vs/ocil •. Object and.laRto.

i•-2 camera 13 benleall3r a strip camera: 'The slit is oriented iiirpeediattla-f

i

e ;: : •5

tea in a path parallel. to lb* Meet ,livp, 4:1

-- •

...;,' ' • 4. -.-.,:figo

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in

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. • •,...

.• . • • ••

- s' 1 . . •

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• •••...,•,

planes are thereby Kfueshreniatal, and exrosed by means of a slit in the focal plane. .

The alit width and fax velocity ustablightd the exposure tine, with the -forward • • '• •

• "1• ...;or

'tattoo of thr •ft:side providing:. the •ecanis motion. The camera is supported in a •

SECRET . .. •

.

•
.. 411 410 L. •

3-3.xih syste•. so twit the ortical axis ma,' be directed • 150 =ilea of

the vehicle nadirIcr nreeelectvd ferret ark s.

This orereliJktion and aiming ere considered to be very difficult probleMS. .

The transverse dineasio of the al:Crept...sesta for thla Neal length a total "

anvticr . :!.•.ad of 3.2 derrees. Assu•ing a safaity factor o! 5G4, a target must,

tnentron. be anrut 13 rly at • 7,.. rad a.m. Within a .1 •..rti• of 1.o tiei.r• •ta roe A vertical

heicht of 3U0 ni1t.5. This reprecents an accuracy of achroxe-matAly cne part in

14.5 in ,ac:: Fait. pneuld be re sabered ins': this accuracy must be simultaneously vaintened in all three axis to hit th... threat. The 1.60 muSt, therefore,

be considered the 3 rsirma or at wurs • ta.c 2 ciao Unit rneemberinw at the

2 sl ime r.nint 271 7 x .9 x .9 ) of that targets will already be missed. The

stebiliaatiou water. which it :mealy specified in i (or the 1 sigma point}' F.44f

will have t, he cowl to . 50 rap or . 1..:13 ram depending on how mar targets ace is

willing to ftlts. The stabiLitation sista. specified in Sle OS does not neat

- • :

•

these r•Ighireponts.

One must further keel: in mind that ail of the above ere-supposes no error in

pos2ta.,n atone tne nrbitel track. Suck assumptions should not be allowed to stand

•

in an active oroeram,

It should be mentioned that both of the above difficulties (strict stihill•

sati g: am position elan, the track; are overcame by scan.-.in,: across the track

•

with a e. nasty in film w•i .ht proportional tJ the st4bilizaticel and track position :1:44

accuracies. The trade offs when viewed fray a panoramic configuration are dear: .

• • ": • ••.' Since the panoramic method is s• ertor to the present 3m2 metnod, the 11-2 method

.a

be chanced. Ln addition t' lecuraey, it is also interesting to examine

. •

staciiltatten aystrt rites, they are:

„ea

. .

ccn bo mininised he stnrtinr the cam • ra: early. Thu ix:cures target coverage

4.12

•

. • . .

rather than along i v., as is the vase in other panoramic type cameras. In paitoramii.7

• • • • •

t;c4 eamerck, the •ntir.: section is seamed and error.: in position along the track .:

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related to =ovine, cloud pattern.

She E-2 system operates an a basis of preselected target areas. Thereare'

no sensors aboard wnich wolride.roote ground indiest.ion for tn• presence of •

.

.

.

cloud cover. This is a problem of special importance in the C.2 photograilhic

8:eafts beca• 2c tea angular neld O.' its film record is just ).: defrees mare.

It is, therefore, not at ell inconceivable that cloud cover car, completely

obscure the full field angle of ).2 dekroes.

For•tpvcr, this aiy occur even when a normallY usable condition for coverage- . .3

of 0.2 to ;#.3 cloud cover exists. Mtn) also MilitS the problem of narrow angle

lensec o:aliquel;" related to the claws cover. Solar position under these cm:Minims

is important too, for the Su.- at the incorrect angle to the cloud openings will

provide mn.learable shadow on the ground scene baow the opening. Such a condition •

makes it difficult to get overlapping photography. The probability is quite

law that one can accurately locates' single exposure through the cloud openings.,

1..Eneure Criteria: .

...di:

.

High resolution photccrsphic apneas are partials/any subject to deterioration

as a result of motion. The greater the resolution, the more rapid the deterioration. C:1%.

••'•7.

in the environment of motion. la the photographic scale deoreases (smaller image.. ,...v.11f;

I.;

size) the reduced contrast also contributes to a lowered pwrformanoe of recognition. • •*14s

;.:• ,

The slit camera does have one unique characteristic which sets it apart from :

all other oaseras--s non-dynasio shutter capable of very short exposures.

•

is no cheaper or more reliable means for minimising the effects of notion than.

•

fast abutter speeds. This important and useful characteristic of the slit shatterhas been compromised by :noosing a very slow anuision, which has high resolatimes'r

. • . • ‘:::„.1."1.ir

capability to be sure, bet forcing complex and meting coepensatiens (effects —

best examine the problem of cmners expose= control. The canera is provided

with a glass plate in the local plena won which metallized slits are plated.

. • .

•

.

4

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•

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t•••••••6

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• descrioed earlier) to sake strio camera useful at szrosures of O.CL second. . :V
f• • . • •

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reasonable resoluta= coupled witlis Mall 4nalidoa aelatata

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lessened *se aostip and controlloardem'asi affgetbd

• . • • " •

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'• • • No sufficiently detailed optical description is providod •se. *sap** way • i•••• :: 1 "1

W

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determine it the line systaa window has been conaildared as: past the basic .. . ..t.,`...•

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-

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optics. The mattes of conosim, relate to ,the foot That 14 operattps •okstiessi.;,tir.i.••41

. • . • 't s :•.• • .

, system window is both pressurised and bested to maintain the' dissired 'enwircisiitt : -..44".."1:-!•.: "--7.•*-1:?;

,

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sods seentiem should b

'• . • • .

'. ••• ••• • 3e• "

...lath no detailed knowledge girlie" is felt soe..aade of .teholf..40.•••.v•tiz

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c. The pressurisation lewel.is stated at one . atmoephere 0 nitrogen.. :Assossies-A,• •-• ••• ...1 - -

• •r. • - • • • ..

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. • - ...a INensit diameter Wisdom. the totalload upon the window le 1.141P.,poowdeiaiiroia•-•":"*. " ..

.• - • •-•,.,, _..... , • •• • •• :-..

• •,s =tar, A low pressure (1.5 psi) would surely stifles. M/1111. . "• itlk1 11 .(:.:-I.0.•.:C•:•,:-;41.

•• a .•. - ' • -- ... .

.

3

..: •

-."a thickness is asifisiently thick to math/staid this' load, ,

the mindookwill biome.. .!• A le .isi.

.

.. -*-•••• - - 

. . • 4 .••n ...a ....: •••• c .3. •n••? . • o •• . • • • r '

• • •••• .howed and its zero lens power charasteristic changed. If UMW POMP

:.

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d

•

• !

 ..;,.-?c. • . ....

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•.4); g.*. : .i.Aiintroduced, it ow be of su

t %

ds magnitude as to •shift the focal plane.poeition. • 1.2' ."-.1t.i..4.

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this, conditiom•one ••delle At

• • `c•• ••• . • "..". • - •

4.. '

: • .1. • • I • • • • • ". ir••.•rt•' order ' .to-reassder the lower Ifsallistiv$11/

devioss to make.this possible. A • 77.:•. • • •••

• • 4. W.

. . • . • .

• -

• • • :•ai 1•••n•:•• • ;.:,•:4% - 4 • • bit'''.

 •

ribs: • , •• • • • • :ea ' '14 •: • irop • .3. AN,' ..4.** 7 ..

19 • •• • • •.•

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t?

• Z•.! . • dr • or."-• ••• . • 4••

•

.•••••:•'; • ....irsion;irc

ib. 'a 90 210, is a modified version ....• of. rf' • •114• ..• rida ca • fl n• .... 

,o• •

t,%3.1 -

. . _ ' •- its iniserootay reglecitseilishisa 'spunk:

- •• • ' • • 6. • .

in a• higher resolstion outus.

'•• • •-• -••• • : •

: iatkgis •

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.

resalistla o;:resultangtx•

.

n• ,14*

. . a': • -. n . Si& •

•.

. •

sdbstan

5

.. .4

•
This is important in Vier of the extremely narrow range of critical focus.

The lens system window is critical, under load, for internal. stresses (frdm

temperature gradients and/or pressure) can approach such magnitudes Where its

resultant TIM" ants the resolution limit pf the entire optical system. It is

essent4a1 that the window be kept in a stable condition, for the existence of

tnerual gradients will vary the quality until such tia • as the window resamos

thermal stability. This means difSerens onaracteristics for diiferent photo•ranha

until suibilit7 has a7sin been remold.

l'ne prevent MS) procedure for ground collimator tests of the 11-2 camera

dnes nrt provide that the caner& be pressurised to :match the expected spaceborne

SittlAttm. This shocld be remedied.

qround Lentrol of Resolution: 

fiM E-2 photwraphic riztes previous for comana control of r000lution. "hie

iu impractical mince there are too many perseet•ro which enter into this end effect.

!or example, a focus control and isage notion covensation control are provided

and tnis directl; raises the que

▪

 stion as to whether an operator at a remote console.

137. tsp. /round is able to determine wnich of these two are in error. Mow is the

oeid..htor to know if the difficulty is tie:real stubilit7, window effects, Nisalirnmant cLe to launch forces, etc.? In the ksence of resolution targets voeewhere

the frc-md, it is virtually impossible to make an adjustment in resolution romately.

Mis operational mode ?squired redefinition and evaluation.

?notecraptrys 

4

line comments are also included in the :0-2 report reyardine the availability

of stereo photographic coverage at angles up to • 17 decries. It 13 not at all

clear :1st how cavi • ra orientation is prone:mai for this impose. Intuitively, . s

trio value of such stereo is questionable in view of the involved geometry. It is

conc:aeree coobtfUl tnat such height data could be of value unlese points of known

elevatinn are located in the overlap area. Gn this basis realties xeaturextente

' 7 •

•
•

. . :

. r

• The monebatis process does attecil-tie Latent image renolation,:ter =lite conventional2

et..z•", • •

processing, it. cannot provide the compensation for oontinuous •giemea and density • • •

if

.• • ••: '

• •

r: , • /

• r..... .

.. . ..

•.•

. • ..'' • • •

.. -.resection ecoare..ipt.p*,ineh fra;M• la then-.scanned in 0.1.

,•

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.•". 7. •u ti ,

- *.i. . • •

_ . • :t• __ _ . 1, .

for tits data link tramomasaimt.. :51: maw that la ir..24.-Ich ,..**2:4 ? .1.. . -. , .,..A.. .1.

aansbath process? •

 The 

trors4 posies woad 

oval sompeassta oor..tb.,,unizile;74

..... . ...........i..:, ..114;

....„,..,..4.. e,

I. ..

:.I.

. • . • ..

even

••

..... .r. • . .

6 0.. ••• . . rr,....• ;./..... • •"...'• .t .. •'....1 t . tS \ :44.b.:... it"

.

. . ..... • ••

. -

.....:. .1. ..!...........;;4:.14.1. ..:14.4.711„ ...

4- ' • . • .- : - — •• • -• . 1,..-.. :it ••••• . :1n.:, •

.

, •

,1111i Sean Itaibrit' .

•

.

- -• g •

.

.. , ..- At '. 1*

• .

.• . •

• :. •:. t . ••• •

.. . • • . I " '.,- .. •

 • •

'• 1.. : e •. . . .. .?: ' • ........dt' ;. -.. I. • a:-.1.17:14 1.1 14-

,... 4 ..: - .40 ' tie. •

A •

• ..

.

1. On 4 -;ila recovery basil- there. i.mCni — doubt bat thetrionventional Pi ithg ece s

.- • . r°P •

4 • • '••

• • . • •.••4 • • .11

mills the oleos control atraiialb, 411 yield diesireb3.7' biltbsr restate •-: .. • el

.• •

.

.. .

4Vi ,

• ... •:

°TI

verlattems of airborne empeoare. • •

deliberate* • introthi 19 'breaks its. Image: cont•inallw: Assuming glr•

•

(sweep) Abe abritted.hiprilag)-arts can vary !•• .001 inch,

oft ameba

.• .C.. • • :, t • , • • •

&welt' preeeseing. as drying. the film is

. ‘,

. .

- Una • prime ontOd ,-

e. to

• . ,. ' ....-.74- !4-1

_ . • -.....,....."..‘uri - . • - .

its a gate to be sceseid•Ok allying 'pot ocateoesi• pid.r

▪

 elated. 'apt1eii* tleMer Snags•••r;i: .. ....-,••••k

. .,..

.•. . .

.. :. .,...,

....

• . •

i • • • • . ..:111.6 ...), '

• • - • V" .. xi: ••

.

. 

•

. . ' . ..V•

•.' .i.r:i•

•

"•'

••••• . . .

•

. .

.•

each swan section interloped, _Dis

,

rears most undesirable.

4

•

• e •

▪

•

•••• •••

. •

••••

•• • •

..

. '0 •

• • • A • •

•

.:.

T

•

•

. • . •

. .

. i ••• ... • • •

, 4

?4!

.• t.• ...C.•tis

.... I -.• - _%. .? .' • ' - , e . • h • -,:ss if". •

.

...A • • ....,•• li• ineN11'20saieb strips-- -•,,ri,-3. '...;.. •.

4. : • ' ' • • 1111'.- • • : :. • ' :. • t- ;

ft u; loath, the symtem.i_ -.....):• •

. ..,.. y•••-.. R ••1"-kr

•• &i

. linearktir •.' ••••‘ .i.IP`4.. ;tilt

.

• , v ••••• Ilb, A., u

-or-. Ws feet nt ••;%•;:i.:

••n• .

. ••n• " • •

. • elot:'...v•

04. ! •,:: ei•••• 2t4i.1%

. •

• • • •".

4.

St

f•,.7

•

• ;

• .,. •

. • •11m,-

n•

• .••n ?4

. ••. •

. ••:••• :•

•••• • _ • --

. . .

-,•• ,

'.n.'.•;- • • • dsolfts. at •n• sdelti. of 5-26;otea. tnadir ) Mason begin to .proyids' elovatieti 1

•••-..•• • ..

. . . .

: • -

-. • *still auok...lass than SOD feet::: This in not conmidered mortbitile in the light,

 . ,.. .., • - 'met' . • . . . • . • • •

'''pt 00 iliclu&Pent comsletity requirid •to• prod.& this motion, sines in the light

of The comities minds* problem previously' discussed above, it is doubtful that the •

. •

.

.,

,

....... ti. • ts o photogrephi required cOmld actually be obtained. .- • .

,

. . •

• .1,.• :

A

..,

•• • ..41. . .

• ' •• .

s

. • ••

Proceseta* Limitations _ 

-.

.

..• • 'V •

-.... • • '::::

. ,.

.or• . .

. • ..• . •

.

•Irtte ihamical processing in flight 1-twelves the use of menObath 

 •

-sebt • tions. •..."

_

..•

•

‘• .- • •

There • it doubt that if &Atte link is to be tiled Olt this be the process. used. • •: •••

4:"6.*Ott be l'ait'some value*• bat at .best, • question convergence angle of

♦

. • • .•

4• • .
•

•
•• • •• • • "T."? •• •

".• • •

.

v

• 

• i• y •• • : •

. • :•

•

. 3aReed-out./ReY

Inches

•

Filet

„ •

.

• I

linear Wiles/Day •

Sq. ki./Day • - • 1. • - • •••

•

396

33

2,790

As7,430.-:

. • •

•

•

•

. •

••:• fle

. *At

a• • •

• We

888

.4., .

. . . . , ..,,........., .— ,..,. .1.. ,v, ... • •••. :Are •••n rifri.e.••• 4...0... • 0 ••••• -0%. • iv - 's ••:', t':-''''.".."*Er.' - • • ':.; tala.t.

.

.

•

. 34 ..t :: ...... • • • •. "Alai,ei,,,.. .:;4,... ti. ...4. ...47.-4..,.,. • . . • • •• • • . • . ...... ...I..34s

:•• -

•

4111••••••••••n . n • ••

•.. , • . •

• •

• .• . . ...• • .. UP

• • . • • . • • • •••• .1? •11 1 fr,5:40•012

•• * : i -. TA.

• .. • • • • . ••••..... . .. -. , , -. 4•;:. • :. - .., :. • .. ." - . , ,'./...- • -.z .s.. • :-'14-ekAi

:.,...• ... I- . -1••••

.1 .

. . Bee&ent 'Llaitition Doo•Acan asiti.44•6"•113sarperCilliatIr t t

. .

; .. ,.:-n• ••• • • •- - ...- ..; • - ,..:•- • : • ...i--,•••• .. . . 4, ,. 1 ,... - • -• - -

;•:„.••• 1,-;.'.1- ,. ..1.4e....4.; l•

'L."

'I, `r, V II • ' an.% . • t• • • 1 * . nr......(4!.... .4 ••• lt: .--: . • • ....... •••••;• — :•.: ;.• . • • 4+ :: *•:" • ivqh • !„: • **:%•-••,. t • • •':,..-f•- 4'. -7.4., -.Z. • 1*.

.. .;:•*re,:. .... :.:-....:;: 7.- _ I.P.,-d..•41.4:.Stitiiiiii .'-. ,e 1; ':::•I ,,* ,....': -..;i7 . v . 1147 94.401. .e-;41:«tr.'11 ........... , . ...

1...• • • . : ",,,- ... • . • ... • ..• . • ..... ". ....., +fat .r, •• ' 1 :,,E .r, g.. • .I, ri ..• i 3 .,.` °• • ell ••• ...• . •• •• • • • •IiP %. 4.,

. .• • • r • •-% • s • 7.—

•

• Read-ont

46; • • (paz/bay) .•

300

' • • 25 -

1 860 '•

••• • 40.1; • _

'• 31;620 •• 1,110r•

. •

• .1

•••

,•

:

Average Length of

- Flight Line (ales)

. 

-..• • Average Member of • . • Times OM bob .. -

.:. • ••- 1. . night Line to • • -•

' • attain 08.701•1!

.#441 • • •

' (Russian Siooko1600) •

19.2 X Sq:s M. • • No. of Satellite •

7.. • Dmys Nsquired for

Coverao

I

Weather Degradation

5re;

Period Degradation

I -

•

. • •

•

.. ,*•:- : " • • •• . ,. , -. •• -.1„. ••7 ::. . ' •-• • ., i . •. •• .. .t• ...•

. • • ••' • • . ' ° • • • • :}• .: ..* • ••• .; ... .1e.%.,".;';:t::.".*: ti.MIV;:i.9:14 '

.!, .A, .- A• .. •:4,4-•43 ::/lba

n ••: •••• • ... 4 ..... f.•:,71

r• :

2,000 •

:• .

' •• .,....,•-...

._,, /I. ;t•. • •• •:. I •••

. ..• • 1 ..... ' -''S"*.e4**Apt .• '''''' ' • '• . - lif.41, <4,. -

•Vr4,..-4:6411te

1.07 • •

•

• --4:4_;,:H;15•

S . • •".••• ••• •• ; • ...

• '

• .

666 •. .•-•

1,332 .

•

•

.n•

at the Paellie hissile Meg., and the degree that tho elsetronio

of these

Control Degradation

Reliability Degrsdation • •

Pilo nee • 2.y5.• x v.51 (15C*) ....• • •

150° • 2.75 • 54

Dingle free" • 17 lei 9?0 • Id or 1.5.6/0 Sq• Mi• .."

• - • • - - • -44 1:•.-

r .4.811 •

lhe d

a gill depend upon the type mad' mount ef activi

The etriativanSes at. UR jut' an operational INAet tio1

amount of read-out-

• d • questionage4.344.4.„ • •

•

. •

•

.

. • •••••• •

••••• . •

• . e". *

activities interfere with subsystem B reception.

•

.

, . SECRET'

54.51, 12 11 930 • linear van forward direction)

Ael"

• ..

•.

• • WI 7r

• . :.•.;*

.. . . .. ...

... . .. •.: . . 7 .4. ,. .. . :..,, . . • • • . • ...; .•• •

. .. : . • • .., %.• • 1 i 4 

.511 ithe neither 17-milo =its In 150") ••• -. 4.•••• •- ,..„,•••t-• •• * :'..: . • •,,

2,000 • 2,000

, •

•
* satellite dere would be 'squired to obtain peverege

•

.• • r. . •• •

••n

- ' .1 0..,

.

• .

.. •

;•

. • •

:•••

In •

•

In compariein a 70ma recovery system, will cover 278;000 sq.ed./der

••

16,000 linear nidday. ?eh noMber of satallitedirs required to obtain .

.• • r.r.

. •

total coverage would be 72. Degraded SOS for. weather , the total Mad

be 1144. Degradation due to period, control and reliability is not as

great or as critical became of the fewer number or de re required. If

the satellite is recovered in a 2h-hour period, it will show a gain of f •

6 to 18 beoense of the read-out limitations.

IV. Using a panoramic recoverable rrstwa with the capability of.a 150•oile • • ;

•• . •

•

•

. • •

•• swath, the comparison Mad bet •

4

 • • .•

16,000 linear miles/day

2.4 X square miles/day

• . ••••"fi.k

„...;:.••

-

• -. "n

17 satellite days would be required if weather were considered .

. .

. . ., • • The degradation due to period, lick of controls and reliability woad • ...

be substantially less because of the wider aria or coverage obtained •

••

resulting in a fewer nolber of vehicles requiring .a fewer member of days

•

to Obtain coverage. •

:

: • •!

•

• •

. '

. .

' • • • *.• • • • • t•

•
••• yft ; it.:

• . . • .:'

:hp. .:•.•-ral •

,. •-- •

. .

u•::••• • -.7%,-4-4,*.-Z.-tr..

. •

: •

. ••

.

.

-• •• ••.• .'" . • •

.

", Pt • •

.

.

•••

• •

'ex •

•

• ..

'd‘s EMIR COPPAZCSON SUSSISt311 91°

S-1 •

•

:: •

2

• • • k '

.

Pan •• Pau:, ;ft.f

'

•

• e• • • •:14,4Ate •

4. • • • 7.: • •

• • ,

• .• •

.

,terilzi•:.„::,:':.•;4.e.;•••.•'," -• • • •

r.nex D

••

. • .

. • System Resolution

Strip width miles

• Apermaire

Sutter SpeedCostar Seale

-' Life Lin.Mipected

SIP (d*Ye)

Coverageftehiele

Lite (independ

of weather)

Mhz Size

Irfeetive Stereo

6%

260 ai.

* 0rOund aerolution /WI

100 Won

100

4.0

1/50

3 x 106

.

15-30

x 106

Sq

Perforrbar.ce focal.

length

. • Altitude

. TOan

x

12001

Teo

36"

1L2 xcl..•

6' •

•

140 Wan,

*P.7 . • • • ••

3C0

• . •

• . ••

. •

60 •

1/71)4/Too

•

:, 40

A. :. • sk...A

r.:.

At the present thee,. the 2h • systen listed above has the following growth :•

potential and:Read poipaibly result frost minor changes:

• .

(1) The addition at 1 360 F.L. len: with a szraten rasa/dim cit apProxfuwa4 •

11.0 Wan.

i'Distanee on ground subtended by one ehoiographie resolution line.

Recognisability usually requires 21 lines.

•

66" 21."

160 ail 127 FA.

51 251

100 Win 80-100 iiiaa • . •

150 t•

5.6 • •

P

1/300-V2o00. •.

7.5 x 101' 3.5 x 103 • *. 2.5 x 101+; ••••..

3C-30

6.7 x 106

15-20 z 106 Can carry

SqFA Sq PI • only 1 day -

o! rile

T.3 x •

Sq MI

70 sea

15-22‘30 1. 2530l

. .

.

Tel! •

dim

36' ..

260 at.

201

100 Win

1?

4.0

1/100

5a 105

30 144

Ter •

e

' •

• • •••

• 'SCA: "

•

A 100S increase inmound coverage due to increased Ma width and • . • -ff,* •

amity (70 sag to P9. ••,1/26.

A higher reliibility factor by cutting the author of frees. or anpowenre,

••• -;

by 50% for every pass. w e r T. . •

•

. . •

•

. • . .
Itrn111111M.M. ri
. •

7 4.5 . '0.5 11 .: if 4':,

:, ..

5.5 .• 7.5' • 6• 5

8 • , '-.6 • - 77-----7-7);T-777,537._ 7

'

-

1. - . 7 . -• • ••• : .6 5 . 5.5 : -: -': :9.5:1=).

,.

.•

. 70 :••• Jan.

Jul.

: . •

"'- •--• • •

•• . , y• •••.,•

..)• tt:

47.41+4".

". •

E - wawa EfF7C1S

!lean number of F.-2 Satellite nap required for photographic covurarc• with a probability

of 0.95 for fixed (17-r.ilf• wide) and trainable (75, 100, 20), and :01:• nile wide watt) i....:

cameras for semmlfie lorations, far a wl •.ter moms (Jan) and a sumePr month (July) for

oroital I e.niinationo of P3° € /02 twith.lut illumination dm •ranation affects) sold riven

15i revol littcrts per day. :.•13.:

?bet* :;.:',-,.• /..: 'elaLa ."ttit ! .°i Ptaeow SeerAlerst.:m. :r1:°1•rk.. heY.3:;t.*::?s.° Astrakhan Pekin t

17 7U° Jag. • 175 lii eo ii5

Jul. Z2.1 95 1!" 1 •',

ON= •••••• minnn ••••n•n ••

630 jilef• 21u lice . 1e5 12S

Jul. 140 115 125 1l

awiliMINnnn• n••••.11.n•nnnnn alm•••

75 70 Jar.. 40 28 lb

Jai. 2•. 22 JO 2:,

83 Jan. 104 3? 2'

Jul. 32 2A 2u .

0•11.....0111. aolOMP

70 Jan. 30 • 21 111 19

Jul. 21 16 22 lb

100 83

Jul. 24 20 21 19

70 Jan. 15 10 .. 7

260

83 an. IT-

. Jul. . 12 . 10 10

Jul. . 10 8 • 11

10

I

$

."1..

it) 20 7./. '

10 : r ;16 -:-

.

.. .* :

....n...

1?;

90

95

70

' lb)

..

.

: .•

• • 15

165

Lb • 16 *.

20 36

• a. woo..

22 's •

22

L. •

le

15 27

bu

lu 28

lc. 1 .•6 . :I.
: 4•:••• .• •

'

: • " .• . • . • .• •

• omce or THE Imam OF ovum mum km ouneenues • '''..n..414-4.

: 11111111111161011 =me:

la JtAY 1960

de •

Dear Ds. York:

The DI= Advisory Group an COUDT/CCISSECAISIC bus

prepared the attached report, subject: "_chew and Reeemran.

.

dation& or MAP Satellite Becconteitaanee }t•oject SA1:03"

it is rot, dad far initrmation aeL any action deemed

eiroPtato•

•

lbe report owners al.1,-1 l major expecte or the project • • :

.1• ineluding the latest USD statement at satellite reconnaisXnee •*

•

requirements. She deliberations or the Ch.aup took into eon- •

••

siderat.ton the previous errarts or:

• -

fa) The DM Corporation

.• •.0%.

(b) she a 2l7L Advisory Craw • „,-.•:•

.•

01) The Presidtatia3. Salentine Advisoa7 Camnitt.ee .• •

. -

(a) The Orrice or the Assistant Director rta•

. Special Projects, ODDR&E, Including seCrelriste

national agencies

If yam so desire, the °raw ceseurs that the report say • • -..,..;:15411

be foreerdei to the USAF. • ' • - •• -. `.•4 1 a-

.:* :v.•3

. W trof

:

. • :...:.#

% ; .,.......B

W. O. DA3321 •

; !... • ...i.r ta'....24.:Ali ! _ tfe.1" • . Z Catii=ma Advisory Chwoup

CCS33CAL132 • !a

...•?...., ,t.Yr.

CCaMit/ I • .,..: •••:--1'

. . i ...,_91.11

......

3. Thal: ltePart •

Dr. liefbert Y. York

Director •r Woos ileseeeek

ana 

togl000rbei...n..., : . . :.:

The Pentagon e.4.1:. Ma

I

ilaillngeal 25D D.C. /: • ;24- -en

V

T.....I.T. c:•.:::.••••:•• -

•..........1.., t c (,, .., .11. . •••" 0. 41.2 IL,. :: .s&

• • •

.fk.

.C...C.Lii 4, —.....s.. . •• • - — — - -••• •

.

• ..

. • • 01,

.

. . 0

•

. f ::,

. • :$:

... : • . f.t.„;

I

(e) The Ileccommiseavne Panel et the USAF • •1•73/,1

ficlentirie Advisory Beard •

•

•

•

•• •••-
; •

• •••• t

Sa'. C R

REVIEW A113 RECOMMENOAIICNS OF USAF SA.TELLITE

RECONN e.ISSANCE PROJECT SAMOS •

▪

 :

-

•• 'Asil• Table of COntutstS

• • e

IX. ELIN1 /CC talbri - Subsysten. 'Ti . - 1-'2 r F3"

.

..

4

t

:•••••?.‘ .: X. Management •

.:

•-.,•-

:..i, •A's

;..: • .

:..--:

•• :A,.

..,:-

.,...„. 1. .47%

A

'• .: 4

Zg Ann e X 11 n Int..111.;ence 1:.rstissit - Subsy:dcms '47." and •F" . !.

.ze

1

iitui‘ x D - matcst..oic Perft.rniance - Sub/1*4cl:-. "V." ir

I A:

/

/

&A

TO. Annex C - 'Readout Linutatiuns Duo to 5:an Etat:: - SubSystera “E" ..:

1•

I v:.

Annex D SystImr. Gump:risen • Stabsyr:em "E"

. .

•••••.'

..-

t•

.-. Annex E - %veLtner e..ffects - Suosystern. "&" .

s

4 . • I:::

.•

,•

:14

.,..4 .1.11

4..1

I. General - Ilacku round ..?"..j4..

IL General -- Political ..•:-.4

•

..../464.

6.4

III. General - Requirements ..:•••Fte

it'l

:

:' • t 1 • IV. General - Readuut i:14... ..i .:.14

:1 V. General - Recovery •

.. 111

i

V16 ' Weather ':..•

1

••

.

•.e.

Op.ical - Suasystesn "El .- EZ. - E5"

:`.i

.. ••

i

• : Data Proccscing - Subsymte "I" • ..ls.

• .64

11 ''''

. ,

•

••1:
•

I

:••••••
1

1

.

•

. • .

.

ul.“ revised doctrine of the SAMC•S Pm!. renal, oht•issied in informal cat:• . •

I•

• • • _ • • •

sr en t lo ET

'1. -

•

•••

• ••: 1..*:: • P• •••••- •••'• • fv.: r • C re" drii. Po. ET.

.

• • • . ... •

7",.06

SUBJCCT1 •

. Revi •-w and Recornmendations. of USAF Siktellite-

.: Reconnaissance Project SAXIC.4.-... •

.• •

.• •

ir

•

"e.; •

• tt?1,410

•

• t • •• •

•

M.

1:;••

"

A. During the past several inunt.le, deliberations and rtutt14?1: -?p

••.

- •

.. • • •

••• n.•".

1. GENERAL - Back .. round lrtfar tn:.t au

eerie, riling the various aspects of the S.I.N1C:fi Prog.rans .ucen conducted':

.....-.

. . ,

t:: : :suit issiport ar.c.c tart the snarly potcsati.-1 uscrs a the product plAce (.4:" ... ...-,A71. i -.. 

.- a

.;,.. I

. • •

.

tn.: prorr.:in, iu•lic•stueth.4t any ri:viuw 1 • 1•131. CGnii.ler Us.: pregrarn.as a1.-:%4,L

i N.:#

Vehlri 4. in orour to tie must ed •Cti• II• 1. ec-naly, thez k, h':.s been •viklence

i

i

i

:., . . .

C41 &MOUS with members uf the Glace of tau Secret-.

try a th.• .air For, . • ,,,•••

.

.

..

,

.

.

. .

.

- • •:::1-.:

. 

g ni! As seen in 'tic'. directives as tile Gentled' Wilson letter to the' TAID. • .• ::"...

1 • ' - • - •.' .: :•:•'-'t .

he ever, in the meantime, national and international affairs 14aim forced .'.:...:•4 '

. . . -.. • ' JP

a .1.-w oar gcncy. 4. °espied with a frantic expectancy, for a project whiise ,,,,..........."4;1;

.1 . :-...

.-. ,

I

• technology has.been both overstated and underdone. Consequently, „this z .:‘.-.."...-

.. . 

.. . • . - . . ....

repeact has attempted to consolidate various reviews made to date. ..;••• •••,' ....%..45011 • , ...

i

.

. " •

i

. r .

Or • ! • . / :•*.:'• • •-.: ' :: • f.; • '' '

/ • • • •• ' :' 1..A.i.".

/

. % . • : . • -.; ''....F.t.e....)

. •1 .

.

17::• . . 1.. . l ..7:;,..q .

.. •. .• . f•i•-:-...c ....1

- i. . • •....• . ....,....: • . ...n=tfaUt

-.!

. • : ' •...i:;z:

by many roups individuals. Tate n:.tion..1 • : • ire tais h:•.1

•
I-••

•
v.

•

•

.

e•ft. *AS

..J 11.# am 3'1 .

.

• :....

ii =MULL - Political and Manarenta Conciee•atiore .

...i•

A. The universal appliestient of satellite reconnaissance have not been ...t

fully recognized. World-wide mapping, disarter and rescue survey', geological .'..:

..

be ►rcn, weather analysis and warning, posermtino inapeetion and dtaarnament

centrol, are all possible functions of satellitle. Aside from t1 ci practical

al•

applicotiona the scientific retultr are, of course, also cf very great imnorTmee. :6

es;

P. Internationaa and national approval to conduct opera ions is, and will 4

continue to be, a serious proMee. The situation must be each that the proem*

1421 be acceptokle yelitienlly -- un & O. S. National basic, and

later, on an international basis. This includes favorable indoc•rination of the

public, operational/ stn/or executive control by an organization capable of

*uncaring both military and cavilian peace-tineutilization of sun t, and of

expeditiously and effeetleely expleitln. the ma gi result:. Whenever political

n . .

•

approval AS discussed, it must be remembered that the Soviet Union pioneered

in this area by putting into orbit, with to international agreement, satellites

of various types (including at least one with photographic capabilities) and

with no asreement and uncertain action regaraing inter rational sharing of infer-

... nation acquired.

C. The U. S. cannot afford two it & D program: of this type; and the results

of th.:2 program will be of priority interact not only to tbeirb&F and the DOD but

to the entire intelligence community and the nation.

Political approval to undertake satellite reconnaissancexL11 depend

: ultinately upon the degree that the conditions of universal application arc met

by ti.e DA= aysten.

D.The military and civilian requirements are compatible -- at least, from

the P. 1 D point. of view -- and a clearer relaticn will need to. be ectablished

h,tweet the Department of State, NASA and the DOD as to the amplcitation or Rii D

rc:ult:.

, • .... • ••••••n •••••••••

tr.

1

• 31 T----

, • _
Effective and expeditious traloitation of the SAP= material requires

that the data reduction be accompliched rimultaneourly by or in Cooperation With

Ma •3

all interested agencies utilisirg reference material from all available sources.

and program a. rophaais by the individual agencies should be eoneistent with

their priority areas of interest and their respective assigned role, and rissionc.'

This indicates that existing facilitics and agencies should be used, or that

4 T.r.tdjate action should be taken to prepare an adequate facility to accomplish

this task if existinr facilities are inadequate.

F. Prorram reorientation is necessary and so is strengther.ing of the

orcsnization, but one should use care before starting conpletely new prograns

or cstablI5hi ►g completely new oreatiaations. A solution of existing and

current problems, on a technical and ninanew•st lsmel, is very badly needed,

eut the emphasis on new ft & D organisations, reu rocket developments, etc.,

that are not directly associated with the primary missions of the system, will

tend to dilute or degrade timely receipt of usable end products.

Mor:ey and effort should be used to clean up, er•edite, and improve the

misting program; and greater effort should be placed on obtaining improved crd

result:, qualitatively and quantitativai.

O. All of the above indicates that the program should be under the

executive control of a national organisation that has an international growth •

pacntial.

H. itecome.ndations

(1) It t recommended that the DOC recommend. to the MSC that executive

rerpoLsibility for general guidance operational plans and policies inc establishment of operational priority, in both the ciyilian and military applications

of SAMUC, be placed eraser a mew fas executive officer lad hoc) or under an

existin; office, ma. as, the Arsistant Socretar7 of Def ense/Special Operatiens.

•

II. 2 Vita Ana ok.•

p .r• • • 4.• •

. ." • . 0:•

•

•
(2) The USAF be given the task oft

manning the R&D program

operating the mdlliary part of the operational program

either openly or urAer cover of a civilian 11,1442u:1

(e) making availabl y bcth the rav and the analyzed data to

all C. S. agencies designated by the taccutiv• office,

whose estebliehment is two:wended under (1) above.

CO The ftecutive Officer should wade the petal/a:My of neonclirhing data reduction by a •.toirt. Satellite Prlesscinr and Data Reduction

Center .

•

II. 3 r

t. mi or. v"... prop 6.74

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• ••• • ••n•,•••? worm:, *v. ....ft...v. • Ir...17•Ir••••r:r

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•

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•

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Y-4

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:44

•

1. The official requirekents for reconnaissance satellites have.'4::

undercone a root important change in the last rine. Before analyeine the peer-`

,

until juot a few months ago. To give effective warming (assuming that this wens:14-

possible), a large nadamof satellites (10 to 20) would be required to be in

=Lit at the same tins, with practically instantaneous transmission of picteres:,- "i

required (Snbnystees oli"), and accompanying large scald data handling effort on

:II

the ground. (Subsystem "I")(Ref. Amnes A).

The effect of weather, of orbit geometry, resolution, and economic

factors: have been forcefully ennhasised by a number of technical groups and, as

a eenhequenoe, the feasibility of the orii;inal scheme as a warning device has

born shown to be both problematic from a tochnical point of view, and almost

impossible from an seameoieal point of view.

/*

The disappearance of the wasnine function as a fundamental part of i

the dear) basis is an event of recent occurrence. The necessary changes in the

form of instructions by the Wis to the contractual set-up seems to have lagged

the tur accepted Change in doctrine.

6. U4 should not here, before it is forgotten that it is this

er.

:PO

III. crznAL-- Require-snits

A. Review

(July 196C) situation, it is worth lining here for future diocuosion sore of

interpretations presented by the USAF in official and unofficial *Wino. • • .4'

2. The use of satellites as warning devices was considered basic

3. It is worth noting at this point that the principle of coneurrency

j

has been observed too 'strictly , bores the data processors Should be built 024

N.

-.

•

• •

after the work on the collection system has progressed at least to the point of

•

datinirg the basic concepts. This was not done in Subsystem "I" and the conse- • '‘.1.:0 '• n

quences of the error are serious.

0.4

•
.4

.41 ..E.

•

A

.

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••• • • ...v.v. •e•Te Ten, • f: q.11P11:07415".. 47,1"..771".","•

7**!. *

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1. a .!

erreneous 0:Incept that put emOhasis on readout rather than recovery, thatImSuert4'

s• •••••

:•n•

;Wig,

e

•• •

• ;• .• • I

about a large expenditure on data processing devices, video links, oigital

computers and 20 en Gem, all et which may conceivably turn out to be useless. • •

7. Unless the' change in doctrine is recognised by all responsible

parties as the correction of a previous error, some of the mistakes of the past

will be commanded rather than eliminated.

A . Another error, still present in the Project system, relates to the

lack of proper dissemination of Project information, In the early parte of the

prazran, a determined and unwarrantea effort we.: made to reduce the flow of

Wormstion on S4KOS to the intelligence community with improper sec of the

neon-to-know security rules. The situation has improved, but thcre it still

insufficient appreciation that SAhOS is a ratio. al rather than s Air Force

prs!.c.lt. The USAF ewes to all interested intelLigence agencies periodic and

cundid reports on its intentions, plans and achlevetents, As stated heretofore,

-..he =OS capabilities go tar beyond merely pro • idinc intelligence information;

and this fact contributes further to the responsibility of the Air Force towards

meeting infornstion needs otherthan its own in%ellicrce requirements.

S, The USTS July 1960 Document

On July 5, 1960, the USIS re-affirmed the requirements for 'SAMOS. An

analysis of the document brings out the following facts;

(1) The requirement for satellite reconnaissance is important and

• continuous, •

•

(2) K. warning capability is expected, rather repeat coveruce with

intervals of one to six months; U required, some targets nay need to be re-

..*

examined At closer intervals. •

(3) Optical resolktions (Subsystem "E")

for different types of intelligence information.

et are required 60-t%0

of F

aY - 2

• •••
•

3

(s) Very flexible ELIgT devices (3ubs7stem "F ) are desired with •

enpaezis on it h D. The only detailed target reqdreneLts given At thie tiro Are 

. •

,usse calling for identificationo . localization and analysis of key electronic ,

emitters used in anti-hallistic delenne, scissile teleretry ar te

(5) iron A visual or optica/ satellite two c‘pratillti ...1 am neeJec.

fAraehracing the USIE, notes, the fol/owing appear necesrary:

A quick nolutioa of the surveillance problem is needed.bcfcre

1962 to find gissile bases under construct:Lal.

A continuous operational capabllity aim: at the Ligh prieriv

tercets, and both eontinules surveillance end a sirectcd

reconnaissance (vhen the weather is aultalle) urr nee4ed.

(6) CO1NT collection is not clacr4 • uanted until beLter d4ta are

availuhle on the capabilities of tn. eysten. Az; •

C. There mill be a centimming renuirustnt for -tote/Tr.:111e rind SLUT coverage. 1r

A .T. :pc State of the art permits and se the accuracy, tyner and number: of weapans

eystens incrnene, the accuracies and det"1 req .•:red is ti:e •nd prGuucts will become ••

accrsar1=4kr greater.

is 3

.•

•

•. • •••n •••••• n•••••"C''•:—••n•••"7,..e","..".7.":

i7Cr-IET

1?

44 •

v,Ft:L.g tra -Rendeut

.

As The USTR requirements put a greet deal of emphasis on an early cassLil....%

1 for the detection of missile bases ender construction in the period 1960-194%

IfFty

400 rant out the necessity for a continuinc visual surveillance in the years to

care with resclutions o

II. The requirement for an early c • hint), does not specify the resolution

nececsary, but it is Clear that for the detection and identification of missile

heves under construction, the U&ID consider: in• rescilution unacceptable. Detect.

inn of construction work rather tnmn recognition of a here my be tne only possible

r., • 11. of .19;" resolution. The necessity exists, therefore, of cerryinz on sithaltaneously an a & D program and a %crash" program with the hope of obtaining initial

visual infcrmation of important current intelligence value. The usefUnese of El

package from en illtellkellet point of view ii:, therefore, not comparable to its

value an an initial R 4 D test.

The following sections of the report will be aired at obtaiuine these 4

•

ropultr. :n this introductory pars rapt it swat be emphasired that the program. . ?!!).

suffer.: vrry seriously tras original conceptual errors, but this rcmort is attempt-

.4 1:14 to make naximum use of results already obtained.

According to the previnus considerations, the early E2 pa?loads rppear A

*74

th• only :.sans for obtaining an inUmmbe capabilit4 of a type approaching that •

required by the USTP. There is a ghee's* that additional types of payloads may be-

; cone available by the end of 1961, but this is not cons•iered es /iAportent as the :v

R r prom," tar recovery which is rocormnnded below. 1

4

E. :t is fundamental to this program the% the re.lovery problem be solved

4 at all casts, todenetviwntly of any "'Irrational LIkr. If this is properly done,

it is :tit that a solution can be obtained le the to cettribute effectively to

neeilsc the rA3:3 requirement for detection of ailvile Marc in cr

. •••,,. .•••• ••••• • •••,••••••••

S' 4CRET •••••• •••••• •••••••••••7•••••pr.VVXIMIZ••75llrlr:"rr'irr•rr" •

' t:vVt

. • ' • • " •••• ••n••:(.4.A

• . •
The photographic readout anpmets of tap program appear to hm...ban

..,;!:.4, - 6 based on unrealistic aseumpttens at to warnint c epabilitiea, and the claima---

.. ...-le

pertaining to system capabilities were eicaggeratobi. However, readout is ungovii i,i4i .

edlr catiatar tory for all the 'applications excepting perhaps some advanced ridet.i,53

1

vr.,.

.,,

to obtain the proper answers are:

(1) The 'startup" problem aft:r :muter fellsre and after doun time

rmcording capabilities.

G. Other problem areas in tae readout Bynum rod technical studies

• *T-

: • .:•4

•

•

•

:cr nernal maintenance, particularly i: a num per of satellites are used simultab.

Tbe accuracy of the tracking Information to proper:1 =enrol tile • o.S.

•

=era. Specific problem areas are csmera oricntation, focusing, ex posure c4ntrol,

inag* notlun compensation, fad caner* on-off tines.

•

•••..

The possibility of jamming and the,effecta of a high dmnsity •

electronic environment (Vandenberg T & A station) an the gpality of the transmitted

picture. • 1

(4) The possibility of intercept of a continuously orbiting reconnissommi':

vc4iele ant the restraining effects of a strong diplomatic proteat.
„

•

;

• • s . • .1 • •:•.; • *IY

*N••• •
8: .-.11% L

acregoiv of achi.ving T..7te• revolutions 4 1 or butter impoaec the imedfili

tectnical rsquirement for recovery. The present readout systErs licit thc*Paieibli;

- U.

:n ecntrast to assertions of last year that Discoverer ft-cowrie:a 'were

etther Nun ,:and or on ordcre ts fleet:tE4.7 th CrInellIde tr.:4 LI recover/ e fforts. : PA":44

tt., now haw. failed completely. Stleordibgly, it is orce .scd tuft psy...%1-%r.

loidr launchible by abundant and presumably rrliable 790R vehicles he mometly

devised for prolific stadi oN: of ob.:ect reervery from orbit:, in

•

no

coverer. and tot resel.it ion.

up

These er.erinecti am/2n both land tnd itAZer

ee-gt tq be chsractcrired by stele b.t reasonably prrr isc ii*:t.1on to .

deterr.1110 V physics and mechnrirs of the sew:rate cteeet et rec%m..ry. mot, far..

:q • loo"n,e, ur-i•Litlnc behavior ..nould be clearly distinroishec• from ;re-entry ancivik.

ro-on'.y activity. Without eptensive iechnrecl information like thi., o-kri.y =lee .

eintinuoc: recovery of & useful product cannot serious* be ettietpatei.

we believe tiat one of tar funcamental reasoner uhy recovery hes'not

recce:Ltd up to new, And it PuccessfUl l unlikely to be c:ntinnously rucceschl,

thv ;4•Jerria tnrourn which the MI. Rime his gc.ne in achlevinr. the 2^cire4 result. -*4,,

we relievethat the allotment for the blase aPvne.i be easily made to one t:ntra.noi....%

:ft or roitmeting ecehey. We de believe, houevrr, tilAL WI, and svcr the infimen0•

fla tr researna and develomment recovery nr:erap: intro.'ucea by the noceosity for

.ssme kind of useable results, has blocked the technical prorrese,Pf LaV man

, : ,

,

..• ...4:::. %. , : controwtore • --4

i

. ..i., -...-4. i %. It is felt tha t the pnnent•filar contract res-..=4.ibility i' beine well .....--.r

. -.:

i

, 4

1 ar:istancl., prcbably on a tent am nnelreerinr Pc: b le, is necushon. . IT trig way .—e.

..tr , .

nue:: erititzl issues as po r&Calite and other re- eatry :anilities ca tom dercloPed .

:; •

They

3

herne torchnies/ly. However, the R 4 D demands are tn ur.:mt th14. adAittwhl

•

-"•••••n••
•

- me dowlin 

. . '

•

-A

without =balanced effects on the development of the payload itself, to..

that a contract situation must be created where the so/rtion of re-a.nte7 probieu-s.:4

IX reasonably decoupled from modifications in the paylotd. For ins:tome s 'AR

oussigat 1:streams's& four times in film wows in parte/nate teireerewents aPrfter te

mixed rp with other problems of sicsallin! retro-rocket activity, p;.vition controls:3

end so forth; while there ore inevitatle connections men; a.1l thPue, critical . 4

stares must be separated. The rather subtle point is that teenniehl development

merience shows that components of a system invoriably suffer in quality when

taey are developed in the system. Only after inlepescent recovery calponents,

includinc haracnuteu or other slow-doun MochAniscr, ieve succeede.: cczuld they' be

coupled into a specific ZANZS function. This situatirn douldor v'at',he different

if onyoue had ever recovered anything. As Lt is., the present ree.rit ronembles

cffertu to develop Fa:odors capacitor for the fArst ttit durinc the ecnotrnotion

of giant ccuputer.

•

•

•

e• •••.1"

V. - 2

•
.1;

•

•

...

.. ... •••••n•••• ••••• ••••••••••Irr71........111 . ..

. •

•

. ••

. • •

-4;
•

•

orloa•Mi•Or.

,,..

•

4,0

. la. MATHER 'ZS

fey •

• - MA A. Bad weather and darkness negate the possibility of obtaining photo.

• graphic coverage, utilising either readout or recovery systems. is pertains to. P

darkness, the tine of year and the latitude will determine when photograph 4 e • 

,

coverare can be obtained. As pertains to weather, the studies that have been

conducted were based on statistical averages ana can only be used for lonr-rsnge

planning perpOses. Based on these studies, any conclusions made, relative to

the amount of coverage or the length of time to obtain total or specific area

coverage under actual operational conditions, are invalid. Weather is contieually

----

chnging and there is to ascuranco that a continuously orbiting satellite will

be in the right place at the right Use. Large areas free of clonds, haze, and •t°

smoke occur infrequently (ones or twice a month dependent on the season of the

y4ar;, and persist for relatively short periods of tine (approximately two to

three days). The SAM readout system is not capable of fully exploiting large

cloud-free areas because of its narrow swath and because at its readout Unitatione. A recoverable panoramic package launched at the proper time and recovered

at the ctd Of 48 or 72 boars could t'al]j exploit the good weather area. In

addition, studies have indicated that a 70-em panoramic camera recovered in 24

hoer: will show a gain of coverage of 6 to la tines over the E-2 system,

operating for the same length of tine, because of readout lisitationc. In terms.

of information content, the gain is between 260 and 850 times depending on the

wi.:1.13 of uld film used. In the ease of areas that are cloud tree only one or

:two darn a year, the advantages of one reccverr:hle paekk:n launched at the

ancro7riate tine as corparge to a nunior of certicatourly orbiting readout packages

are apparent. On the other hand, the loss of coverage daring cloud free areas

=Ay result in a dela; of months before the crx.ortunity vculd exist again.

.r. .7.* fw- ;re, E er 0 •-•4 41.-1 •

•-•'-'*•.--1`,.••1-:•."7-17--17•:::.;----.`r:17-737Wa.:;.."71'...:e•

•

•
ear-Z7416.1

(.)

WI%

n•• to"lb 1"11 

. •..74. ,1

. •

....

I

a. A caspa.-ison of the affects or weather une the nuabis- of days 

rocreired •

to obtain coverage using various types of orbit.. and &IP: grant swath widths is :.1 l'

N.:- show. IA Annex E.

- ••W:

Wire VIM

."

TI. 2

. •
.

_

,4 ,41,r

.

•
A .•Cr

rata!, 4". .7 .4; •,` . •.• • •• •

vs

'• •

:t1•0:

.• • • . • .• . • • . • • .

. • • . .• VI* A.. irea N.:. rtiOTCOKAATIC 

.. "*.• •11•,. ..t. L 0' 0 - .

•

t . .1 .: . g. : •• .. ' . •

• ' 4 s:•:" , , • • • • •

4.: .., , 1. ... .. • . - • , 1. • The orestsberain..-mb/icitz,011sin toc• tan SAMIS:mrogr ana a ist.... 1- -c.:'').-A01 . • • .•* • . :- 4 ••••

• ...4 • • • 4 r••• • • •• •:. :: : : .. • •••• •1••••••••C •• .". S• 1•••• •••• :+4.iftNi ••• : .• ..

.. .. • • .• • • ... . •

:4— •

. tan reavaus

.

. ittied cilium as to capabilities have seriously .

.....3..4.*::.r..•47 .1

—

.. jetgliritised the atilt'' or the arbeol.

.. - ....1 . • • •

re-,.

—

p.,

, .

#‘ 2. ;C:kocatior. or tus public, rel-oasJ3 conc.:nen.; rrorrma rtttuo on

.r...11:V.e. I .•

0 delayed and pre•7.1Arsted 'oasts as wan as releases csocorning

eurrant state of ',Au art mast

•

tnav•ourisly aux:lied, aerated , ,-•

. . . • ... . . 

to rnd worter

▪

 st.00d snarvriat

▪

 e. Dc p(( rtment or DefAcce--aiwi • . .

.. .

.

•

•

- %porton% a'' State officials. ...11se...rus:titin. plan rust be approved • ••

•

A 1.x4cative 1:1+411<easiatr:.utly adher ,d tkr /11. lower leflellnz.

•• • • •

A proble.or:of--lo standing sad noncldered so -orrapriatc to the

. .

. .• . ••

St:03 program, particularly PR pertain:: to th.: I.:: to ..thwrign

e•

thri cove totrottan of Lisa venial.: to accostuod&tos tee: pritory •

mission ciphtaLity ear to deoign thi . prtrotry session coo.bility.'..;..FA,-.•:":„..

- • • = . • • s••*.• • ••4-•:g

. . • • - •

•

to fit tots vehtel*,.!•egardleas of caesura* los. • • • • 3 • •

•

•••

• • • • •1•• •

1/4. It. I: fait, tile's foiemuch enraasis use. cmcs 0.CM to tue.carkeale. . •

reqairenent and not enough to tows warlold require:mat. •AS payloads ':•

.•••• •

-••:•• beam: loorso soanistirkted Is. us•der: to isout...the :442

. •• • • .• . f • • Jr. "' • • . •

the abrre problem I: not resolved in favor of • the

• •

. ,

capabuotys may prevent 3r eelf; ritstais acra--.14.1tWont: •

. . ••• i C. ' £m follow—on or hacbes, 0.st:roe to :SW 'i=4"shoold represent ::.•-•:!;ft,:-40

z..:....:-.',:i. • ,.

. • ... •

......::::gt1 . • .

,...:•:="riml:••••••f ci.:ysirtc•nt. Lgirove—iient g in cove••stga, nia 31:Ation rye scale' end . be :' :

.. ,• ..•

- • .

".. . -?....0: i ''• •

• .. ..: ... . 4'4 ::,........ / • ,. ., . ••••,...... . .

1"./11151' • ready.. for MD t•mo ttlig i, so4 d CI-116.1. • ••• • ••

. • ,.. • • . ,..

 orlon the

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•1* • . .

• •• • . •.. r.4 • • • . • • 1: ,• '::...1 6. - . A cortiasess worry in CT: knaljail of Ski has .eiffeft.:..;4......_•.=

,• g; ...'..... i ... • ..:. • • ' • - .... -: !. • .„-..,., .:•:-..t.....:::..74.

.1. ....,, .3„.... . . . .

7r4..:. ..'-• -. '.......,11'

„,; ---....-7,41.- - UAL t33 Clone? fur Ntrly ir.t.e Lli !ince tic. has Lid - On -1.1to.cordirliyi. •,-.• ,

;;;•••i:IT.-xl ..

....., :„eir, ..

. .. • '!" f • : • , . . . .

;.:•• - ••n••:•41 . - . •

y

.

*endue• or tits lwa:r. an. t oulti.kute 'or col total:a-31es required -••'-iica

' • • ..

.. !.. . : ..• ; .• - • .......i ::, ..--• 0'1......(x:-..-.1:•:;;;

:

•1 •

• •

8 • ..•

•

• •••:4 •

' " •••A- • •

•••• A •

•

a • ;

• • • • •

•

•

.

t . •

.

•

:.fr.4.••••t .T.: .

n4444•44.4••••••••44, .47.44 • • • ••n •••n•44r ••••n •• n ••••••••••• ••• • •••••••• •144.44•148••• n• n••••••••44.4; • • 46. •

•

. • • • " • P • - •••

••

• • t • •n•••7*". • '

4 , • • • t. • . •

'

•

•

„•.‘ 1,„ •

I..• .z..•1 4 •41. • •

••• • • ••• ••

• •••• . . •

•• •;„ 1.• A

. *. • • • ;

' • • • • •

•

. 8
. • ,

•

pus

•

teas into:fly-1nm. vi ::e :out casJirch and development has had

. • •

‘••:ieriens' erfirata. Tn order to illtstrato differonce .

, •

.

.

between research and davalumont contents and operitional

. •••.

eirtreotas

•

 Out fallowinf. • example is Ifivono • consider the •-: •

ease or an &a tea; l• asni. a r41. "en• take Piret

F••on tan "'tint. of view of resaarc3 cr.tt &wean:vaunt tads is a

viola. stamina eons at el ltelrnation r.+S ob

•

 ‘ain.41 free it

. •

in of Qat `,taps.," istpuetauc.. errs toe. non or vim*, cf

intelligence, tau 100 1 resoluta= is inauf.Ticient to stake .

tne t•erults of particular airni •intence. For this reascri, one

Null state that 59 or 'ate ave rt:1:1.as er" tho 143.65101/ woad be-

• • ' . • . • .. . .

acquired it the Una and tipt or•,the cals.ra were subjected to

a winking light and did not viow the turry tn. In fact, the

. ,

first Cl satellite w:.11 carry file ortorud and dovoloped, ' • •f:.,:. • ..'"..5.

••. ,. • .' ..,• .; • . • , • -- . •• ; ",'• :.-. •••••••••*-Nii•::•-'.:,;:44, '..-: ',-;-

rilst torposed. btt not &valve. d, aid !tint, be irc0000d... g• •

•

" • c • •• •%'. ...-. ..........;

presects *ors then 90% of the inforectiati requirid frcn.the • ....*;.-t•::.:447#3t

. . •

roseave and development point of ?be fact . that. one '

•

coAld also leak on the outside and get•sorte incidental 44,91- • •.:•-•*'•4

. ' • • .1 • 4 •••••-• ,t• ,•-••••;:.•

• •

Fa. B. it-1 =Tali . . .e.‘1.4.

n Tt

1. The a atria cankers wi ► a 'Neel. lone, 41 Lais

' •

to try:rate at 260 statute idles. •With the 70 will forms, end •

inn iihis wit (Ay. weighted area rtiolittioni it •• la realisable . •

• • • •

. . .•

to expuct a basic rriw4 resoluta:on of •100° • To realiite this'' •""."

- •

•

. •

Infornatiai obtained by Aar readopt apton on these films nowant nindsd organisation en interesting but not overly important..

ltrA:co er XI the terrain below egna.7•3 to a rottearch ditillop•-•

' . C

" t •

. • . . • . ••

by-yrradact or an oitt.trwidLig anhievez=t.
••n••••

• • •

•Zti...n";••••;1•;• " • .

• ••• • • • • 111" • '• 41,.

. ,• s. .

"sz •4•:'7‘.••••:,..7^ • •••••••n ••• . .4. 41 •

. .

. •

Iva' the PC Me. DO c`.61. 4..n 5% 101eam-1.• :e Lanz

•

•

's•°'{• 9i . sneak: be stadi•te. ••ePreralk,„

P. • " The fr•-1 r•stom is less ecerlex ere') latch core worica'Ae than the 

r:-.1 rya :sm. ;ft, 440 ••:t •0liertS met" 40 (100 et• wide

strip). It Is felt that it has limited "seeing* cazarilitr sizes

& e t..? readoet thy : co..1•-rts ve.11 onti.-4.6 1..irslly be

to 300'. eamures -a :le'• ° petal ft** mnooiegebrtr • ••

•

apnea( :Mate EV= rOreflt•It Or asz.11 sz •gc ',id are peas !hie.

••••••

Fsrrtad weather f? , tn sr- ?A:L:4 :.e •N:i corer ;tussle

in aghast tee-d:rid." This is not a Ver/ moeningfel statement, lut .

weather and dolmans nifty imnortant raft.

•••• The q•tantitative aspiets of t.'v r..acout trerilr. sir.: not as critical

in the 2.•1 as in th° eystr,. quclitat.Ive *sleets in terms .. .•

or degradation deo to traismissievi, rt;;Irodartion, and systiesk • .7z•-• .. .;..

conNiemity• (reliability) are tits same as for the 1•14. - -

- .......-- - ....

E. There is an !MD ailvantac° or errry-imati .• ; value ?ram 3-1 onto 3-2 •

... - :.•

. .

in th.qt the Imam formo.ton, 1n-flia.t-vrocersien, seeming, t-sns- ••••

. .

.. • .1/ adairome-to

 . t

,te.. .• era the Wag. The degrise of leleceas at the . N 3.

• 

1 ' • ' •

...

. •

.....

. .

°rowan willderint • better than any. G:or slates study the fi ftel • • '.•-'ft-

.-. _--- ---...........

.

.

- . ... ..

.dostiNt of mediat e. progroats.

The questionable reset:Win of taa end reealts obtutned frac this

• •/ , • ; .

vision' aryl Os groat 11~1 irnr ,...atzeirAissance-Irtillizencq. infermatinn,

from osiollItm w • etesi £3w wirs]d- .J ity paromnus ani f4t2144R.W.1,

- . . • :

raitifineg are Nninie•rad to be the ocjor *vel em arpfs. •., ;Lr 

. . .

6. The -1 neekr.ge is :ge r: o c-.ea:r:nt test •••41:cle and tar '

••.

h° tested simultanauck- with tea rickags. •

•

• •

- Ar.•

. • _•••••••,.• .

- or 1/75 second. Una° the orbit will lie ell!-Aicz.:1, Lets point

••...• a *7.

• 7••

•

•
- 04

.. • .• • '

-7. There is limited pader supnli availabli (s.,,rocinstely 15 dgys

. • s ...

denendinr en the exeunt of operation planned for each pack o).

A. The ri1n of the 8-1 uben 1senehodmitl be in tines dieferent

.: • . . 4 st .

-• ;.• •• • •'••••••• •

•

.•

. •

,exposed snit p•oeescrd

exposed and lilt processed

(3) not exposed aci not crocessed

This will allow foie the systeseltic ivabl y tion of the its** arijor

functions of the systvp in flight.'

9. Itiviue CoOtponont. test vehicles aro sche&lee. Pv Collages

September 1960, •lanary 1961, and March 1961. •

VII. C. "Z.-2 StST3i,

1. 1 The 3.•2 is a strip camera; with 5.35, focal lArsgth lens designed

to operate it an altitideet flit)

•

format and 100 11bes friction rusalation. , it is reasonable to expect .•

. . • ...

gi growl resolutien ..ef ?0 feet. A • reriew of the Lecicheetithibieeiliter,

s. . • .

Analysis it004C prakc.ed concern soott•hu distinction

,

..•

solution ond recognition (Innek•-?".---It_ds felt that 5040..feet far' .-..,

• ./

recognition is a re.1.1a•1r fijri. tap• width OrDler-rtniii0 caireragi''. 1

•• - .... .-...:.• • .:.:•••:-..........-.L•ei•\•*• s ,: 1::",..4%. . is;a:Irtilt:.1.'.'•', ;;;',',:'••' •••••....._;.:'

•

obtained is 17 sales aw: the inforsation is trecamitted•elictiOnical1r

.• .; . , . .-: ... :.:. . •: ::. ...• •:••: ....•:..i. :.-; ; .:.-4.40/Alatkek....-.•:"4,-.-..i.' to the formai, aft"- e •vone-brite.pr.wp.sete; ale . soktnbar, in ofel.1.5 . • . - ..:

?. ,Tletrio MY two different' arena= to which Uzi. ; " , ...1 . , ............ ;:••7:•...

. •- ...• ••••::-...4:•. "

Flirsictlidi7.2.jU/s4.

i

..

. ..... ..

. 

ntire

.

. 

si. •-. • :v....A. - P . • • ; ."1•: .74 .10

... . .

(a) the problem Or c t ring tta •o e tsreelijend:rts‘ez-v-•••• ..,•...:•••:‘:, • • . •.• : • . •. ••;• : ••••• ••• • : -•••• . ,4,4,441co.i.ateginlit‘s'.:1*;::!•-:',...*.

. .. ..- -

(t) the Wallow of seethx a oarti.culter terget."..'":.%ir''-.1•-_.-...:: .• .".-

•• .._ .. ... .

.

The coverage obtained by r rood-out spun :syk

'.

•
•

•

•

••• • •• • • • 17,..!" ob:• 1

. .

• r

bandwidth of tha rasa-au: cistern, •,:rV weatu-cr, are this rueoluti.on

.

• • ; ; • -

•• ...*. : •,

econadea unsoand, in terms of' thd • number. of satailizes•

required, thea elabor&te grnuid. spites roquirdtk, and tbo ..Ciafpfsna.if •

of Loth (Annex C chd 1)). ?c' a rineit ski.-J1lit,e to accoarplich tn.e • "• 

"'

jobs arcroacipartsly 500 days voe1d be rer•arad. Tatirir evretner and

atrr anr,ls into ownsificri tions this ..would "1: terrorised to yonrer.

:n order to obtain rovera:e of rn pnrticvlar threat on the grand

with the b7.-2 cemera capable of obt

▪

 aints! coverage, 150 miles on

either side of the nadir pallet, aprrocira► tc1:; 10 clays woad be

Iwsinirade (1-r: es F).

Gailarally the S•41 Camera 375..ears viewed froy technif.f.1 advances •

to (WA, is obsolete. It impoces reach oxrntirehl limitations

(swath-width and read.-mrt) to make satel

▪

 lite t.:po 127.: -a tiaras....•••P:%;-

. • • ••' 4.71:

:4 4... N... • •••••• •- ,n•• .: •

econasically and nolir.i0.11y•eiv•Vceptablo.'. MS. *strums .hinteiOli:1,

. •

or ths obetorrephic s:otwn, the overall complexity, and ths •

. .

define the overall enswole . Total ccwereas4with,an( hti-aystma.,-- • .

" . • . • .• ...*‘!•":4•••••• 34;

..

_ •

extreiseu close telgrmicos

'

involved Sndtcate that

-. • "

of obtaladng the technical goals and objectives Nentiorad ..

in the • '.*•'•••"•• ..• 4- •

.*.neresring Anal; es %%Racal is 0•I•tert:11

•

./

7:7.

: •

•

1. & n • lerrr 11.Li e Caller% kaa an t/5 apurrbare, and a focarlitlith.-1.44."

' of 66 lar.hes. Minimum uyerttlanal Erinno) rutalutiA o 1

.

re expecuni, ine d

.. .0.

. • - - ' • - .: : - ..t.•......:-

aa r.mv. vmhicle stibIli—'• 1*.t:

9.- •

nattan'residual. (2,55 11/r.ra at 1.55 .)

P..•0 pawls O$,000 feet) stlinvlsrd blese 2? •000 feet: of bus •.•

• •

•

.

•

.• .

. . .

▪

.

. •

. • -77- .1.. ;

•

•

— ••••:. -0 • • 444 .

with recognition for cajole's*

datoree.r.tion due to umr.crreemetad its go 'so

.0.110 2

•
P•.:Z••

I • ' • . •

r.

.. • •• •

••••• •

.4

zi..:...-:••••.:-*••••••:'.:•;:':'':'• "....7

..•::-y r.1 • •-• • -•••• • . .

•

.........,...n • : . : . .. • . ..

•

. ..

• .

(.....;

' fta 13E7'. •

.- • • . .

s ;

' • • . . : .. • • .. ..? 6 .... . 4...

. ••

. _ ... 

• .: ..

.... •• - .• • • •

. • .•

.. •f•

•

. Mr. nog deb*: rt. I: eennitis or !v•lsIr no4 ifine

•

-..... • t. ,..! • • tv4.... .

.

. .... . ,,, • • .........: ),...Z.,:... •• .. •„,,• ••• •

,..1._1• V . :••%•••':•:•4:7•• tZ)••:•t. Z 1: • 0..1.: •• :•ts•! •• *eds..' Ilel 'orbit life' s. 10 4hnpreith oplooted tar,lets . re ..• ?

•

. • 0 : " ; • • • •

.

. • •

.....?4 Li ••• 4: • •' , • • • • 1... ...U. •• 

•

r' 4 . .•:' 7 , •

...! efff• 4. ...;•". .i..1•! ••••!. .. 't• :411.1" e . 7 it darttes.''Coliorato A: rii osatf.cP1 ii.erfest:th tryitt 1141: tno • •• J''-:-:.1.:

' - c-• • :k ies•.•0••-s..14* • • Ns.---K-*41-1.--...--......• .

. ...

w i

.••• . . . .. •

p

. • •:-.*.:1 • 0 • • -

4,4.4. ? * ' 44 ,..%,"•"... 4; .... " ::' •• • ' 4. ^. •Orh• caabilitv it.stemo..35-iisgrleriPorel•ni r •ftv.E'r`E—I''''.:---"'".'•4:1 -'•*:‘-',.:

•

• 

_, •

.

▪

•

. • P. Tiro r4 is' peh oeri-rvited to he hoisted into orbit h' the ATLAS .403NA •

.

• 

.

• orbit for 30 days. This in turn dlet.tas An orbital alti •zde of • • '

.

•• . . . . 1.80 nil's, eh:co in tombrati*J..1riuss a Ilintinne weirAt'basiso the

'

• ..

. lens pa• Iknet•• n* of IP/51 tile Poorl. -IonIth 'Of 66 inches and the • : ..

• •

• . •

devirnbill t: of a hurl:vital coot% :Nret ion (in addi t I on, the 7/5

. .

sep.srtere is reeeirod to =Int' b• &omit. or rarer). -- The raiultant • - 3 • • ..• ' • • • •• • ' •• • • . • • weight or the systole, istehacdag ,fr...a, .ie. 1 ,300 tog 1 ,: 50. pcun•s...--i- ••• •••-• , ••

3. A design tliet aosuava a 30 do; lites doss n 4. seen to

•

•

teat

nu *is .Iiell ,•

. • i :- !noe to veathnr r

enditions sine Intii/1rene'd roqu'ronefite•ii-;.....:•:;...gc

.• .. .... .1-••••-..2.,..;....4 '......: ''• "•••••• ••••:'.,:•••••r ..*.".. '

: .; :; ;.: : S 14; '• :. • • • 1." % : 7. i • •n• -4••••••• • • . ..."i• s:;•iItt"itt4!A:0Z iltte7r4:. fgri _tIn_ A71'1t'.. ...5i11:1:9At..OrtZ .,

• !. ' e oli 1 et ' bei dita Li. • bd id •

tii.,o .48;liiii::.&$•••lit•diclikitt• 14.9 0 las ILIttAid1 ..0, • ov:

. • • ' • • e

•

• • i: •:• ,7•-:. K

... . 7 •• • ... • or from a. SL-taco -715 pidgin ' asiiii:175 feat 'Pl. film.. -:pia ••• • AP*. • • .. ••••••: • • -* • • - -.: 

f

:,:*. • i .

'.. cAipt be P.oiniciettitort eitii• titiiien4-1:( 41 1.. It?Z.1-61:'4.4.• r?'• •,.••:.'•

•,.••:.'•:'''

''.:..n 44...•;; .11". .

,.

...mar /. .coverPor:of

.

large cloud tree.

areas

,• •••. . ".I) s' • ... ' 4: , 0 11.i.... '...C ..: :**•,... ..... .•' ..:•;•-• .F.:.• ..* . • :kt la 211-7i Imre), Dolitical*, blesel.'Ipaye'‘iolortesi iffiscti . . . . . . "••'•',•`•?`42f.?

•

,... :

•

, •

i, ::: • - !.. CI* .. ..• -

. . of a continooes.17 arbitinr •reeenwassanletvehie/o. aver low .. - . •:: '.a?4"

-

- •

. • - -• • .. . • ,..r .., ,.. c.3 )...... • • ... • , .......... •... . ... — ,.. n-..,. !' 3 t• . •• 4; t:•...• .4.4 . • . • • • '

••• ..t. :•'.1.:14

• Thirjods e %las) and 43TI• requires's/0LS 

• aintionad.:Drevicusly.: .. -: Q---.1....:•-• • ...:.•

';e:••••••%••,.

is

. t e.;:,1%,-,i4,2:rg4,+,.'4:4,-.; • ; r- 7:'": ?...- ,:)..- .4 .

I.'. 

. ,,•,......4,,.

The leeniti scirekle.foi-Abi &-5 ' one Peri month •ri. fella/its: . • .......,.,•:.:.;:,.-4:4•,1-1.4.,,...,1,,,,Tief:,:i..,:,44 44..4.4.446.4.p,.. — • CT ,,,a,•%,• .7 .....,..:‘,.• 0.;:iz:-.,;'

.61 .•r September and December ' ......

•

CY 62•— Nerds, Nays Attic Reptoriberi • and: icrferiber - * • •• • .. ••• .•

.

• • . • ' • • • • • • : ..P • • •! --! •

to'obtoin totaLeoyorac ••."

.i... .At;oree•

proviAinn for loather or 124111 anglr1i apriroximately twenty days: -•"••• .

.

. .•

owl minlasso Lim to f1 hi thio • range of any tan•v Is e

.

ppracimately/ • .. .'-' .

.

..

. .

three drys (comers Is capable of 1.6)4. sum-Ctn e lind*:nri a....; 1.) -.2•011%ii......‘:i.:.:•...:."‘C:

Up to 30° for specific OnjeCtin tareettil:)* • '

, . '

nnn•••••••••,•••:

to arnere. .7.W

•

- •B. This is dietstosd by Ms requirement,

 to keen Um vehicle in • . .•-• •

. .•
7... ke..(14.:+17.TICt1S •• .

.• .•

I.-1 SiGT3TRX ' . .

' • ,•-••':

1. That tho existi.nr. 3-1 !woven is adequate • •

2• That the women anemic remain an,vmsantly curfivred end:

.•

schedeled (6.1 and P61). In.the evint that one of the aptecs-.. • :

•-• • '

ma ltenotions, to otiwr s; stew yield ..able R&D remits, -• •

3111:7aael.--

3. That, it passible, the launch schedule be expedited.

L. That the rirrity 1....magr on the .•beta vntlm, best CA

•

ireffieient•ta obtain the MD objectives and receive

▪

rufficiantl . .4

.. • : ,;••4

• • • . • •

motorail to evelnate for is -o 1t1irD gaidrnce in this area It'

• "•• Is felt that this vill 0.11evea:fictent ovirlap with the recaeorr:::k.:'

program to insure operrtionel ruadineas of the latter.

;? • . •

. •

.

. • • • ••••••': • • :::.-

• • • ...; 411-1• • • .1

"•n••

. •..;"

. .

.• • • • *- • • • .' ' • .• •

.

4.... •

•
.• .••:;•.•••:::‘.• •:-01

'L'••:••••.--:.11.:•41: 'IV: • . • 4. -."....%

.....•

' •• • ... ,... • • .ft :

. • •

. ••

redaction systems.

. • •

.

..• .

. . • •

•

.‘•

.

•

: •

•

•

.

•• ;

•

.

.

. • :

•

•

. •

• • • .

•

. .

. • •-•

"t1 •• •

•••• .r• •

*

•

; • "

- • • ••': •

-

- •

.••••n•••••••011.111.,

•••,•-•.:•- .,....., -. . ..-.,..,,„....ve -

-

.

;•• • • • • • ..?' •-- '• .•;'

.. a ........7:::%1 ro. A.:•. • 4.8 ..

'''•• :•••• 7

... •

1 . ..'"

•

.-`,.. ..".••.. .0- ••. ; '

„ v.: •

••

...

 ..:..

r

'

6t •

. •

.

.

... c i ..

...

.- • ,

• • 4

...

. • . • -•

.

,.• . • • .4,......, ... „..., •Ir

,

• • ' :....-.. :1

-

r ... ,

•

.., • ••.• •"•• 14'1' ,

• ... Av. 1.

' 1

•

'

••. . .

..

6. It is reconatended.list stndies- azai tacignical

•

.

eve31:rawint. macrame

be initiated in the readout area that will sat* fir on *devote

mews system in the future itrocalred.

.„ . •

• .% '• • '

7. • ri Ls. reviewed/id that the raced . effo •t in the readout areii.be:',

• •

reflected in increaied. emphasis 'on't.be early availability of a •

. •

recoverable systole, end on of Wm:male in

. • .! the appropriate eend proosneinai• trepreenction, and dith

• •

•

".• • . * • ••• .

.

• •

4.

. 4 . • • •

•

. • '

as well as for political Pod .wePteor cor.eiee#41•tra4;

.1* • . • ! • +.7"r: -1

of all gcroormon..origartipt 4 1.one • iti;fi foci Li es he or • •

• •

a

•••4 • .11n7

9.

. .

8.1

9., upoiliaCelpt

_

. 

• • . , •

' • ' on•-•

That efforts be pineal en 'Ito

. 

' aovelaileast. or moiler vssilmera-......:

,•

. • -

peeks's* trite kfther reselution;'istict : smaller thai rekillose.i.-".•..4..74.'

. i•• , . • • . • - •

(effective stereo for betrAr:lerr,et recognition, r..nd suaaurase uti

•

'assign reepeasibilities shoolie lie vtt2is*d.

; • • • • • • • • :' ;.• •:

It is recommended that evevi t3 orviide tbs. vitirie. •• ‘• • ••••• -: • r• • • •

. •

: • • with sdeq4ste v*124 4warat and deto redu icerequipamat

.

. •

softie-Lot aft. to have It eperatiamIlf

the reaceese4 film. ... •

..; •• • ./.;

, • 14. Mire tee actuary *lesion of trv., .stro,:reu I.a nhotomaphie .-..41;:s.i.:

...• . 0‘1„,..•••••.* ' • , s - .• ,k,..• ••••••••411 reconnaissance, it 3: meonitarthol .Usrkt tae eehiala tr. .designed:14

... • c.: ....:•---0.74 ,t;

La each a maner that, it doss act c

•

 aep.ii.c4te andier7corsprciaise," •''.

• • • • .
J...141.(41, •

• • • • • •• • • • •

•

. • .
•

14.4

.•

t

•

. •

acencios to examine is detail the procedures, the program, and the hal:A/Ars:of

Subsystem •

•

. •

••

.

•

•••••••

•

.4.

I

. • 21.'1,

4 0

.

A general impression has been created by the meager amount of

information available on Subsystem "I" that participation and knowledge by the

entire intelligence community and by the other contractors in the? SAMOS coaplas

.1.

has bete limited, perhaps because it is not recognised as important by the MAP.

Thin situation has apparently resulted in a lack of coordination which has hampered *?

the system design. In addition, it has been very difficult for cognizant government

There is io doubt that the principle of concurrency when applied to

:11

a ground data handling eystea of this %Ise is a very difficult principle to follow, 

.P

RecOmmendations were made by this and other reportiregarding a shift of emphasis

between readout and recovery' these recommendatiocs correspond to a radical change

in the means of collection sad say y.11 make most of the system obsolete after the

first for flights.

There are serious worries created by nsuy briefings and discussions as

to whether the interface between the collection and the analycis has been properly

token into account. .

As a result of premature initiation. of hardinkr9 work, the state of

tie art has surpassed certain Subsystem "I" components while at the same time the

chancee in the overall system concept have made other components of small use.

There has been insufficient analysis of the essential requirements of Subsyst•tn r'

VIII. A. =BMW "I"

need er Jvir
••

.6..•••

- • ;•..!

:X.,1

••*.

:

••

••••9:

I

r

.k$

(.

effort toward heavily automated consoles. Also, uniquely new digital computerg44:.

..4- i

0,1 • .*

...i. e have been developed °per se" ratter than in answer to a particular R & D proMise.

1 i Toe Change in the operational concept between a warning system and An intiLlii"pie" e`,104/

. *M. ..

system should have had early and profound influence . on the work of Subsystem spr.';

.....i •

.:....

'74 ' TbmJune 1, 1960 letter from General Wilson to ErD is a late recognition of this..

1• ,

...,4

fact endow not have been properly implemented yet. .. :

_

between recovery and readout requirements, the continuout1yvar7ing inforeatia

:t..

and the problem of ear:elating the inform4- rates, scales and sloye of comprage,

with the orbital tine. It is evident that a carefully controlled experLmental.

program is necessary to calve three Dreams and it is very likely that interim 'r

-

solution will be necessary to handle sone of the R A intelligence 'take,

On the other hand, it is by no means clear that the programhmuttftej

• handled on this basis; rather, the impression has been crated of a large mea.161!+•.

'

•

• 4

4 :

y7

- • •

.•

Included in the development of Subsystem no is an elaborate simulation'

program that seems not to have involved the use of actual intelligence data. Thi"

elaborate ainulation promos may have led to wrong conclusions regarding the qnalt.

of the equipment because of the obvious and very serious differences between

&isolated and reel materials Substantial differences in ,eitinates of the expectimd

signal environment by various contractors is one examploof this possibility. 1

vm. B. RECOMFENDATIUNS

(1). It is reconmended that further work co Subsystem °I° components be

•

preceded by immediate test aci ',relation work to classify the sub.

projects into the following categorical

a. Items which are; or appear likely to be, better that

-
:

•

ie.

gt:

.

••... .......4LP.;‘, .......

:f:•.:,' ..

.. .

"

..... • • ' 1..

. ••

..0

..t

... -..----------.2'6 4:1--*-.2-L. • •

ft ...: ....• ....• • r ' ' . .1

of the interim data that will be furnished by E2, Should also :q

be completed,

co Items which appear indispensable for future handling of recovery

;:

peyloads should be continued, if already initiated, provided they

are general in scope and do not limit the ultimate system perfanmumi

•

d. Items which do not meet the (a), (b), (c) criteria and those that

appear to be limited to the handling of ELI= data should be 41.;

suspended. EL= data from more than three payloads are unlikeIy4

• • tobscome available in the next two years, and the relative %.11

importance of analog and digital data is still under question,

Ivrac that do not ",et the above criteria and the ELM uortions •

should remain suspended pending diecuseinns betslen the Air ?ores,

the different contractords and the ultimate users, aimed at

•

.3

•

A

4

determining to what extent special purpose faeilitlei are actually

required. • • •

(2). It is recommended that simulation programs be based. on realistic rather'

than idealistic concepts, and that the purpose of thee prograns be

.4

one of actual evalsation of the equipment, malt will operate in the

future, rather than of displaying data and training operators on an

unrealistic basis. •

•

(3). It is recommended that the entire intolligence community participate

in all aspects of the Subsystem "I n program, and that evaluation of

the oysters tabs into considerattataliother programs, both 3r• •
•

•

. • .

.

• -

•

• " • .. • • . . 1.

• " • ft:.11.11
•

•

•

. •

••••

•

II. 1. AULT= OF ME OSIS RIPOIREMIS FOR SUIETSTEK F

The USIB asabers agreed that the highest priority tasks for the ferret

packages are anti ballistic missile detection and interception at satellite

tracking and totem:tering. Depending upon the results from the RA:Daspects

of the flights, other tasks are to be defined.

The MIS believes that "it is essential that the U.S. have access to

information derived fret electronic eaissionc inside.of docircd areas that, in

the present state of the art, can be collected only by electronic reconnaissance -x

over these desired areas` and that the 'R 3 effort to achieve this capability

diould be carried forward vith the highest priority short of interfering with •

the photographic tasks'. A careful study of the SSD document does not, hoeever, indicate that the photo effort aunt be pursued to the extent that the

ferret capabilities are seriously compromised. .

C. The OSID dominant also states that:

weer first and most urgent prioritl ► requirement is for a photographic

reconnaissance system capable of locating suspect ICBM launch sites. It is

eatimated that many sites for the levectitng of operational Soviet 10K la vill

be completed between now and the end of 1,62: It is our strong belief that our

best and ;mealy our only chanee to detect . tbese sites viii be:dieing the

cm:traction phase; loco these rites are cogitated, we will have considerW:•

lass opporteoity to detect them. It is important, therefore, that a #he

•
•

. ie'tr

. ,.. :- •••)':

.P...TI

.

.. ,., ;4%

••••4:,

, .. .,

• --: OP . a

. .•, ...;..

. • 13 

- ' . '":-..... ..:.... 4 Al . .1 --""nn:.44.1:Sill --.4..

. ..s. ,• 

•• f"..';V..,:f... ,

, .... . •

141.14. •771P RET .

...;;. ...:;.:Y

a genc•cl search of a substantial Portion of that part of the USSR covered by *II

:4:

.. . the railroad net. Photographic resolution to accomplish this search uission • would need to approach 20 feet on a aide. Repetition of this generalsearch at

-,

......ift:

the rate of approsinately once each month initially would rAve dr -Ai- relatively ..

high degree of assurance of providIng• the information required.• ...7 •••,.

i D. Is addition to the three specific tasks listed above (i.e. ABC, W. 1..1

missile and satellite ground-to-mace channels), the USIB indicated that it ...;

.-. AI

might agree, if cozsulted, that an additional requirement should be laid upon .':.*

-..4,

the ferret portion of the subsystem calling for assistance to the visual pay- -- .',w

.

• i

loads in meeting this moat urgent requirement of detecting missile bases under:

7,

construction before 1962. This could be obtained with a reasonable degree of 4

.?:r

success by asking the ferret subsystem to furnish data to the visual notes as ..11

.'.:

to mere to look•, through the determination of: l'

....,

l 1.) ex A existence or establishment of signal complexes of peceliar types :4,

spreading of communication and transportation networks to new d

goopephical areas 

•

,• existence of airports and traffic control cantors

h) spreading of 30R0 forms of nirrigational aids to new

..n11

geographical areas

Z. It is clear that there arc two sets of the requirements that the 1LeI3

Is not ready to define until more complete R &D data are available. Tho requirements in this category are:

....y1.__Idlatification and determination or. a ant of electronic w. -s.

' • •V•,:d

•

..•
1•::

t•

rt•

.••••••••...

•

OM* diVi4 r.111 *WO

Collection of zechnical_intellieence on new miler deployments.

This involves the careful examination of enemy electronic emissions

collected in the fulfillment of other requirementr.

Analysis of the information thus obtained could be made to an to

permit discovery of new at technical threats, improved weapon

systems, and increased operational capabilities.

The USID document and most of the documents issued by the Saker

Committee of DDR&E in the past, after recognizing some of the most urgent

missions, pat a great deal of emphasis on the R & D effort required to develop

the techniques necessary for effective satellite ferreting.

It is felt, bovevcr, that in any R & D effort, a prolielmary and sound

concept of future operations is necessary. :n section III of this report, the

serious consequences at a faulty operational concept were pointed out.

G. Operational plans most be assumed, i IcD prsgrans then planned or

execated on the basis of this assumption; operationzl plans mast then be •

amended as a consequence of the ft & D findires, a=1 so on. This interplay process`. -.1!

converges almost is alt imtsr.ces durlic Uwe stages of a project.

n s. £ia & D plan in ferret subsystems should make effective use of the

followinc :Acts:

I. Ferretim is irsiopervient of cloud cover, darenees and weather.

No bandwidth limitation mists on most of the conceivable

opurational tak.

Ferret subayttems arc particularly adapted to the coarse

•

2.

F.
4

•li• . • • . I. It is felt that *.IM following concept . of operations emu be used

.

. .

. .

as a cuLle line of future R&D work (and is therefore onbject to Mare areme.-

. • • N t • A..% .1.:1

. . ,.- ,,,.

0.4

mento before brine arceptoble for sctuel operational Una). This gm is di..i...t.,

according to the rules act h ► the OSID document eitherexplicitly or

1. furvoillance of fine-Uviet territory will be e primary tack

at any future onerational ferret cubsyrter. .* 3.

,etr: •,

2. ramminatinn of Via fino4oviet territory for sal approprietn

frequencies once or twice a year it ba 'soused for:, tee a nlel

war perin► ; PhD work will ein at supplying the corresponding

copabilitios and reliability. .

,1

2. "pacifically directed oeemanalsannce !lights with on•etal .

mission's will ba reehired at it 'ruler Intervale averarine twice '

-1; o- terse tiles • roar. (This concept is not explicit lo the 

• :4 usra report but is the neoessary cenenouence of the requirement -

. •

• ..

particularly as related to anti-ballistic it/sells detection.)

• R&D yea should he conduct:4d to oernit ttu future use of MC ..L;v7; 4 •

procedures and to develop the techniques required ant only for

lone tarn surveillance but also fur 3121;ft tors reconnaissance.

2. =MITER ore JOT. ?Portril3 ...

. ma c

'

v .

:i.

....:;:* A. The orderly Aevelonnent of a satellite ferret capnbility puit teaks .... • eh,

into account the need for early availability of devices ccoctac at fleeting the ., .

; / • ...

4 

. preset roquirenents.listed above and plan tan work toward a moro.domplete,

/ syllable and flexible device capable et • later date of sootier missions 

/,

of t II

.• if

It-Per seam. ' . ..:-.

. .

: 

:.4::•744

4

R. keupber of problems preasnt thenselvei and the work should be planned

._ .

:1

...

i

towerds their early solution. • ,,p; .%

. 'il

i

•1• Zele.W.er..sal—osalr.11_ ?-4•Prent •ultar•l•

I Tha problem of selertirs setl-bellietie riestio ?odor: from a d••

awl
IX?" 1.7.

•

nm••ltinnal 4145 , rte. The use of presently plannrd 71, v:, equSpnent would 1..;1

-

*A.

. • 

OVO a doeiz5ve nnnwnr in thair bnne.

a..y

rer ••tinr from a satollito*iF

(2) 9ga-ration of rZIMCZZ.1:22W-A..-

putt •4rn is ',Pt aine! toward snan•.. ai• 'tomtits eamoulent:rrt 1Lers, rod&r, 

Ue ne•4 dots os for ser!th41 mislay% et: trnontittern whose nibs

(3) Latuaja2nizaj_x l .

A n iovaward lookinr tnearigut Sr mved fn•

•••• rs$

'5,71

•

• ! , • ••

1 • • -

.• • • rt .nn• •• .-.••

eibP Sus

ss en-13 rnvironaont lz hot rendlly r'4 1irri.le. ?report vroernes hove zuitt4ikFT,

mu-rept 4.1.-ert,ton bit inanfilcient nttantion wan given t." Pro6luo

Thy datteet1 on of "Om 1111.0..41 mod siurnals api fir r...rovm-t.441-;

yuidence channels hns not been properly studleA end no nrret 1 ma off Or It hs! La% 47(1..

•

iritintn4.

atelier in nary to that teed for Amu t owc:rvistior. While 'n' • er. appmere . -n1

Fora in prinriple, no rround or flight toot etas Mee e stticfLrtory evoluntion,'

71'..1 ;iv' of Ormantly /damned Fl F2, old F3 in orbit upladecito a oartial!answ•r •

rerLrai:r. valieityof the- rest4Liand •

Aid.,

. .::

A number of uncereertionel phennaen0 aRy br 1 .1Livivfmod of whom - • •••••• ; •:::.

.--

- , 

exlztence w0 now have no inftwontion. The entinedel fnetclrg 8° h Mc dincovtred

.../

,..,

<-";;I-It ....:

. wit.: ^T• tv.Ut 171 in o'+tt is tyr1 ...n1 of pawl'Menem:la. ton • of zetellItco to

,it -

,• iatizpomnakae, Fl, F2, nne r3 will (qvo a partial waver.

:1-1 :r: • :',....

, (5) Llau27,5z.1 7 fl 0-_41 one. :I.wririona_ttgaisjosaga

.i.i -• ..r.;

,s.N1 1 i. ,• •.;

:Al

i

.A. ObrIP

raw peablens of this type a wn enti ctontn i, ennr• . Lally beeawseof the.dr

elffvr•nt •ervenne of the: emir en! p ubis ort'r.n' pt (a rr.: mei% nolaritntionn.

,frect

jorappfterte n71.•,01• ePelnette•I and ot4er niaflor phoROOK!fld cannot

bP noticin•t04.

vntnt

(4) zLmactslir.vzwa t ..u. zasr...tilmsl •
:;

0 • . .1.40

rn

4.... il.. • • A

IiIP

(6) /n-flight satel lite caltbration.

. • • .:: t..- .:: • :.!...

This haa.never been attempted before. Aircraft tests coeig be ........t

'7'F.D.tig

.;._12,

. ••• . - .11.•,:pAt.,

. • • : Cr?

...

wt.

Wide band exploration of the spectrum has not been made outside

• .0

the earth and outside the auroral latitudes, however, nothing special is expedted.

At auroral latitudes, same of the lower 73 bands nay reveal unexpected signals.

•

Satellite tests aro obviously essential.

Nigh _gain antennas stabilised to earth.

This is an essential characteristic of many satellitesof the racesmiscall= and =mud-ration types. We need to prove the technique; there sees= to .41

be no reason ti difficulties shoed appears satellite tests are essential.

Real tine payload athastnent to correct errors or to switch in

alternate units.

The requirement for recemnaissamce rather than surveillance mission •..:As

will put a premium on 'payload adjustments that can be ado without hours or days.'

'g

delay. In this region, 72 and 73 will give decisive answers. Aircraft rather

than satellite tests could be employed to prove the practicality of this technique;

HA

„.71

This collection requirement is not now a part of the present equip- •!0,

.

nest progran. sensible Rig D test should be aide in a suitable and likely '

;frequency band to determine whether the collection methol is effective; Whether

It

i the take cold housed if available on a regular basis; whether the very existence

rather than the content of communication emissions can be usefully detcrsdnrd.

- The possibility of =splaying high gain antennas mead at a particular

pot on the :-roun.1 should be &.. lor zt. The technique could be eseentially identical. to those plannm: for aiming the 22 canera. One should note that tits accuracy

pined or this camera would permit using i 25 db gaisfantenna.

' •

used to test the technique.

(7) Space signal oevirensemt. 

(/0) Satellite FINT.
•

. •.;

•?..1r

. .• • •

.r

•

(it) Overall reliaUility of vatalitl take.

A comparison of the received data with the known pareneters of 1

signals from U.S. radar, navigation aide and other emitters will be essential_ip&

a means of establishing overall reliability of the data. Without this kaoullids n.:ikp.

no confidence or validity factor can be established.

(12) Foasibilitund procedures to be employed by Subnysten Iv;

There is little doubt that %rube/sten I' wilt, =ore than air other,

:• •

be ielnenced by the results of the wig flights and BO techniques in collection.

• •••n•-str.1.1

The climingaion ef errors, of retundant data, of inhibit errors; the curacy` •

location, the cheek with CalitmdJalms; the feoparAcAo,:subOrSiim F; are problem.,

that are not 1ikv0 to be correct1y .resoliiiii without intense BLD trials on acteal-41%/

_ • •

satellite data take. 11 data is essential hci.e;• 72 data will be nunh better, but

8 • VI

still insufficient. Analog data handling requirements are very unclear; the

ability of SS// to abstract useful results from partial data; the future adermeiCar

•

of SLIST procedures to COUNT; are all open subjects for investigation and

•

C. In addition to these technical problems,4 number of operational questions need to be answered before such requirements as those listed by the USIB

.

. • .**.1'

canbemet; this is, of course, always the case with any electromagnetic collection

The enemy's tochniqaes, characteristics and tactics are fundamental in determining ,.

• .

development.

the changes necessary 111 our original plans to achieve operational success. A

;few of the patina* questiona are listed below:

Do the Soviets track as- satellites? /

Do the Soviets have a space surveillance 4sten?

3) *hat is the power, gain, and character of all the ground-tO-.

satellite links that can be interacted?

lj What new frequency bands will be revealed as employed by the •

Sino.Sovists? •
.

,-*.re,

... .,

aecearilishod there reconnaiseance air•aanes are essential to the country ..• .' ..:::7-

.

. ,

. ............=A were and it minh !lights were to 12.2 ems uolitical unacceptable, the sent :.

-.41 7.?.

1

Z.) concept of ferret SANCG subsystem would have to be substantial,vmodifird. • • :is

:- :.3 n. 3. 8118STSTE4 ere ICOMMIDITIOIE

• •

A. It is recommended: • : ' 

. 1 That since the amount of expenditure allocated to the boosters is

..4 •

:'

.,

oat of all proportion with that allocated to the payload:., that greater emphasis. ...*:, 11

be placed on the payloads, the ground support equipment, airplane and ground

d "a'i

..1 tests and test data processing. ;•

'::

1

. .4 . .:. ,.; .

That the number of Atlas Agana boosters be reduced and as many::,

.% • ,i,st

1 satellites as possible be based on the use of Thor boosters (with or without

It is impoetaet to note that. the SAMS egalpsdat, as presently punned.,

weld do only a part -- and a small part at that -- of the work that the

have beencarrying on alonc the periphery of the western world. 2LthIL!5!

0

gift 1nIP .

OS. • • 1d ET •

clustering Sergeant missiles) for R&D tests. •

-...

•

3. That - of tbn thropFlpeyleeds currently avallable,.as many as are • . ;.-%-..1

.,

. .

. :.1 necessary, be flown singularlyor in combination With an El payload, at the •

.4 ...

• %

i

.1

.01

earliest possible date, to sehiere one successful orbiting ferret collector • ..

..$

./ .

. :.• 1 (for at least 36 hours). • • .c. %.:.-

.1

,...

- --.... 4

h. That of **four 72 payloads now under construction, as Many as .. )

.......1 -..:1

are necessary be flame with Thorn boosters to achieve successful orbit With two •

= "payloads.'.

• •

J1,

. • 4 l

.

i

/ 5. That in order to meet specific requirements mentioned in the USIB . .::,

.

... .:.-3, document, a vigorous ,'Min programa. initiated:

a) to develop modifications to the F2 design or of the special

test PI:yid:ad package to develop an early capability for the •

•

IX. - 8 •
um, trab.... .

detection of Soviet anti-ballistic missile defenses indluding

lonG range eaelyinruing and trackers. '

to develop modifications or extensions of the F2 design loattag

to a means e detection of missile telosetering and satellite . •

tracking channels.

testudy the use of Fl or F2 payloads in support of the early

• 

:A

search for bases under construction and to modify the present

flight plan if this program appears capable of early success.

d) to sehieve the orderly solution of the SO problems listed

above, aimed at obtaining an increased performance in the F3 .

and Fi family with better detection by analog means of unconventional signals and signal complexes, wore accurate and • :!

reliable position determination, higher gain receiving antennas •

to be directed to a specific point on the ground (possibly

.*;9.

sufficient, for wore at distances in the order of 24,000 miles).

0) to provide for at least oneflight with the above capabilities ea • ••

3.

••:.A •

•

In the revised deployment plan. •• • :pl.,

•

Y

•

1

•

•

1

•

.4"

.. 4

r

. _

•

•

• ....

_. ,, ....

-.. .'‘.

we. sie.-.

. 

.i.

. ' . • i'l V. : ..:

. — . . : •

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•

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ef. re. sive tit:bleat YAD3

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"'x' • ...:7„"t• • photographic slit 'axis.'llotie theinotlei in..nobsiOrrected by C;"Lt le.'etrintar- .. :..- 'I

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l!',...i,'....454..!:;;•*.i.:•11tabilieatien tics.. 'r the seas token,' the pitch wids pespenent .00ntributee-to • 4 . ''...;

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by Ws idsidi in tern eiNtributods

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tt • another ileare..a twent y (20) foot • objeisteil the .nadiivat .raii altitide • -41 •44 ‘.. . ,.$14,,t • r ••zig.".,-12.i.e.114"...44';17.:1404;44,4,4-4•4*.f. • .

• wv••1"..: • t. • •• . *.L r• :••• 4.. • . 300 niles represesti liaise on the !ifs at 6.0001 . inialiks, 1 or .aiorons. Tieoep,tiag W

• • ••:, • ••• •• • •

;f:yolt.::••••,r•- • tor the wasent. the teritoriosof.60% brie aotlea .ownpensetion,' the resictaal... ••• • .. • '• ' •

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,:,ii.s the presence, et clamed cover: '-; 'Mimi it.denseessaft-te,41eliherately. ovens:pais lic.':!•-'0:j..:

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id: 7 doer not amosmodadle this. conditioss. nix: dr 1 -

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, • 4•• . 144•• •

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thermal • • •• :• ••••‘*. s,..c • :-. 1 • • • :• • • • *.•••••

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The present-IX3D•

ter

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situation. This skald be •••••

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4.1.14I;PI.1:4 Sr :1.4" ;:.. • r. .are•rlf Tw•ke"'s•'414.1017,tVekRfl.. . •

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' is blIDI"...CtiCti WACO • there art •.

h.at4.4.1 - ••• •••-.

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fIround Control of *evolutions*. .1

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thi:sanirit'belpresalo.tsatehl the' 7". expeeted.lpskieborii.

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.. %.,1,..... ..,:. .. ....,. . ..c • • .: .• ., : -• .." :. Z..' .. ... , ; - ...j,er,:+:. ,.: :,:.* ••;• : .r:•••-•--'• '' •', • . i ':' ' •'. .t i...;;..... ••:1. ., . 4..169.000 linear ni. day.';.: The..,' number.oriatelliteAmys_ _ _ , .___ ..__

-.,.:. - ,: •i. : : • .. • ..- ...-: „A. ... . . ... ...••V •••••••,.. igaLIW*W*** -..F*C4•44 .40:a..:1n1...p."::.'4•:1, aliin.lr 1.• • P.&.... ".": ro • ....4.•••/7•••-••.•:,4-•• .. f

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-

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. - .: the Satellite. is recovered .in a 213-breti

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•

6 to 18 becausfrof the read-oui ltations..:••-• • • .

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WPA • S. ;44 n••••••• i 1 . 6 t.; •• •••• •`... ••;t1.4.0••••4.4.••••';''•41e.;• .. ?.;•; ''''''.4 %.,4414 1.11/47.4ittla•ifir.:JOI;A36,?:•%esql•:1•4aleftli.01•440,L.. • 417ciliterz: • '• :•• ••• 6. • ' • V. 8:•1•.•16.1•1. • 6 •; ••.•• r• ••

.••••4;

•

•••••• • IV. Using a panoraiii immeasurable gates' with' the capability of a 1.50-adle •••

•

•--"' swath, the comparison would bet 41/ le'.

;:i;:;:• ••

. • .. • : ' .

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2.4 X square ag.les/day

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44-ijii - .• :104146114, e'li

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satellite dor; would be . required- to 'á : ver • '..... .....•••.., .1: i1iiii --,...f:..., • .r.• • .... 3.7.satealits. ; ..:-: ... „,•,•

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: • be ILL 'Degradation 'due to price, m • mistime]: and reliability' is not as •

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less:because of 'the tddat•

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