DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA

FOURTH DISTRICT

THOMAS G. CURRY,

Appellant,

v.

STATE OF FLORIDA,

Appellee.

No. 4D18-1294

[October 31, 2018]

Appeal of order denying rule 3.850 motion from the Circuit Court for 

the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, Martin County; Lawrence M. Mirman, 

Judge; L.T. Case No. 432004CF000877A.

Thomas G. Curry, Jasper, pro se.

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Jeanine M. 

Germanowicz, Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.

PER CURIAM.

We affirm the trial court’s denial of appellant’s rule 3.850 motion. The 

motion is untimely, and the retroactivity exception in Florida Rule of 

Criminal Procedure 3.850(b)(2) does not apply.

Appellant filed his motion in 2018 seeking to vacate a plea he entered 

in 2004 to felony driving while license revoked as a habitual traffic 

offender. § 322.34(5), Fla. Stat. (2004). His motion relied on a change in 

statutory interpretation that was announced in State v. Miller, 227 So. 3d 

562 (Fla. 2017). The Florida Supreme Court in Miller held that a 

defendant, who never obtained a license, could not be convicted under 

section 322.34(5). Id. at 565. In so ruling, the court disapproved of 

Newton v. State, 898 So. 2d 1133 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005); State v. Bletcher, 

763 So. 2d 1277 (Fla. 5th DCA 2000); and Carroll v. State, 761 So. 2d 417 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2000), which held to the contrary. Id. at 563.

Appellant asserted under oath in his motion that he never had a license 

at the time of the plea and asserted claims of ineffective assistance of 

counsel. Although the conviction had become final and the sentence was 
2

completed many years ago, in his filings, appellant has asserted that the 

conviction caused him to be sentenced to a 15-year mandatory minimum 

term as a prison releasee reoffender in a subsequent case.

The trial court considered whether appellant’s motion satisfied rule 

3.850(b)(2)’s exception to the two-year time limit for bringing a 

postconviction claim. The exception allows a motion to be filed outside the 

time limit where:

(2) the fundamental constitutional right asserted was not 

established within the period provided for herein and has 

been held to apply retroactively, and the claim is made within 

2 years of the date of the mandate of the decision announcing 

the retroactivity[.]

Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.850(b)(2). The trial court concluded that “[t]he Florida 

Supreme Court’s decision in Miller does not assert a fundamental right 

which requires retroactivity to achieve fairness” and that appellant’s 

claims did not meet any other exception to the two-year time limit in rule 

3.850.

We agree with the trial court that appellant’s motion was untimely and 

that the rule 3.850(b)(2) exception is not met as Miller did not announce a

new fundamental constitutional rule and, therefore, is not retroactive. 

Additionally, we don’t believe that the change in Miller would be subject 

to retroactive application under Witt v. State, 387 So. 2d 922 (Fla. 1980). 

“Witt held that only major constitutional changes will be cognizable in 

connection with a claim seeking retroactive application of the law. . . . 

[C]onstitutional changes that are equivalent to a jurisprudential upheaval 

in criminal law warrant retroactive application—not evolutionary 

refinements in criminal law.” Walton v. State, 77 So. 3d 639, 643 (Fla.

2011); see also State v. Barnum, 921 So. 2d 513, 523-24 (Fla. 2005) 

(rejecting any “clarification versus change” in law distinction and holding 

that retroactivity of decisional law in Florida is controlled solely by Witt); 

State v. Glenn, 558 So. 2d 4, 7 (Fla. 1990) (“In practice, because of the 

strong concern for decisional finality, this Court rarely finds a change in 

decisional law to require retroactive application.”).

“The doctrine of finality should be abridged only when a more 

compelling objective appears, such as ensuring fairness and uniformity in 

individual adjudications.” Witt, 387 So. 2d at 925. The Florida Supreme 

Court rejected “in the context of an alleged change of law, the use of postconviction relief proceedings to correct individual miscarriages of justice 
3

or to permit roving judicial error corrections, in the absence of 

fundamental and constitutional law changes which cast serious doubt on 

the veracity or integrity of the original trial proceeding.” Id. at 929.

Miller is an evolutionary refinement in how section 322.34(5), Florida 

Statutes, should be interpreted—not a constitutional development of 

fundamental significance. See, e.g., State v. Woodley, 695 So. 2d 297, 298

(Fla. 1997) (holding that State v. Gray, 654 So. 2d 552 (Fla. 1995), which 

had abolished the crime of attempted felony murder in Florida, did not 

apply retroactively).

Affirmed. 

GERBER, C.J., FORST and KLINGENSMITH, JJ., concur.

* * *

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.