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J0ne 20i 5 

• 

Policy: 18 Points 

Policy Peaceful Uses 

'

,Policy: Space Law 

13i1b.terals 

• ISC,,t.),A-4.-j 

211.1 

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SPACE TECHNOLOGY ND NATIONAL SECURITY 

SOME EVOLVING ISSUES 
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PT,'.EFACE 

1• This RAND Document includes the revised text of a 

lecture presented to the Senior Seminar in Foreign Policy, 

Department of State, during the Seminar's annual session 

7 at Patrick Air Force Ease, Florida, February 24, 1965. 

This discussion grows out of a continuing inquiry 

into political and strategic aspects of astronautics. 

Among related RAND publications are International Political 

9 

conference, Joseph M. Goldsen, Chairman), R-362-RC, May 5, 

Implications of Activities in Outer Space (A Report of a 

1950; F. J. Krieger, Soviet AStronautics, 1957-1969, PA3595-PR, April 1963; and A. L. Porelick, Soviet Interest 

in the Military Use of Cu .- 3r Space: Some New Evidence, 

FM-3.57-77R,, AriL 1962. . . 
:Loe - apab-Pities which 

CD,.. earth. 

. — 

were accepted 

eet- errenc..::: 

3 

3upport 

activias in 

the t __ mil 

have been argt=,nts' 0_2) 

froln 

win 

Le'oe.s r 

the, 

_-_ate e:ctL should 

to -e =re tole-rent ac,Lttle. 

ed - in sevare,_ 

bic-a.zImissLbns 

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• , 

711. aring coniu.sion over the. 

lbe',up to dissipate. Presidents 

ptirposesr.' 

milf.tary rola In spacL. 

Ke,Inady and John,s'on havL; 

-.L Vv tb,ci. National 4cronzlu les arld S2e.ce 'Act, making 

Clear that :3eaceful - 4nelude those projects 

necesary to helro keep. 

t .._. iced1 has sought- to use 

`hose s:c3ce con-:,rite co stable Strategic 

intarnational '.20111 for cona47 to :.:71t :!.es serve -

cib,n not be ationo4d 

..s.cce,:tnoe. of tlie :_rst 

evoke w berrLI:fa of threats and criltic zrorn 

e .;n:Thn. 7 yenr, hbdvdr„ e 'p.ave 

be, -Lndic:atiens S3v aa.,_an fro:: 
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Soviet Union is itself. ope-rring obsc:vation satellites. 

‘ Together Wi,th the fact that the Saw.et campaign for a 

lyibita-1 on obs,-, rv-ltion Snr.c)114 LcS slftckened, at least 

rr',..slYchevs, 1-evel,Ations offer hone that 

open spa cy .y be evolv ing, 

P'1.1 goal of J.S.s ace policy, prevent- . 

ploy= sive weEpans i n space, 1) a_ 

The Soviet Union 

and othermembers of Nations have joined the 

Un.lced States declar thei-r - 1-1ten“on not to place 

weepOyis of 117,28 destl-ucton in or'lAt. FJ I~for-tunw,Lely, thena 

from•fav - -,'"able political teftda. 

exist -Droced.,:res , 

cont -, 

Of r- ons,ideration and the, 

ace program, 

d :States would be 

....sident Jo LS on. 

included develop 

use t gainst 

f in L. -oc,ozd- the vision 

aa',J1:aret :e o,t :ion of 'sw environ- 

:pent., but io±Lt....es still canf:.:o those 

Ff- In 17:i.COU;'2:hS 

eltar c.;-=ant 

eapOna not • ,ti2.3 and 

- eypiorato 

- Iis do..2.n=y nes. Made a.i -h 

iS need .d =-, nd haw 

WiTIZ2T: ould 
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or. m!sht not -- inVolve Sp C: weapons? in dealing With these 

add sin:ilaa: iSsues which permit 'Co simple and conclusive 

nswe one should ree.,11 Wohlstettbr's sound 

No one 11,1s tha gift of foresight on these cardinal 

choices. The primary thing, then, is not, to be poz>itive." 
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SPACE 'TECHNOtOGY 4Ni. NATIONAL 8FXURITY:- 

'SONt EVOLVTNC= 

the scou?^ityi implications of space. technology tech , • 

been 8tlbject of. - -1,ntense d vat`e a0 considerable cOnfu- 

$i-on the egi ning of merica space A et foi t. 

vaTerte among Doti polity,- 

makers and the public as to What weight We should accord 

the military oatenba7 of this vast new teChno4ogy in 

ViSing our own space actiV5ties—In as to what precise role 

- defense est eaablishme :t blishmentshoul4 as .feld. 

films roots of this ablvalence clea 10 

history of ch4ttr, 

e. Xat4onal Ae,01-1,aut 

Con.,,;res8 and thc... .

teen aofo-2.n:::, 

a new area. 

a

7 •2"., 

7:.atss 1 .:5•,Ind 

come 

.--' a - 4:1_:cL-, .:-.:,n '.:a .c. ::::C3-:: i 2.:0ci 

icance. :71 -:i11,57•-•,, t- :h :f±,toperLV 

Space .:',:.-:: --as)zcc: -:-.:- nerica's,'c,-- . .7.).ns in 

outer .;.,. '..: -na :dr- ._ _.r"'Lation. incorL„ ooncept • 

':::o :::hat on ,.,. ich the - f'7..32.1'ir.:.' ......_,,,:aLL.Ls:...j.L.: 

that civilian agency s7nc)uld have vird:Lrec',:fon e.:orts , th-is 

r- 

'resL:iona.2- - 1ead2r. fZi 

cals AEC;a'nf: t o2,y -

did no: sr..=•a of ,:the -

SD Droral-n. Un1ika sT,ace is nc-L 
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scienti4ic or 'cechnolgaiCal.categoryin. itself; it is, 

rather, an cnviionment in hich many different kinds Of 

sciantific and technical activities c42.11 take place. It is 

an oPQ, r4tioilal rilediuM through•which both eIvi1in and milfunct- iots mb be oarfOrmed, 

members of the Louse And: Sena ware d0,171 - • 

* 

vinced that the ozigirli, draft of rho Seca /Aot geve- Ln 

sl_Ifficient.attentionito the potential ',;3quitOrOents for 

military opera tons in anaa a breakthrough in. space by 'a hostile power might .IeoppToi4:e peace 

d security. Cdrigres$ ravied the legislation and assigned 

to the Depav'tl.nent. of ;3efr.se Spec. :-Zo =:e$Pbosibity• 7

space activities Upeculiar to or unmanly associated with 

the devaloPme:17): of weaT:o tems„ rations, 

or the defense or the SL;ate=3" , 

research and 

In tha olrds of the 

v ,- 4ion was :o way designed to detract from the hcts 

fundamencl declaration of ; licy - :rocialmed that 

"act- ivit2==,:; 'n space shoulcl 

°

punposes for Unfortunately, the 

law provided no comprehensive definition 3f what qualifies 

as In spar of the eyplfc:1-..11ocation of 

resposibili:y to the 1Y33, there vc. t,endency to 

cont--s: cceceful activ", :ies with activities. 

Thfs nl:Eil"c"c1 dichotomy contributed to the lingering 

-Alison G7--iffith, The iNational. Aeron,cuticsand 

act: Study of the D,,,Vocpment: of :Public Policy, Public 

Press, Va,, hington, 1962, especLI.Ily pp: 44-55; 

07 1 ,.." 

if 
r 

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disputes over the. proper Scop.e and character of the U.S. 

military space program. 

In recent years, however, Presidents Kennedy 'and:. 

Johnson have explicitly rejected this false distinction 

and have eStablished a national'pOlicy mete consonant with 

the intent of Congress.'. flicty have irisisted that peaceful 

activities in space intlude those military efforts neces 

1 sary to help keep the peace. 2 While prestdential statemeats of this principle have no: elimina:ed all the misunderstanding and friction surroundf!, ti e U.S. military 

Space program, such pronouncilen heve,ssuaged the 

historic confusion over the Npeaceall n poca a'/rovision 

of the Space Act, and h,2v., Permitted us to mov.::. L.:ward a 

more balanced consa,:::: of space -2olicy. 

ghviously, :3a at Space 1.,- ram 

is desirahla sac: ._:,,o1„- e the r.e:lex. problems of what 

kind and .1 4 2e of pro. .1 should - Laken. In 

determining whIcz1 areas of :::pace tec_lne:Loy the United 

SEates shOuL,L; exploit for a.lili:ary 2n3 

strategic considerations 

:hough as in all conflictf_nc-. 

vFlups and have coamamal for in our 

;Iecisionalakf_ng. In this ''Y3f.,.= should Like cc ccview some :3 she Drincipa... issues nat have confronted 

Cl 2 I": 7- ennady s covering letter in United 

d S ,7) . ".S, 1 96.!CR e--; or t to 

of the Uei:ad States) 

:-.ezonaL,2tics. and Space Council, Washington, 1962; 

E;dard ..c,121s:r-1 and Dr. •C2-zles Sheldon of the Seeca 

0:.)unef_l have play2.d a leading this 
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Chose planning the U.S. military space programi v to highlight a number of r levant political trends, and to raise • 

some of the dilemmas that remain. 

it has' evolved co' date American policy mer for military. activi1 activities in space has revolved 0 d two' central 

purposes. Stated mo ' broad these purpoScs have been LO 

use those space capabilities col tribute to stable 

strategic deterrence and to prevent the use of technical 

capabilities in space which might tend to destabilize the 

military balance. on earth. 

By these standards 'the United States has decided to 

perfect and emoloy a variezy of systems, particularly 

country-s 

America::. 

and 

sotight, 

naio 

these"' P2='Omiaing'uniq 

T nf-ion , communicaLic.- 

.„. • s Ave choS,an 

.., .__ 

Y:17:i.a.7, of. -7 .=0.7b4t.,. c1 '.'.8i1,7'7-?2n - .. - ,havO -

l'“". 1/2i1.8..r -,...,. .,,t-i:l, .c.on th.,-F), t c.F . 6.. - he 

DO_S 

obset.' 

✓ :ereta-4: of Dafens, 

can be no C1.1CtiDn of 

the unmanned military s,.-Jace _ -.l a....-.... liave 

tion today includin: 23==. 

geod'e'sy, nsMgation, otc. In th3•E. 

military ..!:,urDoses IfirzaS-3.7; 

Se2 mStLt.=:a17, Of 

Rob.:=rt S 'Y:c-Namara Before 7Tle House Arm Serv_ces Ca 2.1 

on Year 1966-70 Dcf.,...lase Proram _v„ 

T:;udgr,t,' February TO.D6 136. 

,n early declaration of this 

rse on 

mb,,,,rc -i.-1.=-,7. ii..-7,, 

-,„5 ..,,,, sm..,..ve o.1-_-,n.. - e e..,,. wea 

ons mass eestruction- into orbit. An .-:,--m-, racc- soace 

Al-iiLl co-ntribute to our securty. 1 thHk of 
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Bu the United States has recognized that„even. 

• 0.1.2: .fu:ndaMental goal' 01.. -able :7,trategic 

were eccepted by'theintern,-ItiOnel c=munity, there is 

all1Ple room, for conflicting interpretations too vihich 

:iviL serve etlat end. Thus, a• ba-_ic taskof 

lomacy space age has been to win 'int 

. _ . 

sucoort for' AMericaq de;initions•o.i. 

and ii permissible. military tiv? in out space_ 

Since more than one nation has been tempted to argue th,::It 

v military' activity in s'p4ce -ho-old be outlawed, there. 

have.been many difficult 37P: AMe.cica 

in forults • 67.3ac; - y and large U.S. P 

Tomntic foll7Ls 

COTisens7,.: 

Uita-d Nat.:Lona 

d t :;,-ite-1702tignal• 

$ cooperative 

3.1:1 • the 

—Lt U., •r ter,., 

r. and Calat: 

er:cfplpl: 

law, a 

Fr, 

-7-1 and usa Si7,- Les in cp interouter and calest' 

1 nation_._ 

■.■ 

. . 

men a United Statap fJomittliant to•s:uch a program. 

will n6t do, of press. 

numbe7- 1426-67, 

A1R_ES/1721 ('Y-V-7\ 

:2,,3sLc.71 Generit7 

.ci.-7„c,ber 20, I 

y 19'52. 
If 

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-6- 

But such generalized pronouncements have not resolved 

many- specific questions bearing . onttlili-actiVities in 

Quter Space, The broad 1:14. o ;1„nLqrna4ont agl7eement 

on Sp4ce policy is still aI.',Orous ±abricteneath which 

has bien 

lurks the potential for eriOus political con.flict. This - 

es ecially true concerning. positions 

that have critical implications for national security. 

These contentions are (1) that 617,,,,,rva,-ion of tiqe earth 

from space is a legitimate activity which should have no 

constraints placed upon it, and (2) that weapons of mass 

descruction should not be' stacine in nten space. The 

evolution of these two L,sues i1.2s=a.le complex 

Dolitic01 -state 1J-ins fat La'red s 

prominently in 3...1 space Let examine 

each in turn, 

it has , 7.ore zatellites pror2iscC to be useful varLous 

kinds of obsel-vIion ns. .._Inclassifio,: anal- -

yses shw-:1 ztha: 

ot)era'.:_..,3 at high al.cnfss and veloc:.,,os thun aircraft,1 -

might be. able to co--j 7 -Z -317.3.to.,:fra :o 

that eba.lined by aerial neconnaissal.-:ce - 

_ 

octet an o-E :::crform stan 

in :Da:: it.: the readinz;s of [he Eisenhowt,'r -

:o overfl.lh;3 of 

_ nor 

Arms Control Tnsoection" J0121rral of V61, 

No„ 3. ..7711y 7983, D7..- i-Zr:Z3M H. 

nstroneutic nnil--3ctober 5O_ 
cia13 cans. ly r2. • 

cm or 

nna o-IthoT :.:Doesmen :.' ;;.ç CIel-LvPr 

a 

So - ets 

:he itz:are2:ing ocarzenT2 :J2 

CraZ-t•02 Inoelliaence, York, 1965, 

P.ted40:b1 distinction 

by a of 

• , 

eriCUnion, objod 

of 1604611. 4 

j-i8mS and threats fr 

to observaL: 

of the 

jurisdiction of any 

. • , • 

41e4vanc_.00. by this country 

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• 22 June 2015 _7_ 

the U-9 episode of 1960. At that tar.7? the President exp1ad the 'necessity for obtaining such date as the U-9 

gathered c.1 indicated his opinion that the United States 

was justified in exploLting technological oppottclilit 

, 

Lo gain such information. 

Early in the. the United States began to 

develop legal istinctions ,etween obScrvation from air 

craft, which was admittedly illegal if carried, out within 

the airspace of a subjacent state, and observation from 

satellites operating outside the esfablished territorial 

of :a:io:-nsle 

• p2 3-D1.. 

c!inv3nien:: s=mary of Soviet at:ituds toward 

U. 

• r „„ 

• 

V^1. vo - r,- 

• r-. 2," in this connection is Kiln2s:Ichev's 
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Q 

in antimissile capabilities suggested that they might 

acquire suitable technology for use against satellites, 

if they chose to do so. 

The Soviet position was 'artiCulated in various forums 

dealing with space and bea-xe a principal ingredient in 

their proposed drafts of principles to govern 

a'ctivitieS in space. At every Oppx:tunity the Spviet 

delegates to the U.N. Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer 

Space pressed for a prohibition on the Use of artificial 

satellites for collection of Lcitelli5'fer:ce information in 

the territory of foreign states. 

The Soviet view aroused consial)Le ....1m7.hy among: 

nonaligned nations and •2ven receivr'd ssu=ort :ra. some 

Westelm obser\L.r:::, 

. • 

reliance on obs:2r.',7:2 7,;..07:: - - 

intelligence, :ec with 

in veapons,-.1 reasonbly D'Y 

of varying cicraes 

Richard 7.7,21„: scholars, 

called into 

real dcLn(',.el-- that an dct1'tha.T .ieal t at security 

might ":, ,-6V2 politically, at well as 

_ 

221.2; and G. 7h.uk,..w, Ssc•ca bspiun:ge Plans and • 

— • • 0 oscow, 

s. ••-; c: • p L.7 _77, 0 -

IT 

, . 

-- 

:ic:thLaw. Vol. •‘=":b No. 4, ..),./t./ . • :2/ 

iliac: J. the 
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• The Soviet ClaM07"- :1g45.1:1St, observa tion satellites 

sistod'unt:i11963 when a new end bega • 

Co atDoat.. During the lasc 18. rionths there.IttLIV.6 been. 

Several startling departures- n Soviet public declarations 

end a ions conc min this isue Their net effect has 

been to undermine the Russianeampal to portray:obs rva, 

tion from spaco as illegitimate and.incompatible With 

e.,aOeful aOtiVit.ies. In the ,summer of 1963,•just. priot 

to conclusion of the. Test KlirUshchev reportedly 

told Paul. Ienri Stoak. that some arms. 6Ontrol agreemen ts, 

0 

•would not t'eOuireHgrotIno Ce one could carry 

out ihSpoction from 

.tanw his to, 

demonsts..:, o A f,-.0 1-72ons Later SoviOt • , 

so n to 

a I- tht:i audience et kUs8ia was engaged in 1-,'1.0nnaia 

space , 

. , 

These were the fins: she 

Sovj„'et ns:o of 

its ,ona-ad might be moving tonn a =.2- oLrans 

tuda analysts 

t0, the concluLon th.2t aL 2,..Y.".1 Soviet 

tIee rOSOS senien elan..t ciny par- 

, 

_-.,:. ..... ......, 3 ,,c_conts, l blc ., Vol. :r N -- 

tannery 

--- 
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22 June 2015 

Subsecuent events- have contributed to the ,,impression 

that historic change.,s may 15.e unjer - 4y in the SOviet posy 

0;71- observation from space. 1,te in 1,963 the Russian 

cicAegace to the U.N. - Cerrait'L:;': ou Pcacefol Uses Off.. .Outer 

•, 

Space abandoned his demand for a br!I on use 

. of satellites purpo8E4s. .This iacilitat d 

passage by the Corenittae. sad the General Assembly. of 

decl.aration of genera:1 principles for spece :a-ctivitie , 

declaration that had been stalled for months. primarily 

because of the 'adamant Soviet stand on observation saelilteS 

In the sDring of 1954 Rhrhc focused public 

attention on'Soviet by urging 

the United, States .bent- o-1 

LO cease of to s•a“-el 

surveincQ. ,:,- 11Ucle, to p.1107 

,z-.7?- of his &n 

tails of 11141 -rt8.,,-/ 

he mi,-zItt 

soma later, the Soviet rape:. his as::,,2:tion .

that the Lf..f...7 1)-11if- y of T.)rovecve recOnnaisnce of 

aon :

• 

.:-Jelp= .:Def -

• our 2,acion:Ll Security?." 

ovzdent !. 3ov:et .activity in this .:ieo are 

S., ,, tenes Scan U,S.,"Av tic.n tizr-;c:k 

• T,2Cn nC1 0;': '71, F1: 2r--TY and th.a- 

• CL. -rntc,7„. -

▪ 

Vol. XX I 

104HO. 
• NRO APPROVED FOR RELEASE 

22 June 265 

implied that his remarks reflected the Soviet Ualons 

(3 parlance in this field. 

Khrushchcv's statements -,.egarding the use of satellites over 0.27-,,e stand , out astoni5hi7.0 vitations for 

the Unite-3 Stares -3 de Eno,- 

chnow1edscient that observation is legitimate. 

The inference that mmpotanc shfrcs :724:y he taking 

place in Soviet polici.Yragasding satellites 

gains some strength from •the fact suhiished Soviet 

cxco.=tri8s hv, 1):::t(al,7 ceL6::,c1 to pi,.....i.y cic,wn threats 

:aga .nst U. S. Y:.- eonn4'-ss.,r'n:-. 9:,h1o;es. ' Sovit officials 

and. mIlit-,5,:ry. 1.',C,:, ."7..... -4- e- h.:.1:- /e I.:),22::.: ...,'. - .,.,..--2...,- 

,i ... -•.„-:,,, -,.--' : 1'::t.Oft • 

._ 

: - ,.' 

this , . )- - - since early hecL.s-:1 

str - - 

rorc es ...J. 

j.:2Q011 the 

sea'as to. 

ObVio.,-.,....; nhy t.s S.O.-.)-f,,:',...:::!, have ned int',17Li.ts 

65..:a*-i.:1*...i-1 ,..,:,!.... ..._ "' ! may .Fi:-':,st..,.„ - ,7-- 5Sa...... - v:.::::, ,3-11 .',..,..2 - , 2.-- 

. 1 

14'; -es .:::::: .,7:...:.:Lmeiy u,,s,i'..7-Q1 ,E,..--:2 c' -'!'.J. t: - .1J - -=' 4- 0:4n farces. 2'.t ...0 $ 

• A 3:. 

" progress 

roan Lured the S ovien 

of 

• _ n 

; see ihanshsan; Sa;s is-ales Uses Sass 

.K,',1 *;•7 33, 7)64 sts.o asa • 

3ives Warninqj NewYork TlTes 

4 • . Quctec. in finesses U. wQ1Ica, Soviet Stan 

, A = 0 - ' - • J 

Union .he'e: its cepe,faity an tolersta,. :enican. ens 

of tl-lf3 
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22 June 2015 

Any_i_terpre-taion one gives to thee urlexoectPd• de, 

Wlopent$ must be rentbtivca and carry a number Of caveats 

At the United Nations the Soviets "lave nor e.4plit.Atly- and 

publicly agreed ith the LS. contention that observation 

fran spec is a pemissib7. J.1-lave metely 

I 

,pad, •terripOra, their insistence chat 

15. 

-onn.nssancLe -reovol..., in - neotiatios for an agr,3 recovery of space hardware that lands an un.eaded the Soviets have 

privately ma:d:ve, it blear they w::,u1(k not return any • 

tb,aL 

2ei7° chat L-21,:;.e United 

SI-ates' payload. Id ifit got 

a riLThe,lsc,,n progef,!s, 

• 

the deto aai find out what ) 

•-1,r,ar 

ey 

SCates,,- A. 

c(edur:e ':.7ould'be to indicaLz revised Soviet policy- on this 

s,5.,6jec. Cby.droppincr.-the -L-Yr;_ivious cenarigo to outlaw obsor'vaby attitude 'toad 

• • t to 

to:,101 - -1 SuCh ,peaceful' (anJ 

Anoiioua -:aos ion has thus arisen 

between t.'t:t actions in trace arc certain legal rationales 

a- recant ias.sinn vol 

Air La;:. and Cdhuaacc, 

••• 
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22 June 2015 

U.S. efl-fOrts; to obtaih secI.ic inte,rn4tional sanction for. 

- 

her are many .2.mportrit unCerLai...ntie:5 In.projecting -

the aparent changes : in the S,oviet'positon,es3pec1a -Uy in 

the of the brought Brezhnev• 

. - . . . . . . . . 

eec! krosyi to power. .Do the net,1- •1e747s share Ichltulab.Chev e a 

evident di sition to advertise Sovie 

. • 

teccnn4issance 

vehicles and to tolerate other nations ObE:;erv4ton 

are one hitt:4 .- that cl:ssnant Voices are 

be ing raised among chose in charge of L4.)2.t Soviet spac0', 

program. Bor exam7,1a, agreed to 

of' C.:72iL ccYlicr r,ac rany :,4 -adpt4e.r 

theyh4ye not ulfli1d this cotnS,t1r3e - .,nt.o.Ti 

) • 

chedulc and lvca no djc:h: ti en the: ill do 

8p, -I ade ate 

• no the a, ,plausiYp 

a to 

from 

. , 

no governmen 0T.4jo-3 - 

all Lnd, euneif in wishes 

to do sp, Lct:3.ow zay find no 

Pn o 

the 

St. t- E, s to 

:inc.:, a 

tnhiIhccd for.11-1.a- eirets purpoo of e.2,:ch.5Lnsing. 

tartan ZOSCO WaShOn; York,Timq, 

IS, 
pot agree 

recedents 

imacy 

1 to 

SDEI 

.7? l'a• • 

17-77 

from. 

Unii. the U.S, 

servLtion 

._n - wlees7.reu. succors 

efited from 

spite Vof the - ce 

y.1.0 tre.::.c:‘ 

- 

has 

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22 June 2015 

,icate itself frori nev tendencie$ space polic 

ti 

which Xhrushchev inaugurated. -7 'o r1.t.:actin3 

vic1 1 -publicized,oissions ohot the Soviets 

heve themselves been carry out aconissar.ce from 

taci admission Oh.a: i aczivicy i permissible. 

continues to Move 

n1 -- opened up by _Khrushen.,-v 1 his lat w comments on observation "open ski" policy 

for spLce may prevuil. Sucli a prospect must be welcomed 

by those naionS. which 'have. lon Worked toward - t:hat:gOal, 

tt wOu:Ld relieve 

in, -ding Cnat 

of a treaty on 

17; 2 PI-Tilamen, I*so thPri 

w.:,a2ons 

'n area, inolu,-.1ed,,, ohibition on 

for several 

.-106 under have labored 

seeking 
first strike. 

teL.foree iirt 4wey k.--z-c)rrk LOS 

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yC.34:..8 the Soviet 1:'nrused to copsi_der. snob a ban apart 

from t3C.- 

But "there have been 2._'(:.tIrtcir4t. doubts *3 i=0 'wbetli4s.2; 

t;laS policy is really a wise one for th long run One 

can conceive of spoc weapoos. - the United States 

attrE:cted for purposes of deterrence; satellites 

in random orbits eight provide highly invuiner4blesyszL'm§ that could only be used effectively for real 

.12i:ion and would not rai8.42 feanthat United States 

by diverting coupStates, 

S. goal 

earsh W,7,12::A F,.".1i',,,,•. i .2 !i..::::-,2-:_l .

i---, ,::.'1".:.:4::: a,..,18.e:I_O• . , 

a cer''.1. -:_-:.!.74.,:Z".. (..:i.-.;:ltc. c--.-, y.....:::,.-..... .4ight yet 

under:: :.-- .::..Iity. - '7- .1,..;:,g, E.t1.-- z,: ",„44::,0$;• 1

if so, ,Dv.4) s.i.,;n1...:Lal t.O sta - tion (4 ...et,D..*c-,:,..---;n1'7 • 

c:n to aVor;.d.. 

forces and to 

STD"1..n11: z. af1„ 

tcy 

of and 

■ 

, • 1 1:::40T,:rog Icreparrance - Inr:.±.:sn't 'types of strategic 

' 7-3,f:..507,' - ..3.,: tl-le Un..Ltac.I States has noL7 :7,e-c_i :::: s'c.rong i-E- centiVe ia. 

1 ! tha a-_-=.:: race .L. ..a '.. - -12::1-eiw.Lrcn! - --.7 =lc', t-!,,Tiovel , 

f 

tc.,,ghn:Dof..zs, urt1-1F=1.:c:c..2, al!-Iou - , either 1_: ,--,United 

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22 June 2015 

nucle.arwc?apons 10 orbit, there have :to far appeared Co • 

be no decisive milit 1,-.1\rantag 

ment Of such satellites na21 

current strategic Eui r —0 ea -orovicea a margin 

• confidence that the 

be involvPd 

could ora the risks that 

(2, 

This contrests wich a umbe 

junctures in the contemporary a--cm -3- race. For example, to, 

most analyets. 'fIrld to the res.,Dopible 4ecisiprithaket',5 the 

competition in space technology riffers markedly fora.the 

race for the tllermoa4o3,0..a.t weapon. Tba , oiicy debee O.',E• • 

19491950 DroduPed•A c:cYLtensus.• t?1,at the'Uniteci.Sta-ts could 

t Ef.12 that the 

space. :us witnessed 

• , 

ckii there hzwe 

one 

e 

.• 

• C.Dver:-.„.:1(..f.t -

She inuocie :on of h.e 'ful canes 

renuncati„on of 

11-.3y:,:t.:ability of we: were impressive 

pcsture To a :jrnor of 

radic.=:21 

worth inuce 

DeoL-Irtmentoesman ac)me 

Unitad Sttes LT.ci 

L:ne eac-2._::y to Plc,ce, orbit, 

Set, according to the 

cc row cc •;:f-; 

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22 June 2015 

-17 

mutual restraint in d,Dlo,",2,- sp:2ce_weapons peared 

one comparatively safe t11,4,;:nod '-' c • 0 

It Of couz:So, reeve"' z- that low value 

assigned DV the Unit--,,d States to soace'wea-Dons might differ 

es.:mates:, . ''ciceLp:lantierS haVe 

• - 

c.la to be constantly alert . the alzierent strategi criof heSo U n:10 gL ap4 VIg-i1 

..-ILLenc.Lon•to 'T=5.1,1X:!Ct:S .that ,:nable the Soviets to 

overcome their current military ibleriority. One must 

always appraise the -utility- df space systems not only•in 

telmls Oi retlito 7second strik that i 712G.4 •com 

Datible.with U.S. Strtegy, but t•:.1 trz-7_18 Of a possible. 

strike - a--'nst. - of a - bold 

c ,z' --.. .;ategy 4

Stable In . 

3561- nas 

s?aca wenpon',3, 

cet, psy _u Lts 

These ons 

cials 

:a.. L.1.3 

f_an hile k..3! 

prcram uncL1:7: securi.ty 

,„ a b31.7:.bnt - iLity, 

f:nd ,Trithrs na-ve 
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in sif.Jace 

qoV71 c,_ On 01"Ig:L-COPO.ra"! 

deo76371-denL: prb;..t 7

!Ar.-.2 • 

iy.a"Lters c:fedibiiity by the promisLIg '17,1: in L1 e 

Cold War, INO17,- 1:hf74 1Tucl?ar nest Ban Traty pro-• 

hibit nuclear exoloslons,n :,-Dace but. the Soviets joined 

'662an in 19o3. 

(.14:scos2.. on spac(,.s 

c,-,cgmen'ary rolace0 

crb7.1-nt‘-.?in 

shit in. Cublic 

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The variable tr.--ebds in the I face of Soviet.. 

space policy are obviously. not a firm end final guide - to 

anorepriate US. nolicy and friaby unorteintie remain. 

it is ineviahie that so-L:1e I:4\7e to b0 

tzikr before all are- relationships 

-,-,02cen self -we'fna. each tmst try to anticipate 

spozid , or tiIc. othere'verl before' 

they are decided 

.There is some eV14enc.:2,, she: also .are 

having a difficult time rc.uchire, 4;1,5 on the.. -

military -OT. In ns. crotraf 

our oVir hLvc, .z.:dopCed 

ftflore,co'ccilL71,;ccac.se 

Y 1-04;y 7 cy 

.of 

:2$ • . 

and snarler in tn;:: an. It twat 

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whL,L ar.:d 

rdir cff'317 - . ts 

th;.-an, 
dative rat: co no 

of.e.*:5.ploratory0evel - . drinient -shpu4e the Unitec1 St4te$. 

•rtek? No that this OIT an 

poo 

needr,ei a force ,t+.1ould Sc 'crd? VL-lat 

et kill 7-2c.1aniarr3 for such a 

e nuclear :- dan Troaty 

cort,11.1? - •Jho an 

U.S. response to an amtiP-uouc, 

might or miht not i.nv41vp 

In daaIin; with s-cch is tas' we ;a' OD 

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,44-; -11 

the 

Cardinal 

-Daci in 

Lac 

S r 

alWays cot with acld• 

avoidance of Dow spirals the :arm: may be vi 1Clali 

to marlaga if one is in;.:en;...: on had ni.nct2 a competitors 

• 

Those conQ•er.1,.=-2d 4,4nd 

1-0s of nation s must coat 

with Jock tolerance and huM.:74ty r 

their task 

chat the 

gre.aeSt threat to.-atitces wr,com , x c='..c.joaVbr is a 

dogmatic asSu-randa 17..hat - ones on T:,o$ition is absolutely 

and ektlnsively ri:iht. There r,:;aths to na- 

. 

scurity y and we mi4-,sir.not any them 

prematurely, 

The vocl. se.1,7-,cQofidep - ex7aibil-nd by some, commen 

ators, bOtil Lnci S,- spaQe 

5.;homH- Of the 

tho r.ype c_aL ofton 

IL 

afford 

MIK