IRON AND STEEL—2002 39.1 1 References that include a section mark (§) are found in the Internet References Cited section. 

# IRON AND

# STEEL
By Michael D. Fenton

Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Sirirat Harris, statistical assistant, and the world production tables were prepared by Linder Roberts (pig iron) and Ronald L. Hatch (steel), international data coordinators. and Federal Government policy, the U.S. Geological Survey reported all data on iron and steel in metric units unless otherwise noted.

Environment

Steel mills receiving ferrous scrap have been exposed to radioactive materials without warning. Contaminated scrap is in the form of shielded radioactive sources, which are typically installed in measurement gauges used in manufacturing operations or in hospital equipment. Accidental meltings of radioactive scrap have cost an average of $12 million to $15 million. If a shielded radioactive source is disposed of improperly or sent for recycling as scrap metal, it may end up in a metal recycling facility and remelted with disastrous consequences. At least 26 accidental meltings of radioactive material have been reported in the United States since 1983 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003§). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began funding the first national program to systematically address the problem of “orphan” radioactive sources. The program is designed to assist States in retrieving and disposing of radioactive sources that are found in nonnuclear facilities, particularly scrap yards, steel mills, and municipal waste disposal facilities in a proper manner. Disposal may include recycling, reuse, or disposal at permitted facilities.

Mercury has been receiving increasing attention as a serious environmental pollutant because of its toxic and bioaccumulative properties. Bacteria in aquatic systems can convert mercury to methyl mercury, which can be concentrated up the aquatic food chain, thereby contaminating fish and endangering humans and wildlife that consume the fish. Mercury poisoning can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage and impaired child development in humans. According to the EPA, significant synthetic-mercury-emission sources include cement and lime kilns, coal and oil burning, copper smelting, garbage and hazardous waste incinerators, and petroleum refineries. Also, an estimated 15.6 metric tons per year (t/yr) of mercury is released from scrapped and recycled vehicles (Worden, 2001). The source of automotive mercury includes switches for convenience lighting, antilock braking systems, active ride control systems, high-intensity discharge headlamps, and background lighting in automotive displays. An estimated 200 metric tons of mercury are in more than 210 million vehicles currently in use. Environmental groups are advocating “Design for Recycling,” which is the design of products in a way that will ensure safe and economical recycling of mercury, and phasing out all automotive uses of mercury as soon as possible (Clean Car Campaign, 2001§).

Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or underused industrial and commercial sites, such as steel mills, where expansion or The recession that began in March 2001, following the longest economic expansion in U.S. history (exactly 10 years) ended in November 2001 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003§ 1

## ). The recession lasted 8 months, slightly less than the average for recessions since World War II. U.S. apparent steel consumption, an indicator of economic growth, remained at 107 million metric tons (Mt) in 2002, the lowest amount since 1995, from a peak of 120 Mt in 2000.

World and regional economic performance showed weakness similar to that of the United States. Growth in world and U.S. economic output in 2002 was projected by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to be 3.0% and 2.4%, respectively (Interpress Service, 2003§). The World Bank expected 2002 world economic output to increase by only 1.7% (News.com.au, 2003§). The European Union’s (EU) economic growth was expected to decline to 1.1% in 2002 from 1.8% in 2001 (Business, 2002§).

Since 1998, substantial overcapacity among world steelmakers outside of North America produced a flood of low-priced imports into the United States, to the detriment of domestic steelmakers. In March 2002, the U.S. steel industry received temporary relief under Section 201 of the 1974 Trade Act—3 years of tariffs ranging up to 30% on certain steel imports. Relief from much of this import activity was expected to slow imports, increase steel prices, and allow the steel industry to restructure to become more competitive in world markets. Contrary to expectations, prices of hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel sheet peaked in midyear and began steady declines for the remainder of the year (Purchasing Magazine, unpub. data, 2003). Total relief from imports was nullified to some extent when the U.S. Department of Commerce exempted 727 imported steel products from the tariff in June. These exemptions were justified because the products were not sufficiently available from U.S. producers and their exclusion would not undermine the effectiveness of the safeguard on steel products. Meanwhile, the U.S. International Trade Commission appeared to be no longer interested in the steel industry’s claims of injury by foreign producers by giving negative injury determinations in the four steel case votes held since March (Metals Watch, 2002§). By yearend, 2002 was the fourth highest steel import year in U.S. history.

Data regarding U.S. production of iron and steel and shipments of steel mill products were reported by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). These data can be regarded as representing 100% of the raw steel producers in the United States. World production of iron and steel is reported by the International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI) and by foreign Government agencies. Consistent with international usage39.2 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2002 

## redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination that can add cost, time, or uncertainty to a redevelopment project (Envirotools, 2002§). There are from 130,000 to 450,000 contaminated commercial and industrial sites in the United States, and the cost of cleaning them may be as high as $650 billion. In January, the Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act (H.R. 2869) became law (Public Law 107-118). H.R. 2869 incorporated S. 350, the “Brownfields Revitalization and Environmental Restoration Act of 2001,” and H.R. 1831, the “Small Business Liability Protection Act.” The law codified and expanded the EPA’s current brownfields program by authorizing funding for assessment and cleanup of brownfields properties. It exempted from Superfund liability contiguous property owners, and prospective purchasers and clarified appropriate inquiry for innocent landowners. Also, it authorized funding for State response programs and limited EPA’s Superfund enforcement authority at sites cleaned up under a State response program. Certain household, small business, and nonprofit generators of municipal solid waste are exempted from liability for Superfund response costs at National Priority List sites. Settlements are expedited for certain persons based on a limited ability to pay contributors of hazardous substance.

Production

Production of raw steel in the United States increased to 91.6 Mt from 90.1 Mt in 2001 (table 1). The AISI estimated raw steel production capability to be 103 Mt, down from 114 Mt in 2001. Production represented 88.8% of estimated capability compared with 79.2% in 2001.

Integrated steel producers smelted iron ores to liquid iron in blast furnaces and used basic oxygen furnaces to refine this iron with some scrap to produce raw liquid steel. The basic oxygen process was used to make 45.5 Mt of steel (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2002, p. 74). The use of this process declined slightly to 49.6% of total steel production in 2002 from 52.6% in 2001. The integrated steel industry in the United States consisted of 11 companies operating ironmaking and steelmaking facilities at 19 locations (Iron and Steelmaker, 2002). Several of these companies also operated nonintegrated plants and/or other steelmaking facilities at the same locations.

Minimills and specialty mills are nonintegrated steel producers that use electric arc furnaces (EAF) to melt low-cost raw materials (usually scrap). They also employ continuous-casting machines and hot-rolling mills that are often closely coupled to the casting operation. Specialty mills include producers of stainless, alloy-electrical, and tool steel; high-temperature alloys; forged ingots; and other low-volume steel products. The nonintegrated sector of the industry, about 72 companies operating about 107 steelmaking plants, used the EAF steelmaking process to produce 46.1 Mt of steel, an increase of about 8% compared with that of 2001, and accounted for 50.4% of total steelmaking (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2002, p. 74; Iron and Steelmaker, 2002).

Raw liquid steel is mostly cast into semifinished products in continuous casting machines. Only 2.7% of U.S. production was cast in ingot form and subsequently rolled into semifinished forms; this represented a decrease of less than 2% compared with that of 2001. Continuous casting production was 89.1 Mt, or 97.2% of total steel production, compared with 87.5 Mt, or 97.2%, in 2001 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2002, p. 75).
Consumption

Steel mill products are produced at a steel mill either by forging or rolling into forms normally delivered for fabrication or use. Some companies purchase semifinished steel mill products from other steel companies and use them to produce finished steel products. To avoid double counting steel mill product shipments under these circumstances, steel mills identify any shipments of steel mill products to other companies that are reporters of steel mill product shipments. The accumulated shipments of all companies less the shipments to other reporting companies are identified as net shipments.

The U.S. apparent supply of steel mill products was the same in 2001 and 2002—107 Mt. The 6-year trend of steadily increasing net shipments of steel products to satisfy domestic demand ended in 1998, resumed its upward course in 1999 and 2000, and declined in 2001 to its lowest level since 1995 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2002, p. 27). Shipments of steel mill products by U.S. companies increased by 1.1% to 90.7 Mt compared with those of 2001. Export shipments by AISI reporting companies decreased to 5.4 Mt from 5.6 Mt in 2001 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2002, p. 45). Shipments to domestic customers increased by 1.1% during 2001 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2002, p. 30). Shipments of construction and contractors’ products, the largest single end-use market, decreased by 4.7%. Automotive product shipments were almost the same as in 2001. Oil and gas, mining, quarrying, and lumbering industries shipments decreased by 28%. Shipments of industrial and agricultural machinery, equipment, and tools decreased by more than 10%. Steel service center shipments, appliance shipments, and containers, packaging, and shipping material shipments decreased by nearly 15%.

Prices

The U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics producer price index for steel mill products was up by 3.5% to 104.8 from 101.3 in 2001 (1982 base=100) (U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003§). The index was at a low of 98.3 during January and February and increased steadily to a high of 110.4 in October and November before declining to 104.8 in December.
Foreign Trade

Exports of steel mill products decreased to 5.4 Mt from 5.6 Mt in 2001 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2002, p. 46). Canada received the largest amount of U.S. exported steel, 3.4 Mt, unchanged from that of 2001. Mexico was again in second place, receiving 1.4 Mt, the same as in 2001. Imports of steel mill products increased by 8.4% to 29.6 Mt from 27.3 Mt in 2001 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2002, p. 56). Brazil, Canada, the EU, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey were major sources of steel mill product imports.

Imports of semifinished steel by steel companies must be taken into consideration in evaluating apparent consumptionIRON AND STEEL—2002 39.3 

## (supply) of steel mill products in the United States and the share of the market represented by imported steel. To avoid double counting the imported semifinished steel and the products produced from it, the amount of semifinished steel consumed by companies that also produced raw steel must be subtracted from domestic consumption. Between 1993 and 2000, semifinished steel imports were estimated to range between 2.5 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) and 7.8 Mt/yr. Imports were 5.8 Mt/yr and 8.0 Mt/yr in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Prior to 1993, the amount was less than 200,000 t/yr. Taking the imported semifinished steel into consideration, the share of the U.S. steel market represented by imported steel was an estimated 28% in 2002 compared with 26% in 2001.

Regarding the reporting of imports and exports, “fabricated steel products” are produced from steel mill products, but do not include products that incorporate steel products with other materials. Examples of fabricated steel products are fabricated structural steel and steel fasteners. “Other iron and steel products” refers to products that are not produced from steel mill products. Examples of other iron and steel products include iron or steel castings and direct reduced iron (DRI).

World Review

World production of pig iron totaled about 604 Mt, 4.7% more than that of 2001 (table 10). In Asia, China continued to be the leading producer of pig iron in the world, producing almost 171 Mt, nearly 10% more than that of 2001. Japan and the United States followed with 81 Mt and 40 Mt, respectively. The Republic of Korea’s production increased slightly. Russia and Ukraine were the only major pig iron producers in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Production in Russia had increased by 32% since 1998 and was the highest in the past 5 years. During 2002, Ukrainian production continued a rising 5-year trend. In North America, the only major producer of pig iron was the United States, where production decreased by nearly 5% from that of 2001. In South America, the only major pig iron producer was Brazil, producing nearly 28 Mt. Germany was the top producer in the EU, producing about the same amount as in 2001. India’s production increased by 2.7% from that of 2001.

DRI production worldwide was about 38.8 Mt, a 1.3% decrease from that of 2001 and an 8.7% decrease from its peak production in 2000 (table 10). The leading technology was the Midrex process, followed by the HYL I and HYL III processes. During 2002, 10.2 Mt of capacity was idle compared with 3.8 Mt in 2001. The leading producer of DRI was India, followed by, in descending order of tonnage, Iran, Mexico, and Venezuela (table 10). World capacity for DRI production was estimated to be nearly 48 Mt/yr (Midrex Direct Reduction Corp., 2002). Additional DRI capacity of 800,000 t was under construction in the Republic of Korea.

World production of raw steel exceeded 898 Mt, up from 847 Mt (revised) produced during 2001 (table 11). As in previous years, production varied widely among major regions of the world. Asian countries produced about 44% of the world’s steel; the EU, 18%; and North America, 12%. During 2002, China was again the world’s leading steel producer, exceeding 181 Mt, a gain of nearly 20% compared with that of 2001. In descending order, the leading producers behind China were Japan, the United States, Russia, the Republic of Korea, and Germany. These six countries accounted for 59% of worldproduction. The combined steel production of the seven steelproducing countries in the CIS was more than 107 Mt, 2% greater than in 2001. Russia and Ukraine remained the top producers, continuing to increase production over the recent lows of 1998 (table 11).

Outlook

In late 2002, IISI offered a revised forecast downward for 2002 and 2003 because of rapidly changing world economic conditions (International Iron and Steel Institute, 2002§). The global economic picture was described as so uncertain by the IISI that it considered it almost impossible to make predictions during the next 2 years with any degree of accuracy. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth was projected for 2002 and 2003 as 1.7% and 2.9%, respectively. A key influence on these projections is the economic activity of China, in which GDP is estimated to rise in 2002 and 2003 to 7.5% and 7.8%, respectively. The growth rate of the remainder of the world was projected for 2002 and 2003 as 1.6% and 2.8%, respectively. The IMF predicted global economic growth to be 3.2% in 2003 and 4.1% in 2004 (Interpress Service, 2003§). The World Bank predicted global economic growth to be 2.3% in 2003 and 3.2% in 2004 (News.com.au, 2003§).

U.S. economists polled by the Philadelphia Federal Reserve Bank in November were reported to have changed their projected annualized real GDP growth in the United States for 2003 to 2.6%, down from the previous estimate of 3% (Stundza, 2002a§). But at yearend, the Boston Federal Research Bank projected that economic growth should reach 3.0% to 3.5% by the end of 2003 (Business Channel, 2003§). The IMF forecast U.S. economic growth to be 2.2% and 3.6% in 2003 and 2004, respectively (Interpress Service, 2003§).

The IISI also revised projections downward of world consumption of finished steel products to 4.2% and 4.9% in 2002 and 2003, respectively (Stundza, 2002a§). China’s finished steel product consumption was projected to increase 14.8% and 10.3% in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Steel consumption increases in the rest of the world were an estimated 1.2% and 3.1% in 2002 and 2003, respectively. The North American Free Trade Association GDP growth forecast was 2.5% and 3.5% for 2002 and 2003, respectively.

After 18 months of decline, manufacturing grew for 7 months in 2002, but by yearend, the overall economy was barely growing (Stundza, 2002a§). J.P. Morgan Securities predicted that weak sales and volume numbers for some major metals processing and distribution firms should be exacerbated by the continuing weakness in U.S. manufacturing through 2003.Purchasing Magazine’s steel price forecast for hot-rolled, coldrolled, and galvanized sheet combined was 4% less than that estimated for 2002 (Stundza, 2002b§). Nevertheless, 2003 may be a better year economically for the steelmaking industry than expected by many because of Section 201 tariffs, very low interest rates, continuing fiscal stimulus, strong productivity growth, low inflation, and very low business inventories.39.4 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2002 

## References Cited

American Iron and Steel Institute, 2002, Washington, DC, Annual statistical

report 2002: American Iron and Steel Institute, 130 p. Iron and Steelmaker, 2002, Iron and Steelmaker’s 2002 blast furnace roundup:

Iron and Steelmaker, v. 29, no. 8, August, p. 86. Midrex Midrex Direct Reduction Corp., 2002, World direct reduction statistics:

Charlotte, NC, Midrex Direct Reduction Corp., p. 4. Worden, Edward, 2001, ISRI seeks to keep mercury out of automobile

shredders: American Metal Market, v. 109, no. 81, April 26, p. 11.



## Internet References Cited

Business, 2002, Global growth to be slower in 2nd half and 2003—IMF,

accessed July 28, 2003, at URL http://www.inq7.net/bus/2002/sep/26/text/ bus_6-1-p.htm. Business Channel, 2003, U.S. to see moderate economic recovery in 2003—Fed

official, accessed July 28, 2003, at URL http://www.arabia.com. Clean Car Campaign, 2001, Partnership for Mercury Free Vehicles, accessed

July 10, 2003, at URL http://www.cleancarcampaign.org/partnership.shtml. Envirotools, 2002, Brownfields, Fact Sheet, accessed July 29, 2003, at URL

http://www.envirotools.org/factsheets/brownfields.shtml. International Iron and Steel Institute, 2002, Short term outlook for steel

demand—Autumn 2002, accessed July 18, 2003, at URL http://www.federacciai.it/sito/comunicato_iisi. Interpress Service, 2003, Slow, unsteady growth ahead for developing

regions—IMF, accessed July 28, 2003, at URL http://aegis.com/news/ips/ 2003/IPO30407.html. Metals Watch, 2002, It’s safe to say the romance between the steel industry and

the Bush administration is over, accessed October 1, 2002, at URL http://www.steelforge.com/infoservices/metalswatch/october_2000x.htm. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003, Business cycle dating committee,

accessed July 17, 2003, at URL http://release.nber.org/July 2003.html. News.com.au, 2003, Shock and awe delay growth, accessed July 28,

2003, at URL http://www.finance.news.com.au/common/printpage/ 0,6093,623015,00.html. Stundza, T., 2002a, Metals watch, accessed July 14, 2003, at URL

http://www.steelforge.com. Stundza, T., 2002b, Spot prices continue to tumble, Purchasing Magazine,

accessed on October 16, 2003, at URL http://www.manufacturing.net/pur/ index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA262279. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2003, Steel mill

products—WPU1017, Producer Price Index—Commodities, accessed August 1, 2002, via URL http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003, Orphan sources initiative,

accessed July 11, 2003, at URL http://www.epa.gov/radiation/cleanmetals/ orphan.htm. 

## GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION
U.S. Geological Survey Publications
Iron. Ch. in United States Mineral Resources, Professional

Paper 820, 1973. Iron and Steel. Ch. in Metal Prices in the United States Through 1998, 1999. Iron and Steel. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Iron and Steel Scrap. Ch. in Metal Prices in the United States

Through 1998, 1999. Iron and Steel Scrap. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly. Iron and Steel Slag. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries,

annual. Iron and Steel Slag. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual. Iron Ore. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Iron Ore. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual. Iron Ore. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly.

Other
American Metal Market, daily. Annual Statistical Report, American Iron and Steel Institute. Direct from Midrex quarterly, Midrex Corporation. Directory of Iron and Steel Plants, Association of Iron and Steel

Engineers. HYL, the Iron & Steel Technology Division of HYLSA, S.A. de

C.V., report. Iron and Steel. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau

of Mines Bulletin 675, 1985. Iron and Steelmaker, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical,

and Petroleum Engineers—Iron and Steel Society. Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel, Association of Iron and

Steel Engineers. Metal Bulletin, biweekly. Steel Manufacturers Association. Steel Statistical Yearbook, International Iron and Steel Institute. Steel Times International.IRON AND STEEL—2002 39.5 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 United States:

Pig iron:

Production2 48,200 46,300 47,900 42,100 40,200 Exports3 87 82 72 44 34 Imports for consumption3 5,140 4,990 4,970 4,370 4,620 Direct-reduced iron:

Production4 1,600 1,670 1,560 1,200 470 Exports3 5 3 2 1 1 Imports for consumption3 939 950 1,090 1,650 2,010 Raw steel production: 5

Carbon steel 88,000 87,600 92,500 82,400 83,700 Stainless steel 2,010 2,190 2,190 1,820 2,180 All other alloy steel 8,600 7,650 7,510 5,920 5,680

Total 98,600 97,400 102,000 90,100 91,600 Capability utilization, percent 86.8 83.8 86.1 79.2 88.8 Steel mill products:

Net shipments2 92,900 96,300 98,900 89,700 90,700 Exports3 5,010 4,920 5,920 5,570 5,450 Imports3 37,700 32,400 34,400 27,300 29,600 Producer price index for steel mill

products ( 1982=100.0) 6 113.8 105.3 108.4 101.3 104.8 World production: 7

Pig iron 535,000 539,000 r 573,000 r 577,000 r 604,000 Direct-reduced iron4 37,200 38,200 42,500 r 39,300 r 38,800 Raw steel 770,000 r 784,000 r 845,000 r 847,000 r 898,000 TABLE 1 SALIENT IRON AND STEEL STATISTICS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

rRevised.
1Data are rounded to three significant digits, except prices; may not add to totals shown.
2Data are from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI).

7Data are from the U.S. Geological Survey and the International Iron and Steel Institute. 3Data are from the U.S. Census Bureau.
4Data are from the Midrex Direct Reduction Corp., Government, and companies.
5Raw steel is defined by AISI as steel in the first solid state after melting, suitable for rolling.
6Data are from the U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Material 2001 2002 Iron oxides: 2

Ores 249 234 Pellets 55,200 48,400 Sinter3 9,090 8,870

Total 64,500 57,500 Scra p4 1,490 907 Coke2 17,100 15,800 Pig iron, produced 42,100 40,200 TABLE 2 MATERIALS CONSUMED IN BLAST FURNACES AND PIG IRON PRODUCED 1

(Thousand metric tons)

also some nodules.
4Mainly briquetted turnings and borings, shredded scrap, etc.; scrap produced at blast furnaces and remelt not included. 1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2American Iron and Steel Institute.
3Includes sintered ore and pellet fines, dust, mill scale, and other revert iron-bearing materials;39.6 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 Shipments by steel type:

Carbon steel 83,700 84,400 93.30 93.10 Alloy steel 4,340 4,540 4.84 5.01 Stainless steel 1,670 1,720 1.86 1.89

Total 89,700 90,700 100.00 100.00 Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets and slabs 783 1,130 0.87 1.24 Wire rods 3,010 2,900 3.35 3.19 Structural shapes-heavy 5,840 5,600 6.51 6.18 Steel piling 398 450 0.44 0.50 Plates-cut lengths 4,790 4,540 5.34 5.01 Plates-in coils 3,190 3,340 3.55 3.68 Rails 454 541 0.51 0.60 Railroad accessories 132 176 0.15 0.19 Bars, hot-rolled 6,240 6,390 6.95 7.04 Bars, light-shaped 1,060 1,040 1.18 1.14 Bars, reinforcing 6,290 6,060 7.01 6.68 Bars, cold finished 1,300 1,310 1.45 1.44 Tool steel 28 24 0.03 0.03 Pipe and tubing-standard pipe 1,090 1,200 1.22 1.32 Pipe and tubing-oil country goods 1,600 1,200 1.78 1.33 Pipe and tubing-line pipe 1,190 992 1.33 1.09 Pipe and tubing-mechanical tubing 803 765 0.89 0.84 Pipe and tubing-pressure tubing 27 22 0.03 0.02 Pipe and tubing-stainless 19 17 0.02 0.02 Pipe and tubing-structural 113 127 0.13 0.14 Pipe for piling 32 37 0.04 0.04 Wire 615 656 0.69 0.72 Tin mill products-blackplate 190 258 0.21 0.28 Tin mill products-tinplate 2,010 2,100 2.24 2.32 Tin mill products-tin-free steel 621 639 0.69 0.70 Tin mill products-tin coated sheets 80 102 0.09 0.11 Sheets, hot-rolled 16,600 17,600 18.48 19.44 Sheets, cold-rolled 11,300 11,500 12.53 12.69 Sheets and strip, hot dip galvanized 13,000 13,600 14.44 14.97 Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 2,730 2,330 3.04 2.56 Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 1,730 1,920 1.92 2.12 Sheets and strip, electrical 436 401 0.49 0.44 Strip, hot rolled 625 151 0.70 0.17 Strip, cold rolled 1,530 1,570 1.70 1.73

Total 89,700 90,700 100.00 100.00 Shipments by markets:

Service centers and distributors 24,600 24,900 27.36 27.47 Construction 19,500 18,600 21.77 20.54 Automotive 12,800 12,700 14.21 13.99 Machinery 1,320 1,270 1.47 1.40 Containers 2,930 2,940 3.27 3.24 All others 28,600 30,300 31.92 33.36

Total 89,700 90,700 100.00 100.00 TABLE 3 DISTRIBUTION OF SHIPMENTS OF STEEL MILL PRODUCTS, BY STEEL TYPE, PRODUCT, AND MARKET 1

1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits, except percentages; may not add to totals shown.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. (Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Quantity PercentageIRON AND STEEL—2002 39.7 Country Imports Exports Imports Exports Argentina 403 6 387 2 Australia 623 4 677 3 Brazil 2,820 19 3,550 15 Canada 4,230 3,410 5,240 3,420 China 691 39 750 34 European Union 5,520 175 4,820 173 Finland -- -- -- -- Japan 1,860 25 1,480 13 Korea, Republic of 2,020 13 1,680 7 Mexico 2,710 1,440 3,410 1,290 Russia 1,540 -- 1,650

-- South Africa 473 4 389 2 Sweden 190 2 170 1 Taiwan 518 11 345 11 Turkey 860 -- 1,240

-- Ukraine 461 -- 337

-- Venezuela 308 29 444 18 Other 2,060 390 3,090 455

Total 27,300 5,570 29,600 5,450 TABLE 4 U.S. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF STEEL MILL PRODUCTS, BY COUNTRY 1

(Thousand metric tons)

1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. 2001 2002

-- Zero.

2001 2002 Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets, slabs 127 102 Wire rods 41 60 Structural shapes, heavy 363 270 Steel piling 10 7 Plates, cut lengths 407 491 Plates, in coils 279 292 Rails, standard 66 60 Rails, other 6 17 Railroad accessories 14 10 Bars, hot-rolled 347 390 Bars, light-shaped 112 81 Bars, concrete reinforcing 114 153 Bars, cold-finished 101 93 Tool steel 24 22 Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 61 75 Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 217 177 Pipe and tubing, line pipe 169 240 Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 3 5 Pipe and tubing, stainless 35 26 Pipe and tubing, nonclassified 294 278 Pipe and tubing, structural 116 101 Pipe for piling 5 2 TABLE 5 U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.39.8 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2002 2001 2002 Steel mill products--Continued:

Wire 140 135 Tin mill products, blackplate 2 2 Tin mill products, tinplate 226 212 Tin mill products, tin-free steel 24 19 Sheets, hot-rolled 447 408 Sheets, cold-rolled 547 533 Sheets and strip, hot-dip galvanized 471 452 Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 211 153 Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 161 138 Sheets and strip, electrical 82 80 Strip, hot-rolled 79 99 Strip, cold-rolled 270 268

Total 5,570 5,450 Fabricated steel products:

Structural shapes, fabricated 283 202 Rails, used 19 9 Railroad products 32 12 Wire rope 11 8 Wire, stranded products 36 37 Wire, other products 19 17 Springs 79 77 Nails and staples 28 27 Fasteners 286 306 Chains and parts 22 23 Grinding balls 17 17 Pipe and tube fittings 35 32 Other2 56 106

Total 923 873 Grand total 6,500 6,320 Cast iron and steel products:

Cast steel pipe fittings 35 32 Cast iron pipe and fittings 64 95 Cast steel rolls 8 8 Cast grinding balls 22 31 Granules-shot and grit 23 21 Other castings 39 41

Total 191 228

ornamental work, and conduit.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. 1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2Includes shapes cold formed, sashes and frames, fence and sign post, and architectural and (Thousand metric tons) U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1 TABLE 5--ContinuedIRON AND STEEL—2002 39.9 2001 2002 Steel mill products:

Ingots, blooms, billets, and slabs 5,840 8,020 Wire rods 2,730 3,170 Structural shapes-heavy 894 656 Steel piling 144 145 Plates-cut lengths 854 765 Plates-in coils 649 884 Rails and railroad accessories 215 218 Bars, hot-rolled 1,330 1,470 Bars, light-shaped 162 171 Bars, reinforcing 1,600 1,160 Bars, cold-finished 315 263 Tool steel 142 141 Pipe and tubing, standard pipe 1,040 989 Pipe and tubing, oil country goods 828 444 Pipe and tubing, line pipe 1,220 1,030 Pipe and tubing, mechanical tubing 451 488 Pipe and tubing, pressure tubing 72 94 Pipe and tubing, stainless 84 76 Pipe and tubing, nonclassified 25 21 Pipe and tubing, structural 408 351 Pipe for piling 19 14 Wire 623 697 Tin mill products-blackplate 134 90 Tin mill products-tinplate 343 254 Tin mill products-tin-free steel 147 105 Sheets, hot-rolled 2,190 3,520 Sheets, cold-rolled 2,790 1,730 Sheets and strip, hot-dip galvanized 1,340 1,920 Sheets and strip, electrogalvanized 159 166 Sheets and strip, other metallic coated 240 299 Sheets and strip, electrical 99 64 Strip, hot-rolled 55 89 Strip, cold-rolled 149 148

Total 27,300 29,600 Fabricated steel products:

Structural shapes, fabricated 729 710 Rails, used 175 195 Railroad products 79 78 Wire rope 103 100 Wire-stranded products 184 191 Springs 422 433 Nails and staples 541 681 Fasteners 954 1,080 Chains and parts 95 98 Pipe and tube fittings 177 151 Other 466 522

Total 3,930 4,240 Grand total 31,200 33,900 Cast iron and steel products:

Cast steel pipe fittings 177 151 Cast iron pipe and fittings 46 43 Other products 360 375

Total 583 569 TABLE 6 U.S. IMPORTS OF MAJOR IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute.39.10 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2002 Product 2001 2002 Semifinished 279,000 265,000 Plate 47,000 60,200 Sheet and strip 43,200 45,800 Bars and shapes 95,800 84,000 Wire and wire rods 83,000 78,800 Pipe and tube 84,200 75,600

Total 632,000 609,000 TABLE 7 U.S. IMPORTS OF STAINLESS STEEL 1

(Metric tons)

Source: American Iron and Steel Institute. 1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2001 2002 Ductile iron castings 3,800 r 3,690 Gray iron castings 4,360 r 3,990 Malleable iron castings 122 115 Steel castings 706 599 Steel investment castings 69 r 60

Total 9,060 r 8,450 TABLE 8 U.S. SHIPMENTS OF IRON AND STEEL CASTINGS 1

(Thousand metric tons)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. rRevised.
1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2001 2002 Coal, consumption 23,700 20,400 Coke: 3

Production 17,200 14,600 Exports 970 539 Imports 2,120 2,810 Consumption, apparent 18,400 17,200 TABLE 9 COAL AND COKE AT COKE PLANTS 1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

Source: Energy Information Administration, Quarterly Coal Report, DOE/EIA-0121(2001/4Q). 1Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits.
2Includes furnace and merchant coke plants.
3Coke production and consumption do not include breeze.IRON AND STEEL—2002 39.11 Country5 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002e Albaniae 10 10 10 10 10 Algeriae 800 r 1,000 r 1,100 r 1,250 r 1,250 Argentina:

Pig iron 2,122 1,985 2,188 1,909 r 1,910 6 Direct-reduced iron 1,538 989 1,420 1,280 1,450 6 Australia 7,724 7,468 7,000 e 7,200 e 7,300 Austria 4,022 3,913 4,318 4,300 4,300 Belgium 8,730 8,472 8,472 7,732 r 8,053 6 Bosnia and Herzegovinae 100 100 100 100 100 Brazil:

Pig iron 25,111 r 25,060 r 27,723 r 27,441 r 27,781 6 Direct-reduced iron 336 400 418 400 e 400 Bulgaria 1,389 1,130 1,220 1,160 r 1,120 Burma: e

Pig iron 2 r 2 2 2 2 Direct-reduced iron 40 40 40 40 40 Canada:

Pig iron 8,937 8,783 8,900 r 878 r 8,800 p Direct-reduced iron 1,240 920 920 r 920 r 920 p Chile 993 1,030 1,065 r 897 r 964 6 China7 118,600 125,390 131,010 155,540 r 170,750 6 Colombia 256 264 272 319 r 309 6 Czech Republic 4,982 4,022 4,621 4,671 r 4,700 Egypt:

Pig irone 1,334 6 1,300 r 1,400 r 1,400 r 1,400 Direct-reduced iron 1,610 1,670 2,110 r 2,370 2,530 Finland 2,912 2,954 2,983 2,900 3,000 France 13,603 13,854 13,621 12,004 r 13,217 6 Germany:

Pig iron 30,162 27,931 30,846 29,184 r, 8 29,419 6 Direct-reduced iron 450 400 400 e 400 400 Hungary 1,258 1,309 1,340 1,226 r 1,306 6 India:

Pig iron 20,194 20,139 21,321 21,900 22,000 Direct-reduced iron 5,260 5,220 5,440 5,590 5,600 Indonesia, direct-reduced irone 1,640 1,740 1,820 1,480 1,500 Iran:

Pig iron 2,087 2,147 2,202 2,300 r 2,400 Direct-reduced iron 3,690 4,120 4,740 5,000 e 5,280 Italy 10,704 10,509 11,223 10,650 r 9,736 6 Japan 74,981 74,520 81,071 78,836 80,979 6 Kazakhstan 2,594 3,438 4,000 3,907 r 4,089 6 Korea, Northe 800 r 800 r 800 r 800 r 800 Korea, Republic of 23,229 23,329 24,937 25,898 26,500 Libya, direct-reduced iron 1,010 1,330 1,500 e 1,090 1,170 Malaysia, direct-reduced irone 1,000 1,000 1,260 1,300 1,400 Mexico:

Pig iron 4,532 4,808 4,856 4,500 e 4,000 Direct-reduced iron 5,584 6,070 5,589 4,500 e 4,000 Moroccoe 15 15 15 15 15 Netherlands 8 5,561 5,320 4,969 5,305 r 5,381 6 New Zealand 609 620 600 e 600 e 600 Norwaye 70 60 60 60 60 Pakistane 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 Paraguay 66 61 82 71 r 80 6 TABLE 10 PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3, 4

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.39.12 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2002 Country5 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002e Peru:

Pig iron 283 r 250 r 327 r 330 r 330 p Direct-reduced iron 110 50 80 80 e 80 Poland 6,128 6,128 6,492 5,440 r 5,500 Portugal 365 389 382 82 r

-- Qatar, direct-reduced iron 706 670 620 730 750 Romania 4,541 2,969 3,069 3,085 r 3,100 Russia:

Pig iron 34,827 40,854 44,618 44,980 46,060 6 Direct-reduced iron 1,550 1,880 2,000 1,900 2,000 Saudi Arabia, direct-reduced iron 2,268 2,343 3,090 2,880 3,290 Serbia and Montenegro 826 135 563 461 485 Slovakia 2,756 2,987 3,167 r 3,255 r 3,100 South Africa:

Pig iron 5,650 4,587 6,300 5,800 5,800 Direct-reduced iron 1,070 1,260 1,530 1,560 1,700 Spain 4,278 4,146 4,059 4,094 r 3,978 6 Sweden 3,373 3,212 3,146 3,614 r 3,700 Switzerlande 100 100 100 100 100 Taiwan 9,374 9,020 9,971 r 10,316 r 10,524 6 Trinidad and Tobago, direct-reduced iron 1,073 1,379 1,530 r 2,186 r 2,186 6 Tunisia 123 178 196 192 r 152 Turkey 456 315 300 300 e 350 Ukraine 20,840 21,937 25,700 26,400 27,560 6 United Kingdom 12,574 12,399 10,891 9,861 r 8,579 6 United States:

Pig iron 48,200 46,300 47,900 42,100 40,200 6 Direct-reduced iron 1,600 1,700 r 1,600 120 r 470 Venezuela, direct-reduced iron 5,424 5,071 6,401 5,473 3,608 6 Zimbabwee 217 228 240 240 150

Grand total 572,000 578,000 616,000 r 616,000 r 642,000

Of which:

Pig iron 535,000 539,000 r 573,000 r 577,000 r 604,000 Direct-reduced iron 37,200 38,200 42,500 r 39,300 r 38,800 TABLE 10--Continued PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3, 4

3Direct-reduced iron is obtained from ore by reduction of oxidesto metal without melting.
4Table excludes ferroalloy production except where otherwise noted. Table includes data available through August 10, 2003. (Thousand metric tons)

eEstimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. -- Zero.

8Includes blast furnace ferroalloys. 5In addition to the countries listed, Vietnam has facilities to produce pig iron and may have produced limited quantities betwee n 1998 and 2002, but output is not reported, and available information is inadequate to make reliable estimates of output levels.
6Reported figure.
7Figures reported by State Statistical Bureau that the Chinese Government considers as official statistical data. 1World totals, U.S. data, and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2Production is pig iron unless otherwise specified.IRON AND STEEL—2002 39.13 Country4 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002e Albaniae 15 15 65 r 94 r 100 Algeria 400 e 758 842 850 r 1,090 5
Angolae 9

-- r

-- r

-- r

-- Argentina 4,210 r 3,797 r 4,472 r 4,107 4,363 5 Australia 8,798 8,158 7,812 7,600 8,242 p Austria 5,298 5,213 5,725 5,887 r 6,208 5 Azerbaijan 8

-- -- -- -- Bangladeshe, 6 35 36 35 30 r 30 Belarus 1,412 1,449 1,623 1,500 1,500 Belgium 11,427 10,972 11,637 10,783 r 11,495 5 Bosnia and Herzegovinae 50 60 77 84 r 85 Brazil7 25,800 r 24,996 r 27,865 r 26,717 r 29,604 5 Bulgaria 2,216 1,889 2,017 1,942 r 2,000 Burmae 24 24 24 24 24 Canada 15,930 16,300 15,900 r 16,300 r 16,300 p Chile7 1,171 1,291 1,352 1,247 1,280 5 China8 115,590 124,260 128,500 151,630 r 181,550 5 Colombia 636 534 660 638 r 663 5 Croatia 105 77 71 58 65 Cuba 283 303 327 r 270 r 270 Czech Republic 6,498 5,613 6,216 6,316 r 6,500 Denmark 790 748 803 r 746 r 392 Dominican Republic 36 43 36 r 36 r, e 36 Ecuador 46 53 58 60 r 67 5 Egypt 2,870 2,619 2,820 e 3,800 r 4,200 El Salvador 43 34 41 39 49 5 Finland 3,932 3,956 4,096 3,938 r 4,004 5 France 20,126 20,211 21,002 r 19,431 r 20,524 5 Georgia 56 r 7 r 5 r 5 r 5 Germany 44,046 42,056 46,376 44,775 r 44,999 5 Ghana, all from scrap 75 75 75 75 75 Greece 1,109 951 1,056 1,281 r 1,835 5 Guatemala 28 80 166 202 r 216 5
HongKonge 350 450 500 500 500 Hungary 1,821 1,813 1,871 2,056 r 2,000 India 23,480 24,269 26,924 27,291 r 28,814 5 Indonesiae NA 2,890 3,010 2,780 r 3,000 Iran 5,608 6,277 6,600 6,900 e 7,300 Iraqe 50 r 50 r 50 50 25 Ireland 358 335 375 110 r

-- Israele 280 280 270 220 150 Italy 25,798 24,964 26,544 26,483 r 25,930 5 Japan 93,548 94,192 106,444 102,866 107,745 5 Jordane 30 30 30 30 30 Kazakhstan 3,089 4,116 4,770 4,691 r 4,868 5 Kenya 25 e

-- -- -- -- Korea, Northe 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Korea, Republic of 39,896 41,042 43,107 43,852 45,390 5 Latvia 469 484 500 510 e 505 Libya 925 945 1,055 846 r, e 1,000 Luxembourg 2,592 2,477 2,571 2,725 r 2,736 5 Macedonia 49 49 50 50 50 Malaysia 1,903 r 2,770 r 3,650 r 4,100 r 4,200 Mexico 14,182 15,243 15,586 13,292 14,051 5 Moldova 718 796 909 966 900 Moroccoe 5 5 5 5 5 Netherlands 6,379 6,075 5,667 6,037 r 6,144 5 TABLE 11 RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3

(Thousand metric tons)

See footnotes at end of table.39.14 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2002 Country4 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002e New Zealand 756 744 765 770 e 750 Nigeriae 2

-- -- -- -- Norway 644 611 620 635 r 694 Pakistane 494 5 500 500 500 500 Paraguay 56 56 77 71 r 80 5 Peru 631 559 749 750 e 750 Philippines 880 530 530 e 530 e 530 Poland 9,915 8,853 10,498 8,809 r 8,369 5 Portugal 854 1,044 1,060 728 r 800 Qatar 646 629 744 r 908 r 1,000 Romania 6,335 4,392 4,770 4,930 r 5,000 Russia 43,822 51,524 59,098 59,030 r 59,777 5 Saudi Arabia 2,356 2,610 2,973 3,413 r 3,800 Serbia and Montenegro 949 226 682 598 596 Singaporee 500 500 500 400 400 Slovakia 3,428 3,569 3,447 r 3,676 r 3,700 Slovenia 405 405 519 462 r 480 South Africa 7,506 6,830 8,481 8,821 9,000 Spain 14,827 14,886 15,920 16,500 r 16,358 5 Sri Lankae 30 30 30 30 30 Sweden 5,062 5,075 5,227 5,518 r 5,754 5 Switzerland 1,018 1,037 1,140 1,000 1,000 Syriae 70 70 70 70 70 Taiwan 17,192 16,027 17,302 17,336 18,255 5 Thailand 1,814 1,532 r 2,100 2,127 r 2,200 Trinidad and Tobago 809 r 762 r 753 r 696 r 696 Tunisia 171 229 237 239 r 220 Turkey 13,351 14,309 14,325 14,900 16,000 Ugandae 7 8 7 7 7 Ukraine 23,461 27,390 31,780 33,110 34,538 5 United Kingdom 17,066 16,634 15,022 13,610 r 11,718 5 United States 98,600 97,400 r 102,000 90,100 91,600 5 Uruguay 52 45 38 31 34 5 Uzbekistan 344 343 e 420 460 450 Venezuela 3,553 3,261 3,835 3,813 r 4,164 5 Vietnam 306 308 306 319 r 320 Zimbabwee 220 255 258 156 150 Total 770,000 r 784,000 r 845,000 r 847,000 r 898,000 TABLE 11--Continued RAW STEEL: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2, 3

3Table includes data available through August 1, 2003. (Thousand metric tons)

eEstimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. NA Not available. -- Zero.

7Excludes castings.
8Figures reported by State Statistical Bureau that Chinese Government considers as official statistical data. 4In addition to the countries listed, Mozambique is known to have steelmaking plants, but available information is inadequate tomake reliable estimates of output levels.
5Reported figure.
6Data for year ending June 30 of that stated. 1World totals, U.S. data, and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.
2Steel formed in solid state after melting, suitable for further processing or sale; for some countries, includes material reported as "liquid steel," presumably measured in the molten state prior to cooling in anyspecific form.