SBRERAL pRSIGH specte cartons

PART I~ GEnERAL
A Statement of Problem

WS 117L fulfilis System Requirement Ko. 5, dated 17 October 1955, by pro-
viding an advanced reconnaissance system capable of accomplishing the follow-
ing misstons;

1. Provide Pioneer and surveillance physiographic coverage of the w
USSR and its allies,

2. Provide Continuous and Comprehensive ferret coverage of the USSR oa
and its allies, (SBCRET)-

This system will use an earth-circling satellite as a platform for the
data collection equipment, and will be Operational in the 1960-65 time period,
Since there are areas of the USSR and its allies where inadequate intelligence
exists, a limited reconnaissance capability must be realized at the earliest

B. Approach

1, The Advanced Reconnaissance System, ws 117L, consists of all
equipment and facilities Tequired to: .

a. Launch, propel and orient a satellite vehicle and its pay-
load of data collecting and transmitting equipment on orbit,

b. Acquire and track the vehicle at all times when it is in
Fange of a ground station, in order that @ contact can be established and
maintained and the vehicle's future tracks can be anticipated,

C. Receive the collected data at a ground station and transmit -
required commands to the vheicle,

a. Process, interpret and reduce the collected data and dissemi-
nate the resulting useful intelligence, (SECRET)

2. The development plan for WS 117L is predicated on the following
factors:

a. Development of the system should proceed from a simple de-
sign of Limited capability to a highly refined version capable of meeting
fully the Tequirements of System Requirement No. 5. an important trade-off

Page C-1 WD-56-00832

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WS_117L DEVELOPMENT PLAN
FACILITIES PLAN

2 April 1956
Brief descriptions of the facilites contained in this Tab are as follows:

Qxl: Captive System Test Facility

Purpose: This facility provides for tests of the complete orbiting
vehicle system, the propulsion and APU subsystems, and hazardous components.
Captive tests simulating in-flight conditions will be accouplished. The
facility will be contractor furnished and operated.

Location: It is proposed that the Captive System Test Facility can be
located near the contractor's plant, or possibly at Edwards Air Force Base

(ERETS).

Justification: This facility will perform hazard and propulsion tests
of the WS 117L vehicle under in-flight conditions prior to actual flight
tests. :

1 22: i f .

Purpose: This facility provides the ground launch complex and support
facilities necessary to achieve early orbital and non-orbital flight testing
of WS 117L components and techniques.

Location: AFMIC, Florida.

Justification: Since essential support items (i.e., power, communica« .
tions, etc.) and range instrumentation Will be available, subsystem and system
tests and low inclination flights can be accomplished. Interference with
other programs will be a major point of consideration at APMTC. The restric-
tions imposed on WS 117L by the AFMIC range may preclude the firing of R&D
Test and Operational vehicles on high inclination orbits. This would limit
the usefulness of this range for other than “system shakedown" tests.

Lol: _B& D Test and Operational Launching Facility.

Kote: This facility is discussed in the Top Secret Annex to the WS 117L
Development Plan.

Del ti D-4:_ Vehicle Tr 0: Tel Stations.

Purpose: Assuming the use of AFMTC for the early flight testing of the *
WS 117L system and subsystems, four stations (one at AFMIC, plus three down
range stations) are proposed. These stations will provide tracking and
telemetry contact with WS 117L vehicles (non-orbiting and orbiting) or any
other missile flights prior to initiation of the WS 117L launching schedule.
This will provide data on the space and ground components.

cation: AFMTC, St. Lucia Island, Ascension Island, and a Pacific

Ocean Area Station located to fulfill the low latitude requirement imposed
by an AFMTC launch,

-SECRET Fel , W-56-00832


WS LI7L DEVELO? PLAN
DD Form 613 (cont 'd) 2 April 1956

‘The programs have been chosen and phased to meet two major development
objectives:

1. Optimize the development of the eperationsl Advanced Reconnaissance
Systeme in terms of the best balance between early availability, effectiveness
in performing the intelligence mission, end over-all economy in terms of man-
Power and funds. ¢6uCRET)

2. Provide a stepwise series of reconnaissance systems capable ef cellect-
ing significant visual end ferret intelligence of high priority at the earliest
dates. ¢sBcnET)-

2 arly flights will have as their primary objectives:
eatabliseine Faas lity of orbitel operation and collecting basic environmeatal
data relating to the satellite operation, Also, there will be imposed the addi-
tienal objective of ARS Component testing and collection of seophysical data of
interest to the scientific Community in general. (sucneTy

Pregram II: This program is designed to yield a Pioneer Visual Recennais-
sance with a capability ef mapping physiographic features at a ground reselu-
tion of 100 feet and a lecational accuracy of ene-half mile, Physical recevery
of exposed film may be attempted if this Procedure shows promise ef Previding
éarly information. (szcRaT)

rrogrem IEE This program will be a Pioneer Ferret System capable of
Providing frequency density information over Russia and Red China in the
Fange from 50 mc/s to Steater than 18,000 mc/s, Batesion sources operating
above 1000 mc/s-will be located to within 60 miles. (SECRET)

2 ‘This pregram covers the development of a large scale pheto-
sre eee: with a ground resolution of about 20 feet. (cenener)

Program V: This program leads te the advanced Ferret System that allows
fer a more accurate determination of signal characteristics in C¥ as well as
pulsed signals, Less than fifty mile wacertainty is anticipated in the leca-
tion of an isolated signal. (SBCRET)

Program VII: Program VII is designed te yield an infrared early warning
system to afferd centinuous detection of aircraft and ICBM's. (SECRET)

Page B-7 WD-56-00832

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WS_117L_ DEVELOPMENT PLAN

2 April 1956

PROGRAM COST ESTIMATES

The B&D Contract Funds Annex includes both prime and subcontractor costs
for the development effort, research and engineering, fabrication and assembly,
test operations, and project direction. It also includes those items of center
support which are properly chargeable to systems funds.

The Annex does not include the following items:

1. Costs of follow-on programs. Cost summaries stop at that
point where a specific capability will be generated. A
continuing program to take advantage of increments in
Operational capability will entail additional costs.

2. Costs of training of personnel and all other associated
costs of the operational Advanced Reconnaissance Systen.

In connection with the R&D Contract Funds Annex, it should be noted that
if funds indicated for FY 1956 are not made available, the funding requirement
for FY 1957 must be increased by the amount of any such deficit.

Estimates for facility and installation requirements will be available in
the near future.

FUNDS ANNEX
ADVANCED RECONNAISSANCE SYSTEM - WS _117L ;
SUBSYSTEM
#r_1956 WYi987_ = F¥_1958 TOTALS _
P6 QTHER F600 OTHER P600 OTHER 600 OTHER
1. Vehicle - 3.5 3.4 3.0 6.6 16.0 10.0 22.5
(including boosters,
2. Propulsion . 5 - 1.0 2.0 - 3.7 1.5 5.7
3. Auxiliary Power Unit 1.0 - 1a - 3.0 4 5.1 4
4, Guidance and Control 1.0 - 2.0 - 2.0) 4,1 5.0 4.1
5. Visual Reconnaissance - - 3.1 - 4.0 4.1 7.10 421
6. Electric Reconnaissance - - 8 - 8 9 1.6 9
7. Infrared - - 5 - +) - 1.4 :
8. Ground-space Communication 1.0 - 4 9.0 - 16.8 1.4 25.8
9. Data Processing and -
Intelligence Dissemination - - 3.8 - 3.7) 4.1 7.5 4.2
10.Ground Support and Training - - - 2.0 - 4.5 - 6.5
f
TOTAL 3.5. 3.5) 16.1 16.0 21.0_ 54.6 40.6 74.1
Page G-1 WD-56-00832


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~GONFIBENTIAL
MS_1I7L DEvELonew® Pian

2 Aprdl 1956

ZABLE OF Comrmrs
Pages

Title Page i
Foreword iti
Table of Contents iv
Introduction V,vi vii
DD Form 613 Bel thru B-12
Tabs
Tab 1 - General Design Specifications C-1 thru c-16
Tab 2'- Schedules D-1, D-2
Tab 3 - Test B-l thru B-4
Tab 4 - Facilities Fel thru F-18
Tab 5 + Progran Cost Estimates G-1
Figures .
Pig. 1 = Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle ai
Fig. 2 - Satellite Vehicle Trajectory Be5
Pig. 3 - Satellite Orbit Schematic B-6
Fig. 4 = Payload on Orbit with Degraded
SM-65C Booster Performance Cm4a
Fig. 5 ~ Pioneer Satellite Vehicle C-8a
Fig. 6 - WS 117L Ground Stations C-lda
Fig. 7 - ws 117, Intelligence Center . Coléa
iv WD-56-00832


WS LI7L DRVELOPMEND PLAN
GDS (cont'd) 2 April 1956

graphic digital storage devices located in the WS 117L Intelligence Center,
With the information Properly organized, Pertinent information can easily be
inserted, located, withdrawn and Presented for use by personnel within the

WS 117L Intelligence Center, (UNCLASSIFIED)

Task No, 4 - Storage: The objective of this task is to develop equip-
ment which can be used to store for future use information collected by the
Feconnaissance Capability of the WS 117L Systen, (UNCLASSIFIED)

The information stored will be both Sraphic (photo maps) and digital
(spectfic target intelligence obtained from photos end ferret intelligence).
The digital information will be used in the numerical displays, and the
graphic information will be used in projection displays or converted into
hard copy for further analysis and dissemination, (UNCLASSIFIED)

The most important criterion for determining the types of equipment
needed for storage is the time allowed for withdrawal of information once
the location of information is determined by means of index, (ONCLASSIF rep)

intelligence information visually in the most informative manner, Different
display types will be required in the WS 117L Intelligence Center, depending
upon user requirements, ‘Basically, the display types are dependent on the

Jurisdictions of viewers Tequiring these displays. These display types can

&. Command type [ery large scale (pictorial}}

b. Indicator treua type rge scale (pictorial)}.
€. Indicator trend type (Alpha Numeric)

a. Dynamic simulator and global display

e. D.F Plotter (Ferret only). ‘(Comrrpewrtan)

ask No = Dissemination: The objective of this task is to establish
the procedures and equipment necessary to communicate stored information
(Visual, Ferret and correlated Visual-Ferret) to users in a manner requested,
Users will include Personnel with the WS 117L Intelligence Center as well as

Rage C-13 WD-56-00832



Ww

CBB (cont'd) SLL, DEVELOPOENT 2 April 1956

ef wophistication for availability is Recessitated, if useful, and Presently
non-existent fatelligence data are te be gathered at an early date. (SECRET).

BoA vigorous, well-funded development Program 10 required, if
the formidable problems met in the development of such « unique system are to.
be overcome, (scart)

Jebarae J: ‘Early flights will be made to establish the
feasibility of erbti operation, to collect environmental data and te test
system components and subsystems on an individual basis. (SECKET)

I: This Program is designed to yield pioneer
visual. Fecennsissance with a capability ef mapping Physiographic features
with a ground Feselution of 100 feet and a locational accuracy of one-half
ale, —¢eaener)— .

Pregrem UI: This will be a Pioneer ferret systen capable
ef providing frequency density information im the band ef 50 mc/a to greater
than 18,000 mc/s. Emitting seurces operating above 1000 mc/s will be located

(sucREr)

WV: A more advanced visual reconnaissance systen,
which possesses 2 sreund resolution of 20 feet and uses Photographic tachni-
ques, will be ‘develeped. (SECRET).

a. Ultimate System:

Program VI: A visual reconnaissance system capable of
continuous surveillance, and which will have a ground resolution of 20 feet
and uses television techniques in conjunction with reusable storage medium,
will be developed, (SECRET)

Page C-2 WD-56-00832

SECRET


WS LI7L DEVELOPaneT PLAN
GDS {cont 'd) 2 April 1956

while on orbit, a system using rate gyros for measurement and gas jets or .
reaction wheels for control will be employed. ‘¢(enenery-

gR Wi 2 issance

it is proposed to utilize a Photographic camera with electronic readout. The

mitted te rande of the ground station and the image will be resdeny Ceyratory
mitted to the ground station. The life of the system will be determined by
the film and developer carried, but since the early vehicles will have battery
Power, the use of such a short term system appears to be “ppropriate. Recent
film advances indicate that no more than five Pounds of film per month will be
required, It is estimated that @ system of this type, when designed to detect
100 foct ground objects, could cover an area of 200,000,000 Square miles in
*pproximately four months of Operational life. (See Figure 5) (stensz)

Advanced Visual System: The advanced visuel system vill explore in
detail; ground objects and accomplish surveillance of lected target areas.
Repetitive passes over the sane territory will perait mapping with an accuracy
of 1/10 of a mile. “¢(SBeRET)_

A development program will be prosecuted for thie system which hes a
capability of detecting 20 foot objects and has significantly longer life
than the pioneer system. (CONFIDENTIAL)

The approach will be along the following lines:

ls: tatic Ta : In this process, the image forme a
Pattern of electrostatic es on a tape of insulating materiel. When the
Sround station is in range of the vehicle, the tape. surface is scanned by an
electron beam and the video signal transaitted. The tape is then wiped clear
of all charges and re-used. (COMPIDENTIAL) .

te Visual tem: The ultimate visual Teconnaissance system vill
keep potential enemies under:a daily scrutiny of an activity available to
satellite observation. Automatic ground data processing will permit the
collection of greater quantities of visual information, (saGRET)—

Additional development of the advanced visual system will be undertaken

to improve resolution, storage devices, and such other equipments which will
Permit the better accomplishment of the ultimate visual mission. (com

Page C-7 WD-56-00832

-SECRET-


WS _LI7L DEvELopMeNr PLAN
GDS (cont'd) ° 2 April 1956

Later vehicle design will have a similar configuration, employ integral
tankage design, and be adaptable to either a modified SM-65 or ‘SM-68, The
weight of the third Stage, which mounts on the booster in piace of the war-
head, will be in excéss' of 13,000 pounds. This will more than double the
weight of the satellite which can be placed on orbit. (sreREEr)

An early, half-scale non-orbiting version of the vehicle may be designed
and used to flight teat the configuration and full-scale subsystems on an

individual basis, This seme vehicle may also be used to gather environmental
data. A Sergeant-type booster would be the basis for this vehicle design,

B. Propulsion

Tn regard to improved engines for the two latter systems, it is planned
to: : :

1. Conduct a study to determine the necessity for and usefulness
of improved Performance such as that obtainable from an ammonia-fluorine
type engine,

Pounds thrust and 342 seconds specific impulse at altitude, Because of the

3. Study Pump versus pressurized systems as applied to the ARS,
(SECRET).

c, liary Power Subs

The auxiliary Power subsystems will include all items of the auxiliary
Power unit required for furnishing all Power to equipments in the vheicle,
The power units Tequire: power outputs of from 100 watts to 10 kw, depend-
ing on mission application; a minimum of interaction with drag and attitude
factors affecting the vehicle on orbit; reliable continuous operation for
the useful lifetime; and maximum simplicity of operation with minimum weight,

SECRET)

Page C-4 WD-56-00832

~SECRET


WS_LL7L DEVELOPMENT PLAN
2 April 1956

digital form so es to enable automatic machine manipulation for the vapid
extraction of intelligence information, (UNCLASSIFIED)

Task No, 2 - Ferret Analysis and Reduction Equipment: The objective
of this task is to develop equipmant capable of accepting the data from the
rocess it in a form suitable to satisfy intelli-

conversion equipment and PB
gence user requirements. The information contained in the data at this

Task No, 3 - Ferret Presentation Equipmen tt: The objective of this
task is to develop equipment which wil: accept on demand, from the Perret
analysis Computer, information and display it in a prescribed manner. The
equipment to be developed under this task will include (1) Radar Order of

Battle Display (2) Graphical Construction Equipment, and (3) Simulator
Displays. (See Task No. 5 under Visual Data Processing Area.) (Comm IpgNtTzAL)

3. Infrared a Aree: Tasks will be added as decisions on infra-
xed development are made. IFIED)
4. Personnel and Training Support Area

Task No. 1 - Training: The objective of this task is to develop equip-
ment and techniques for training the interpreter, analyst, operator. and
maintenance personnel required by the ground data processing subsystem. The

GDS (cont'd)

ask No. 2 - litative Per, 1 nts: The objective of this
task is to produce Qualitative Personnel Requirements Information (QPRI)
covering all analysis, interpretation, operator and maintenance jobs called
for by the ground data handling subsystem, Such information is needed to
establish manpower and training requirements for the various stages of sub-
system development, sufficiently far in advance of operational dates to in-
sure the availability of an adequate number of Properly trained personnel.

ENT CH14 WD-56-00832


~SEERET-

WS_117L DEVELOPMENT PLAN
DD Form 613 (cont'd) 2 April 1956

2le. - SUBSYSTEMS (cont'd)

9. Data Processing and Intelligence Dissemination (cont'd)

Operational development of this subsystem will be oriented towards
Compatibility with, and maximum utilization of » equipment under development
for System 438L - Usar Intelligence Data Handling System, (ONCLASSIFIED)

10. Ground Support end Training:

This subsyaten involves the manpower, equipment, and appropriate facili-
ties (not peculiar to Specific operation or check-out of other subsystems) to
test and launch the ARS Orbiting Stage-ICBM-beoster combination; also, all
training required to Provide capable personnel for all phases of the ARS
Operations. (SECRET)

Facilities and equipment will be required at the ICBM Captive Test and
Launch dreas during early WS 1171 flight testing. To eliminate mutual in-

terferences between the ICBM and ARS rams, @ separate
appears desirable, (SECRET) pres , rate ARS Launch complex

Ll. Plight test

Requirement:

The flight test Program will provide vehicles, equipment and
instrumentation fer development of flight testing of the Advanced Recennais-
sance Systen,

Im general, test vehicles used will be those developed for other

purposes, or will be logical steps leading to the provision of suitable ve-
hicles for the reconmaissance systems. The subsystem will;

1. Obtain Seophysical envirenmental information;
2. Serve as a test bed for ARS subsystem components;
3. Measure performance characteristics of reconnaissance

equipment ;
4. Test techniques for Preparation, launching, tracking and
data transmission from a satellite. (SECRET)

Vehicles:

Four basic vehicle types will be used, each of which has as its
Purpose the provisien of a vehicle for the evaluation ef specific problem

Page Beil WD-56-00832


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W3_117L DEVELOPMENT PLAN
DD Form 613 (cont'd) 2 April 1956

Improved knowledge of potential enemy capabilities and intentions in
the above areas will Greatly improve our abilities to conduct peacetime
rice. Cran our defenses, and to use our weapons if the necessity

Information on the existence, deployment, and location of all targets
witl allow for the Preparation of more complete strike data and thereby
improve the capability of strategic bombardment, (SECRET)_

Ferret deta will make Possible the advanced development of suitable
Countermeasures. (SECRET)

Knowledge of the €1sposition end nature of defenses will enhance
Penetration probabilities, (eEceer)

Technelegical data acquired can be used in the Proper erientation of
. &. Weapon Systems (beth defense and effense) and possibly for their im
Prevement. (SECRET)

Evidence ef enemy inteation to wage war will previde mach needed lead
Cime for mobilization of ferces, dispersal of weapons and population and
an increased capability for detection of attack. (SECRET)

Specific warning of overt acts, such as attacks under way, will
allow fer activation of defenses and counterblews (1.0. WS 107A), and
will materially impreve chances fer survival after an initial attack,

(SECRET)

As & secondary requirement, the USAF has Fequired the prevision of a
satellite vehicle of sreater payload potential than the Vanguard for
scientific scrpbsrey (SECRET)

Page B-2 WD-56-00832


-SECRET
WS_117L DEVELOPMENT PLAN

GDS (cont'd) 2 April 1956

Ground communication facilities will be established in order to permit the
rapid transmission of time-synchronized reconnaissance and orbital data from
each intercept station to the Intelligence Center, the transmission of progren-
ming orders from the Intelligence Center to each intercept station, and the
transmission routine information, ° Initially, narrow bandwidth wire and radio
nets will be furnished. Wide bandwidth communications between the intercept
stations and the intelligence center will be provided early enough so that at
no time will the ground communication capability cause constraint in rapid
data transmission. (sBeRET)-

The launch station, each intercept station, and the Intelligence Center
will contain the necessary intra-station communications required for efficient
operation.

It will be necessary in the early programs to provide space-to-ground
telemetering as the major means of conveying vehicle instrumentation date to
the ground. It will play a major role in the development cycle, and, there-
fore, every attempt will be made for a high order of reliability. Standard
FM/EM or PRM/FM telemetering techniques will be used in the early program.
More refined vehicles will contain space-to~ground telemetering equipment as
part of the operational equipment. This will be necessary in order to main-
tain continuous contact with vehicular equipment so that adjustment and
switching of critical circuits may be accomplished by ground command, Con-
sideration will be given to a redundant telemeter transmitter and/or use of
the transponder as a telemetering instrument. (COUP IDENFIAL)

Early low latitude orbital flights will provide significant utility by
virtue of the fact that ground tracking radars at Patrick 4FB, St. Lucia,
Ascension, and Hawaii will track a transponder in the vehicle, orbital com-
Putation methods will be tested, telemetering equipment will be utilized and
possibly direct Space-to-ground data transmission will be attempted. (SEERET)—

I. Data Processing and Intelligence Dissemination Subsystem

The ground date handling subsystem mst be capable of accepting and
rapidly processing visual, ferret and infrared data. It qust insure timely
issemination of intelligence and weather information to the using agencies.
The scope of activities of this subsystem is shown pictorially in Figure 7.

(UNCLASSIFIED)

The development of this subsystem will be phased to Provide the capability

for rapidly and efficiently Processing increasing quantities of date collected
by improved versions of the satellite reconnaissance equipment .—_{SEcREeT)—

system, continuing emphasis must be placed on exploiting automatic techniques
and determining the most effective human-machine relationships. (URCLASS)

Page C-11 WD-56-00832

“SECRET-


WS 117L DEVELOPMENT PLAN
GDS (cont'd) 2 April 1956

a G: Space cati

The Ground-Space Communications Subsystem includes Provision for;
1. Acquisition and tracking of the orbiting vehicle;
2. Command of the vehicle from a ground station;

3. Transmission and reception of data from the vehicle to the ground
station; and

4. The necessary intra-station communications. SECRET)

The ground tracking or intercept stations will be located as shown in
Figure 6 in time to be utilized by the first orbital test vehicles and through-
out the remaining test Program. The test stations located at Patrick Air Force
Base, St. Lucia, Ascension, and Hawaii will provide the vequired acquisition
and tracking information of the orbiting vehicle, data necessary for design of
the orbit Computer and read-out time for acquired reconnaissance data, The
South-Central United States’ Station will serve as both an R & D Prototype and

Operational launch site (See 7.3, Supplement). The final operational sites
willbe located as shown in Figure 6. Coordination will be accomplished so
that, if at all Possible, the South Central (U.8.) station will be located
at the same site as the WS 117L Intelligence Center, (SEGRET).

Each operational station within the United States will contain a track-
ing radar (including an acquisition system), an orbit computer, a command
transmitter, a reconnaissance data receiving and Tecording system, a tele-
meter receiving station, programming and timing equipment, and connections
to the ground Communications net. The test stations will include most, but

{COMPIDENTIAL)_ :

Initially the tracking radar will be « modified SCR-584 if the AN-FPS-16
is not available, but the AN-FPS-16 will be used when available, A. separate
method of acquisition will be provided to insure acquisition of the vehicles.
A microwave transponder-beacon will be employed in the vehicle to aid in
acquisition and tracking and will utilize a frequency corresponding to the
tracking radar in use. The vadar-transponder link will be investigated as
®@ possible comeand and telemetering link and will be used to back up the
Primary command and telemetering systems. The vadar-transponder link will
also provide a destruct Command for the vehicle, (CONFIDENTIAL)

The command link will transmit operational Program commands and time
signals to the vehicle, Should a directional antenna be utilized by the
satellite vehicle as part of the Stound-space communications link, signals
for antenna orientation on subsequent passes will be transmitted over the
Command link, Wherever Possible and when necessary, commands sent over the

Page C+9 WD-56-00832

“SECRET


Intreductien (cont'd) 2 April 1956"

such a systen would encompass Practically every field of sctence known to
the Air Force, industry, and the scientific Community in general, The
best competence available in these various fields ‘has. been fully utilized
during these stodies, Participating in these Studies have been the labo-
ratories and research agencies of the Wright Air Development Center, Rome
Air Development. Center, end Air Force Cambridge Research Ceater, and th:
these agencies the individual Study tasks have been functioning either in
industry, under contract to the Air Ferce, or as individual and discrete
technical studies “in the house" of the laboratories, (szcaeT>

The second major objective (the problem ef integrating the various
Components both Space-borne and Stound-based inte a workable Tecennaissance
system) has been attacked, (sneaETy

Ta the spring ef 1955, design Study proposals were, solicited fron
selected centracters from industry. The number of sources solicited was
limited by the Consideration of maintaining a secure Pregram throughout

developmen:

Aircraft Corperation, the Radio Corporation of dmarica, the
Glenn L. Mertia Company and Bell Telephone Laboratories. Te will be
recognized that there were ostensibly two airframe Senufacturers and two
electronic manefacterers. The Bell Telephone Laboratories declined to
submit a proposal. (SBeRET)

Since the middle of June of last year, the other three contractors
have been Proceeding with Design Studies. These Contractors have studied
the entire System. The objective of their studies bas been to determine
whether a atlitary iatelligence aimed at satisfying the national
intelligence requirements of the future can be foreseen at this time with

this development, The systen was designated to have Co-missions: firet,
it was to provide physiographic Pioneer and surveillance Coverage of the

Page vi WD-56-00832

—SECRET


— SECRET

WS 117L DEVELOPMENT PLAN
2 April 1956

TBERODUCT EON

The Air Force is Gulminating some ten years of study to determine the
military utility of a man-made Satellite. In 1946 the newly created RAND group
was asked by the Air Force to determine the feasibility of Placing a man-made
satellite on orbit. On the basis of the propulsion technology at that time,
RAMD's reply to this request was that such an operation weuld be feasible,
There was, however, no determination made ef the military usefulness of such @
satellite, RAND continued the studies and completed their "Feedback" report,
as it became known, in the spring ef 1954, They concluded that the conduct of
visual and/or electronic reconnaissance is the most promising wilitary use for
an early un-manned satellite vehicle, end their final report included a suggested
minimum pioneer visual reconnaissance system, (ancREt)

Based upen the conclusions reached in the "Feedback" program, the Air Force
has been carrying on an extensive study program aimed at determining the magni-
tude and direction te be taken on a Development Program for a Reconnaissance
System utilizing a satellite as a Platform for collecting intelligence informa-
tion. This extensive study by the Air Force was divided into two primary
objectives: first, to establish that critical components of this satellite re-
Connsissence system would in fact be attainable to perform the functions for
which they were intended; second, to ascertain if these components could be
successfully integrated into a working reconnaissance eystem. (SECRET)

To accomplish the first of the two objectives, « program of separate tasks
aimed at determining and advancing the state of the art es Yequired was initiated.
RAND, having recognized that critical areas exist, had initiated studies to in-
vestigate these areas and to solve the associated problems. The Air Force
continued RAND's werk and extended it to investigate other critical areas as
they were determined to exist, As an example, one of the critical itens is that
of providing sufficient auxiliary power. Studies were initiated and are still
under way to determine the feasibility and best method of Providing sufficient

Teactors to be used as a heat source in the generation of electrical power are
being studied, as well as the possibility of utilizing che sun as « source of
auxiliary power,

Studies have been under way to cetermine the best method of providing
basic inertial guidance and attitude control for the vehicle. The. problems
associated with the reconnaissance packages themselves have been given
weximum attention over the Past several yeers. These include both the problem
Of the visual reconnsissance Using television and film and radiation or ferret
reconnaissance techniques. The associated problems of radiation damage from
the nuclear reactor and the problem of component reliability under leng un-
attended operation in the satellite's environment also have been studied. Not
overlooked bave been the Problems of acquisition and tracking of an orbital
vehicle and the commend equipment Recessary for use with such a vehicle. (SBGRBT)-

Page v WD-56-00832

~SECRET-


WS_LL7L DEVELOMMET Pan -
DD Form 613 (cont'd) _ 2 April 1956

2le ~ SUBSYSTEMS (cont'd)
11, light Test (cont'd)

Full scale airframe systems will be fenctionally tested in captive .
firings ef the orbit stage test vehicle, end perhaps by Ren-orbiting flight
testing of this airframe on Redstene or ether available missiles,

Operational techniques end preblens of satellite ‘flight will be
evaluated with Orbiting test vehicles. ‘These orbiting vehicles will be as
mearly suitable for recenneiasance missions as available desiga information
Will permit, 12 order te minimize “dead. end development," Orbiting test
vehicles will also be weed to obtain orbiting geophysical, environmental,
and scientific data which can only be obtained from an orbiting bedy. (SBGRET)-

: Consideration will be siven to prevision of orbiting test ve-

hicles or the Purpose of collecting Seophysical data for advancement of the
atate of the art.) (zener

Page B-12 WD-56-00832

~SEERET-


ARWPLSS MAY 53 Bu

gi:

RDB PROJECT CARD >| "74 OF moet MIPORTE CONTROL SYMBOL
|. PRORCT THE 2 secuRiy 3. PROJECT NUMBER
(ONCLASSIFIED) © ADVANCED RECONNAISSANCE WS 1177
WEAPOM SYSTEM 117L
4. Ieoex wuasE| 5. REPORT DATE
. - 2 April 1956—
. it
& SANC Mm 08 suRACT 7, SUBPLD On SUBRCT SUBGROUP TA, TECH, O81.
‘Strategic Air Warfare
©. Cosazanr agency 12. CONTRACTOR ANO/GR LARONATORT CONVIACT/W.0. NO.
Air Research and Development
Command
nt Division :
TRIPHONES NO.
13, RELATED. PROJECTS 17, 05. Commi. bares
WS 107A : mes.
a WS 438L Dav.
‘11. PARTICIPATION, COORDINATION, INTEREST WS 315A Test,
| Bsa Us fee. va
AMC-P- CNO-1 14, DATE APPROVED Ld
APGC-P, USA :
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sac-c- x 18. PmoRny %
abc-c ~ ua .
m
20. REQUIREMENT AND/OR JUSTINCATION

The Advanced Reconnaissance System described in this development plan is
designed to fulfill the military requirement outlined in General Operational
Requirements. (80). SA-2C dated 11 March 1955 and System Requirement 5 dated 17
October 1955, stated in the letter document as follows: :

"Provide continuous (visual, electronic, or other) coverage of the USSR
and satellite nations, for surveillance purposes. Timeliness of receipt of
the intelligence information is essential, with daily reconnaissance coverage
at high resolution the ideal. In consideration of the requirement for car licat}
availability of the Advanced Reconnaissance 8y; » the engineering Progress

and Air Force acceptance should be from the lesser to the greater resolution."

The types of intelligence required, in order of priority are:

1. Strategic Warning;

. 2. Enemy Military Forces in Being;
3. Enemy Military Stockpiles of Thermonuclear-Atomic Weapons;
4. Enemy Logistics Capabilities;

. 5. Enemy Industrial war Capabilities.

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1171 PLAN
2 April 1956

GDS (cont'd)

Chemical battery units will Provide power for test vehicles and early
operational vehicles. Silver-sinc or other silver-alkaline types of primary
batteries will be used where Possible. Develepment of secondary batteries
will be limited to the extent Considered necessary fer potential use with
solar converters as a power source for eperation on the dark side ef the

earth. (UNCLASSIFIED)

lor. Study ef stacked converters will be imtensified to determine ultimate
power output available for given cellecter areas. Various types ef solar
converters will be studied fer improving the efficiency ef conversion.
Studies will be made of environmental effects of metears and matural radia-
tion en the collecter plates te determine degradation rates and useful
lifetines in orbit, {SECRET)—

4 muclear power unit will be developed under cognizance ef the AEC
te previde power ef the order ef 3 - 10 kw for paylesds Tequiring greater
Power such as the ferret application. Optimization studies will be made
to determine the required shielding fer vehicle compenents and the effects
en overall vehicle configuration and electrenics, (COMBIBENTIAL)_

Development ef a chemical power unit fer the gas-generator and turbine
type may be conducted as a back-up pregram fer the other types ef auxiliary
power units, depending on the results of further study. Studies of nuclear
energy will be conducted to determine feasibility and desirability of con-
ducting the development of these types of units. (GONPIDEWTIAL)

3B. Guidance and Contrel Subsystens

The placement ef a WS 117L vehicle on orbit requires guidance and
attitude coutrel subsystems:

The ascent te erbit is divided inte three phasés: (See Figure 2)

1. The powered portion from launch te booster cutoff and separa-
tien. -

2. The coast to apogee on an elliptical ascent trajectory.

3. The application ef the erbital boest to previde the necessary
inerement of velecity to Place the vehicle on a desired orbit. (SECRET)

_ During the powered portion of the ascent, contrel is accomplished by
using the existing booster sebsystem consisting ef main engines, sustainer
and tilteble verniers. During the powered ascent the control Sigmals are
derived from an autopilet te cut eff and contrel the direction of the
rocket engines in order to place the vehicle en an elliptical trajectory
whose apogee is at the desired orbital altitede. This Phase of the problem
is similar te the guidance of a ballistic missile, although the accuracy
requirements fer the WS 117L application are nearly an order of magnitude

Page C-5 WD-56-00832

~SECRET-


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UNCLASSIFIED
M8 117. DEVELORENT Plan

Facilities Plan (cont'd) 2 April 1956

As a general rule, the following steps in the acquisition of facilities
will apply and, as such, constitute critical action dates to be used as check
points on the facility acquisition schedule:

. 1. Be ts Justification: This is a statement of what is
required, when it is needed and why the particular facilities being asked for
are necessary, It is prepared on the basis of information compiled by the
appropriate technical groups of WDD and participating centers. (UNCLASSIFIED)

Step 2. Method of Acquisition and/or Selection of Contractor: This
step is required when no contract has previously been in existence. Normally

the cycle of RFP and evaluation is followed. These first two ateps may at
times be interchanged. (UNCLASSIFIED)

7) 3:__ Preparation of Criteris and/or Formal Application (Based on
AFPI_70- : This is a detailed justification by the contractor or other

using agency indicating what is needed to do the job (schedule, costs, and
Plan). (UNCLASSIFIED)

Step 4, Notice to Proceed: This is the initial authority to the
contractor to allow him to proceed with the facility acquisition. This in-
cludes issuance of design guidance by the aF for design of items funded by
P-300 funds. (UNCLASSIFIED)

Selec! £ : This is the selection of an architectural
and engineering firm to design the facility. It is accomplished by the contrac-
tor or construction agent. In the case of P-131 funded equipment, this step is
@ Request for Bids, (UNCLASSIFIED)

Step 6. Preliminary Drawings: This step consists of the submission
for approval of Preliminary drawings and specifications of the item, An
actual control estimate based upon these preliminaries is submitted as the
basis for funding action. In the case of P-131 equipment, this step is
Evaluate Bids, (UNCLASSIFIED) Z

Ey Final 3: The A and E submits for epproval the final
drawings and specifications. Approval authorizes the prime contractor or
construction agency to proceed with selection of a construction contractor.
For P-131 equipment, this step is Selection of Successful Bidder and Issuance
of Purchase Order, where appropriate. (UNCLASSIFIED)

8. truction Contrac: : This occurs after approval of
the final drawings and advertising for bid for the construction of the item,
A period of time after advertising for bid is required, but award of the
contract should normally be made within a week of receiving the bids. For

Sauipment funded vith P-131 funds, this step is Delivering of Equipment for
acceptance inspection and installation, (UNCLASSIFIED)
Page F-3 WD-56-00832

UNCLASSIFIED


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WD-56-00832


~SCCRET.
WS LI7L BEVELOMeceT PLAN

DD Form 613 (cont'd) 2 april 1956

21a. Military Characteristics

Operational vehicles will be launched from an appropriate location in
United States territory. An ICBM will supply the primary propulsion. (See
Figure 2). The ICBM booster will fall away on burnout, and an internal
power-plant in the orbiting nose section will supply the remaining propul-
sion required (4-8000 ft./sec.). ‘The vehicle will ascend to an altitude of
about 300 miles, where a substantially circular orbit will be established.
Internal ceatrols will then erect the vehicle to the proper attitude. The
most common orbits will pass within a few degrees of the poles. When the
vehicle approaches an area ef interest, an internel timer will start the
Sensing equipment. (See Figure 3). The signals will be received and stored
on photographic film, magnetic or electrostatic tape, or sows other appro-
priate medium. (SECRET)

The vehicle will continue areund the earth, and when within range of
@ greund receiving station, will begin to tramenit the recerded deta. The
data will be received, processed aad transmitted to the using agencies.
(secasr)

The vehicle will then begin its next cycle. These revelutions will be
repeated at approximately 90 minute intervale. Because the erbit is essen-
tially fixed in space, while the earth rotates inside it, successive passes
over the earth's surface will be displaced by approximately 22-1/2 degr

total time period which depends on the width of swath observed. Useful
operation will be terminated either when air drag slows the vehicle te where
it plunges into dense atmosphere, when the electrical power supply is ex-
hausted, or when failure of equipment takes place. Expected useful life fer
later systems will be in excess of a@ year, (SECRET)

The erbiting satellite vehicles of WS 117L will be equipped with devices
fer sensing and relaying te the stound reconnaissance information in the radio,
infrared, and visible regions of the radiant energy spectrum. The data will
be received at a rate that will permit coverage of the entire Soviet bloc bya
single vehicle as frequently as once every eight days. (SECRET)

Tt is expected that the equipment will permit the following:

Pionser terrain and wapping coverage;
Collection of world-wide cloud cover and other weather data;
Betection of new and hitherte unknown targets and verification of
known targets;
Determination of electronic signal characteristics;
Location of targets and defenses;
Collection of data on technological improvements;
Evaluation of military and industrial strength;
Monitoring of electronic emissions;
Surveillance of enemy build-up indications ;
Warning of attacks under way or pending;
Assessment of high-yield weapons! damage;
Reconnoitering of military movements,
Page B-3 WD-56-00832


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WD-56-00832

Page C-10a


UNCLASSIFIED
WS 117L DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Facilities Plan (cont'd) 2 April 1956

before the facility can be used for the purpose for which intended. It is
considered as shakedown time. For oy anaegunment. this step indicates
installation is complete, followed by si when appropriate. (UNCLASS)

Step 10. Activation Complete: Facility or equipment is usable for
purpose for which designed. (UNCLASSIFIED)

Page F-4 WD-56-00832

UNCLASSIFIED


WS_117L DEVELOPMENT PLAN
GDS (cont'd) 2 April 1956

lost-bird operation,

A ruggedized mechanical escapement type programmer will be utilized
for the earlier vehicles, An improved Programmer, using punched tape or
some other storage technique, will be used for the more complex vehicles
and, where Possible, the programmer will be Coupled to the vehicle's
timing system. A matrix (magnetic core storage) system shows promise for
the more complex operational vehicles and will be investigated, (Comm)

The timing for the early orbiting vehicles will be provided by the
Programmer. However, as reconnaissance date becomes available, the timing

it the test and Operational type flights. The vehicle timing system
will be synchronized with the master ground timing system when the vehicle
contacts the intercept station, All the {atercept stations, the ws 117L
Intelligence Center, and the vehicle will be time-synchronized so that
orbital and acquired data can be correlated. (COMPIDENTIAE}-

The orbital Computers at the intercept stations will use orbital data
(radar tracking and past history) to provide future orbital date and a time-
synchronized recording of the vehicle's Position during its orbit. Tracking

: information will be forwarded from the intercept station to Ws 117L Intelli-
gence Center and correlated with similar data from the other intercept
stations. This accurate tima-synchronized recording of positional information
will be available for future orbital and Programming computations and for

_Tead-out with the time-synchronized reconnaissance data recordings. The com-
puters at the intercept stations will not require the sophistication of the
Computer at the Intelligence Center, but each will be capable of grovth from
the initial use for early flight tests to a final operational system, (SECRET)

The space-to-ground transmission of Teconnaissance data will be accon-
Plished to furnish the maximum data Commensurate with bandwidth availability,
For the visual systems, simultaneous investigations vill be made relative to
simplicity, early availability and utility of a satellite fixed data trans-
mitting antenna scheme aa well as the more complex steerable antenna arrange-.
ment. The transmitter tube will be chosen to meet ARS relisbility. The data
link Teceiving antenna will be a large parabolic antenna slaved to the tracking
radar antenna, (COMPIDENTEAL)

The ferret data link system will either be identical to the visual data
transmission scheme or utilize standard telemetering techniques. (UNCLASS)

Suitable time-synchronized recording of the reconnaissance data will be

Performed at each intercept station, and then transmitted to the Tatelligence
Center, (COMPIDENTIAL)-

Page C-10 WD-56-00832

-SECRET


WS_L7L DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Introduction (cont'd) 2 April 1956

USSR and its Companions; and, second, it was to be capable of Providing and
maintaining continuous and Comprehensive surveillance Of the electronté acti-
vities of the Soviet Russia. Involved would be a test program utilizing «
satellite vehicle. SECRET)

These design studies have culminated in three separate and distinct
development. Plans prepared by the three design study contractors. From these
design Studies, and from the vast amount of information thet has been obtained
from the state of the art studies, has evolved the Weapon System 117L Develop-
ment Plan. (SecReT)

Page vii

SECRET WS-56-00832


WSLI7L DevELopT Play
GDS (cont'd) 2 April 1956

Program VII: A system capable of using infrared detection to
provide early warning and continuous detection of aircraft and ICBM's will
+ (SBeREr)

Program VIII: This program will be for the development of a
surveillance ferret Teconnaissance system as well as other specialized
electronic Feconnaissance systems, (GBGRET).

During the Course of development, both the satellite-borne equipment
and the Sround-based equipment will be time-phased so that they will be
operationally compatible, (steReT)-

Many of the Stound handling and launching eqcipments will be duplicates
Of those used by WS 107A and attention will be given to integration of
WS 1L7L'g requirements with ws 107A schedules in order to minimise inter-
ference,

The vehicle subsystem will Consist of the Space frame, Propellant tank-
age and booster mating structure of the satellite, Vehicle design must meet
the following vequirements: -

1. Provide for the effects of environmenta} factors, such as drag
and gust loading, mateorite bombardment, and thermal and Buclear radiation,

2. Accommodate the different Payloads as new items of equipment
are developed,

3. Accommodate ICEM boosters for first-stage Propulsion,
4. Provide for proper mating and Separation of booster and vehicle

5. Accommodate several different auxiliary power units.

6. Optimize equipment Packaging to minimize attitude control power
requirements, (SECRET)

The engineering Prototype system will use a vehicle design which Bost
readily accommodates the visual and ferret Payloads of the Pioneer Systems,
This vehicle will have a Cone-cylinder body which wil be about 18 feet long
5 feet in diameter and, including all necessary subsystems, will weigh be-
tween 7,000 and 3500 pounds, This permits the use of an unmodified SM-65C as
& booster, This vehicle will have non-integral tankage for the third Stage
Propulsion, which will limit the orbital payload, Consideration will be
given in the design for degradation of booster Performance, which is indicated
Sraphically in Figure 4, (SECRET)

Page c-3 WD-56-00832


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SECRET
WS_117L DEVELOEMENT PLAN

GDS (cont'd) 2 April 1956

K. Fl st Subs

Equipment will be provided to measure accelerations, vibrations,
Pressures and temperatures during flight and captive tests. Strain gauges
will be applied for structural measurements. Telltales will monitor opera-
tions such as stage unlatching and separation. Payload equipment will be
instrumented to obtain data on component functioning and fetlure analysis
should malfunction occur. (UNCLASSIFIED)

Both non-orbiting and orbiting test vehicles will be instrumented to
obtain data on geophysical environment at and below orbiting altitude.
Requirements for geophysical data will be established by the contractor.
Development of required geophysical instrumentation and interpretation of
geophysical data collected during flight test program will, at the dis-
cretion of the WSPO, be accomplished by AFCRC or the prime contractor,
Vehicle specifications are covered in vehicle subsystem - "A, Vehicle”.
Consideration will be given to provision of orbiting test vehicles for the
purpose of collecting geophysical data for advancement of the state of the
art, (SECRET)

Page C-16 WD-56-00832

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: 117L NT
GDS (cont'a) . 2 April 1956
F. Electronic Reconnaissance Gerret)
Pioneer Ferret 5 ? Due to the limited Power which will be available

crystal video receiver with « preamplifier using antennas directed at the

horizon, Sweeping Yeceivers with downward directing antennas will be

employed. (See Figure 5) Narrow band magnetic tape recorders will be used
(S86RET)

Advanced c : When larger quantities of power become avail-
able (i.e. 250 « 505 watts) @ system covering the frequency Fange from 40 -
40,000 mc/s will be used to more accurately determine signal parameters and
emission source location. (about 50 miles) (srearr) :

Uitinnce Ferret svstens: When a power supply of 1 - 10 kw becomes
available, a more sophisticated System will be developed Permitting very
quency,

G. Infrared Surveillance

: Infrared systems appear to have Promise of Providing early warning against
aircraft and missiles. In order to have a firm basis for Proceeding with the
development Program, it is planned to conduct an early feasibility study,
Information currently available indicates that detection of exhaust plumes of
large aircraft and air breathing missiles at ranges of about 400 miles te

Page C-8 WD-56-00832


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SECRET
WS_117L DEVELOPS? PLAN

Facilities Plan (cont'd) 2 April 1956

Justification: These stations are conceived as an optimum compromise
of coverage, security, and logistic support based on the use of AFMIC as the
early flight testing complex. They ate required so that background can be
established in the WS 117L R&D and operational problems prior to high lati-
tude reconnaissance tests.

De5:__Vehicle Intercept, Control, and Data Acquisition Station,

Purpose: In order to fulfill the RSD Test and Operational Ws 117L
requirements, it is necessary to acquire, track and compute orbital paths,
Command program the vehicle functions, and receive the visual, ferret, and
infrared data from the vehicle.

Lecation: South Central Continental U.S.A.

Justification: Studies have determined thet a South Central U.S.A,
station will provide the vehicle intercept, control, end data acquisition
capability for both the early orbital flight tests conducted from AFMTC, and
for later BSD test and operational flights conducted from the West Coast launch-
site.

-6_and D-7: Vehicle cept t: .

Note: These facilities are discussed in the Top Secret Annex to the
WS 117L Development Plan,

I-1:_ WS 117L Intelligence Center and Training Facility,

Purpose: The Intelligence Center will Process, reduce, store and
evaluate the visual, ferret, and infrared data and then disseminate the
resulting intelligence information to the cognizant agencies, in a usable
form, for command study planning and action. It is planned that the facility,
though GFE, will be operated and maintained by a nucleus of contractor per-

of accumulated experience, Training of military and/or contractor personnel
Will be accomplished at this center to provide a growing complement of people
trained in this unique large-scale data handling system.

Location: Studies have shown that a South Central United States loca-
mee would be most feasible with regard to commnications, logistics, and
iatson.

tification: Because of the unique data gathering system and the

tremendous volume of information that will Tequire processing, reduction,
storage, and dissemination, an integrated Intelligence Center is mandatory.

Page F-2 WD-56-00832

SECRET


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117
DD Form 613 (cont'd) : 2 April 1956

I
rem VIII: Program VIII consists of the development of a surveil-
lance type ferret as well as other specialized electronic reconnaissance
systens,

of the program, it is Considered mandatory that .
re be concurrent research and development of both the satellite-borne
1:

Zelijebility. To realize these

e
i
8
s

It is apparent that in order te satisfy the requirement fer an early
flight demonstration, it will be necessary te make use of existing compe-
nents of predictable reliability. The development of the ARS is tailered
to make mexiaum use of equipments, in existence or under development for
other systems, which are applicable. (szener)

The centracters' desiga studies and cognizant agencies within ARDC
have determined the feasibility of utilizing other equipment within the
military inveatery. Some examples are:

Ba on tae agtt 107A vehicle (See Figure 2) will fulfill the major
Portion of the ARS Propulsion requirement, An SM-65C (later SH-68) will
be used as the ABS _beoster on a minimm iaterference basis.

2. The all-inertial guidance subsystem of WS 315A aad a tactical.
bombing inertial system scheduled to be available in time to be utilised
in the WS 117L flight test program, Components from these systems can be
utilised with a minian of modification in the design and construction of
@ complete all-inertial ascent guidance system fer WS 1171.

3. Valuable environmental data will be Secured threugh Air Force :
Cambridge Research Center and other agencies. Requirements for geophysical,
environmental data will be Placed against the Vanguard pregran, te .

4. Acquisition and tracking radar equipment (1.e. AN/FPS-16), vader

development within other systems, can be used for the ARS applications in: |
the apprepriate time Petiod with minor modifications. .

5. Fer the early orbital testing of the ARS vehicle, the enginesring
of Convair §M-65C Laench Facilities can be adapted, with minor modifica-
tions, te fulfill ars Yequirements. This will gein time toward satisfying |.
the ARS mission, and Provide additional flexibility in both programs in
that engineering-wise the launch requirements are similar. (eueRET)

Page B-8 WD-56-00832

~SECRET


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117L
DD Form 613 (cont'd) 2 April 1956

2le = SUBSYSyENS (cont'd)
a. infrared Surveillance (cont'd)

say associated development program will be Contingeat on the outcome of the

study, for planning purposes, however, this development plen includes all

cost’ and related data Covering the development and testing ef an infrared
(SrcsET)

surveillance version ef the satellite.

8. Groend-Space Commatcations:

This subsystem consists of all vehicular end ground electronic equip-
ment required for acquisition, tracking, Command, programming, gtound-apace
data links, timing, telemetéring and orbit Computations. (CONFIDENTIAL)

The vehicular equipment includes the beacon-traneponder, including
“lost bird” beacen facilities, the command receiver and associated tine
Sequencing pregrammer the reconnaissance data transmitter, en accurate :
vehicle time standard, a telemetering encoder and transeitter, and destruct
ctireuits, ~(ComP Inet iat) ——_—_ .

The ground sites will be “ppropriately located to provide adequate
Coverage and data readout time for beth the test and operational phases
ef the progrem. The following equipment will be included at each site:

, : (@ICLASS IFIED)

1. Tracking radar with acquisition features, commend transmitter,
data receiving aad Tecording equipment, data Communication links to the
WS 117L Intelligence Canter telemstering Feceiving facilities, and a
supplementary orbital Computer. (SECRET)

2. A mester computer will be located at the WS 117L Intelligence
Center. (UNCLASSIFIED)

9+ Rate Processing and Intelligence Dissomtnstion:

The data Preceseing and datelligence dissemination subsystem, located
in the WS 117L Tatéelligence Center, will be capable ef the functions neces-
sary to insure intelligence and weather infermation in a form that Provides
a clear, adequate basis for human analysis and commend decision. The end
item will be a highly automstic, integrated subsystem which provides equip-
ment for the Processing of visual, ferret and infrared data iato intelli-
gence information for use by intelligence and Command activities. (ozenery-

The functions] areas necessary to insure construction and availability
of information consist of conversion, extraction, indexing, storage, display
and dissemination. These will provide intelligence information in the fora,
frequency and quantity desired by varieus users. They will become tasks
under the Ground Data Hendling project and be discussed more in detail under
the General Design Specifications, Tab 1. (COMPIDENTEAL)

Page B-10 WO-56-00832





-SEGRET-
WS_LU7L DEVELOPMENT PLAN

GDS (cont'd) 2 April 1956

complexity of training, the more Yapid extraction of visual infrared and
ferret information, a speed-up in commmication, and more efficient and
rapid subsystem routines. (UNCLASSIFIED) :

J. Ground Support and Training

- 1. Gr : This portion of the subsystem involves all
ground items directly invotved in testing and launching the orbiting vehicle.
Excluded are items that are peculiar to other individual subsystems, such

as particular radars, consoles, checkout equipment, components and data
handling and transmission units. Under this subsystem, equipment and/or
techniques will be developed as required to perform the following functions:

a. ‘Transportation and handling of ARS Orbiting Vehicle.

b. ARS-ICBM marriage-compatability and static testing (Prob-
ably at Edwards Air Force Base).

¢. ARS-ICBM assembly and final checkout (Probably at the Pre-
launch-Support assembly area at Patrick Air Force Base).

a. ARS-ICBM (assembled) Transport to launcher and erection
(Dependent on Technique).

e, ARS-ICBM pre-launch checkout.

£. ARS range check.

g- ARS-ICBM range timing synchronization,

h. ARS battery storage, charging and installation; or ARS
nuclear power supply storage, safety checkout and installation.

i. ARS pad and range safety measures.

jd. ARS fueling and pressurization storage and handling.

kk. ARS vehicle measuring and instrumentation operations.

1, ARS-ICBM blockhouse operations - ARS space requirements not
delineated as yet.

m, ARS-ICBM Launcher modification-flexibility of ICBM launch
stand to accommodate overall vehicle length extension due to ARS addition
(Approximately 15 - 30 feet). _ (SBGRET)

The functions and activities listed above necessitate a specific require-
ment for early and detailed coordination and integration with the applicable
ICBM operations. (Captive test site and Pre-launch support and Launch areas.)

(SacRET)

2. Jraining: The training portion of this subsystem involves the
orientation and schooling required to establish Operational and Personnel
Capability potential. In view of the research and development types of
endeavor prevailing in ARS during the first several years, this type of
training is not immediately applicable. However, as the system reaches
operational readiness, USAF or contractor personnel will be phased into
training programs, both "on the job" and in courses designed to suit require-
ments. (UNCLASSIFIED)

Page C-15 WD-56-00832

~SECRET-



WS 1172 DRVELOneRT PLAN
GDS (cont'd) 2 April 1956

less stringent then the existing 107A requirements. For this phase, either
the gll-inertial or radio inertial types of guidance ate applicable. (SEcaET-

After staging, the booster (SM-65C or 68) continues Bucontrolled to
impact downrange, while the satellite vehicle continues coasting to orbital
altitude, At this time, the orbital boost must be applied in the Proper
direction to Place the vehicle in the desired orbit, This need for a pre-
cise direction Tequires an orientation Teference in the vehicle, which is
best met by 2 gyro monitored stable platform, the heart of an suertiel
system. This feature alone dictates the requirement for an inertia system
during a portion of the ascent. The use of & redio-inertial system provides
additional problems with @ loss of reliability and flexibility in choice of
orbit selection, Feasibility studies by Rand, North American Aviaion,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the three systen design study
contractors as well as cognizant Air Force agencies indicate that an all-
inertial system is the most feasible for the escent guidance of WS 1171,

The all-inertial guidance subsystem of WS 3154 is scheduled to be
available in time to be utilized in the ws 1171 flight test Program, Com
Ponents from this system can be utilized with a minimum of modification ia
the design and Construction of a complete all-inertial ascent guidance
system for WS 117L, —¢sxenet}— .

An all-inertiel tactical bombing system under development is also
scheduled to be available in time to furnish critical components from which
4 complete escent guidance system for WS 117L can be designed and built.

system will activate a Programmed tipping of the orbiting vehicle to Place
it in its stable orientation. Attitude indication will be Provided for
increased accuracy of correlation for geographical loaction, (SECREY)

Flight content The Flight Control Subsystem will perform ‘the follow.
ing functions: (1 Control and stabilization of the booster during the
first stage boost Phase; (2) Control end stabilization of the satellite
vehicle during the second stage powered phase; (3) Control and stabilization
of the satellite during the:.coast.phage; (4) Control and stabilization of
the satellite during orbital entry; and (5) Control and stabilization of the
satellite vehicle on orbit. The Flight Control Subsyatem will utilize an
ICBM developed ascent Control system for booster control during powered

Page C-6 WD-56-00832


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SECRET

experts as consultants, through a contract with Boston University, which
includes some ten representatives from the Rand Corporation, University of
Michigan, and other industrial and university research organizations, (UNCLAS)

The areas which will Fequire development effort (listed below) with their
Tespective functional tasks are:

1. Visual pata Processing Area

Task No. 1 Conversion
Task Ko. 2 Extraction
Task Ko. 3 Indexing
Task No. 4 Storage
Task No. 5 Display
Task Mo. 6 Dissemination, (UNCLASSIF IzD)
2. Ferret Processing Area
Task No. 1 Conversion
Task No. 2 Analysis and Reduction Equipment
Task No. 3 Presentation Equipment. “(ONCLASSIF IED)

3. Infrared Procassing ares

4n area covering infrared Processing with Supporting tasks will be added
prior to the time the Satellite has an infrared collection capability. _(excnery—

4 aint: t ry
Task No. 1 Tre
Task No. 2 Qualitative Personnel Requirements
Task No. 3 Human Engineering (UNCLASSIFIED)

The following constitutes the objectives of each of the tasks within each
of the areas:

1. ual Process:

ask No. 1 ~ rsion: The objective of the conversion task is
to develop equipment and techniques which will automatically transform the
Fecorded data ag initially received from the satellite into a form amenable
to either automatic or human interpretation, (SECRET)-

"a; - action: The objective of this task is the develop-
ment of equipment and techniques which: (1) render visual input data amen-
able to analysis in accordance with the needs of the intelligence users and
(2) aid in the interpretation, analysis and synthesis of both quantitative -
and qualitative intelligence information on the basis of Photographic and
television material, (UNCLASSIF rep)

Page C-12 WD-56-00832

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W817. DEVELOnene Phan
DD Form 613 (cont "d) 2 April 1956

2le. - susrsTes

2. Hepslaten: For the pieneer systems, the Project Vanguard engine
will be used for the Advanced System a development program vill be
prosecuted as outlined im the General Design Specification. (UNCLASSIFIED)

3. zr: It is propesed te use silver-sinc primary
batteries for Pioneer cles and test systems. The development of a
Nuclear APY and also solar batteries will be initiated for the advanced
systems. As a back-up and alse a3 2 possible replacement for batteries,
‘@ Chemical open-cycle ‘APU may be developed. (@NCLASSIF IzD)

‘ 4 3 In carrying eut the development of this
systen, 4 i pessible use will be made of existing capabilities evelved
by '¥ Spousered Government research and development in the inertial

field. Because of diffe: Tequirements, no guidance systen currently

QQ). Detecting and lecating physiegraphic features. of terrain,
population centers, airfields, barbers and transportation neta (the Pieneer
- Systeme will be designed te detect objects of 100 feot dimensions end the
\ ‘Systeme “pproximately 20 feet);

(2). Performing weather reconnaissance with a secter width of
not less than 800 miles, (ext)

6. Risctronie Pecenptitaance: Three electronic reconnaissance. systems -
will be oped, provid: Progreasively greater frequency coverage as more
Powerful vehicle power supply systens become available. The final goal is
& coverage of 40-40000 mes. with accurate measurements of the usual signal

Parameters of interest to analysts, (COMP EDENTIAL)

7. a) llance: An infrared Surveillance system for the
satellite promises to Provide early warning against attack by manned aircraft
and ballistic missiles. It is propesed to conduct an intensive feasibility
Study in regard to the use of infrared in a satellite; the prosecution of

‘Page B-9 WD-56-00832

~SECRET