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INFORMATION NEEDS 

for 

SATE LUTE PHOTOGRAPHIC 

RECONNAISSANCE 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

I. Purpose 

General Discussion of Requirements 

Stated Requirements 

A. Technical Intelligence 

B. Ocean Surveillance 

C. Search and Surveillance (General) 

D. Crisis Management 

E. Mapping and Charting 

F. Geodesy 

G. Strike Effectiveness Assessment (BDA) 

H. Post Attack Reconnaissance 

IV. Summary Requirements Matrix 

References 

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I. PURPOSE 

This report attempts to consolidate all needs currently 

stated by the intelligence community for satellite photographic 

reconnaissance which might be satisfied by the Manned Orbital 

Laboratory (MOL). A list of reference documents used as 

source material is included. In cases where stated requirements 

from different source agencies conflict, a determination is made 

of the most reasonable need. A summary matrix is attached 

for quick reference. 

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U. GENERAL DISCUSSION OF REQUIREMENTS 

A. Detailed photographic reconnaissance requirements such as 

specific target lists, target priorities, frequency of observation, 

etc. , are perishable. A FNIN aptly states the concept as follows 

(Reference 8): 

"It is not feasible to attempt to single out one target or type 

of target as the most important since the highest priority objective 

as determined today will, in all probability, be replaced by another 

shortly depending on changes in the military, political, or technological climate. By the time the MOL is operational, a 

markedly different -- but no less imposing -- list could be compiled." 

Attempts to forecast requirements of the 1968 (and beyond) time 

period are admittedly only speculation. Hence, requirement 

extrapolation beyond the current baseline as presented in this 

report is a difficult task. The best solution appears to be collection 

systems of sufficient flexibility to allow for reasonable prediction 

error. 

B. The expression of photographic requirements by the intelligence 

community tends to be strongly affected by current and forecasted 

collection capabilities. Therefore, there has been no formal 

statement of need for manned visual observation and inspection 

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of targets although it is conceivable that this form of reconnaissance 

could satisfy many intelligence needs. Similarly, response time is 

generally derived in terms of orbital parameters.or recovery cycles 

even though the intelligence analyst always desires the information 

as soon as possible. 

An attempt has been made in this report to identify the types 

and need of observations upon which stated requirements are based. 

This should allow some flexibility in determining methods of satisfying the basic need. 

C. Quality of reconnaissance photography is commonly specified 

only in terms of ground resolution. Contrast, sun angle, spectrum 

distribution (including color), multiple observations (including 

stereo), and obliquity of observation are also important in obtaining 

intelligence information from photographic imagery. The infinite 

combinations of these factors applied to the many types of objectives 

prevent their discrete specification as quality requirements. They 

should not be ignored, however, in considering collection systems 

designed to satisfy the stated requirements. 

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III. STATED REQUIREMENTS 

A. Technical Intelligence 

No clear division exists between photographic requirements 

for technical intelligence and those for target surveillance. In 

general, however, technical intelligence is concerned more with the 

capability and vulnerability of a potential enemy's military resources 

while surveillance is orientated toward order of battle information --

number, location, and state of readiness. 

General agreement seems to exist in the intelligence community 

that photographic ground resolution of is required 

for effective technical intelligence. The required amount of improvement 

over is subject to considerable variance. Reference 3 specifies 

resolutions of required for measuring missile 

site concrete reinforcement in order to determine hardness and for 

determining the operating frequency of radar by antenna reflector 

mesh and wave guide measurements. This specification recognizes, 

however, that information from sources other than overhead photography 

might be more effective for these tasks. Resolutions of 

are specified for such tasks as determining: the type of missile 

R&D communications, the number of stages of an ABM/SAM, missile 

warhead size, aircraft payload dimensions, nuclear test site building 

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wall thickness, types of test site instrumentation, aerospace ground 

equipment size, pipeline diameters, and communication antenna 

dimensions. Reference 7 judges resolution a requirement 

for component part analysis and determination of aircraft, missiles, 

and electronic equipment characteristics. Reference 4 places the 

technical intelligence ground resolution requirement in the range 

of In summary, it is concluded that a resolution is required to complete most of the technical intelligence tasks 

while is highly desirable. 

The quantity of photography and the frequency of coverage vary 

considerably with the type of technical objective. Production 

facilities, test ranges, new construction, and R&D facilities all 

require frequent inspection, while high resolution photography obtained 

only once of a missile warhead, established launch site or radar 

installation might suffice. Reference 1 establishes the current time 

sampling requirement schedule as follows: 

Frequency Type Total Objectives No. Sampled 

Monthly Sites at missile test 

ranges 50 8 

Elect & Comm Install 

under construction 4 4 

12 

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Bi-Monthly 

Quarterly 

Missile launchers 

under construction 

Nuclear test sites 

90 

4 

9 

9 

4 

AMM/SAM sites 11 8 

Air Defense install. 2200 880 

Major Ground Force 

install. 215 55 

947 

Semi-Annually Missile launchers 932 9 

Missile/A ircraft/Nuclear/ 

BW-CW Production & 

R&D Install. 149 149 

158 

Annually Long range air bases 37 37 

Submarine bases 36 36 

Air/Naval Tactical Strike 

Installations 384 96 

Elect. & Comm. Facilities 330 82 

Major Military Depots 266 133 

384 

Ai-Annually Other Production & R&D 

Installations 42 42 

42 

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This schedule represents some 4700 observations per year. 

However, it is difficult to justify 3520 photographs per year of 

Air Defense installations for purely technical intelligence 

purposes. The CIA believes a reduced frequency of coverage 

(2600 per year) is adequate to provide an effective intelligence 

base. Reference 4 states, "there are over 200 high priority 

technical target complexes in Russia on which we urgently need 

high resolution photographic coverage. Moreover, this photography must be periodically repeated on a relatively frequent 

basis." No significant changes in number of objectives or 

coverage frequency requirements is forecast for the time period 

through 1970. It would appear that future coverage of 2500 to 

3000 objectives per year would be required for technical intelligence usage with capabilities of up to 5000 per year desirable. 

Stereo photography is required in the technical intelligence 

mission for mensuration. In addition, Reference 7 expresses a 

need for stereo to determine movement and to discriminate 

objects from surroundings. 

B. Mem Surveillance 

A requirement exists for all-weather, rapid, repeated, 

night-or-day surveillance of all ocean ship and craft traffic. 

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The primary purpose of this surveillance is to maintain identification and tracking information on all surface naval units, 

submarines, and merchant shipping of national and/or military 

concern to the United States. Reference 2 expresses this 

requirement as follows: 

"Intelligence requirements for sea surveillance include 

identification and tracking of these targets which can threaten 

U. S. forces or our allies, or engage in operations affecting U. S. 

national interests. They are: 

a. Nuclear and conventional submarines. 

b. Missile launching cruisers, destroyers, and smaller 

craft such as OSA and KOMAR boats. 

c. Merchant ships over 1,000 gross register tons. 

d. Certain smaller craft down to 100 gross register tons 

equivalent, such as signal intelligence collection trawlers, high 

speed raiders, and clandestine agent transports." 

In addition to the identification and tracking requirement, 

information is desired on ship characteristics, i. e. Iclass, 

pendant numbers, armament, electronic, equipment, performance, 

status (ready, upkeep, etc.), combat capabilities, and logistic 

support capabilities (ammo-type, caliber, amount, etc.). (Ref 5). 

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The surveillance accuraces required are: 

Limits Peacetime Wartime 

(Reference 2) (Reference 5) 

Position 50 NM 25 NM 

Track 1 25 degrees 10 degrees 

Speed 1 5 knots / 2 knots 

Completeness 90 % 100 % 

Reference 6 estimates a photographic ground resolution of 

10 feet required for classification of the larger ships. 

According to reference 10, classification of submarines requires 

resolutions of 3 feet. The identification of smaller craft and 

determination of ship characteristics would require ground 

resolutions down to (Reference 3) Reference 6 

estimates the "at sea" population at 8000 ships over 1000 gross 

tons, of which 5500 are merchant, 1500 Naval and 1000 special 

purpose. 

Frequency of coverage and response times are extremely 

important in this application. Reference 6 estimates a 12-hour 

or less period between observations with near real-timeinformation readout necessary to maintain position 

identity with a 90 % reporting effectiveness. 

C. Search and Surveillance (General) 

A requirement exists for photographic search and 

surveillance of the entire land area of the Sino-Soviet Bloc and 

selected areas of other parts of the world. This will permit 

detection and identification of activities associated with a 

strategic threat against the United States and defensive weapon 

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systems whether large or small. 

A three to five-foot ground resolution is required. It should 

be noted, however, that sometimes ground resolution is 

essential to identify properly an object under surveillance. 

(Reference 1) Reference 10 states that "A three-foot resolution 

would greatly improve our capability to: 

a. Monitor future offensive missile deployment and 

development, 

b. Locate mobile defensive missile systems, 

c. Locate and identify ABM installations and determine 

the inter-relationships among their facilities, 

d. Locate and identify submarines by class, 

e. Identify small nuclear energy production facilities and 

detect changes in known facilities, and 

f. Capitalize on targets of opportunity." 

The search function requires photographic coverage of 

approximately 12, 000, 000 square nautical miles every six months. 

The present surveillance objective time-sampling requirement 

schedule from reference 1 is as follows: 

Frequency Type Objective Total Objectives Number Sampled 

Bi-monthly Suspect Missile 56 56 

Unidentified areas 

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Frequency Type Objective Total Objectives Number Sampled 

Bi-monthly Missile Launchers 91 91 

Under construction 

Missile ranges 4 4 

Long-range Air 32 32 

Army Bases (Primary) 

Submarine Bases 36 36 

Nuclear Test Sites 4 4 

132 

Quarterly Long-range Air Army 5 5 

Bases (Staging) 

Missile/Aircraft/ Nuclear 149 149 

BW/CW 

Production & R&D Install. 

Air/Naval Tactical Strike 384 384 

Install. 

Air Defense Installations 2200 1320 

1858 

Semi-Annually Operational ICBM/MRBM/ 217 217 

RBM Sites 

Suspect A MM/Long-range 

SAM Sites 

Annually 

Major Ground Force Install. 218 218 

537 

Air Transport Bases 80 80 

Major Military Depots 266 133 

Other Production & 42 42 

R&D Install. 

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Annually Specific Electronic & 330 330 

Comm. Install. 

Remaining Ground 880 880 

Force Install. 

This schedule represents a coverage of over 10,200 observations 

per year. The CIA believes a decreased frequency of coverage 

resulting in 5839 observations per year will provide an effective 

base for intelligence analysis and estimative purposes. The 

number of objectives are forecasted to increase only slightly 

(approximately 10%) by 1970. (Reference 1) 

D. Crisis Management 

During periods of international crisis and for special events 

such as military maneuvers, etc., a requirement exists for 

photographic coverage of selected objectives at qualities 

comparable to the general search and surveillance requirement. 

The principal difference between this requirement and that for 

search and surveillance is in response time. Reference 1 

expresses this need as "real-time response within ten hours." 

In the crisis management situation, it can be expected that 

coverage of selected objectives which sample the military or 

political status (indicator targets) will be required during 

relatively short periods of time. Although not stated, it is 

estimated that coverage of about 300 objectives within a 24-hour 

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time period is required. 

E. Mapping and Charting 

Stereo pan and frame photography is required for the 

identifying and delineating physical and cultural features, the 

photogrammetric compilation of these features with respect to 

central points, and the production of required contours and 

related relief data. A ground resolution of 10 feet is considered 

necessary for interpreting physical and cultural features at 2:1 

contrast levels. 

The Mapping and Charting contour accuracies required (with 

90% assurance) are listed below (Reference 9). (As a general 

rule, if the contour accuracies are met, the horizontal control 

accuracy requirements and minimum horizontal and vertical 

control degradation requirements relative to the production of 

maps and charts will also be met.) 

Medium Scale Maps and Charts (1:200, 000 and 1:250,000) 

Contour Interval Accuracy 

50-75 feet 

Effective Distance 

100-150 feet 40 miles 

(Ridge lines approaching target) 20 feet 15-20 miles 

Large Scale Maps and Charts (1:50, 000) 

30-60 feet 15-30 feet 10-20 miles 

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The medium scale requirement relates to radar prediction 

for all weather low level penetration by aircraft, and that for 

the large scale to first round effectiveness over maximum 

artillery ranges.. 

During the 1965-1970 time period frame maps and charts 

are required on about 16.4 million square miles of inaccessible 

areas and 21.6 million in the free world areas. 

F. Geodesy (Primary Control Networks) 

World-wide frame photography, normally small scale is 

required to provide geodetic base of position and elevation data. 

The present accuracy requirement is 950 feet horizontal and 

vertical control (Reference 9), although the vertical requirement 

may be reduced 250 to 300 feet pending possible use of a high 

ballistic coefficient re-entry vehicle. As of October 1964, 

existing 1 1/2" and 3" focal length cameras had provided coverage 

of 44 million square miles of the total 56 million square mile 

land mass area of the earth. For the reduced elevation 

requirements, this data may be of marginal accuracy. 

Improved index cameras to be used in future satellite missions 

is expected to meet this requirement by the end of fiscal year 

1966. 

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G. Strike Effectiveness Assessment (BDA) 

A need exists during a general war (strategic exchange of 

nuclear weapons) to "determine the results obtained from 

Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP) strikes with priority 

on these military threat targets which would have the most 

immediate effect upon the ability of the United States to conduct 

further military operations." (Reference 11). This implies, 

and is stated in reference 12, a capability to also assess damage 

to the United States and its allies or self-surveillance. The 

immediate threat targets include heavy and medium bomber 

airfields, primary staging airfields, and ICBM/IRBM/MRBM 

missile sites. An all-weather system to satisfy this requirement 

is considered necessary. (Reference 1). However, it is 

conceivable that damage assessment could be determined from 

visual and photographic observation of sampled targets. 

Ground resolution required for this task is stated as five to 

eight feet in references 1 and 12, although reference 11 estimates 

that assessment of 90% of the programmed weapons could be 

achieved with resolution as poor as 150 feet. A considerable 

variance in this requirement can be expected due to widely 

varying conditions of weapon yield, weapon utilization, and target 

geology. 

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Reference 11 forecasts 1850 objectives in the Sino-Soviet 

land mass for the 1967 time period, 75% of which are located 

west of 100° E longitude. 100% coverage of immediate nuclear 

threat targets is required. Response time is extremely 

critical in this application with real-time a requirement. 

Information acquired within 4, 6, 12, 24 or even 48 hours is 

extremely important. Reference 1 requires both real-time 

(24 hours) and retrievable packages with interval of coverage 

every six hours. 

H. Post Attack Reconnaissance 

A requirement exists to detect those residual forces still 

capable of military operations after a nuclear exchange. The 

specific purpose is very similar to cold war search and 

surveillance - to locate residual military capability, and 

determine its operational capability and force posture. As 

in search and surveillance, the ground resolution requirement 

is three to five feet and the total Sino-Soviet land mass is 

subject to selected search (Reference 11). 

The number of targets to be surveilled is dependent on the 

attack option exercised, the degree of strike success, and the 

results of search - making a specific number impossible to 

state. 

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Response time is less critical than in the strike effectiveness 

assessment mission but, for the case of a very limited exchange, 

is still specified in reference 11 as "as near real-time as 

possible. " As the size of nuclear exchange increases, the 

response time can be relaxed up to 48 hours. 

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REFERENCES 

1. COMOR D - 13/29, dtd 14 December 1964, Long-Range 

Requirements for Satellite Image-Forming Sensors. 

TS TK Daff/Ruff TCS-5454-64 

2. COMOR D - 13/39 (Revised) dtd 5 April 1965, Sea Surveillance by Satellite . TS/Byeman BYE-40569-65 

3. COMOR D - 13/36, dtd 19 February 1965, Elements of 

Information. SECRET TK (with Attachmentr

TCS-0041-65 

-

4. .AFSC Letter to SAFUS, dtd 9 February 1965, Qualitative 

Intelligence Requirement for High Resolution Photography 

to Obtain Data on Sino-Soviet Technological Developments. 

(Two Attachments) TS/TK TCS-450003-65 

5. Navy Preliminary General Operational Requirement No. 35 -

Ocean Surveillance, undated. SECRET 

6. Report, Ocean Surveillance Study (U), dtd 15 Sept 64, 

Boeing Co., Aerospace Division. SECRET, USN Project 

No. RT-019-02-11. 

7. Report, Technical Intelligence Use of Photography Resolving 

on Target (U), dtd 16 Apr 1964, Foreign Technology 

Division, A FSC. TS/TK/Chess/Ruff/Daff 

TCS-TH1843-64 

8. A FNIN Letter to General Evans, SA FSL, dtd 31 March 65, 

Specific Targets for Surveillance by the Manned Orbital 

Laboratory (MOL). TS/DORIAN/CORONA/GAMBIT 

BYE 24195--65 

9. COMOR D-13/33, dtd 18 Jan 1965, Long-Range Requirements 

for Satellite Image-Forming Sensors. tS/IX 

TCS-0003-65 

10. COMOR D - 13/22, dtd 13 Jan 1965, Long-Range Requirements 

for Satellite Image-Forming Sensors (Section IL ) 

TS TK CORONAtOAMBIT EYE-40507-65/1 

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11. Report, Strategic War Reconnaissance Satellite Study, 

dtd 3 July 1963, Strategic Air Command. TS TX 

TK-01840-3 

12. Memorandum, JCS to SecDef, dtd 30 October 1964, 

Strategic Reconnaissance, JCSM 862-64. TS/BYEMAN 

BYE 5287-64 

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