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1 8 AUG 1967 

MEMORANDUM FOR CAPTAIN. GOCLSBY 

SUBJECT: MOL Generalized Target Model 

The attached copy of the SAC final report on 

the MOL Target Model is for your information and 

retention. 

ATTLE 

Colonel, USAF 

SAFSLM 

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FINAL REPORT 

FILE Y 

PROJECT GOODFELLOW 

Lt Col Goodfellow and Major Jewell, AFNICAD, initially briefed 

the SAC Director of Intelligence, B/G Stewart, on the necessity of 

building a target model base in support of a high resolution reconnaissance system having an intelligence requirement orientation the week 

of 23 January 1967. 

General Stewart tasked the 544th ARTW with the model construction; 

project personnel were selected and briefed by Lt Col Goodfellow and 

Major Jewell during the same week. This model base would have a 

maximum photographic resolution of and a maximum 

diameter of nine thousand feet. AFNICAD requested some thirty seven 

specific intelligence items to be included in the final model data base 

composed of 585 representative items provided by them. 

The original project completion date for Phase One allowed for 

sixty calendar days, but this was extended seven days to 31 March. 

The 544th ARTW Research Center was the focal point of project 

work with assistance provided from the Data Systems, Trajectory, 

and Target Materials Centers. 

Twenty-three of the forty- :wo personnel were employed throughout all phases of the model cc,r,struction —,-..2/or data compilation. The 

others supplied expertise on ,-;:,ecifics a:.::,/or were concerned with 

limited aspects of one or anc.., the project progressed. 

The initial project planning for PhasE, One involved two concurrent actions: Structuring model and the identification of 

the basit_ of COMOR 

The project planning and working group was not brie:: '-nto the 

complete project as envisioned by AFNICAD. In some this 

proved to be a handicap, especially in the planning phase‘-: 'Out it 

also led directly to the remarkable flexibility of the corr...? model 

base. Thee was structured within the limitations este__ . __ed by 

the requester. The planners decided t.. the base had to be struc-

' tured so as to provide for simple and raid entry enabling the intelligence analyst to modify, add, or delete information. This structuring requireinent dictated extensive programming support and 

extremely close coordination with the air intelligence analysts. 

Thesresulting model flexibility proves the logic and foresight of 

the requirement. 

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The structuring of the model base proceeded in a logical sequence. 

The first step was to determine precisely what elements of information, 

requirements, and identification were needed. Once these were firmly 

established the second step was to design a format compatible with 

electronic data processing equipment. This became the proforma 

sheet. 

Various creation sheets were standardized to input coding instructions, requirements, and data into the base file in accordance with 

methods and instructions provided by applicable DIA and USAF directives. Each field address was cross referenced with its enabling 

source document. 

AFNICAD supplied this organization with a listing of 585 COMOR 

numbers. This basic list represented a cross sampling of countries, 

target data inventory categories, and representative complexes and 

installations. The-sample model was constructed of these. 

The first problem was to identify each COMOR number included 

on the basic list by basic encyclopedia number, name, and TDI 

category. A complete COMOR listing was not available at this headquarters, therefore a manual search was made of the 585 numbers 

using the Defense Intelligence Agency priority reconnaissance 

objectives list (PROL) and other ID. This search netted information 

on all but forty-six items. The automated intelligence file was queried 

and provided information on 544 of the basic list numbers. This was 

an important factor developmentally since it meant that thirteen, basic 

intelligence items could be directly fed by computer into the final 

reconnaissance model tape. The AIF was further exploited to refine, 

confirm or flush-out information extracted from other sources. 

Actual photography was used in this project in order to select 

photographic aiming points, provide .:X and Y coordinates, and 

diameters for these selected aiming points. The Research Center 

photographic interpreters established a requirement for high quality 

of photography. 

All standard sources of photographic reference available at this 

headquarters were researched for coverage: CMER, IPIRS, CMCI, 

installation dossiers, and the 544th ARTW chip file. Selected photography was reproduced at a scale of 1:75, 000 which was a Target 

Materials Center mensurating requirement. Research Center photographic interpreters selected and pricked 2,434 individual aiming 

points from 699 separate pieces of photography. 

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Target Materials Center personnel then provided mensurated and 

geodetic coordinates on each pricked point with the assistance of the 

Trajectory Center. The first step in this process was the derivation 

of geographic coordinates keyed to either a 200 series air target chart, 

or if no 200 series was available, to the best existing map source. 

These coordinates were scaled to the nearest thousandth of an inch 

and computed to the nearest tenth of a second. 

The second step was the transformation of the mensurated 

geographic coordinates to mensurated geodetic coordinates. The 

mensurated datum, elevation, positional error, geographic latitude 

and longitude of the reference points were formatted on creation 

sheets and keypunched for transformation. 

The Trajectory Center performed the third step, the translation 

of these mensurated geographic coordinates into geodetic coordinates. 

The punch cards were processed against the Vening-Meinsz formula 

which transformed the European, Tokyo, Indian, and North American 

datums into the Department of Defense world geodetic system 1960 

datum. A magnetic tape with the resultant mensurated geodetic data 

was then used to correlate this data with the Research Center data 

retrieval information. 

As in any project of this complexity certain problems arose from 

time to time. Some were foreseen and tentatively reconciled while 

others were resolved as they were identified. 

The initial problem and one which stayed with the project team 

until the conclusion was the fact that the working project team members 

were not completely briefed on the utilization of the system or systems 

which would ultimately be used in conjunction with the expanded file. 

This caused an uncertainty in fixing the specific parameters of information and requirements to be included in the proforma and creation 

sheets. This uncertainty also led directly to the decision to make the 

resultant file base as flexible as possible in both entry and retrieval. 

Simple identification of an installation from a given COMOR 

number pcised difficulties inasmuch as no single document or 

memory core at this headquarters contained all 585 COMOR referenc,-..b. installations. As pointed out earlier' the Automated Intelligence 

File proved to be the most lucrative source. Despite the use of the 

AIF binary tape, however, a great deal of the model base file 

information had to be manually manipulated and hand coded into the 

proforma and creation sheets. This presented a serious time 

handicap which was overcome only by people and overtime work. 

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The photographic problems involved the lack of adequate or acceptable.prints necessitating reordering in a search for quality coverage. 

In some few instances adequate photographic coverage was simply nonexistant. 

Another problem encountered was in the determination of X and Y 

coordinates for KH-4 photography. This was resolved by the design of 

special X and Y grids by the photographic interpreters for use with the 

1:75, 000 scale prints. The photographic interpreters also evolved a 

rationale for calculating the size of the complex diameter required as a 

. piece of input datum for this model base construction. 

The most serious problem encountered, however, came with the 

updating of the AIF binary tape, ICOD March. The original intent was 

to include a great deal of specific complex and installation data in the 

new model base directly from the AIF. tape. This was keyed to the 

COMOR number. There were numerous changes made in the March 

AIF tape. This prevented the original programming proceedures from 

being followed. A required last minute change in programming was 

made in order to retrieve the necessary informatics . As previously 

mentioned, not all installations were covered by the AIF binary tape. 

All information relevant to these had to be completely hand coded. 

The model file design was structured to operate on the Strategic 

Air Command's formatted file system (FFS). The FFS is a general 

purpose information storage and retrieval system used with the IBM 

7094 computer, which is currently used by DIA, ACIC, BSD, Goddard 

Space Center, and the Lawrence Radiation Lab as well as by SAC. 

The 7094 FFS language and logical operation is also compatible with 

the DIA IBM 1410 formatted file system. 

Phase One, Project Goodfellow's specific file contains fixed fields 

and two sets of periodic fields. A fixed field is a piece of data which appears only once per logical record or line item. A periodic field is a 

piece of data which may appear more than once per logical record. Each 

peice of meaningful data is identified as a field and as such can be used 

for input, retrieval, processing, and output formatting. 

By organizing the data in line items, the user is allowed to manipulate all the information about a geographic location at one time. Also 

inputs, data changes, retrieval, and output operations can be made 

on the basis of logical groupings of information or sub-categories. 

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Data can be introduced into the model file in two formats. The 

first format is used to combine hand coded and computer generated 

data into a single line item. The computer generated information 

includes coordinate conversions and targeting information available 

from other established sources. The hand coded information is 

needed for data which must be hand massaged. 

The second input format is used to introduce data from line items 

where no computer generated information is already available. All 

of the information for this second format must be hand coded. Proforma 

sheets are used for both input formats. 

Information retrieval from the model file is controlled by logical 

operations on any of the defined fields, geographic area searches on 

coordinate parameters, changes in field content, matches on data 

values, and totals on numeric field entries. Further controls are 

also provided to break the line items into smaller amounts of data 

and to recombine them into larger amounts. The language used, the 

possible logical operations, and the FFS retrieval operation are fully 

documented in the FFS retrieval techniques manual. 

The general formats of the four output listings were suggested by 

Lt Col Goodfellow during his initial briefing to the 544th ARTW. The 

final formats were determined from an analysis of the probable desired 

output as well as from a knowledge of desired intelligence products in 

general. These formats may be easily changed or rearranged simply 

by changing the control cards in the multiple output packages used to 

produce the listings. This feature extends the flexibility of the model 

file use. 

Phase Two of Project Goodfellow began with a realistic review of 

the targets' priorities, and subsequently changing them. The 

original priorities in the sample model were selected in a more or less 

random manner. The new priorities were established by arranging 

the targets into rellted areas: Offensive, Defensive, Research and 

Development, Production, Support, and Miscellaneous. Targets within each group were arranged by category in relation to intelligence 

interest. The significant item within the first three categories was 

given a single, low number ranging from 1 for SS-10 associated ICBM 

silos to 64 for CW/BW Research sites. This numbering process was 

repeated for items of secondary significance within the offensive 

categories and ran 65 to 81. The remaining items of lesser significance were numbered sequentially within each category beginning 

again with SS-10 associated ICBM sites but continuing through to 

include all categories. The lesser items therefore ran from 82 

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through 502. For example: Category 80030, Arctic Staging Bases, 

have as their significant item AOB (Air Order of Battle) with a 

priority of 6, while the item of lesser significance is Airfield Services 

and Capabilities with a priority of 70. Category 87123, IRBM Launch 

Sites, Hardened, have as their significant items Launch Silos with a 

priority of 7 and Nuclear Warhead/Nosecone Handling Facilities as the 

lesser item with a priority of 71. 

Of the original 585 items selected for Phase One of Project Goodfellow, approximately 50 items had no photographic coverage. At the 

meeting on 13 April 67 it was agreed the RC would select at least 15 

new items from the master deck to insure that the Math Model would 

have a full capability. The final re - selection consisted of 23 items 

representing 240 targets, bringing the total number of targets within 

the sample model to 608. The items which were replaced remained 

in the file to retain realism. 

Concurrently with the completion of the Sample Model File, the 

computer FFS operating system was revised to enable increased 

capabilities for file maintenance and processing. The new version, 

Model 8, of the FFS system became available to SAC in May 1967. 

Model 8 FFS enables over twice the previous amount. of information 

about an installation to be contained in a single logical record. All 

of this additional data is available to control file manipulation and 

processing. File maintenance capabilities include the ability to 

extract and combine data from other FFS files with the data in the 

Sample Model File. For instance, when new versions of related files 

are received, the corresponding data in the Sample Model File 

may be updated automatically. 

A request to calculate and tabulate distances between pairs of points 

necessitated the development of a FORTRAN program, since the 

distance computation is not within the capabilities of FFS. The 

FORTRAN program uses a spherical trigonometric formula to compute 

distances from an input of latitude and longitude coordinates. Note, 

that the FFS system is capable of a geographical area search, however. 

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Once the Sample Model File was completed and the change from Model 

7 to Model 8 successfully accomplished, the main task of Phase Two was 

ready to be made, that of expansion. Expansion of the file from the original 

608 items, to include 4059 additional items, was done for the purpose of supplying SSD with a Mathematical Model to serve as a realistic data base without involving additional time, equipment, 'or funds. 

AFNICAD supplied the 544th ARTW with a complete listing of items 

which was converted into a useable format by supplying BE numbers. These, 

when associated with the COMOR numbers which were already given, permitted usage of the FFS AIF to give name, major and minor reference numbers, 

category, chart data, coordinates, complex data, elevation, and TDI 

significance for each item within AIF. Those items without BE numbers 

(some 230rin number) were put into the file manually, as were the items 

with BE numbers but without COMOR numbers matching in AIF (approximately 300 items). 

A FORTRAN program was developed to expand the Sample Model File. 

The added items were given the same objective configuration as similar 

items in the Sample File. That is, the correct mensurated coordinates 

for an added installation were given, and the DOD World Geodetic System 

and objective mensurated coordinates were computed so that the numeric 

relationship of the coordinates were identical to the similar Sample File 

items's configuration. Futhermore, other data concerning mission coverage, priority, reconnaissance requirements, and target description were 

made the same in the added items as in the similar Sample File items. 

Thus, except for the coordinates and photo reference, all Basic Intelligence 

information supplied is as real as possible. 

411121ril 

The Expand-4mile contains about 9000 logical records, including 4667 

items and 13, 9 o•jectives. The file requires 3 reels of magnetic tape for 

storage in packed binary form. A dump of the file in BCD output would fill 

an estimated 11 reels of magnetic tape. The size of the Expanded File 

required a modification to the output capabilities of the Model 8 FFS. 

The processing of such a large volume of data may require operation on 

only a portion of the file at one time. 

An assessment of the uses of the Math Model, including present planning 

figures only, reveal numerous possibilities. In addition to a wide variety of 

file summaries, it is also possible to have the system make mathematical 

judgements. 

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Queries can be made to determine all targets with a specific photographic 

resolution requirement, a specific priority, or a specific objective requirement, either singly or in combinations. 

The flexibility of the systems is ideal for flight plans, when the type, 

location, and number of targets along a flight path are desired to be known. 

The system allows for the selection of desired targets over any path, for 

example, all SAM Sites, or all Airfields, or all Fighter Bases. 

The system will also prove useful in maintaining currency of history files 

by providing information on when a target is due for updating - frequency of 

coverage and the date of the last coverage. 

If File Y were to be used in an operational capacity, there are several 

,recommendations for improvement to eliminate excessive maintenance 

problems: 

a) The entire Complex and Installation data is repeated for each 

different AP priority in the Sorti e Planning List. Presently the volume 

of data contained within the file presents a manipulation problem that will 

require time and experience to overcome. 

b) A difficulty encountered during AP counting was that of double 

AP's - those single AP's having more than one priority. It is suggested 

that this be eliminated by placing the second and subsequent AP designators 

in the second space of the AP column:- example: Initial AP Designator = A-; 

Subsequent AP's = -A. 

c) A need was found for a means of standardizing AP Designators 

within categories by type of objectives. That is, all missile silos within 

ICBM Sites should be A's, all control buildings B, all ramps C, etc. Within 

the category for Fighter Bases, all parking aprons should be A's, all hangars 

B, ect. 

Other recommendations include providing for a system for deriving complex information and placing an installation within a complex, standardizing 

diameters to allow a comparative diameter listing to be made, providing full, 

operational requirements, i.e. camera data, and finally assuring a proper 

file currency through updating tapes supplied to all users. 

The overall use and value of File Y will be extremely limited if aspect 

angles, object resolutions, times of day and other technical information are 

not included for each target. (See FTD msg TCS 450976/67). 

Further, the file should be revaluated from the standpoint of the practicality of search targets, suspect targets, and even some TDI categories. 

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