J-S57015-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

TEVON KASHAINE THOMAS 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 1260 MDA 2018

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 28, 2018

In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-40-CR-0003969-2016

BEFORE: BOWES, J., STABILE, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED MARCH 31, 2020

Tevon Kashaine Thomas appeals from his February 28, 2018 judgment 

of sentence imposed after a jury convicted him of first-degree murder and 

conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. We affirm.

Appellant’s conviction stems from the shooting death of Irvando Crooks 

(hereinafter, the “victim”), which occurred on September 2, 2016, inside of 

the house located at 70 North Sherman Street in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. 

On that evening, Appellant had an argument with the victim over their joint

narcotics enterprise. Appellant and the victim began struggling for control of 

a handgun, and the altercation culminated with Appellant’s co-defendant,

Keanu Pinnock, fatally shooting the victim.

1

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1

 The Commonwealth charged Appellant as both a principal and an accomplice

to the victim’s murder. See Information, 1/4/17, at unnumbered 1.
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Appellant was arrested and charged with criminal homicide and 

conspiracy to commit criminal homicide in connection with the victim’s death. 

Mr. Pinnock pleaded guilty to third-degree murder in exchange for his 

testimony against Appellant. Appellant was convicted of first-degree murder 

and conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. On the murder conviction, 

Appellant was sentenced to life in prison without parole (“LWOP”). With 

respect to the conspiracy conviction, Appellant was sentenced to a consecutive 

term of fifteen to thirty years of imprisonment. Appellant filed a post-sentence 

motion in arrest of judgment, arguing that there was insufficient evidence to 

support the convictions. The motion was denied by operation of law pursuant 

to Pa.R.Crim.P. 720(B)(3)(a). 

Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. The trial court directed 

Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of pursuant to 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant requested an extension in which to file his 

concise statement, but failed to properly serve the request upon the trial 

court. Following a request for reconsideration, Appellant timely submitted his 

Rule 1925(b) statement and the trial court issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion.

Appellant has raised two claims for our consideration:

1. Was the evidence insufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction 

for conspiracy [to commit murder of the first degree]?

2. Was the evidence insufficient to sustain Appellant’s conviction 

for murder of the first degree?

Appellant’s brief at 2 (issues renumbered). Our standard of review over these 

claims is de novo. “[H]owever, our scope of review is limited to considering 
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the evidence of record, and all reasonable inferences arising therefrom, 

viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict 

winner.” Commonwealth v. Rushing, 99 A.3d 416, 420-21 (Pa. 2014).

Both of Appellant’s claims assert that the Commonwealth’s evidence was 

insufficient to support the underlying convictions. We are mindful of the 

following principles, which will guide our review:

Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it 

establishes each material element of the crime charged and the 

commission thereof by the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Nevertheless, the Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a 

mathematical certainty. Any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is 

to be resolved by the fact finder unless the evidence is so weak 

and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of fact 

can be drawn from the combined circumstances.

The Commonwealth may sustain its burden by means of wholly 

circumstantial evidence. Accordingly, the fact that the evidence 

establish a defendant’s participation in a crime is circumstantial 

does not preclude a conviction where the evidence coupled with 

the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom overcomes the 

presumption of innocence. Significantly, we may not substitute 

our judgment for that of the fact finder; thus, so long as the 

evidence adduced, accepted in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth, demonstrates the respective elements of a 

defendant’s crime beyond a reasonable doubt, the [defendant’s]

convictions will be upheld.

Commonwealth v. Sebolka, 205 A.3d 329, 336-37 (Pa.Super. 2019).

We will begin by addressing Appellant’s sufficiency claim with respect to 

his conviction for conspiracy to commit first-degree murder. Under 

Pennsylvania, criminal conspiracy is defined as follows:

(a) Definition of conspiracy.—A person is guilty of conspiracy 

with another person or persons to commit a crime if with the intent 

of promoting or facilitating its commission he:
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(1) agrees with such other person or persons that they or 

one or more of them will engage in conduct which 

constitutes such crime or an attempt or solicitation to 

commit such crime; or

(2) agrees to aid such other person or persons in the 

planning commission of such crime or of an attempt or 

solicitation to commit such crime.

. . . .

(e) Overt act.—No person may be convicted of conspiracy to 

commit a crime unless an overt act in pursuance of such 

conspiracy is alleged and proved to have been done by him or by 

a person with whom he conspired.

18 Pa.C.S. § 903. In order to prove conspiracy, the trier of fact must find 

that: (1) the defendant intended to commit or aid in the commission of the 

criminal act; (2) the defendant entered into an agreement with another to 

engage in the crime; and (3) the defendant or one or more of the other coconspirators committed an overt act in furtherance of the agreed upon crime. 

Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 956 A.2d 926, 933 (Pa. 2008).

The altercation that erupted among Appellant, Mr. Pinnock, and the 

victim revolved around the parties’ coordinated sale and distribution of 

narcotics (e.g., crack cocaine). The victim acted as the putative head and 

supplier of this enterprise, both as the “money man” and as a kind of foreman 

who assigned jobs and controlled the workflow. See N.T. Trial, 1/9/18, at 

172-75; see also N.T. Trial, 1/10/18, at 254-56, 260, 306. The victim 

employed Appellant and Mr. Pinnock (collectively, “the co-defendants”) by 

putting them “on the line” selling narcotics. See N.T. Trial, 1/10/18, at 255-
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56, 309. However, the co-defendants refused to sell narcotics out of their 

shared residence at 70 North Sherman Street. Id. at 257-60. As a result, 

the victim was planning to essentially fire both men by taking them “off of the 

line.” Id. This would have prevented them from paying the rent by depriving 

them of approximately one thousand dollars in weekly income. Id. at 257-

60, 307, 311, 388-89. Appellant stood to lose even more income, as he was 

in the habit of “taxing” less-senior sellers. Id. at 389-90. 

Approximately four days before the shooting, the victim arrived at the

residence and began complaining to Appellant that Mr. Pinnock had failed to 

sell enough narcotics the previous week. Id. at 391-94. As a consequence, 

the victim gave Mr. Pinncok’s “shifts” to a different individual. See N.T. Trial, 

1/9/18, at 174-75; see also N.T. Trial, 1/10/18, at 261-63, 394-97. During 

this confrontation, the victim directed his anger exclusively at Appellant, who 

was a more-senior member of the enterprise and had vouched for Mr. Pinnock 

to secure him a job. See N.T. Trial, 1/10/18, at 393-98. After the 

confrontation, Appellant expressed to Mr. Pinnock that he felt angry and 

disrespected by the victim’s behavior. Id. at 398-99.

The victim stopped, again, in an attempt to retrieve both money2 and 

guns from the co-defendants. Id. at 394-401. The co-defendants misled the 

victim about the whereabouts of the money and guns, claiming they were

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2

 The victim’s mother testified that, shortly before his untimely demise, he 

told her that Appellant owed him $300 and that he intended to collect the 

debt. See N.T. Trial, 1/9/18, at 191.
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located at a different location. Id.at 401. Mr. Pinnock testified that he and 

Appellant followed the victim because they “wanted to see what he was going 

to do.” Id. It is unclear what their ultimate purpose in following the victim 

might have been, as they were forced to abandon their stalking when they 

encountered a police patrol. Id. Thereafter, Appellant commented on 

multiple occasions that he was planning to kill the victim. Id. at 402-04.

The co-defendants were in the residence when the victim entered on the 

evening of September 2, 2016. Id. at 236, 344. The victim approached 

Appellant and again requested that Appellant give him both $300 in cash and 

at least one handgun. Id. at 267-73, 313-15. Appellant refused, drew a 

handgun, chambered a round, cocked the gun, and pointed it at the victim’s 

head in a threatening manner. Id. at 267-73, 316-17, 411. The victim 

responded by striking Appellant and attempting to gain control of the gun, 

which caused it to discharge. Id. at 267-73, 318. Both the victim and 

Appellant ended up wrestling for control of the gun on the floor. Id. at 320. 

Contemporaneously, Mr. Pinnock had ducked behind a wall in the

kitchen when the victim first entered the residence. Id. at 320, 348, 407. 

Mr. Pinnock testified that although he “knew it was about to be an altercation,” 

he “didn’t want any parts [sic] with it” because he wasn’t sure what the 

outcome would be. Id. at 407. Despite this testimony, Mr. Pinnock also 

testified that he had secreted a handgun in a kitchen cabinet near his hiding 

spot. Id. at 412-15. However, Mr. Pinnock was struck in the face as the 

parties’ physical struggle ensued when he peeked his head out from his hiding 
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place. Id. at 409-10. Mr. Pinnock responded by grabbing the stashed

handgun. Id. at 412-15. At that same moment, Mr. Pinnock saw that the 

victim was about to gain the upper hand in his struggle with Appellant. Id. at 

413-16. It was at this moment that Mr. Pinnock took action, firing his handgun 

at the victim twice, which struck him in the back. Id. at 415-16.

The victim fell, then began to crawl away from his assailants. Id. at 

417-22. Appellant retrieved the contested gun, along with its discharged clip. 

Appellant reloaded the gun, and attempted to “finish” the victim by shooting 

him in the head. Id. However, the gun jammed when Appellant pulled the 

trigger. Id. The victim stood up, ran into the street, and collapsed where he

subsequently was found by law enforcement. Id. at 422.

At trial, Mr. Pinnock explicitly disclaimed that he had formed an 

agreement to kill the victim with Appellant prior to, or during, the altercation. 

See N.T. Trial, 1/11/20, at 460-61, 472 (testifying that there was “no 

agreement” and that his shooting of the victim “wasn’t planned”). However, 

Mr. Pinnock conceded that he knew that there was “going to be problems” and 

had hidden a gun in the kitchen ahead of time. Id. at 494-96. Indeed, Mr. 

Pinnock’s testimony confirmed that there was an understanding between 

Appellant and himself that they were ready to “[f]ight or shoot” in response 

to any aggression from the victim.

The parties have focused their arguments upon whether or not an 

“agreement” to kill the victim was ever formed between the co-defendants. 

See Commonwealth v. Kennedy, 453 A.2d 927, 929 (Pa. 1982) (“It is well
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established that a common understanding or agreement is the heart of every 

conspiracy.”). “Implicit in any conspiracy is proof . . . that an accused agrees 

to participate in the alleged criminal activity.” Commonwealth v. Derr, 462 

A.2d 208, 210 (Pa. 1983). “Without this common purpose, a conspiracy 

cannot be maintained.” Id. at 209.

The trial court opined that “given the relationship between [Appellant] 

and [Mr.] Pinnock, [Appellant’s] stated intention to kill [the victim] coupled 

with the fact that they armed themselves and thereafter discharged weapons 

at vital parts of [the victim’s] body, provides sufficient competent evidence to 

establish the common goal of killing [the victim].” Trial Court Opinion, 

1/28/19, at 15. We agree.

As a practical matter, the existence of a criminal agreement is rarely 

established by direct evidence. See Commonwealth v. Strantz, 195 A. 75, 

80 (Pa. 1937) (“An explicit or formal agreement to commit crimes can seldom, 

if ever, be proved and it need not be, for proof of a criminal partnership is 

almost invariably extracted from the circumstances that attend its 

activities.”). Accordingly, “[i]t is unnecessary to prove an explicit and formal 

agreement between the conspirators. The agreement necessary to support a 

conspiracy conviction can be wholly tacit so long as the surrounding 

circumstances confirm that the parties have decided to act in concert.” 

Commonwealth v. French, 578 A.2d 1292, 1294 (Pa.Super. 1990). In this 

context, “an agreement can be inferred from a variety of circumstances 

including, but not limited to, the relation between the parties, knowledge of 
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and participation in the crime, and the circumstances and conduct of the 

parties surrounding the criminal episode.” Id. (citing Commonwealth v. 

Lamb, 455 A.2d 678, 685-86 (Pa.Super. 1983)).

Instantly, the testimony at trial indicates that the co-defendants had a 

close, fraternal relationship. In addition to being compatriots, they were also 

identically aggrieved co-workers who refused to return the victim’s property. 

Several days prior to the shooting, they intentionally misled the victim 

regarding the location of his property so that they could follow him with some 

unspoken purpose in mind. After this attempting stalking was thwarted by 

law enforcement, Appellant openly discussed killing the victim. At this point, 

Mr. Pinnock stated that he was well aware of the potential for violence, and 

was ready to respond accordingly. Upon the victim’s arrival at the residence,

Appellant immediately armed himself while Mr. Pinnock stationed himself near 

a firearm. Although the fight began between just Appellant and the victim, 

Mr. Pinnock definitively entered (and ended) the fray soon thereafter. 

Moreover, the certified record also indicates that they took steps to conceal 

the killing afterwards. See N.T. Trial, 1/10/18, at 322-27, 351.

While Mr. Pinnock denied the existence of a conspiratorial agreement, 

his testimony bespeaks significant coordination and cooperation between the 

co-defendants. At worst, his testimony is inconsistent on this point. Such 

arguments implicate the credibility judgments, and we will not substitute our 

judgment for that of the jury. See Commonwealth v. Manchas, 633 A.2d 

618, 624 (Pa.Super. 1993) (“It is within the province of the jury to reconcile 
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inconsistent testimony, if possible, . . . and to believe all, part or none of the 

evidence, assigning to it whatever weight it deems appropriate.”).

Instantly, the co-defendants’ prior relationship and “their conduct 

before, during and after the criminal episode established a unity of criminal 

purpose sufficient for the jury to find conspiracy beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

Commonwealth v. Poland, 26 A.3d 518, 523 (Pa.Super. 2011) (quoting 

French, supra at 1294-95). As such, Appellant’s first claim is without merit.3

We now turn to Appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of his conviction 

for first-degree murder. Under Pennsylvania statute, a person commits firstdegree murder when he intentionally causes the death of another human 

being. See 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 2501(a), 2502(a). Appellant is challenging the 

sufficiency of his conviction on two separate grounds, namely that there was 

insufficient evidence to establish: (1) his specific intent to kill the victim; and 

(2) overall liability. See Appellant’s brief at 8-11. 

Appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the intent evidence is 

meritless. “To be guilty of first degree murder, each co-conspirator must 

individually be found to possess the mental state necessary to establish first 

degree murder—the specific intent to kill.” Commonwealth v. Wayne, 

720 A.2d 456, 464 (Pa. 1998) (emphasis in original). As noted above in our 

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3 As noted above, Appellant has focused his arguments upon whether or not 

an agreement existed between the co-defendants. See Appellant’s brief at 

11-15. We note that: (1) Appellant manifested a specific intent to kill the 

victim, both by his words and deeds; and (2) Mr. Pinnock certainly committed 

an overt act by shooting the victim in the back. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 903(a)(1).
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factual recitation, the Commonwealth adduced evidence establishing that: (1) 

Appellant stated several times that he intended to kill the victim; (2) Appellant 

pointed a loaded gun at the victim’s head on two separate occasions; and (3) 

Appellant actually attempted to shoot the victim in the head, and was only 

unsuccessful when the handgun jammed. 

Appellant’s specific intent to kill the victim can be directly inferred from 

his prior threats. See Commonwealth v. Predmore, 199 A.3d 925, 932 

(Pa.Super. 2018) (citing Commonwealth v. Cross, 331 A.2d 813, 814-15 

(Pa.Super. 1974)). Moreover, the “use of a deadly weapon directed at a vital 

organ of another human being justifies a factual presumption that the actor 

intended death.” Commonwealth v. Alston, 317 A.2d 229, 231 (Pa. 1974). 

Here, Appellant aimed a loaded handgun at the victim’s head4 and pulled the 

trigger. His action was only thwarted when the handgun inexplicably jammed 

and failed to fire. See Commonwealth v. Jackson, 995 A.2d 441, 444 

(Pa.Super. 2008) (“[T]he law permits the fact finder to infer that one intends 

the natural and probable consequences of his acts.”). 

Overall, both Appellant’s statements and his actions permit an inference 

of his specific intent to kill the victim. As such, no relief is due.

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4 A person’s head is considered a vital part of the body. See Commonwealth 

v. Poplawski, 130 A.3d 697, 710 (Pa. 2015); see also Commonwealth v. 

Hitcho, 123 A.3d 731, 746 (Pa. 2015).
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We now turn to Appellant’s claim regarding liability. Assuming,

arguendo, that Appellant did not fire the shot that ultimately killed the victim,

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the trial court concluded that the evidence was sufficient to establish that 

Appellant was guilty of first-degree murder under co-conspirator liability. See 

Trial Court Opinion, 1/28/19, at 17 (“Pursuant to the law of this 

Commonwealth, it matters not that [Mr.] Pinnock inflicted a lethal gunshot 

wound to [the victim’s] back.”). We agree.

“Each member of a conspiracy to commit murder may be convicted of 

first degree murder, regardless of which of the conspirators inflicted the fatal 

wound, where the elements of first degree murder are made out as to that 

conspirator.” Commonwealth v. Busanet, 817 A.2d 1060, 1064-65 (Pa. 

2002). As set forth in our discussion immediately above, we have concluded 

that there was sufficient evidence to support the existence of a criminal 

conspiracy between Appellant and Mr. Pinnock. Furthermore, we may 

reasonably infer that Appellant possessed the specific intent to kill the victim. 

Finally, Mr. Pinnock inflicted a fatal wound upon the victim. As such, we agree 

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5

 Appellant directs the bulk of his argument upon accomplice liability. The 

Commonwealth responds in kind, and also argues that Appellant could have 

been found guilty of first-degree murder pursuant to principal liability. See

Commonwealth’s brief at 15. Namely, it claims that Appellant may have been 

responsible for the victim’s second wound to his right knee, which contributed 

to his death from exsanguination. Id.; see also N.T. Trial, 1/9/18, at 166, 

197-98; N.T. Trial, 1/10/18, at 221-35. Because we ultimately affirm 

Appellant’s conviction for first-degree murder on the grounds of co-conspirator

liability infra, we will not address these aspects of the parties’ arguments.
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with the trial court’s conclusion that there was sufficient evidence to establish

Appellant’s liability for first-degree murder as a co-conspirator.

Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 03/31/2020