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WASHINGTON. 0.C.

THE NRO STAFF 17 October 1978 •

MWORANDUM FOR CR. PARR

SUBJECT: PD-42: Civil and Further National Space Policy

At Attachment 1 is the recently published PD-42 on Civil

Space Policy. It contains little in the way of surprises

-since the NRO actively participated in the drafting/decision

making process.

Of some interest are items at page 3, an April 1, 1979

OMB Cross-Cut of all Weather Satellite Programs; page 4, a

DCI-chaired committee designed to consider release of photoreconnaissance imagery by February 15, 1979; and, page 7, a

requirement that the PRE submit an implementation plan to

enhance technology transfer between sectors (civil, military

and intelligence) by May 15, 1979. The page 6 discussion on

a strategy to utilize the Space Shuttle is in general agreement with your views and endorses the back-up ELV strategy.

We have been assured both by DOD and the IC Staff that

we will have an active role in the various committees and

working groups called for in PD-42; your input via PRE channels

is also assured on the technology transfer issue.

Attachment 2 contains the Press Release generated by the

White House in support of PD-42.

2 Attachments

PD-42

Press Release
7

• • :

• THE WHITE HOUSE

WASHINGTON

--SECRET-- GDS October 10, 1978

Presidential Directive/NSC.42 

TO: The Secretary of State

The Secretary of Defense

The Secretary of the Interior

The Secretary of Agriculture

The Secretary of Commerce

The Secretary of Energy

The Director, Office of Management and Budget

The•Assistant to the President for Domestic

Affairs and Policy

The Administrator, Agency for International

Development

The Director, Arms Control and Disarmament

Agency

The Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff

The Director of Central Intelligence

The Administrator, National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

The Director, Office of Science and Technology

Policy

The Director, National Science Foundation

SUBJECT: Civil and Further National Space Policy (U)

This directive establishes national policies based on Presidential review of space policy issues submitted by the Policy

Review Committee (Space). The President has approved civil and

further national space policies which shall guide the conduct of

United States space programs and activities discussed below. .

These policies are.consistent with and augment decisions reached

in PD/NSC-37--National Space Policy. .10-

ADMINISTRATION CIVIL SPACE POLICY. The United States' overarching civil space policy will be composed of three basic

components. (U)

First: Space activities will be pursued beCause they can be

uniquely or more efficiently accomplished in space. Our space

policy will become more evolutionary rather than centering

around a single, massive engineering feat. Pluralistic ct-1.1ctives and needs of our society will set the course for future

space efforts. (U)

-
• •

GDS

Second: .Our space policy will reflect a balanced strategy of

applications, science, and technology development containing

essential key elements that will: •

Emphasize applications that will bring important benefits

to our understanding of earth resources, climate, weather,

pollution, and agriculture. (V)

Emphasize space science and exploration in a manner that

permits the nation to retain the vitality of its space

technology base, yet provides short-term flexibility to

impose fiscal constraints when conditions warrant. (0)

•

Take advantage of the flexibility of the Space Shuttle to

reduce operating costs over the next two decades. (D)

Increase benefits by increasing efficiency through better

integration and technology transfer among the national

programs and through more joint projects. (V)

Assure US scientific and technological leadership for the

security and welfare of the nation and to continue R&D

necessary to provide the basis for later programmatic

decisions. (U)

Provide for the private sector to take an increasing responsibility in remote sensing and other applications. (U)

Demonstrate advanced technological' capabilities in open and

imaginative ways having benefit-for developing as well as

developed countries. (D)

Foster space cooperation with nations by conducting joint

programs. (U)

•

Confirmour support for the continued development of a

legal regime for space that will assure its safe and peaceful use for the benefit of all mankind. (U)

Third: It is neither feasible nor necessary at this time to

commit the US to a high-challenge, highly-visible space engineering initiative comparable to Apollo. As the resources and

manpower requirements for Shuttle development phase down, we

will have the flexibility to give greater attention to new space

applications and exploration, continue programs at presan

levels, or contract them. An adequate Federal budget co=mitment

will be made tc meet the objectives outlined above. (U)

11 •

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SPACE APPLICATIONS. The President has approved the following:

Government Role in Remote Sensing 

Land Programs. Experimentation and demonstrations will

continue with LANDSAT as a developmental program.

Operational uses of data from the experimental system

will continue to be made by public and private users

prepared to do so. Strategies for the future of our

civil remote sensing efforts are to be addressed in the

FY 1980 budget review. This review should examine

approaches to permit flexibility to best meet the

appropriate technology mix, organizational arrangements,

and potential , to involve the private sector. (U)

Integrated Remote Sensing System. NASA will chair an

interagency task force to examine options for integrating

current and future potential systems into an integrated

national system. This review will cover technical, programmatic, private sector, and institutional arrangements.

Emphasis will be placed on user requirements; as such,

agency participation will include Commerce, Agriculture,

Interior, Energy, State, appropriate Executive Office

participation, as well as Defense, the DCI, and others as

appropriate. This task force will submit recommendations

to the Policy Review Committee (Space) by August 1, 1979,

for forwarding to the President prior to the FY 1981 budget

review. (U)

3.. Weather Programs. In the FY 190 budget review•_OMB--in

cooperation with Defense, the XI, NASA, and NOAH-=will

conduct a cross-cut review of meteorological satellite

programs to determine the potential for future budgetary

savings and program efficiency. Based on this cross-cut,

the Policy Review Committee (Space) will assess the feasibility and policy implications of program consolidation by

April 1, 1979% (U)

4. Ocean Programs. Any proposed FY 1980 new start for initial

development of a National Oceanic Satellite System (NOSS)

will be reviewed based on a ZBB priority ranking. The

Policy. Review Committee (Space) will assess the policy •

implications of combining civil and military programs as

part of this process. (U)

•

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• • •

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5. Private Sector Involvement. Under the joint chairmanship

of ComAerce and NASA, along with other appropriate agencies,

a plan of action will be prepared by Febrdary 1, 1979, on

how to encourage private investment and direct participation in the establishment and operations of civil remote

sensing systems. NASA and Commerce jointly will be the •

contacts for the private sector on this matter and will

analyze proposals received before submitting to the Policy

Review Committee (Space) for consideration and action. (U)

Declassification of Photoreconnaissance Imagery. A selective

an phased public release of phozoreconnaissance imagery or

information warrants careful assessment before acceptance or

rejection. An interagency task force with appropriate user

agency participation chaired by the DCI will submit an options

paper to the Policy Review Committee (Space) by February 15,

1979.

Communications Satellite R&D. NASA will undertake carefully

selected commanicatIons technology R&D. The emphasis will be to

provide better frequency and orbit utilization approaches.

Specific projects selected will compete with other activities in

the budget process. (U)

Communications Satellite Services. Commerce's National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) will formulate policy to assist in market aggregation, technology transfer,

and possible development of domestic and international public

satellite services. This policy direction is intended to stimulate the aggregation of the public service market and for

advanced research and development of technology for low-cost

services. Under NTIA this effort will include: (a) an identified 4-year core budget for Commerce to establish a management

structure--competitive against other budgetary priorities in

Commerce--to purchase bulk services for domestic and international use; (b) support for advanced R&D on technologies to

serve users with low-volume traffic requirements subject to its

competitiveness against other applications expenditures; and

(c) AID and Interior coordination with NTIA in translating

domestic experience in emerging public service programs into

potential programs for lesser-developed countries and remote

territories. (U)

Long-term Economic Activity. It is too early to make a commitment to the development o: a satellite solar power station or

space manufacturing facility. There are very useful intermediate steps that would allow the development and testing of

T. •

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key technologies and experience in space industrial operations

without committing to full-scale projects. We will pursue an

evolutionary program to stress science and basic technology--

integrated with a complementary ground program--and will continue to evaluate the relative costs and benefits of proposed

space activities compared to earth-based activities. (U)

SPACE SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION GOALS 

Priorities at any given time will depend upon the promise of the

science, the availability of particular technology, and the

budget situation in support of the following Presidentiallyapproved goals:

We will maintain US leadership in space science and planetary

exploration and progress. (U)

The US will continue a vigorous program of planetary exploration to understand the origin and evolution of the solar

system. Our goal is to continue the reconnaissance of the

outer planets and to conduct more detailed exploration of

Saturn, its moons, and its rings; to continue comparative

studies of the neighboring planets, Venus and Mars; and to

conduct reconnaissance of comets and asteroids. (U)

To utilize the space telescope and free-flying satellites

to usher in a new era of astronomy, as we explore interstellar molecules, quasars, pulsars, and black holes to

expand our understanding of the universe and to complete

the first all sky survey across the electromagnetic

spectrum. (U)

To develop a better understanding of the sun and its interaction with the terrestrial environment. Space probes will

journey towards the sun. Earth orbiting satellites will

measure the variation in solar output and determine the

resultant response of the earth's atmosphere. (U)

• To use the Space Shuttle and Spacelab, in cooperation with

the Western Europeans, to conduct basic research that

complements earth-based life science investigations and

human physiology research. (U)

Our policy in international space cooperation should

include three primary elements: (1) support tha

science available regardless of national origin, but expand

international planning and coordinating effort; (2) see

GDS •
-SECRET-- GDS

supplemental foreign support only for selected experimentsspacecraft which have been chosen on the basis of sound

scientific criteria; and (3) avoid lowering cooperative

activities below the threshold where our science and international cooperative efforts would suffer. (U)

STEPS TO INCREASE BENEFITS FOR RESOURCES EXPENDED. The President

bas approved the following:

Strategy to Utilize the Shuttle 

The strategy for providing some backup expendable launch

vehicles (ELV's) is prudent. The exact requirements for

ELV procurement will be reviewed in the FY 1980 budget

review as will the five Defense and intelligence systems

proposed for accelerated transition. The key determinant

is the readiness of the Shuttle. -(5)-

As we move toward Shuttle, we will review national policy

on separate organizational control to determine whether

potential cost savings are possible. Separate Defense and

NASA Shuttle support facilities are being prepared to

respond to different requirements for orbits, security, and

operations. CMB will undertake a budget cross-cut--taking

into account all critical factors--on Shuttle operational

management responsibility with NASA, Defense, and the DCI

and make recommendations on this issue during the FY 1980

budget review. Based on tin- crosi-;cut, the Policy Review

Committee (Space) will revieVi7Weie . recommendatieins in

terms of impact on policy. -

Incremental improvements in the Shuttle transportation

system will be made as they become necessary and will be

examined in the context of emerging space policy goals. An

interagency task force will make recommendations on what

future capabilitiás are needed. Representation will include

NASA, Defense, the DCI, Commerce, Interior, Agriculture,

OMB, NSC, OSTP, State, and others as appropriate. This

task force will submit the findings to the Policy Review

Committee (Space) for transmittal to the President by .

August 1, 1979. (U)

Current Shuttle survivability provisions will be limited to

existing maneuverability capabilities and to encryption of

command and data links to, from, and between space segments.

Concerned agencies—NMA, the DCI, and Defense—will study

what future steps misht he necessary to fully comply in tha

se

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long term with PD/NSC-37 and make recommendations to the

Policy Review Committee (Space) by August 1, 1979, so that

appropriate findings can be reflected during the FY 1981

budget process. -1(151-- •

Technology Sharing. The existing Program Review Board (PRB)

will take steps to enhance technology transfer between the

sectors. The objective will be, as directed in PD/NSC-37, to

maximize efficient utilization of the sectors while maintaining

necessary security and current management relationships among

the sectors. The PRB will submit an implementation plan to the

Policy Review Committee (Space) by May 15, 1979. In addition,

the PRB will submit subsequent annual progress repOrts. (U)

•

Zbigniew Brzezinski

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- •10it IMMEDIATE RELEASE • October 11, 1978

Office of the White House Press Secretary

nnnn•nnnnnn•n ... .......

THE WRITE HOUSE

FACT SHEET

U.S. CIVIL SPACE POLICY

The President announced today a space policy that will set the direction

- of U.S. efforts in space over the next decade. The policy is the result

a four-month interagency review requested by the President in June

1978. American. civil space policy will be centered around three tenets:

First: Our space policy will reflect a balanced strategy of

applications, science and technology development containing essential

key elements that will: .

--Emphasize space applications that will bring important benefits

to our understanding of earth resources, climate, weather, pollution

and agriculture, and provide for the private sector to take an increasing responsibility in remote sensing and other applications.

-Emphasize space science and exploration in a manner that retains

the challenge and excitement and permits the nation to retain the

vitality of its space technology ease, yet provides short-term flexibility

to impose fiscal constraints when conditions warrant..

-Take advantage of the flexibility of the space shuttle to reduce

the cost of operating in space aver the next two decades to meet

national needs.

-Increase benefits for resources expended through better integration

and technology transfer among the national space programs and through

more joint projects when appropriate, thereby increasing the return

on the $100 billion investment in. space to the benefit of the American

people.

-Assure American scientific and technological leadership in cpace

for the security and welfare of the nation and continue R&D necessary

to provide the basis for later programmatic decisions.

-Demonstrate advanced technolgical capabilities in open and

imaginative ways having benefit for developing as well as develmed

countries.

--Foster space cooperation with nations by conducting joint programs.

--Confirm our support of the continued development of a legal

regime for space that will assure its safe and peaceful use for the

benefit of mankind..

Second: More and more, space is becoming a place to work -- an extension

of our environment. In the future, activities will be pursued in space

when it appears that national objectives can most efficiently be met

through space activities.

Third: It is neither feasible nor necessary at this time to commit

the United States to:a high-challenge space engineering intiative

comparable to Apollo. As the resources and manpower requirements for

shutt:e development phase down, we will have the flexibility to give

greater attention to new space application': and exploration, continue

programs at present levels or contract them. To meet the objectives

specifivd . above, an adequate Federal budget commitment will be made.

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SPACE APPLICATIONS 

As a part of his overall review and in accordance with his desire

to increase emphasis on uses of space for a • wide variety of

practical and economic benefits the President made the following

decisions:

Remote Sensing Systems. Since 1972 the United States has conducted experimental civil remote sensing through LANDSAT satellites. There are many successful applications and users, including

Federal departments, other nations, a number of states. and a

growing number of commercial organizations. The United States

will continue to provide data from the developmental LANDSAT

program for all classes of users. Operational uses of data from

the experimental system will continue to be made by public,

private, and international users. Specific details and configurations of the LANDSAT system and its management and organizational

factors will evolve over the next several years to arrive at the

appropriate technology mix, test organizational arrangements, and

develop the potential to involve the private sector.

Integrated Remote Sensing System. A comprehensive plan covering

expected technical, programmatic, private sector, and institutional

arrangements for remote sensing will be explored. NASA will

chair an interagency task force to examine options for integrating

current and future systems into an integrated national system.

Emphasis will be placed on defining and meeting user requirements.

This task force will complete its review prior to the FY 1981

budget cycle.

Weather Satellites. Separate operational requirements for

meteorological data over the past two decades have led to separate

Defense and Commerce's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA) weather satellites. The Defense community, NASA, and NOAA

will conduct a review of meteorological satellite programs to

determine the degree to which these programs might be consolidated

in the 1980s and the extent to which separate programs supporting

specialized defense needs should be maintained. The possibility

of integrated systems for ocean observations from space will also

be examined.

The Private Sector. Along with other appropriate agencies, NASA

and Commerce will prepare a plan of action on how to encourage

private investment and direct participation in civil remote

sensing systems. NASA and COmmerce will be the contacts for the

private sector on this matter and will analyze proposals received

before submitting to the Policy Review Committee (Space) for

consideration and action.

Communications Satellite R&D. United States leadership in communications satellite systems will be supported by NASA. Selected

technological opportunities to provide better frequency and orbit

utilization and other longer-term opportunities will be pursued.

Communications Satellite Services. Some areas of communications

services--such as educational and health services and basic

communications services for remote areas--involve low-volume and

intermittent use and have evidenced little interest from commercial satellite operators. The Department of Commerce's National

Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) will

assist in market aggregation, technology transfer, and possible

development of domestic and international public satellite

services. This direction is intended to stimulate the aggregation

of the public service market drawing on the technology that is

already in existence. The Agency for International Development

and Interior will work with NTIA in translating domestic experience in public service programs into potential programs for

lesser-developed countries and the remote territories.

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Future Applications and Economic Activity. It is too early to

make a commitment to the development of a satellite solar power

station or space manufacturing facility due to the uncertainty of

the technology and economic cost-benefits and environmental

concerns. There are however, very useful intermediate steps

that will allow the development and testing of key technologies

and experience in space industrial operations to be gained. The

United States will pursue en evolutionary program that is directed

toward assessing new options which will be reviewed periodically

brthe Policy Review Committee (Space). The evolutionary program

will stress science and basic technology--integrated with a

complementary ground RiD program--and will continue to evaluate

the relative costs and benefits of proposed activities.

SPACE SCIENCE AND EXPLORATION

The President reviewed the space science and planetary exploration

program and determined that the United States' priorities at any

given time will depend on the promise of the science, the availability of the particular technology, and the budgetary situation.

The United States will maintain a position of leadership in space

science and planetary exploration and will:

Continue a vigorous program of planetary exploration to

unde,stand the origin and evolution of the solar system. The

goal in the years ahead is to continue the reconnaissance.of the

outer planets and to conduct more detailed exploration of Saturn,

its moons, and its rings; to continue comparative studies of the

neighboring planets, Venus and Mars; and to conduct reconnaissance

of comets and asteroids.

Utilize the space telescope and free-flying satellites to

usher in a new era of astronomy, as we explore interstellar

molecules, quasars, pulsars, and black holes to expand our understanding of the universe.

Develop a better understanding of the sun and its interaction with the terrestrial environment through space systems--

such as the Solar Maximum Mission and the Solar Polar Mission--

that will journey towards the sun and earth-orbiting satellites

that will measure the variation in solar output and determine the

resultant response of the earth's atmosphere.

Utilize the space shuttle and spacelab, alone and in

cooperation with other nations, to conduct basic research that

complements earth-based life science investigations and human

physiology research.

Our policy in international space cooperation will include two

basic elements: (1) to pursue the best science available regardless of national origin and expand our international planning and

coordinating effort; and (2) to seek cooperative support for

experiments-spacecraft which have been chosen on sound scientific

criteria.

INCREASED BENEFIT FOR RESOURCES EXPENDED

As a result of the President's review, decisions were made that

will increase the benefit to the United States for resources

expended.

Strategy to Utilize the Shuttle. The Administration will make

'incremental improvements in the shuttle transportation system as

they bocci= nccescary. Decisions on extending•the shuttle's stay

time in orbit and future upper stage capabilities (e.g., the

reusable space tug and orbital transfer vehicle) will be examined

in• the context of our emerging space policy goals. An interagency task force will make recommendations on what future

capabilities are needed. This task force will submit the findings

to the Policy Review Committee (Space) priot to the FT 1981

budget ernle.
-4-

.Technology Sharing. The•Policy Review Committee (Space) will

take steps to enhance technology transfer between the space

sectors. The objective will be to maximize efficient utilization

of the sectors while maintaining necessary security and current

management relationships.

BACKGROUND

Early in his Administration, the President directed a National

Security Council review of space policy. The emphasis was on

coherent space principles and national space policy and did not

deal in detail with the long-term objectives of our defense,

commercial, and civil programs. The review, completed in May

1978, resulted in a Presidential Directive that set the basic

framework for our civil space policy completed last week. The

President's May 1978 directive established a Policy Review

Committee (Space) to provide a forum for all Federal agencies in

which to advise on proposed changes to national space policy and

to provide for rapid referral of issues to the President for

decision. This Committee is chaired by the Director of the

Office of Science and Technology Policy, Frank Press. In June

1978 the President directed the Policy Review Committee (Space)

to arsess the future needs of the nation's civil space program,

and their report formed the basis for the policy'decisions outlined here

The following agencies and departments participated: The National

Aeronautics and Space. Administration; Commerce, Interior, Agriculture, Energy. State, National Science Foundation, Agency for

International Development, Defense, Director of Central Intelligence, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Arms Control and Disarmament

Agency, as well as the Domestic Policy Staff, the National Security

Council Staff, and the Office of Management and Budget.

For further information on the above, contact the Office of

Science and Technology Policy (Art Morrissey/395-5736) or the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Director of

Public Affairs (Bob Newman/755-3828).

• i