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DIRECTORATE OF SPECIAL PROJECTS 

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OFFICE OF, T!IE SECRETARYF OF THE Alit FORCE 

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Warning 

This document\ceiitains information affecting the national security of the United," 

States within the meaning of the espionage jates-,U.S.,--tOds Title 18rSections.193 

and 794.. The law prObibiteits-trensinission or tec'revelation of Its 'contents 14 

any manner to an unauthorined perten„, use in any manner pieju- 

, :dicialsto the Safety or interest Of the United States:.or for the-benefit of arty;foreegn. 

government to the detriment of ,the-United State's., 'It" is.to :be seen only by U. 3. 

"pt7sonnel e.spoCiakty indoctriiniteci 4nd auihorized.to receive -information in the 

designated c.ontro,tchannels security Must be maintained in accordance; with. 

_ regulaticuis pertaining to the designated controls. • 

Published 

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AIR FORCE SPECIAL PROJECTS PRODUCTION FACILITY HISTORY 

VOLUME II 

RESOURCES 

1 September 1976 

1111111 54 /11" m 9 S 

I 

This volume consists of 148 pages. Volume II of III Volumes 

Copy2, of 8 Copies 

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PUBLICATION REVIEW 

This report has been reviewed and is approved. 

D FOR RELEASE 

31 July 2014 

'444.47fe *CreaL, 

RI HARD E. McLAU IN 

Lt Colonel, USAF 

Commander 

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FOREWORD 

There have been many programs, projects, and studies performed at this Facility over its 16 years 

of existence. While not all efforts resulted in success, the research and development periods did provide 

knowledge into new techniques and concepts which in many cases were later applied to the design of new 

equipment, new chemistry formulas, the automation of data extraction and analysis, etc. All tasks under 

the charter of AFSPPF were performed to: (1) provide the best possible equipment, techniques, and knowledge applicable to satellite photography, (2) ensure the processing and duplication of satellite photography 

are of the highest possible quality, (3) process, duplicate, and distribute this photography to the designated 

users, (4) analytically assess satellite camera system performance, and (5) conduct mission-related 

research and development. 

Throughout the years these efforts and achievements have been accomplished because of the priorities 

afforded this organization at the Secretary of the Air Force level to attain resources. AFSPPF capabilities 

expanded as the volume of work; complexity of new equipment, film, and chemistry; and the technical 

ingenuity and impact of assigned scientific personnel increased. The top priority given AFSPPF improved 

the following aspects of operation: (1) special category manning (SPECAT meaning 100 percent selective 

manning) and controlled tours of personnel assignments, (2) types and quantity of equipment, (3) amount and 

means of funding (assigned BRICK-BAT Category which signifies Presidential approval), (4) plant facilities, (5) 

approval and extent of contractor assistance, (6) refinements of operation including automation, environmentally controlled work and storage areas, self sufficient power and maintenance, etc. , (7) storage and 

supply channels (given the highest priority to utilize or occupy facilities on Westover AFB), and (8) 

physical plant and classified mission security. 

The reputation of this Facility grew with its resources and proven ability to accomplish the assigned 

mission requirements of processing and duplication, imagery data extraction and analysis, and report 

preparation and reproduction in a time responsive and qualitative manner. 

Volume II addresses the evolution of attaining the human and plant resources, a summary of the 

equipment at AFSPPF's peak operational capability, and the relationship and contributions jointly developed 

by contractors and the Facility's research and development engineers. 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

TITLE PAGE 

Page 

i 

PUBLICATION REVIEW 

FOREWORD 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

DISTRIBUTION 

SECTION I - HUMAN 

SECTION II - CONTRACTORS 

SECTION III - EQUIPMENT 

SECTION IV - PLANT 

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DISTRIBUTION 

Organization 

For 

Attention of 

Copy 

Number 

SAFSS - Col L. C. Butt 1, 2 

SAFSP-2 - Col D. P. Parrish 3, 4, 5, 6 

Central Intelligence Agency/OD&E 7 

National Photographic Interpretation Center - J. Hicks 8 

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SECTION I 

HUMAN 

Over the years, the Facility's human resources have grown both in terms of numbers and quality. The 

quantitative growth was dramatic in the first few years as the organization was being established and the 

Facility mission defined. The manning was stable in the mid 1960s; however, it increased again in the 

latter part of the 1960s thru the early 1970s to meet new mission requirements. As the number of personnel 

increased, the Facility was also establishing a uniquely qualified staff to handle the significantly expanding 

technical and production scope of our mission. The development of this staff and the identification and 

selection of individuals for assignment to the Facility involved the establishment of a manpower management 

system. This section describes the evolution of this system and discusses the quantitative and qualitative 

growth of the human resources. Table 1-1 presents a summary of authorized manning from 1967-1976. 

From the outset, the Facility enjoyed a very high priority for obtaining personnel. Secretary of the 

Air Force Order 116.2 specified that the original manning for the Facility (AFSPPL) was to be taken from 

the 8 Reconnaissance Technical Squadron (RTS). The 8RTS was to remain as a separate unit within the 

same building (P-1900) with AFSPPL having priority over all resources until a detailed plan could be 

approved by the Secretary of the Air Force. 

Until the plan outlining the actual transfer of spaces and manpower, 65 personnel (7 officers and 58 

enlisted) of the 8RTS were assigned on 45 days temporary duty to the Facility. Each of these individuals 

was personally selected by the newly appointed Commander, Lt Colonel Harold Z. Ohlmeyer. With the 

approval and publication of the Appendix I, entitled "Product Development System," to the SAMOS Development Plan, the organization, function, and manning of the Facility were officially approved by the Secretary 

of the Air Force. 

The original authorized structure included the 65 positions from the 8RTS, and the Commander's 

position which was authorized at the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force level. This complement, 

consisting mainly of photo processing personnel, was tasked with the processing and duplication of SAMOS 

material. 

The Facility manning was initially administered by the 1132 Special Activities Group in coordination 

with the USAF Deputy Chief of Staff/Personnel. The officers and airmen were placed on stabilized tours 

with assignment deferment status. Assignment actions were processed through the parent Air Force 

Systems Command. 

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By the summer of 1961, the unit was authorized 74 spaces. The increase in authorization was due to 

the establishment of a photographic research and development function. Before the end of 1961, the strength 

figures had grown to 100. There was an increase of 38 spaces in 1962. The Facility manning doubled to 

276 slots in 1963 as the result of being tasked for the duplication of CORONA missions. With this manning, 

the Facility was supporting the functions of RD, Administration, Logistics, and round-the-clock photographic 

lab production. 

The manpower procedures and the tour stability remained relatively unchanged until December 1964. 

In 1965 and 1966 a great many of the Facility's experienced photo processing and maintenance technicians, 

who had been assigned to this unit in excess of four years, were reassigned to support the Southeast Asian 

commitment. When the Facility began having difficulty in obtaining qualified replacements, action was 

taken in 1967 to secure special category (SPECAT) manning. Although manpower actions were still 

forwarded to AFSC, the SPECAT status enabled the Facility to exercise one of the highest manning priorities 

within the Ai: Force. Also as a SPECAT unit, the Facility was to be manned at 100%. 

On 1 January 1970, the Directorate of Civil Engineering was formed and the unit strength increased 

to 299. 

The Facility reached its peak in authorized strength the following summer when 10 additional spaces 

were authorized. Six of these spaces were acquired for the Directorate of Evaluation to meet increased 

workloads brought about by the introduction of the HEXAGON System, while the other four were allotted 

to the Directorate of Civil Engineering. The engineering spaces were acquired because of increased workload due to the need to operate and maintain an Industrial Waste Treatment Plant and a Water Storage and 

Pumping Facility. 

In early 1971, the Selected Assignments Branch of the Military Personnel Center (MPC) at Randolph 

AFB Texas assumed the responsibility for manning the Facility's enlisted positions. Under this system, 

the Facility dealt directly with MPC and all assignments were handled on an individual basis. Records of 

candidates for each position were thoroughly screened by both MPC and by the Facility. This system, 

coupled with implementation of procedures through MPC to ensure all newly assigned personnel were 

completely processed for Special Security Investigation Required (SSIR) clearability prior to arrival at 

Westover, greatly improved the Facility's personnel management. Under these procedures, the Facility 

not only received the best qualified enlisted personnel available but also was able to put them to work 

immediately after arrival. 

Since 1967, assignments have been made by selective manning of the officers through a single point of 

contact at MPC. However by the early 1970s, the identification and selection process had become much 

more refined. This new process included: (1) exhaustive review of available USAF resources using the 

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MPC computer, (2) visiting ROTC units at certain technical schools, and (3) interviewing AFIT graduate 

students for assignment. The Facility established a system whereby students in the Rochester Institute 

of Technology (RIT)/Training with Industry (EK) Program could be identified, selected, and cleared prior 

to assignment. 

Equally significant to the increase in manpower has been the improvement in the calibre of the personnel. 

By 1972, the Facility had assembled a staff uniquely qualified to support the photo programs of the National 

Reconnaissance Program. These qualitative improvements were made possible by the establishment of a 

close working relationship with SAFSS, SAFSP, and MPC. 

The following is a chronology outlining these manpower trends by functional area. 

DIRECTORATE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

Lt Colonel L. Williams arrived from the Aerial Reconnaissance Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB 

Ohio in April of 1961 to direct the newly established research and development function. From an 

original complement of four personnel (three officers and one civilian), he expanded his staff to ten. 

The assigned officers had primarily photographic backgrounds, while the civilians hired during 1962 and 

1963 generally were physical scientists. This scientific staff was augmented by experienced enlisted 

precision photo processing technicians. 

Many new programs were initiated to improve the Facility's operational capability and to advance the 

state-of-the-art in processing and printing technology. An AFSPPL Research and Development Evaluation 

Team was established to assist in the evaluation of the many technical proposals from industry. Initially, 

this team consisted of the Chief of the Research and Development Division, Lt Colonel Williams (Chairman); 

Major C. Schmidt, Chief of the AFSPPL Photo Laboratory; from RIT; Captain 

J. Wright from the Intelligence Laboratory at Rome Air Development Center; and Mr. W. Benz from the 

Western Air Defense Division. 

The RD staff was increased to 17 by mid 1964 because of the increase in scope of the RD mission. 

These additions included a procurement technician to monitor the growing RD budget and six enlisted 

technicians to perform test and evaluation of prototype and breadboard equipment. 

Col Williams organized a series of 12 monthly Photographic Science Seminars which were presented 

to the Facility personnel by leading technicians to provide instruction on a variety of subjects within the 

photographic field. These lectures lasted from July 1965 to June 1966 and greatly shortened the learning 

cycle of the RD physical scientists and enlisted technicians in the fundamentals of photo science. 

In the late 1980s, the RD workload increased significantly because of the complexity of the systems/ 

equipment under development and the fact that many of these items were pushing the state-of-the-art in 

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technology. In an effort to accommodate this workload, RD adopted a manpower policy of identifying 

specific AFIT students in the two year Rochester Institute of Technology and Training with Industry 

(EK) Program for assignment. Lt E. Wallace was assigned to RD in the summer of 1968. This individual 

was thoroughly versed in the theory and fundamentals of this field and his experience in working with the 

prime photographic processing contractor for satellite reconnaissance proved invaluable. 

After 1969, all the military program engineer positions were converted to E2895A, Development 

Engineer - Reconnaissance Research, and as vacancies occurred, these positions were filled by RIT 

graduates . By 1973, three of the four officer positions were being filled by individuals with this training. 

During the 1970s, RD was still dependent upon contractor consultants; however, the nature of the service 

had changed. Where once this Directorate relied on experts from industry or the academic world for 

consultation and instruction on basic photographic science, it now used consultants for assistance on 

very specific areas, e.g., Dr. R. Goldberg (DYMAT Corporation) on color chemistry; Mr. R. Swing 

(National Bureau of Standards) on optics and microdensitometry; Mr. J. Finley (EIKONIX) on image 

evaluation, etc. The Facility's relationship to contractors is covered in Section U of this volume. 

DIRECTORATE OF EVALUATION 

The image evaluation function originally was established under the Directorate of Research and 

Development. The original evaluation staff consisted of photo intelligence officers and enlisted photointerpreters. The function as initially performed was dependent upon contract consultants and was performed 

without automatic data processing support. In June 1964, an IBM 1620/1710 System was installed and 

Lt J. Hilten, an RD mathematician; Mr. P. Johnson, a civilian mathematician; and two enlisted computer 

programmers were assigned to support the analytical data processing function. As the evaluation function 

grew and more image analysis software and data handling techniques were developed, the data processing 

capability was upgraded. The first upgrade was an IBM 360/30 in June 1966 and the second the installation 

of an IBM 360/40 in September 1970. In order to accomplish the expanding time responsive mission, it 

became essential to increase the computer staff. In 1966, this increase went from four to six and in July 

1971 from six to ten. Data extraction and mensuration continued to be performed by photointerpreters 

and photo processing technicians. The major portion of the mensuration procedures, machine calibration 

techniques, and analytical software was originally accomplished under contract by the Information Technology 

Corporation (later renamed the EIKONIX Corporation). 

Two major factors caused a revaluation of the policy of heavy dependence upon contractors for innovative 

thinking and scientific development in the evaluation field. The first factor was the desire of the Commander 

at that time, Colonel Swofford, to establish an independent and technically competent imagery evaluation 

staff within the Facility. The second was the selection of this organization to become technically involved 
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with the HEXAGON System in pre and postflight analysis of imagery quality. This was the first tasking 

of this type assigned to this Directorate. In the past the Evaluation personnel had strictly fulfilled the 

role of supporting the post mission analysis of the GAMBIT and CORONA Systems. As an initial step in 

establishing this capability, EV set up manning document positions for photo scientists and looked to the 

Rochester Institute of Technology, the University of Arizona, and SAFSP for graduate photo scientists. 

From the two year RIT/Training with Industry Program, EV recruited a photo scientist officer named 

Captain S. Noland to replace one of the departing photo intelligence officers. Upon his arrival, this individual 

was designated Chief of the Technical Analysis Division and the HEXAGON project engineer. Due to the 

deep involvement in all aspects of analytically characterizing the HEXAGON System, the Directorate 

requested a manpower increase. The request included a requirement for two additional photo scientist 

positions. This portion of the request was approved and the two positions filled by RIT graduates (Major 

M. Pollard and Captain J. Lopez) in the summer of 1971. 

With the assignment of these two officers, the Technical Analysis Division was reorganized. Major 

Pollard outranked Captain Noland and was assigned as Chief of the Analysis Division. With this 

resource of photo scientists, one was assigned as system project officer for the GAMBIT Program and 

Capt Noland remained as the HEXAGON project engineer. The project officer functioned as the single 

point of contact with the Program Office Chairman and was responsible for becoming thoroughly familiar 

with all facets of his assigned reconnaissance satellite sensor subsystem. He was also responsible for 

designing tests and evaluating test data for his system. 

Concurrently with the upgrade of the photo science staff, the Evaluation Directorate took action to 

improve the programming/systems analysis staff. Also included in the 1971 manpower increase was a 

position for a Computer Systems Analyst/Programmer. To secure the best qualified officer for this 

position, officers completing AFIT training in the computer science field at Rensselaer Polytechnic 

Institute (RPI) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) were interviewed. Captain W. Jackson 

of RPI was selected. This addition gave the Data Division three highly qualified officers to accomplish the 

development and maintenance of software systems that were constantly being updated and expanded to meet 

the needs of HEXAGON and GAMBIT performance analysis. 

By early 1972, the goals of establishing a military scientific and technical staff to perform image 

analysis on operational reconnaissance systems and developing an in-house computer systems analysis 

capability, for the most part independent of contractor software development, had been achieved. 

DIRECTORATE OF PRODUCTION 

The production function was originally called the Operations Division. The Operations Division was 

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divided into the Processing and Shipping Branches. Four administrative personnel were assigned to the 

Shipping function while the remainder of the personnel were directly engaged in processing and duplication 

of the photo imagery reproduction mission. 

As aforementioned, the entire Division was assigned to the Facility from the 8RTS. All of the enlisted 

personnel were screened and hand-picked. Two company grade photo laboratory officers (Captains 

W. Anderson and F. Battey) were recruited and assigned to fill the two Shift Chief vacancies. 

Although the laboratory only handled one SAMOS mission, the Facility was involved in duplicating various 

aircraft reconnaissance imagery. These requirements were cyclical and had varying suspenses from 

"immediate turn around" (Cuban Crisis) to "as soon as possible" (Cambridge Research Laboratory support). 

This method of operation was successful as long as the tasking was intermittent. However, when the 

Facility assumed the mission of duplicating Priority 3 and Priority 4 requirements from each CORONA 

mission, it became apparent that this size work force was inadequate to sustain round-the-clock operational 

support. 

Therefore in 1963, to allow for a 24-hour per day operation, the manning of this function was approximately doubled. There were usually two ways that these newly created positions were filled. Individuals 

selected for the senior noncommissioned officer positions were usually recommended by the organization's 

permanent party personnel. These experienced technicians were normally reassigned to this Facility upon 

completion of an overseas tour. The junior grade technicians were assigned through normal personnel 

action or obtained directly from the Basic Photo Processing School at Lowry AFB Colorado. In the latter 

case, a representative from this organization visited the school and interviewed candidates. In addition to 

the face-to-face contact, a review was made of the individual's personal history form. Selection was then 

made based upon class standing, apparent qualification for background clearance, and an overall impression 

of his maturity, stability, and personal desire. 

Prior to 1963, the quality control function had been performed by photo processing technicians who had 

either demonstrated an aptitude for chemical analysis, sensitometry, etc. or was assigned to personnel who 

had performed this type function in other units. However, because of the great scientific advancements in 

quality control, it was decided to man these chemical analysis/quality control positions with graduate 

chemists. Rather than create additional officer positions, the Division researched and requisitioned enlisted 

personnel who had graduate degrees. These Engineering/Scientific Assistants were identified either from 

other Air Force Systems Command units or were selected directly from basic training at Lackland AFB 

Texas. The chemists were invaluable in establishing mission support quality control procedures especially 

during the growth period of the mid to late 1960s. 

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In addition to the increased demands for more scientific quality control techniques, the Facility also 

realized the need for a more efficient process control system to improve the production flow and to ensure 

customer requirements were being accurately satisfied. A study was made and the decision reached to 

install a computer which would provide centralized control over the process. In February 1967, an IBM 

1130 Computer was installed to provide an automated production and management control system. The 

system was expanded with the addition of the IBM 1800 Process Monitoring System in November 1968. 

Originally, these computers were programmed by a staff of three and operated by photo processing technicians. However with the increased workload resulting from the production of HEXAGON imagery, a request 

was approved to expand the programming staff to include an additional Computer System Analyst position. 

Also, three of the photo processing slots were converted to enlisted programmers while the remaining three 

were converted to computer operator positions. To fill the computer systems analyst position, the Facility 

again looked to the university campus. In July 1971, Lt J. Hill, an AFIT graduate, from RPI arrived. He 

was selected not only because of his academic credentials but also due to the fact that he had actual experience 

with the IBM 1800 System. 

The assignment of trained computer personnel greatly reduced the dependence on contractor software 

assistance, increased system reliability, allowed the completion of software documentation, and expanded 

the capability of the production control system. 

DIRECTORATE OF LOGISTICS 

Of the original 66 people assigned in January 1961, there were only three photo maintenance and two 

supply personnel. However within a few months, this function was augmented with the assignment of two 

civilians, a GS-12 and a GS-9. These individuals, while being physically located at Westover AFB, did 

not appear on the Facility manning document but were assigned against slots at the Sacramento Air Materiel 

Area of the Air Materiel Command (now AFLC). These two personnel were assigned to establish an 

independent supply account for the unit. They established a mechanized account (RAMAC) which was remote 

from Sacramento. This account was maintained by transmitting transactions via AUTODIN to Sacramento. 

Once the arrival of the equipment and spare parts started in late 1961, the Air Materiel Command increased 

the manning by loaning four personnel to assist in handling the increased supply/purchasing activity. 

During 1962, the supply staff ordered film and chemicals through Base Procurement. Standard Air 

Force stock listed items were ordered through the Sacramento Depot while nonstandard items were purchased 

locally. Although the Facility had been receiving excellent support from the four personnel on loan from 

the Air Materiel Command, it was decided and approval granted to convert the positions to permanent 

party and pick the slots up on the unit manning document. The GS-12 and GS-9 civilian positions were 

converted to an officer and an NCO, and the total manning was increased by one. 

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During the same time frame, the maintenance function was also being expanded. The manning for 

this area came from three sources: the 8RTS, the Westover AFB Civil Engineering Squadron, and from 

USAF world-wide resources. Up until 30 June 1963, while both the 8RTS and the Facility occupied 

Building P-1900, the maintenance staffs of both organizations often supported each other. 

By mid 1962, the Maintenance Division consisted of the following branches: Photographic Maintenance, 

Electronics Maintenance, and Utilities. The Photo Maintenance Branch consisted of 10 personnel who were 

responsible for maintaining the photographic and evaluation equipment and the chemical support system. 

At this point in time, there were not many pieces of electronics equipment in this organization, so the 

three electronics repairmen assigned to the Electronics Maintenance Branch were used primarily to support 

the 8RTS systems. The Utilities Branch, originally consisting of one electrician, was soon expanded to 

include a carpenter, a plumber, and a general mechanic. This Branch was very active in assisting in the 

installation and modification of equipment and in performing building maintenance and minor construction. 

Several very significant developments occurred during 1963 which led to a revaluation of the manning 

levels in the Maintenance Division. First and foremost was the requirement for round-the-clock maintenance 

support to accomplish the task of CORONA duplication; and secondly, the organization received numerous new 

generation processors, printers, and pieces of evaluation equipment. This equipment was more sophisticated 

and required considerably more upkeep. In addition to the introduction of this state-of-the-art equipment, 

the actual number of equipment items doubled since mid 1961. In the electronics area, several new 

electronics systems such as the closed circuit TV Monitor System, the Environmental Control System, and 

the microdensitometers were installed. Due to this increase in mission scope, the Maintenance Division 

was enlarged to 28 personnel. The authorized staff was now Photographic Maintenance (16), Electronics 

Maintenance (5), and Utilities (7). In the early 1970s, both the maintenance and the supply responsibilities 

increased as the unit was assigned more NRO tasks. The spiralling number of supply line items required 

substantially more warehouse space, thus more personnel to maintain these areas. The number and types of 

equipment requiring either electronic or photographic maintenance also significantly increased. To satisfy 

the supply requirements and maintenance support, the Logistics Directorate grew to a peak force of 48 in 

1971. The number was reduced to 42 with the transfer of the Utilities Division to the Directorate of Civil 

Engineering in the fall of 1972. 

DIRECTORATE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 

This civil engineering function went from total dependence on base support in the early 1960s to virtually 

complete self sufficiency in approximately 10 years. 

In the 1961-1963 time frame, the maintenance of Building P-1900 was provided on an on-call basis by 

the 814th Base Civil Engineers. A civil engineering officer's position was authorized in 1962 and assigned 

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to the Directorate of Research and Development. Having no civil engineering staff, his primary duty was 

to plan and program all Facility construction projects and modifications. 

In ]ate 1963 because of the increase in refrigeration equipment which provided environmental control 

for the precision processors, the Base Civil Engineering Squadron assigned a 15-man air conditioning and 

refrigeration section to this organization. This temporary duty unit was physically located in P-1900 and 

performed round-the-clock support on a seven day week work schedule. This procedure worked satisfactorily 

up to early 1968 when the sophistication of the equipment and environmental areas, plus the change in the 

base policy (only breakdown maintenance), took place. These events resulted in the Facility initiating 

action to establish an organic civil engineering capability. 

In January 1969, a manpower change request was submitted through channels for 36 spaces to man this 

function. Upon approval of this request on 1 July 1969, one officer and one airman position were internally 

reassigned from within the organization; 15 spaces (5 airmen and 10 civilians) were transferred directly 

from SAC (Westover AFB); 10 Air Police positions (base operating support spaces) were returned by AFSPPF 

to SAC for application against this requirement. The other 9 spaces (5 airmen and 4 civilians) were provided 

by the USAF personnel assignment office (AFOMO). 

The Directorate of Civil Engineering was formally established 1 January 1970 with a staff which 

included: 1 officer, 1 senior NCO, 1 draftsman, and 17 refrigeration, 13 Power Production and 5 Water 

and Waste spaces. The Directorate strength was further increased with the transfer of the Utilities 

function from the Logistics Directorate in 1972. With this addition the Directorate manning reached its 

pinnacle of 46 personnel. 

Over the two and one-half years of Facility phasedown, the engineering manning was reduced more 

gradually than any other Directorate due to the continued requirement for utilities and because of the need 

to maintain the real property assets throughout this period. Civil Engineering bore the responsibility 

of preparing the Facility's real property for turnover. 

The history of the evolution and growth of human resources would not be complete without a short 

resume of each Commander. For throughout the existence of this Facility it has been the Commander and 

his "hand-picked" staff who provided the leadership and management which resulted in the major mission 

and research and development achievements attained by this organization. 

The first Commander, Harold Z. Ohlmeyer (Figure 1-1), was assigned as a Lt Colonel from the 8RTS 

where he had served as Commander for three years. He was the Facility Commander from 16 September 

1960 until 18 July 1968, and was promoted to the rank of Colonel on 7 March 1961. This period was one of 

struggle as well as one of growth and development of a capability to accomplish the assigned mission. 

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COLONEL HAROLD Z . OHLMEYER 

COMMANDER 1960 - 1968 

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Colonel Ohlmeyer was continually faced with opposition from Hqs 8AF, Hqs Strategic Air Command, and 

WAFB. The opposition was based on the fact that this organization's initial manning, plant, and equipment 

were taken from SAC resources. The Facility was constantly assigned more mission tasks which compounded 

this sensitive situation as it also required additional space, administrative, finance and maintenance support 

from Base assets. Under Colonel Ohlmeyer's leadership, AFSPPF grew in physical dimension, personnel, 

and equipment but most of all in technical and production capability to accomplish support for the GAMBIT 

and HEXAGON Programs. In 1965 with the ever increasing work volume and number of assigned personnel, 

Colonel Ohlmeyer expanded and aligned the organizational structure by each major functional area. This 

structure remained in effect until the transfer of the Evaluation Directorate in the summer of 1975. Colonel 

Ohlmeyer retired from the Air Force on 27 August 1988. 

Colonel Ralph J. Swofford (Figure 1-2) was assigned to AFSPPF from 13RTS where he commanded 

that PACAF organization. After serving as Vice Commander of this Facility from 23 June 1987, Colonel 

Swofford assumed the position as Commander on 18 July 1968. Colonel Swofford's background in the photo 

intelligence field, command experience, knowledge of the current reconnaissance programs, and driving 

personality totally characterized AFSPPF during this period. Colonel Swofford took every opportunity to 

make known the capability that existed in AFSPPF and closely correlated Facility activities with related 

efforts under way or planned within the national reconnaissance community. It was due mainly to his 

efforts that AFSPPF: (1) was allowed to demonstrate its original negative processing capability of 

CORONA and GAMBIT missions; (2) developed a closed-loop procedure for evaluation of HEXAGON system 

performance from camera assembly through postflight analysis; and (3) initiated the personnel action 

required to have more technical/scientific personnel assigned. Colonel Swofford was reassigned to the 

Air Staff, Intelligence, at the Pentagon on 31 July 1970. 

Lt Colonel William E. Callanan (Figure 1-3) was selected as the next Commander. He reported to 

AFSPPF from the 432RTS, where he commanded that Thailand based organization, on 28 July 1968 and 

filled the position of Director of Evaluation. He was promoted to full Colonel on 1 August 1988. On 

1 February 1969 he assumed the post of Vice Commander and officially became Commander on 15 July 1970 

with the reassignment of Colonel Swofford. He served in this position until his retirement from the Air 

Force on 1 August 1973. These years were marked by the most significant accomplishments achieved by 

this organization. Although much of the planning had been started or accomplished to support advanced 

RD programs, new mission requirements (HEXAGON), the changeover to more technical personnel 

(scientists, chemists, data programmers/analysts), and a new staff management concept, it was under his 

administration that these goals were reached. He introduced many other new ideas and policies, i.e., 

departing from the practice of only sole-source contract bidding, supporting the development of new 

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COLONEL RALPH J. SWOFFORD 

COMMANDER 1968 - 1970 

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COLONEL WILLIAM WILLIAM E. CALLANAN 

COMMANDER 1970 - 1973 

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generation microanalyzers for mission data extraction, planning for a color photo reproduction facility, 

etc. It was also during Colonel Callanan's command that the decision was reached to change Westover 

Air Force Base from an active duty installation of the Strategic Air Command to an Air Force Reserve 

(AFRES) Base. The plan was to reduce capabilities (Finance, Administrative, Medical/Dental, Logistics, 

Maintenance, etc.) to the level of supporting only AFRES requirements. Because of this the future of 

AFSPPF became a question. Adequacy of Base support, operating costs versus alternate approaches, the 

absolute need for an alternate processing capability in an era of stringent economy measures and new types 

of reconnaissance systems, reduction in military manning, and other considerations became a direct 

concern to the Facility's operational chain of command (Directors of SAFSP, NRO, and SAFSS). At their 

direction the Facility completed a study on 23 February 1973 of ten options for continuing the AFSPPF 

mission. The Facility recommended the following option to SAFSP (General D. D. Bradburn) and to 

SAFSS (General J. Kulpa) that AFSPPF be kept intact with substantially the same mission but that the 

manning be restructured to have Government civilians and contractors replace 85% of the military personnel. 

During the interim period while awaiting the decision on the future of the Facility, Colonel Callanan guided 

many staff studies in an attempt to retain this organization. Also during this period he was directed to 

cancel construction and real property related equipment procurement wherein savings could be realized 

while awaiting the final decision. 

On 1 August 1973, Colonel Clark E. Davison (Figure 1-4) assumed command and became involved 

immediately in the action of assessing the support AFRES could provide to this organization, identifying 

other sources of support, and developing/negotiating a host-tenant agreement in the best interest of the 

Facility and its personnel. All these actions dealt strictly with operating at the same mission level but 

receiving AFRES rather than SAC support. However on 24 October 1973, Dr. J. McLucas, Secretary of 

the Air Force, announced his decision to phase down and ultimately close AFSPPF over a period from 

April 1974 until December 1976. This drawn out closure was necessary to allow for the development of 

capabilities at other locations which had been assigned to assume the functions of this organization. Volume 

III of this history outlines the details involved in the transfer of the Research and Development, Production, 

and Evaluation functions to new operating locations. It was this unenviable task which characterized 

Colonel Davison's tour as Commander. He was reassigned to Headquarters USAF, Intelligence, on 

31 July 1975. 

Two other officers filled the position as Commander during the phasedown/closure period. Lt Colonel 

Lucious C. Butt (Figure 1-5) having served as Director of Research and Development from 1 August 1974 

assumed the position as Commander on 31 July 1975. Colonel Butt's knowledge of current/past RD efforts 

and his background in satellite reconnaissance programs while serving on the Air Staff and in the Tactical 

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COLONEL CLARK CLARK E. DAVISON 

COMMANDER 1973 - 1975 

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LT COLONEL COLONEL LUCIOUS C. BUTT 

COMMANDER 1975 -. 1976 

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Air Reconnaissance Center kept this organization moving forward. Achievements during his command 

included completion of the Advanced Microcamera System and the Linear Microdensitometer (New 

Generation Microdensitometer). Although the Facility was destined for closure, Colonel Butt's concern, 

perseverance, and skill in dealing with SAFSP and SAFSS kept the community aware that AFSPPF still 

maintained extensive operational capabilities. Lt Colonel Butt was notified that he had been selected for 

promotion in December 1975. He was reassigned to the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, Space 

Systems on 1 June 1976. 

Lt Colonel Richard E. McLaughlin (Figure 1-6) assumed command of the organization on 1 June 1976 

with the departure of Colonel Butt. Colonel McLaughlin served as Director of Civil Engineering from 

29 July 1973 until 1 June 1976. In that capacity he was the civil engineering advisor in the preparation 

of the site which received the photographic processing function. This mission transferred to the 544th 

Aerospace Reconnaissance Technical Wing at Offutt AFB. Colonel McLaughlin also provided vital 

assistance in the relocation of both the Evaluation and RD functions. As the last Facility Commander 

he was responsible for the movement of the Production Directorate in October 1976, the close down 

maintenance and "pickling" of the buildings/real-property assigned to AFSPPF, and finally turned over 

these facilities to Westover AFB. This action was officially completed 1 January 1977. • 

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LT COLONEL RICHARD E. McLAUGHLIN 

COMMANDER 1976 - 1977 

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SECTION II 

CONTRACTORS 

Several contractors have made valuable contributions to the development and operation of AFSPPF. 

While AFSPPF has let contracts to over a hundred different firms for a variety of services, certain companies stand out because of the duration of the association and the long-range impact of the service rendered. 

For the purpose of clarity, these companies have been classified into the following categories: (1) Direct 

Mission Support, (2) Facility Engineering and Logistics Support, and (3) Research and Development Support. 

The key to the success of this organization's contributions and support to the NRP has been the 

interface/relationships with contractors. The four contractors that stand out as having had the most profound impact on the development and operation of this organization are Data Corporation (renamed Mead 

Technology Laboratories in 1968), Information Technology Corporation (renamed EIKONIX Corporation 

in 1971), Eastman Kodak (EK) Company, and the International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation. 

The following is a summarization of some of the major contractors who provided support to AFSPPF. 

- DIRECT MISSION SUPPORT - 

These types of contracts were involved with the development of software/hardware and techniques that 

directly contributed to mission operations. Under these contracts, the company representatives usually 

performed their work within the Facility. 

Data Corporation/Mead Technology Laboratories, Dayton, Ohio 

A. In the summer of 1962, just prior to the initial CORONA tasking, the Facility began its association 

with Mead (then Data Corporation) with the letting of the Lab Standards Contract. The purpose of this 

contract was to establish clean room techniques and standards for a precision photographic facility. This 

contract was to last for a period of ten years, and was to provide extremely valuable information on 

a wide range of subjects such as image analysis, edge analysis, microdensitometry, quality control 

equipment, and original negative evaluation. The textual data and results developed through these programs 

have been used by this Facility as well as other Government agencies within this scientific community. 

B. During the early 1960s, Mead, through its Facility contracts, was deeply involved in determining 

methods for assessing on-orbit camera system performance. One of the recommendations of the Drell 

Committee was the decision to construct ground targets to measure system resolution. After study under 

the Lab Standards Contract, Mead was awarded a separate contract to maintain and operate a ground 

target system which was named the Controlled Range Network (CORN). This network consisted of fixed 

Mil Standard (tribar) and Gray Scale Targets at specific geographical locations. In addition to the fixed 

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targets, Mead eventually was directed to supply up to nine field teams to deploy mobile targets throughout 

the United States. This company also developed and deployed three multi-sensor units and many different 

black and white and color configured targets to meet specific program requirements. Since 1963, up until 

the Visual Edge Matching (VEM) method developed by Itek was accepted, CORN provided the primary basis 

for subjective/objective measurement of resolution, smear, exposure, and granularity. Originally, AFSPPF's 

Research and Development engineers managed the contract, while the operational mission was performed by 

personnel from the Operations Division, Production Directorate. Starting in the late 1960s, personnel from 

the Evaluation Directorate took over the operations from PD and worked closely with Mead personnel headed 

by Mr. E. Ricci and later by Mr. R. Zimmerman in coordinating and scheduling target laydowns through 

telephone communications and direct teletype to the plant. From an initial expenditure of approximately 

CORN operations reached a peak of over111111 in FY 73. 

C. In addition to Lab Standards and CORN, Mead had several other major contracts with this 

organization. These included studies on color processing technology, film grain structure analysis, and 

an automated tone reproduction program. Mead also built equipment such as the sensitometric spray 

processor for black and white film which is still in use in the Facility Standards Laboratory; a sensitometric 

spray color processor which has been invaluable in the Facility's RD efforts; and the BIKINI Ink Jet Digital 

Printer which is the high speed digital printer for reconstruction of digitized imagery currently being used 

at the Foreign Technology Division and the Naval Intelligence Support Center. Mead was also responsible 

for the development of the Mann-Data microanalyzer, the first production oriented microdensitometer with 

an automatic data recording capability. This development was the basis for the evolution of the sophisticated 

ADP oriented evaluation system which characterized the Facility in later years. 

Information Technology Corporation/EIKONIX Corporation, Burlington, Massachusetts 

The initial contract with EIKONIX (then Information Technology Corporation) was let in November 1968 

for approximately In negotiating this contract, the Facility secured the services of the most 

knowledgeable and experienced scientist in the field of performance evaluation of photographic imaging 

systems, ■ From the outsetiMvorked on-site in close coordination with personnel 

of the Directorate of Evaluation. He was responsible for a great majority of the innovative techniques/ 

developments used in systems performance evaluation and image analysis. Even after the Facility 

established a staff of photo scientists and system analyst/programmers, EIKONIX continued to make 

valuable contributions by proposing new methods which were then jointly developed and tested by both 

organizations. 

A. One of the most significant contributions was the EIKONIX proposal and development of 

new designs for image evaluation targets and computer programs to reduce this target data for analytical 

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studies. In the area of target development, Mrefined the Edge Target Program by vastly 

improving the software used in data extraction. He also developed a Line Target which offered significant 

advantage over the Edge Target as an analytical tool for assessing the performance of the HEXAGON Sensor 

Subsystem. The Line Target was but one of the many tools that EIKONIX developed for HEXAGON. They 

redesigned targets and developed analytical techniques which replaced those which had been developed for 

use in the test chamber collimators during the Acceptance preflight testing phase. These modifications 

have proven invaluable for determination of smear and focus and enabled comparisons of predicted versus 

actual performance which heretofore had not been possible. 

B. EIKONIX performed research on the Viscous Dual Gamma Process. 

strated the feasibility of using a mathematical model to describe the non-linearities in the chemical diffusion 

of developer and by-products during photographic processing. The Non-Linear Model is presently employed 

in operational analysis programs. 

C. EIKONIX also developed hardware. Their Optical Power Spectrum Analyzer 

used and further developed for spectral analysis of film imagery and other applications to 

assessment at EK and the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC). 

Airborne Instruments Laboratory (AIL), Long Island, New York 

A. In the latter part of 1967 a decision was reached to upgrade the operational capabilities of the Production Directorate's Laboratory in view of the expected increases in work load due to the new HEXAGON 

Program. From 1960-1966 the inspection, printing, processing, and quality control of photographic film 

in production had been largely a manual process. This changed in early 1967 with the purchase of the IBM 

1130 Data Monitoring System which provided the status of the printing and processing production cycle and 

recorded this mission data on a display board in the Production Control Room. However with the continued 

enhancement of reconnaissance camera systems and the improvement in film capabilities, a decision was 

made to upgrade the existing IBM 1130 monitoring system with an IBM Model 1800 Process Control 

Computer in an attempt to improve the quality of the product distributed to the exploitation community. A 

two-phase system was proposed. The first phase was to program the monitoring of all process variables 

and printing functions, while the second would be the actual automatic control of the processing equipment. 

Optimally, this secondary plan would automatically control the setting of all production printers, chemical 

analysis of all batch chemistry, and the inspection of the finished imagery. 

B. Airborne Instruments Laboratory was selected to provide on-site systems analysis and engineering design of the 1800 Process Control System. This contract contained the following major tasks: 

(1) verification and improvements of software for data monitoring; (2) generation of a processing data base 

and post-mission analyses system; (3) densitometer and sensitometer data integration; (4) original negative 

processing control; (5) interfacing the 1800 with the IBM 360 and 1130 computer systems; and (6) tone 

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control curve generation. Contracts on this work lasted from October 1968 to March 1971 at a total cost 

of approximatelyM As the result, AIL provided interfacing equipment to gather data from four 

densitometer stations and two process control Quantiscan stations. They also wrote the output printing 

instructions to two printing stations. The automated production procedure operated as follows: the density 

data from the original negatives was read into the 1800 Process Control System which in turn generated the 

film printing instructions. Simultaneously, all process parameters were monitored and error alarms set 

to tolerance specifications. At set intervals during the production cycle, process control strips were read 

into the computer to monitor the processors and ensure precision control of the processing. This coordinated 

effort between AFSPPF (Captains D. Johnson and J. Trowell), AIL ■ and assistance from 

the IBM Corporation resulted in the first operationally integrated hardware/software 

processing control system. 

Fairchild Space and Defense Systems (FSDS), Long Island, New York 

A. FSDS was given a contract in November 1971 to develop a new high speed titling system which 

would be used on the HEXAGON and GAMBIT film size formats. Titling had always been a major problem 

due to the slow operation of the stamping heads utilized in the manual Unimac Titlers. The decision 

was made to develop this titler using the ink jet method of application. This effort resulted in the successful 

design and fabrication of two prototype titlers capable of automatic operation, variable speed, and different 

character size images. The instruments, utilizing the A. B. Dick Company Video Jet Titling technique, 

were scheduled to replace the Unimac Titlers and also serve as the backup to the Optical Titling System 

at EK. Although they achieved the required titling performance, and the feasibility and advantages of 

using such a system for titling both black and white and color materials were demonstrated, these prototype 

machines were difficult to maintain. With the successful development of optical titling during processing by 

EK, this program was curtailed in January 1973. It was unfortunate that this_worth of equipment 

was not further refined and put into the production cycle at AFSPPF. It then could have been an operationally 

viable titling system for all production laboratories. The men who oversaw this program were 

(FSDS), Major M. Rivera (AFSPPF), and (RADC). 

B. FSDS was awarded a contract (December 1973 thru January 1975) to design and fabricate 

a device which would provide operational calibration of the Niagara/Redondo Printer. A single photo cell, 

motor driven sensor was developed which when physically placed into the light source would record the 

intensity level of a Niagara Printer at the film plane on a digital readout meter. This irradiance sensor 

could be set to the type of film being used thus allowing a faster method of printer machine calibration. 

This device provided both premission and on-line calibration of all Niagaras/Redondos within the production 

printing area. Although still basically a manual method, it reduced the preparation time for calibrating 

the printers during premission activities from a one or two-day task using the old photographic step wedge 

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method to less than three hours. This sensor also saved valuable time in the initial alignment of the 

Actinic Butterfly Contrast Control (ABCC) which was added to the Niagara/Redondo in December 1975. 

This device developed by FSDS11111.11111nd closely monitored by AFSPPF (Major J. Johnson) and 

AFAL resulted in significantly decreasing the time required to calibrate this organization's 

production printers. 

Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC), Silver Springs, Maryland 

Because of the increase in mission volume and types of production requirements, there were constant 

modifications to the operational software utilized by the 1800 Processing Control System. By the latter 

part of 1969 when the Facility was preparing to support the production of HEXAGON imagery, these 

modifications became so complex that in-house computer resources could not provide this timely and 

sophisticated support. The Command Staff felt that it was time to hire a company which specialized in 

computer systems programming and analysis to assist in the on-site support of the Production Directorate. 

In January 1970 a contract was awarded to CSC for the design, development, documentation, delivery, and 

testing (under operational conditions) of an integrated processing control software system. The system 

was written for operational use under a multi-programming executive (MPX) system on the IBM 1800 Data 

Acquisition and Control System. This software replaced the existing time-sharing executive (TSX) process 

control system. There were three follow-on yearly contracts negotiated with CSC for further refinement 

and modification to the process control system. This effort was completed in September 1973 for the total 

amount of approximately It was through the endeavors of men likellilliCSC) and 

Mr. P. Johnson and Captain J. Hill from AFSPPF that this significant step toward the achievement of an 

automated processing control system was successful. 

Eastman Kodak (EK) Company, Rochester, New York 

A. This company, through its contracts with the NRO, has lent major support to this Facility by 

supplying films, chemicals, cans, spools, and miscellaneous photographic materials through a film and 

chemicals (F&C) contract. This type of agreement was called a "black" contract as it was controlled by 

special systems funds out of theIMIMIMIIIIIIIIIvas responsible for writing the 

contract annually, approving all orders (calls), and monitoring the expenditures against the contract. The 

earliest record of this type of contract was for FY 67. Prior to that period, these materials were purchased locally through Westover Air Force Base Procurement. The existence of this F&C Contract has 

allowed for a smooth and time responsive support pipeline. In fact a mission under production at AFSPPF 

has never been delayed due to the lack of materials. In those instances where the possibility of a work 

stoppage existed, the Logistics personnel from both EK and AFSPPF would coordinate the truck or aircraft 

delivery of the required materials within 18 to 24 hours of the request. 

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B. EK also played an important role in providing transportation for materials and equipment. The 

first problem was to establish an unclassified method of transporting support materials back and forth 

between EK and AFSPPF which would not reveal the contractual relationship of these two agencies to other 

Westover AFB organizations. As a result, three methods of transportation were devised. The first method 

was the shipment of F&C via commercial truck contracted by EK to a specific individual at Westover AFB, 

implying that it was for private use. These commercial trucks would be routed directly to the Facility and 

would have no contact at all with any other base organization. The second method was via commercial 

aircraft; this was limited to small volume high priority shipments. In this case EK would send a package 

addressed to an individual, usually the Director of Logistics, which would be picked up at Bradley International Airport. Again, no other Air Force organizations were involved. The third and most covert 

method of transportation was by trucks which were leased by an individual employed at EK, i.e., 

Chief of Transportation. These trucks were loaded and driven by cleared EK personnel, thus 

avoiding any outside involvement. 

EK provided this organization with transportation support for the movement of items other than 

those purchased under contract. Through the years equipment sent to EK for modification or repair was 

picked up and delivered in a leased EK van. The requirement for a more specialized conveyance increased 

as the equipment became more sophisticated. The concern over careful handling of this precision equipment 

led to the NRO providing EK with a specially built air-ride van in 1973. This van was used by AFSPPF 

on several occasions, i.e., in June and July 1975 it was employed to transfer the Evaluation Directorate's 

mission equipment from Westover AFB to their new operating location at the National Photographic 

Interpretation Center. In this instance, the use of this van resulted in the following advantages: (1) 

provided security, (2) the driver understood the delicate nature of the equipment (minicomputers, microdensitometers, etc.), (3) AFSPPF could properly supervise the packing, loading and unloading, and (4) 

AFSPPF was assured it was the proper type air-ride vehicle. 

In the spring of 1974 when Westover AFB was transferred from SAC to AFRES, AFSPPF lost many of 

its base support functions (Accounting & Finance, Personnel, etc. ). The closest installation able to provide 

this support was the Air Force Systems Command base at Hanscom, approximately 100 miles East of 

Westover AFB. At that time AFSPPF had one staff car which was used for courier and temporary duty 

(TDY) trips. It was soon obvious that one car could not handle these two responsibilities, plus the twice 

weekly trips to Hanscom. Action was initiated through HQ AFSC channels to procure another staff 

car. This procurement cycle normally took one year but the need for this additional transportation was 

immediate mainly due to the increased personnel actions associated with the first forced manpower reduction during phasedown. To alleviate this hardship, Colonel W. Owens (SAFSS) directed under their NRO 

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contract that EK rent a vehicle for use by AFSPPF during this interim period. This vehicle was utilized 

from July through December of 1974 when the Facility received its second Air Force staff car. The EK 

contact on this transaction wa 

C. In March 1972, EK started furnishing "spare parts" to AFSPPF through their community support 

contract with the NRO. This contract was also used for routine rehabilitation of such items as processor 

rollers, Versamat racks, etc. The EK contact was 

International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation, White Plains, New York 

Although never officially a direct support contractor due to the company policy against funded development work, many contributions were made by the IBM Corporation in the design/application of rented and 

purchased computer systems. A few IBM Managers were given an unclassified briefing on what type of 

systems software was required to satisfy mission operations. No IBM field engineer or programmer/ 

analysts ever had direct access to applications software or specific satellite reconnaissance flight data. 

This made negotiations and direct assistance to mission tasks extremely awkward; however, an understanding 

grew between IBM men like 

AFSPPF data programming experts like Captains D. Sykes, D. Watson, R. Massarini, and J. Hill which 

kept the level and scope of conversation centered solely around systems capabilities, flexibilities, and 

operator/programmer training. 

A. The first association with IBM occurred in 1964 when a 1710/1620 Computer System was 

rented to provide data collection and analytical support to the Research and Development Division. This 

system was a full scale computer which was primarily operated by program cards, although a paper tapeto-card converter was included. Data from early CORONA and GAMBIT missions was analyzed and 

reduced by the 1710/1620. This system, capability, and area were the forerunners to the mission evaluation 

data processing center developed in 1965. 

It soon became apparent that the work volume and uniqueness of the requirements needed a more 

effective, time-responsive, and scientifically oriented data processing computer system. On 13 June 1966, 

the advanced IBM 360/30 Computer with 25 pieces of component equipment was installed. There was 

skepticism about the need for this upgrade as the annual rental more than doubled to over 

However it soon became evident that the overall utilization and capability to respond to immediate on-site 

mission requirements more than justified this action. 

In September 1970 based on the predicted volume and types of requirements involved to support the 

HEXAGON Program, the 360/30 was replaced with the newer, more powerful 360/40 which utilized high 

speed disk storage units. This change took place on 24 September 1970. However, even this system with 

a core memory capacity of 256K rapidly became taxed by the volume of requirements during the first few 

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development/debugging flights of HEXAGON. Again it was recommended by IBM that we upgrade our 

system to meet the demands placed on the computer system due to AFSPPF's increasing involvement in 

the pre, post, on-orbit performance analysis and special studies of the HEXAGON reconnaissance camera 

system. In November 1972, the Facility built its maximum data processing system with the addition of 

three more tape drives and three more disk drives bringing the total to six tape and six disk drives. The 

close association between IBM technical representatives and AFSPPF staff scientists resulted in the 

successful accomplishment of the vital primary mission of the Evaluation Directorate and the support 

missions of Logistics, Administration, Research and Development, Production, and Civil Engineering. 

B. In support of the Production Directorate, an IBM 1130 System was installed in February 1967 

to monitor the photographic production cycle. As a result both time and expense were saved by the reduction 

in rejects and increased efficiency due to this automation. 

In November 1968 another Process Control System was developed using the IBM 1800, later modified 

with the System 7 (March 1973). AFSPPF was the first organization to develop this type of prototype 

system using a customized computer. The IBM 1800 Computer System could monitor 100 sensors simultaneously, perform high speed computations, and produce recommendations for processing changes and 

printing instructions. Eventually, the production laboratory was completely monitored by this system. 

C. An example of how important and profitable the interplay with IBM personnel and the military 

became is the development of the Ferranti-Packard Display. IBM was briefed on the problem of displaying 

the status of as many as 1,200 individual film units during a mission. Printouts, blackboards, and grease 

pencil boards were all in use, but much time was lost and there were unacceptable delays and errors in 

posting. IBM arranged a tour of the American Stock Exchange for key people to see a new method for 

posting stock prices on the exchange floor being developed by Ferranti-Packard of Canada. With IBM's 

help a high speed display board was developed to portray the status of all film units in current production. 

The display was driven by the Facility owned IBM 1130 Production Monitor using interfacing and programming 

developed by IBM. 

All these system developments were unique and major advances in IBM's opinion. In fact, like several 

other computer developments at AFSPPF, it was difficult to quell IBM's desire to advertise these accomplishments. 

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- FACILITY ENGINEERING AND LOGISTICS SUPPORT - 

These types of contracts were involved with the various Facility construction projects and the installation 

and maintenance of equipment in Buildings P-1900 and P-1875. 

Eastman Kodak (EK) Company, Rochester, New York 

When reviewing the history of this Facility one Will find that the major contributor to the success of 

the production function was the Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York. Operating under the 

direction of the Configuration Control Board (CCB), EK developed, designed, and built most of the processing, printing, and inspection/viewing machines used at AFSPPF. EK developed much of this equipment 

under the CCB's Project Authorization Request (PAR) Program to meet urgent national objectives as new 

satellite reconnaissance systems evolved. From the very beginning the NRO sought to keep AFSPPF's 

capability compatible with EK's in the event of a catastrophe, strike, or inadvertent breach of national 

security which would result in closing the photographic printing, processing, and reproduction at EK. Due 

to the technical expertise at AFSPPF and EK many original designs were briefed to the CCB. The CCB would 

then direct what action should be taken, if any, and approve funds for continued development/manufacture/ 

modification by either or in some cases both organizations. This resulted in healthy competition which led 

to improvements in operational production equipment and techniques. 

A. In the 1960-1961 era the first production equipment was installed at AFSPPF to print and 

process film from the SAMOS system. The majority of this initial processing machinery was developed and 

made by the Houston Fearless Company. The Eltron, which was manufactured by EK, was used to process 

original negative requirements. SAMOS was a photo-electronic satellite system which produced two 35mm 

film records for processing. After development, the 35mm strips had to be registered and reassembled 

onto a 9.5 inch format. EK designed and built the Reassembly Printer for this transfer task. Unfortunately 

this equipment received very little use as the image quality of the SAMOS system was so poor that future 

launches of this satellite system were cancelled in July 1963. 

B. The Trenton Spray Processor was the first major piece of EK production equipment delivered 

to AFSPPF. This became the work horse in accomplishing CORONA Program duplication requirements in 

1963. In 1964, the Trenton was augmented by the new Dalton Spray Processor also built by EK. These 

processors could handle any film size from 35mm to 9.5 inches and were high speed (60 feet/minute) spray, 

precision machines. By 1966, three Daltons had been installed and were operational at AFSPPF and three 

at Eastman Kodak. The total duplication processing capability of these processors was approximately 

400,000 feet per day. 

C. High speed continuous duplicate printing was done almost exclusively on EK printers. EK 

frequently upgraded their equipment to meet a unique requirement or change in a film/processing combination. 

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Once this change was approved by the NRO/CCB, EK would start fabrication and/or make the modifications 

to the equipment at AFSPPF. EK produced a whole series of continuous black and white printers such as 

the Cadillac, Belair, Concord, and finally in 1963 the Niagara Continuous Contact Printer. AFSPPF built 

their printing capability to a peak in 1972 with the operation of nine Niagara Printers. Eventually, this 

printer was modified and renamed the Niagara/Redondo or simply the Redondo. This modification took 

place in late 1972 and was made because of a new higher resolution duplication stock (S0-192) which 

required a more intense light source. 

D. EK designed and fabricated most of the peripheral equipment used in the film production at 

AFSPPF. Inspection/viewing tables, tillers, cleaner-waxers, splicers, and densitometry stations were 

primarily EK products. They produced the I-B Sensitometer which was used for monitoring the precision 

control of the printers and processor through the generation of step tablets. EK also developed many 

pieces of specialized equipment, i.e., the 10-20-40 Enlarger used to produce high quality enlargements of 

mission imagery for the Performance Evaluation and Post Flight Analysis Reports produced by AFSPPF. 

E. A highly sophisticated print system developed by EK was delivered to AFSPPF in 1975. This 

system was called the Cayuga Printer System and was the result of several PAR efforts and development 

studies by AFSPPF and EK. Both organizations had worked for years toward a system which would scan 

the original film and print duplicates according to optimized control limits. AFSPPF had opted for a flying 

spot scanner while EK preferred fixed arrays of photodiodes. The EK concept was approved and the 

Cayuga produced with the EK scanner and a modulated light source. 

F. In late 1969 thru 1973 one of the biggest questions being addressed was what, if any, was the 

value of color satellite photography? A Color Task Force (CTF) was formed by the Deputy Director of the 

NRO to perform an investigation into the uses of color in the NRP. Up to this time Color Film Types SO-242 

and SO-255 and Camouflage Detection Film SO-180 (all developed by EK) had been flown experimentally in 

CORONA, GAMBIT, and HEXAGON Systems and processed at EK. To prepare for processing color material 

at AFSPPF the 1411 Color Versamat Processor was installed in June 1966. This machine was replaced by 

two EK 1811 Color Versamat Processors which arrived at the Facility in August 1969 and were used to 

process some of the HEXAGON Acceptance test material. Other continuous color printers evolved from 

EK such as the Seneca, Colorado and the Rainbow and all were delivered to AFSPPF. However as the 

decision was made to fly only small amounts of color film, the majority of this equipment was used primarily 

for training. 

G. Not only did EK supply the equipment, films, chemistry, and support systems used in production, but they also played a major role in the training and maturation of AFSPPF personnel. Several 

reconnaissance engineering officers who were assigned tours at AFSPPF were indoctrinated on new photographic duplication equipment, processes, and systems through their one year schooling with EK. 

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H. AFSPPF conducted a research program at the direction of Navy Captain Robert Koch, SAFSS, 

into the feasibility of providing wider exposure latitude in original negative processing. He suggested a 

controllable gamma system where high gamma at lower densities would gradually become low gamma for 

the very high densities. A contract was let to Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California, to 

determine if a spray processing chemistry could be developed to produce these effects. The program was 

successful and a wide range of controllability was demonstrated. In parallel with this effort, the CCB 

encouraged EK to pursue a similar study. EK also developed a viscous development methodology with 

equal capabilities. Their process was called "Dual Gamma" because two distinct gamma regions were 

evident. At first this system was promoted as meeting the control requirements, requiring less chemistry. 

and being more stable. However with more testing, a significant increase in adjacency effects was noted 

which the interpreters and photo analysts felt was of intelligence value. This was one of the major factors 

which led to the adoption of viscous processing while the Dual Gamma concept then became of secondary 

interest. EK built and installed three viscous Yardley Processors at their BRIDGEHEAD processing 

facility. The Fultron was made by EK for viscous development and could be used for producing original 

negatives or duplicate positives. Several Fultrons were installed at EK, and one at AFSPPF in addition 

to a modified Trenton for viscous original processing. However, the Fultron proved to be troublesome to 

AFSPPF as it was dryer-limited and would come off-line for the least little problem. Although an original 

GAMBIT mission was successfully processed using the Fultron in January 1973, it was decided to replace 

it with a second viscous Trenton Processor in 1974. During 1973 the Dalton Processors at EK were 

modified from spray to viscous for duplication work. Three complete modification kits were 

provided AFSPPF for their Daltons to enable viscous duplication. However, these modifications were 

never made due to the announced closure of the Facility. The kits were subsequently turned into the 

National Emergency Reserve (NER) in early 1975. 

I. There have been numerous key personnel during the 16 year association with EK starting with 

Mr. E. Green, the first director of EK's satellite production laboratory and his successor, Mr. R. Koch. 

Other personnel who provided/coordinated support with AFSPPF were: Mr. D. Schoessler, 

Mr. R. Stowe, Mr. J. Alkofer, 

Houston Fearless (HF) Corporation/CinTel Corporation, Los Angeles, California 

Houston Fearless whose name changed to CinTel in 1973 was the first major contractor to provide 

production equipment to AFSPPF. Most of the processing machinery used by the 8RTS Laboratory prior 

to the establishment of this Facility was manufactured by HF. 

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A. Due to the limited amount of time left to prepare for supporting the SAMOS Program, AFSPPF 

asked Houston Fearless to improve existing or develop new processors on a "crash basis." HF was awarded 

a contract in 1960 to design, manufacture, install, and evaluate a spray-type processor to reproduce 

imagery from the SAMOS system. In early 1961, HF installed their Model HTA-2 original negative 

immersion-type processor which was capable of processing at 30 feet per minute. Very shortly thereafter 

HF delivered their high speed (150 feet per minute) Model SP-120 Duplicate Processor designed specifically 

to handle 16mm and 35mm black and white film. In mid 1962, HF delivered and installed three HTA-4 

medium speed processors. The HTA-4 was capable of developing by either the spray or immersion methods 

and could process film formats up to 9.5 inches. These machines were originally used as spray processors 

for original negative processing but were converted to duplicate reproduction processors in the latter part of 

1963. This equipment was developed for use in the support of all SAMOS and the early CORONA missions. 

The key persons involved in these early negotiations were Mr. B. Henshaw from HF and Vice Commander 

Colonel F. Brown and Laboratory Officer-in-Charge Major C. Schmidt from AFSPPF. 

B. HF was given a program to develop a precision spray machine capable of processing 70mm 

duplicate material up to 250 feet per minute in an effort to significantly increase the output per processor. 

This effort was successful as the EH-67 increased the processing speed from 40 - 50 feet per minute to 

150 feet per minute with no loss in the production quality of the duplicate positive. A total of three 

processors were built. One went to Beale AFB and was used for special mission requirements while the 

other two came to AFSPPF. The two at AFSPPF were used from January 1966 to 19'11 solely for the 

reproduction of CORONA requirements. This contractual period covered from June 1965 to January 1966 

at a total cost of The key individual from HF was Mr. S. Ayhens while Mr. G. Hunter represented 

AFSPPF. 

C. As the mission production requirements increased with the addition of the GAMBIT Program, 

an investigation was started to develop a faster, higher quality, repeatable processor which could handle up 

to a 9.5 inch film format. In August 1967, HF was awarded a contract to build this type of high speed 

production machine. The resulting EH-75 Processor was unique for this time period as it was engineered 

with a turn around tracking feature using a liquid bearing which reduced the length of the machine to 

approximately 20 feet. It provided a high speed (150 - 200 feet per minute) dupe capability for mission 

operations and could hold a ± .01 A D at a density level of 1.0 across a 9.5 inch film web. The high velocity 

impingement film dryer design used on the EH-75 is presently being utilized by EK on their CP2Color 

Processor. This contract ended in October 1969 at a cost of The EH-75 was used operationally 

up through May 1972 to support CORONA, GAMBIT, and HEXAGON as well as Facility research and 

development projects up to 1974. The key people were Mr. S. Ayhens (HF) and Mr. G. Hunter (AFSPPF). 

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Valley Electric and Heating Company, East Longmeadow, Massachusetts 

Valley Electric, as it was referred to by AFSPPF engineers, is a small, versatile non-union company 

which has worked on many Facility contracts related to the installation of equipment and building modifications. Headed by Mr. J. D'Arcy, Valley Electric has done outstanding work as a subcontractor in the 

areas of general construction, electrical systems, stainless steel piping, and equipment modifications 

mainly associated with new RD efforts. Major projects which Valley Electric supported were (1) the 

modification of Building P-1875 to house the RD Directorate; (2) several modifications to Building P-1900 

for vaulting of secure areas and the installation of an effluent collection system under contract with EK; 

(3) the modification of the vapor compression evaporators in the Industrial Waste Treatment Plant and the 

installation and modification of the Electrolytic Silver Recovery System both under contract with Food 

Machinery Corporation (FMC); and (4) the installation and modification of support equipment. The following 

presents more detail and background on some of Valley Electric's other work at the Facility: 

A. In 1963, Valley Electric installed the first Trenton Photographic Spray Processor. This 

processor was designed to develop original negative film. The installation of this piece of equipment gave 

this Facility the capability to act as an alternate to the EK processing facility. In 1964, they installed 

three EK Dalton Photographic Spray Processors. These replaced the HF HTA-4 and the EK EH-18 

Processors in performing high speed satellite mission imagery duplication. In 1968, Valley Electric 

installed the EK Fultron Photographic Spray Processor which provided this Facility with more capability 

to process original negative film. However, problems with the dryer and keeping this machine on-line 

resulted in its removal, and early in 1973 Valley Electric installed a second EK Trenton Processor. This 

Trenton Processor had a viscous development capability when it was installed, and the other Trenton was 

soon modified for viscous. This gave AFSPPF the same type of production equipment as EK. 

B. Valley Electric was chosen to construct the intricate stainless steel piping network necessary 

to collect the water-borne waste photo chemicals from all sources within Buildings P-1900 and P-1875 and 

carry them to the holding tanks for later transfer to the Industrial Waste Treatment Plant. The system, 

designed by EK, and installed under their contract, has proven to be an excellent water pollution abatement 

program. 

Valley Electric supported many other miscellaneous projects during the physical development of 

this organization. It dealt closely with both Logistics and Civil Engineering Directorate personnel. The 

only cumbersome problem was that of building access, at times it took as many as eight AFSPPF escorts 

a day to enable continuation of work projects. No Valley Electric personnel were ever given security 

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clearances. The man who stood out in all support work provided to this Facility was Valley Electric's 

Chief Foreman, 

Anderson-Nichols & Company, Boston, Massachusetts 

Anderson-Nichols could rightfully be called the "Architects of AFSPPF" as during the years 1961 - 1973 

they received contracts for the major construction modifications/additions to P-1900. They were briefed 

on the plant engineering requirements of the Facility and quickly gained insight as to what was needed to 

support our mission. Major design projects accomplished by Anderson-Nichols were: 

1961 - Modification of P-1900. New cooling towers, mechanical rooms, and air 

conditioning units in the plenum. 

1963 - Augmentation to the Modification of P-1900. Reconfigured walls in the lab, 

additional plenum, and mechanical equipment. 

1966 - Phase III Modification. Upgraded Production Laboratory area, additional vaulted 

work areas, installation of Ion Exchange Silver Recovery System. 

1968 - Electrical Emergency Power Plant Addition. 

1972 - Water Storage and Pumping Facility. 

Subcontractors for these projects included: 

Hart Engineering Company, East Providence, Rhode Island 

Valley Electric and Heating Company, East Longmeadow, Massachusetts 

Hundreds Corporations, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts 

R. H. White Construction Corporation, Auburn, Massachusetts 

Peabody Construction Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts 

An engineer from Anderson-Nichols by the name of111111111.was very instrumental in designing 

the air conditioning system and the facilities required to make AFSPPF a self-sufficient utilities organization. Key personnel from AFSPPF on these negotiations and plans were Major W. Clark and Chief Master 

Sergeant R. Travers, both from the Civil Engineering Directorate. 

S & T Western, Incorporated, Long Beach, California 

S & T Western designed and helped monitor the construction of the Industrial Waste Treatment Plant 

as part of a FY 71 Military Construction Program. This experimental prototype plant was built to take 

waterborne photo waste from the processors/chemical mix area and separate the chemicals concentrating 

them into a sludge which would then form into a solid state at room temperature. The Industrial Waste 

Treatment Plant met all design objectives. The physical construction was performed by the Hart Engineering 

Company. Among the key people involved in this project werel.11.11from S&T Western and Chief 

Master Sergeant R. Buckelew of AFSPPF . 

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- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT - 

These types of contracts were involved with those firms which built specific items of equipment to 

advance the state-of-the-art in all phases of aerial reconnaissance processing, printing, and imagery 

analysis. 

Technical Operations (Tech Ops), Incorporated, Burlington, Massachusetts 

Over the years Technical Operations has provided support to AFSPPF in three major areas: (1) 

consultant in the development of new image analysis techniques; (2) design and manufacture of a new 

state-of-the-art production microdensitometer; and (3) advanced printer and printing technology research. 

A. In July 1965, Tech Ops was contracted to investigate the feasibility of using coherent radiation 

sources (lasers) to increase printing web velocities and resolution transfer. This effort was an extension 

of the early study which indicated that it was feasible to employ lasers for use in contact printers. The 

effort attained resolutions in excess of 200 lines/mm on duplication film using the printer breadboard 

apparatus. An EK Concord Printer was subsequently modified with a fixed beam exposing source which 

could optically fan a 70mm film format. The resulting duplicates were superior to the products obtained 

from the Concord using its conventional exposing source. In fact, experimental evidence demonstrated 

that the modified Concord Printer attained 380 - 400 lines/mm, which was greater than the published 

characteristics capability of the dupe stock, 8430. With this encouragement, it was decided to modify a 

Niagara Printer to test the use on 9.5 inch material. A large Argon laser and the necessary optics were 

acquired and mated to a Niagara. However, banding problems occurred which were apparently a result of 

the optics and coherent radiation. In 1972, a one year contract was initiated with Technology, Inc. to solve 

the coherence/banding problems but this company was also unable to isolate the cause(s). Due to coherence 

problems, it was determined that at this time laser printing would offer no definitive advantages for contact 

printing. The Tech Ops contract ended in September 1966 at a total cost of The key personnel 

were (Tech Ops), Lt R. Stenstrom (RADC), and Lt L. Spanberger (AFSPPF). 

B. To advance the state-of-the-art in microdensitometry and provide a means of meeting the 

microdensitometry needs of future photographic systems, a contract was awarded in February 1971 to 

Tech Ops for research on an improved, linear microdensitometer. 

This program was successful and led to a two-phase follow-on effort. In Phase I, Tech Ops and 

Cornell Aeronautical Laboratories (later renamed Calspan Corp) were awarded funds to prepare a detailed 

concept/design proposal for a New Generation Microdensitometer (NGM). Tech Ops won the competition 

and was given a contract for Phase II, the fabrication of two instruments. The use of microdensitometers 

as tools for objective measurement of image quality, camera performance, and process evaluation had 

significantly increased with the advent of the HEXAGON Program requirements in 1971. The optical 

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components of previous make and model microdensitometers were designed from a geometric standpoint 

with little consideration for diffraction and coherence problems. Study efforts indicated that much of the 

lack of repeatability was due to inattention to the diffraction theory and its application to microscope optics. 

The study further showed that the inability to establish and maintain focus throughout scans also contributed 

to lack of repeatability. The above problems with existing microdensitometers, coupled with an increasing 

demand for microdensitometric measurements, led to the development and fabrication of the NGM, also 

referred to as the Linear Microdensitometer (LMD). The NGM was designed to employ state-of-the-art 

electronics, optics, and data processing systems in addressing the stringent demands of a high volume 

mission data mensuration environment and meeting the advanced capability desired in a research laboratory 

instrument. Some of this machine's unique features include: (1) a Pneumatic Focus Control Servo System 

which was capable of setting and maintaining focus to ± .5 micrometers (in August 1972, this focus control 

system was modified and retrofitted to the existing Photometric Data Systems (PDS) Microdensitometers 

at AFSPPF); (2) capability of measuring both black and white and color material; (3) dual axis scanning to 

avoid moving the film platen to the desired orientation; (4) laser light sources; (5) automatic scan control 

and data collection by a NOVA 1230 Computer; (6) automated elements such as quality control monitoring, 

maintenance and optical alignment, scan data display, etc.; and (7) ability to scan either.photo chips or film 

roll stock. These characteristics have all been demonstrated during the Acceptance/Test and Evaluation 

(T&E) phases. The first machine (SN-001) was delivered to AFSPPF in March 1975 for its operational T&E, 

while SN-002 was shipped to EK in April 1976. The total funding for these two systems including research 

and fabrication was This project, which held wide community interest, terminated in September 

1975. There were several personnel involved in the development of the NGM, the key people being Mr. 

J. Fallon and Mr. R. Larson (Tech Ops), Captain R. Hoffman (RADC), and Majors J. Johnson and 

M. Pollard (AFSPPF). 

C. in May 1973, Tech Ops was awarded a one year contract for the amount of to use 

the photoresist technology in establishing a method to transfer more image information from the original 

negatives to the duplicate. This contract was called Advanced Contact Printing Research and resulted in 

the development of a unique phase relief image transfer technique. Photoresist was coated on the original 

negative and an interferometric fringe pattern exposure was then applied to the photoresist coated side. A 

uniform exposure applied through the original negative selectively retarded the modulation of the fringe 

pattern resulting in a modulated phase relief image. After processing the photoresist, the phase image 

was replicated by either thermoplastic transfer layers or a paralene intermediate and then a thermoplastic 

replicate. Special off-axis viewers were used to view the images. This technique resulted in the achievement 

of high resolution transfer and good continuous tone properties superior to conventional duplicates. A 

follow-on program was proposed to improve the cosmetic quality of the image and demonstrate feasibility 

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on wider film formats; however, it was not approved due to lack of funds and the competition with other 

successful programs. The people who monitored this effort wereill.11.1(AFAL), and Captain 

B. Britton (AFSPPF). The Tech Ops directors for this program were Mr. G. Reynolds and Mr. P. Mueller. 

Perkin-Elmer (PE) Corporation, Norwalk, Connecticut 

AFSPPF has had many associations with PE throughout their 16 year history. The most notable was 

the coordination of operational planning, Acceptance/Readiness testing, and analysis of the HEXAGON 

Camera System between the two organizations from May 1969 - June 1975. In the period from 1963 - 1966, 

much consultation was performed by Mr. M. Rosenau in the areas of image analysis methodology. Other 

projects resulted in the following contracts: 

A. Perkin-Elmer performed a valuable research study on advanced contact printing between 

July 1968 and July 1969. The study proved the non-linearity of the contact printing process and provided 

valuable information for printer design. One of the basic findings of the study was that Niagara Printer 

losses are attributable to the granularity of the original/duplicate combination rather than the printer itself. 

This conclusion established the need for improved original materials and better duplicate films rather than 

immediate changes to the printing techniques themselves. The key personnel involved in this 

program were Mr. W. Thiessen and Mr. R. Jones (PE), Mr. N. Julian (AFSPPF), and 

(AFAL). 

B. Perkin-Elmer was awarded a contract in November 1971 to design, construct, and install 

optics into a Niagara Printer to provide high resolution printing of Free-Radical print-out materials. The 

reason for this effort was the fact that duplicating film technology had advanced to the point where materials 

and systems were limiting factors in overall image quality. New non-conventional materials under development, such as dye type Free-Radical, were under evaluation as a possible means of increasing resolution 

retention in the duplication process. It was determined that a high resolution roll-to-roll printer capable 

of rates compatible with production requirements was required to fully evaluate the potential of the FreeRadical. A seven kilowatt Mercury-Xenon light source and a special optical system were installed 

in a Niagara Printer. The optical system was designed to: (1) pass only highly actinic light energy 

(matched to the spectral sensitivity of Free-Radical material), (2) reject non-actinic heat energy, and (3) 

collimate the light. The spectral characteristics of the reflector, dichroic mirrors, and the collimating 

optics were designed to deliver approximately two watts per square centimeter to the printing slit over the 

350 to 510 nanometer spectral sensitivity range of the Free-Radical material. 

This modified Niagara Printer was then evaluated. The evaluation resulted in the following conclusions: 

(1) The standard 3414 silver halide original negative (ON) could not withstand the heat at the exposures 

required for the Free-Radical duplicating material. This machine was also to be used to print Photo 

Horizons PH-500 material. The PH-500 material was projected to have a speed of 20 millijoules per 

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square centimeter (to produce a net density of 1.0) which required 5 to 10 times the amount of exposure. 

This meant that the printer had to be run at one-fifth to one-tenth the design speed (15 feet per minute) 

which would destroy the original negative 3414 Film Type. (2) When faster transport speeds were attempted 

a blurring of the standard tribar target prints occurred. It was felt that this problem was probably the 

result of outgassing of the iodoform in the Free-Radical coating during the ON to duplicate image transfer 

which caused separation of the films. (3) Miscellaneous problems were experienced with the thermal and 

the electrical control of the seven kilowatt lamp. 

As the result of this effort, it was decided that brute force and high power exposure are no alternatives 

for production printing with insensitive duplication material. This contract ended in January 1974 at a 

total cost o 

(AFSPPF), an 

Mr. W. Roman (PE), Mr. N. Julian and Chief Master Sergeant V. Altenhein 

(AFAL) represented their organizations on this project. 

C. In 1966, PE designed and built one of the first microcameras used at this Facility, and even 

though it was built for AFSPPF, it was purchased as an off-the-shelf piece of equipment. This device was 

a fixed-focus machine and was used for approximately six years in film evaluation work. In May 1974, a 

contract was let to design and fabricate two advanced capability microcameras to satisfy the research and 

development requirements at AFSPPF and the step-and-repeat automation requirement for production at 

EK. An innovative type of electro-pneumatic focus servo was developed to meet the precise focus position 

tolerance (± .1 micron) and to accommodate emulsions with variable thickness. The Zeiss Optics employed 

were the best available; thus this Advanced Microcamera System, as it is called, could be utilized primarily 

to evaluate the characteristics of the film as the optical degradation is minimized. The focus servo/optics 

combination produced resolution values on 3414 which demonstrated that this film was better at all contrasts 

than its published characteristics specifications stated. This instrument with its state-of-the-art control, 

optics, and automated features is far superior to any other microcamera ever built. The Advanced 

Microcamera System was delivered to the Materials Analysis Laboratory for operational T&E in August 

1975. It is used to determine the resolution variables at different depths within the emulsion and is 

especially vital in working with the various layers of color film. It was also designed with an energy 

source intense enough to expose target patterns on non-conventional slow speed materials. The cost of 

the two microcameras was Captain B. Britton and Mr. M. Worwood (AFSPPF), Mr. D. Groening 

(AFAL), and Mr. W. Roman (PE) were the key men on this program. 

Houston Fearless (HF) Corporation/Cin Tel Corporation, Los Angeles, California 

A. In July 1965, HF was given a contract to build a Controllable Development Processor (CDP) and 

to procure a similar unit from Canadian Applied Research Ltd (CARL). The objective of this program 

was to permit on-line controllable development of overexposed or underexposed original material during 

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mission processing. 

Both processors had the capability for partially developing and scanning with infrared (IR) to 

determine the amount of development necessary for maximum information output from the original 

material. A total of five applications of heat shock allowed a theoretical speed shift of t 2.5 stops. The 

concepts of continuous, controllable processing scanning; storing of density elements by a computer; and 

programming of processing development were pioneered through this program. These two units proved 

operationally impractical due to: (1) mechanical design problems, (2) the tendency of the heated bands 

used for heat shock in the CDP to degradate the film, and (3) the CARL which was built on an aircraft type 

frame was incapable of consistently tracking film. This contract terminated in July 1967 at a cost of 

approximately The key personnel involved were (HF), Mr. G. Hunter and 

Major C. Schmidt (AFSPPF), and (ASD). 

B. Houston Fearless proposed and was funded for the development of a high resolution printer 

(HRP-100) utilizing a transparent drum and a high intensity exposure plasma arc source. The machine 

was never considered acceptable for high quality printing at AFSPPF because: (1) it had a tendency to 

collect foreign particles on the glass drum, and (2) the lack of uniformity when using an arc source. The 

effort lasted from June 1963 to December 1968 and amounted to over The HRP-100 was never 

used at AFSPPF, but two of its modified series (HRP-400s) were procured and operated at the 9RTS, Beale 

AFB and one at the 548RTS at Hickam, Hawaii for approximately five years. (HF) and 

Mr. G. Hunter (AFSPPF) directed this development program. 

C. In June 1968, HF developed a five-element, no-contact microwave film dryer for black and white 

and color materials in an attempt to solve the drying limitations of high speed, production processors. 

This was one of the initial efforts in the use of microwave energy for uniformly removing moisture from the 

emulsion so that the nonuniformities caused by conventional surface drying were reduced. This effort was 

successful, tested, and a uniform drying speed of 100 feet/minute was achieved. Microwave drying is 

presently being used commercially. The program lasted until February 1970 and cost The 

primary personnel in this program were (HF) and Mr. G. Hunter and Master Sergeant 

L. Miller (AFSPPF). 

Kollmorgen Corporation, Newburgh, New York 

It should be noted that these projects were negotiated with the MacBeth Division of Kollmorgen. The 

Kollmorgen Corporation purchased the MacBeth Corporation and made it a subsidiary division in 

September 1967. 

A. The MacBeth Color Group of Kollmorgen was contracted to conduct research on transparent 

color film production techniques. They were asked to establish measurement techniques for determining 

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color density specifications necessary for the production and control of color duplicates and provide a 

systems analysis of the color tone reproduction cycle to include process control standards. The contractor 

conducted an evaluation of existing equipment, methods of measurement and control, and color reproduction 

in the photographic duplication cycle and authored the following: (1) techniques based on existing or available 

equipment for densitometry, sensitometry, and colorimetry to improve the precision of color quality 

control; (2) methods and equipment characteristics necessary for exact color photographic duplication; and 

(3) techniques for maintaining maximum resolution in the duplicate while achieving optimum color balance, 

with particular attention to maintaining density differences of raicroimagery. This contract lasted from 

June 1970 to October 1971 and cost The primary representation involved in this effort was by 

(Kollmorgen), Mr. G. Myers and Major F. Lowe (AFSPPF), and 

AFAL). 

B. In May 1972, the MacBeth Instrument Division was given a one year contract to 

develop a stable color densitometer which provided the measurement capability for both wide band (Status 

A) and narrow band color densities in an automated system. An engineering model densitometer was 

modified to provide both Status A and narrow band filter densities, and the output made compatible with a 

standard teletype terminal for data display and input to a process control computer. This prototype system 

is called the TDA 1000. The TDA 1000 is a stable instrument which has become the primary densitometer 

used in the tone reproduction quality control system for reading both black and white and color materials. 

(Kollmorgen), Major F. Lowe (AFSPPF), and1=11111(AFAL) monitored this 

program. 

C. In June 1972, MacBeth was given allinontract which ran until October 1973 to develop 

a KCS-18 Colorimeter capable of characterizing the transmission signatures of transparent color film 

samples. The instrument measures intensity in 20 narrow bands across the visible spectrum and provides 

the color coordinates to enable computation of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) color 

values. This was the first successful development of a colorimeter for film use. This instrument has 

proven to be significantly faster and more accurate than a color densitometer. The KCS- 18 has been used 

by the Materials Analysis Laboratory to calculate and verify all color reproduction work. Principal 

workers on this contract were (MacBeth), Major F. Lowe (AFSPPF), and 

(AFAL). 

Taylor Instrument Company, Rochester, New York 

A. In 1962 - 1964, Taylor Instruments designed and installed a complete system of environmental 

controls for the Production Laboratory. A control center was installed in Room 4 to enable centralized 

monitoring and control by the Facility civil engineers over the air conditioning, heating, air flow, 

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temperature, humidity, pressure, and electrical support for the Clean Room areas. This system 

made up of intricate monitoring controls worked exceptionally well from its inception right up to the 

closure of the Facility. The key men from Taylor Instruments were the designer, and 

the local representative 

B. Taylor Instruments offered a complete line of sensors, monitors, and control devices. It was for 

this reason that they were selected to instrument the production processors for monitoring inputs to the 

Process Control System. The first contract was let in March 1972 to install an instrumentation package on 

Dalton #1. This package was designed to: (1) provide a more accurate and reliable means of monitoring 

the mechanical and chemical functions of the processor, (2) allow remote control of critical functions of 

the processor, and (3) give the operator the capability of physically monitoring and controlling all functions 

of the processor from a central location. This contract was successfully completed in three months. The 

first installation proved so successful that in May 1973 another contract was awarded to modify Dalton #2, 

Dalton #3, Trenton #1, and Trenton #2. However, this contract did not run as smoothly as the first with 

the major problem centering around personnel. During the first installation ■the designing 

engineer, was responsible for supervising the installation of the Taylor equipment and debugging the 

processor.11111111was an extremely knowledgeable and dedicated individual who not only monitored 

the installation of this modification but carefully explained and trained the Facility's maintenance men on 

the intricacies of the system. During the second contract,IIIIIIIwa s transferred and a new 

inexperienced Chief Engineer was assigned. This, coupled with a slow and uninspired installation crew which 

had been hired through a local union hall, made the installation and troubleshooting of these modifications 

very time consuming. The installation was finally completed in late 1974; however, AFSPPF continued to 

experience many problems with the instrumentation. These problems necessitated many calls to Taylor 

and resulted in minimal cooperation from them. Finally, after the Facility threatened to refuse to accept 

the modification and to withhold payment for its installation, Taylor sent down a knowledgeable engineering 

team who were able to quickly resolve all major problems. Once this unique system was completely installed 

and "debugged," it proved a very valuable tool in automatically controlling the processors. 

The success of thisill.program has to be centered around Staff Sergeant K. Shultz. He was 

the Air Force liaison during both installations and the maintenance man responsible for the instrumentation. 

In effect, Sergeant Shultz trained Taylor's installation crew and supervisor during the second contract 

period. Other key members of AFSPPF who were responsible for making the "Taylor Package" operational 

were Captains M. Riley and D. Sykes. 

Fairchild Space and Defense Systems(FSDS), Long Island, New York 

A. The Advanced Automatic Film Titling System (AAFTS) was developed by FSDS in November 1971. 

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The purpose of the AAFTS was to provide an automatic titling capability for roll films from 70mm to 9.5 

inches in width and up to 1,000 feet in length. The system would operate under computer control and title 

at speeds of 100 feet/minute without damage or degradation to the original material. Material would be 

transported in a manual mode at speeds up to 500 feet/minute. Alphanumerics could be applied to the edge 

of the film in a single or dual line format in one of three character sizes. During development, certain 

adjustments were made and the specifications changed. The AAFTS, as delivered, could title up to 60 feet/ 

minute and transport material at 300 feet/minute. Character heights were adjustable from .045 to .110 

inch at rates from 10 to 20 per inch. Titling could be recorded outside the image area on either film edge 

and was properly positioned in the longitudinal direction via electronic sensing of frame marks or frameleading edges. The system operated automatically or manually for single frame operation. Characters 

were formed by controlling the charge and deflection of liquid ink droplets ejected from a pressure nozzle, 

thus eliminating embossing and physical stress on the film. 

Two of these systems were delivered to AFSPPF in late 1972. On 12 April 1973, one unit was 

shipped to EK to be used in the development of operating software. The AAFTS met or exceeded most 

specifications during the T&E phase; however, component reliability was inadequate. Efforts on the part 

of the manufacturer enabled the successful completion of the tests under laboratory conditions in March 1973. 

After the system was transferred to the production environment in May 1973, malfunctions of the hardware 

and software were constantly encountered. Ultimately, the systems were declared not operationally 

acceptable due mainly to inconsistent performance. The actual contract was terminated in December 1972 

at a total cost of Key personnel in the development and test of the AAFTS wereillIMI 

and (FSDS), (RADC), and Major F. Lowe (AFSPPF). 

B. FSDS was awarded a contract in December 1971 to design and fabricate a continuous roll processor 

to evaluate heat-processed photographic non-conventional material. FSDS fabricated a large heat chamber, 

film transport, and associated control system which provided absolute temperature control and uniformity 

throughout the chamber to ± 1 degree Centigrade. This Free-Radical Heat Processor, as it was called, 

was configured to scrub the exhaust air to ensure removal of environmental contaminants. The machine 

was delivered in March 1973 and underwent extensive test and evaluation. The Air Force Environmental 

Health Laboratory performed an evaluation of the work area and ambient environment at AFSPPF to ensure 

compliance with operational safety standards. In all cases, the system was certified to be safe. The 

contract was completed in May 1973 at a cost of This instrument was shipped to the 

in the spring of 1976 where it will be used to process and evaluate non-conventional 

materials. The project monitors and engineers on this program were (FSDS), Captain 

M. Riley (AFSPPF), an (AFAL). 

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C. In June 1973, FSDS undertook a one year contract to develop an exposure control technique for 

processing density histograms of original material and determining the properly weighted exposure to minimize 

the impact of non-informational imaged areas, i.e., clouds, water, snow, etc. The results of an AIL 

effort to develop a high speed densitometer which could scan the ON and provide printing instructions for 

reproduction indicated that it was feasible to automatically make density measurements, if the instrument 

were programmed to discriminate between informational and non-informational imaged areas. If these two 

categories could not be properly recognized by the computer it would result in poor printing instructions. 

FSDS developed a statistical technique which considered a density histogram of the target imagery and 

accurately estimated, by analyzing skew, the average density of the intelligence bearing information. From 

the average density, one could compute accurate minimum and maximum densities; the required input for 

printing instructions. This algorithm was tested manually using the output histogram of the AIL Scanning 

Densitometer for input data to the algorithm. The results demonstrated the feasibility of generating 

automatic print instructions. This contract costillilland was monitored by and 

from FSDS and Major J. Johnson and Chief Master Sergeant V. Altenhein from AFSPPF. 

Food Machinery Corporation (FMC), Santa Clara, California 

A. The handling of the projected quantities of duplicate film required for the operational 6.6 inch 

HEXAGON missions posed serious logistics problems within AFSPPF. The processing capability was 

adequate to attain the predicted photo reproduction footage requirements, but the sheer volume of material 

to be handled and transported from the Production Laboratory area to Shipping posed security problems. 

Therefore in June 1968 a contract was let to FMC to perform a study on the entire handling problem from 

quality assurance to sorting, packing, and shipping. The following actions resulted: 

The problem of moving the product from the Final Inspection Section was solved by the installation 

of a belt conveyor running through a concrete tunnel which carried the product to the Shipping area. In 

Shipping, the material was stored in a special feed rack according to can content. A color code system 

was developed to identify reproduction generations and expedite handling. The specific rolls for a 

particular customer were then selected and packaged. 

Special racks and storage inventories were developed for chemical storage, both in the warehouse 

and in Building P-1900, to permit fork-lift handling of the photo chemicals. Special acid storage, handling, 

and metering systems were also developed for accuracy and safety. 

The incinerator utilized for the classified disposal of film and the recovery of silver operated 

satisfactorily but had several drawbacks. The mulcher operated at noise levels in excess of 140 decibels 

and the temperature in the room during an operation could reach as high as 150 degrees Fahrenheit. The 

operator feeding the mulcher was also exposed to physical danger due to the possibility of a missile 

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"kickback." FMC solved this by designing an insulated enclosure with a feed conveyor. Upon completion 

of this modification the noise level was reduced to 80 decibels and the temperature to approximately 75 

degrees Fahrenheit, while the operator no longer had to work under the unsafe conditions of a "kickback" 

now that film could be fed by the conveyor. This effort lasted through December 1971 and costThe key personnel involved were FMC), 

(RADC), and Lt Colonel M. Trout and Mr. G. Hunter (AFSPPF). 

B. FMC designed a completely automated Batch System which could take the input parameters for a 

specific mix of photochemicals and then automatically control the quantity, sequence, temperature, and 

mix time from the preloaded storage hoppers through the weigh feeders. Large batches of accurately 

proportioned chemistry could be prepared at any time during a mission, eliminating lost batches due to 

an incorrect human measurement. This equipment was successfully used at AFSPPF from 1970 until its 

transfer with the Production Directorate function in October 1976. The cost of the contract was 

and the major people involved were (FMC), (RADC), and Captain 

W. Neyman and Mr. G. Hunter (AFSPPF). 

C. A continuous flow Electrolytic Silver Recovery and Hypo Conservation System was specifically 

developed by FMC for AFSPPF. This system consisted of four subsystems: (1) electrolytic silver recovery, 

(2) hypo storage and distribution, (3) hypo collection and return, and (4) hypo rejection and replenishment. 

Prior to this system, waste hypo was processed for silver recovery in steel wool cartridges and then 

dumped into the Base storm drains. Under the old system, the hypo could be used only once, the silver was 

contaminated, and local streams were being polluted. However, the Electrolytic Silver Recovery and Hypo 

Conservation System permitted the hypo to be constantly recycled which resulted in a 4 ton a day chemical 

reduction in new hypo based on a 24 hour processing cycle. This system is capable of recovering silver and 

recycling hypo from 250,000 feet of 9.5 inch dupe stock within a 24 hour period. The operation of this 

system resulted in an 81% savings (machines, personnel, chemistry, recovered silver, maintenance, etc.) 

over the previous mode of operation. The system will be transferred to the 544 ARTW with the Production 

function. (FMC), Major W. Clark, Mr. G. Hunter, and Sergeant R. Denison (AFSPPF), and 

(RADC) supervised this contract which ran from July 1970 to March 1972. 

D. The Vacuum Film Dryer was designed and built by FMC. This machine, which demonstrated the 

capability of drying 70mm dupe stock at speeds in excess of 300 feet/minute, consisted of a vacuum chamber 

with two 3 foot steam heated drums about which the 70mm film was wrapped (emulsion up). The film 

entered and exited the vacuum chamber through a special no-leak vacuum gate. The heat applied to the 

film base caused the water to uniformly vaporize and then be drawn away by the vacuum. As the heat was 

supplied through the base to the emulsion, the latent heat of vaporization caused the emulsion to remain 

cool and dry. The film wet-to-dry path was 72 inches as opposed to hundreds of feet for conventional 

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dryers. With the cancellation of the CORONA Program, the requirement to process/dry large quantities 

of 70mm film ceased. The machine was stored in a Facility warehouse and was then scrapped as no 

organization could make use of its capability. This program lasted from November 1968 to February 1970 

and cost_The key personnel who monitored this project wer 

(FMC), Captain W. Neyman, Mr. G. Hunter, and Technical Sergeant D. Blair (AFSPPF), an 

(ASD). 

E. As part of a long range research effort in pollution abatement, FMC was given a contract in July 

1969 to design a closed-loop system to eliminate the release of pollutants at AFSPPF. As a result, a 

complete system was developed which took the liquid photowaste and concentrated it into a solid form by 

vapor compressor evaporators and kettle dryers. The solid bulk chemical concentrate was then transported 

to an approved site for final disposal. All wash water used in photo production was purified by reverse 

osmosis units. Construction and use of the Industrial Waste Treatment Facility enabled AFSPPF to meet 

the stringent requirements for pollution set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This FMC 

effort which included plant start-up, testing, and maintenance consultation was completed in May 1976 and 

cost Numerous people were involved in developing this antipollution facility. and 

(FMC); Mr. G. Hunter, Lt Colonel R. McLaughlin, Chief Master Sergeant R. Buckelew, 

and Master Sergeant R. Denison (AFSPPF); and FAL) were the major contributors. 

Energy Conversion Devices (ECD) Incorporated, Troy, Michigan 

In February 1975 a one year contract was awarded to Energy Conversion Devices for the development 

of a non-conventional photographic material. This unusual new type of material is a proprietary development 

of ECD. Their technology offers great potential for making an improved duplicating film that would be dry 

processed (thermal); offers excellent latent and developed image stability; achieves high image quality; and 

exhibits excellent mechanical stability. This contract was for research and application to the performance 

requirements of a high resolution duplicating material. The funding for this effort is and the key 

personnel are (ECD) and Major J. Johnson (AFSPPF). 

AIL Information Systems, Los Angeles, California 

A. The Semiautomatic Densitometric Control System (SDCS) was designed and manufactured by AIL 

Information Systems and was delivered to AFSPPF in February 1971. A combined effort of T&E, hardware 

and software modification, and data analysis extended through May 1972. This initial evaluation indicated 

the system did not discriminate against unwanted density information. A second contract was let to upgrade 

the software system. The completed system was returned to AFSPPF in May 1975. The scope of this 

program was to evaluate the feasibility of determining the exposure required to produce acceptable duplicate 

positives from rolls of original negative material. More specifically, the second contract was to determine 
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the effects of non-informational areas (clouds, water, snow, etc.) on the histogram of density distribution 

extracted from the original. AIL purchased an algorithm from FSDS which when implemented into the 

machine software was to provide computer analysis of the collected density data and then apply the corrective 

bias to the density data results. The SDCS would then have the capability to automatically scan full rolls of 

original negative material and arrive at optimum printing instructions for each frame and a best average 

instruction for each roll. Unfortunately, large errors were prevalent in the output after implementation of 

the algorithm. Much of this problem was eliminated by producing new software for the Facility's IBM 360 

Computer System which relegated the SDCS to simply a collection device. This machine has always proved 

to be an accurate and precise scanning densitometer. 

Up to this date the value of the SDCS was of an indirect nature. It has, however, provided a more 

definitive understanding of photographic density and its distribution within a variety of image categories and 

a better insight into density data handling. Basically, it has demonstrated the feasibility of automated 

densitometry. The Semiautomatic Densitometric Control System was shipped tolliwhere further study 

will continue and applications developed. This effort lasted from August 1969 to May 1975 at a total 

cost of_Key personnel were AIL), Major J. Johnson and Chief Master Sergeant 

V. Altenhein (AFSPPF), and ASD). 

B. AIL was contracted in July 1970 to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing the air gate principle for 

continuous roll contact printing of materials up to 9.5 inches wide. A breadboard was designed and 

constructed to demonstrate the feasibility of a developmental model which would retain maximum ON 

image resolution in the duplicate positive copy. The design included: (1) automatic frame-by-frame 

exposure control of the variable length frames which occur within individual rolls of original imagery, and 

(2) printing speeds of 50, 100, and 150 feet/minute. Breadboard equipment failures caused a termination 

of the T&E in March 1972 before final proof of whether a developmental model could perform to these 

design specifications. Subsequently, CCB approval was granted for an air gate developmental model 

program. This contract was awarded in July 1974 for the design and construction of an Advanced Model 

Air Gate Printer. At the time of RD relocation, T&E of the Air Gate Printer was under way. Preliminary 

results indicate that performance is essentially equivalent to a Redondo Printer. This printer was sent to 

11111where further T&E and investigations are planned using high resolution targets and operational imagery 

on developmental materials. The second contract lasted until December 1975. The total cost of these two 

efforts was111111111 The key personnel were AIL), Mr. N. Julian 

and Major J. Johnson (AFSPPF), an' (AFAL). 

Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company (3M), St. Paul, Minnesota 

A. The 3M Company developed a new completely dry photographic film and called it 3M Type 784SP Dry 

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Silver Microfilm. They proposed the use of this non-conventional material in overhead reconnaissance 

to the National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) in 1970. The 3M Company stressed that this 

material had the following potential advantages over conventional film processing: (1) simplified processing, 

particularly freedom from the need for wet chemistry and a supply of fresh water; (2) logistics involved with 

wet chemistry supply; and (3) wet chemistry disposal. Dry Silver was a film with its processing chemistry 

built into the coating; this chemistry required a temperature of approximately 260 degrees Fahrenheit to 

activate development. For these reasons a contract was given to 3M first by NPIC and then by AFSPPF in 

January 1972 to support test runs on different formulations of the 784 Dry Silver Microfilm in an attempt 

to develop a high quality duplication material.. 

Tests and evaluation were conducted on three 1,000 square yard lots of material using a roll-to-roll 

system. A drum-type Niagara Printer was modified by 3M and AFSPPF engineers with a Gallium-doped 

Mercury-arc lamp spectrally matched (420 nanometers) to the Dry Silver. A 3M portable heat processor with 

a capability of providing controllable temperatures and dwell times versus film transport speeds was used. 

The T&E resulted in unexpected variations in resolution and sensitometry for a fixed processing temperature, 

where path length and transport speeds were varied to give a fixed dwell time product. Further experiments 

confirmed that this effect was related to the thermal gradient (rate of film temperature rise) as the exposed 

material entered the heat chamber of the processor. Heat processed material was also found to be affected 

by exposure to a standard light table environment. An image color transmission shift from dark blue-black 

to reddish brown was observed. Contrast and related exposure latitude were found to be correctable by 

rebalancing of the formulation silver to binder ratio. In the third lot where this ratio was readjusted, 

degradations were experienced on the pilot coater. The coater became loaded by the heavier viscous 

formulation, resulting in a difference in coating weight, streaking, and large density variations. Resolution 

tests, using low contrast tribar targets, showed that this type Dry Silver was within t one target group of 

SO-192 at levels of 200 to 275 lines/mm on the 3414 target masters. 

This contractual effort ran until March 1975 when it was terminated. There was no further follow-on 

work because of the problems of getting access (priority) to the pilot coating plant and the lack of 3M interest 

in performing additional evaluation and analysis support unless they received a substantial order for this product. This three year effort cost approximately The personnel involved werell.111111(3M), 

11111.1111AFAL) (NPIC), and Mr. N. Julian and Sergeant V. Altenhein (AFSPPF). 

B. The 3M Company developed and fabricated two generations of heat processors for their Dry Silver 

product. AFSPPF provided engineering direction and conducted the T&E program for these generations of 

machines. The Improved High Capacity Processor incorporated a heated aluminum drum designed to 

rapidly preheat the film materials by direct contact, thus providing higher processing rates in a short heat 

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path. Processing rates in excess of 100 feet/minute were demonstrated. However, problems were 

encountered with uniformity of the heat processing, especially the cyclic variations in the developed 

density along the processed product. These variations occurred in cycles of a one drum circumference, 

leading to the conclusion that there were thermal gradients on the drum surface and/or that film thermal 

contact varied cyclicly. This problem was never resolved and both machines were stored at AFSPPF. 

These machines were declared excess and probably will be scrapped because there is no community 

requirement for their use at this time. This contractor was involved with AFSPPF from June 1970 to 

June 1974 although no AFSPPF funding was used. from 3M and Mr. N. Julian from AFSPPF 

were the key men on this project. 

Dymat International Corporation, Santa Monica, California 

A. Based on studies performed by the Color Task Force in the period from 1969 to 1973, the NRO 

decided not to include large flight loads of color type films in satellite reconnaissance missions. The NRO 

did, however, direct the GAMBIT and HEXAGON Program Offices to continue flying small segments of 

color materials in an effort to improve the full color capability cycle (new/improved color film, chemistry, 

processing equipment and techniques; exploitation application; and optimizing a color duplication method). 

The first factor that AFSPPF addressed was the development of a production model spray type color 

processor. Much of this work was done in parallel with the same type of requirements being pursued by 

Eastman Kodak research and development efforts. 

A contract was let to Dymat in August 1970, mainly for the services of Dr. R. Goldberg, to 

research the feasibility of processing color film mission requirements at faster speeds utilizing spray 

instead of the immersion method. The EH-75 Spray Processor was modified for color chemistry so that 

the original and duplicate color films could be spray processed in three steps: (1) black and white develop, 

(2) color develop, and (3) bleach and dry. The work between Dymat and the Facility's RD personnel resulted 

in demonstrating color processing at 125 feet/minute and the design of a full scale high speed processor. 

However, this processor was never built as the CCB directed that an EK developed machine (significantly 

slower speed) be manufactured. The EH-75 was disassembled and sent to EK for the use of some of its 

features/parts. The contract lasted until February 1971 and cosi.. The key personnel involved 

were Dr. R. Goldberg (Dymat), Mr. G. Hunter (AFSPPF), and ASD). 

B. Next AFSPPF started work on improving the quality and amount of information being extracted 

from color imagery. In August 1970, Dymat worked on developing a Silver-Color Process for AFSPPF 

which would improve the information content of aerial imagery in an effort to equal the resolution attained 

from black and white film. Unfortunately, the multilayer construction of color films introduces losses 

which lower the resolution of the color original and duplicate. Up to this time, the standard procedure 

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had been to make a black and white duplicate of the green or top layer of a color scene/target to obtain the 

maximum information. The rationale based on numerous studies was that the top layer, due to its location 

and emulsion characteristics, has the greatest resolution. Lt General Lew Allen (SAF/SP-1, Director) 

commented at a briefing at AFSPPF, "that maximum color information was present in the silver halide of the 

top layer, if it could only be exploited:" The process is the direct result of that postulate. Silver-Color 

makes use of the silver present in the top layer of color film to enhance its resolution capabilities as well 

as to increase the transfer of information into the color duplicate. Initial research work on the Silver-Color 

Program was done by hand in laboratory beakers, but as the program progressed, a Facility developed "3211" 

Color Processor (combined 1811 and 1411 Versamat machines) was used so that processing parameters 

could be varied for optimizing the results. The major changes from the standard EK color process were: 

(1) the negative silver produced by the first developer is removed by a dichromate bleach; and (2) the 

positive silver produced is rehalogenated and precisely developed in the top layer to subtly enhance the 

resolution of the imagery. The silver is extremely fine grained and is introduced in direct proportion to 

the top layer density. 

Two operational comparisons were made between Silver-Color and the best standard color process. 

In both tests, a subjective comparison in terms of ground resolved distances from the original and duplicate 

Silver-Color reproductions was better than the original and duplicate produced by the EA-5 standard process. 

These comparisons were made by 12 photo analysts from NPIC. After much negotiation, the specifications 

of the Silver-Color Process developed by Dr. Goldberg and Mr. Hunter were given to EK to evaluate and 

make further tests and comparisons. The future of Silver-Color lies in the hands of the CCB/NRO who, 

based on the final findings from the studies at EK, will determine whether this process will be used for 

mission production. This contract ran up through January 1974 and costa.' 

Baird-Atomic, Incorporated, Bedford, Massachusetts 

In 1968, AFSPPF investigated the possibilities of providing chip or selective area prints versus 

continuous roll reproductions of the full coverage to the intelligence community. The major question 

centered around how to produce high quality chips, as the photo interpretation analysts would not accept 

inferior quality just to reduce volume. Consultations with Mr. W. Miller of Miller-Holzworth, Incorporated, 

Salem, Ohio led to the idea of a step and repeat printer with an air bladder pressure platen and a highly 

collimated light source. Mr. Miller felt the chip requirements could be met by successive exposures 

produced in registration for any length chip. Miller-Holzworth did not make such a printer but recommended 

Baird-Atomic, Incorporated. 

In 1969, a contract was let to Baird-Atomic to develop the step and repeat High Resolution Printer 

(HRP). The cost of this contract was The printer was delivered to AFSPPF in September 1971 

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for test and evaluation. However, by this time, the chip concept was determined inadequate by the United 

States Intelligence Board (USIB), and although successfully meeting the design and operational specifications 

the HRP project was cancelled. 

In 1974, a new application arose for the HRP concept. The Automatic Composite Step and Repeat 

(ACSAR) Printer was developed to meet this requirement of compositing multiple copies from the black 

and white ON without slitting, collating, and transporting the original material through a roll-to-roll 

printer numerous times. A contract was given to Baird-Atomic in September 1974 to design, construct, 

and demonstrate the operation of a developmental model of an ACSAR Printer. To fully meet this requirement, the decision was made to add the following subsystems to the HRP: (1) Frame Mark/Code Reader; 

(2) Frame Length Servo, (3) Flash Detection, (4) Automatic Operation. Basically, the Automatic Operation 

System is comprised of a PDP-11/05 Minicomputer which receives operational input instructions from the 

Frame Mark/Code Reader System and feeds the operational parameters to the printer. The film inputs 

(four ON rolls sequentially spliced together) are programmed through the computer to automatically 

recomposite the imagery in the desired frame-by-frame order onto a single duplicate positive roll. The 

printer operated at speeds of 60 exposures/minute. The capabilities of this printer were briefed to the 

KENNEN Program Office and resulted in the purchase of three instruments to satisfy program requirements. 

The developmental model of the ACSAR Printer will be shipped to Illvhere it will be utilized as a test 

bed for future application efforts. 

(AFSPPF), and 

February 1975. 

(Baird-Atomic), Lt Colonel L. Butt and Mr. N. Julian 

(AFAL) supervised and monitored this program which ran through 

Itek Corporation, Lexington, Massachusetts 

A. Itek received a contract called Objective Photo Quality Measurement in May 1971. The purpose of 

this study was to determine objective mensuration/data collection methods for quantitatively evaluating the 

quality of duplicate images which correlate well with subjectively determined quality of the same imagery. 

The contractor performed both objective and subjective experimental correlative analyses using controlled 

simulated aerial photography from their Ground Model Facility. Itek developed a unique multi-dimensional 

scaling technique to account for the non-linearities of the photointerpreters' subjective rankings. The basic 

objective mensuration was made by microdensitometry at Itek. Some of the techniques employed using 

microdensitometry were edge slope gradient, acuteness, and power spectrum analysis. The best objective/ 

subjective correlate was edge slope. This research program provided valuable insights into the nature of 

the psychophysical variables involved in subjective ratings. As a result of this work AFSPPF did an 

extensive evaluation into the use of edge slope as a film quality measure. The Facility found that although 

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there was a correlation between objective and subjective values on laboratory controlled imagery with the 

same contrast and density levels, that this technique had no application to operational mission imagery with 

its many variations in quality. The contract ended in November 1972 and cost a total of 

Mr. W. Attaya (Itek), Mr. G. Myers and Captain E. Wallace (AFSPPF), and Captain R. Hoffman (RADC) 

were the major contributors and monitors of this program. 

B. Because of the need for calibrated, high resolution scene photography for use in research and 

development and the T&E of printers and duplication materials at AFSPPF, a contract was let to Itek in 

October 1974 to furnish the Facility high resolution photography of composite simulated scenes and resolution 

targets from their Ground Model Facility. This one yeaMilicontract called for photography on 

Government furnished 70mm 3414 Film which consisted of a matrix of exposure conditions, two relative 

haze conditions, and two sun angles. The scene imagery included buildings, houses, cars, trucks, railroad 

tracks, trains, runways, modern type aircraft, and highways. The supervisors of this program were 

(Itek) and Captain B. Britton (AFSPPF). 

Horizons Incorporated (HI), Cleveland, Ohio 

In October 1964, AFSPPF embarked on their first contract with HI to find a high resolution nonconventional duplication material which would: (1) reduce the use of silver, and (2) eliminate the conventional 

develop/fix/wash/dry sequence and its associated logistics and pollution problems. In the early stages of . 

this effort, AFSPPF dealt with HI, but in August 1970, a special division was set up to handle the photographic 

RD work to be accomplished by this company. This subsidiary was called Photo Horizons. 

Horizons' non-conventional product was known as Free-Radical. This material had a dye-molecular 

image structure with the photosensitive component Iodoform. To fix the image, the Iodoform was eliminated 

by a one-to-two minute exposure to a 160 degree Centigrade heat source. Many different combinations of 

Free-Radical coatings were formulated, tested, and evaluated. However, too many problems were 

encountered, i.e., shelf-life, image archival quality, image color neutrality, small exposure latitude for 

high resolution transfer, etc. Although many of these types of problems were resolved, others were not 

and would have required additional funding for more intensive research into the whole Free-Radical 

mechanism. It was decided by the CCB that Free-Radical material was not economically nor practically 

feasible for use as a duplication stock for the reproduction of high quality reconnaissance photography. So 

this effort, which was closely coordinated between the NRO (KochinOwens), CIA 

AFAL AFSPPF (Battey/Neyman/Julian), and Horizons was discontinued in 

December 1974 after 10 years of research, test, and evaluation at the Facility funded cost of 

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SECTION III 

EQUIPMENT 

The capabilities and limitations of major equipment have always been key factors affecting mission 

accomplishment. During the life of the Facility, operational equipment in support of the processing/ 

duplication and image evaluation tasks has dramatically improved by all qualitative standards. 

These improvements were made possible by the close interaction between the Research and Development 

Directorate and the operational directorates tasked with image evaluation and photographic production. In 

most cases, the RD efforts in developing hardware were in direct response to the mission support requirements of this Facility. Because of this relationship, the Facility provided a unique operational environment 

to test and evaluate new items of equipment, and consequently was the first Government organization to 

receive and utilize state-of-the-art hardware. 

There were other cases where AFSPPF was asked to pursue certain concepts and designs by direction 

of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and/or the Configuration Control Board (CCB). An example of 

this was the Optical Power Spectrum Analyzer (OPSA). 

with EIKONIX Corporation for a piece of hardware which could measure the quality of film through 

spectral analysis. The effort was prompted by the need for a new objective technique to evaluate the system 

performance of the HEXAGON camera. There were other machines available which could measure by 

spectral analysis, i.e., the Recognition Systems Incorporated (RSI) instrument called the Research Optical 

Spectrum Analyzer (ROSA). However, the ROSA was evaluated by analysts at the National Photographic 

Interpretation Center (NPIC) and found to be inadequate for system assessment because of low dynamic range 

and a design more suited for the laboratory than for operational use. The OPSA machine was designed and 

manufactured by EIKONIX at a cost ofilliland was delivered to AFSPPF on 22 May 1972 for T&E. The 

unique features of the OPSA were the helium-neon laser light source; special structure for operational roll 

film handling; built-in NOVA 1200 Computer for data recording, system monitoring, and control; and the 

inclusion in system software of routines for training, maintenance, and diagnostics. The development of 

this machine was supervised by Mr. J. Finley, engineered by Mr. J. Poles and Mr. R. Whitney, and the 

optical transform system designed by Mr. P. Considine. The RD coordinator at AFSPPF was Captain 

E. Wallace and the operational monitor from the Evaluation Directorate was Captain J. Lopez. This 

prototype instrument was sent back to EIKONIX for upgrading in March 1974 and then to NPIC for further 

study and application to system performance analysis. The findings were favorable and resulted in the 

purchase of two improved models of the EIKONIX Optical Power Spectrum Analyzer for work at EK and 

application to the new reconnaissance system at the 

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The evolution of various types of equipment (printers, processors, titlers, microanalyzers, etc.) 

has been discussed/described in other sections of Volumes I and II. For example, the history of the most 

significant processors used or tested/developed/modified at AFSPPF included the Trenton (1963 - 1976), 

Fultron (1970 - 1973), Dundee (1971 - 1974), all used for ON processing; and the SP-120s (1961 - 1962), 

Cadillac (1962 - 1964), Daltons (1964 - 1976), Versamats (1965 - 1976), EH-67 (1967 - 1973), EH-75 

(1968 - 1974), 1411 Color Versamat (1966 - 1969), 1811 Color Versamat (1969 - 1976), and Electro-Color 

Processor (1968 - 1971) used in the duplicating process. The degrees of acceptance achieved by these 

processors varied from uselessness to immense success. However, it should be noted that even though 

some were failures that the experience and technology gained through the development of these machines 

made the expenditure of time and money worthwhile. From the early 1960s up to Facility closure, it has 

been primarily the work of AFSPPF maintenance/logistics personnel which has resulted in the successful 

implementation/reconfiguration and daily maintenance of the operational equipment which enabled this 

Facility to meet its expanding mission requirements. The Photo and Electronic maintenance personnel 

worked closely with the Research and Development, Evaluation, and Production Directorates in servicing 

and calibrating their precision mission equipment. In cases of severe technological problems these 

maintenance men would coordinate with the original contract manufacturer, in particular, maintenance 

people and engineers from EK and technicians from Valley Electric. As testimony to their expertise and 

abilities in the 16 years of operation, AFSPPF was never delayed in mission production by equipment 

failures or lack of supplies/parts. 

Because equipment evolution has been traced elsewhere in this history, Section III will consist primarily 

of equipment listings. These listings will be broken down by their respective functional areas and include 

the following information: (1) Stock Numbers, (2) Equipment description (parts number, model number, 

and manufacturer), (3) Unit and Total Costs, (4) Accountability (EMO Equipment, Base-owned; Facility 

Equipment, AFSPPF-owned), (5) Total Pieces of Equipment, (6) Accountability Code Identifier and Function, 

and (7) Listing Date. The listings are the inventory of on-hand items as of 30 May 1975 and depict the 

Facility's peak equipment capability to support photo production, image evaluation, and research and 

development. 

The legend for the accountability codes printed at the top of each inventory listing is: 

Account Code Directorate Functional Areas Figure No. Page Nos. 

A PD Operations, Chem Mix, Photo Lab 3-1 3-5 - 3-9 

B LG Logistics 3-2 3-10 

C PD Select Print Lab 3-3 3-11 - 3-14 

D LG Photo Maintenance 3-4 3-15 

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Functional Areas Figure No. Page Nos. 

E DA AFSPPF Administration 3-5 3-16 

F EV Analysis, Reports, Data Processing1 3-6 3-17 - 3-19 

G RD Research 3-7 3-20 - 3-22 

H SA Shipping 3-8 3-23 

I DE Refrigeration/Air Conditioning 3-9 3-24 - 3-25 

J RD T&E, Development Engineering 3-10 3-26 - 3-28 

K LG Electronic Maintenance 3-11 3-29 - 3-30 

L SA Special Activities 3-12 3-31 

M - No Account Assigned - 

N PD Materials Analysis Lab 3-13 3-32 - 3-34 

0 PD Quality Assurance 3-14 3-35 - 3-37 

P SA Communications' 3-15 3-38 

Q DE DE Administration 3-16 3-39 

R DE Electric Power 3-17 3-40 

S LG Supply 3-18 3-41 

T DE Water & Waste 3-19 3-42 

U DE Utilities 3-20 3-43 - 3-44 

V&W - No Accounts Assigned - 

X LG Warehouse Stock 3-21 3-45 

Y LG Temporary Loan 3-22 3-46 

NOTES:1Does not include Computer systems. 

2 Does not include specific Communications receiving/transmitting equipment. 

The Facility was directed by Air Force regulations and the DPI 6399 Equipment Management Section 

(DONDSB), Sunnyvale AFS California to submit information on the status and utilization of the Automatic 

Data Processing Equipment (ADPE) assigned to AFSPPF. The Data Division was also referred to as DPI 

Operating Location "Q" (OL - "Q") to the uncleared equipment management people at DONDSH. To fully 

account and manage the equipment, cost, and utilization, the Data Division designed several types of 

reports on the different computer systems, components, and associated support equipment. The frequency 

of these reports varied from monthly (Utilization and Verification of Service Report) to a Semi-annual 

Physical Inventory Report IAW AFM 171-9, Chapter 2. These reports were not only useful as a daily 

management tool but were also the main reference in making in-house evaluations of AFSPPF's data 

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processing capability. The following are examples of some of these printouts: (1) Figure 3-23 is a copy 

of the Equipment Inventory Report which presents the complete inventory, as of 15 April 1974, of the PCAM 

Equipment, IBM 360/40, IBM 1130, IBM 1800, and IBM System 7; (2) Figure 3-24 on pages 3-61 thru 3-64 

is a copy of the Monthly Inventory Report (as of 3 June 1975) which covers a complete listing of the last 

production computer system in the Facility, the PDP-11/40; (3) Figure 3-25 on pages 3-65 thru 3-69 is a 

copy of the Report on System Utilization as of June 1975, this monthly data gave a complete breakdown of 

computer hours spent on different mission requirements and support; (4) Figure 3-26 on pages 3-70 thru 

3-73 shows an example of an Equipment Cost Accounting Report as of 1 July 1975; (5) A plotted graphic 

method was also used to display computer utilization over the previous 18 months, see Figure 3-27. This 

example covers the period from November 1973 thru April 1975. The three charted lines represent system 

utilization, periodic maintenance (P.M.), and unscheduled maintenance (U.M.). 

The following is a summary of the disposition of the major pieces of this equipment: (1) Code F items 

were shipped to NPIC with the Evaluation Function transfer in July/August 1975; (2) Codes A and 0 items 

were shipped starting in May 1976 to Offutt AFB for use in the Production function at their new operating 

location with the 544th Aerospace Reconnaissance Technical Wing (ARTW). Equipment will continue to be 

shipped up to the full operational capability date at ARTW in November 1976; (3) Accounts G and J items 

were shipped starting in April 1976 to RD's new operating location at CIA's Image Technology Division in 

Washington DC. RD will complete their movement of equipment by December 1976; (4) Account N items 

will be shipped to DIA/Technology Division (DC-6) in the fall of 1976 where this agency is planning to 

establish a new standards laboratory; and (5) Code C and the Technical Reports Division of Account F items 

are programmed for shipment to Los Angeles Air Force Station in December 1976 where SAFSP plans to 

start a small graphics and printing plant. Most of the other major pieces of equipment will be disguised 

and left as fixed property to Building P-1900, turned back to the Air Force/community as excess, or 

scrapped to salvage certain parts/components for other development efforts. 

The equipment in the National Emergency Reserve (NER) will be shipped to 

the fall of 1976. 

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COMPUTER UTILIZATION 

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SECTION IV 

PLANT 

The primary operational building, P-1900, was designed and constructed in May 1956 as a reconnaissance 

technical facility. The original tenant, the 8th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron, was joined in the 

building by AFSPPL in December 1960. Initially, the Facility occupied approximately 7,000 square feet 

of floor space in Building P-1900 and was totally dependent upon the 8RTS and the 814th Base Civil Engineers 

(BCE) for utilities support. In the next 13 years, the Facility grew to encompass 178, 811 square feet of 

plant space. This included the two major operations buildings (P-1900 and P-1875), several warehouses 

on Westover AFB, refrigerated storage vans, and bomb storage igloos. Along with this acquired space was 

a virtual self sufficient utility operation which was developed over this same period. In the 12 years from 

1961 to 1973 approximately...was spent on construction projects and building modifications. 

Table 4-1 presents a chronological listing and cryptic description of the major projects during this period. 

TABLE 4-1 

SUMMARY OF AFSPPF PLANT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS 

Year Project 

1961 Modify Bldg P-1900 (Photo Lab area) 

1961 - 1964 Modification to Bldg P-1900 (new 

cooling towers, mechanical rooms 

& air conditioning units in plenum) 

1963 - 1964 Augmentation to modification of Bldg 

P-1900 (change walls in lab, addition 

of plenum & mechanical equipment) 

1964 Alter Bldg P-1900 (change walls, 

extend ducts in Rooms 64 & 88) 

1965 Alter Bldg P-1900 (combine Rooms 125 & 126) 

1965 Install Security Lighting around Perimeter 

of Bldg P-1900 

1966 Alter Bldg P-1900 (add air filter & 

water pump) 

1966 Modify Bldg P-1900 (construct Computer Room) 

1966 Expand Security Alarm System in 

Bldg P-1900 (EV) 

1966 Modify Bldg P-1900 (Phase HI, 

Modification Part I, Silver Recovery) 

1967 Modify Bldg P-1900 (Phase HI, 

Modification Part II, reconfigure Lab) 

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TABLE 4-1 (CONT'D) 

Year Project Cost 

1967 Alter Bldg P-1900 (refinish Rooms 

118, 132, 120, 121, & 123) 

1968 Alter Bldg P-1900 (raise floors 

in Computer area) 

1968 Modify Bldg P-1900 (Comm/Film 

Environmental Facility) 

1968 Modify Bldg P-1900 (Electrical 

Emergency Power Plant) 

1968 Install Muicher-Incinerator System 

1970 Alter Bldg P-1900 (install Fire Alarm & 

Sprinkler System) 

1970 Alter Bldg P-1900 

(reinforce hallways & walls) 

1971 Alter Bldg P-1900 (update utility system, 

remove two generators) 

1971 Alter Bldg P-1900 (rehabilitate 

Photo Lab) 

1972 Construct Water Storage and 

Booster Pump Station 

1972 Alter Bldg P-1875 (rehabilitate 

T Ca area) 

1973 Alter Bldg P-1900 (Feasibility 

Section addition) 

1973 Construct Industrial Waste Treatment 

Facility 

1973 Install Fire Sprinkler System in 

Bldg P-1875 

Table 4-2 summarizes the different types of environmental and closed storage areas utilized during 

the 16 years' existence of this organization. 

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January 1961 

September 1963 

Septe

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September1963 Constructed 1968 

October 1970 

Constructed 1973 

Bldgat Cowan Street/Inner Drive Six Refrigeration Vans 

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The purpose of this section will be to textually summarize the tremendous growth of the physical 

facilities of AFSPPF. 

The original Secretary of the Air Force Order stipulated that the "physical space and some resources 

will be taken from the 8th Reconnaissance Technical Squadron." With the publication of that Order, the 

Facility established an Administrative Section and moved into the area that had been the 8RTS Precision 

Processing Section. AFSPPL also acquired the majority of the 8RTS Exploitation Branch, which at that 

time was the only vaulted area in P-1900. It was in this vaulted area that the Facility established the 

security and operations functions. Initial research and development efforts were accomplished in the office 

space adjacent to the 8RTS Cartographic Branch. The areas occupied by AFSPPL in the early 1960s were 

carefully negotiated between 8RTS, the 8AF Director of Intelligence (DI), and the Command Section of this 

Facility. 

In early 1961, the Facility's Supply function was located in two buildings. One of these was a wooden 

frame structure located at the corner of Cowan Street and Inner Drive where the Industrial Waste Treatment 

Plant now stands. This temporary (T) building had 800 square feet of storage space. The Facility also 

shared Building 1831 with the 8RTS. AFSPPL utilized approximately 3,500 square feet to store hardware, 

spare parts, and chemicals and the 8RTS occupied the remaining 4,000 square feet. 

The first construction effort of significance was an extension of an existing project (40-8) under contract 

to Discenza Company of Springfield, Massachusetts. The initial contract had been let to accomplish general 

building maintenance such as painting. This contract was extended by the Facility to include the relocation 

and expansion of the Chemical Mix function and the installation of a 200 KW Generator. The Chemical Mix 

area was expanded to accommodate the increased needs for chemistry due to the installation of four Houston 

Fearless HTA-4 Processors. The generator was installed to provide backup power to the processing and 

printing equipment when the Facility commenced its nationally tasked processing support of the SAMOS 

Program. This construction project was begun in October 1961 and completed in January of the following 

year. 

Even before the Chemical Mix project, Facility personnel were preparing plans for a large scale 

modification to Building P-1900. Despite the fact that the project was ready to go on contract in midsummer of 1961, there was a long delay in getting funds approved. The architectural-engineering work 

was accomplished by Anderson-Nichols & Company of Boston thus beginning a relationship that was to 

last over the next 13 years. The prime contractor was the Franchi Construction Company of Newton, MA 

and the major subcontractors were Harry Grodsky & Company, Inc. of Springfield, MA for the plumbing 

and the Valley Electric & Heating Company, Longmeadow, MA for the major portion of the electrical and 

wiring work. This project which was to ultimately cos be divided into three phases. 

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A. Phase I 

This phase consisted of the modifications to provide an interim processing capability until the 

main rehabilitation of the lab could be completed. These alterations included the installation of the plumbing 

and power for the new generation processors. The interim processing area also required the construction 

of a temporary Chemical Mix area and the installation of a 500 KW power panel. The interim facility was 

completed in September 1964. 

B. Phase II 

This phase involved the construction of a mechanical equipment room to provide environmental 

control for the planned permanent photo laboratory. Two refrigeration machines were installed in the 

mechanical equipment room in April 1962, and a third added in November 1964. Air handling equipment 

was installed on the roof and a new 750 KVA electrical substation was added. This phase of the project 

was completed in November 1964. 

C. Phase III 

The final phase centered around the modification of the main photographic laboratory area. 

This alteration became popularly known as the "Clean Lab Modification" and consisted of designing and 

building an environmentally controlled laboratory which would become the state-of-the-art Government 

facility for photographic processing. The construction began in March 1962 and was completed in the 

summer of 1964. 

In addition to the air handling equipment and electrical substation, this project included the installation 

of an Electronic Control System made by Taylor Instruments to hold temperatures to within ± 1/4 degree, 

and humidity within 5% of a desired level. The Electronic Control System also included a wet-dry central 

vacuum, oil-free compressed air, and instrument compressed air. To accommodate much of the air 

handling equipment, a plenum was constructed directly over the Photo Laboratory. The total area added 

to the building under this contract was 29,950 square feet. 

Even before these modifications were completed, another Military Construction Project (MCP) was 

approved and a second contract let with the Franchi Construction Company to accomplish other major 

modifications to the building. To distinguish this contract from the one already in existence, it was called 

"Augmentation to the Modification of Building P-1900." This project was generated by the purchase of 

three Dalton Processors and the replacement of the two Eltrons by Trenton Processors. The installation 

of this equipment required extensive alterations and modification to the precision photographic laboratory. 

The most significant changes were the construction of a new 3,840 square foot Chemical Mix Section and 

the rehabing of the old Chemical Mix area to provide individual rooms for the Dalton and Trenton Processors. 

Other additions included the Pneumatic Tube Carrier System connecting the processors with the quality 

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fall. 

control and chemical analysis areas and the installation of four new air conditioning/handling systems 

(AC-6, 7, 8, and 9). This project was completed in December 1964 at a cost o 

Building P-1900 was not the only plant capability being expanded. The warehouse storage space also 

increased substantially. The Facility took over Building 1831 in its entirety in the summer of 1963. Different types of dry chemistry, spare parts, and excess equipment were stored in this building. Six 

refrigerated vans were acquired and stocked with the most commonly used films. This capability gave the 

Facility an immediate environmentally controlled forward supply point. The trailers were located in the 

parking lot of Building P-1830, approximately two blocks from P-1900. Bulk film and excess equipment were 

stored in bomb storage igloos and Butler buildings at Stonybrook, approximately three miles from the 

Facility. By late 1963, the total square footage of external warehouse space had grown to 19, 800. 

Although there were continual internal modifications in progress during 1965, these projects were 

relatively small, i.e. , room alterations, security lighting system affixed around the complete outer 

perimeter of P-1900, etc. 

In 1966, the south corner of Building P-1900 was modified to a Class A vault area to house the Data 

Division's IBM 360 Computer System. The construction, which was designed by Anderson-Nichols & 

Company and performed by Valley Electric, began in May 1966. This project required architectural, 

mechanical, and electrical modifications to approximately 1,100 square feet of space. During this same 

time frame, the "Phase III Modification to P-1900" started; this project was completed in December 1967. 

These modifications included the installation of an Ion Exchange Silver Recovery System, a series of 

internal alterations within the precision processing laboratory, and the reconfiguration construction of 

additional vaulted rooms in the Evaluation, Production, and Special Activities areas. 

The following projects which ran from October 1963 to September 1969 not only improved the security 

of AFSPPF, but significantly increased the physical space of this Facility. 

A. Shipping 

The first was the construction of a much needed Shipping area. The packaging, controlling, 

and shipping of the ever increasing volume of reproduced imagery products had become a major bottleneck 

in the Facility's production cycle. However with this 1,90G square foot addition of the Shipping area and 

the installation of a conveyor belt, the Facility greatly improved its capability to handle and temporarily 

store mission materials. 

B. Classified Waste Destruction 

A contract was let in August 1968 to install a classified waste destruction system which 

consisted of a mulcher and an incinerator. Although the original purpose of this type mulcher was for 

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wood, it was modified by its designer and manufacturer, the Jackson Blowpipe Company of Jacksonville, 

Florida, to accept film. On the other hand, the Fairchild-Hiller incinerator was specifically designed to 

burn large quantities of film and recover the silver from the ash. This system was installed in an area 

of the newly constructed Shipping Section. After considerable delays in developing/modifying and testing 

the mulcher, the Classified Waste Destruction System became operational in December 1970. 

C. Communications/Film Environmental Control 

In 1968, an Emergency Construction Project (ECP) was approved for the construction of a 

Communications/Film Environmental Control Facility. This project provided for a 1,300 square foot 

vaulted, air conditioned area to house the communications support personnel and equipment. The other 

segment of this project was the construction of a 6,400 square foot environmentally controlled area which 

would allow storage of large volumes of film within P-1900. This storage area included a loading dock 

for ease of receipt and shipment of bulk film and chemicals. The interior design also facilitated inventory 

control/inspection and a better organized storage system through the palletization of film by type and 

emulsion batch. Upon the completion of the environmentally controlled storage area in May 1969, the flow/ 

handling of essential film and chemicals was greatly improved. The film and chemicals were then moved 

from the igloos and refrigerated vans located in different areas on base into this new storage facility. 

After the transfer of 8th Air Force Headquarters from Westover in 1970, the Facility obtained Building 

1875 which had been used as the 8th AF Target Intelligence Simulation Section, the 8th Reconnaissance 

Technical Squadron, and finally as 99th Bomb Wing Target Intelligence Center. This permanent, brick 

structure consisted of 10,245 square feet of office space and work areas and was ideally suited for the 

ever expanding efforts being pursued by the Research and Development Directorate. The interior of this 

building has been modified slightly over the years to provide sufficient environmental, security, power, and 

plumbing capability for the development, test, and evaluation of photographic reproduction/quality control/ 

analysis equipment and processes. 

The operational buildings continued to undergo modifications (hallways and photo lab floors were 

resurfaced with a special resin to aid in environmental control) during the early 1970s. In 1973, the 

Facility was further expanded with the construction of the Feasibility Addition to P-1900. This project 

was completed in May 1974 and resulted in an addition of 5,202 square feet of environmentally controlled 

space. However with the announcement of the closure of the Facility on 24 October 1973, the Commander 

changed the original plan to relocate the Feasibility Section into this new area (Room 40). Instead, due 

to the phasedown and related reduction in many stock levels, this area was utilized as a transshipment 

point for "fast moving" supplies. This was the first time that AFSPPF was able to consolidate all film 

and chemical storage in an environmentally controlled area in one location. 

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HEXAGON /GAMBIT 31 July 2014 ToP-ssenerAFSPPF's concern with attaining self sufficient utilities, logistics, maintenance, analytical, and processing capabilities in a secure environmentally controlled complex had the biggest effect on construction/ 

modification projects in this era. The first of the self sufficiency projects was the construction of the 

Emergency Power Plant which was started in June 1969 and completed in January 1972. The requirement 

for this dedicated backup plant was based on periodic failures of the power provided by the Base. The 

mission of this organization demanded stable power during processing and image evaluation operational 

periods. Even the tiniest surge or shortest "brown-out" caused precision equipment, processing data, 

and/or photo reproduction product variations. For these reasons AFSPPF requested and received a 100% 

backup generator power/switch gear capability. This equipment was located at the back (east side) of 

Building P-1900 and installed in a 4,420 square foot inclosed area. 

In addition to the problems with Base electrical power, the Facility also experienced difficulties with 

the Base water system. In the peak summer months of July and August, the water pressure fell to the 

point where the Facility was not getting sufficient water for its photo processors. In an effort to gain its 

own water system five water wells were drilled in 1967 and early 1968; however, the cost of the filtering 

system to upgrade the purity of the water was too great to make this option realistic. A booster pump was 

then attached to the portion of the Base Water System which supplied AFSPPF in an attempt to maintain 

adequate pressure. However, the vacuum created by the pump affected the water pressure within the local 

housing area, and that option was also terminated. Finally it was decided that the most feasible method of 

assuring the right quality, temperature, and pressure for the water used in photo processing was to build 

a storage tank and booster station. A contract was Iet to build a two million gallon water storage tank 

with a booster pump station. This work was completed in June 1973. The size of the pump station was 806 

square feet. The support facility is located 100 feet from the northwest side of Building P-1900. 

The growing concern of the Facility over pollution abatement led to the last major construction 

program, the Industrial Waste Treatment Facility. This project, which was started in July 1972 and 

accepted from the contractor in August 1974, cos It was a rectangular, permanent brick/ 

cement structure located approximately 150 feet diagonally across from the north end of Building 2-1900. 

This building has 5,800 square feet of interior working area which is mainly configured with recycling 

and processing equipment. 

The ability to establish this extensive and self sufficient plant again centered around the direct influence 

of the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force (OSAF). A good example of this influence was the acquisition 

of Building P-1875. In 1970, when this building became available with the transfer of 8th AF, SAC wanted 

possession of it for a training installation. AFSPPF desired this building to house its expanding RD function 

which included equipment T&E and development, a Feasibility Section, and contract monitoring. The 

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Commander, Colonel Ralph Swofford, presented this operational justification for the use of P-1875 to 

the Base Commander; however because Westover at that time was still a SAC Base, the parent command 

decided to keep this permanent structure brick building consisting of 10,245 square feet of space. The 

OSAF had been briefed on AFSPPF's plan and had fully concurred. When apprised of the Base's 

decision, the OSAF sent a message to SAC emphasizing support of AFSPPF's requirement. In May 1970, 

P-1875 was assigned to this Facility. It was the intention of the OSAF and its subordinate organizations 

[Special Projects (SP), National Reconnaissance Office (NR0), etc.1 to build AFSPPF into an organization 

with the inherent capability to perform research and development, production photographic processing, 

and image analysis and evaluation of reconnaissance satellite camera systems and products. Throughout 

the history of this organization variations and growth in plant space occurred because of: (1) modifications/ 

additions to P-1900, (2) more suitably located and controlled buildings becoming available on Westover 

AFB, (3) changes in operational requirements, and (4) support responsibilities, i.e., NER, etc. 

Upon the complete transfer of all the Facility's operational functions, the Logistics and Civil Engineering 

personnel will turn Buildings P-1900 (Operations), P-1875 (RD), P-3102 (Industrial Waste Treatment Plant), 

P-3101 (Pump Station), P-3100 (Water Storage Tank), and T-2404 (Warehouse) back to Westover Air Force 

Base. This action will take place approximately 1 January 1977. Figures 4-1 thru 4-6 show pictures of 

these buildings taken in July 1976. 

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Volume II P-3102, INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT 

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Volume II P-3100, WATERSTORAGETANK 

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