necessary geodetic reference frene (this is

one of the highest priority stn. ,ic reconnaissance missions).

d. To obtain technical intelligence information.

Vehicle systems will be able to contribute

to the accomplishment of these missions by

providing the most effective environment for

the operation of the sensors and data collection

systems. The most fruitful methods of collecting reconnaissance data at present are photographic, infrared, electromagnetic techniques,

or combinations of these. Sonic energy sensors

could also be considered for technical intelligence information. Vehicle systems are used

to place these sensors in such a position that

the best available data can be collected. In

strategic reconnaissance uses, this placing will

involve overflights of potentially hostile territory or perimeter surveys. Overflights require

that the vehicles used have a low probability

of being intercepted and that the vehicles

themselves do not provoke aggression by being

mistaken for a bombing system.

Essentially two vehicle systems are available at the present time; the 461L high

altitude balloon photographic system and the

U-2 high altitude subsonic aircraft system

for vertical or oblique photography and ferret

perimeter missions. Altitudes of both are comparable for the photographic systems. Both

systems have restrictive characteristics which

permit them to accomplish only limited reconr: tissance missions.

1 "P`uture improvements over the U-2 can be

significant and will fulfill a useful purpose

whether or not they are availabl6before the

WS 117L systengSince no other reconnaissance system co probably be developed between the U-2-461L programstd the satellite

systems, any new or improve high-altitude

aircraf y tem should be capable of usefully gL

augmentin the satellite- surveillance system

In order to - imize intercePtionprobabilites,

it should be capable of flight above 100,000

feet. High Mach numbers are necessary to

sustain flight and a range of approximately

4,0 miles is needed for many useful missions. tin

WS 117L is the satellite reconnaissance

sys being developed by the Air Force for

visual, electro-magnetic and infrared surveillance of the Earth. The 117L vehicle is,

essentially, the final stage of a multiple

staged rocket, which, after being fired into

orbit, functions as a space platform equipped

with reconnaissance reconnaissance systemp

As pointed out previously, accurate global

mapping has a very Met priority on the basis 3?

of strategic neeest . It is evident that

effective countermeasures against satellite

reconnaissance systems can be developed, and

it is almost certain that the USSR will use

any countermeasures that are available. The

basic question of countermeasures is one of

time. The Soviets will be unlikely to affect

the first satellites used, but as their capability

to interfere with reconnaissance satellites

develops, so will the probability of their doing

so. Thus, it appears vital that good mapping

satellites be developed and used as early as

possible with the WS 117L satellite surveillance system

g ► stem investigations of the NAS-ARDC

Committee on Reconnaissance and Intelligence

have indicated, however, that the photographic

system chosen for the pioneer photographic

system of the WS 117 L is not satisfactory for

mapping work. The panoramic strip camera

and the attitude stabilization system are not

adequate. Accurate photographs for mapping

should be recovered physically. Attitude stabilization in orbit should include stellar observations to reduce the possibility of cumulative

post on error

In addition to man-made countermeasures,

satellites are vulnerable to natural phenomona.

The electronic equipment in satellites depends

heavily upon transistors and transistors are

very vulnerable to knock-off of atoms from

their crystal lattice structure when subjected

to particle bombardment. If the radiation

could be changed to or X-rays; thea long

time damage effects to transistors would be

greatly attenuated. Thus, it is important in

high altitude orbits to know whether particle

radiation exists so that shielding must be

considered. The whole question of radiation

intensity and distribution is so vital to the

117L program, and its follow-ons, that serious consideration should *be given to early

instrumented flights of 117L vehicles for

this exploratory usea

far as Mitt requirements for men

in reconnaissance satellites are concerned,

they will be primarily used on an intermittent basis. Logistic support and repair of

orbiting vehicles would simplify many of the

operational problems of video data link surveillance systems. If high altitude satellites

require physical return of photographic data,

a manned support vehicle could replerish the .

film and insure the safe return of exposed negatives.]

In summary, the following conclusions

•

9
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and recommendations can be subr ad regarding reconnaissance vehicles:

High altitude manned reconnaissance

vehicles would be useful Cas complements to

the 117L system if they are capable of avoiding det ction , at least, interception. 1

As soon as practical, a major emphasis o le 117L program should be placed

on map in

c.A suitable mapping camera, ehicle

stabilization system, and physical recovery

data transmission system for the 117L system

should be developed as quickly as possible2

d.C.Upper altitude raCiation and physics

problems should bt. ..!solved at the earliest

date. The use of an adequate number of 117L

vehicles for this purpose is recommended

e.EAdvanced reconnaissance satellites for .

global surveillance, mapping, warnin weather

forecasting, etc. should be developed

Manned vehicles for logistic support

and maintenance o satellite and space re- (3

connaissance systems should be seriously

studied in anticipation of their use.

Critical components of future systems

should have more support than appears to be

possible under the weapon systems concept.

4

10
zee emem oz our Knowwage aoout tne

exosphere must be made comparable to that

now available about the atmosphe3 The number of unknowns is large, and the euvironment

is imperfectly understood, even to a first

approximation.. The possibility of modifying

this environment seems very real, and presents

an exciting and challenging prospect: control

of solar radiation at ionospheric heights, for

example, could conceivably affect the energy

balance in our atmosphere and thus exert an

influence on the high-altitude winds .. ' h influence weather flow. But, even withouc looking

so far, radiation may severely limit the working life of electronic components of other

equipment and of human beings exposed to the

space environment. Data on this problem will

greatly influence design studies, especially for

such applications as communication relay

satellites, which well may constitu te one of the

first practical uses of space.

Extensive experimentation will be neces,

sary before components can be soundly designed for long exposure beyond the atmosphere. It should be recalled that many decades

of study of cosmic rays elapsed before the cosmic ray showers produced by high-energy

particles were discovered. It is possible that

there may be surprises of a like nature in regard to the effect of radiation upon equipment

in satellites. A major problem which must be

solved before a sound design for satellite

equipment can be worked out is a thorough

characterization of the nature of the radiation

produced in a satellite. It will not suffice

simply to express this in roentgens, as measured by an ionization chamber of a Geiger counter.

It will be necessary to know what fraction displaces atoms from their chemically bonded

positions, and what fraction produces electronic

ionization without atomic displacement.

It is evident that satellite-probes, carrying equipment for the measurement of radiaton and the transmission of the information

to Earth, will continue to play an important

role in this field. How the emphasis should be

divided between such experiments and the

projection of recoverable equipment into the

ionosphere is a problem requiring sound research planning which should be dealt with

by a competent team of scientific experts.

Similar problems of radiation effects upon

equipment occurn the case of thetzeconn- 4

aissance satellite. Since this subject constitutes a separate jo nt commitee report, it will

not be dealt with further here.*

An ICBM in its trajectory in space represents a major disc( nutty in its neighborhood. With our very linuced present knowledge

it cannot be predicted how, if at all, this disturbance may be used for detection in an AIC BM

system. When the scientific aspects of possible

phenomena are more fully understood, system

design can be undertaken on a much sounder

basis.

The new altitudes reached by satellites are

regions that can be substantially affected by

man-made disturbances.

From the briefest consideration of these

problems, it is clear that very extensive and

well planned scientific experiments must be

conducted before space electronics can be

built on a firm foundation. This work will be

expensive. In effect, the environmental and

propagation information obtained in the troposphere over a period of decades must now be

extended to the ionosphere, or beyond, in a

period of just a few years if electronics is to

meet the requirements of the Air Force.

In order that the necessary scientific information about the nature of phenomena in

space be obtained with maximum speed and

efficiency, new facilities and probably a new

organization of scientists will be required.

In brief, it is strongly recommended that ARDC

establish or cooperate in establishing a space

research facility planned to obtain scientific

information relevant to radar, AICBM, and

satellites in the ionosphere and beyond. The

electronics committee strongly recommends

that this program be carried out with high

level priority even if this must be done at the

expense of the total weight of satellites put

into orbit, or other more immediately tangible

evidences of "space conquest." It will be, in

the final analysis, sound scientific design which

will give leadership in the field.

APPLIED RESEARCH AND SOUND TECHNICAL

MANAGEMENT

On the basis of discussions with ARDC

personnel and on its own experience, the

electronics committee concludes that an unsatisfactory program exists. in the balance

between applied research int' nded to develop

the state of the art and produce development

along technical lines on the one hand, and,

on the other, the development and procurement of end items, particularly large systems

or prototypes of large systems.

See "Report of the Committee on Reconnaissance and Intelligence," NAS-ARDC Study, 1958.

SECRET - 21
likely to be an immediate requirement.

. The progress in the deve )ment of

chaff jamming techniques has generated sub-

.

btantial improvement in radar technique s

so that ground-based radars have much more

chance of success against conventional

aircraft than would have been expected years

ago. On the other hand, presentl y planned

AICBM weapon systems are completely inadequate to cape with a simple decoy and jamming

effort. Means must be found to meet this threat

and at the same time equip our own second

generation missiles with decoys and jamming

sets.

The extension of electronic warfare to

missiles and satellites is an unavoidable consequence of technological progress. Satellites

will soon be found to be adaptable to a ranber

of missions well beyondlreconnaissanu ,, . they

are ideally suited for jamming and de:1/4 wing

AICBM devices; they can ne used to rtlicase

chaff type devices in orbit; and they can be effective against a number of long range enemy

waming and guidance weapons.

VI is clear, however, that jamming and the

release of chaff from satellites will necessarily have to be tightly restricted because it

is in the national int( at to limit "spent" satellites in orbit to an :...solute minimum. It may

also be found that saline jamming will be held

to be a war-like act.

SPECIAL SYSTEMS

Two special systems were considered in

some detail by the electronics committee: one

on satellites for communications relay purposes, and one on the AICBM problem.

Satellite relays are judged to be feasible

and useful. The committee has discussed

various types and has outlined possible

de;elopment programs.

The AICBM problem was also examined

and past studies of it were surveyed. The extreme technical difficulties appear to be nearly

as formidable today as they were several years

ago, and the need for research on relevant

scientific problems of re-entry, decoy discrimination, and high altitude destruction is as

necessary now as it was then. Recommendations for such studies have been reviewed

and are re-emphasized.

SECRET 27
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Chapter 9

MILITARY USES OF SPACE FLIGHT

The purpose of this study was to assess

the military uses of space flight.

In the conduct of the study it was recognized that specific military space missions

must not only be feasible, but also preferable

to alternate methods of achieving the same

results through more conventional weapon

systems. Unless a military advantage accrues

from space flight, the capability of our armed

forces is diluted rather than increased.

In the course of the committee's deliberations, the capabilities, missions, and developmental requirements of space flight were

examined for military application. It was observed that a capability exists to inject important payloads into space and that this

capability can grow rapidly in the future. A

wide spectrum of potential military space

applications is suggested, ranging from early

limited applications to long-range, large-scale

systems. Comments and conclusions are divided according to time periods.

NEXT GENERATION SYSTEMS

Next generation systems will be those

which augment current weapon systems. Within this framework, the following systems deserve attention.

Long-range ballistic missile programs

will become a reality. The use of such systems

for increased operational flexibility is noted

in terms of vehicle potential for spoofing,

ranging, and limited personnel and material

transport.

(orbital systems devoted to reconnaissane have a high immediate military worth.

Recommendation is made to supplement the

WS-117 L program with a program for physical

recovery of geodetic photographic data from

short-life satellites. A further need is foreseen

for programs to counter Soviet reconnaissance

satellites. Limited initial development and

exploratory operation of communication And

investigation satellites is recommended tocapability.

gether w5 the creation of a decoy satellite

A strong effort in the field of an unmanned work-horse satellite is urged to obtain

necessary geophysical, life-science, and component design environmental information.

INTEr

EDIATE PERIOD SYSTEMS

Within the next decade, orbital systems

can assume prime weapon system status. Combat potential is feasible in global reconnaissance, bombardment, air defense (AICBM),

and logistic support by manned vehicles and

orbital platformsaThe Dyna-Soar program is

seen as contribu g significantly to military

capability in this time period. It is further

noted that during this time period countries

other than the United States and U.S.S.R. will

achieve space capability. The impact of such

an event upon our military posture deserves

eudy. Recommendation is made for action in

satellite tracking and sorting systemsand in

anti-satellite systemsiA requirement may

develop for manned orb al vehicles for logistic

support, decoy and debris sweeping, orbital

platform erection and anti-satellite discrimination and/or destruct ona

INTERIM AND OPEN-ENDED FUTURE SYSTEMS

In the time period following the next decade,

manned lunar flight and exploration can become a reality. The pros and aims of a lunar

base are discussed from the standpoint of

military applications. The extensive use of

manned space systems are foreseen as a prerequisite for large-scale lunar or lunar-Earth

space operations.

A capability for planetary exploration is

seen in the far future but no clear military

application can now be predicted.

DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS

A review of some developmental efforts

that would help advance a military space program constituted the concluding portion of

this study. A thorough knowledge must be

acquired of the physical parameters of the environment in which space vehicles will operate.

The component systems associated with space

vehicles must be developed, with attention not

only to subsystem performance, but also to

integration into vehicle systems. Operational

capability must be attained in many types of

activity that are foreign to man's traditional

experience near the Earth's surface. Personnel must be trained and procedures developed

for space operations. It is not pretended that

SECRET
Possible Functions for Man to Fulfill in

There appear to be many thin,,- for man to

do in space. For some of these things, no automatic equipment is in sight. The functions that

are examined are: (1) exploration, (2) experimentation, (3 fabrication, (4) maintenance, (5)

resuppl/ (C inspection and disabling of encm

systems (7) surveillanced reconnaissancej

(8) ba:a. Le direction, (9) se ection of COW:dermeasures and counter-countermeasures, (1..

terminal guidance of ground-launched weapons,

(11) piloting, and (12) communication with other

men. In most of those functions, men offer important advantages over fully automatic systems. When the missions are limited to orbits

and trajectories near the earth, control of

equipment in space by men on the ground offers

an alternative approach that should be studied

carefully. Difficulties of communication and

control signaling must of course be considered.

For missions into distant space, ground control

is precluded by the transmission time delay.

PREREQUISITES FOR EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF MEN

What needs to be done in order to assure

effective utilization of the capabilities inherent in men? The possibilities are usually

discussed under the headings of selection,

education and training, motivation, and human

engineering of man-machine systems.

Selection

To offer a meaningful answer to the

question, how much improvement in system

performance can personnel selection yield,

it is necessary to go in some detail into

selection test characteristics and scales of

measurement. Those subjects are discussed.

It is concluded that it is highly worthwhile

for the Air Force to continue to work diligently on personnel selection methods and to

apply the most advanced techniques. Tests of

aptitude for engineering and for piloting are

especially important. The two aptitudes are

by no means identical, and. the Air Force is

faced with such serious demands in both areas

that • the best possible selection procedures

are needed. Research is needed also in the

important area of selection for hazardous duty.

Training

The general requirement for training is

discussed, and the advantages to be gained

through the use of simulators is emphasized.

In particular, part-task trainers are advocated.

Part-task trainers can be designed in the form

of teaching machines that motivate the trainee

to practice and pre le special training on

critical phases of the .fission.

NEEDED RESEARCH

Research is needed particularly in the

following areas:

Specification and improvement of

human performance capabilities and limitations as affected by education, tr. 'ning, and

motivation and by environmental and combat

conditions.

Specification and improveme nt of

equipment performance capabilities and limitations as affected by advances in technology

and by environmental and combat conditions.

Man-machine communication.

Measurement and specification of environmental and combat stresses.

e. Methodology of system design.

Human Ferforniance

TAXONOMY. A better system of categories than is now available is needed as a

framework for research on human capabilities

and limitations, for design of man-machine

systems, and for selection and training of

personnel. Support of work on this problem

is strongly recommended.

MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE. Measurements should be made to

provide quantitative specifications of human

capabilities in the main functions or operations that comprise the taxonomic system.

The specification should be given in terms

compatible with those used in describing the

behavior of equipment components with which

human operators may be associated. The

number and selection of subjects for the

measurements should be determined by the

requirement that the data be useful in setting

standards for personnel selection.

SELECTION AND TRAINING. The main

need for research in the field of selection

focuses on the problem of how best to use

existing measures and measurement techniques to predict performance capability after

extensive t!Pining. In trai ning, research is

needed on: (1) how to develop and maintain

proficiency in remote control (e.g., manipulation via radio link); diagnosis of complex

situations, and decision making; (2) how to

improve and utilize part-task aimulators and

teaching machines; and (3) how to incorporate

maintenance-of-proficiency features into weapon and support systems.

se CCNF1DENTiAt
•

Chapter 12

RECONNAISSANCE AND INTELLIGENCE

There are two principle miiseons for

reconnaissance as it exists today ape. in the

foreseeable future. The first is related to

general war. The second occurs before and

during a limited war situation where the local

area commander must receive the tactical intelligence necessary to gain a decision.

The most -important phase of the first

mission occurs during the cold war preliminaries, during which our national policy is

aimed at the prevention of actual hostilities.

In this period, reconnaissance must continually

provide a high order of intelligence data on the

entire spectrum of the enemy's war-making

potential, his present and future intent, and

an assessment of the probability that a surprise

attack may be launched. it must provide the

necessary target information to permit.effective retaliation, or threat of retaliation, by

the United States, and the knowledge of the

• enemy's air and electronic defense needed in

. carrying out such retaliation.

In the appraisal of war-making potential,

it is important to determine the enemy's

nuclear delivery capabilities, both overt and

clandestine, together with his scientific and

technical resources and readiness, both within

and outside his country. Every effort must be

made to gain technical intelligence regarding

the characteristics of his military equipment,

his performance of field tests, or any other

information that would suggest the direction

of his research and development.

Appraisal of the enemy's intent involves

utilization of data from all available sources.

Most of these sources are discussed in this

report. One type of information which is vital

in determining enemy intentions is the detection of movements of equipment, personnel,

vehicles including aircraft, and any new construction or unusual preparations. The problem

of surveillance of a territory like the USSR

for such activity is so vast that the development

of automatic aids for detecting change (which

may be considered an automatic alarm concept) is deemed essential. Such equipment

would conserve the effort of interpretive manpower by .discarding redundant information

, and providing, essentially, automatic indication

I of "where to look."

Necessary targeting data involve recognition and identification of installations of all

kinds, together with their location to the

necessary accuracy. In an area so great as

the Soviet territories, adequate recognition of

targets can be beyond available manpower

unless the "where to look" aid is provided

as well. Here is where the combination of

sensing devices can be so important. Electronic

activity indicated by ferret methods, or heat

sources detectable by infrared sensors, for

example, can provide important indications of

where detailed photography is required. Especially difficult problems will arise with concealed and remote military targets of the future

such as missile complexes, whose recognition

may be possible only during the building phases.

The accuracy required in targeting depends both upon the nature of the target,

whether large or small, hard or soft, and upon

the type of retaliatory attack. ICBM's require

better geodetic accuracy for the target position

than do manned bombers since uo terminal

course corrections are now made for long range

rockets. Although ICBM requirements cannot

be defined exactly, some limiting conditions

can be established. For currently anticipated

targets, the number of ICBM's required for a

given task is fairly insensitive to target

position errors (defined with respect to the

launch site) if these are below 20 percent of

the missile CEP. Currently, anticipated C EP' s

for Atlas and Titan are of the order of 2 miles.

Future developments could refine guidance

systems errors to somewhat less than one

mile. In order to satisfy future demands, new

geodetic surveys should provide accuracies of

the order of 500 feet. This involves geodesy

of the highest precision, and relates to an area,

the Soeiet territory, where even pioneer mapping of large portions is unavailable ao rtunately, the reconnaissance satellite provides an

excellent opportunity to perform such geodesy.

This is discussed briefly below, in connection

with recommendations on the 117L program,

and in more detail in the full report of

the committees

Recent history has shown that within the

cold-war stalemate of the major powers, limited war engagements are likely. Reconnaissance

problems associated with such hostilities are

of a quite different type than those of the cold

SECRET ao
war situation — problems requirir quite different tools. In limited war, the rec. _laic, sz,-.nee

mission is primarily to determine the disposition, capability, and intentions of an active

military force within small but highly vanabie

geographical bounds. The time scale is relatively short; military targets are gene rally

small and mobile and may be available (-nay at

night. Thee considerations imply, therefore,

a variety of reconnaissance techniques which

have to be quick in response, all-weather

versatile, and of high resolution.

The present review is intended neither to

give a thorough analysis of the intelligence

problems of the future nor to give a catalogue

of equipments and methods for all possible

situations which might be visualized. Its scope

is limited to certain technical aspects of data

collection methods for reconnaissance and intelligence, with emphasis on the operational

contexts outlined above. A review of the current

status and future promise of various detection

devices is presented, and recommendations

are made concerning future research and development when these seem justified. Because

of the rather unique technical problems posed

by future reconnaissance vehicles especially

artificial satellites, detectionprob e s cannot

be considered in pendently of the vehicle

and so special consideration was given to

vehicles for reconnaissance.

Outlined below are some of the more important findings and recommendations of this

study. The complete report considers these

matters in much more detail, make additional

specific recommendations, and provide supporting reasons for the conclusions.

PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

General Recommendations

SUPPORTING RESEARCH. It is essential to recognize that an alert reconnaissance and intelligence program must avail

itself of continuous scientific assistance and

must be in a state of continuous evolution. In

order to make certain that interpretive techniques and procedures remain valid and useful,

basic supporting research must be promoted

in all fields related to reconnaissance Gbjectives. Pressure must always be maintained

to reduce the time elapsed between new scientific discoveries and their application to active

reconnaissance work.

COMPONENT VERSUS SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT. Too often a system design must

be compromised because not enough time is

allowed for the development of the basic detection component u• which it is based.

Moreover, tying the c. .lopment of new components to a system usually results in too

much expensive hardware based on too little

study and bas investigation. It is urged that

detector development be supported vigorously

for its own sake independent of any particular

system. This principle is especially true in

the areas of optical and infrared systems,, but

applies equally well to sonic and electromagnetic devices. The cost of such research

is very small compared to costs of final

systems.

NEW SYSTEMS VERSUS AVAILABLE

SYSTEMS. It must be recognized that current

reconnaissance can only be performed with

available systems. Therefore, it is generally

undesirable to discontinue further development

of a successful system in favor of a potentially

superior one with a long development lead

time. Thus the committee feels it unrealistic,

for example, to abandon continuous development and improvement of radar techniques

even though it may appear that optical and infrared procedures will better answer some of

the problems previously reserved for radar.

COMBINATION OF SENSORS. The limitations and capabilities of different collecting

devices usually are so different that simultaneous use of two or more of them in one

reconnaissance vehicle will greatly enhance

system effectiveness.

e. TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE AND

THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY. Because of

the variety and specialized technical knowledge

needed to interpret technical intelligence data

and to suggest new methods for obtaining it,

it is important that those agencies responsible

for gathering intelligence be in close and continuing contact with competent people from

the active scientific community. In the past,

security requirements have . inhibited such Et

healthy interchange.

• Specific Recommendations

a.gRTIFICIAL SATELLITE RECONNAISS CE. The 117L program deserves

every support, and it is recommended that

effort on the present 117L photographic

systems of both 6-inch and 36-inch focal

length (sometimes referred to as "pioneer"

and "advanced") be continued without diminution. The .6-inch system will provide, among

other things, early and valuable experience in

the difficult field of satellite photography. The

36-inch system can be an important step toward identification of installations.?

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gn addition, it is urged that the,... be added

to e 117L program at the earliest possible

date equipment to secure basic and precise

geodetic mapping information. This should

certainly be done before means are developed

by the Soviets to deny us the use of satellites

to gather this information. Precision geodetic

mapping will involve:

Intermittent frame cameras which are

more suitable for precision map data than the

slit cameras now planned.

Simultaneous star field photographs

which are possible from a satellite. These will

provide attitude information necessary, in

combination with orbital data, for precise geodesy in the absence of the usual ground control

points.

(3) Careful re-evaluation of physical recovery of film as compared to data link transmission as the more practical way of obtaining

precise mapping data without serious degradation.l

'ICTICAL RECONNAISSANCE

(LIMITED WAR). An important need appears

for very low altitude high speed aircraft,

capable of carrying several reconnaissance

sensors simultaneously. These include high

resolution radar with moving target indication,

ferret and intercept devices, photographic and

infrared systems, and air sampling equipment.

Such aircraft may or may not combine strike

with reconnaissance, and depending in large

part on this factor, will be manned or unmanned.

They must be capable of operating from advanced bases (STOL or VTOL) and be as

simple as consistent with their mission and

reasonable chance of survival.

OPTICAL AND VISUAL MET.TIODS.

Optical methcds using visible or near visible

light, whether conventional photography or

other sensors are employed, will continue to

be dominant in collecting detailed reconnaissance information. Continued supporting research in this area, therefore, is essential.

This should include the support of both theory

and experiment in the design and fabrication

of optical systemst_Satellite applications emphasize the need for non-silver halide photo-

_ graphic systems which can be used in the

presence of nuclear radiatiois

In addition, since fine r olution photographs should be made at the lowest altitude

which the Soviets or other potential enemies are

unable to deny us, photography from aircraft

above 100,000 feet is attractive for the near

future, and effort should be made to improve

aircraft for this purpose.

INFRARED D. _ECTION. Infrared

offers many unique advantages in reconnaissance requiring an around-the-clock capability:

for long range intelligence and early warning

against missiles, and for heat mapping and

object location. A long wavelength infrared

picture or heat map deserves special emphasis.

If made with equipment utilizing the wavelength region around 10p, such a picture cannot only be made around the clock and through

moderate overcasts, but also can provide an

immediate indication of activity in many types

of man-made installations. Combined with

photographs of the same area, the heat picture

can point out to a photo interpreter areas requiring detailed examination, and thus provide

important "where to look" signals.

To utilize the full potentialities of infrared

techniques, it is essential to provide increased

support for research and development related

to infrared technology, particularly in the

development of detector components and in the

development of image forming infrared sensors.

ELECTRONIC RECONNAISSANCE. It

is felt that in this area satisfactory technical

developments are already planned in an attempt

to keep up with the sophistication of the electronic art. On the other hand, the lack of a

coordinated national policy on the processing of

this type of data pluses much concern, as

does similar lack of coordination in the handling of other forms of reconnaissance information.

RADAR DETECTION. Radar methods

will continue to play an important role in

future reconnaissance. The techniques for detecting nuclear blasts and ICBM takeoffs should

be regarded as being in their infancy and,

with improved methods, it .may be possible

to extend the detection range to multi-hop

distances. For limited war situations, it is

felt that there is a particular need for the

development of an airborne, high-resolution

radar. This radar need not have very long

range, but should be adaptable for use with

high speed, low altitude aircraft, and possess

MTI capabilities.

ACOUSTIC DETECTION. Sonic propagation to extremely long ranges at relatively

low frequencies is possible through an acoustic

duct centered around 40 thousand feet. This

remarkable phenomenon deserves a thorough

experimental research program involving both

balloon-carried receivers and large ground

SECRET