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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 104,295

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

STATE OF KANSAS,

Appellee,

v.

STEVEN HOWARD WEIS,

Appellant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in 47 Kan. App. 2d 703, 280 P.3d 805 (2012).

Appeal from Saline District Court; RENE S. YOUNG, judge. Opinion filed August 18, 2017. Judgment of 

the Court of Appeals affirming the district court is affirmed as to the issue subject to review. Judgment of 

the district court is affirmed as to the issue subject to review.

Heather Cessna, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, and Rachel L. Pickering, of the same 

office, were on the briefs for appellant. 

Ellen H. Mitchell, county attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were on the brief for 

appellee.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

Per Curiam: Steven Howard Weis was convicted of two counts of reckless 

aggravated battery and ordered to register as a violent offender under the Kansas 

Offender Registration Act (KORA), K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq., after a district court judge 

found Weis used a deadly weapon to commit those offenses. For the first time on appeal, 
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Weis argues his registration requirement violates Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 

490, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), because the fact was not submitted to a 

jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The persuasiveness of that challenge turns on 

whether KORA's requirements constitute punishment for his crimes. We affirm the 

offender registration order.

The outcome of Weis' appeal is controlled by State v. Meredith, 306 Kan. __, __ 

P.3d __ (No. 110,520, filed August 4, 2017), slip op. at 10, and State v. Huey, 306 Kan. 

__, __ P.3d __ (No. 109,690, filed August 11, 2017). Like the appellants in those cases, 

Weis offers no fact-based arguments on the factors we must consider in determining 

whether the Act's effects render it punitive as applied to violent offenders because he 

raises his Apprendi challenge—and, consequently, his argument that the registration 

requirements are punishment—for the first time on appeal. See Meredith, 306 Kan. at __,

slip op. at 10 ("[A]nalysis of the [Kennedy v.] Mendoza-Martinez[, 372 U.S. 144, 168-69, 

83 S. Ct. 554, 9 L. Ed. 2d 644 (1963),] factors requires a robust record because the effects 

prong of the applicable legal test obliges an appellate court to premise its legal conclusion 

on at least some fact-intensive questions—i.e., the legitimacy of the public safety 

interests at stake, the effectiveness of the alternative purpose to promote public safety, 

etc.").

Without a factual record, we cannot conclude that KORA's registration 

requirements imposed on violent offenders are so punitive as to override the legislature's 

intent that KORA be a civil remedy. Therefore, Weis has not demonstrated, as he must, 

that the registration requirements constitute punishment. Because the registration 

requirements did not increase Weis' punishment under the law of this case, it was not 

necessary that his use of a deadly weapon be found beyond a reasonable doubt by a jury.
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We affirm the lower courts' judgment on the issue subject to our review.

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BEIER, J., dissenting: Consistent with my votes in State v. Meredith, 306 Kan. 

___, ___ P.3d ___ (No. 110,520, filed August 4, 2017); and State v. Huey, 306 Kan. ___, 

___ P.3d ___ (No. 109,690, filed August 11, 2017), I respectfully dissent from the 

majority's decision in this case. 

"Kansas' requirement of offender registration—especially in its modern, maximally 

invasive, maximally pervasive, and infinitely more public incarnation—is punishment, 

certainly in effect if not in intent. It is no less so for a drug offender than for a sex 

offender or a violent offender. It is no less so when the Ex Post Facto Clause is before us 

than when Apprendi or the Eighth Amendment is before us." Meredith, 306 Kan. at ___, 

slip op. at 11-12 (Beier, J., dissenting).

ROSEN and JOHNSON, JJ., join the foregoing dissent.