DA 07-0431

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2008 MT 178

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

TRAVIS W. KIRKBRIDE,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the First Judicial District,

In and For the County of Lewis and Clark, Cause No. ADC 06-327

Honorable Dorothy McCarter, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Jim Wheelis, Chief Appellate Defender; Lisa S. Korchinski, Assistant

Appellate Defender; Helena, Montana

For Appellee:

Hon. Mike McGrath, Montana Attorney General; Tammy Plubell, 

Assistant Attorney General

Leo Gallagher, Lewis and Clark County Attorney, Helena, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: March 6, 2008

 Decided: May 21, 2008

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

May 21 2008
2

District Court Judge Gregory R. Todd, sitting for Justice W. William Leaphart, delivered 

the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 Travis W. Kirkbride (hereafter Kirkbride) appeals from his sentence in the District 

Court for the First Judicial District, Lewis and Clark County, on charges of deliberate

homicide under § 45-5-102(1)(a), MCA. Kirkbride was sentenced to life in prison, with 

no parole eligibility for fifty-five (55) years. We affirm.

¶2 We restate the issues on appeal as follows:

¶3 1. Did the District Court err when it relied on a “need for retribution” as a factor 

in sentencing Kirkbride?

¶4 2. Did the District Court err by imposing a restriction on Kirkbride’s parole 

eligibility for fifty-five (55) years?

¶5 The instant appeal requires the Court to determine whether a trial court judge can 

legally pronounce a sentence that is partially based on a need for retribution and whether 

a trial court can legally pronounce a sentence containing a partial parole restriction. The 

Court answers both questions in the affirmative. 

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶6 On the evening of December 8, 2006, Paul Raftery (hereafter Raftery) was 

walking home in Helena, Montana. Kirkbride and Robert Rickman (hereafter Rickman) 

agreed to commit robbery in order to obtain money for drugs. When they saw the victim, 

Raftery, walking up Lawrence Street, they began following him. Raftery noticed they 

were following him and crossed the street. Rickman approached Raftery, called out to 

him, and punched him in the face. Raftery yelled for help and attempted to get away, at 
3

which point Kirkbride stabbed him in the back with a large hunting knife. This blow was 

fatal, puncturing Raftery’s left lung and pericardial sack and striking the pulmonary 

artery. Raftery again attempted to get away. This time Rickman tripped him. While 

Raftery was on the ground bleeding, Rickman and Kirkbride took Raftery’s wallet. 

Rickman and Kirkbride returned to their vehicle and fled. 

¶7 Kirkbride and Rickman threw the wallet, knife, Kirkbride’s coat, and Rickman’s 

jacket into a dumpster in central Helena. Meanwhile, two citizens heard Raftery’s cry for 

help and called 911. Emergency responders found Raftery unresponsive and bleeding 

from his back. He was transported to St. Peter’s Hospital and pronounced dead upon 

arrival. On December 11, 2006, Kirkbride confessed to involvement in the slaying of 

Raftery, implicated Rickman, and took law enforcement officers to the dumpster where 

officers found the wallet and a bloody knife. 

¶8 Kirkbride was charged with deliberate homicide, a felony, under § 45-5-102(1)(a), 

MCA. On February 14, 2007, Kirkbride pled guilty to deliberate homicide. The 

sentencing judge sentenced Kirkbride to life in prison with no possibility of parole for 

fifty-five years. One of the bases for Kirkbride’s sentence was “the victim’s family’s 

need for retribution.” Kirkbride brings the instant appeal challenging the legality of a 

sentence on three grounds. Kirkbride argues that basing a sentence on the need of the 

victim’s family for retribution renders the sentence illegal. Kirkbride also contends his 

sentence was illegal because sentencing judges lack statutory authority to impose partial 

parole restrictions. Finally, Kirkbride asserts the judge’s consideration of the presentence 
4

investigation report (PSI), which referenced Raftery’s status as a Montana lawyer and 

law clerk for the Montana Supreme Court, renders the sentence illegal. 

DISCUSSION

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶9 “[The Court] review[s] criminal sentences that include at least one year of actual 

incarceration for legality only.” State v. Rosling, 2008 MT 62, ¶ 59, 342 Mont. 1, ¶ 59, 

___ P.3d ___, ¶ 59. “Our review is confined to determining whether the sentencing court 

had statutory authority to impose the sentence, whether the sentence falls within the 

parameters set by the applicable sentencing statutes, and whether the court adhered to the 

affirmative mandates of the applicable sentencing statutes.” Rosling, ¶ 59. “This 

determination is a question of law; as such, our review is de novo.” Rosling, ¶ 59. “Trial 

judges are granted broad discretion to determine the appropriate punishment for 

offenses.” State v. Erickson, 2008 MT 50, ¶ 10, 341 Mont. 426, ¶ 10, 177 P.3d 1043, ¶ 

10. “On appeal we will not review a sentence for mere inequity or disparity.” Erickson,

¶ 10. 

¶10 Issue 1. Did the District Court err when it relied on a “need for retribution” as 

a factor in sentencing Kirkbride?

Retribution is a component of punishment

¶11 Kirkbride correctly argued that retribution is not specifically among the sentencing 

policies articulated in § 46-18-101(2), MCA, or the sentencing principles articulated in § 

46-18-101(3), MCA. Kirkbride also argued sentencing policies and principles were 

violated by his sentence that was based on Raftery’s status and his family’s need for 
5

retribution. But the policies found in § 46-18-101(2), MCA, include punishing and 

holding offenders accountable, incarcerating violent offenders, and providing reparations 

to victims. The Court has repeatedly said retribution is a component of punishment. For 

example, “[a] sentence of imprisonment following a criminal conviction is imposed 

because a particular crime was committed, and its purpose is both retributional and 

rehabilitational.” Matter of C.S., 210 Mont. 144, 146, 687 P.2d 57, 59 (1984). We 

restated this declaration of purpose in 1993. Matter of B.L.T., 258 Mont. 468, 473, 853 

P.2d 1226, 1229 (1993).

¶12 Matter of B.L.T. and Matter of C.S. are not the only cases in Montana that 

establish retribution is a component of punishment. See e.g. State v. Mount, 2003 MT 

275, ¶¶ 70, 73, 317 Mont. 481, ¶¶ 70, 73, 78 P.3d 829, ¶¶ 70, 73. (“[One] factor 

addresses traditional aims of punishment-i.e., retribution and deterrence.” The Court also 

said, “the more a statute promotes the traditional aims of retribution and deterrence, the 

more likely the statute is punitive . . . .”) “A civil sanction will be deemed . . . 

punishment in the constitutional sense only if the sanction ‘may not fairly be 

characterized as remedial, but only as a deterrent or retribution.’” Frazier v. Montana

State Dept. of Corrects., 277 Mont. 82, 86, 920 P.2d 93, 96 (1996) (quoting Bae v. 

Shalala, 44 F.3d 489, 493 (7th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks omitted)). “[A] civil 

penalty is ‘punishment’ . . . if it ‘cannot fairly be said solely to serve a remedial purpose,

but rather can only be explained as also serving either retributive or deterrent purposes.’” 

State v. Nelson, 275 Mont. 86, 91, 910 P.2d 247, 250 (1996) (quoting United States v. 
6

Halper, 490 U.S. 435, 448, 109 S. Ct. 1892, 1901-02 (1989)). The Court’s decisions 

spanning over two decades establish retribution is one of the components of punishment. 

¶13 “Stare decisis is the preferred course because it promotes the evenhanded, 

predictable, and consistent development of legal principles, fosters reliance on judicial 

decisions, and contributes to the actual and perceived integrity of the judicial process.” 

Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 827, 111 S. Ct. 2597, 2609 (1991). “[S]tare decisis is 

a fundamental doctrine which reflects our concerns for stability, predictability and equal 

treatment.” State v. Gatts, 279 Mont. 42, 51, 928 P.2d 114, 119 (1996) (internal citation 

and quotation marks omitted). “It is of fundamental and central importance to the rule of 

law.” Gatts, 279 Mont. at 51, 928 P.2d at 119 (internal citation and quotation marks 

omitted). The Court follows prior precedents and holds a judge may consider retribution 

because prior precedent deems retribution a component of punishment. 

¶14 Nevertheless, it is important to note that this is not a case where the only basis for 

the sentence is retribution. The trial court judge did not say there was little need for either 

general or specific deterrence and that there was only the slimmest chance for the 

defendant to reoffend. Instead, the judgment and commitment of the sentencing judge 

reflected retribution as only the third basis for the sentence. The other bases were “the 

likelihood of defendant’s rehabilitation is minimal, [and] the defendant poses a grave risk 

to society.” Kirkbride had a juvenile criminal record and spent six months at Pine Hills 

Youth Correctional Facility until he turned 18. He was kicked out of Job Corps and stole 

property from his parents a few days before Raftery’s homicide to get money for drugs. 

Based on a psychological examination, the sentencing judge found that “the defendant 
7

lacks conscience, and . . . his sociopathic personality will not change over time.” The 

psychologist had rarely, if ever, seen a young man with a worse chemical dependency 

problem. 

¶15 Kirkbride also asserts the content of the PSI renders his sentence illegal because 

the PSI referred to Raftery as a Montana lawyer and Montana Supreme Court law clerk. 

Kirkbride further argues nothing in § 46-18-101(2), MCA, or § 46-18-101(3), MCA,

indicates Montana sentencing should be affected by the victim’s relationship to the law. 

While the PSI noted Raftery’s status as a lawyer and law clerk, the PSI also stated, the 

crime “would be no less heinous if Mr. Raftery were a convenience store clerk.” 

Moreover, the Judgment and Commitment of Kirkbride’s sentencing judge does not refer 

to Raftery’s status as a lawyer or law clerk. Therefore, the PSI did not make the sentence 

illegal. 

¶16 Issue 2. Did the District Court err by imposing a restriction on Kirkbride’s 

parole eligibility for fifty-five (55) years?

Judges may impose partial parole restrictions

¶17 Section 46-18-202(2), MCA, in pertinent part, says, “the sentencing judge may 

also impose the restriction that the offender is ineligible for parole.” Kirkbride argues the 

phrase “is ineligible for parole” only allows the sentencing judge to restrict parole for all 

of a sentence or none of it. The Court disagrees. Recently, the Court described the task 

of statutory interpretation as “simply to ascertain and declare what is in terms or in 

substance contained in the statute, not to insert what is omitted or to omit what is 
8

inserted.” State v. Ashmore, 2008 MT 14, ¶ 12, 341 Mont. 131, ¶ 12, 176 P.3d 1022, ¶ 12 

(quoting § 1-2-101, MCA) (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). 

¶18 The Court has, on prior occasion, examined other parts of Title 46, chapter 18 in 

order to determine the meaning of § 46-18-202(2), MCA. Gratzer v. Mahoney, 2006 MT 

282, ¶¶ 4-7, 334 Mont. 297, ¶¶ 4-7, 150 P.3d 343, ¶¶ 4-7 (examining § 46-23-103(4), 

MCA (1981), and § 46-23-1001(3), MCA (1981), in order to determine the meaning of 

“term” contained in § 46-18-202(2), MCA (1981)). Section 46-18-202(2), MCA, is not 

the only provision of Title 46, chapter 18 dealing with the restrictions that sentencing 

judges may put on sentences. For example, the provision directly preceding § 46-18-

202(2), MCA, empowers trial court judges to attach to sentences “any other limitation 

reasonably related to the objectives of rehabilitation and the protection of the victim and 

society.” Section 46-18-202(1)(f), MCA. It is incredible to interpret § 46-18-202(2), 

MCA, as imposing an all or nothing limitation on parole restrictions based on the phrase 

“is ineligible for parole” when the prior section gives the judge great discretion that is 

limited only by reasonableness. 

¶19 Kirkbride correctly argues State v. Thomas, 285 Mont. 112, 121-23, 946 P.2d 140, 

145-47 (1997), arose on the knowing and voluntary nature of a guilty plea and did not 

address the lawfulness of partial parole restrictions. However, in order to conclude the

guilty plea was lawful, the Montana Supreme Court deemed the partial parole restriction 

imposed under § 46-18-202(2), MCA, a “discretionary parole restriction.” Thomas, 285 

Mont. at 122, 946 P.2d at 146. It is implausible to interpret “a discretionary parole 

restriction” as allowing only enough discretion to hand down an all or nothing parole 
9

restriction. Such a construct could be used to greatly diminish the discretion given to trial 

court judges who have given sentences that are the subject of future appeals before the

Court. 

¶20 Moreover, giving the trial court judge discretion is one of Montana’s sentencing 

policies. See e.g. § 46-18-101(3)(d), MCA (“[s]entencing practices must permit judicial 

discretion to consider aggravating and mitigating circumstances”). The Court is 

unwilling to allow the phrase “ineligible for parole” to limit sentencing judges to all or 

nothing parole restrictions. To do otherwise would be bad public policy as one of 

Montana’s sentencing policies would be greatly diminished. 

¶21 The passage of time and the actions, or more appropriately inactions, of Montana’s 

legislature provide a final reason to hold partial parole restrictions lawful. Montana 

sentences containing partial parole restrictions have been upheld against other challenges 

at least since 1988. See e.g. State v. Wirtala, 231 Mont. 264, 752 P.2d 177 (1988), 

overruled on other grounds, State v. Lane, 1998 MT 76, ¶ 41, 288 Mont. 286, ¶ 41, 957 

P.2d 9, ¶ 41. Montana’s legislature has convened every two years since. The legislature 

is presumed to know how the Court has interpreted its statutes. Sampson v. Nat’l 

Farmers Union Prop. & Cas. Co., 2006 MT 241, ¶ 20, 333 Mont. 541, ¶ 20, 144 P.3d 

797, ¶ 20. Therefore, if the Montana legislature disapproved of partial parole restrictions, 

it could have changed the text of § 46-18-202(2), MCA, in order to ban such partial 

restrictions. Since the text of § 46-18-202(2), MCA, is unchanged, the Court presumes 

the legislature approves of partial parole restrictions. Therefore, the Court holds partial 

parole restrictions do not offend § 46-18-202(2), MCA. 
10

CONCLUSION

¶22 The Court holds an illegal sentence did not result from the sentencing judge 

partially basing the sentence on the need of the victim’s family for retribution. Multiple 

decisions of the Montana Supreme Court establish retribution as a component of 

punishment. The content of the PSI did not render Kirkbride’s sentence illegal. An 

illegal sentence did not result from the imposition of a partial parole restriction. The 

phrase “is ineligible for parole” does not limit a sentencing judge’s discretion to impose

all or nothing parole restrictions. To hold otherwise would harm Montana’s sentencing 

policy of promoting discretion. Furthermore, partial parole restrictions have been a part 

of Montana Supreme Court decisions since 1988, and the Montana legislature has not 

altered the text of the statute. Therefore, the Court presumes the Montana legislature 

concluded partial parole restrictions do not offend § 46-18-202(2), MCA. The sentence 

of the trial court is, therefore, affirmed. 

/S/ GREGORY R. TODD

District Court Judge G. Todd Baugh 

sitting for Justice W. William Leaphart

We concur:

/S/ SUSAN P. WATTERS

District Court Judge Susan P. Watters 

sitting for Chief Justice Karla M. Gray

/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON

District Court Judge Ingrid Gustafson

sitting for Justice Patricia Cotter
11

/S/ RUSSELL C. FAGG

District Court Judge Russell C. Fagg

sitting for Justice Jim Rice

/S/ G. TODD BAUGH

District Court Judge G. Todd Baugh

sitting for Justice Jim Nelson