# Patent

## Title
Updates to MU-MIMO rate adaptation algorithm

## Abstract

A method of determining a modulation coding scheme (MCS) for communications between a communications device and a client station (STA). The communications device determines a first MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a first sounding interval based, at least in part, on channel state information received from the STA upon initiation of the first sounding interval. The device determines a first series of packet error rates (PERs) associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA during the first sounding interval. The device then determines a second MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a second sounding interval based, at least in part, on the first PER in the first series of PERs. Specifically, the second MCS is independent of the remaining PERs in the first series.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of the commonly-owned U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/991,329, titled “Updates to MU-MIMO Rate Adaptation Algorithm,” filed May 9, 2014 and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


TECHNICAL FIELD
The present embodiments relate generally to wireless communications systems, and specifically to methods of rate adaptation in multi-user multiple-input multiple-output environments.
BACKGROUND OF RELATED ART
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications techniques are used in local area networks (LANs) and 4G cellular networks to enable an access point (AP) to transmit multiple streams of data, concurrently, to a client or user station (STA). MIMO communications offer many advantages over conventional communications techniques, including, for example, high capacity, extended coverage, increased diversity, and/or interference suppression. As a result, multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) has emerged as an important feature of next-generation wireless networks. MU-MIMO has the potential to combine the high capacity of MIMO processing with the benefits of space-division multiple access (SDMA).
MU-MIMO communications techniques are described, e.g., in the IEEE 802.11ac specification. In brief, data streams are transmitted from an AP to two or more STAs concurrently. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit a first data stream from the AP to a first STA and a second data stream from the AP to a second STA at substantially the same time. Some APs may include an array of antennas that can be used to transmit and/or receive wireless signals to and from the STAs. More specifically, through beamforming, an AP may utilize multiple antennas to focus energy (e.g., data signals) towards a particular STA in a multi-user environment. The AP relies on channel state information (CSI) to determine the location of the STA and thus the direction in which to focus the signal. However, wireless communications systems typically include mobile devices (e.g., cell phones, tablets, laptop computers, etc.) that often change locations. It is therefore desirable for the AP to adapt its communications parameters based at least in part on the movements of the STAs.
SUMMARY
This Summary is provided to introduce in a simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
A method of determining a modulation coding scheme (MCS) for communications between a communications device and a client station (STA) is disclosed. The communications device determines a first MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a first sounding interval based, at least in part, on channel state information received from the STA upon initiation of the first sounding interval. Further, the device determines a first series of packet error rates (PERs) associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA during the first sounding interval. The device then determines a second MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a second sounding interval based, at least in part, on the first PER in the first series of PERs. Specifically, the second MCS is independent of the remaining PERs in the first series.
The device may subsequently determine a second series of PERs associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA during the second sounding interval. The device may then determine a third MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a third sounding interval based, at least in part, on an average of the first PER in the first series of PERs and the first PER in the second series of PERs. More specifically, the third MCS does not depend on any of the remaining PERs in the first series or the second series.
For some embodiments, the MCS determination may be augmented by a Doppler level of the STA (e.g., indicating a degree of movement by the STA during a sounding interval). For example, the communications device may determine a first channel feedback vector based at least in part on the channel state information received form the STA at the initiation of the first sounding interval. The device may further determine a second channel feedback vector based at least in part on channel state information received from the STA at the initiation of the second sounding interval. The device may then determine the Doppler level of the STA based at least in part on a difference between the first channel feedback vector and the second channel feedback vector.
For some embodiments, the device may determine the second MCS based, at least in part, on the Doppler level of the STA. For other embodiments, the device may adjust the first MCS based at least in part on a moving average of the first series of PERs and the Doppler level of the STA. For example, the device may select a new MCS with a reduced data rate when the moving average is below a threshold PER. In some embodiments, the reduction in data rate may be proportional to the Doppler level of the STA. In other embodiments, the threshold PER may depend, in part, on the Doppler level of the STA.
Still further, for some embodiments, the device may determine a duration for the second sounding interval based, at least in part, on the Doppler level of the STA. For example, the duration of the second sounding interval may be longer than the duration of the first sounding interval when the Doppler level is below a first Doppler threshold. Further, the duration of the second sounding interval may be shorter than the duration of the first sounding interval when the Doppler level is above a second Doppler threshold.
The device may determine the first MCS by first generating a steering matrix for transmitting beamformed signals in a direction of the STA. For example, the device may calculate an initial set of values for the steering matrix based at least in part on the channel state information, and determine a sample PER associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA using the steering matrix. The steering matrix may be adjusted based at least in part on the sample PER. The device may then predict a path loss of the beamformed signals based at least in part on the channel state information and determine an optimal data rate for the beamformed signals based at least in part on the predicted path loss. Accordingly, the first MCS may be determined based at least in part on the optimal data rate.
The methods of operation disclosed herein allow a communications device to more accurately adjust one or more communications parameters with a STA based at least in part on the movement and/or location of that STA. For example, by determining a new MCS at the start of each sounding interval based solely on the first PER measured from a previous sounding interval (e.g., and channel state information received from the STA), the device may effectively eliminate movement by the STA as a variable in determining the effectiveness of the previous MCS. This allows the device to more accurately determine how to adjust the MCS (e.g., by selecting an MCS with a higher or lower data rate than that of the previous MCS) for subsequent data transmissions. Furthermore, by tracking the Doppler level for the STA, the communications device my dynamically adjust its MCS based at least in part on the movements of the STA.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present embodiments are illustrated by way of example and are not intended to be limited by the figures of the accompanying drawings, where:
FIG. 1A shows a communications system in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 1B is an exemplary timing diagram depicting changes in the modulation coding scheme (MCS) implemented by the communications system of FIG. 1A.
FIG. 2A shows another communications system in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 2B is an exemplary timing diagram depicting changes in the packet error rate (PER) of the communications system of FIG. 2A.
FIG. 2C is an exemplary timing diagram depicting a rate adaptation process that may be implemented by the communications system of FIG. 2A, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 3 is an illustrative flow chart depicting a method of determining an MCS to be used for communications with a client station, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 4 is an illustrative flow chart depicting a method of determining an initial MCS, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 5 shows a communications system in accordance with other embodiments.
FIG. 6 is an illustrative flow chart depicting a method of configuring a communications device for one of a plurality of communication modes, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 7 is an illustrative flow chart depicting a method of determining an MCS for beamformed data transmissions, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 8 is an illustrative flow chart depicting a method of determining an MCS for open-loop data transmissions, in accordance with some embodiments.
FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an access point (AP) in accordance with some embodiments.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, circuits, and processes to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. The term “coupled” as used herein means connected directly to or connected through one or more intervening components or circuits. Also, in the following description and for purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present embodiments. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details may not be required to practice the present embodiments. In other instances, well-known circuits and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the present disclosure. Any of the signals provided over various buses described herein may be time-multiplexed with other signals and provided over one or more common buses. Additionally, the interconnection between circuit elements or software blocks may be shown as buses or as single signal lines. Each of the buses may alternatively be a single signal line, and each of the single signal lines may alternatively be buses, and a single line or bus might represent any one or more of a myriad of physical or logical mechanisms for communication between components. Embodiments of this disclosure are not to be construed as limited to specific examples described herein but rather to include within their scope all embodiments defined by the appended claims.
FIG. 1A shows a communications system 100 in accordance with some embodiments. The communications system 100 includes an access point (AP) 110 and a user station (STA) 120. The AP 110 and STA 120 may be, for example, computers, switches, routers, hubs, gateways, and/or similar devices. For some embodiments, the communications system 100 may correspond to a multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) wireless network (e.g., as defined by the IEEE 802.11 ac specification). Thus, the communications system 100 may include multiple STAs and/or APs (not shown for simplicity).
For some embodiments, the AP 110 may optimize communications with the STA 120 by focusing data signals (e.g., as a beam of energy) in the direction of the STA 120. The AP 110 may determine a relative location of the STA 120, and thus the direction in which to direct a beamforming (BF) signal 101, using “sounding” techniques. More specifically, sounding is the process by which the AP 110 acquires channel state information (CSI), for example, by transmitting training data and/or metadata to the STA 120 in the form of a null data packet (NDP) 112. The STA 120 calculates a feedback vector (V) based at least in part on the corresponding training data and returns the feedback vector V to the AP 110 in the form of a compressed beamforming frame (CBF) 122. The AP 110 then uses the feedback vector V to generate a steering matrix (Q) which may be used to pre-code data streams intended for the STA 120. More specifically, the AP 110 may use the steering matrix Q to produce (or “steer”) the BF signal 101 in the direction of the STA 120.
In some embodiments, the STA 120 may be a mobile device (e.g., cell phone, tablet, laptop computer, etc.) that moves and/or changes location over time. For example, while both antennas of the STA 120 may be directly within range of the BF signal 101 at time t0, only one antenna is still within the range of the BF signal 101 at time t3. The AP 110 may redirect the BF signal 101 towards the STA 120, for example, by recalculating the steering matrix Q on a periodic basis (e.g., during “sounding intervals”). However, to account for movement by the STA 120 between sounding intervals, the AP 110 may adjust a modulation coding scheme (MCS), for transmitting data to the STA 120, based at least in part on the performance of the current channel.
For example, with reference to FIG. 1B, the AP 110 may transmit an NDP 112(1) to the STA 120 at the start of a sounding interval (e.g., at time t0). The STA 120 responds with a CBF 122(1) which the AP 110 may use to determine the location of the STA 120 and steer the BF signal 101 in the direction of the STA 120. More specifically, the AP 110 may choose an initial MCS (e.g., data rate) to begin transmitting data to the STA 120 (e.g., at time t1). For some embodiments, the AP 110 may choose the MCS based at least in part on the CSI included with the CBF 122(1). However, as a result of movement by the STA 120 (and/or movement of other devices in the system 100), the overall throughput and/or goodput (e.g., throughput of useful data) of the system 100 deteriorates over time (e.g., from time t0 to t3). To compensate for the drop in goodput, the AP 110 may (e.g., gradually) reduce the MCS or data rate of transmissions to the STA 120. As a result, the MCS used at the end of a sounding interval (e.g., at time t2) may be lower than the MCS used at the beginning of the sounding interval (e.g., at time t1).
When a subsequent sounding interval is initiated (e.g., at time t3), the AP 110 may transmit another NDP 112(2) to the STA 120, and receive another CBF 122(2) in response. At this point, the AP 110 may generate a new BF signal (e.g., or re-steer the BF signal 101) based at least in part on the current location of the STA 120. For some embodiments, the AP 110 may further adjust the MCS based at least in part on the new CSI included with the CBF 122(2) and/or one or more measures of system performance such as, for example, a packet error rate (PER) and/or bit error rate (BER). Under conventional implementations, the AP 110 adjusts the MCS based at least in part on a moving average of the PER measured across the entire sounding interval (e.g., from time t0 to t3).
While the PER measured at time t2 (e.g., PER[t2]) may be a more recent measurement than the PER measured at time t1 (e.g., PER[t1]), PER[t1] may be a more accurate indicator of system performance by which to determine the MCS at the start of a new sounding interval. PER is affected by both the channel estimation (e.g., whether the BF signal 101 accurately tracks the STA 120) and the chosen MCS (e.g., whether the data rate is appropriate for the STA 120 and/or channel conditions). Since PER[t1] reflects the performance of the system 100 immediately after the AP 110 steers the BF signal 101 in the direction of the STA 120 (e.g., based at least in part on CSI feedback from the STA 120), the channel estimation may have little or no bearing on the system performance at that time. In contrast, any subsequent PER measurements (e.g., at times>t1) may be adversely affected by the movement of the STA 120.
For some embodiments, the AP 110 adjusts the MCS at the start of each sounding interval based solely on the PER measured immediately after a previous sounding interval, and on the CSI determined at that time. For example, at time t3, the AP 110 may choose a new MCS to begin the next sounding interval based at least in part on the CSI included with the CBF 122(2) and the PER measured at time t1 (or time t0). Once the new MCS is chosen, the AP 110 may continue to adjust the chosen MCS based at least in part on PER measurements taken over time, until the start of the next sounding interval. Each PER measured during or immediately after sounding is referred to hereafter as an “inter-sounding” PER (e.g., PERR), whereas each PER measured between sounding intervals is referred to as an “intra-sounding” PER (e.g., PERA). Similarly, each MCS that is determined based solely on one or more inter-sounding PERs (e.g., and channel state information) is referred to hereafter as an inter-sounding MCS (e.g., MCSR), whereas each MCS that depends on one or more intra-sounding PERs is referred to as an intra-sounding MCS (e.g., MCSA). For some embodiments, the AP 110 may select an intra-sounding MCS based at least in part on a moving average of two or more intra-sounding PERs within the same sounding interval.
For example, a relatively low PER[t1] (e.g., below a PER threshold) may indicate that a corresponding MCS (e.g., MCS[t1]) is well-suited for the given communications channel. Accordingly, the AP 110 may respond to a low PERR value by selecting a higher MCSR for the following sounding interval (e.g., MCS[t3]>MCS[t1]). On the other hand, a relatively high PER[t1] (e.g., above the PER threshold) may indicate that the corresponding MCS (e.g., MCS[t1]) is not well-suited for the given communications channel. Accordingly, the AP 110 may respond to a high PERR value by selecting a lower MCSR for the following sounding interval (e.g., MCS[t3]<MCS[t1]).
The loss of goodput due to movement of the STA 120 may be characterized as a “Doppler shift.” For some embodiments, the AP 110 may determine an amount and/or degree of Doppler shift for the STA 120 based at least in part on channel feedback acquired during sounding intervals. For example, due to movement of the STA 120, the feedback vector V returned by the STA 120 at the start of the first sounding interval may be different than the feedback vector V returned by the STA 120 at the start of the next sounding interval (e.g., V[ti]≠V[tj]). Accordingly, the AP 110 may calculate a Doppler level (DL) for the STA 120 based at least in part on a difference in the channel feedback from each sounding. For example, the Doppler level for an n×1 feedback vector V may be calculated as:




  
    
      
        
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where V[ti] and V[tj] denote channel feedback vectors measured by the STA 120 at different time instances, ti and tj.

However, the difference between the two vectors V[ti] and V[tj] may be calculated in a variety of different ways without deviating from the scope of this disclosure (e.g., any type of equation that can correlate a distance between points to a value). For example, where V[ti]=[v1(ti), v2(ti), . . . , vn(ti)] and V[tj]=[v1(tj), v2(tj), . . . , vn(tj)], the Doppler level may be calculated as:




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For some embodiments, the AP 110 may use this DL value to further augment the MCS selection process. For example, a higher DL value may indicate a greater degree of movement by the STA 120. Thus, for some embodiments, the AP 110 may adjust the MCS by a degree proportional to the DL value for a given PER threshold. For example, the AP 110 may normally reduce the MCS by a factor of, e.g., 2 based solely on a particular PER measurement. However, by taking into consideration a high DL value, the AP 110 may now reduce the MCS by a factor, e.g., of 3 or 4 based at least in part on the same PER measurement. For other embodiments, the AP 110 may use the DL value to adjust the PER threshold that would trigger a change in the MCS. In reference to the example above, by taking into consideration a high DL value, the AP 110 may reduce the PER threshold that would otherwise cause the MCS to be reduced by a factor of 2. The DL value may be used to augment the selection of both MCSR and/or MCSA.
Further, for some embodiments, the DL value may be used in determining the length or duration of the sounding interval. For example, a low DL value (e.g., below a lower Doppler threshold) may indicate that the STA 120 is relatively still. Thus, it is likely that a given channel estimation may still be valid even after a substantial amount of time has elapsed. Accordingly, the AP 110 may respond to a low DL value by increasing the length of each sounding interval (e.g., by sounding less often). In contrast, a high DL value (e.g., above an upper Doppler threshold) may indicate a high degree and/or rate of movement by the STA 120, which causes large variations in the channel estimation performed by the AP 110. Thus, in order to track the movements of the STA 120 more precisely, the AP 110 may request more frequent CSI reports from the STA 120, for example, by decreasing the length of each sounding interval (e.g., by sounding more often).
In some embodiments, a DL value may be determined (or augmented) based, at least in part, on uplink acknowledgements (ACKs) from the STA 120. Such embodiments are discussed in greater detail, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication No. US20140254648, titled “Systems and Methods for Determining a Channel Variation Metric,” published Sep. 11, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
FIG. 2A shows another communications system 200 in accordance with some embodiments. The communications system 200 includes an AP 210 and a STA 220. As described above, the AP 210 and STA 220 may be, for example, computer, switches, routers, hubs, gateways, and/or similar devices. For some embodiments, the communications system 200 may correspond to a MU-MIMO wireless network (e.g., as defined by the IEEE 802.11 ac specification). Thus, the communications system 200 may include multiple STAs and/or APs (not shown for simplicity).
For some embodiments, the AP 210 may communicate with the STA 220 by focusing data signals in the direction of the STA 220. As described above, the AP 210 may periodically determine the location of the STA 220, and thus the direction in which to direct each BF signal 201-203, using sounding techniques. For example, the AP 210 may steer a first BF signal 201 in the direction of the STA 220 at time t0. Then, based at least in part on subsequent movement by the STA 220, the AP 210 may steer a second BF signal 202 in the direction of the STA 220 at time t6, and may further steer a third BF signal 203 in the direction of the STA at time t12. Accordingly, the AP 210 may track the movement of the STA 220 based at least in part on CSI feedback at each sounding interval, and may steer (and/or re-steer) a corresponding BF signal 201-203 in the direction of the STA 220 to improve the channel response.
FIG. 2B is an exemplary timing diagram 250 depicting changes in the packet error rate of the communications system 200 of FIG. 2A. As shown in FIG. 2B, the AP 210 measures a series of PERs over the course of each sounding interval based at least in part on data transmissions to the STA 220. More specifically, a first series of PERs (e.g., PER[t0]-PER[t5]) are measured following a first sounding event (e.g., NDP1) and a second series of PERs (e.g., PER[t6]-PER[t11]) are measured following a second sounding event (e.g., NDP2). The first PER in each series (e.g., PER[t0] and PER[t6]) corresponds to an inter-sounding PER (PERR), whereas the remaining PERs in each series (e.g., PER[t1]-PER[t5] and PER[t7]-PER[t11]) correspond to intra-sounding PERs (PERAs).
The PER immediately following a sounding event (e.g., PERR) may be lower than any subsequent PERs (e.g., PERA) measured for a given sounding interval. For example, at time t0, the STA 220 is directly within the range of BF signal 201. However, as time progresses, the STA 220 may deviate further from the optimal beamforming direction of BF signal 201. Therefore, the PERR at time t0 is lower (e.g., indicating fewer errors) than the PERA at times t1 to t5, Similarly, at time t6, the STA 220 is directly within the range of BF signal 202, which causes the PERR at time t6 to drop relative to the PERA at time t5. However, the STA 220 gradually moves away from the optimal beamforming direction of the BF signal 202, causing the PERA to increase from times t7 to t11. Finally, at time t12, the STA 220 is directly within the range of BF signal 203, which causes another drop in the PERR at time t12 relative to the PERA at time t11.
For some embodiments, the AP 210 may adjust the MCS of the data transmission based at least in part on PERR and/or PERA. More specifically, immediately following a sounding event, the AP 210 may choose an MCS based at least in part on one or more previous PERR values. However, in between sounding intervals, the AP 210 may adjust the chosen MCS based at least in part on the PERR for that sounding interval and/or one or more PERA values.
FIG. 2C is an exemplary timing diagram 260 depicting a rate adaptation process that may be implemented by the communications system 200 of FIG. 2A, in accordance with some embodiments. With reference, for example to FIG. 2C, the AP 210 may select an initial MCS (e.g., based at least in part on CSI feedback from the STA 220) to begin transmitting data to the STA 220 (t0), and then adjust the chosen MCS based at least in part on the PER measured at times t0 to t4. For example, MCS[t1] may depend on PERR[t0], MCS[t2] may depend on (an average of) PERR[t0] and PERA[t1], MCS[t3] may depend on (an average of) PERR[t0] and PERA[t1]-PERA[t2], MCS[t4] may depend on (an average) of PERR[t0] and PERA[t1]-PERA[t3], and MCS[t5] may depend on (an average) of PERR[t0] and PERA[t1]-PERA[t4].
Because a new sounding event occurs immediately before time t6, the AP 210 may select a new MCS based solely on the PERR measured at time t0 (e.g., and based at least in part on CSI feedback from the STA 220). The AP 210 may then adjust the new MCS based at least in part on PER values measured at times t6 to t10 (e.g., in the manner described above). Then, at time t12, the AP 210 may select another MCS based at least in part on the average of PERR[t0] and PERR[t6] (e.g., and based at least in part on CSI feedback from the STA 220). MCS[t6] does not depend on any previous intra-sounding PERs (e.g., PERA[t1]-PERA[t5], and that MCS [t12] also does not depend on any previous intra-sounding PERs (e.g., PERA[t7]-PERA[t11]). The AP 210 may continue in this manner, for example, by selecting a new MCS at the start of each sounding interval based at least in part on a moving average of the previous PERR values.
FIG. 3 is an illustrative flow chart depicting a method 300 of determining an MCS to be used for communications with a client station, in accordance with some embodiments. With reference, for example, to FIG. 2A, the method 300 may be implemented by the AP 210 to configure and/or adjust an MCS to be used for transmitting data to the STA 220. Specifically, the AP 210 may first determine an MCS to be used for transmitting data to the STA 220 during a sounding interval (310). For example, the STA may select a particular MCS based at least in part on CSI received from the STA 220 in response to a sounding event. For some embodiments, the AP 210 may determine an initial MCS to be used for transmitting data to the STA 220 based at least in part on a predicted path loss for the given communications channel (e.g., as described in greater detail below).
The AP 210 then determines a series of PERs that are associated with data transmissions to the STA 220 over the duration of the sounding interval (320). For example, with reference to FIG. 2B, the AP 210 may measure a series of PERs (e.g., PER[t0]-PER[t5]) following a corresponding sounding event (e.g., NDP1). More specifically, the first PER in a corresponding series (e.g., PER[t0]) corresponds to an inter-sounding PER (PERR), whereas the remaining PERs (e.g., PER[t1]-PER[t5]) in the series correspond to intra-sounding PERs (PERAs).
Finally, the AP 210 determines an MCS to be used for transmitting data to the STA during a subsequent sounding interval based at least in part on the first PER in the series of PERs (330). More specifically, the MCS determination may not depend on any of the remaining MCSs in the series. As described above, an inter-sounding PER may be a more accurate indicator of system performance by which to determine an optimal MCS for a given communications channel because it is least likely to be affected by any movement of the STA (e.g., compared to the intra-sounding PERs). For example, the AP 210 may select a higher MCS (e.g., associated with a higher data rate) than the previous inter-sounding MCS if the inter-sounding PER is relatively low (e.g., PERR<PER threshold). Conversely, the AP 210 may select a lower MCS (e.g., associated with a lower data rate) than the previous inter-sounding MCS if the inter-sounding PER is relatively high (e.g., PERR>PER threshold). For some embodiments, the AP 210 may determine the new MCS based at least in part on an average of inter-sounding PERs measured over multiple sounding intervals.
Still further, for some embodiments, the AP 210 may determine the new MCS based, at least in part, on a Doppler level of the STA. More specifically, the DL value may be used to determine the degree by which the AP decreases and/or increases the MCS (e.g., relative to the previous inter-sounding MCS). For example, if the inter-sounding PER is high, the AP 210 may decrease the MCS by a degree proportional to the DL value. Thus, the MCS may be reduced by a greater degree for higher DL values, and by a lesser degree for lower DL values. Conversely, if the inter-sounding PER is low, the AP 210 may increase the MCS by a degree inversely proportional to the DL value. Thus, the MCS may be increased by a lesser degree for higher DL values, and by a greater degree for lower DL values.
Alternatively, the DL value may be used to adjust the PER threshold that would trigger a corresponding change in the MCS. For example, the AP 210 may reduce the PER threshold as it senses more movement by the STA. Thus, the AP 210 may reduce the PER threshold in proportion to the DL value. For example, a higher DL value may cause a greater reduction in the PER threshold. Conversely, a lower DL value may cause a lesser reduction (or increase) in the PER threshold.
FIG. 4 is an illustrative flow chart depicting a method 400 of determining an initial MCS, in accordance with some embodiments. With reference, for example, to FIG. 2A, the method 400 may be implemented by the AP 210 to determine an initial MCS (e.g., MCS[t0]) to be used for transmitting data to the STA 220. Specifically, the AP 210 may first acquire channel state information from a corresponding user station (410). For example, the AP 210 may transmit an NDP containing training data and/or metadata to the STA 220. The STA 220 may respond with a CBF containing the CSI measured by the STA 220 (e.g., which may be in the form of a feedback vector V).
The AP 210 then determines an initial MCS estimate (MCS0) based at least in part on the CSI feedback from the STA 220 (420). For example, the AP 210 may determine the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the wireless communications channel between the AP 210 and the STA 220 based at least in part on the CSI received from the STA 220. The SINR value may be used to predict the path loss of a BF signal directed at the STA 220. The AP 210 may then configure MCS0 based at least in part on the predicted path loss. For example, MCS0 may be set to a data rate that is optimized for the estimated channel, given the predicted path loss.
The AP 210 further calculates a steering matrix (Q) based at least in part on the received CSI feedback from the STA 220 (430). For example, the CSI may include a feedback vector (V) which corresponds to a compressed (e.g., simplified or reduced) representation of the channel measured by the STA 220. The AP 210 uses the feedback vector V to generate the steering matrix Q, which may then be used to generate and/or steer a corresponding BF signal in the direction of the STA 220. Since one of the primary goals of beamforming is to optimize throughput over a given channel, the PER for the channel should be at its lowest when the BF signal is directly aligned with the STA 220.
Thus, the AP 210 may measure the PER for data transmissions based at least in part on MCS0 to determine whether a minimum PER value (PERMin) has been achieved (440). For some embodiments, PERMin may correspond to a threshold PER value (PERTH). Thus, the AP 210 may determine that a minimum PER value has been achieved as long as the measured PER is below the threshold PER value (e.g., PER<PERTH). For other embodiments, PERMin may correspond to a lowest PER measurement for a given set of steering matrices Q. Thus, the AP 210 may acquire a number of PER measurements for a number of different steering matrices Q and determine which particular steering matrix Q yields the lowest PER value.
As long as PERMin has not been reached, the AP 210 may adjust the steering matrix Q based at least in part on the current PER value (450) and acquire a new PER measurement based at least in part on the new steering matrix Q (440). If PERMin has not been achieved, it is likely that the BF signal is not fully aligned with the STA 220. Accordingly, the AP 210 may modify the steering matrix Q to steer the BF signal in a new direction. For some embodiments, the degree and/or direction in which the BF signal is steered may depend on the current PER value and/or the received CSI. For other embodiments, the degree and/or direction of the steering may further depend on a DL value (see Equation 1, above) which characterizes the movement of the STA 220.
Once PERMin has been reached, the AP 210 may proceed with rate adaptation based at least in part on MCS0 (460). More specifically, once the AP 210 is confident in its channel estimation it may then begin to adjust MCS0 based at least in part on inter-sounding and intra-sounding PER measurements (e.g., as described above with respect to FIGS. 1-2). While method 400 is helpful in determining an optimal steering matrix Q to be used for communications between the AP 210 and the STA 220, the method 400 may be time-consuming to implement. Thus, for some embodiments, the method 400 may be implemented by the AP 210 at every nth sounding interval (e.g., where n=100) for purposes of recalibrating the MCS.
FIG. 5 shows a communications system 500 in accordance with other embodiments. The communications system 500 includes an AP 510 and multiple STAs 522 and 524. As described above, the AP 510 and STAs 522 and 524 may be, for example, computers, switches, routers, hubs, gateways, and/or similar devices. For some embodiments, the communications system 500 may correspond to an MU-MIMO wireless network (e.g., as defined by the IEEE 802.11 ac specification). Depending on the channel properties and/or device capabilities associated with each of the STAs 522 and 524, the AP 510 may communicate with multiple of STAs 522 and 524 concurrently (e.g., via multiple code channels or sub-bands) or sequentially (e.g., via multiple time slots).
For some embodiments, the AP 510 may use orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to partition the overall system bandwidth into a number (N) of orthogonal sub-bands (e.g., “tones”). Each spatial channel of each tone may be viewed as an independent transmission channel where the complex gain associated with each tone is effectively constant across the bandwidth of that tone. With OFDM, each tone is associated with a respective sub-carrier that may be modulated with data. More specifically, the data to be transmitted on each tone is first modulated (e.g., through symbol mapping) using a particular modulation scheme selected for use with that tone.
As described above, the AP 510 may use beamforming techniques to increase throughput by steering multiple concurrent streams of data to one or more of the STAs 522 and/or 524. More specifically, in a single-user multiple-input multiple-output (SU-MIMO) mode, the AP 510 may focus multiple data signals at one particular STA at a time (e.g., either STA 522 or STA 524). When operating in a multiple-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) mode, the AP 510 may focus multiple data signals on a group of STAs (e.g., both STAs 522 and 524) at substantially the same time. However, the AP 510 may also operate in an open-loop mode by transmitting data without beamforming (e.g., omnidirectionally).
Each mode of communication (e.g., SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, and open-loop) may be associated with a different modulation coding scheme (MCS) that is optimal for that particular mode of communication over a given channel. For example, beamforming is typically most effective at medium ranges (e.g., 23-30 ft away). As the distance between the AP 510 and STAs 522 and/or 524 increases, the data rate (e.g., MCS) of a beamformed signal may approach that of an omnidirectional signal. At the same time, it may be much more efficient to transmit data omnidirectionally than to use beamforming.
Thus, for some embodiments, the AP 510 may predict an MCS or data rate for each mode of communication (e.g., SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, or open loop), and select a mode of communication (e.g., SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, or open-loop) based, at least in part, on the predicted MCS. For example, if the MCS for SU-MIMO communications between the AP 510 and the STA 522 is superior (e.g., higher data rate) to the combined MCS for MU-MIMO communications between the AP 510 and the STAs 522 and 524, the AP 510 may select SU-MIMO as the preferred mode of communication with the STA 522. On the other hand, if the MCS for open-loop communications between the AP 510 and the STA 522 is equal or superior to the overall MCS associated with any beamforming techniques, the AP 510 may select open-loop as the preferred mode of communication with the STA 522.
FIG. 6 is an illustrative flow chart depicting a method 600 of configuring a communications device for one of a plurality of communication modes, in accordance with some embodiments. With reference, for example, to FIG. 5, the method 600 may be performed by the AP 510 to select a particular mode of communication with one of the STAs (e.g., STA 522). Specifically, the AP 510 may first predict an MCS to be used for transmitting data to the STA 522 in accordance with each of the communication modes (610). For example, the AP 510 may predict an MCS that would be used for SU-MIMO communications with the STA 522, individually (e.g., as described below with respect to FIG. 7). The AP 510 may also predict an MCS that would be used for MU-MIMO communications with the STA 522, as part of a group that includes STA 524 (e.g., as described below with respect to FIG. 7). The AP 510 may further predict an MCS that would be used for open loop communications with the STA 522 (e.g., as described below with respect to FIG. 8).
The AP 510 may then compare each of the predicted MCSs in order to select a particular mode of communicating with the STA 522. More specifically, the AP 510 may select the communications mode associated with the highest MCS index (e.g., corresponding to the highest data rate) while also providing the most efficient means of data transmission. For example, if the predicted MCS for SU-MIMO communications is superior to (e.g., provides higher data rate than) the predicted MCS for both MU-MIMO and open loop communications (620), the AP 510 may enable SU-MIMO communications with the STA 522 (650). On the other hand, if the predicted MCS for open loop communications is equal or superior to the predicted MCS for SU-MIMO communications and is equal or superior to the predicted MCS for MU-MIMO communications (630), the AP 510 may enable open loop communications with the STA 522 (660). If none of the above conditions are met, the AP 510 may enable MU-MIMO communications with the STA 522 (640).
The decision to use beamforming (e.g., SU-MIMO or MU-MIMO) or open loop communications may further depend on the location and/or movement (e.g., Doppler level) of the STA 522. As described above, beamforming is typically most effective at medium ranges. Thus, as the STA 522 moves further from the AP 510, the optimal MCS of a beamformed data signal may approach that of an open loop data signal (e.g., which is more efficient). Therefore, it may be preferable for the AP 510 to enable open loop communications when the STA 522 is further away (e.g., exceeding a threshold distance) from the AP 510, and enable beamforming when the STA 522 is closer (e.g., within the threshold distance) to the AP 510.
Further, as described above, beamforming is typically most effective when the STA 522 is directly in the path of the beamformed signal. However, as the STA 522 moves, the AP 510 may need to update the beamforming direction to track the movements of the STA 522. In contrast, the movements of the STA 522 tend to have little, if any, impact on the effectiveness of open loop communications. Therefore, it may be preferable for the AP 510 to enable open loop communications when the Doppler level of the STA 522 is relatively high (e.g., exceeding a threshold level), and enable beamforming when the Doppler level of the STA 522 is relatively low (e.g., within the threshold level).
FIG. 7 is an illustrative flow chart depicting a method 700 of determining an MCS for beamformed data transmissions, in accordance with some embodiments. With reference, for example, to FIG. 45 the method 700 may be implemented by the AP 510 to predict an MCS for data transmissions to the STAs 522 and/or 524 using SU-MIMO and/or MU-MIMO modes of communication. Specifically, the AP 510 may first acquire channel state information from each of the STAs 522 and 524 (710). As described above, the AP 510 may transmit an NDP containing training data and/or metadata to each of the STAs 522 and 524 during a sounding event. The STAs 522 and 524 may each respond to the NDP by sending back a CBF which contains the CSI measured by that STA in compressed form (e.g., presented as a feedback vector V).
The AP 510 then generates a stacked channel estimation (H) based at least in part on the received feedback vectors (720). To generate H for an MU-MIMO communication (e.g., HMU), the AP 510 may combine the received feedback vectors V from each of the STAs 522 and 524 to form the stacked channel matrix HMU. For example, assuming the AP 510 has 4 transmit antennas and each of the STAs 522 and 524 receives only 1 data stream, HMU may be a 4×2 matrix for 234 data tones. On the other hand, to generate H for an SU-MIMO communication (e.g., HSU), the feedback vector V from a particular STA 522 or 524 may be directly converted to the stacked channel matrix HSU, since beamforming is applied in only one direction.
The AP 510 further determines the squared singular values (SVS) for each of N data tones of the channel H (730). For example, the SVS values may be acquired through matrix factorization or decomposition of the channel estimation matrix HMU. Because HSU is essentially a vector, no matrix decomposition may be necessary.
The AP 510 may then calculate the channel capacity for each of the STAs 522 and 524 based at least in part on the SVS for that STA (740). For example, the channel capacity for all N tones may be calculated using the following equation (e.g., for k=1:N):

Ck=Ck-1+Σmin(log2(1+SNR*SVS(k,:)),u)  (2)

where C0=0, u corresponds to a predetermined threshold based at least in part on the modulation scheme (e.g., u=8 for 256-QAM), SNR represents the average signal-to-noise ratio for a particular STA, and SVS(k,:) represents the squared singular values for that STA, and CN is the overall channel capacity for all N tones.

Finally, the AP 510 may determine a number of achievable bits PER sub-carrier (BPS) based at least in part on the channel capacity (750), and convert the BPS value to a particular MCS (760). For example, the AP 510 may calculate BPS by taking the overall channel capacity CN and dividing by the total number of sub-carriers or tones N (e.g., BPS=CN/N). The AP 510 may then convert the BPS value to an MCS, for example, using a lookup table (e.g., a table of MCS vs. BPS).
FIG. 8 is an illustrative flow chart depicting a method 800 of determining an MCS for open-loop data transmissions, in accordance with some embodiments. With reference, for example, to FIG. 5, the method 800 may be implemented by the AP 510 to predict an MCS for data transmissions to the STAs 522 and/or 524 using an open-loop mode of communication. Specifically, the AP 510 may first generate a stacked channel estimation (H), for example, based at least in part on CSI feedback from each of the STAs 522 and 524 (810). As described above, with respect to FIG. 7, the AP 510 may transmit an NDP to each of the STAs 522 and 524 and receive a corresponding feedback vector V from each respective STA. The AP 510 may then generate the stacked channel estimation matrix H by combining the received feedback vectors V from each of the STAs 522 and 524 (e.g., for HMU) or by directly converting the feedback vector V from one of the STAs 522 or 524 (e.g., for HSU).
The AP 510 may then calculate an equivalent open loop channel (HOL) based at least in part on spatial expansion (820). Spatial expansion is a technique for improving the signal quality of data communications between the AP 510 and a STA, for example, by mapping a number of data streams to an even greater number of transmit antennas. For example, spatial expansion may improve signal reception at the STA by mitigating the spectral humps and notches in the received signal caused by multi-path fading. Spatial expansion may be implemented using a cyclic delay matrix which causes cyclic shifts across the antenna array. Thus, the AP 510 may calculate the equivalent open loop channel matrix (HOL) by applying the cyclic delay matrix to the channel estimation matrix H.
The AP 510 further determines the squared singular values (SVS) for each of N data tones of the open-loop channel HOL (830) and calculates the channel capacity for each of the STAs 522 and 524 based at least in part on the SVS for that STA (840). As described above, the SVS values may be acquired through matrix factorization or decomposition of the open-loop channel matrix HOL. The channel capacity for all N tones (CN) may then be calculated using Equation 2 (e.g., as described above with respect to FIG. 7).
Finally, the AP 510 may determine a number of achievable bits PER sub-carrier (BPS) based at least in part on the channel capacity (850), and convert the BPS value to a particular MCS (860). For example, the AP 510 may calculate BPS by taking the overall channel capacity CN and dividing by the total number of sub-carriers or tones N (e.g., BPS=CN/N). The AP 510 may then convert the BPS value to an MCS, for example, using a lookup table (e.g., a table of MCS vs. BPS).
FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an access point (AP) 900 in accordance with some embodiments. The AP 900 includes a transceiver 910, a processor 920, and a memory 930. The transceiver 910 may be used to communicate wirelessly with one or more STAs, with one or more other APs, and/or with other suitable wireless devices. Processor 720, which is coupled to transceiver 910 and memory 930, may be any suitable processor capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the AP 900 (e.g., within memory 930).
Memory 930 may include an MCS table 931 that stores MCS index values that may be used to reference various combinations of communication parameters (e.g., number of spatial streams, modulation type, and coding rate) which determine the data rate of the communications system. In general, higher MCS index values correspond with higher data rates for a given number of spatial streams and modulation type. Memory 930 may also include a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., one or more nonvolatile memory elements, such as EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, a hard drive, etc.) that may store the following software modules:

    
    
        a Doppler sensing module 932 to determine the Doppler level (e.g., degree of movement) of a STA based at least in part on a difference between two or more received channel feedback vectors;
        an MCS initialization module 934 to determine an initial MCS to be used for transmitting data to the STA based at least in part on a predicted path loss of the communications channel;
        an MCS adjustment module 936 to adjust the MCS used for transmitting data to the STA (e.g., by selecting a new MCS) based at least in part on one or more inter-sounding and/or intra-sounding PERs; and
        a mode selection module 938 to configure the AP 900 for one of a plurality of communication modes based at least in part on a predicted MCS to be used for transmitting data in accordance with each of the plurality of modes.

Each software module includes instructions that, when executed by processor 920, causes the AP 900 to perform the corresponding functions. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of memory 930 thus includes instructions for performing all or a portion of the operations described above with respect to FIGS. 3, 4, and 6-8.

    
    


Processor 920, which is shown in the example of FIG. 9 as coupled to transceiver 910 and memory 930, may be any suitable processor capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the AP 900 (e.g., within memory 930). For example, processor 920 may execute the Doppler sensing module 932 to determine the Doppler level of a STA based at least in part on a difference between two or more received channel feedback vectors. Processor 920 may also execute the MCS initialization module 934 to determine an initial MCS to be used for transmitting data to the STA based at least in part on a predicted path loss of the communications channel. Further, the processor 920 may execute the MCS adjustment module 936 to adjust the MCS used for transmitting data to the STA (e.g., by selecting a new MCS) based at least in part on one or more inter-sounding and/or intra-sounding PERs. Still further, the processor 920 may execute the mode selection module 938 to configure the AP 900 for one of a plurality of communication modes based at least in part on a predicted MCS to be used for transmitting data in accordance with each of the plurality of modes.
In the foregoing specification, embodiments have been described with reference to specific examples. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader scope of the disclosure as set forth in the appended claims. For example, the method steps depicted in the flow charts of FIGS. 3, 4, and 6-8 may be performed in other suitable orders, multiple steps may be combined into a single step, and/or some steps may be omitted (or further steps included). The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative sense rather than a restrictive sense.

## Claims

1. A method of determining a modulation coding scheme (MCS) for communications with a client station (STA), the method comprising:
determining a first MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a first sounding interval based, at least in part, on channel state information received from the STA upon initiation of the first sounding interval;
determining a first series of packet error rates (PERs) associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA during the first sounding interval;
determining a first channel feedback vector based at least in part on the channel state information received from the STA at the initiation of the first sounding interval;
determining a second channel feedback vector based at least in part on channel state information received from the STA at the initiation of the second sounding interval;
determining a Doppler level of the STA based at least in part on a difference between the first channel feedback vector and the second channel feedback vector; and
determining a second MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a second sounding interval based, at least in part, on the first PER in the first series of PERs, wherein the second MCS is independent of the remaining PERs in the first series of PERs.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining a second series of PERs associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA during the second sounding interval; and
determining a third MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a third sounding interval based, at least in part, on an average of the first PER in the first series of PERs and the first PER in the second series of PERs.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
adjusting the first MCS based at least in part on a moving average of the first series of PERs and the Doppler level of the STA.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein adjusting the first MCS comprises:
selecting a new MCS with a reduced data rate when the moving average is below a threshold PER, wherein the reduction in data rate is proportional to the Doppler level of the STA.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein adjusting the first MCS comprises:
selecting a new MCS with a reduced data rate when the moving average is below a threshold PER, wherein the threshold PER depends, in part, on the Doppler level of the STA.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the second MCS comprises:
determining the second MCS based, at least in part, on the Doppler level of the STA.

7. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining a duration for the second sounding interval based, at least in part, on the Doppler level of the STA, wherein the duration of the second sounding interval is longer than the duration of the first sounding interval when the Doppler level is below a first Doppler threshold, and wherein the duration of the second sounding interval is shorter than the duration of the first sounding interval when the Doppler level is above a second Doppler threshold.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein determining the first MCS comprises:
generating a steering matrix for transmitting beamformed signals in a direction of the STA;
predicting a path loss of the beamformed signals based at least in part on the channel state information;
determining an optimal data rate for the beamformed signals based at least in part on the predicted path loss; and
determining the first MCS based at least in part on the optimal data rate.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein generating the steering matrix comprises:
calculating an initial set of values for the steering matrix based at least in part on the channel state information;
determining a sample PER associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA using the steering matrix; and
adjusting the steering matrix based at least in part on the sample PER.

10. A communications device, comprising:
a memory element storing instructions for determining a modulation coding scheme (MCS) for communications with a client station (STA); and
one or more processors that, upon executing the instructions, cause the communications device to:
determine a first MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a first sounding interval based, at least in part, on channel state information received from the STA upon initiation of the first sounding interval;
determine a first series of packet error rates (PERs) associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA during the first sounding interval;
determine a first channel feedback vector based at least in part on the channel state information received from the STA at the initiation of the first sounding interval;
determine a second channel feedback vector based at least in part on channel state information received from the STA at the initiation of the second sounding interval;
determine a Doppler level of the STA based at least in part on a difference between the first channel feedback vector and the second channel feedback vector; and
determine a second MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a second sounding interval based, at least in part, on the first PER in the first series of PERs, wherein the second MCS is independent of the remaining PERs in the first series of PERs.

11. The communications device of claim 10, wherein execution of the instructions further causes the device to:
determine a second series of PERs associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA during the second sounding interval; and
determine a third MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a third sounding interval based, at least in part, on an average of the first PER in the first series of PERs and the first PER in the second series of PERs.

12. The communications device of claim 10, wherein execution of the instructions further causes the device to:
adjust the first MCS based at least in part on a moving average of the first series of PERs and the Doppler level of the STA.

13. The communications device of claim 12, wherein execution of the instructions to adjust the first MCS causes the device to:
select a new MCS with a reduced data rate when the moving average is below a threshold PER, wherein the reduction in data rate is proportional to the Doppler level of the STA.

14. The communications device of claim 12, wherein execution of the instructions to adjust the first MCS causes the device to:
select a new MCS with a reduced data rate when the moving average is below a threshold PER, wherein the threshold PER depends, in part, on the Doppler level of the STA.

15. The communications device of claim 10, wherein execution of the instructions to determine the second MCS causes the device to:
determine the second MCS based, at least in part, on the Doppler level of the STA.

16. The communications device of claim 10, wherein execution of the instructions further causes the device to:
determine a duration for the second sounding interval based, at least in part, on the Doppler level of the STA, wherein the duration of the second sounding interval is longer than the duration of the first sounding interval when the Doppler level is below a first Doppler threshold, and wherein the duration of the second sounding interval is shorter than the duration of the first sounding interval when the Doppler level is above a second Doppler threshold.

17. The communications device of claim 10, wherein execution of the instructions to determine the first MCS causes the device to:
calculate a steering matrix based at least in part on the channel state information for transmitting beamformed signals in a direction of the STA;
predict a path loss of the beamformed signals based at least in part on the channel state information;
determine an optimal data rate for the beamformed signals based at least in part on the predicted path loss; and
determine the first MCS based at least in part on the optimal data rate.

18. The communications device of claim 17, wherein execution of the instructions to determine the optimal data rate causes the device to:
determine a sample PER associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA via the beamformed signals; and
adjust the steering matrix based at least in part on the sample PER.

19. A communications device, comprising:
means for determining a first modulation coding scheme (MCS) for transmitting data to a client station (STA) during a first sounding interval based, at least in part, on channel state information received from the STA upon initiation of the first sounding interval;
means for determining a first series of packet error rates (PERs) associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA during the first sounding interval;
means for determining a first channel feedback vector based at least in part on the channel state information received from the STA at the initiation of the first sounding interval;
means for determining a second channel feedback vector based at least in part on channel state information received from the STA at the initiation of the second sounding interval;
means for determining a Doppler level of the STA based at least in part on a difference between the first channel feedback vector and the second channel feedback vector; and
means for determining a second MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a second sounding interval based, at least in part, on the first PER in the first series of PERs, wherein the second MCS is independent of the remaining PERs in the first series of PERs.

20. The communications device of claim 19, further comprising:
means for determining a second series of PERs associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA during the second sounding interval; and
means for determining a third MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a third sounding interval based, at least in part, on an average of the first PER in the first series of PERs and the first PER in the second series of PERs.

21. The communications device of claim 19, further comprising:
means for adjusting the first MCS based at least in part on a moving average of the first series of PERs and the Doppler level of the STA.

22. The communications device of claim 21, wherein the means for adjusting the first MCS is to:
select a new MCS with a reduced data rate when the moving average is below a threshold PER, wherein the reduction in data rate is proportional to the Doppler level of the STA.

23. The communications device of claim 21, wherein the means for adjusting the first MCS is to:
select a new MCS with a reduced data rate when the moving average is below a threshold PER, wherein the threshold PER depends, in part, on the Doppler level of the STA.

24. The communications device of claim 19, wherein the means for determining the second MCS is to:
determine the second MCS based, at least in part, on the Doppler level of the STA.

25. The communications device of claim 19, further comprising:
means for determining a duration for the second sounding interval based, at least in part, on the Doppler level of the STA, wherein the duration of the second sounding interval is longer than the duration of the first sounding interval when the Doppler level is below a first Doppler threshold, and wherein the duration of the second sounding interval is shorter than the duration of the first sounding interval when the Doppler level is above a second Doppler threshold.

26. The communications device of claim 19, where the means for determining the first MCS is to:
generate a steering matrix for transmitting beamformed signals in a direction of the STA;
predict a path loss of the beamformed signals based at least in part on the channel state information;
determine an optimal data rate for the beamformed signals based at least in part on the predicted path loss; and
determine the first MCS based at least in part on the optimal data rate.

27. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium containing program instructions that, when executed by a processor of a communications device, causes the communications device to:
determine a first modulation coding scheme (MCS) for transmitting data to a client station (STA) during a first sounding interval based, at least in part, on channel state information received from the STA upon initiation of the first sounding interval;
determine a first series of packet error rates (PERs) associated with one or more data transmissions to the STA during the first sounding interval;
determine a first channel feedback vector based at least in part on the channel state information received from the STA at the initiation of the first sounding interval;
determine a second channel feedback vector based at least in part on channel state information received from the STA at the initiation of the second sounding interval;
determine a Doppler level of the STA based at least in part on a difference between the first channel feedback vector and the second channel feedback vector; and
determine a second MCS for transmitting data to the STA during a second sounding interval based, at least in part, on the first PER in the first series of PERs, wherein the second MCS is independent of the remaining PERs in the first series.