# Patent

## Title
Snap pea variety sugar 136

## Abstract

The present invention provides novel snap pea cultivar Sugar 136 and plant parts, seed, and tissue culture therefrom. The invention also provides methods for producing a pea plant by crossing the pea plants of the invention with themselves or another pea plant. The invention also provides pea plants produced from such a crossing as well as plant parts, seed, and tissue culture therefrom.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention is in the field of pea plants, in particular, the invention relates to novel snap pea cultivar Sugar 136.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a snap pea (Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon) variety designated Sugar 136.
Garden peas (Pisum sativum L.) produce pod fruits and include common green English peas and edible-podded peas. These can be distinguished in that English peas are generally shelled and only the seed eaten, whereas the edible-podded peas are eaten whole. Edible-podded peas include snap peas, which are characterized by a round pod, and the flat-podded snow pea. The pods of edible-podded peas are less fibrous than those from English peas and do not open when ripe.
Pea is an important and valuable vegetable crop for both the fresh and processed markets. Thus, there is an ongoing need for improved pea varieties.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a novel snap pea cultivar designated and referred to herein as Sugar 136, also known as SL3136. Thus, the invention also encompasses the seeds of pea cultivar Sugar 136, the plants of pea cultivar Sugar 136, plant parts of the pea cultivar Sugar 136 (including pods, berries, seeds, gametes), methods of producing seed from pea cultivar Sugar 136, and methods for producing a pea plant by crossing the pea cultivar Sugar 136 with itself or another pea plant, methods for producing a pea plant containing in its genetic material one or more transgenes, and the transgenic pea plants produced by that method. The invention also relates to methods for producing other pea plants derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 and to pea plants, parts thereof and seed derived by the use of those methods. The present invention further relates to pea seeds and plants (and parts thereof including pods and/or berries) produced by crossing pea cultivar Sugar 136 with itself or with another pea plant (e.g., an F1 hybrid seed or plant).
In another aspect, the present invention provides regenerable cells for use in tissue culture of pea cultivar Sugar 136. In embodiments, the tissue culture is capable of regenerating plants having all or essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the foregoing pea plant and/or of regenerating plants having the same or substantially the same genotype as the foregoing pea plant. In exemplary embodiments, the regenerable cells in such tissue cultures are meristematic cells, cotyledons, hypocotyl, leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, ovules, shoots, stems, petiole, pith, flowers, capsules, pods, berries and/or seeds as well as callus and/or protoplasts derived from any of the foregoing. Still further, the present invention provides pea plants regenerated from the tissue cultures of the invention.
As a further aspect, the invention provides a method of producing pea seed, the method comprising crossing a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136 with itself or a second pea plant. Pea cultivar Sugar 136 can be the female and/or male parent. Optionally, the method further comprises collecting the seed.
The invention further provides a method of producing a progeny pea plant, the method comprising crossing a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136 with itself or a second pea plant to produce at least a first progeny plant, which may optionally be a selfed plant or an F1 hybrid. Pea cultivar Sugar 136 can be the female and/or male parent.
Another aspect of the invention provides methods for producing hybrids and other pea plants derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136. Pea plants derived by the use of those methods are also part of the invention as well as plant parts, seed, gametes and tissue culture from such hybrid or derived pea plants.
In representative embodiments, a pea plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprises cells comprising at least one set of chromosomes derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136. In embodiments, a pea plant or population of pea plants derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprises, on average, at least about 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of its alleles from pea cultivar Sugar 136, e.g., at least about 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the genetic complement of pea cultivar Sugar 136. In embodiments, the pea plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 is one, two, three, four, five or more breeding crosses removed from pea cultivar Sugar 136.
In embodiments, a hybrid or derived plant from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprises a desired added trait(s). In representative embodiments, a pea plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprises some or all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136 (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4). In embodiments, the pea plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprises essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136 (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4), with the addition of a desired added trait(s).
The invention also relates to methods for producing a pea plant comprising in its genetic material one or more transgenes and to the transgenic pea plant produced by those methods (and progeny pea plants comprising the transgene). Also provided are plant parts, seed and tissue culture from such transgenic pea plants, optionally wherein one or more cells in the plant part, seed, or tissue culture comprises the transgene. The transgene can be introduced via plant transformation and/or breeding techniques.
In another aspect, the present invention provides for single gene converted plants of pea cultivar Sugar 136. Plant parts, seed, and tissue culture from such single gene converted plants are also contemplated by the present invention. The single transferred gene may be a dominant or recessive allele. In representative embodiments, the single transferred gene confers such traits as male sterility, herbicide resistance, pest resistance (e.g., insect and/or nematode resistance), modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, disease resistance (e.g., for bacterial, fungal and/or viral disease), male fertility, enhanced nutritional quality, improved appearance (e.g., color), improved salt tolerance, industrial usage, or any combination thereof. The single gene may be a naturally occurring pea gene or a transgene introduced into pea through genetic engineering techniques.
The invention further provides methods for developing pea plants in a pea plant breeding program using plant breeding techniques including, for example, recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, double haploid techniques, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection and/or transformation. Seeds, pea plants, and parts thereof, produced by such breeding methods are also part of the invention.
The invention also provides methods of multiplication or propagation of pea plants of the invention, which can be accomplished using any method known in the art, for example, via vegetative propagation and/or seed.
The invention further provides a method of producing food or feed comprising (a) obtaining a pea plant of the invention, optionally wherein the plant has been cultivated to maturity, and (b) collecting at least one pea plant or part thereof (e.g., pods or berries) from the plant. In embodiments, obtaining a pea plant comprises growing the plant.
Additional aspects of the invention include harvested products and processed products from the pea plants of the invention. A harvested product can be a whole plant or any plant part, as described herein. Thus, in some embodiments, a non-limiting example of a harvested product includes a seed, a pod and/or a berry.
In representative embodiments, a processed product includes, but is not limited to: dehydrated, cut, sliced, ground, pureed, dried, canned, jarred, washed, brined, packaged, refrigerated, frozen and/or heated pods, berries and/or seeds of the pea plants of the invention, or any other part thereof. In embodiments, a processed product includes a sugar or other carbohydrate, fiber, protein and/or aromatic compound that is extracted, purified or isolated from a pea plant of the invention. In embodiments, the processed product includes washed and packaged pods and/or berries (or parts thereof) of the invention, for example, in a canned or frozen form.
Thus, the invention also provides a method of producing a processed product from a plant of the invention, the method comprising (a) obtaining a pod or berry of a plant of the invention; and (b) processing the pod or berry to produce a processed product. In embodiments, processing comprises canning, jarring and/or freezing.
The invention provides seed of the pea plants of the instant invention. In representative embodiments, the invention provides a seed of a pea plant of the invention. In embodiments, the invention is directed to seed that produces the pea plants of the invention.
The seed of the invention can optionally be provided as an essentially homogenous population of seed of a single plant or cultivar. Essentially homogenous populations of seed are generally free from substantial numbers of other seed, e.g., at least about 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% pure.
As a further aspect, the invention provides a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136.
As an additional aspect, the invention provides a pea plant, or a part thereof, having all or essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136.
As another aspect, the invention provides pods, berries and/or seed of the pea plants of the invention and a processed product from the pods, berries and/or seed of the inventive pea plants.
As still another aspect, the invention provides a method of producing pea seed, the method comprising crossing a pea plant of the invention with itself or a second pea plant. The invention also provides seed produced by this method and plants produced by growing the seed.
As yet a further aspect, the invention provides a method for producing a seed of a pea plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136, the method comprising: (a) crossing a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136 with a second pea plant; (b) allowing seed to form; (c) growing a plant from the seed of step (b) to produce a plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136; (d) selfing the plant of step (c) or crossing it to a second pea plant to form additional pea seed derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136; and (e) optionally repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times (e.g., one, two, one to three, one to five, one to six, one to seven, one to ten, three to five, three to six, three to seven, three to eight or three to ten times) to generate further derived pea seed from pea cultivar Sugar 136, wherein in step (c) a plant is grown from the additional pea seed of step (d) in place of growing a plant from the seed of step (b). As another option, in embodiments, the method comprises collecting the pea seed. The invention also provides seed produced by these methods and plants derived from pea cultivated Sugar 136 produced by growing the seed.
As another aspect, the invention is also directed to a method of producing a pod comprising obtaining a plant according to the instant invention and harvesting a pod from the plant. In embodiments, obtaining a plant of the invention comprises growing the plant to produce a pod. In one embodiment, the method further comprises processing the pod to obtain a berry or seed. In one embodiment, a berry according the instant invention is a fresh product or a processed product (e.g., a canned product or a frozen product).
The invention is also directed to a method of producing a berry or seed comprising obtaining a pod of a plant according to the instant invention and processing the pod to obtain a berry or seed. In one embodiment, a berry according the instant invention is a fresh product or a processed product (e.g., a canned product or a frozen product).
Still further, as another aspect, the invention provides a method of vegetatively propagating a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136. In a non-limiting example, the method comprises: (a) collecting tissue capable of being propagated from a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136; (b) cultivating the tissue to obtain proliferated shoots; and (c) rooting the proliferated shoots to obtain rooted plantlets. Optionally, the invention further comprises growing plants from the rooted plantlets. The invention also encompasses the plantlets and plants produced by these methods.
As an additional aspect, the invention provides a method of introducing a desired added trait into pea cultivar Sugar 136, the method comprising: (a) crossing a first plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136 with a second pea plant that comprises a desired trait to produce F1 progeny; (b) selecting an F1 progeny that comprises the desired trait; (c) crossing the selected F1 progeny with pea cultivar Sugar 136 to produce backcross progeny; and (d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired trait to produce a plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprising a desired trait. In embodiments, the selected progeny has one or more of the characteristics of Sugar 136 (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4). In embodiments, the selected progeny comprises all or essentially all the morphological and physiological characteristics of the first plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136. Optionally, the method further comprises: (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times (e.g., one, two, one to three, one to five, one to six, one to seven, one to ten, three to five, three to six, three to seven, three to eight or three to ten times) to produce a plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprising the desired trait, wherein in step (c) the selected backcross progeny produced in step (d) is used in place of the selected F1 progeny of step (b).
In representative embodiments, the invention also provides a method of producing a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprising a desired added trait, the method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired trait into a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136. The transgene can be introduced by transformation methods (e.g., genetic engineering) or breeding techniques. In embodiments, the plant comprising the transgene has one or more of the morphological and physiological characteristics of Sugar 136 (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4). In embodiments, the plant comprising the transgene comprises all or essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136.
The invention also provides pea plants produced by the methods of the invention or a selfed progeny thereof, wherein the pea plant has the desired added trait as well as seed from such pea plants.
According to the foregoing methods, the desired added trait can be any suitable trait known in the art including, for example, male sterility, male fertility, herbicide resistance, insect or pest (e.g., insect and/or nematode) resistance, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, disease resistance (e.g., for bacterial, fungal and/or viral disease), enhanced nutritional quality, increased sweetness, increased flavor, improved ripening control, improved salt tolerance, industrial usage, or any combination thereof.
In representative embodiments, a transgene conferring herbicide resistance confers resistance to glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, benzonitrile, or any combination thereof.
In representative embodiments, a transgene conferring pest resistance (e.g., insect and/or nematode resistance) encodes a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin.
In representative embodiments, transgenic plants (e.g., using genetic engineering techniques), single gene converted plants, hybrid plants and pea plants derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 have at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more of the morphological and physiological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136 (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4), or even all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136, so that said plants are not significantly different for said traits than pea cultivar Sugar 136, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions; optionally, with the presence of one or more desired additional traits (e.g., male sterility, disease resistance, pest or insect resistance, herbicide resistance, and the like).
The invention also encompasses plant parts, plant material, pollen, ovules, leaves, berries, pods and seed from the pea plants of the invention. Also provided is a tissue culture of regenerable cells from the pea plants of the invention, where optionally, the regenerable cells are: (a) embryos, meristem, leaves, pollen, cotyledons, hypocotyls, roots, root tips, anthers, flowers, pistils, ovules, seed, shoots, stems, stalks, petioles, pith, pods, berries and/or capsules; or (b) callus or protoplasts derived from the cells of (a). Further provided are pea plants regenerated from a tissue culture of the invention.
In still yet another aspect, the invention provides a method of determining a genetic characteristic of pea cultivar Sugar 136 or a progeny thereof, e.g., a method of determining a genotype of pea cultivar Sugar 136 or a progeny thereof. In embodiments, the method comprises detecting in the genome of a Sugar 136 plant, or a progeny plant thereof, at least a first polymorphism. To illustrate, in embodiments, the method comprises obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from the plant and detecting at least a first polymorphism in the nucleic acid sample. Optionally, the method may comprise detecting a plurality of polymorphisms (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more or ten or more polymorphisms, etc.) in the genome of the plant. In representative embodiments, the method further comprises storing the results of the step of detecting the polymorphism(s) on a computer readable medium. The invention further provides a computer readable medium produced by such a method.
In addition to the exemplary aspects and embodiments described above, the invention is described in more detail in the description of the invention set forth below.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is based, in part, on the development of a novel pea variety designated Sugar 136.
It should be appreciated that the invention can be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.
Unless the context indicates otherwise, it is specifically intended that the various features and embodiments of the invention described herein can be used in any combination.
Moreover, the present invention also contemplates that in some embodiments of the invention, any feature or combination of features set forth herein can be excluded or omitted. To illustrate, if the specification states that a composition comprises components A, B and C, it is specifically intended that any of A, B or C, or a combination thereof, can be omitted and disclaimed singularly or in any combination.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.
All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
DEFINITIONS
In the description and tables that follow, a number of terms are used. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided:
As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
As used herein, “and/or” refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items, as well as the lack of combinations when interpreted in the alternative (“or”).
The term “about,” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as a dosage or time period and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ±20%, ±10%, ±5%, ±1%, ±0.5%, or even ±0.1% of the specified amount.
The term “comprise,” “comprises” and “comprising” as used herein, specify the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
As used herein, the transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” means that the scope of a claim is to be interpreted to encompass the specified materials or steps recited in the claim “and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s)” of the claimed invention. See, In re Herz, 537 F.2d 549, 551-52, 190 U.S.P.Q. 461, 463 (CCPA 1976) (emphasis in the original); see also MPEP §2111.03. Thus, the term “consisting essentially of” when used in a claim or the description of this invention is not intended to be interpreted to be equivalent to “comprising.”
“Afila”. Afila is a foliar configuration resulting from the gene ‘af’, which acts to transform the leaflets on a normal foliage pea to tendrils. Afila plants tend to be more upright in the field than normal foliage peas as the tendrils grab onto one another to hold each other up.
“Allele”. An allele is any of one or more alternative forms of a gene, all of which relate to a trait or characteristic. In a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given gene occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
“Backcrossing”. Backcrossing is a process in which a breeder repeatedly crosses hybrid progeny back to one of the parents, for example, a first generation hybrid F1 with one of the parental genotype of the F1 hybrid.
“Cotyledon”. One of the first leaves of the embryo of a seed plant; typically one or more in monocotyledons, two in dicotyledons, and two or more in gymnosperms.
“Determinate Plant”. A determinate plant will grow to a fixed number of nodes while an indeterminate plant will continue to grow during the season.
“Double haploid line”. A stable inbred line achieved by doubling the chromosomes of a haploid line, e.g., from anther culture. For example, some pollen grains (haploid) cultivated under specific conditions develop plantlets containing 1 n chromosomes. The chromosomes in these plantlets are then induced to “double” (e.g., using chemical means) resulting in cells containing 2n chromosomes. The progeny of these plantlets are termed “double haploid” and are essentially non-segregating (e.g., are stable). The term “double haploid” is used interchangeably herein with “dihaploid.”
“Essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics”. A plant having “essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics” means a plant having the physiological and morphological characteristics of the recurrent parent, except for the characteristics derived from the converted gene(s).
“Field holding ability”. A pea plant that has good field holding ability indicates a plant having berries that slowly change in tenderness (e.g., as measured by a tenderometer) over time.
“First water date”. The date the seed first receives adequate moisture to germinate. This can and often does equal the planting date.
“Gene”. As used herein, “gene” refers to a segment of nucleic acid comprising an open reading frame. A gene can be introduced into a genome of a species, whether from a different species or from the same species, using transformation or various breeding methods.
“Genetic complement”. As used herein, a “genetic complement” refers to the total genetic make-up of the plant.
“Heat unit”. The amount of heat needed to mature a crop. It is used to measure maturity based on the daily accumulated heat produced during the growing season. The formula [(daily maximum F.°−daily minimum F.°)−40]/2 is used to calculate heat units for peas.
“Inbred line”. As used herein, the phrase “inbred line” refers to a genetically homozygous or nearly homozygous population. An inbred line, for example, can be derived through several cycles of sib crossing and/or selfing and/or via double haploid production. In some embodiments, inbred lines breed true for one or more traits of interest. An “inbred plant” or “inbred progeny” is an individual sampled from an inbred line.
“Machine harvestable plant”. A machine harvestable plant means a pea plant that stands tall and/or upright enough to allow pods and berries to be harvested by machine. The pods can be removed by a machine from the plant without leaves and other plant parts being harvested.
“Maturity date”. Plants are considered mature when the pods have reached their maximum desirable berry size and sieve size for the specific use intended.
“Node”. A node is the thickened enlargement on a plant. It is where the stipules, leaf and peduncle arise.
“Nodes to 1st flower”. The number of nodes to 1st flower is obtained by counting the number of nodes from above the point of cotyledon attachment to the node from which the first peduncle arises.
“Pea plant”. As used herein, the term “pea plant” or “pea” includes any plant classified as a Pisum sativum. Exemplary pea plants include without limitation shell peas, edible-podded peas (e.g., peas, snow peas), and field (dry) peas (e.g., split peas).
“Pea Yield” (Tons/Acre). The yield in tons/acre is the actual yield of the peas at harvest.
“Peduncle”. A peduncle is the stalk that bearing flower (s) and subsequent pod(s) arising from a node.
“Plant.” As used herein, the term “plant” includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures from which plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant clumps, and plant cells that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as leaves, pollen, embryos, cotyledons, hypocotyl, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, ovules, seeds, stems, berries, pods, and the like.
“Plant adaptability”. A plant having a good plant adaptability means a plant that will perform well in different growing conditions and seasons.
“Plant Height”. Plant height is taken from the top of soil to top most leaf of the plant.
“Plant material”. The terms “plant material” and “material obtainable from a plant” are used interchangeably herein and refer to any plant material obtainable from a plant including without limitation, leaves, stems, roots, flowers or flower parts, fruits, pollen, ovules, zygotes, pods, berries, seeds, cuttings, cell or tissue cultures, or any other part or product of the plant.
“Plant part”. As used herein, a “plant part” includes any part, organ, tissue or cell of a plant including without limitation an embryo, meristem, leaf, pollen, cotyledon, hypocotyl, root, root tip, anther, flower, flower bud, pistil, ovule, seed, shoot, stem, stalk, petiole, pith, capsule, a scion, a rootstock, pod, berry and/or a fruit including callus and protoplasts derived from any of the foregoing.
“Pod width between the sutures”. As used herein, the term “pod width between the sutures” refers to a method of measuring pod width using calipers held on the suture on either side of the pod.
“Sieve Size” (sv). Sieve size is a measure of the diameter of the fresh pea and is commonly used in grading peas. A sieve 1 is a berry that goes through a hole 9/32′′ (7.15 mm) in diameter, a sieve 2 berry goes through a hole 10/32′′ (7.94 mm) in diameter, a sieve 3 berry goes through a hole 11/32′′ (10.32 mm) in diameter, a sieve 4 berry goes through a hole 12/32′′ (9.53 mm), a sieve 5 berry goes through a hole 13/32′′ (10.32 mm), and a sieve 6 and above goes through a hole greater than 13/32′′ (10.32 mm). A sieve size average is calculated by multiplying the percent of peas within each sieve size by the sieve size, summing these products and dividing by 100.
“Tenderometer”. A tenderometer is a device for determining the maturity and tenderness of a pea sample.
“Quantitative Trait Loci”. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) refers to genetic loci that control to some degree, numerically representable traits that are usually continuously distributed.
“Regeneration”. Regeneration refers to the development of a plant from tissue culture.
“Resistance”. As used herein the terms “resistance” and “tolerance” (and grammatical variations thereof) are used interchangeably to describe plants that show reduced or essentially no symptoms to a specific biotic (e.g., a pest, pathogen or disease) or abiotic (e.g., exogenous or environmental, including herbicides) factor or stressor. In some embodiments, “resistant” or “tolerant” plants show some symptoms but are still able to produce marketable product with an acceptable yield, e.g., the yield may still be reduced and/or the plants may be stunted as compared with the yield or growth in the absence of the biotic and/or abiotic factor or stressor. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the degree of resistance or tolerance may be assessed with respect to a plurality or even an entire field of plants. A pea plant may be considered “resistant” or “tolerant” if resistance/tolerance is observed over a plurality of plants (e.g., an average), even if particular individual plants may be susceptible to the biotic or abiotic factor or stressor.
“RHS”. RHS refers to the Royal Horticultural Society of England which publishes an official botanical color chart quantitatively identifying colors according to a defined numbering system. The chart may be purchased from Royal Horticulture Society Enterprise Ltd., RHS Garden; Wisley, Woking; Surrey GU236QB, UK.
“Single gene converted”. A single gene converted or conversion plant refers to a plant that is developed by plant breeding techniques (e.g., backcrossing) or via genetic engineering wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a line are recovered in addition to the single gene transferred into the line via the plant breeding technique or via genetic engineering.
“Stipules”. A pair of leaf-like appendages borne at the base of each pea leaf or stalk.
“Substantially equivalent characteristic”. A characteristic that, when compared, does not show a statistically significant difference (e.g., p=0.05) from the mean.
“Transgene”. A nucleic acid of interest that can be introduced into the genome of a plant by genetic engineering techniques (e.g., transformation) or breeding. The transgene can be from the same or a different species. If from the same species, the transgene can be an additional copy of a native coding sequence or can present the native sequence in a form or context (e.g., different genomic location and/or in operable association with exogenous regulatory elements such as a promoter) than is found in the native state. The transgene can comprise an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide or can encode a functional non-translated RNA (e.g., RNAi).
Botanical Description of Snap Pea Cultivar Sugar 136.
The snap pea cultivar Sugar 136 is suitable for the processing or fresh markets and can be compared to the snap pea cultivar Sugar Sweet (Syngenta Seeds, Inc.). Sugar 136 differs significantly from Sugar Sweet in pod length (cm) and also in its final number of nodes at maturity. When grown at two locations in Nampa, Id. in 2011, the mean pod length of Sugar 136 was 8.32 cm, while the mean pod length of Sugar Sweet was 7.125 cm. In this same trial, the mean value for the number of nodes at maturity within the Sugar 136 plots was 19.825, whereas the mean value for the number of nodes at maturity within the Sugar Sweet plots was 17.075. All statistical methods were carried out with Statistics 9.0 (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, Fla.) and are detailed within the following tables (Tables 1 to 4).
Explanation of the Statistical Variables Used in the Following Tables 1-4:
sl36_len1=Sugar 136, Pod Length (cm), Rep 1, Nampa, Id., 2011
sl36_len2=Sugar 136, Pod Length (cm), Rep 2, Nampa, Id., 2011
sweet_len1=Sugar Sweet, Pod Length (cm), Rep 1, Nampa, Id., 2011
sweet_len2=Sugar Sweet, Pod Length (cm), Rep 2, Nampa, Id., 2011
sl36_node1=Sugar 136, Final Number of Nodes, Rep 1, Nampa, Id., 2011
sl36_node2=Sugar 136, Final Number of Nodes, Rep 2, Nampa, Id., 2011
sweet_node1=Sugar Sweet, Final Number of Nodes, Rep 1, Nampa, Id., 2011
sweet_node2=Sugar Sweet, Final Number of Nodes, Rep 2, Nampa, Id., 2011







TABLE 1





SL3136 (Sugar 136) vs. Sugar Sweet-Pod Length-2011-Rep 1







Descriptive Statistics












Variable
N
Mean
SD
Minimum
Maximum





sl36_len1
20
8.4875
0.5286
7.5000
9.0000


sweet_len1
20
7.4250
0.4667
7.0000
8.0000










One-Way AOV for: sl36_len1 sweet_len1












Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P





Between
1
11.2891
11.2891
45.41
0.0000


Within
38
9.4469
0.2486




Total
39
20.7359











Grand Mean 7.9563
CV 6.27












Homogeneity of Variances
F
P





Levene's Test
0.83
0.3673


O'Brien's Test
0.79
0.3802


Brown and Forsythe Test
0.02
0.8812










Welch's Test for Mean Differences










Source
DF
F
P





Between
1.0
45.41
0.0000


Within
37.4










Component of variance for between groups 
0.55202


Effective cell size 
20.0





Variable
Mean





sl36_len1
8.4875


sweet_len1
7.4250


Observations per Mean
20


Standard Error of a Mean
0.1115


Std Error (Diff of 2 Means)
0.1577










LSD All-Pairwise Comparisons Test









Variable
Mean
Homogeneous Groups





sl36_len1
8.4875
A


sweet_len1 
7.4250
B













Alpha
0.05
Standard Error for Comparison 
0.1577


Critical T 
2.024
Critical Value for Comparison 
0.3192


Value










All 2 means are significantly different from one another.
















TABLE 2





SL3136 (Sugar 136) vs. Sugar Sweet-Pod Length-2011-Rep 2







Descriptive Statistics












Variable
N
Mean
SD
Minimum
Maximum





sweet_len2
20
6.8250
0.4375
6.0000
7.5000


sl36_len2
20
8.1500
0.4323
7.5000
9.0000










One-Way AOV for: sweet_len2 sl36_len2












Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P





Between
1
17.5563
17.5563
92.82
0.0000


Within
38
7.1875
0.1891




Total
39
24.7438











Grand Mean 7.4875
CV 5.81












Homogeneity of Variances
F
P





Levene's Test
0.00
0.9521


O'Brien's Test
0.00
0.9534


Brown and Forsythe Test
0.05
0.8162










Welch's Test for Mean Differences










Source
DF
F
P





Between
1.0
92.82
0.0000


Within
38.0










Component of variance for between groups
0.86836


Effective cell size
20.0





Variable
Mean





sweet_len2
6.8250


sl36_len2
8.1500


Observations per Mean
20


Standard Error of a Mean
0.0972


Std Error (Diff of 2 Means) 
0.1375










LSD All-Pairwise Comparisons Test









Variable
Mean 
Homogeneous Groups





sl36_len2 
8.1500 
A


sweet_len2
6.8250
B













Alpha
0.05
Standard Error for Comparison 
0.1375


Critical T 
2.024
Critical Value for Comparison 
0.2784


Value










All 2 means are significantly different from one another.
















TABLE 3





SL3136 (Sugar 136) vs. Sugar Sweet-Node Count-2011-Rep 1







Descriptive Statistics












Variable
N
Mean
SD
Minimum
Maximum





sl36_node1
20
20.200
1.7045
17.000
23.000


sweet_node1
20
16.350
1.5313
14.000
20.000










One-Way AOV for: sl36_node1 sweet_node1












Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P





Between
1
148.225
148.225
56.47
0.0000


Within
38
99.750
2.625




Total
39
247.975











Grand Mean 18.275
CV 8.87












Homogeneity of Variances
F
P





Levene's Test
0.34
0.5628


O'Brien's Test
0.32
0.5734


Brown and Forsythe Test
0.20
0.6565










Welch's Test for Mean Differences










Source
DF
F
P





Between
1.0
56.47
0.0000


Within
37.6










Component of variance for between groups
7.28000


Effective cell size
20.0





Variable
Mean





sl36_node1
20.200


sweet_node1
16.350


Observations per Mean
20


Standard Error of a Mean
0.3623


Std Error (Diff of 2 Means) 
0.5123












Variable
Mean 
Homogeneous Groups





sl36_node1
20.200 
A


sweet_node1
16.350
B













Alpha
0.05
Standard Error for Comparison 
0.5123


Critical T Value
2.024
Critical Value for Comparison
1.0372







All 2 means are significantly different from one another.
















TABLE 4





SL3136 (Sugar 136) vs. Sugar Sweet-Node Count-2011-Rep 2







Descriptive Statistics












Variable
N
Mean
SD
Minimum
Maximum





sl36_node2
20
19.450
1.3169
18.000
23.000


sweet_node2
20
17.800
1.0563
15.000
19.000










One-Way AOV for: sl36_node2 sweet_node2












Source
DF
SS
MS
F
P





Between
1
27.2250
27.2250
19.11
0.0001


Within
38
54.1500
1.4250




Total
39
81.3750











Grand Mean 18.625
CV 6.41












Homogeneity of Variances
F
P





Levene's Test
0.64
0.4287


O'Brien's Test
0.61
0.4411


Brown and Forsythe Test
2.01
0.1643










Welch's Test for Mean Differences










Source
DF
F
P





Between
1.0
19.11
0.0001


Within
36.3










Component of variance for between groups
1.29000


Effective cell size
20.0





Variable
Mean





sl36_node2 
19.450


sweet_node2
17.800


Observations per Mean
20


Standard Error of a Mean
0.2669


Std Error (Diff of 2 Means)
0.3775










LSD All-Pairwise Comparisons Test









Variable
Mean 
Homogeneous Groups





sl36_node2 
19.450
A


sweet_node2
17.800
B













Alpha
0.05
Standard Error for Comparison
0.3775


Critical T Value 
2.024
Critical Value for Comparison 
0.7642







All 2 means are significantly different from one another.









Further Embodiments of the Invention
With the advent of molecular biological techniques that have allowed the isolation and characterization of genes that encode specific protein products, scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants to contain and express foreign nucleic acids including additional or modified versions of native (endogenous) nucleic acids (optionally driven by a non-native promoter) in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Any nucleic acid sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species, which are introduced into the genome using transformation or various breeding methods, are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes.” Over the last fifteen to twenty years, several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and in particular embodiments the present invention also relates to transformed versions of pea plants disclosed herein.
Genetic engineering techniques can be used (alone or in combination with breeding methods) to introduce one or more desired added traits into plant, for example, pea cultivar Sugar 136 or progeny or pea plants derived thereof.
Plant transformation generally involves the construction of an expression vector that will function in plant cells. Optionally, such a vector comprises one or more nucleic acids comprising a coding sequence for a polypeptide or an untranslated functional RNA under control of, or operatively linked to, a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). In representative embodiments, the vector(s) may be in the form of a plasmid, and can be used alone or in combination with other plasmids, to provide transformed pea plants using transformation methods as described herein to incorporate transgenes into the genetic material of the pea plant.
Additional methods include, but are not limited to, expression vectors introduced into plant tissues using a direct nucleic acid transfer method, such as microprojectile-mediated delivery (e.g., with a biolistic device), DNA injection, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, electroporation, and the like. Transformed plants obtained from the plants (and parts and tissue culture thereof) of the invention are intended to be within the scope of this invention.
Expression Vectors for Plant Transformation—Selectable Markers.
Expression vectors typically include at least one nucleic acid comprising or encoding a selectable marker, operably linked to a regulatory element (for example, a promoter) that allows transformed cells containing the marker to be either recovered by negative selection, e.g., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selectable marker, or by positive selection, e.g., screening for the product encoded by the selectable marker. Many commonly used selectable markers for plant transformation are well known in the transformation art, and include, for example, nucleic acids that code for enzymes that metabolically detoxify a selective chemical agent which may be an antibiotic or an herbicide, or nucleic acids that encode an altered target which is insensitive to the inhibitor. Positive selection methods are also known in the art.
One commonly used selectable marker for plant transformation is a neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) coding sequence, for example, isolated from transposon Tn5, which when placed under the control of plant regulatory signals confers resistance to kanamycin. Fraley, et al., PNAS, 80:4803 (1983). Another commonly used selectable marker is hygromycin phosphotransferase, which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. Vanden Elzen, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 5:299 (1985).
Additional selectable markers of bacterial origin that confer resistance to antibiotics include gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase, aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase, the bleomycin resistance determinant. Hayford, et al., Plant Physiol., 86:1216 (1988); Jones, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 210:86 (1987); Svab, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 14:197 (1990); Hille, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 7:171 (1986). Other selectable markers confer resistance to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, or bromoxynil. Comai, et al., Nature, 317:741-744 (1985); Gordon-Kamm, et al., Plant Cell, 2:603-618 (1990); and Stalker, et al., Science, 242:419-423 (1988).
Selectable markers for plant transformation that are not of bacterial origin include, for example, mouse dihydrofolate reductase, plant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and plant acetolactate synthase. Eichholtz, et al., Somatic Cell Mol. Genet., 13:67 (1987); Shah, et al., Science, 233:478 (1986); and Charest, et al., Plant Cell Rep., 8:643 (1990).
Another class of selectable marker for plant transformation involves screening of presumptively transformed plant cells rather than direct genetic selection of transformed cells for resistance to a toxic substance such as an antibiotic. These selectable markers are particularly useful to quantify or visualize the spatial pattern of expression of a transgene in specific tissues and are frequently referred to as a reporter gene because they can be fused to transgene or regulatory sequence for the investigation of nucleic acid expression. Commonly used reporters for screening presumptively transformed cells include alpha-glucuronidase (GUS), alpha-galactosidase, luciferase and chloramphenicol, acetyltransferase. Jefferson, R. A., Plant Mol. Biol., 5:387 (1987); Teeri, et al., EMBO J., 8:343 (1989); Koncz, et al., PNAS, 84:131 (1987); and DeBlock, et al., EMBO J., 3:1681 (1984).
In vivo methods for visualizing GUS activity that do not require destruction of plant tissues are available. Molecular Probes, Publication 2908, IMAGENE GREEN, pp. 1-4 (1993) and Naleway, et al., J. Cell Biol., 115:151a (1991).
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is also utilized as a marker for nucleic acid expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Chalfie, et al., Science, 263:802 (1994). GFP and mutants of GFP may be used as screenable markers.
Expression Vectors for Plant Transformation—Promoters.
Transgenes included in expression vectors are generally driven by a nucleotide sequence comprising a regulatory element (for example, a promoter). Numerous types of promoters are well known in the transformation arts, as are other regulatory elements that can be used alone or in combination with promoters.
As used herein, “promoter” includes reference to a region of DNA upstream from the start of transcription and involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells.
Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, seeds, fibers, xylem vessels, tracheids, or sclerenchyma. Such promoters are referred to as “tissue-preferred.” Promoters that initiate transcription only in certain tissue are referred to as “tissue-specific.” A “cell type” specific promoter preferentially drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter that is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may affect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of light. Tissue-specific, tissue-preferred, cell type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of “non-constitutive” promoters. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under most environmental conditions.
A. Inducible Promoters:
An inducible promoter is operably linked to a nucleic acid for expression in a plant. Optionally, the inducible promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a nucleic acid for expression in the plant. With an inducible promoter, the rate of transcription increases in response to an inducing agent.
Any inducible promoter can be used in the instant invention. See Ward, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 22:361-366 (1993). Exemplary inducible promoters include, but are not limited to, that from the ACEI system which responds to copper (Melt, et al., PNAS, 90:4567-4571 (1993)); promoter from the In2 gene from maize which responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (Hershey, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 227:229-237 (1991) and Gatz, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 243:32-38 (1994)) or Tet repressor from Tn10 (Gatz, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 227:229-237 (1991)). A representative inducible promoter is a promoter that responds to an inducing agent to which plants do not normally respond. An exemplary inducible promoter is the inducible promoter from a steroid hormone gene, the transcriptional activity of which is induced by a glucocorticosteroid hormone. Schena, et al., PNAS, 88:0421 (1991).
B. Constitutive Promoters:
A constitutive promoter is operably linked to a nucleic acid for expression in a plant or the constitutive promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a nucleic acid for expression in a plant.
Many different constitutive promoters can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary constitutive promoters include, but are not limited to, the promoters from plant viruses such as the 35S promoter from CaMV (Odell, et al., Nature, 313:810-812 (1985)) and the promoters from such genes as rice actin (McElroy, et al., Plant Cell, 2:163-171 (1990)); ubiquitin (Christensen, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 12:619-632 (1989) and Christensen, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 18:675-689 (1992)); pEMU (Last, et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 81:581-588 (1991)); MAS (Velten, et al., EMBO J., 3:2723-2730 (1984)) and maize H3 histone (Lepetit, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 231:276-285 (1992) and Atanassova, et al., Plant J., 2 (3):291-300 (1992)). The ALS promoter, XbaI/NcoI fragment 5′ to the Brassica napus ALS3 structural gene (or a nucleotide sequence similarity to said XbaI/NcoI fragment), represents a particularly useful constitutive promoter. See PCT Application No. WO 96/30530.
C. Tissue-Specific or Tissue-Preferred Promoters:
A tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a nucleic acid for expression in a plant. Optionally, the tissue-specific promoter is operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence which is operably linked to a nucleic acid for expression in a plant. Plants transformed with a nucleic acid of interest operably linked to a tissue-specific promoter transcribe the nucleic acid of interest exclusively, or preferentially, in a specific tissue.
Any tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoter can be utilized in the instant invention. Exemplary tissue-specific or tissue-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, a root-preferred promoter, such as that from the phaseolin gene (Murai, et al., Science, 23:476-482 (1983) and Sengupta-Gopalan, et al., PNAS, 82:3320-3324 (1985)); a leaf-specific and light-induced promoter such as that from cab or rubisco (Simpson, et al., EMBO J., 4(11):2723-2729 (1985) and Timko, et al., Nature, 318:579-582 (1985)); an anther-specific promoter such as that from LAT52 (Twell, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 217:240-245 (1989)); a pollen-specific promoter such as that from Zm13 (Guerrero, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 244:161-168 (1993)) or a microspore-preferred promoter such as that from apg (Twell, et al., Sex. Plant Reprod., 6:217-224 (1993)).
Signal Sequences for Targeting Proteins to Subcellular Compartments.
Transport of polypeptides produced by transgenes to a subcellular compartment such as the chloroplast, vacuole, peroxisome, glyoxysome, cell wall, or mitochondrion, or for secretion into the apoplast, is generally accomplished by means of operably linking a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal sequence to the 5′ and/or 3′ region of a nucleic acid encoding the polypeptide of interest. Signal sequences at the 5′ and/or 3′ end of the coding sequence target the polypeptide to particular subcellular compartments.
The presence of a signal sequence can direct a polypeptide to either an intracellular organelle or subcellular compartment or for secretion to the apoplast. Many signal sequences are known in the art. See, for example, Becker, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 20:49 (1992); Close, P. S., Master's Thesis, Iowa State University (1993); Knox, C., et al., “Structure and Organization of Two Divergent Alpha-Amylase Genes from Barley,” Plant Mol. Biol., 9:3-17 (1987); Lerner, et al., Plant Physiol., 91:124-129 (1989); Fontes, et al., Plant Cell, 3:483-496 (1991); Matsuoka, et al., PNAS, 88:834 (1991); Gould, et al., J. Cell. Biol., 108:1657 (1989); Creissen, et al., Plant J, 2:129 (1991); Kalderon, et al., A short amino acid sequence able to specify nuclear location, Cell, 39:499-509 (1984); and Steifel, et al., Expression of a maize cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein gene in early leaf and root vascular differentiation, Plant Cell, 2:785-793 (1990).
Foreign Polypeptide Transgenes and Agronomic Transgenes.
With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants which are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign polypeptide then can be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr, Anal. Biochem., 114:92-6 (1981).
According to a representative embodiment, the transgenic plant provided for commercial production of foreign protein is a pea plant of the invention. In another embodiment, the biomass of interest is seed. For the relatively small number of transgenic plants that show higher levels of expression, a genetic map can be generated, for example via conventional RFLP, PCR, and SSR analysis, which identifies the approximate chromosomal location of the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., 269:284, CRC Press, Boca Raton (1993). Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants, to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons can involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR, and sequencing, all of which are conventional techniques.
Likewise, by means of the present invention, agronomic transgenes and other desired added traits can be expressed in transformed plants (and their progeny, e.g., produced by breeding methods). More particularly, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest or other desired added traits. Exemplary nucleic acids of interest in this regard conferring a desired added trait(s) include, but are not limited to, those categorized below:
A. Transgenes that Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease:
1. Plant disease resistance transgenes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant line can be transformed with a cloned resistance transgene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example, Jones, et al., Science, 266:789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum); Martin, et al., Science, 262:1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); and Mindrinos, et al., Cell, 78:1089 (1994) (Arabidopsis RSP2 gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae).
2. A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof, or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser, et al., Gene, 48:109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt delta-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding delta-endotoxin transgenes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Va., for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995, and 31998.
3. A lectin. See, for example, the disclosure by Van Damme, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 24:25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of several Clivia miniata mannose-binding lectin transgenes.
4. A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See, e.g., PCT Application No. US 93/06487. The application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests.
5. An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease or proteinase inhibitor, or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 262:16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor); Huub, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21:985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I); and Sumitani, et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 57:1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of Streptomyces nitrosporeus alpha-amylase inhibitor).
6. An insect-specific hormone or pheromone, such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock, et al., Nature, 344:458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone.
7. An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan, J. Biol. Chem., 269:9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor) and Pratt, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 163:1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified in Diploptera puntata). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski, et al., who disclose transgenes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins.
8. An insect-specific venom produced in nature, by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see Pang, et al, Gene, 116:165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a transgene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide.
9. An enzyme responsible for a hyper-accumulation of a monoterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative, or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.
10. An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase, and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT Application No. WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott, et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase transgene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also, Kramer, et al., Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol., 23:691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hornworm chitinase, and Kawalleck, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21:673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin transgene.
11. A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 24:757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess, et al., Plant Physiol., 104:1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone.
12. A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT Application No. WO 95/16776 (disclosure of peptide derivatives of tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT Application No. WO 95/18855 (teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance).
13. A membrane permease, a channel former, or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure of Jaynes, et al., Plant Sci., 89:43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-beta, lytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum. 
14. A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein transgene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy, et al., Ann. Rev. Phytopathol., 28:451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus. Id.
15. An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. See Taylor, et al., Abstract #497, Seventh Intl Symposium on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Edinburgh, Scotland (1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments).
16. A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki, et al., Nature, 366:469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody transgenes are protected from virus attack.
17. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo-alpha-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient released by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-alpha-1,4-D-galacturonase. See Lamb, et al., Bio/technology, 10:1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a transgene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart, et al., Plant J., 2:367 (1992).
18. A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann, et al., Bio/technology, 10:305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating transgene have an increased resistance to fungal disease.
19. A lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV) coat protein transgene introduced into Lactuca sativa in order to increase its resistance to LMV infection. See Dinant, et al., Mol. Breeding, 3:1, 75-86 (1997).
Any disease or present resistance transgenes, including those exemplified above, can be introduced into a pea plant of the invention through a variety of means including but not limited to transformation and breeding.
B. Transgenes that Confer Resistance to an Herbicide:
Exemplary polynucleotides encoding polypeptides that confer traits desirable for herbicide resistance include acetolactate synthase (ALS) mutants that lead to herbicide resistance such as the S4 and/or Hra mutations ((resistance to herbicides including sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, triazolopyrimidines, pyrimidinyl thiobenzoates); glyphosate resistance (e.g., 5-enol-pyrovyl-shikimate-3-phosphate-synthase (EPSPS) transgene, including but not limited to those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,940,935, 5,188,642, 5,633,435, 6,566,587, 7,674,598 as well as all related application; or the glyphosate N-acetyltransferase (GAT) transgene, described in Castle et al., Science, 2004, 304:1151-1154; and in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20070004912, 20050246798, and 20050060767)); glufosinate resistance (e.g., BAR; see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,236); 2,4-D resistance (e.g., aryloxy alkanoate dioxygenase or AAD-1, AAD-12, or AAD-13), HPPD resistance (e.g., Pseudomonas HPPD) and PPO resistance (e.g., fomesafen, acifluorfen-sodium, oxyfluorfen, lactofen, fluthiacet-methyl, saflufenacil, flumioxazin, flumiclorac-pentyl, carfentrazone-ethyl, sulfentrazone); a cytochrome P450 or variant thereof that confers herbicide resistance or tolerance to, inter alia, HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, PPO-inhibiting herbicides and ALS-inhibiting herbicides (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20090011936; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,380,465; 6,121,512; 5,349,127; 6,649,814; and 6,300,544; and PCT International Publication No. WO 2007/000077); dicamba resistance (e.g., dicamba monoxygenase), and traits desirable for processing or process products such as high oil (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,232,529); modified oils (e.g., fatty acid desaturase transgenes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,544; PCT International Publication No. WO 94/11516)); modified starches (e.g., ADPG pyrophosphorylases (AGPase), starch synthases (SS), starch branching enzymes (SBE), and starch debranching enzymes (SDBE)); and polymers or bioplastics (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,321; beta-ketothiolase, polyhydroxybutyrate synthase, and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (Schubert et al., J. Bacteriol., 1988, 170:5837-5847) facilitate expression of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)).
In embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide conferring resistance to an herbicide selected from glyphosate, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, dicamba, glufosinate, phenoxy proprionic acid, L-phosphinothricin, cyclohexone, cyclohexanedione, triazine, and benzonitrile.
Any transgene conferring herbicide resistance, including those exemplified above, can be introduced into the pea plants of the invention through a variety of means including, but not limited to, transformation (e.g., genetic engineering techniques) and crossing.
C. Transgenes that Confer or Contribute to a Value-Added Trait:
1. Increased iron content of the pea, for example, by introducing into a plant a soybean ferritin transgene as described in Goto, et al., Acta Horticulturae., 521, 101-109 (2000).
2. Decreased nitrate content of leaves, for example, by introducing into a pea a transgene coding for a nitrate reductase. See, for example, Curtis, et al., Plant Cell Rep., 18:11, 889-896 (1999).
3. Increased sweetness of the pea by introducing a transgene coding for monellin that elicits a flavor 100,000 times sweeter than sugar on a molar basis. See Penarrubia, et al., Bio/technology, 10:561-564 (1992).
4. Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by introducing into a plant an antisense sequence directed against stearyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See Knultzon, et al., PNAS, 89:2625 (1992).
5. Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by introducing into plants a transgene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza, et al., J. Bacteria, 170:810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus mutants fructosyltransferase transgene); Steinmetz, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 20:220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase transgene); Pen, et al., Bio/technology, 10:292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that express Bacillus lichenifonnis alpha-amylase); Elliot, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 21:515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase transgenes); Sogaard, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268:22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley alpha-amylase transgene); and Fisher, et al., Plant Physiol., 102:1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II).
6. Delayed and/or attenuated symptoms to Bean Golden Mosaic Geminivirus (BGMV), for example by transforming a plant with antisense genes from the Brazilian BGMV. See Arago et al., Molecular Breeding. 1998, 4: 6, 491-499.
7. Increased methionine content by introducing a transgene coding for a methionine-rich storage albumin (2S-albumin) from the Brazil nut, e.g., as described in Arago et al., Genetics and Molecular Biology. 1999, 22: 3, 445-449.
Any transgene that confers or contributes a value-added trait, including those exemplified above, can be introduced into the pea plants of the invention through a variety of means including, but not limited to, transformation (e.g., genetic engineering techniques) and crossing.
D. Transgenes that Control Male-Sterility:
1. Introduction of a deacetylase transgene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT. See, e.g., International Publication WO 01/29237.
2. Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters. See, e.g., International Publications WO 92/13956 and WO 92/13957.
3. Introduction of the barnase and the barstar transgenes. See, e.g., Paul, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 19:611-622 (1992).
Any transgene that controls male sterility, including those exemplified above, can be introduced into the pea plants of the invention through a variety of means including, but not limited to, transformation (e.g., genetic engineering techniques) and crossing.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any of the traits described above with respect to plant transformation methods can be introduced into a plant of the invention (e.g., pea cultivar Sugar 136 and hybrid pea plants and other pea plants derived therefrom) using breeding techniques.
Methods for Plant Transformation.
Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical, plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki, et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 67-88 (1993). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber, et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick and Thompson Eds., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, pp. 89-119 (1993).
A. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation.
One method for introducing an expression vector into plants is based on the natural transformation system of Agrobacterium. See, for example, Horsch, et al., Science, 227:1229 (1985); Curtis, et al., Journal of Experimental Botany, 45:279, 1441-1449 (1994); Torres, et al., Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 34:3, 279-285 (1993); and Dinant, et al., Molecular Breeding, 3:1, 75-86 (1997). A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes are plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells. The Ti and Ri plasmids of A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes, respectively, carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. See, for example, Kado, C. I., Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 10:1 (1991). Descriptions of Agrobacterium vector systems and methods for Agrobacterium-mediated transgene transfer are provided by Gruber, et al., supra, Miki, et al., supra, and Moloney, et al., Plant Cell Rep., 8:238 (1989). See also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616 issued Jan. 7, 1997.
B. Direct Transgene Transfer.
Several methods of plant transformation collectively referred to as direct transgene transfer have been developed as an alternative to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A generally applicable method of plant transformation is microprojectile-mediated transformation wherein DNA is carried on the surface of microprojectiles measuring 1 micron to 4 micron. The expression vector is introduced into plant tissues with a biolistic device that accelerates the microprojectiles to speeds of 300 m/s to 600 m/s which is sufficient to penetrate plant cell walls and membranes. Russell, D. R., et al., Plant Cell Rep., 12 (3, January), 165-169 (1993); Aragao, F. J. L., et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 20 (2, October), 357-359 (1992); Aragao, F. J. L., et al., Plant Cell Rep., 12 (9, July), 483-490 (1993); Aragao, Theor. Appl. Genet., 93:142-150 (1996); Kim, J., Minamikawa, T., Plant Sci., 117:131-138 (1996); Sanford, et al., Part. Sci. Technol., 5:27 (1987); Sanford, J. C., Trends Biotech., 6:299 (1988); Klein, et al., Bio/technology, 6:559-563 (1988); Sanford, J. C., Physiol. Plant, 7:206 (1990); Klein, et al., Bio/technology, 10:268 (1992).
Another method for physical delivery of DNA to plants is sonication of target cells. Zhang, et al., Bio/technology, 9:996 (1991). Alternatively, liposome and spheroplast fusion have been used to introduce expression vectors into plants. Deshayes, et al., EMBO J., 4:2731 (1985) and Christou, et al., PNAS, 84:3962 (1987). Direct uptake of DNA into protoplasts using CaCl.sub.2 precipitation, polyvinyl alcohol, or poly-L-ornithine has also been reported. Hain, et al., Mol. Gen. Genet., 199:161 (1985) and Draper, et al., Plant Cell Physiol., 23:451 (1982). Electroporation of protoplasts and whole cells and tissues have also been described. Saker, M., Kuhne, T., Biologia Plantarum, 40(4):507-514 (1997/98); Donn, et al., In Abstracts of VIIth International Congress on Plant Cell and Tissue Culture IAPTC, A2-38, p. 53 (1990); D'Halluin, et al., Plant Cell, 4:1495-1505 (1992); and Spencer, et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 24:51-61 (1994). See also Chupean, et al., Bio/technology, 7:5, 503-508 (1989).
Following transformation of plant target tissues, expression of the above-described selectable marker transgenes allows for preferential selection of transformed cells, tissues and/or plants, using regeneration and selection methods now well known in the art.
The foregoing methods for transformation would typically be used for producing a transgenic pea line. The transgenic pea line could then be crossed with another (non-transformed or transformed) line in order to produce a new transgenic pea line. Alternatively, a genetic trait that has been engineered into a particular plant cultivar using the foregoing transformation techniques could be introduced into another line using traditional breeding (e.g., backcrossing) techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach could be used to move an engineered trait from a public, non-elite inbred line into an elite inbred line, or from an inbred line containing a foreign transgene in its genome into an inbred line or lines which do not contain that transgene.
Gene Conversions.
When the term “pea plant” is used in the context of the present invention, this term also includes any gene conversions of that plant or variety. The term “gene converted plant” as used herein refers to those pea plants that are developed, for example, by backcrossing, genetic engineering and/or mutation, wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of a variety (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4) are recovered in addition to the one or more genes transferred into the variety. To illustrate, backcrossing methods can be used with the present invention to improve or introduce a characteristic into the variety. The term “backcrossing” as used herein refers to the repeated crossing of a hybrid progeny back to the recurrent parent, e.g., backcrossing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or more times to the recurrent parent. The parental plant that contributes the gene for the desired characteristic is termed the “nonrecurrent” or “donor parent.” This terminology refers to the fact that the nonrecurrent parent is generally used one time in the breeding e.g., backcross) protocol and therefore does not recur. The gene that is transferred can be a native gene, a mutated native gene or a transgene introduced by genetic engineering techniques into the plant (or ancestor thereof). The parental plant into which the gene(s) from the nonrecurrent parent are transferred is known as the “recurrent” parent as it is used for multiple rounds in the backcrossing protocol. Poehlman & Sleper (1994) and Fehr (1993). In a typical backcross protocol, the original variety of interest (recurrent parent) is crossed to a second variety (nonrecurrent parent) that carries the gene(s) of interest to be transferred. The resulting progeny from this cross are then crossed again to the recurrent parent and the process is repeated until a plant is obtained wherein essentially all of the desired morphological and physiological characteristics of the recurrent parent are recovered in the converted plant in addition to the transferred gene(s) and associated trait(s) from the nonrecurrent parent.
Many gene traits have been identified that can be improved by backcrossing techniques. Gene traits may or may not be transgenic. Examples of these traits include, but are not limited to, male sterility, modified fatty acid metabolism, modified carbohydrate metabolism, herbicide resistance, pest or disease resistance (e.g., resistance to bacterial, fungal, or viral disease), insect resistance, enhanced nutritional quality, increased sweetness, increased flavor, improved ripening control, improved salt tolerance, industrial usage, yield stability, and yield enhancement. These genes are generally inherited through the nucleus.
Tissue Culture.
Further reproduction of pea plants variety can occur by tissue culture and regeneration. Tissue culture of various tissues of pea and regeneration of plants therefrom is well known and widely published. For example, reference may be had to Teng, et al., HortScience, 27:9, 1030-1032 (1992); Teng, et al., HortScience, 28:6, 669-1671 (1993); Zhang, et al., Journal of Genetics and Breeding, 46:3, 287-290 (1992); Webb, et al., Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 38:1, 77-79 (1994); Curtis, et al., Journal of Experimental Botany, 45:279, 1441-1449 (1994); Nagata, et al., Journal for the American Society for Horticultural Science, 125:6, 669-672 (2000); and Ibrahim, et al., Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 28(2), 139-145 (1992). It is clear from the literature that the state of the art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are routinely used and have a very high rate of success. Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce pea plants having desired characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136 (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4). Optionally, pea plants can be regenerated from the tissue culture of the invention comprising all or essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136.
As used herein, the term “tissue culture” indicates a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into parts of a plant. Exemplary types of tissue cultures are protoplasts, calli, meristematic cells, and plant cells that can generate tissue culture that are intact in plants or parts of plants, such as leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root tips, anthers, pistils, flowers, seeds, petioles, suckers, pods, berries, and the like. Means for preparing and maintaining plant tissue culture are well known in the art. By way of example, a tissue culture comprising organs has been used to produce regenerated plants. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,959,185, 5,973,234, and 5,977,445 describe certain techniques.
Additional Breeding Methods.
This invention is also directed to methods for producing a pea plant by crossing a first parent pea plant with a second parent pea plant wherein the first or second parent pea plant is a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136. Further, both first and second parent pea plant can come from pea cultivar Sugar 136. Thus, any of the following exemplary methods using pea cultivar Sugar 136 are part of this invention: selfing, backcrosses, hybrid production, crosses to populations, double haploid production, and the like. All plants produced using pea cultivar Sugar 136 as at least one parent are within the scope of this invention, including those developed from pea plants derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136. Advantageously, pea cultivar Sugar 136 can be used in crosses with other, different, pea plants to produce the first generation (F1) pea hybrid seeds and plants with desirable characteristics. The pea plants of the invention can also be used for transformation where exogenous transgenes are introduced and expressed by the plants of the invention. Genetic variants created either through traditional breeding methods or through transformation of the cultivars of the invention by any of a number of protocols known to those of skill in the art are intended to be within the scope of this invention.
The following describes exemplary breeding methods that may be used with pea cultivar Sugar 136 in the development of further pea plants. One such embodiment is a method for developing pea cultivar Sugar 136 progeny pea plants in a pea plant breeding program comprising: obtaining a plant, or a part thereof, of pea cultivar Sugar 136, utilizing said plant or plant part as a source of breeding material, and selecting a pea cultivar Sugar 136 progeny plant with molecular markers in common with pea cultivar Sugar 136 and/or with some, all or essentially all morphological and/or physiological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136 (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4). In representative embodiments, the progeny plant has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more of the morphological and physiological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136 (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4), or even all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136 so that said progeny pea plant is not significantly different for said traits than pea cultivar Sugar 136, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions; optionally, with the presence of one or more desired additional traits (e.g., male sterility, disease resistance, pest or insect resistance, herbicide resistance, and the like). Breeding steps that may be used in the breeding program include pedigree breeding, backcrossing, mutation breeding and/or recurrent selection. In conjunction with these steps, techniques such as RFLP-enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection (for example, SSR markers) and/or and the making of double haploids may be utilized.
Another representative method involves producing a population of pea cultivar Sugar 136 progeny plants, comprising crossing pea cultivar Sugar 136 with another pea plant, thereby producing a population of pea plants that, on average, derives at least about 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of its alleles from pea cultivar Sugar 136, e.g., at least about 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the genetic complement of pea cultivar Sugar 136. One embodiment of this invention is the pea plant produced by this method and that has obtained at least 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of its alleles from pea cultivar Sugar 136. A plant of this population may be selected and repeatedly selfed or sibbed with a pea plant resulting from these successive filial generations. Another approach is to make double haploid plants to achieve homozygosity.
One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see Fehr and Walt, Principles of Cultivar Development, pp. 261-286 (1987). In embodiments, the invention encompasses progeny plants having a combination of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more of the characteristics as described herein (e.g., Tables 1-4) for pea cultivar Sugar 136, so that said progeny pea plant is not significantly different for said traits than pea cultivar Sugar 136, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same environmental conditions. Using techniques described herein and those known in the art, molecular markers may be used to identify said progeny plant as progeny of pea cultivar Sugar 136. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and optionally the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions.
Progeny of pea cultivar Sugar 136 may also be characterized through their filial relationship with pea cultivar Sugar 136, as for example, being within a certain number of breeding crosses of pea cultivar Sugar 136. A breeding cross is a cross made to introduce new genetics into the progeny, and is distinguished from a cross, such as a self or a sib cross or a backcross to Sugar 136 as a recurrent parent, made to select among existing genetic alleles. The lower the number of breeding crosses in the pedigree, the closer the relationship between pea cultivar Sugar 136 and its progeny. For example, progeny produced by the methods described herein may be within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more breeding crosses of pea cultivar Sugar 136.
In representative embodiments, a pea plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprises cells comprising at least one set of chromosomes derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136.
In embodiments, the pea plant or population of pea plants derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprises, on average, at least 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of its alleles from pea cultivar Sugar 136, e.g., at least 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of the genetic complement of pea cultivar Sugar 136.
In embodiments, the pea plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 is one, two, three, four, five or more breeding crosses removed from pea cultivar Sugar 136.
In representative embodiments, a plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 is a double haploid plant, a hybrid plant or an inbred plant.
In embodiments, a hybrid or derived plant from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprises a desired added trait. In representative embodiments, a pea plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprises all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136 (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4). In embodiments, the pea plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprises all or essentially all of the morphological and physiological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136 (e.g., as described herein, in particular, in Tables 1-4), with the addition of a desired added trait.
Genetic Analysis of Pea Cultivar Sugar 136.
The invention further provides a method of determining a genetic characteristic of pea cultivar Sugar 136 or a progeny thereof, e.g., a method of determining a genotype of pea cultivar Sugar 136 or a progeny thereof. In embodiments, the method comprises detecting in the genome of a Sugar 136 plant, or a progeny plant thereof, at least a first polymorphism. To illustrate, in embodiments, the method comprises obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from the plant and detecting at least a first polymorphism in the nucleic acid sample. Optionally, the method may comprise detecting a plurality of polymorphisms (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, eight or more or ten or more polymorphisms, etc.) in the genome of the plant. In representative embodiments, the method further comprises storing the results of the step of detecting the polymorphism(s) on a computer readable medium. The invention further provides a computer readable medium produced by such a method.
DEPOSIT INFORMATION
Applicants have made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of snap pea cultivar Sugar 136 with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va., 20110-2209 U.S.A. under ATCC Deposit No. PTA-121518 on Aug. 29, 2014. This deposit of snap pea variety Sugar 136 will be maintained in the ATCC depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the effective life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if any of the deposited seed becomes nonviable during that period. Additionally, Applicants have satisfied all the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the samples. During the pendency of this application, access to the deposited material will be afforded to the Commissioner on request. All restrictions on the availability of the deposited material from the ATCC to the public will be irrevocably removed upon granting of the patent. Applicants impose no restrictions on the availability of the deposited material from the ATCC; however, Applicants have no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicants do not waive any infringement of its rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC §2321 et seq.).
Access to this deposit will be available during the pendency of this application to persons determined by the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks to be entitled thereto under 37 C.F.R. §1.14 and 35 U.S.C. §122. Upon allowance of any claims in this application, all restrictions on the availability to the public of the variety will be irrevocably removed by affording access to a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of the same variety with the American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209 U.S.A.
The foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be apparent that certain changes and modifications such as single gene modifications and mutations, somaclonal variants, variant individuals selected from large populations of the plants of the instant inbred and the like may be practiced within the scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A seed of pea cultivar Sugar 136, a representative sample of seed of said cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121518.

2. A plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136, a representative sample of seed of said pea cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121518.

3. A pea plant, or a part thereof, having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the pea plant of claim 2.

4. A pea plant comprising at least 50% of the alleles of the plant of claim 2.

5. A pea plant comprising at least one set of chromosomes of the plant of claim 2.

6. A doubled haploid pea plant produced from the plant of claim 2.

7. A plant part of the pea plant of claim 2.

8. The plant part of claim 7, wherein the plant part is a pod, a berry, pollen, an ovule, or a cell.

9. A tissue culture of regenerable cells of the plant of claim 2.

10. A pea plant regenerated from the tissue culture of claim 9 or a selfed progeny thereof, wherein said pea plant comprises all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136.

11. A processed product from the plant of claim 2, wherein said processed product comprises dehydrated, cut, sliced, ground, pureed, dried, canned, jarred, washed, brined, packaged, refrigerated, frozen and/or heated pods, berries or seeds.

12. A method of producing seed, the method comprising crossing the plant of claim 2 with itself or a second pea plant and harvesting the resulting seed.

13. A seed produced by the method of claim 12.

14. A plant produced by growing the seed of claim 13, or a selfed progeny of said plant.

15. A method for producing a seed of a pea plant derived from the plant of claim 2, the method comprising:
(a) crossing a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136, a representative sample of seed of said pea cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121518 with a second pea plant;
(b) allowing seed to form;
(c) growing a plant from the seed of step (b) to produce a plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136;
(d) self ing the plant of step (c) or crossing it to a second pea plant to form additional pea seed derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136; and
(e) optionally repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times to generate further derived pea seed from pea cultivar Sugar 136, wherein in step (c) a plant is grown from the additional pea seed of step (d) in place of growing a plant from the seed of step (b).

16. A seed produced by the method of claim 15, wherein the seed comprises at least 50% of the alleles of pea cultivar Sugar 136.

17. A plant produced by growing the seed of claim 16.

18. A method of vegetatively propagating the plant of claim 2, the method comprising:
(a) collecting tissue capable of being propagated from a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136, a representative sample of seed of said pea cultivar having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121518;
(b) cultivating the tissue to obtain proliferated shoots;
(c) rooting the proliferated shoots to obtain rooted plantlets; and
(d) optionally, growing plants from the rooted plantlets.

19. Plantlets or plants obtained by the method of claim 18.

20. A method of introducing a desired added trait into pea cultivar Sugar 136, the method comprising:
(a) crossing the plant of claim 2 with a pea plant that comprises a desired added trait to produce F1 progeny;
(b) selecting an F1 progeny that comprises the desired added trait;
(c) crossing the selected F1 progeny with pea cultivar Sugar 136 to produce backcross progeny;
(d) selecting backcross progeny comprising the desired added trait and essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of the pea cultivar Sugar 136; and
(e) optionally repeating steps (c) and (d) one or more times to produce a plant derived from pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprising the desired added trait and essentially all of the physiological and morphological characteristics of pea cultivar Sugar 136, wherein in step (c) the selected backcross progeny produced in step (d) is used in place of the selected F1 progeny of step (b).

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the desired added trait is male sterility, pest resistance, insect resistance, disease resistance, herbicide resistance, or any combination thereof.

22. A pea plant produced by the method of claim 21, wherein the pea plant has the desired added trait.

23. Seed that produces the plant of claim 22.

24. A method of producing a plant of pea cultivar Sugar 136 comprising a desired added trait, the method comprising introducing a transgene conferring the desired added trait into the plant of claim 2.

25. A pea plant produced by the method of claim 24 or a selfed progeny thereof, wherein the pea plant has the desired added trait.

26. Seed of the plant of claim 25, wherein the seed produces a plant that has the desired added trait.

27. A method of determining a genotype of pea cultivar Sugar 136, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining a sample of nucleic acids from the plant of claim 2; and
(b) detecting a plurality of polymorphisms in the nucleic acid sample.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the method further comprises storing the results of detecting the plurality of polymorphisms on a computer readable medium.

29. A method of producing a pea pod, the method comprising:
(a) growing the pea plant according to claim 2 to produce a pea pod; and
(b) harvesting the pea pod.

30. A method of producing a processed product from pea cultivar Sugar 136, the method comprising:
(a) obtaining a pod of the plant of claim 2; and
(b) processing said pod to produce a processed product.