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TENTATIVE PLAN

FOR

RELEASE OF TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAPHS

TAKEN FROM EARTH SATELLITES

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.:,.. TABLE OP CONTENTS ...:- • .

Page

Purpose of Release 3-

Compendium 5

Objective of Plan 10

Selection of Time for Release 13

V. Areas Portrayed in Photography 14

to be Released

VI.- Quality of Photogiaphy • 20

Background Information 22

Explanation of Release for Press Use 24

Classified Use of Photography (8) 26

Interdepartmental Responsibilities 27.

Action Offices • 30

References 32

XIII. Definitions .34

Annex A. Photographic Strip Mosaics of Areas Covered

with Satellite Photography

Tab 1 United States, Canada, and Cuba

Tab 2 Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina

Tab 3 Antarctica, Palmer, Pa., Wilkes Land, Marie Byrd Land

Tab 4 Egypt, Sudan, Australia •

Annex B

Tab 5 Agreement Between United States and Brasil'

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I. PORPOISE OP MEM

This plan is prepared in response to the recommendations

of the report on Political and Informational Aspects of

Satellite Reconnaissance Policy, dated 30 June 1962_

The report specifically recommended that:

•

"Further studies should be made on an urgent basis

to determine whether there are releasable data, such

as mapping information, or procedures such as occasion-.

ally calling TIROS and NIMBUS vehicles 'photographic'

satellites, which would help create wider public

acceptance of space observations and photography."

The primary purpose of releasing examples of satellite.

terrestrial photographs is to establish and support the U.S.

claim that photographs taken from space are, from a legal 

viewpoint, in the same category as photographs taken from

ships or aircraft operating over international waters or 

otherwise beyond territorial boundaries. To fuither this

objective, the actions described in this plan are predicated

primarily on the political advantage to the United States:

•

Therefore, the case is made that the photographs have considerable value in the economic development of the countriesand areas portrayed. However,. from the outset, it must be

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recognised that the photographs to be released were not in

fact taken for the purpose of economic development, and.

therefore the difficulty nay be encountered in substantiating

the economic argument frOm a technical standpoint, and appro- .

priate care should be given to discuss good potentialities

rather than specific value of those photographs.

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II. COMPENDIUM OP PLANNED SEQUENCE OF EVENTS 

The United States will release photographs taken from

satellite vehicles for the purpose of establishing and

supporting the legality of photographic reconnaissance from

satellite vehicles. Napping photography will be released

since this is the only satellite photography available having

image quality between that of "intelligence search reconnaissance" and the TIROS weather reconnaissance photographs. The

mapping and geodetic potential of this type of photography

will elicit some support from the scientific community as to

its potential peaceful purposes.. It is, therefore, intended

to establish the precedent that reconnaissance from satellites

is acceptable to the community of nations as both legal and

peaceful.

Photographs of an area of North America, including

parts of the United States and Canada, have been selected

• for the first release. This selection is intended to show

that the U.S. has no objection to release of satellite photography taken over its territorial domain. By including

Canada (the Canadian government has indicated in some international pronouncements that it does not approve of satellite

reconnaissance) it is intended to establish the fact that

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the U.S. has photographed areas which are beyond its territorial boundaries and has done so without the permission of

(Canada) the nation involved.

In view of the traditional friendship between Canada

•

and the U.S., it is not expected that this release will

result in an open exchange of hostile diplomatic notes. If

such reactions do occur, they will tend to enforce the U.S.

position of the legal right to take photographs from space

without the permission of the nation involved. On the other

hand, if Canada does not respond or does so in secret diplomatic notes, this will also serve the U.S. position by

establishing the precedent of acquiescence to satellite •

reconnaissance while the government is on record as being

against satellite reconnaissance.

Although the Canadian response to either of the above

options (complain or accept), will not materially change the

U.S. position, the releases will serve the purpose of sampling

the diplomatic reactions which can be expected from other

countries.

After sampling the reactions from the'release of photographs of North America, the II.S. will then release other

.1.

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photographs of South Amirica. These will depict an area of

Southern Brazil where we have bilateral agreements for the

preparation. of aeronautical and topographic maps. These

same photographs of Brazil may be selected - to include adjacent areas, a small portion of territories of Uruguay and

Argentina. In this instance (the Brazilian government will

have been contacted prior to release), it is anticipated that

Brazilian reaction will be favorable. The response from

Uruguay and Argentina will not be certain, since they will

not have been advised of this intended release, but is not

expected to be'sharply adverse. The objective of releasing

these photographs of South America is to lend credence to

the U.S. position that satellites can be used for peaceful

purposes. The theme will be to stress the value of satellite

photography in the preparation of maps, charts, and geodetic

data which can promote better economic and development planning

throughout the world.

After the theme of peaceful uses of satellite reconnaissance and its contribution to economic development, photographs of the Peninsula of Florida, the Bahamas, and Cuba may

be released. It is expected that these photographs would

create an atmosphere of hostility; charges that the U.S. has

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not used satellites for peaceful purposes, but for direct

intelligence purposes by reconnaissance of activities of

the Castro regime. However, the established U.S. right to

surveillance over Cuba would undercut such protests.

To divert attention from the hostile responses of Cuba,

a series of photographs will be released depicting areas

of the continent of Antarctica. This area was selected to

serve two purposes: (X) to establish the fact that the

satellite photographic activities are global in nature; and

(2) that satellites have peaceful and scientific applications.

Since the continent of Antarctica is not generally recognized

•

as sovereign territory of any power or powers, the U.S. will

release copies of the photographs to the world community for

scientific study. Here again, this release will help to

establish the fact that satellite operations are global in

nature and that each nation has the legal right to accomplish

satellite photography.

The fifth and last of the planned releases will include

a series of photographs over the sub-contident of Australia

and a similar series of Africa. It is expected that the

government of Australia will accept release of such photographs. At the same time,• a series of photographs can be

•

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released depicting the upper reaches of the Nile River,

including part of the territories of Egypt and Sudan. Since

these photographs will be made without the permission of the

countries involved, Egypt will probably express objection.

Assuming this series of photographs.will be released

over a period of six to nine months, it is expected that any

further public releases will be of little or no political

advantage to the U.S. It is assumed that the U.S. will then,

for diplomatic reasons, provide selected photographic negatives to countries which are willing to support the U.S.

position on peaceful uses of terrestrial satellite photog-.

raphy.

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III. OBJECTIVE OP PLAN

A. This plan is to define the actions required to

.prepare for the execution of the decision to release

"Terrestrial Photographs" taken from United States satellites.

The United States has taken the position regarding

satellite photography which is summarized as follows:

"They are legal, they are peaceful, they are in

no way a violation of the UN charter. • They are

essential to the U.S. from a scientific, military,

aid security point of view, and they offer a future

hope of convincing the Communist Bloc that the maintenance of secret and conspiratorial societies is

both futile and dangerous."1

The decision to release terrestrial photographs will

be predicated on validation of the U.S. claim of the legitimacy

of satellite photography and to support U.S. efforts in

securing wide acceptance of activities involving terrestrial

photographs from satellite vehicles.

D. In order for the'disclosure to be most effective

in providing favorable public support and rationale for

1. Message fro! State Department to Ambassador Finletter, USBO

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defense of the legitimacy of . satellite reconnaissance, each

release should actually provoke, if possible, some adverse

comment in addition to much favorable comment. This is

essential in order that the adverse comments may be countered

under the most favorable circumstances. If the adverse comments are not made at this time, the value of the favorable

comments in countering them later will be substantially •

reduced.

S. Although the peaceful aspects of napping and geodesy

are useful in the task of obtaining public acceptance, there

is considerable risk of establishing these particular objectives, rather than satellite photography in general, as being

acceptable and legal. The Soviets maintain that it is the

intent involved, not the action itself, which determines

legality. Consequently, they can readily agree that mapping

is all right if the country in question has requested it or

agrees to it; they 'Light even agree that mapping is legal

even if done without permission. However, under these circus"-,

stances, they would undoubtedly continue .to insist that

"spying is spying, however it is done," that photography. in

detail greater than required for large scale mapping or for

weather observation is justified only for "spying." In this

situation, they could actually use their own acceptance of

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V.S. mapping photography against the U.S., supporting their

position that it is the intent, not the fact of satellite

photography, that determines legality. Consequently, it

would seem.to be imperative that the U.S. case not be

allowed to depend entirely on stated uses, which. exclude

military intelligence; although these other more palatable

uses should be emphasized if disclosure is made, the military aspect should be acknowledged in an open, although low

key fashion, and not allowed to be submerged in vague impli-

.

cations. Otherwise, the U.S. case for the legitimacy of

satellite reconnaissance may well be worse after the disclosure than with no disclosure at all.

•

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IV. SELECTION OP TILT FOR RELEASE 

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The decision to release photographs taken from satellites

involves international political risks which must be carefully

weighed and considered, and where possible, the risk will be

minimized by planned preparation outlining the specific

actions required of each of the departments and agencies

participating. The timing of the release will also require

careful planning. For instance, if the release is made concurrent with some other event of international significance,

the opportunity for Soviet propaganda will be minimized.

The actions outlined in this paper are based on the

assumption that the release of terrestrial photographs will

be at a time selected by the U.S. Government.

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V. AREAS PORTRAYED IN PHOTOGRAPHS TO BE RELEASED

The following sequence of releases and the accompanying

timetable is proposed for planning purposes. (The areas

described are representative and, for diplomatic or political •

reasons, other areas having somewhat similar characteristics

may be substituted. The decision regarding the exact areas

and countries to be involved will be decided by the State

Department.)

First Release X Date

A series of photographs extending from Hudson Bay to the

South Atlantic States, beginning at the southern shores of

the James Bay (lower Hudson) across Lake Erie to the Appalachian Mountains and south to the Carolinas. This will be a

series of photographs which can be joined together in a mosaic.

(It will be left to the discretion of the Information Service

offices as to whether a prepared mosaic will be released.)

The photographs will not be accompanied by data regarding

the time or date when they were taken and the satellite

system which was used will not be mentioned.

Rationale 

These pictures will cover an area large enough to substantiate the fact that the satellite photographic system
. • ICJ •

ve-SERET

•

obtains coverage of large areas rather than detailed coverage

of specific areas as would be desirable for intelligence.

purposes. Included in these' photographs (contingent upon

existing weather) will be Detroit, Michigan, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania, and Charleston, South Carolina, etc. By releasing

photographs showing these important areas, it is intended to

support the U.S. contention that such photographs may be of

some intelligence value, but this facet is overshadowed by

the peaceful intent of developing an open society where such

photographs can be made available to other countries of the

world.

IMMICOMW-

-ILIMMIELS

By including Canada in photographs, it will be intended

to depict that photographs have been and will continue to be

taken of territories without the permission of the government

concerned.

The caption accompanying the photographs will make refer- .

ence only to coast lines, rivers, lakes, and major geological

formations. The weather or cloud formations eicisting in the

series of photographs will also be described in detail. The

caption will not point out military installations or other

areas which may be construed as being clearly of intelligence

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value, but cities and prominent natural and man-made

features will be identified.

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Second Release X Date Plus 80 days •

Photographs of Brazil. (This country was selected as a

friendly nation, whose permission to use satellites has not

been obtained prior to the photography. However, it is a

country which is believed to be susceptible to cooperation

in the event hostile Soviet reaction should occur.) The

photographs will also include segments of Uruguay and Argentina, which have borders contiguous to Brazil. These photographs will be accompanied by maps and charts to illustrate

how satellite photography can be used in speeding up the

planning of economicyi development of friendly nations.

Rationale 

If diplomatic pressure is brought to bear upon the U.S:

for taking these photographs without the permission either

of the countries involved, the U.S. countercharge will be that:

The U.S. has an agreement with Brazil to prepare maps and

charts and that the agreement does not specify whether aircraft or satellites will be used. (See Annex B, State

Department Agreement, "Aerial Yapping Program in Brazil.")
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The fact that the adjacen

•

 t countries were also photographed

is a consequence of the global nature of satellite activities.

Third Release S Date Plus (to be variable)

(In the event diplomatic pres

▪

 sure builds up as a consequence of photographing Brazil and the adjacent countries,

•

the timing of this third release will be adjusted accordingly

with the intent of relieving the diplomatic pressure.)

Photographs of Florida Peninsula, extending from

Jacksonville to beyond Key West, south and east to include a

significant part of Cuba and the Bahama Islands.

Rationale 

Again the 13.8. has used a satellite for peaceful purposes1

to refine the survey of the Atlantic Missile Range. The fact

that Cuba is included in the photographs obtained of this,

range is again a natural consequence of the global nature of

satellite operations. In the event the U.S. is charged that

the photographs were taken with hostile intent toward the

country of Cuba, the U.S. will then reveal that such a charge

is without logic because Cuba was mapped in great detail by

4. civilian-company, under a contract with the Cuban governmeat, which preceded the Castro regime. Further, as a part
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of an agreement, the WS. assisted in financing this mapping

operation, and in return, copies of the negatives were given

to the U.S. for use in planning the Atlantic Missile Range.

There is, in addition, the established and known

practice of aerial reconnaissance of Cuba in the aftermath

of the Soviet missile crisis of October, 1962, which would

further dilute the effectiveness of charges' that U.S. reconnaissance of Cuba was "aggressive."

Fourth Release X Date Plus 120 Days

Photographs of Antarctica, which cover areas around the

South Pole from about 600 South, south to coast line of the

adjacent oceans. These photographs will include areas now

claimed by various nations as well as areas which are under

dispute. U.S. and USSR temporary stations will be included.

Rationale 

Although no maps will be available at this time, the U.S.

will point out that maps are to be made and will be releaded

to the community of nations when available. The U.S. will

propose that in the meantime copies of pictures will be made

available to those nations having a requirement and scientific

reasons to study photographs of the Antarctic regioni.

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Fifth Release X Date Plus 3-6 Months

Photographs of Australia and African countries. Again

reference will be made to naps and geological studies which

could be of definite help in the country's economic development. The photographs released of Egypt and Sudan will show

the upper Nile River and the Aswan Dam complex. In this

instance, Australia will probably not object to being photo

graphed. It is expected that Egypt will raise some objections, but that the Sudan probably will not.

Rationale 

The purpose of releasing these photographs is to show

that satellite operations are global in nature and that the

U.S. has some coverage of most areas of the world. Further,

the United States will thus demonstrate its readiness to

release copies of photographs to the nations concerned. By

this action, the United States will have made considerable•

progress in establishing the position that terrestrial photographs from satellite vehicles are "free for the taking."

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VI. QUALITY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

The satellite photography now being obtained from mapping

programs has a resolution of approximately 40 L /mm and a

scale of 114,000,000. The real value of this tyve of photography lies in its geometric fidelity rather than in its ground

resolution characteristics. For example, an image of an airfield runway 5,000 feet in length is portrayed on the photographic negative as a thin line approximately 1 /64 inches long.

This photographic image can be enlarged approximately four

times with a resulting photograph showing the 5,000 foot runway to be 1/16 inches in length.

I ' -

Y

Photographs of this scale are of relatively little intelligence value. However, the Soviets may ignore this fact, and

claim for propaganda advantage, that the photographs are being

taken primarily for intelligence purposes. For this reason,

the selection of larger or smaller scale photographs will have

little real significance to the U.S. in disclaiming the

existence of intelligence information.

There is, however, considerable latitude in the choice of

photography to be released, scales to 1/250,000 at 40 to 80 Lima

definitely would have intelligence value, while scales of

•
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1/4,000,000 at only 10 to 20 L/mm have very negligible intelligence value.. Staying within this latitude, it is suggested

that the first releases of photography be at a scale of

1/4,000,000 with the 40 L/mm quality degraded to approximately

10 to 15 L/mq. This represents the very minimum quality

which can be released without inviting a challenge of the

technical validity of the photographs.

Rationale 

This recommendation is based on the assumption that after

the • first photography is released, there will be subsequent

releases, and from a practical standpoint, some of these

releases will have film of higher quality than that previously

released. Therefore, by testing the Soviet response of the.

release of 10 L/mm in one area, if it is acceptable, we will

then be prepared to follow with other releases of 40 Lim

photographs of other areas from the same mission without having

:"

really divulged much additional technical information.

This action also gives the releasing office the chance

to hedge on the question: Is this an example of your best ,

photographs. Answer: I dOn't exactly know, but if there is ., ,

bettor quality, I will attempt to have some of it released. •

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VII. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE OVERT USE OF SATELLITE

PHOTOGRAPHY (SECRET)

Immediately after World War II, a program was established

to obtain new maps of those areas of the free world being

assisted by the U.S. in reconstruction and economic development. Since 1945, the U.S. has had active mapping programs

operating throughout the free world. In Europe, mapping programs were established in conjunction with the economic reconstruction of the areas damaged in World War II. In the Far

East, programs were also established to map Japan, Taiwan,

the Philippines and other islands in the Pacific. Similar

programs have been established through joint agreements with

Latin American and other countries. These include the preparation of maps and charts for the use of air navigation, geological surveys and economic development..

At present, there are approximately 50 such agreements

on file in State Department. These include all of the

countries of South America except Argentina and Paraguay,

and these two countries have such agreements pending. Mapping

agreements exist with all countries in Central America except

.

.

Mexico. In the Carribean, Cuba was mapped by the Aero Service

Corporation, using Agency for International Development (AID) • •

funds, prior to the Castro regime.

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The annual rate of mapping photography accomplished by

aircraft, prior to use of satellites, has been approximately

one hundred thousand square miles per year. Considering the

large area to be covered, approximately seven million miles

in South America and two hundred fifty thousand miles in

Central America, it is prudent to obtain small scale maps of

the total area and then use aircraft for larger scale maps

in those specific areas of primary importance. Although the

value of satellite photography in preparing maps for economic

development is an important product of satellite terrestrial

photography, there are also other benefits, to mankind, such

as geodetic, geological, and atmospheric studies.

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VIII. EXPLANATION OF RELEASE FOR THE PRESS (Unclassified)

In conjunction with other research studies concerning the peacefUl uses of space, the United States has

successfully obtained meaningful terrestrial photographs.

Similar to the first photographs taken from the TIROS satellite, these photographs show in great detail the weather,

atmospheric and geological conditions existing over certain

areas of the earth's surface.

Significant not only to the understanding of the world

in which wo live, this new technology paves the way for

detailed studies of the moon and other planets long before

man himself attempts to land. Through use of terrestrial

photography, studies can be made of the ice formation in the

Arctic regions of both poles. Moreover, plans can now be

prepared for the development of land areas which it would

take years to survey by conventional methods.

For example, the United States has long held undisputed

/eadership in aircraft production awl operation, yet there

are land areas within the United States which have not been

surveyed with aerial photographs.
•

•

ter oll`vo..:

.i*

The first aerial photograph in the United States vas

made from a balloon over Boston in 1860. However, it was much

later when the pioneers in'aerial photography proved that

aerial surveys rather than land surveys were the most practical

method of planning for the rapid economic development of the

vcrld's expanding population. Today aerial photographs are

used in locating and developing hydro-electric complexes,

surveying and building roads, locating oil and other minerals,

and planning agricultural and forestry projects for both

increases production and drought control. Similar surveys

can now be made from satellites in days instead of years and

at a fraction of the cost per square mile.

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61:L.

IX. CLASSIFIED USE OF SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHY (MRS%)

Tho military requirement for maps is definod in Annex G

to JSOP and JCS 1866/104. These documents are SECRET and

have no direct bearing on release of satellite photography.

V.:

.

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TOP SECRET • EMBVIMM1--

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X. INTERDEPARTMENTAL TASKS 

NASA. To contribute to the development of an acceptable political environment permitting the use of photographic

satellites, and to establish the precedent of "demonstrated

use of photographic satellites," NASA will initiate action

with regard to the TIROS and NIMBUS Programs to have future

news releases and related documentary papers refer to these

systems as "photographic satellites."

Department of State. Will initiate diplomatic under

standing with Brazil (Canada ?) regarding the acceptance of

the fact that satellite photography can contribute to their

economic development. (In this plan Brazil has been selected

as the primary country having photographs taken from satel-

•

lites without their permission. Department of State will

also have to evaluate the diplomatic action to be taken with

Canada, Uruguay, the UK (on the Bahamas), Australia, Sudan,

and the VAR). Care should be taken to develop the public

position that this photography was made without permission,

and in this way avoid the establishment of a Soviet position

that could lead to the acceptance of satellite photography only

if the country being photographed granted such permission.

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These countries should be encouraged to accept the position:

"They are vitally interested in obtaining new maps of their

territory at the earliest possible date, and they are pleased

to find the United States has developed new technology that

can product such maps within a reasonable time."-

In response to inquiries regarding the origin of the

photographs, State will reply they were taken from a satellite launched by the U.S. Air Force and the Department of

Defense will have to be contacted for further details.

C. -103).-NRO. Will prepare examples of satellite photography of the countries and areas selected by State for release.

The -{-0-11R0 will also initiate action with the appropriate mapping and charting agencies to prepare, on an

expedited basis, examples of maps and charts produced from

satellite photography.

These materials will then be made available to the

State Department for release. The-00- NRO and the CIA will

not be identified as participating agencies.

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Prepare the appropriate statements to be released

through DOD Information Office regarding the type of photographic satellite systems used to. take the photographs and

the organizations involved in processing the duplicates and

the production of maps.

D. CIA. Will study the security problems which could

result from the release of satellite photographs. If the CIA

considers extraordinary measures are necessary, such action

will be initiated by the CIA. An example of the action which

might be required follows: The CIA will inform all personnel,

military and civilian, government and contractors, that have

had access to the data obtained from-0) NUO programs. that .

they are forbidden, by CIA security procedures, to infer

association with these programs, discussing their familiarity

with, or their knowledge of the existence of such programs.

All actions, statements or written releases of this nature

will be considered a violation of existing security agreements.

All agencies will be advised that the procedures for the

official release of this data have been established at the

highest level of government and that under no circumstances

will comments of individuals be tolerated.

Copy--of--'4L--Copies •

Page-412g-of-j-C2ages.

Control No Are4.5442-434'
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TOP SECRET

•• ;

•

TOP SECRET •

a

ACTION OFFICES 

A. Department of State 

Select areas and/or countries that are best suited

for the release of photography.

Document the U.S. position substantiating the use

of satellite photographs.

Make arrangements for the release of photographs

to press and diplomatic contacts.

Contact: Mr. Raymond L. Garthoff

Office: G/PM Phone: 182-2579

Alternate:

Office: Phone:

B. Secretary of the Air Porce (SAFES N9C) 

Preparation of photographs of areas selected by

State in a format suitable for release.

Initiate the necessary production of maps and

charts.

3. Advise the DOD Information Office of the appropriate release of information in response to inquiries regarding the systems used in producing the photographs. •
TOPSECREf • VJOIE

-18111tICIUNIELI

ONLY

4. Contact: Dr. Brockway McMillan

I.'Office : BO (LWOW 'Phone: OX 71361

1 Nome: Phone:

Alternate: Col John L. Martin, Jr.

Office: Dir, Ofc of Space Sys Phone: OX 78675

Inform all participating organizationi, corporations,

and agencies of their security responsibilities;

Take follow-up action in the event there is security

leaks, slips, or violations.

3. Contact:

Office:

HUE VIAIMENT-----

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U.N. General AsseMbly.A/RES/1721(XVI), dated 3 Jan 62,

"Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly," International 

Cooperation in the Peaceful:Uses of Outer Space.

Memorandum for Under Secretary of the Air Force and

others from Special Assistant to the Secretary for Atomic

Energy and Outer Space, Depirtment of State, dated 15 Jan 62,

Subject: U.S..4posture Concerniig Military Space Activities.

(Confidential)

C. Letter to Under Secretary of the Air Force from

Executive to the Vice Chief of Staff, dated 26 Feb 62, Subject:

U.S. Policy Position Concerning Space Surveillance. (Secret)

Memorandum for Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense

(Internat'l Security Affairs) from Gen Curtin, Director, Office

of Space Systems, dated 14 Mar 62, Subject: Draft Position

Paper, U.N. Committee on the Peaceful'-Uses of Outer Space.

(Secret)

Letter to Mr. U. Alexis Johnson from Mr. Richard Davis,

dated 28 Mar 62, Subject: Possible Condition for Cooperation

with USSR on Outer Space.

Memorandum for Wen Lansdale from BGen Curtin, dated

5 Apr 62, Subject: April 5 Meeting of the Special Group.

(Confidential)

Memorandum for Gen Maxwell D. Taylor and others from

Deputy Secretary of Defense dated 10 Apr 62, Subject: (S)

Interaction of U.S. Action in the U.N. with U.S. Satellite

Leconnaissance Activities. (Secret)

U. • National Security Action Memorandum 156, dated

26 May 82. (Top Secret)

ME YID lf:M.77--

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11111.1 tcoutT02.No 4i.Liqsfar_kl . •

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Memorandum for Mr. Nitze and others from Deputy

Under Secretary of State, dated 30 Jun 62, Subject: Report on

Political and Informational Aspects of Satellite Reconnaissance

Policy. (Top Secret)

NSC Action 2454, Space Policy and Intelligence

Requirements, from NSC Meeting of 10 July 1962. (Top Secret)

Memorandum. for Secretaries of Military Departments

and others from Secretary of Defense, dated 28 Jul 62, Subject:

Political and Informational Aspects of Satellite Reconnaissance .

Policy. (Top Secret)

Memorandum for Mr. Nitze and others from Deputy Under

Secretary of State, dated 21 Sep 62, Subject; Position and

Contingency Pepers . Pursuant to NSAM 183. (Top Secret)

M. Memorandum for Mr. Bundy and others from Deputy Under

Secretary of State, dated 21 Nov 62, Subject: Draft Stevenson

Speech on Outer Space. (Confidential)

. .

. .

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Control Mor-1.1:4.4414:1

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Photographs - To take a picture by or as if by photography.

•

(In this document usage is not limited to the use of light

sensitive silver halide as a recording sensor, but is intended

to include other image forming techniques sensitive beyond

the visual portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. radar

• •

and infra-red.)

Terrestrial Photographs - Graphic images recorded from satellite vehicles depicting the surface of the earth and the

atmosphere surrounding the planet Earth. To include various

methods of graphically recording phenomenon related to study

of geodetic, geological, oceanographic and atmospheric conditions. Also includes photographs taken of the earth to

establish the exact position of the satellite in space at a

given time.

Satellite Photography - Graphic images recorded by instruments

on orbital or space vehicles recording events or data occurring

on the exterior, adjacent to or within view of the recording

instruments carried by the satellite vehicle.

Stellar Photographs - Graphic images recorded to determine

the satellite vehicle position or attitude in relationship

to planets of the solar system and other celestial systems.

• Copes of C Copies

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9-(12".(743t-i. Control No • Mi •.

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Aerial Photography - a. "The science of making a photograph

from a poixt . in the air for the purpose of making some type

of study of the surface of the earth." b. "The term 'aerial

photography,' which means photography of the surface of the

earth from an aircraft..."2

•

Country, - A region or tract of land, a district, the territory of a nation.

Area A region, tract on the earth.

Border A boundary or frontier, specif. that between England

and Scotland.

Boundary - That which indicates or fixes a limit or extent;

that which marks a bound, as of a territory.

International Territorial Limits - (State should provide this

definition.) •

Other definitions as accepted by U.A.

Aerial Photography, A.I. Shershen, Sunnis. 1958, translated

by Israel Program for Scientific Translations.

Manual of Photogrammetry, Second Edition, 1952, published

by American Society of Photogrammetry.

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' AERIAL MAPPING PROGRAM

IN BRAZIL

Agreement between the

Mum STATIS ai &MICA.

and Baum

Effected by &thaw of Noon

Signed at Rio de Janeiro June 2, 1952

Elikeed into force has 2, 1952
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DKPARTICIOIT OF STATE

Posucamos Oil

Rang prim)

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Fir *air by the Superixottient y Deewasate, us Cesersopest Prieelme Office

Ifeehhtipas SS. D.C. : Met 30 ewes
The American Ambassador to the Brazilian Minister of State for Foreign

Affisirs

TUC POIRETON savior

OP till

UXITID SPAM OP AM:MA

Rio DZ JAKZIRO, Barn,

No. MI June 0, 1052.

ExcEurocy:

I have the honor to refer to the conversations which have taken place

between representatives of the Government of the United States of

America and representative, of the United States of Brazil regarding

the establishment of a collaborative program of aeronautic charting

and topographic mapping in Brasil.

Acting in accordance with instructions received from my Government, I am glad to inform Your Excellency that the Government of

the T;nited States of America agrees that a program of aeronautic

charting and topographic mapping in Brazil shall be established in

accordant* with the following provisions:

The two Governments agree to establish a Mixed Commission to be

composed of technical personnel of the United States of America and

of the United Suites of Brazil. The Commission shall be responsible

for the formulation of the technical work plans and for their execution

and supervision.

The Mixed Commission shall designate geodetic technicians of both

Governments to act as a technical commission whose functions shall be:

to analyze existing geodetic surveys and prepare comprehensive

plans for their integration;

to determine the amount and location of additional horizontal

and vertical control of first order accuracy;

8. to determine the amount and location of supplementary horizontal and vertical control necessary for accurate map and chart

compilation; and

4. to supervise the execution of all operations in order to assure

their compliance with the standards adopted by the Pan American

Institute of Geography and History and by the International Union

of Geodesy and Geophysics.

•

• • •

•

• • :•• •

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(1)
WAS SWS 2

The Government of the United States of America also gnaw

I. to execute as expedition'', as poinble the trimetrogon and

vertical photography in areas of mutual interest required by this

collaborative program;

2. to provide such technical help in the form of personnel, equipmatt and other artieles as may be available within the limitations

of funds if requested by the agencies of the Government of the

United States of Brazil for the execution of geodetic, astronomic,

and other precise technical work in areas of mutual interest;

3. to keep the Govenmtent of the United States of Brasil currently informed regarding the entry into Brasil of civilian and

military personnel of the United States of America, the date and

place of entry, and other matters relating to the collaborative

program; and

4. to furnish to the Government, of the United States of Brasil:

two complete sets of prints of the &boatmen photography

accomplished, or, in lieu thereof, one set of duplicate negatives

on topographic bass film;

one set of duplicate negatives on topographic base fihn of

the vertical photography accomplished;

one set of plot maps of each type of photography, indicating

the lines of flight, and the photographic coverage;

duplicate copies of geodetic control data;

two sets of the base compilation sheets for the aeronautic

charts at a scale of 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000.

. f. two hundred copies midi of the aeronautic charts of a scale

of 1:1,000,000.

. g. two sots of the base compilation sheets of the topographic

maps; and

h. two hundred copies each of the topographic maps which

may be produced under the program.

The Government of the United States of Brazil also agrees:

to permit the taking of such aerial photography of ita territories

and the entry into Boa of such personnel of the United States of

America as may be necessary for the accomplishment of the tasks

previously established by the Ifixed Commission;

to make available all astronomic, geodetic, and topographic

data and all related charts maps and sketches which are now in ita

possession or which shall come into its possession during the course

of this program, and to provide technical units in order to establish

with required precision all points of reference, including photogrammetrie picture points, in sufficient number and in such beta
dons as may be necessary for purposes of compilation by modern

photogrammetric methods;

3. to coordinate its future mapping program with this program

.110 far as may be practicable; but, performance of the proposed

program will not limit the complete liberty of the Government of

Brazil to do any cartographic work to meet, its own requirements;

4. to permit the importation, free from the payment of duties

and other customs charges, of equipment, fuel, supplies, and other

articles necessary for the execution of operational projects undertaken by agencies of the Government of the United States of America, as well as any and all articles for the personal use of the civilian and military personnel of such agencies residing in Brazil, if the

article is not one the importation of which is prohibited by the

laws of the United States of Brazil, and to permit the exportation

free of taxes and other charges of equipment and other articles

brought into Brasil by such agencies and personnel of the Government of the United States of America in connection with this

agreement.

In order to assure proper protection and security for their interests,

the two Governments further agree that: •

•

all work incident to this program shall ho accomplished exclusively for the mutual benefit of the two Govenunents and the

results thereof shall be considered their exclusive property;

that the aerial photographs obtained through the accomplishment of this program shall not be revealed by either Government

to nationals a either reentry without the prior consent of the other

Govermuent ;

specific or detailed information relating to the aerial photography, geodetic surveys, and other technical operations undertaken

as a part of this program shall not be revealed to a third country,

its nationals or agents, by one o: the Governments without the

prior consent of the other Government; and

the original negatives of the photography and the original

field notes of the technical agencies of the Government of the United

States of America shall be retained in the archives of that Government subject to the security restrictions set forth above.

The two Governments undertake that the Mixed Commission shall

be formed at the earliest possible date.

The provisions of this agreement shall apply to the extent possible,

in the judgment of the Mixed Conunission, to the informal arrange- •

manta between the two Governments relating to aeronautic charting

and topographic mapping in Brasil which aro in effect at the present

time.

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This agreement may be terminated at any time by either the Gov. 1 - •• 4 ..) ernment of the United States of Brazil or the Government of the United

: • States of America, subject to eighteen months' written notion to the i . : 

•.. •.4

. other Government. ..i, . . • ::::

••• . • The present note and that of Your Excellency of today's date and . > . , :,. • -.. -.• •• " 1 I .., : :, • .',,• ...? .. .U.• :. I .:: :. :• 4 • 7.tv ••;

.,,•.: , • the same tenor, in the Portuguese language, will be considered as the . • : at —

instrument of 'administrative agreement between our two Govern- t: • ..

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The Brasilia% Minister of pets for Foreign Affairs to the American

Ambassador

MINISTESIO DAS RELACOES EXTAMODIGII,

Rro nz Jexinio.

DIWDAIPIDINAM are Ent t de judo de Mt

Szirnoz EMDA/X ►DOZ,

Tenho a hone do acusar o recebimento da nota a' 50$, de 2 de junho,

na qual Voss& Excelled& se Were M oonveraacoes realinulas entre

as autoridades brasileiras c as representantes do Govern° dos Estados

Unidos da America Ohre o estabeleciMento do um programs de

colaboracto pars o preparo do mapu topograficos o cartes aeronautics: no Brasil.

Eetou autorisado a informer Vona Excelencia do quo o GovArno

brasileiro eats do aeardo em quo o programs de mapu topograficos e

cartes aeronautic*, no Brasil seja estabelecido do confortnidade corn

as estiptdacties abaixo reforidas.

Os doffs Governos concordam em estabelecer urns Comiesio Mists,

composts do pewee! tdcnico dos Estados Unidos do Brasil e dos

Estados Unidos da America. A Comissio ter& a reepoosabilidade

da lOrmulactio dos pianos tienicoa do traballm, hem wino da sus

execugAo o supervisao.

4. A Comissio Mists designer a teenicos em goodisia de ambos as

Governos, os quais constituirlo uma comissio genies, cujas fancies@ . .

seat) as seguintes:

manta on the subject in question. ! •

• Accept, Excellency, the renewed assurances of my highest considers,

tion. t • . '

•

• •••••.:4.16

law.) HEESCRIA V. Joaxeox

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▪

t•••• His Excellency

Jobe iiriivire a& FONTOURA,

• 

• Attainder State for /Foreign Vein of Rua,

Rio de Janeiro.
• „ •••

•

••.

. - •

. . .•

1sTanalisar as lovantamentos goodlaicos existent.s proparar.

plans de oonjunto pare sus integrudio;

V-detarminar a quantidade • a situaslo de pont.s. de contras

horizontal o vertical adicionsis, -sob especificaoties de procisio

de ph:nein ordeal; .

V-detenninar a quantidade e a situacio de pontos de contzele

horizontal vortical suplementares, noowskios para garantir

a alaboraoio prociss de maps. e cart's;

4keupervisionar a ezeourio do Was as opemodes, a fim de

mant6-las conforms as padrftes adotados polo Institute

Panamericano do Goografia Matteis. do Uniito Good6sica

• • •

Geofisica Internacional. •

5. 0 Goyim° dos Betados Unidu do Andtrics concords, outroseim,

em: •

1%-szeoutar, to prontsmente quanta possivel, nas regi6es de

into:toe mdtuo, a. fotagrafia "trimetrogon" 0 vertical, napesside a moms° ante programs de colabontsdo;

2'-fornecor dontro dos limites orgementatios o suxllio ticnico

disponivol em peasoid, equipment° a outros materials. quo

foram solicitados poke drgies do Gov$rno dos Estado. Unidos

do Brasil par. a amyl° do trabalhos goodisicos, &stroll&

micos e outros ta•abalhos ticnioos do precisio nu milks de

interasse mdtuo;

3•-manter o GovOrn° dos Estado& Cuidos do Brasil constant°.

manta informado a respeito do entmda, no Brasil, do pessoal

civil o militar do Govern dos Estado. Unidoa do Amp:kiss,

inclusive as dates o lugares do entrada, bent come do outros

assumes ralativos ao programa do colaboraoio; e

e-fornocer ao Govern* dos Estados Unidos do Brasil:

dues colocka completes dos positivos do fotografias

tirades polo sistema "trimotzogon" ou, em ecu lugar, urns

colutto do duplieatas negatives cm films topogrifico base;

unto caeca° do duplicates negatives, em filme topogrifico

• baso, des fotegrafias verticals tirades;

c) uma coleolo do mapas de loco,* do v6os do cads, tipo•

- fotogrdfico, indicando as Unitas do vao o a oobertura foto-

.

• grifica;

d) c6pias, ol duplicata, dos dados do controls good6sico;

e) dues colesites dos (611mi-base de compfiaglo des cantos

Aaron:suttees no eseala do 1:500.000 e 1:1.000.000;

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f) aunts§ c6pias do cads urns dos car

gos seroniuticas

teals do 1:1.000.000; .

g) duns coleoties das Mlloss•bate do compilageo dos mapas

topogrificos; e

It) duzontas dopias de cads maps topogrfdico quo versba a

ler elaborado de actor& corn o programs.

8. 0 Govern dos Estados Unidos do Brasil concords, outrossim, em: 11-permitir quo sejam tirades as fotografias aims do sett terntdrio e quo entrom no Brasil os funcionkrios do Govern doe

Estados Unidos da America now:

grim 1 execuotio doe

trabalhos previamento detorminados pole Contissio Mists.

r-fornecer todos os dodos astronemicos, geodesic°s e topogrificos, bem como Was as respectivas cartes, mapas

esbogos, atualmente em sou poder, ou qua vier a possnir

durante a ezeeuoito dee° programs, o grupos ttcnicos destinados a fixer, corn a necessfais precise°, todos os pontos de

referencia; inclusive as pontos fotogrametricos ("photogmmmotric picture points") om nemoro snficionte e nas

loealizactoes quo foram necesserias pare fins do compilsoito,

segundo os moderns meted°. fotogrametrioos;

3*-eoonlenor, na medida do possfrol, sou futuro programs

eartogrefieo corn o presents programa; u eumprimento do

programa proposto nio comeark, porem, a et/meets liberdade

do Govern° dos Estado. Unidos do Brasil do efetuar quaisquor

trabelhos eArtegr5ficos pars atende

r as suns prOprias neeessi-

(lades;

P-pernitir a importactio, coin isencio do direitos o on tree

gravames alfantlegiorios, do equipamento, combustivel, acesamine o out roe amigos necosserios execuoito dos pmjotos do

opersoo eznpraenciidos por Orgeos do Govern dos Estado%

Cnidos tin America, born comp do todos e qunisquer artigos

do use possoal doe ciris e militares pertenecntes a tais &gem

e resitietaes no Brasil, desde quo a impotiscao do this tulips

net) reja proibicle peas loin brasileints; e a exportatdo, livre do

direitos e outro gravtunes, do equipantentos c outros artigos•

trazidos pam o Brasil por tail 6:gdos a pessoal do Govern dos

Estado.; Cnidos da Am6rica, de confonniclade corn o present°

Arent°.
7 Tusk

7. A fint de prantir a protecio adequada o a stanguarcla dos seus

interims, os dois Goremos concordant, ainda, ao squint*:

1*-todos os trahalhos referontes ao pronto piograma, serio

eietuadas exelusivamente em beneficio mitts° dos dois Gover

.1; .T nos e os seus resultados sera considerados corn* do su&

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exelusiva propriedade; ..21

r-as fotografias areas resultantes do eumprimento do proienta

programa neo sera rowlocks, por qualquer dos eitados

Governs, a narionais de setts respeetiros poises, sent previa

consentimento do outro Gorerno;

r-neuhunts infonnagito °specific* ou pormenorixada sebre as

Navahos 'Orem, os levantamentos geodesic= o outran

operas thenieas efetuadas &intro do present& programa sort

revelada a um week° pals, seus nacionais ou agentes, por um

dos Covernas, sem previo consentimento do outro Gorerno; o

4'-os uepitims originals da fotografia c oa apontamentas originals

de amp° dos &glom teenicos do Gorden dos Estado, Unidos

dm .tinirica sere* conservados nos seus arquivos, sujoitos is

rentricees de squaw sans estipuladas.

8. Os dois Onvemos coniprometem-so a ocmatituir a Combine°,

Mist* denim do :nab; breve pram possivel.

Its onipulasfirs dam. sok& aplicar.se-11o, corn a posairel amplitude, a jidzu di Comilla* Mats, sus arranjos aldose. entre os dois

Coercion sldw• ends% aeronituticas e mapas topograScos no Brasil,

atualniento do execucio.

0 pnveine Acilnk pude ser donunsiado, em qualquor tempo, polo

Gor • no dog &lades raid°. do Basil ou polo Govern° dos Estado

Unidos da AumIrica, per mob) de comuniesoao merits ao outro Govern*, cunt a antecedent:is. do demito mesas.

11. A note de Voss Exceleneia le 568 e a present* note, mnbas de

hojo &Was, sato onside:ads& comp o instrumento do aardo

administrative entre os mums dois Govern°s sebre o mount° em

1411490.

Aproveito a oportunidado pars rename a Vaasa Excelenela os

protest.. da *Moho mats alto eonsidermao.

JoZo Nan no romps..

A Sus Excelencia o Senhor Hansom V. Jontotaw,

lbakirizador dos Estado* Mid** da Ansfrias.

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ibus send

21-andation

Misirrar or Foust= Arrsras,

Rio DE :sriano.

DIWIWOMIMISM shoe s; 106t

Mu. MIMASSADOR,

I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of note No. 568 of June 2,

in which Your E.u.ellency refers to the conversations that have taken

place between the Brazilian authorities and the representatives of the

Government of the tufted States of America regarding the establishment of a collaborative program for the preparation of topographic

maps and aeronautic charts in Brazil.

2. I am authorized to inform Your Excellency that the Brazilian

Government agrees that the topographic map and aeronautic chart

program Ida be established in accordance with the following

provisions:

[For the English language/act of the provisions, see ante, p. 1.3

11. Your Excellency's note No. 568 and the present note, both

dated today, shall be considered the instrument of administrative

agreement between our two Govertunents on the subject in question.

I avail myself of the opportunity to renew to Your Excellency the

assurances of my highest consideration.

Joie NZVEIS DA FONTOVRA.

His Excellency Hstasem. V. JonyzoN, •

.tIntbaesader of the United States

of America.

O Oft/1110111.

NOM. IOW