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2 JUi~ 1965 

MEMORANDUM FOR: CIA Director of Reconnaissance 

SUBJECT : Soviet Public Statements on US and UBSR Space 

Technology Since l962 

l. Our examination of recent press articles and public statements by Soviet officials reveals that these sources do not contain 

useful detail on Soviet space reconnaissance technology and generally 

avoid direct acknowledgement even of Soviet activity in this field. 

Tnere have been a relatively few public and semi-public official 

admissions that the USSR either has engaged in, or is capable of, 

space reconnaissance over the US. Even in these cases, however, no 

claims have been noted with respect to the technical capabilities of 

. the Soviet systems; to the extent of Soviet reconnaissance programs; 

or to the importance of satellite photography to Soviet defense 

planning. On a few occasions Soviet statements on US space reconnaissance have occurred in a context in which there are slight inferences 

that Soviet programs enjoy a degree of parallelism in purpose and 

technology with US programs, but such cases probably should not be 

construed as claims to technological comparability. 

2. Soviet public statements about US space reconnaissance 

programs, on the other hand, have been considera'Sly more direct and 

specific. Technical characteristics -- of vehicle, orbit, system 

resolution, and targets -- have been attributed directly to US 

space reconnaissance satellites. Such statements have not, however, 

been presented in carefully measured scientific terminology. They 

appear to be designed to provide only approximations of technological 

capability -- largely in terms of resolution -- rather than to 

rigorously describe the types of system components that would provide 

the results claimed. 

3. Information in Soviet overt materials on capabilities and 

purposes of US systems seems to be derived from a careful screening 

of articles and statements appearing in US newspapers and nonscientific journals. Typically, a direct attribution to a US or 

European source also appears in the Soviet statement. We have seen 

Ht,NDLE VIA 

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no occasion of a public Soviet statement that appeared to be based 

on a careful technical analysis of US scientific or engineering 

data that is either openly available to the USSR or that may have 

been procured clandestinely. 

4. The materials reflect no abrupt changes in treatment of the 

subject during the period examined. The later materials, however, 

tend to reveal more data on US technology and are more comparable 

with information contained in the earlier Ironbark series. The 

second edition (1963) of Marshal Sokolovskiyrs book,.Military 

~trategy, for example, added technical details not given in the 

1962 version. In a new passage noting the dependen~e of the US 

counterforce strategy on reliable reconnaissance systems, Sokolovskiy 

cited a US estimate of a possible ground resolution of 2 meters 

with satellite photography. By August 1964 BED STAR reported that 

the Samas satellite provided a resolution of 0.75 meters, permitting 

photography at 500 kilometers altitude. The restricted journal 

:MILITARY THOUGH'.r in October 1965 went furthest in describing 

technical specifications of the Sam.as cam.era system and the parachute recovery of the "assumed11 six containers of fiJ.Jn. This 

source stated that the .resolution qualities of the Sam.as systems 

nsupposedly11 provide for reading targets 11more than 3 meters in 

size." 

5. Throug..~ the device of reviewing US press commentaries and 

speeches by US leaders, Soviet publications have managed increasingly 

to enumerate the technical requirements for instrumented space 

reconnaissance systems, though not in a high degree of detail. 

The multiplicity of US programs and systematic target coverage 

are emphasized. The types of targets being pinpointed have been 

repeatedly described as including Soviet industrial areas, ICBM 

launch sites, airfields, naval bases and troop concentrations. 

Use by the US of infrared and electronic collection systems has 

also been acknowledged. 

6. Only minor differences are evident among the various types 

of publications examined. The central newspapers such as PRAVDA 

and IZVESTIYA and the radio broadcast material pay greatest attention 

to propagandistic slants. Public statements in these media have aJ.Jnost 

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invariably cited the peaceful purposes of Soviet space programs) 

which ·they contrast with US efforts. Satellite surveillance has 

been consistently defined as a military use of space. The military 

press, while offering its professional military readership a more 

balanced presentation, places more stress on the threat implicit · 

in U.S. reconnaissance capabilities. A highly proficient and reliable space reconnaissance system is listed as one of the essential 

elements of the U.S. flexible response policy by one prominent 

military strategist. The scientific press apparently refrains from 

treatment of any aspects of the subject. 

7. Some examples of Soviet writings about U.S. reconnaissance 

technology are appended in two tabs to this memorandum. Tab A 

consists of a listing of selected short Soviet comments on the 

subject, arranged chronologically. Tab B is a full translation 

of a longer article from the October 65 issue of the Soviet journal 

Military Thought. In this article the authors di'scuss the role of 

both airborne and space reconnaissance systems in military operations and provide some discussion of the technology of US systems. 

A much greater wealth of detail is provided on the technology of 

present US airborne systems than on space systems in this article --

an emphasis which suggests that the USSR is reluctant to admit 

publicly to too great a knowledge of the technology of US space 

reconnaissance systems. 

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R ...... J. SMITH 

Deputy Director:for Intelligence 

Attachment: 

TAB A: Chronological Listing of Selected Soviet Comments on 

Technology of US Space Reconnaissanc.e Satellites 

TAB B:' Air and Space Reconnaissance in Armed Conflict 

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TCS No. 7297/66 

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TAB A: Chronological Listing of Selected Soviet Comments on 

Technology of US Space Reconnaissance Satellites 

1. January, 1963 

11Midas is intended to detect the. launching of ballistic 

rockets, Transit is to provide rocket-carrying submarines with 

navigational data, and Samas is a satellite containing a photographic 

laboratory. The US specialists place great hopes in the system of 

Samos satellites because this is, in effect, a system of space espionage intended to replace the discredited U-2 aircraft. By photographing the earth the militarists intend to gather data which 

interest them on military objectives situated on the territory of 

the Soviet Union and other countries. The press notes that the 

next variants of the Samos will be equipped with infared and radar 

equipment, making it possible to obtain pictures of the surface of 

the earth through clouds and at night. 11 (Cols. V. Glazov and 

V. Vaneyev, RED STAR_19 Jan 63) 

2. Mid-1963 

11The military command of the US intends to solve the reconnaissance problem ;inherent in the new counterforce strategy/ 

primarily by launching a large number of special reconnaissance 

satellites. According to its estimate such satellites, located in 

space, are capable of photographing objects with a size of two 

meters and, in the period 1965-1970 possibly, will be able to 

photograph at night objects 60 centimeters in height from an altitude 

of about 500 kilometers. (Marshal V. D. Sokolovskiy, ed., MILITARY 

STRATEGY, second edition, 1963. This passage di~ not appear in the 

first edition, 1962.) 

3. March, 1964 

11Why is .America launching such artificial satellites as 

Samos, Midas, and others with reconnaissance equipment aboard? 

These are purely military satellites, in the center of at.tention of 

US military programs. Even in .America these satellites are called 1 spies in the sky.' At present, 'work is under way to create a system of Midas satellites. When this program is implemented, American 

specialists assert, all areas Df the earth will be under continuous 

surveillance. 11 (Col. G. Terent1 yev, RED ST AR 26 Mar 64) 

4. June, 1964 

11 Aggressive circles in the imperialist camp regard outer 

space as an arena of future military operations. They want to 
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place the achievements of astronauts in the ·Service of devastating 

thermonuclear war. The launching of secret espionage satellites, 

projects of various systems of space attack, and many other measures 

taken by the imperialist circles are the elements of their aggressive 

policy. The Soviet Union, on the contrary, is a consistent advocate 

of international cooperation in using outer space for peaceful purposes. (Marshal Vershinin, PRAVDA 14 Jun 64) 

5. July, 1964 

11Premier Khurshchev delivered an emphatic warning today 

against any further US reconnaissance flights over Cuba ••• 

Mr. Khrushchev.added that the flights were unnecessary in view of 

the success of camera-equipped satellites. 11 (NEW YORK TIMES 1 Jul 64) 

6. August, 1964 

11The testing of the /Comlex/ machine is continuing. The 

goal is to achieve precise analysis of all possible air reconnaissance 

photographs which contain already known configurations of images of 

military equipment and military installations. The creation of 

even more improved machines opens up amazing prospects for using 

them in military affairs. The rapid and precise deciphering of 

aerial photographs is a very important problem for foreign military 

specialists at present ••• In the US it has been calculated that 

they must gather reconnaissance data on the territories of countries 

having an area of more than 41 million square kilom~ters, and for 

this they must decipher 180 million photographs.n (Engr-Col. 

M. Goncharenko, SOVIET PATRIOT 16 Aug 64) 

7. August, 1964 ....... 

11The focal length of the cameras aboard the Samas satellites 

reaches 3 meters and the resolving power is 0.75 meters. This 

makes it possible to obtain rather clear images from an altitude of 

up to 500 km. To avoid smudging of the image due to the movement 

of the satellite, the cameras are equipped with a central specially 

designed shutter and an optical compensator, and the film is covered 

with a special emulsion. The process of developing the film on the 

satellite has been fully automated. On board there is also a radioelectronic command device for turning on the cameras over the re~ 

quired points of the earth. • • Capsules are dropped by the satellite 

upon command from the earth, and fall to a fixed altitude on parachutes ••• In the opinion of .American specialists the resolution 

of the space cameras is still insufficient. They feel it essential 

that they produce a cl.ear image of objects having a linear dimension 

of 0.6 meters. (Engr-Lt. N. Ilin, RED ST.AR 29 Aug 64) 

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8. January, 1965 

11The US military command devotes the greatest attention to 

the organization of space reconnaissance. With the help of these 

new means it intends now, in peacetime, to determine the coordinates 

of military industrial targets, launching sites of intercontinental 

ballistic rockets and rockets of intermediate range, airfields of 

strategic aviation, naval bases, large troop concentrations, and 

other very important military targets ••• Satellites of the Samas 

type have been acquired by US armament as a means of reconnaissance. 

Launches of experimental and test models of these satellites have 

been systematically executed since 1960 ••• Declarations on the high 

qualities and complete readiness of the Samas system are in conflict 

with other reports which say that work on the completion of this 

system is proceeding at full speed. When this system is fully completed, it is supposed to consist of six to nine satellites which 

will make it possible to photograph the earth's surface in 20 days. 11 

(Col. V. Glazov, RED STAR 26 Jan 65) 

9. August, 1965 

11The Gemini program also envisages tests as to the possibility of using spaceships for strategic reconnaissance from the 

Cosmos. It will carry on board cameras with long focal length 

lenses which c.an take detailed pictures of towns, railroads, ports, 

ships, and other objects. In addition the cosmonauts will perform 

visual reconnaissance. The spaceship will fly 11 ti~es over Cuba, 

17 times over the DRV, and 40 times over the CPR. According to the 

Washington EVENING STAR, Gemini 5 has a great quantity of reconnaissance equipment aboard. 11 (Engr-Maj. I. Vershchagin, RED STAR 

25 Aug 65) 

-. 1 0. September, 1965 

11From their spaceships American astronauts are in a position to conduct visual reconnaissance, to photograph terrain and 

conduct surveillance by means of infrared and other instruments. 

US space spying is assuming an ever wider and threatening scope. 

Dozens of different automatic spy stations are continually in 

orbit. From umaanned satellites, surveillance is shifting to manned 

space laboratories. 11 (Col. Gen. V. Tolubko, LIFE .ABROAD, No. 37, 

Sep 65) 

11 •. September, 1965 

11Two years ago, two types of Samas reconnaissance satellites, 

heavy and light, were commissioned for armament;. Their tasks are. 

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photo and radio reconnaissance. The light satellites are launched 

for 'gross' photography and they give small-scale pictures of 

localities. In addition, heavy satellites with a weight of up to 

2 tons and with more perfect photo equipment are being launched. 

They make it possible to discern on the territory of the likely 

enemy, that is, the Soviet Union and other socialist countries, 

various objects with a linear size of 16 to 20 meters. The special 

equipment of such a satellite can work for JO days and nights." 

11Sarnos is also used for radiotechnical reconnaissance -- for 

the location of electromagnetic emenations of various origins and 

for intercepting information passed along radio communication lines. 

The Pentagon wants to know the location of rocket-launching positions, 

strategic airfields, the bases of ships and submarines, construction 

sites for military installations, and what is in the air over various 

countries. For this purpose scores of Samos satellites have been 

launched into space • 11 

11These . 1 heavenly spies 1 are far from always rendering the 

required results. Th.e press reports continually of the poor quality 

of the pictures obtained, of the restricted possibilities of taking 

pictures -- only during the day from a cloudless sky, and so forth. 

In addition, the store of films is so small that the satellites 

rapidly become useless. 11 (Col. M. Golyshev, IZVESTIYA 28 Sep 65) 

12. October, 1965 

11 A special earth reconnaissance satellite, which is called 

the nsamos 11 , has been developed in the US Armed Forces for purposes 

of aerial photography. According to information published in the 

foreign press, at a flight altitude of 480 km. the photographic 

apparatus located in it, including longfocus cameras, would supposedly 

provide for reading of targets with linear dimensions, of more than 

J m. It has also been reported that by means of the nsamos" satellite 

they have succeeded in obtaining photographs of the positions of 

intercontinental bassistic missiles, from which they could determine 

the nature of the positions and the arrangement of the launching 

pads. However, the capabilities of satellite apparatus are determined 

by the amount of film on board. At least two cameras are installed 

in the satellite, one of which, at a command from the earth, photographs a selected region in a strip 112.5 km. wide, and the other 

simultaneously photographs the sh.-y above, which makes it possible 

to determine accurately the coordinates of the regions photographed 

by the first camera. 11 

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"It is assumed that in late models of the "Samosn 

satellite there are six containers each, for returning the exposed 

film. At a command from the earth, the containers separate from 

the satellite, and as they approach the dense layers of the atmosphere a parachute opens, by means of which further descent is accomplished. The descending container is recovered in the air by 

aircraft. 11 (Cols. B. Aleksandrov and A. Yur 1yev, HAir and Space 

Reconnaissance in Armed Conflict, MILITARY THOUGHT, No. 10, Oct 65, 

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY) 

13. November, 1965 

nsarnos, Midas, Ferret -- these are the names of some 

representatives of this family of spy satellites hurled into space 

by the Pentagon. Their assignment: military reconnaissance with 

cameras and infrared rays, and interception of information transmitted by radio communications. An even better job, in the words of 

the author of the article lhU US News and World Report] could be 

done by military satellites with a man on board •. Gemini 5, he said, 

helped to demonstrate that it is possible to conduct military 

operations in space if the country wishes to spend time, money and 

resources. 11 (G. Vasin, KOMSOMOL PRAVDA 4 Nov 65) 

14. April, 1966. 

"The development of reconnaissance satellites began in 

the US as early as 1959 on the basis of the Discoverer program. 

These devices were given various names -- Pied Piper, Sentry, 

Big Brother, and finally Sa.mos, which is called by the Americans 

themselves the 'spy in the sky. 1 Defense Secretary McNamara announced 

that existing plans envisage an annual launching of 12 to 20 such 

satellites." (Maj. Gen. Avn. Ret. B. Teplinskiy"'; RED STAR 23 Apr 66) 

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No .. 961, 11 May 66 . ·' -0~0-M=P I 'DrE-N~T-I-A-L 

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. NO FOREIGN DfSSEM -

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by ~ol:1 B. AL'SKSA.i~DROV· aud ·A. YUR' YEV ,u, 

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Every time that military theoretical thour,ht focuses attention on 

the essence of the changes occurring in military affairs, it notes not 

only the basic revisions in the nature and methods of armed conflict, 

b~~ also the sharp increase in the role of reconnaissance in military 

.:;,·)..::1·c:..tions of various scales anci in war as a whole. Actually, modern. 

~~~~0ns, especially ballistic missiles equipped with nuclear warhcacis,· 

1.'.J~c; it po:::;sible to inflic:t strikes• of enormous power in a short period 

0: ~~~e and at practically an unlimited range. And if enemy prcpara~ion 

~c i~:lict such .~ strike is not discovered in time, it is possible to s~,. ::.:;in a surprise nuclear missile attack and be in a c:i.·itical si ·.:.i....:.ti6n 

l~~~ the very beginning of the war. No less important is the fact t~at 

:.r . .:: ::.1·mcG forces will be able to use their rnight purposefully and ,, . i:h 

t~o greatest effec~ only if they have adequat~ arid reliable data co1.-

c~rning the compo5itionp grouping, and nature of preparations of tr0ops 

of ~ potential 'enemy, his most important military and economic t.:.1·£;c-.;s, · a;·,L tho system used for thoir defense. Tnis is not new. But in •~·,.;..0:.::rn 

co;-....;;;. ·dons it has acquired a special s'cnseg since tho successful ;;;;ip:oy .. 

r.K::-:t, at the beginning of tho war, primarily of str~egic weapons. ;,1hich 

adv~nce v~ctory over enemy in a decisive manner, depends upon intellit;e:;;.cc <lat<.. Tne situation is similar to tho role of reconnaissance ::..n 

v~~l"ations of the branches of the armed forces. Their course and Outcome ~~0 deterLlincd to a great degree by the timely ascertainment o~ tho 

:.ocation of enemy nuclear weapons and the disclosure of the con'centra• 

t.ion and basic groupings of the (enemy] troops and various impo;;-tant 

targets. 

The change in the '.nature and methods of armed conflict is accompa.nic~ 

by a~ increased volume of rccohnaissance tasks and the fact that they havo 

become considerably more complex. In modern conditions,. groupings of arincd 

.forces and important targets arc located 'in practically all tho territory 

of a state or coalition of states~ and the most important targ'ots· aro .. 

weapons capable of. strategic assault .(launch installations for intercon- · tinental rockotsp missile~armed submal·ines~ strategic aviation at~ air• · ·· 

bases)~ which a:..~e located, as a l"Ulep C.cc.;p in t'he interior of tho country 

ol' in distant water areas, and are in'. constant readiness for action •.. : 

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·niiS has mado it necessary to conduct continuous observation of ·extensive regions of the land, seas, and oceansp and also.of airspace and 

outer space. The transition to dispersed battle formations and the in-

. crease in the depth of the operational deploymont _of J:roops have required 

that .we incrc~~c the depth of l·cconnais.s;:i.nce in thcat'ers of military op- . ~­

cr~tions accordingly. ·It has also become more difficult to perform re .. __ .'~ 

..::o~ ... ~1aissanco because its main targotsp namely weapons capable of a nuclear 

attack, as a r~lo aro of small dimcnsionsD. and their locations are·woll-

~amouf:agcd iixed o~ mobile t~rgots. 

Tnc enormous flight speeds of ballistic 1·ockcts, and tho fast-moving 

r.ati.:rc of battles and e.ng_agements, the dynamic natu~o of tho dovclopmont 

of events~ and ·the sharp changes in the situation0 require.that rcconnai.G .. 

sance be conducted with the ·h.ighest efficiency. Information must be . 

:.:-apidly obtained~ processed, and transmitted to the o.rgans interested in ·. 

;:he least possible time. 

~cquiremcnts have also increased for reliable data and accurate determination of ~he positions of troop groupings and targets, since tho · 

effective employment of very powerful weapons depends upon this. In-

-creasing sharply is the si.gnificance .of. those methods and for.ms. of re .. 

conn<.is.sanco which .even before tho beginning of military operations make 

it possible to. disclose the preparation of the opposite side for unleash• 

ing ;;. wa:.~ and provide the armed forces with the data necessary for in• · 

i'.licdng the worst blows .against them. ;·~ ·:·; 

In th~;e conditions, technical reconnaissance iri ~eneral, and 

es?ecially aerial photography and thci application!of ~adioelectronic 

;,:econn;;i.issance· equipment have acquire~ primary· importance'. . 

0n the basis of data from the foreign press, let us 1·consider briefly 

;:he c.._pabilities of various types of intelligencep · their application in 

mili~ary operations$ and the most characteristic trends in their develop• 

. ment.. 

It was established long ago that technical reconnaissanc~ equipment 

r.iay be used with the grcat'est effect if we place them in aircraft: in 

" " 

this cuse, the sphere of activity of radiotcchnical and infrar:cd equipment ·-

expands sharplyi the field of view of photoapparatuses increases, and the 

capabilities of radar reconnaissance stations increase. Reconnaissance 

from aircr~it most co~pletely satisfies the requirements of continuous 

observation. not only 'throughout the entire depth of theaters of milit~ry 

v':Jcra·cions, but also beyond thci1· limits. In this case~ accuracy:of it&• ... 

t~::.ligence. data and good documentation of it is ensured. Besides this"t.': .. .:.: >. -~v~n with~ut special i~econnaissance apparatus a pilot.may colleet::very': .. :.:.:( ...... 

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.. All theso·advantages advanced aerial reconnaissance to ono of tho 

lcadinr; plo.ccs among types of reconnaissance as early as the years of 

\forld \far IL \•/ith its aid, tho basic mass of information necessary . 

for the preparation and conduct of army and front operations was obtained, 

and also dna concerning important targets in tho enemy rear, ihc intcnsi ty . o:: o;icrations of railroad and motor-vehicle highways, tho results of aorial · 

at.·..:acks on cities, cnter1)i·iscs, s:tructurcsP and much other information~ 

In the postwar period, the development'of aerial reconnaissance 

mc;:hods and equipment continued at very high :catos. Equipment of inc4casing complexity and diversity, including radio. radar, 'and tolovision c~uipment~ cameras for various purposes, infrared reconnaissance devices, 

etc., were installed aboard reconnaissance aircraft. 1ne carriers of 

this reconnaissance equipment were also continuously improved. Tho maximum 

ru.nge, speed, and flight altitude of rcconnc. .. issancc ai:rcraft 0 increased 

twofold or threefold as compared to the years of World War IIP and still 

continue -co increase. Thus 9 tho latest models of tactical reconnaissance· 

aircraft {the RF-4C) have a maximum speed of about 2500 km/hr, a ceiling : 

of 24,000 mp and a flight range of more than 4000 km. The· new US SR-71 

strategic reconnaissance aircraft, which is on tho verge of being introduced 

into the armament will supposedly have even higher flight characteristics. 

I<: is estimated that 'this aircraft will be able to make a prolonged flight ... 

~~an altitude of 24,000 mat a spbed of 3000 km/hr, and briefly develop a· 

~~cod of up to 3700 km/hr and rise to a~ altitude of more than 30p000 m. 7~c reconnaissance equipment installed aboard the aircraft· will provide ' 

ior scanning an area of about 260a000 square kilometers in one hour of 

:flight at a speed of Mach 2.5 and an altitude of 27,000.!11.· · Pilotlos.s re .. 

cc.1naissancc aircraft and also automatic drifti.ng ballopns have been widely 

cl is ·.:.ributed. 

Bu~, in spite of this~ aerial reconnaissance still has a number of 

Hr..::.tatio•-::s. In the first place, the penetration of aircl;"aft into the 

airspace of the opposing side or into the zone of m).litary operations of • ' · 

zround t:::coops or naval forces incurs great danger p owing to the sharp rise . • 

i•1 -.:he c:f£ectiveness of air defense.' In the 'second pl«1ce, conduct.ing 

<...c:..·ial reconnaissance in peacetime over the te:cri tory of other states 

vio:atcs their sovereignty, which is intolerable from the standpoint oi 

international law. The ruling circles of the US are striving to make 

up for these limitations in 'the capabilities of aerial reconnaissance by· 

the application of space reconnaissance apparatuses, which inclUdc artificial earth reconnaissance satellites$ spaceships~ aircraft capable of 

operating in space, and orbital aircraft. · 

\ 

The use of artificial satel.lites _and other space devices will in· :.. · 

cor.uncnsurably expand the capabilities of technical reconnaissance. With· 

:reconnaissance equipment en board, they can .:::onduct reconnais_,san7e on a 

global scale, inspect enormous spaces.in a short period of time, and . :tapidly transmit the accumu,lated data to int..olf.igen~e centers .•. :,.~owever, 

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·.with' respect to flexibility and efficiency in carrying out missions, with 

respect to the degree of detail in the;data obtained, space reconnaissanco 

is inierior to aerial reconnaissance.· There£orc 9 they do not rcpiaco oach 

other, hut only.supplement each other. 

' ' 

Ao~ial ro~onnaissanca. used in combi~~tion with artifici~l raconnais· 

s:-;.ncc s.itellitesg acquires qualitatively new features .... it becomes an ah' ; ;. 

and space effort. 

With respect to the nature of tho tasks being executed, air and space . 

reconnaissance is categorized by western military specialists as operatipnal, t~ctical, and strategic. 

Operational and tactical reconnaissanc! obtains data concernitig the 

er.eiay over the region 0£ military operations and in the immediate rear. It 

is conducted mainly by_ piloted and pilotless reconnaissance aircraft for 

?urposcs of detecting the launching positions of tactical rockets, artillery 

positions, regions of the concentration and regrouping of troops and equip- · r.JCnt I. 00SCrVing air bases Of thC tactical air force I and diSCOVering SYS tCffiS ... 

of.tactical air defense and centers for the control of the air forces. In 

other words, operational and tactical aerial reconnaissance is conducted 

in wartime and executes tasks· in the interests of the units which are devc- ·· loping military operations in land or naval combat theaters. · · 

Tr.c ,;,issions of strategic air and space reconnaissance arc C'onsiderably 

wicier 1 since they are conuuctca in the interests or tnc armed forces as a 

wr.olc. US military specialists divide them into two typ:cs. Tnc first type ·. 

i~cludes the collection of data concerning largo military targets deep in 

the enemy rear, such as storage areas for nuclear weapons,. air bases for 

the strategic ~ir forces, launching positions of intercontinental balliitic. ~ 

rockets~ the largest railroad junctions~ naval basos, and military industrial centers. The other type is the obtaining of data which makos it .. 

:?Ossible to establish the intentions of tho enemy, to det~rmine the ·status··-· 

and trend of development of his armed forces, and to discover new models of;_ . military equipment and weapons. 

Strategic air and space reconnaissance is conducted by ai~craft of 

the str~tegic air forces, special high-altitude aircraft of the same type 

as the US RB-570, RB-57F, and U-2, specially equipped transpott.aircraft, 

drifting balloons. andg on an ever increasing scale,. by means of artificial e~~~h satellites. 

Before the bcginni"ng of military operations, tho main task of ·air and 

space intelligence is to disclose enemJ preparations for an attack and to 

,1 

ascertain the p:;:iority enemy targets which mus-.: be subjected to n,uclear ... 

attacks. Such targets include strategic means of nuclear attack ·and" the . 

most important air defense, elements. The US military conullan<l, for example,·· .. 

assumes that for each launch crew of an intercontinental rocket, submarine· 

crew, and carrier aircraft crew, the primary and secondary targets must be 

accurately detcrmin.ed and their characteristic's and coordinates studied in· 

aclvanc~. Obtaining information necessary for planning operations· in the 

~neater of military operations is also ascribed great s'ignificance. -The 

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~ain role in carrying out this task, in the opinion of foreign military 

specialists, belongs to intelligence devices capable of being operated · 

in space, since tho penetration of airc:rnft into the airspace of other 

states, as v/e have already noted abovo, is associated with great difficul• 

tics in peacetime. I .,,_, 

With the beginning of military operations, the effort~ of air and 

S).Jace reconnaissance, will presumably be switched over primarily to refinement of the position of previously detected targets for' nuclear attack 

(in or<ler to avoid inflicting an attack on an empty place), the ascertain• 

rncnt of new targe:s and troop groupings> and also tho determination of tho 

rcsul ts of the op....:rations of ou·c own :rockets and air forces. The number 

of ta:;:gcts, especially in a theater of military operations, may be very 

significant, since it is primarily the most dangerous-and important of them 

th~t must be reconnoitred. For this, a large number of sorties of recon- · 

n;:i.issance aircraft is rcquire<lP and aircraft taking off to carry out other 

missions must also con:duct reconnaissance, The dist1~ibution of tasks be• 

tween aerial reconnaissance facili~ics is performed in the following 

manner. Reconnaissance aircraft bf the strategic air forces conduct, as 

a rule, reconnaissance in the depths of the theater of military operations 

and beyond its limits; they ascertain chiefly strategic nuclear-rocket and 

;:;.viation weapons, :cockct-carrying•sh:i.ps, and the deep reserves of .tho 

enc~y. Reconnaissance over the field of battlo and in an operational 

dc?th is the responsibility of reconnaissance aircraft of tho tact~cal 

air fo:;:ccs. Tnc basic targets they reconnoitre ~re considered to bo tactical rockets at launch sites and on the march, air base_s of the tactical 

ai:;: iorcesp combat formations of t:roops and their rear ·~·chclons and comr.:t.mications. Space reconnaissance devices, as;in peacetime, are to be 

used for obseryation of important enemy targets located deep in his rea:i;" 

• 

and in theaters of military operations, and also .foi."' observations of groupings 

of naval forces on the seas and oceans. · ,, ..... Tne employment of various devices and types of reconnaissance in war ' 

and in an operation takes into account their strong and weak p6ints when~ 

1 used together in various combinations. It is .considered that together · 

J~ with traditional types of reconnaissance -- visual, photographicg radar,· 

' ~adio, and radio~cchnical -- types of reconnaissance which hav~ received 

~~ limited distribution or which have never been encountered at all in tho 

~! past, such as television~ infrared, and ~adiation reconnaissarice, will 

'.; also be widely employed, ;. ·, 

Visual rcconnaissrincc. In connection with the increase speeds and ·.· 

· £J.ight ceilings of aircraftb ef:f;ec'tive. visual reconnaissance becomes di~- . 

ficult; and sometimes even impossible.;' A crew member, car:..Aying out visual· . 

observatio;1s from great altitudes~ cannot distinquish the. obj.,ect~. of in- · ~ · 

tcrest. to him, but in flight at low altitudesp because of tho. b:tevity of . ·. 

observation (because of th9 large angulal" shifts), h.e:will be ,in no posi- · · 

tic:. to ':i:'.r:connoitre this .object .in adequate detail.,: . .. ,.: ..... ·.·· .. '. ·• ·. · .. _. · . . ' . ', ...... . . . . ~~ . · .. ~ . 4 • , • ,' •• i';" .'~ .... ·' :· ..... -. '' .. .... . : " ,.. _1·" • ,,·'i.' •. : '"'.:.' ,: ·: > . . . ~-: 

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!!Oh' ever~ visual air reconnaissance is iri no way excluded. In the 

future it will ~lso find application; especially for the solution of 

opcration;:;.l and tactical problems over the field of battle. It will bo 

used (at certain· sp6cds and flight altitudes) for locating tar~ots, con• 

i::rolling 'Che l·es,ul ts of bombing and tho, launchi.nr;s of tactical rockets, 

obs,:)rving the rcsul ts of artillery firing·,' ·and for observing the front 

lin.:: and the deployment and location of tactical rocket ·launchers. Visual 

~.::connaissance may bo conducted by means of ~ptical devices, making it 

possible -::o inspect tho targets in grea.ter detail.. Everytl'iing that a 

pilot observes may bo recorded on magnetic tape to prevent him from 

mr.i tting any details in his report when he a:i.·rivcs back at his base. .,,. : ... 

' .. 

Aerial photogra0y of . -~ ' . the terrain an<l target!; of interest is considered to be one o:i. the basic forms of air and space reconnaissance. 

Cameras for aerial reconnaissance arc installed not on~y in all spc~ial 

' ..... 

.reconnaissance aircraft of the strategic, tactical, carrier-aircraft, and 

army air forces, but also in the greater part of combat and transport aircraft. In recent years they havo been uscd·successfully in.artificial 

earth satellites. 

Aerial phot6g~aphy ~ay bo accomplished in good weather by day and 

by night, from high or low altitudes, an~ at subsonic and supersonic speeds 

(\vi thin certain limits). However, the altitude from which photographs may 

be taken is limited by the presence and altitudo of cloud cover· over tha 

t.argcts. 

Night photography has a special significance~ since .the·enemy, for· .. 

purposes of hiding his intentions 9 will maneuver and deploy his troops ·· 

and equipment chiefly· dul~i.ng the hours of darkness. Night aerial photo• :. 

graphy with the use of special illuminating devices makes it possible 

to disclose these opc:i.~ations on time. ., 

"" ' .. ' 

The illumination of targets in aerial photography .at low altitudes · · · 

is performed by means of illuminating cartridges (flares) fired from · 

aircraft, and at medium and high altitudes by dropping spoc~al illuminai~ . 

ing bombs (FOTAB, or flash bombs), which provide a ·:na:.co of grea~ inten_·\. :· .. · 

sity. '"' 

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Depending upon the missions assigned and the conditions in which ·.r 1 • .• .. ~:. · 

aerial photography is accomplishedg aerial photographic apparatus of · : , 

various types having different tactical and technical characteristics 

. are used.· 

' .. , 

For vcrti~al and oblique photography froll'. groat ;i 1 titudes » as a rule, .:i; .'".'~ .. :> 

long-focus cameras are used. In th.e US Air Forco ciunoras of variol,ls,.,. : . :":"· , ... 

, . .:ypcs are used for this purpose; and the ·majority of them are dcs.igncd for.· · ·: ·:: · . 

.:a'king photographs at subsonic flight speeds. · A la tel· modificatio11 of · " . · 

-chese .cameras makes it. possible to take photographs f:com altitudes of up-•~ .... ·to 30 km at a flight speed co:crespondi.ng to Mach 2 ..... From this altitude~. . 

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~;objects with .linear dimensions of up to 0,6 m can bo distinguished on the, ' 

u rhotographs. ~lOtography from low altitudcs 1 both by day ~nd night. is ~ pcrf ormed by me;ins of short .. focus apparatuses. · 

Cameras int9ndcd for photography from low altitudes- and all the more 

so at high speeds, must havo attachmcnts''and devices which compensate for 

the ir.1ago shift. For these purposes~ besides high-speed shutters of the 

slotted [i.e., focal-plane] or between-the-lens typo- devices oro used for ~Jvancinz the film during exposure or for moving the objec~ive lines, opcratinz 

fre;::, :;izr.::.::; of airborr.c in:a:ru;:.(.;r,t::; G(.;t.cr:.:.i.-.i.-iz tr.c £i.i;;r.~ s; .. cccl.., 

Fo:;: continuous traverse photography of a strip of the terrain from low : .. al titudcs at high flight speeds~ slot.tad aerial cameras are ·used, in which 

the film is advanced over a narrow slot at a speed equal to the speed of the: ... aircraft relative to the terrain boing photographed. 

For purposes of obtaining small-scale photographs of large regions, 

aerial cameras with super-wide-angle lenses aro used. Tho US KA-52 is 

such a type of apparatusp which~ according to statements in the foreign 

press, can make photographs with an angle of view of 1800 from an altitude 

of 85 m at a flight speod. of 1100 km/hr. TI1us~ by means of this camera 

and.one long-focus lens 'rotating around the velocity vector of the aircraft,, 

the terrain may be photogra~hed from horizon to horizon. 

Since special reconnaissance aircraft aro in~cndcd for performing 

widely varied tasks in aerial photography, an effort is made to place 

'\ 

as many cameras as possible in them. But their overall dimensions and 

weight characteristics do not always permit this~, Thcreiore~ in recent.:; 

years the so-called complex aerial photoreconnaissanco systems have been · 

develojied, which make it possible to sol vc a who lo number of diffcrcmt 

tasks in aerial photography of the terrain and targets. . . 

..... h is known that at the present time t.ho US reconnaissance aircraft 

which are part of the armament of the tactical air command 1 such as the .. 

RF-4SF Thunderstrcak 1 the RF-101 Voodoo, tho RB-66 Destroyer, and the . ' 

nav<J.l A-.'.rn ~ F-0F, and other aircraft a:i..~e equipped with the "Iris" complex aerial photoreconnaissancc system (o:c part of its appara'):.us).· I. 

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This systcmJ which .consists of several aerial cameras~ installed .. with various angles of inclination of their optical axes, and an apparatus·· '·· 

for automatic processing of. the exposed film, pxovicles for ac:rial photo .. · ... \:: "··:· .. : 

gra?hY both by day and b·y night from lOWa medium, and high altitudes" in a:.-

range of speeds from 390 ~o 2200 km/hr. By means of it~ we may obtain ·~ 

stereoscopic photographs of targets from altitudes of less than 150 m at 

speeds of 1300-1400 km/hr. 'V , • 

A simila:t complex acria.1 photorecorm.aissance system,·. known as the 

"Wick", is installed in tho Canadian CF ... 104 "Starfighter" reconnaissance · ·· .· 

aircraft• 'rhe system consists of four ac:.i.·iul cameras with independent, ... ;) . .. 

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'rcri\Otc control, three of which arc im:cn<lcd for oblique photography and 

one for vertical· photography. TI1is system makes it possible to accomplish 

rhotography by day an<l by night from ~igh and low altitudes~ automatically 

compensates for angular velocity, and processes th~ film oxposcd in flight. 

I 

At. present.~· the US is also making .'wide uso of spacecraft for aerial , , 

photography. Tho installation of the approp:i.·iato apparatus in artificial ... =earth satellites placed in low-altitude orbits already makes it possibl~ ~· 

·noH t.o solve the task of aerial photography of tcrri tory and ta:rgots in 

~ny part of tho .globe, on the scales needed. · 

A special car"th :ccconnaissanco satellite, which is called the "Sa.mos"• 

has ~ccn developed in the US Armed Forces for purposes of aerial photography. According to information published 'in tho foreign p~css, at a 

flight. altitude of .480 km the photographic apparatus located in it,. including longfocus cameras_ would supposedly provide for reading o~ targets 

with linear dimensions of more than 3 m. It has also been reported that 

by iiicans oi the .

11Samos 11 satellite they have succeeded in obtaining photographs of the positions of intcrcontinent~l ballistic missiles, from which 

they could determine the nature of the positions and the arrangement of tho . launching pads. However~ the capabilities '.of satellite apparatus arc deter~ 

j.iincd by the amount of· film on board. At least two cameras arc installed 

in the sa-i:ellit.e~ one of which, at a command from the e<>rth, photo.graphs :· 

a selected region in a strip 112.5 km wide~ and the other simultaneously_ 

photo.graphs the sky above; which makes it possible to determine accurately 

the coordinates of the regions phot,ographed by the (irs\ camera • . . It is assumed that in late models, of the "Samos.',' 's~tellite there are 

six containers. each 9 for returning the exposed film.:•At ~command from 

the earth, the containers separate from the satellite, and as they approach 

the dense layers of the atmosphere a parachute opens, by means of which 

further descent is accomplished. The descending container is :i;-ecovercd 

in the air by aircraft. ..._ 

Television apparatus is occupying ~ place of ever increasing importance "in air and space reconnaissance. It has the advantage of being ab le to 

t.=ansmit the results of the observations directly to tho earth~ Television 

cameras arc installed in.many types of tactical reconnaissance' aircraft, and 

also in weather reconnaissance satellites of the "'l)ros" type~· However, 

the resolution of the television apparatus is still very low and ~he quality" 

of the images does FO~ c~rrespond to th~ requirements imposed upon,, intelli- . gcnce. :. · \ ., 

In spite. of the development of iinproved appa:l.'atus for aerial photo-.:. 

gr~pnic reconnaissance· and. television reconnaissance, it all still has one 

·very csscnt:ial shortcoming~ which sharply limits its :military us·'e•'ii The 

prcsenco of fog or cloud cover over the targets hampers pho~ography, .and in 

certain ~ascs entirely prevents ito :- '· · .. ~ · i : · , · ·· ·~ ., ·. , .· 

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Militriry specialists sec a partial solution of the pioblcm of photography and observation of the targets of interest in complox meteorological . con<li tions in tlie use of radiotcchnical 'devices, such as high-capability . aircraft radar sets and bomb sights. r , 

Intc:ccst in {his method of air and siJaco reconnaissance is explained . · by the fact that radar sctsJ unlike cameras and television apparatus, arc ;. 1:' 

able to conduct •:cconnaissanco in any mctcorofogical conditions and at any· · · 

time of day. But they do have a shortcoming •W tho relativ~ly low resolution, which, according to data f~om US specialists, is only one-four hundredth of the :resolution of o. camera. An i:r.c:i:.·caso in tho resolution and 

range of radar sets is usually achieved by using special devices and technical ~cthocis (the pulse-compression mcthodp multiple irradiation of the 

earth's surfacep etc.). 

In pcacctir..e~ side-looking l'adar sets (SLR) are of special significance., 

in conducting reconnaissance, since they make it possible for aircraft performing reconnaissance missions to obtain a radar image of the territory to 

. ' . . . 

.:i great depth, without passing' directly over t:he reconnaissance target. It 

is reported in the press that they have a number of valuable qualities; they 

have a high resolution with respect ~o angular coordinates, a constant 

azimuth linear resolutiori; regardless' of the range of the target; they do 

. "'·· 

not give any perspective distortions; and it is diffi~ult to create effective. 

countermeasures against them. .. , . 

Such radar sets, which are widely used in US reconnaissance aircraft,··. · ~ay conduct reconnaissance in a strip from scvcr~l dozen.kflomcters to 

several hundred kilometers wide. Thus, the AN/APQ-55 set is intended for ··.,. 

conducting reconnaissance in a zone of 18-38 km with a ground speed of up 

·.··. 

to 4000 km/hr. A side-looking radar set is installed in the U-2 aircraft,: · 

providing for reconnaissance of terrain from altitudes of up ~0 20 km in 

a strip with a width of up to 450 km. """ · '\1 · 

' Side-looking :tadar sets now in .the process of development have re .. 

tuning transmitting and receiving systems with detectors of tho lincarlogarithmic type. In the opinion of spccial'ists, such sets may be used 

wi~t success in aircraft whose maximum flight speed is three times the 

speed. of sound. 

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In the future, according to foreign spccialists 9 aerospace reconnaissance by means of assive microwave iadar systemsp operating on the principle 

of fixing the radiations o· targets int e radio requency range, will become widely distributed. 'In comparison to active radar apparatus·, they ha\::c 

smaller di~ensions and lighter wcightb do not give themselves away by radiat· 

'. ing w:1en in opc::co:~ionj) and 'have better technical characteristic~ in ,.operation in dif 

j ficult m~tcorological conditions (for example~ they.make .it possible to detect camoi.; 

fl aged obj octs·.'which. cannot bo ma~e. out by means' .o_f acti,Ye. radar devices).•'·. A . . . ·····'· ... .,.,~ ... ~ .. ··-~·····~·. ·.~ ',, .,)' . .... ·:.·-.':'· 

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11:.ssivc mic::.·ow:ivc radar set is ca;)ablo ot dctcctini; artificial structures 

with grp3t reliability~ especially metal structures. TI1us, the first models 

of US passive :radars showed a resolution of about 10 m from an altitude of 

305 m. TI1cy detected structures from an altitude of 6000 m. 

I. 

Ay::pa1~atus operating in tho millim~'tcr wave band is also a r>rom1s1ng , 

:means of radar reconnaissance, since it has:a ~omparativcly ~igh resolution. 

I In the next fc\'1 years p in the opinion of foreign specialists, WC may ~xpcct the development of space reconnaissance radar systems with a resolution of 7 .S 'km n.t a range of up to S60 km; which will make it possible 

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to compile topographic raaps. For artificial satcl li tcs of 'the earth radnr 

sets arc bci""ng developed which must recognize large military and indus't:rial 

'targets ;2°rom an: altitude of up to 400 k·m. Intensive development of other . .,", · 

typos of reconnaissance radar devices is also in progress, in particular · · 1 

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sets with a 360-cicgree scan~ with ranges of 1600 and 2500 km, automatic 

tracking sets with a range of up to 1600 km, and doppler radar sets> radar 

altimeters, etc. 

Air and space reconnaissance by means of radio and radiotechnicnl 

devices will be given.the widest distribution. TI1c development of this 

tyr2c of reconnaissance is predetermined by the general trend in the developmc~t of armed forces.-- radiating electronic apparatus is being used and 

introduced more"and more widely every year. 

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Electronic. reconnaissance has the pu:cpo'se of detecting and determining 

tne position of sources of radio radiation, and also measuring the parameters 

of the signals received. As a result of the study and analysis of informa- . 

ti on concerning :he quantity, posi tion 0 technical parameters~ and operating.·~ 

charac'tcristics, of this apparatus, the intelligence organs will obtain a· 

concept of tho state and direction of development of ·the armed forces. ,; 

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Tne capabilities of airborne radio anG electronic reconnaissance are 

very diversified and wide. lly means of those methods it is possible to 

cieterrninc the quantity, location, and parameters of PVO radar detection and 

homing stations, intercept radio traffic being conducted on short-wave and 

VHF radio networks, observe the operation of electronic devices at rocket 

iirir.g ranges and establish their nature) and most important determine 

r.ie'thods for creating effective countermeasures against the devi'ces being 

reconnoitred. Its advantage also lies in the £act that it may be conducted 

not only in war.time, but also in peacetime. ~· .. •I 

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' :·t ~: .. ~ :~ ·. Among the devices used for conducting such reconnaissance, rccc1v1ng 

devices of three types al.Ac most widely distributed: one-channel broad-band 

receivers, rr.ulti-channel receivers~ and retunablc (scanning) re~~ivers. . .. . . ReceiveiAs of tho first type have the capability of faithtully l"eprpducing-.. '. .'.. · 

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the information in the signal bcfng :received.'; However~ they have a lo~. ~:'··i:::y .·· - •'II[,..: ,. - _.., d l "!.A ' i"' <;°'» • I ;. : " .: ·:.·· ·:' • .... '/, ' ,. :~ I ' ' ' ' , ~ •·• • ' ~ •••. ' SC.;Sl. ;..,;,,Vl. i.Y an a OW .. CSO .. U i.lOnG .,: · , , , .... :., ,: ..... ;;.:; .. _."" ,:_,; · " . r·.: ,. \.: 

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l'-iul tichannel ii:itercept receivers have greater sens i ti vi ty and a 

higher resolution> but the cycle required for processing the signal in 

them rcq~ires considerable time~ which reduces their efficiency as a 

source of intelligence. , 

!ho scannin;.:: :i;ocoivcr has tho bo5t sonsitivityp but also n limited 

rate of processing tho signal received. 1"·Iac1·00.sos in tho scanning l.'ato 

and, .consequently~ in the processing of tho signal, may be achieved only 

by means of reducing sensitivity. . . 

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Radio and electronic reconnaissance in the USAF is not merely collected 

b~ aircraft violating the airspace of other states. It is accomplished re-· 

gularly by US aircraft making flithts along the boundaries of tho soviet · Union and the countries of tha socialist camp. In the US press it is af• 

ffrr1,c.d tha1: a RB-47 aircraft» supplied Hi'..:h tho appropn .. ate equipment, 

apparently may, without violating the boundaries, detect tho operation and 

position of radar sets located at a distance of 300-320 km from the frontier 

and determine their characteristics fxom an altitude of about 12,000 m. 

For purposes of discovering tho general radar detection system, reconnaissance aircraft use special tactical methods. While proceeding along 

tho frontier, they su<l4enly change their course and proceed directly toward 

the frontier) creating_ an impression that 'they a1·e going to violate it. 

This method is calculated, ·obviously" to cause the possible switching on 

o:Z additional or spare radar sets, 1·;hich pr0viously wore not operating. 

Tnc crews of electronic :rcconnaissan(;o ah·cx:aft may also intercept secret 

radio communications data. Since mapy rocket systems ar6 controlled by radio, 

c:hcy have the opportunity of detecting tho launc.:hing of ··rockets 9 and also 

intercepting signals of preparatory operations preceding the launching. An 

analysis of these signals,· in the opinion of US specialists, makes it possible 

~o establish certain data concerning the design of the rocket and to ascertain whether it is a research va1·iation or whethe:c the launching of a military. 

rocket is being prepared. ' · \ 

As "" a :cule~ an aircraft intended for conducting electronic reconnaissance has on board. a whole complex of r;:;.dio and ra<liotcchnical equipment~ 

including sensitive radio intelligence receivers, operating bo~h in a 

narrow band of frequencies and in a wide ban~, analyzing ~ppar~tus, and 

devices for recording the infor.~a~ion on magnetic tape • 

TI1e analysis and processing 0£ data is performed on board the reconnaissance aircraft~ whi,ch' is, in essence, a flying laboratory. Since the 

volume of work performed by the crew- is very grc.at (because of the ever. inc::casing quantity of radio an<l radar inst ... llations), the number of the crew.· 

ab oar~ elc.~tronic. rcconnai~sa~co airci·'?'ft~ as a rule~ i~ ~ncr~as~d, .and 

cxporiencca tcchm.cal specialists 1 are. includ~d. . , ;~· ·'.·:: .·: :: : " · ·. ;. ·}, .· :;., ..... . ; 

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For concluctinr, electronic :i.-econnaiss::mcep special 'artificial earth 

satellites arc also used. It is known that the ferret satellite was . developed in the USA. for this purpose. · Ai::cordin;; to l'cports in tho foreign . press. sensitive oloctronic and oloctro~agnotii npp~ratus is in~tallod in · · it, as well as r&corcling instruments intQndcd for taking bearings of radar 

and ::adio signals and establishing their par<lmctcrs, 'including instruments 

£or recording special control and command signals transmitted at rocket 

test areas in the launching and control of ~ho flight of ballistic rockets. 

Tilere arc also reports that tho electronic appar~tus for s~tcllitcs ~f the 

"l!crret ... type was also installed and tested in tho so-called research satel .. li';cs of the Discoverer type.; · . ' 

Since existing apparatus for electronic reconnaissance has a great 

number of SDOrtcomings re~ucing its effectiveness~ designers arc continuing 

work to improvement. In particular, intensive development of new rcco~­

naissancc receivers with frequency discriminators, with pulse compression 

of the clcctro~ic intelligence dcviceD and with coding of the carrier frequency is in progress. ' 

Rccdvcrs with frequc;1cy discriminators of tho WHIP type> according 

to US spccialists 9 should provide a 100-pcrcent probability of detecting 

sign;:i.ls a:r.d determining their frequency in a wido spect:cum. A receiver 

with pulse compression is intended for use in those cases in which sir.iultaneous provision of a high resolution and a high sea~ rate is necessary. 

A :::-cccivcr with car:ric:..· frequency coding of the type used ~n the "Pirate" 

reconnaissance system is intended for detecting new clectr-0nic reconnaissance stations and has a direction-finder device. In thc;US press the dcvcloprncn: of a method of electronic intelligence making it possible to do- :;~:..~i:!ine the technical. data of a radar set with an accuracy of up to .l pe:tc~nt1 and the direction to it within o.s 0 0 has also been reported. 

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Aerial reconnaissance by means of infrared 3.ppo.ratus ~-..which i1as a., high 

degree of resistance to countermeasures and wnich makes it possible .to obtain. 

information very rapidly and to recognize targets from the spectral distribution oi their radiation, is acquiring an ever greater significance~ In 

tactical and strategic air forces P such reconnaissance is conduct,ed for the 

purpose of obtaining information c~ncerning -i::hc. redeployment of ·t'roops and 

equipment on the field of battle in night conditions, detection and recognition of l~rge industrial centers, citics 4 etc. · 

Infrared reconnaissance may be successfuily applied at any tim6 of tho 

day; however, it ~s most effective to use it at night, when the reflection.of 

tne sun's heat from ground objects is lacking. By means of modern .infrared 

reconnaissance ·apparatus) it has become possible to obtain i~ages of the sec• 

~ion of the terrain being reconnoitred, with a resol~tion of up to ~~m, at 

a fligh-;: altitude of 1~.,000 m. By 1970 the USA plans .to develop an infrared 

apparatus J!:Covidi.ng fot lob~ai'ni,ng an in:age ~ith a rcsolut~on of 27 I!\ .. from an 

al;;;itude of 480 km. . . ·'' · .... 

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. In recent yca:rs infrared appnra tus "instt'J.lled in a:ct ficial eJrth 

satellites has been used for detecting tho launching of ntorcontinental 

bo.llistic missiles. rn the USA~ in· particular~ tho special reconnaissance 

s.:i.-::dlitc "~lidas" has been developed. Its infrared scanning mirror-lens 

system is apparently capable of detecting tho moment of launching of n rocket ~md tcntati,vcly <lotormining t}H:: di;rection of its flight from tho radi(' .... ; 

tion of the flame from the rocket enginc~in tho powered section of its traj cctoq. These data can be transmitted by moans of telemetric apparatus to 

ground receiving stations for processing. · 

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In the US press it has been indicated that in 1963> by means of the ~:~<l3s so.tclli tc, the US succcc<lccl i:1 detecting the lau:r.chings ·of Atlas 

a;;J Ti ::in rockets opcxa ting o:.:1 liquid propcllan-ts ~ and also the launchings 

of ~·lir.utcman rockets using solid propellants. However, ·in spite of certain· 

successes, it has been established that the practical reliability of timely 

detection of rocket launchings by "Midas'' satellites is very low. Tnc cost: 

of the planned system of these satellites, according to estimates, exceeds 

2 or 3 billion do~larsp and annual expenses for its operation 1voul<l amount 

to not less than 100 million dollars. Considering this, th~ US Defense · 

Department has decided to dispense with the initial plan for the developmcn t. of a system of "Midas" satellites. 

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Airborne radiation monitoring has g::cat siznificance in modern· conditions. It is called upon to solve very·impo:ctant tasks in ascertaining the' 

level of development of .nuclear weapons that has been reached and the nature 

of cx;;e;:ililcntal wor:, in this field. By means of modern :cadiation moni taring 

~pparatus~ it is possible to determine with idequatc accuracy, the nature · ... 

and power of nuclea.:r devices exploded at a. [];reat distanc0"1

• Fo:c these pur• ·:: .: .. :: '\:;: .. · 

poses" hig:11y scasi ti ve app:iratus is insto.11 ed 'in special· reconnaissance ~- ') '::' i,.'. '.' : ' 

ai:-craft a:-ld drifting high-al ti tu<le balloons~· which mako it possible to : · · .. · 

dctec~ nuclear explosions and determine their type and the power of the .' nuclear charge. 

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For the detection of nuclear explosions· in space, special artificial · ·.: 

eart~ satellites are used. In the USA a satellite called the Vela Hotel 

has 'uecn developed for these fJUrposes. Accotding to calculations the apparz.-::us inst.allcd in it will be able toclotcct a nuclear burst with a power 

of 10 kilo1::ons at a distance of t.:p to l.S0;.000,000 km from the eatth. ·rn 

1963 two sz.tellites of the Vela Eot\u.l type were launched in the. USA, first ' 

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being placed in an elliptical orbit; an<l then placed in a circular orbit, with 

e:.n altitt.:dc of about lOOJOOO km. American specialists consider that for the· 

ccvelopment of a reliabl.c system for tho detection of nuclear bursts in dis.. . ':.:. : .. : 

tant space it is necessary to have 4 to 6 such satellites permanently in . " 

oro1-:. ... . ....... . -· '. 

T'nc ;:;.chievcments of conter.1pora::y science every day expand :thc:·technical 

capaoilities of air and space reconnaissa~cc devices, and the circle of their 

~asks is constantly expanding. As practic~ demonstrates, aerial rqconnaissance, 

and especially space reconnaiss'anco~ is C<:1pable of .solvi.ng a whole number of • ' , • . ~' ' • ' •I ' • : ' • :\ 

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t::.sks provi<linr, tho cl · nts of surprise in; attack wit' e r,rc::i.tcst success. It is possible; therefore; that the Unite(l States of /u:ie:rica, together with its. traditional forms of intelligence, is devoting mq:rc and more 

::.ttcntion to the development of space <lcvices. Suffice it to s::i.)' that out 

of 150-160 US a:rtifici::i.l earth satclli tcs v1hich .arc to be rerr.iancntly loc~tcd in orbit, up to 80-90 are bein~ lD.unchc<l according to programs of 

r:1ilita:ry dcsigtl'ation, including 20-25 ·spccfally for intelligence purposes. 

Also, $cicntific-1·cse::i.rch launchings of artificial satclli tes and spaceships··.::';. 

in t}1c USA are closely connected with r1\ili ta1·y purposes and aro considcre<l · · 

::i.s reconnoitring the future field of battle. Xt is well known that <luring 

the iligl1t of the Gemini 5 sp::i.ceship at the end of August 1~65, the US astronauts, 

~cco:.:Jing to a program from the Department 'of Def ensc of the US/\, ri1adc a numbo:i: 

of cxpcTimcnts of o.~. intelligence :r.ll.turo: they observed targets at sea an<l 

on the ground, photographed the relief of the earth's surface, cities, ships~ 

highways, and lakes. T}1.c crew of the ship also detected two out of three 

launchings of Minuteman rockets that were ma<le specially fcir the purpose. 

Tne use of: a large quantity of diverse devices, operating in various 

regions, for air and space reconnaissance has led to a sharp inc:rcise in 

the flow of infoxmation a'.l.·riving at the intelligence centers. The processing and study 0£ this data and dissemination to the interested consurac:rs is . 

a ve:ry laborconsuming processp :rcqu:i.:ring g:pcat expenditures of time. Na .. 

turally, this causes ihtclligence <l~t~ to become obsolescent. 

The difficulties that have a:rLcr. arc being overcome by means .of using :.,~<'" 

automation devices for collecting, ~roccssini, ge~eralizing, and pre~cnting intelligence information. At the present ti'mc, technical devices and 

automated sys;ems have already been developed ~hat provfdc for collection, 

p:;:-imary processing of arriving information, its classification, stoxage; 

and rapid transr.iission to the troops and headquarters. Tiie most complex 

task was the automation of the process of recognizing targets in television 

and photographic images. But e~en in this field 4efinitc progress has been 

made. Tnc level of the development of science an<l engineering achieved 

have made it possible to create experimental cybcrnct:i:-c machines which read \ 

and r:iake a prclimina::..~y analysis of simple intelligence photographs and ·celc- ·' 

visic;m ir.:agcs. One of the r.-.achines of this type (tho Conflex l system, USA). 

can recognize 48 diffcrcn~ classes of images and up to 100 variations within 

the limits of each class. ~ 

In conclusionD we should note that an important condition .of tho e:ffic- . _,.- ·. 

iency of air ar.d space :reconnaissance is its constant mutual connection with : ·. :· . 

wea:rons. The closer this connectio~ is~ ·chc. greater the oppo:rtuni tics arc . .;·: · ·" ·.· · 

o.vailablc for a maximum :."eduction of tho time betvJeen detection of the tar- ;-: ... ' 

cc"C and an at'.::ack on ite And with a reduction in this timei it will be.mo1Ae. 

difficult £or tho enemy. ·co escape attack~·. Tnc reconnaissance devices,· afto:i:-

~he ~arget'is destroyed~· ca~.be diverted to carry·out other missions. · 

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