1 All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code,

and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice

and Procedure. 

 T.C. Memo. 2008-87

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

MICHAEL A. AND MARY PETTIT, Petitioners v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 23666-05. Filed April 7, 2008.

Richard B. Tomlinson, for petitioners.

Bryan E. Sladek, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

VASQUEZ, Judge: Respondent determined a $20,300 deficiency

in and a $4,060 section 6662(a) penalty on petitioners’ 2003

Federal income tax.1 The issues for decision are (1) whether

$75,749 petitioner Michael A. Pettit received in connection with
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the settlement of a lawsuit is excludable from gross income for

2003 pursuant to section 104(a)(2), and (2) whether petitioners

are liable for the section 6662(a) penalty for 2003. 

FINDINGS OF FACT

None of the facts, but all of the exhibits, have been

stipulated, and the exhibits are incorporated herein by this

reference. At the time the petition was filed, petitioners

resided in Michigan. 

Before March 5, 2002, Michael A. Pettit (petitioner) was

employed by Electronic Data Systems Corp. (EDS) as a facilities

project coordinator. On March 5, 2002, EDS terminated petitioner

as part of a workforce reduction. Petitioner’s supervisor at EDS

informed petitioner that he was selected for termination on the

basis of his age and pay. At the time of his termination,

petitioner was approximately 47 years old. EDS replaced

petitioner with a facilities project coordinator who was younger

than petitioner. 

Petitioner filed an age discrimination lawsuit, pursuant to

Michigan law, against EDS. The case eventually went to trial in

the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan

(lawsuit). In the lawsuit, petitioner set forth a claim alleging

physical injuries, emotional distress, and family problems

arising out of his termination from EDS. 
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The lawsuit went to trial in September 2003. However, after

3-1/2 days of trial, the parties settled the case by executing a

“Settlement Agreement and Release” (settlement agreement). The

settlement agreement provided that petitioner “presented evidence

of serious emotional distress during trial” of the lawsuit. 

Pursuant to the settlement agreement, EDS agreed to pay

petitioner $240,000. EDS paid petitioner $120,000 in 2003

($120,000 payment). The settlement agreement provides that the

$120,000 payment

is to be apportioned as follows: Of the first payment

of One Hundred Twenty Thousand Dollars ($120,000),

Forty Four Thousand Two Hundred and Fifty Dollars and

sixteen [sic] ($44,250.12) shall be attributed to lost

wages and shall be tendered in a check which will be

issued as a payroll check with applicable withholding

on which an IRS Form W-2 will be issued; the remaining

Seventy Five Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty Nine

Dollars and Eighty Eight cents ($75,749.88) of the

first payment and the entire second payment of One

Hundred and Twenty Thousand Dollars ($120,000.00) shall

be attributed to emotional distress, pain & suffering

and other non-wage damages and an IRS Form 1099 shall

be issued.

Petitioner’s annual salary at EDS was $59,000. In the settlement

agreement, petitioner and EDS agreed to, and calculated, the

allocation of $44,250.12 to lost wages to reflect the amount of

salary petitioner would have earned if he had not been terminated

and had remained employed with EDS until December 31, 2002. 

In return for the money EDS paid petitioner pursuant to the

settlement agreement, petitioner agreed to the following:
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SECOND: Complete Release and Dismissal of Lawsuit

(With Prejudice).

* * * * * * *

In return for the consideration set forth above, Pettit

agrees to release EDS * * * from all claims or demands

Pettit may have against EDS, including, but not limited

to, any claims related to Pettit’s employment with EDS

or separation from that employment and any claims for

attorneys fees and costs. This includes, without

limitation, a release of any rights or claims asserted

by Pettit in the lawsuit styled Pettit v. Electronic

Data Systems, Inc., Case No. 02-CV-74357, which is

currently pending before the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, Southern

Division. * * * This release also includes, without

limitation, a release by Pettit of any related or

unrelated wrongful discharge claims, contractual

claims, tort claims or any other actions. This release

covers both claims that Pettit knows about and those he

may not know about.

* * * * * * *

FOURTH: No Future Lawsuits.

Pettit promises never to file a lawsuit, demand,

action or otherwise assert any claims that are released

in the Second Paragraph of this Agreement * * *. 

* * * * * * *

THIRTEENTH: Entire Agreement

For the purpose of implementing a full and

complete release and discharge of claims, Pettit

expressly acknowledges this Agreement is intended to

include in its effect, without limitation, all the

claims described in the preceding paragraphs, whether

known or unknown, suspected or unsuspected, and that

this Agreement contemplates the extinction of all such

claims, including claims for attorneys’ fees. Pettit

expressly waives any right to assert after the

execution of this Agreement that any such claim,

demand, obligation, or cause of action has, through

ignorance, oversight, or for any other reason, been

omitted from the scope of this Agreement.
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This is the entire agreement between Pettit and

EDS, and supersedes and prevails over all other prior

agreements, understandings or representations by or

between the parties, whether oral or written. This

Agreement may not be modified or amended, and there

shall be no waiver of its provisions, except by a

written instrument executed by Pettit and a corporate

officer of EDS. EDS has made no promises to Pettit

other than those in this Agreement.

The accounting firm of Belger and Associates prepared

petitioners’ 2003 joint Federal income tax return. On

petitioners’ timely filed 2003 return, petitioners reported

$44,250 of the $120,000 payment as wages. Petitioners did not

include $75,750 of the $120,000 payment as other income. 

Instead, on “Statement 1 - Form 1040, Line 21 - Other Income”,

petitioners calculated their other income as follows: 

 Description Amount

Debt canceled $2,887

Debt canceled 1,759

Settlement 75,750

Nontaxable sec. 104 (75,750)

 Total 4,646 

The disclosure on their 2003 return reflected petitioners’

understanding that the $75,750 of the $120,000 payment was not

taxable (i.e., it was excludable under section 104). 
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2 We note that although petitioners round up the $75,749.88

to $75,750 on their 2003 return, in the statutory notice of

deficiency respondent rounded down the $75,749.88 to $75,749. 

This accounts for the $1 difference. 

Respondent determined that the amount of petitioners’ other

income on their 2003 return should be increased by $75,749

because this amount was not excludable from income.2 Respondent

also determined a section 6662 penalty for 2003. 

OPINION

I. Burden of Proof

Generally, the taxpayer bears the burden of proving the

Commissioner’s deficiency determinations incorrect. Rule 142(a);

Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Petitioners have

neither claimed nor shown that they satisfied the requirements of

section 7491(a) to shift the burden of proof to respondent. 

Accordingly, petitioners bear the burden of proof. See Rule

142(a).

II. Deficiency

It is well established that, pursuant to section 61(a),

gross income includes all income from whatever source derived

unless otherwise excluded by the Internal Revenue Code. See

Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426, 429-431 (1955).

Exclusions from gross income are construed narrowly. 

Commissioner v. Schleier, 515 U.S. 323, 327-328 (1995).
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The Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 (SBJPA), Pub.

L. 104-188, sec. 1605, 110 Stat. 1838, amended section 104, as

relevant here, to provide:

SEC. 104. COMPENSATION FOR INJURIES OR SICKNESS.

(a) In General.--Except in the case of amounts

attributable to (and not in excess of) deductions 

 allowed under section 213 (relating to medical, etc.,

 expenses) for any prior taxable year, gross income does 

 not include--

* * * * * * *

 (2) the amount of any damages (other than 

 punitive damages) received (whether by suit or 

 agreement and whether as lump sums or as periodic 

 payments) on account of personal physical injuries 

 or physical sickness;

* * * * * * *

* * * For purposes of paragraph (2), emotional distress

shall not be treated as a physical injury or physical

sickness. The preceding sentence shall not apply to an

amount of damages not in excess of the amount paid for

medical care (described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of

section 213(d)(1)) attributable to emotional distress.

“[T]he term emotional distress includes symptoms (e.g., insomnia,

headaches, stomach disorders) which may result from such

emotional distress.” H. Conf. Rept. 104-737, at 301 n.56 (1996),

1996-3 C.B. 741, 1041. Section 104 as amended by the SBJPA

generally is effective for amounts received after August 20,

1996. SBJPA sec. 1605(d), 110 Stat. 1839. 

“Damages received” means amounts received “through

prosecution of a legal suit or action based upon tort or tort

type rights, or through a settlement agreement entered into in
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lieu of such prosecution.” Sec. 1.104-1(c), Income Tax Regs. In

evaluating whether amounts received pursuant to a settlement

agreement are excludable from income pursuant to section

104(a)(2), we look to the written terms of the settlement

agreement to determine the origin and allocation of the

settlement proceeds. See Metzger v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 834

(1987), affd. without published opinion 845 F.2d 1013 (3d Cir.

1988); Jacobs v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2000-59, affd. sub nom.

Connelly v. Commissioner, 22 Fed. Appx. 967 (10th Cir. 2001).

Petitioner and EDS entered into a written settlement

agreement. Petitioner testified that he was paid $75,749.88 of

the $120,000 payment for “emotional distress, pain and

suffering”. Petitioner testified that the “pain and suffering”

consisted of irritable bowel syndrome (a digestive problem) and

headaches. 

The term “emotional distress” includes symptoms such as

insomnia, headaches, and stomach disorders which may result from

such emotional distress. Congress amended section 104(a)(2) to

specifically address the issue of whether damages for emotional

distress are excluded from gross income and determined that such

damages generally are not excludable from income.
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3 We note that the pleadings setting forth petitioner’s

claims in the lawsuit were not offered as evidence. 

The settlement agreement states that petitioner filed a

lawsuit alleging physical injuries, emotional distress, and

family problems arising out of EDS’s termination.3

Additionally, the settlement agreement explicitly states that

petitioner “presented evidence of serious emotional distress

during the trial”, and it does not contain language indicating

that petitioner presented any evidence of physical injuries or

physical sickness.

Section 104 as amended by the SBJPA requires not only that

damages compensate for personal injury, but also that the injury

be physical. The settlement agreement makes no allusion to

compensation for a physical injury or physical sickness. There

is no apportionment of any of the settlement proceeds to a

physical injury or physical sickness. The settlement agreement

divides the $240,000 into two portions. One portion of the

$120,000 payment is allocable to wages, and the remainder of the

$120,000 payment and the entire second payment (which also

totaled $120,000) are allocable to emotional distress, leaving

no residue susceptible of attribution to physical injury (or to

anything else). This omission and the affirmative language of

the settlement agreement further support the conclusion that

petitioner’s damage award does not qualify for the section
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104(a)(2) exclusion. See Seidel v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2007-45. Accordingly, we sustain respondent’s deficiency

determination.

III. Section 6662 Penalty

A. Burden of Production: Section 7491(c)

Section 7491(c) provides that the Commissioner will bear

the burden of production with respect to the liability of any

individual for additions to tax and penalties. “The

Commissioner’s burden of production under section 7491(c) is to

produce evidence that it is appropriate to impose the relevant

penalty, addition to tax, or additional amount”. Swain v.

Commissioner, 118 T.C. 358, 363 (2002); see also Higbee v.

Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 446 (2001). The Commissioner,

however, does not have the obligation to introduce evidence

regarding reasonable cause or substantial authority. Higbee v.

Commissioner, supra at 446-447. 

B. Section 6662

Respondent determined that petitioners are liable for the

section 6662 penalty for 2003. Pursuant to section 6662(a), a

taxpayer may be liable for a penalty of 20 percent on the

portion of an underpayment of tax due to negligence or disregard

of rules or regulations or a substantial understatement of

income tax. Sec. 6662(b)(1) and (2). An “understatement” is

the difference between the amount of tax required to be shown on
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the return and the amount of tax actually shown on the return. 

Sec. 6662(d)(2)(A). A “substantial understatement” exists if

the understatement exceeds the greater of (1) 10 percent of the

tax required to be shown on the return for a taxable year or (2)

$5,000. See sec. 6662(d)(1)(A). Respondent met his burden of

production as there was a substantial understatement of income

tax.

The accuracy-related penalty is not imposed with respect to

any portion of the underpayment as to which the taxpayer acted

with reasonable cause and in good faith. Sec. 6664(c)(1). The

decision as to whether the taxpayer acted with reasonable cause

and in good faith depends upon all the pertinent facts and

circumstances. Sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax Regs. Relevant

factors include the taxpayer’s efforts to assess his proper tax

liability, including the taxpayer’s reasonable and good faith

reliance on the advice of a professional. See id.

The record establishes that petitioners acted with

reasonable cause and in good faith. Petitioners reasonably and

in good faith relied on their return preparer. Petitioners

disclosed $75,750 of the $120,000 payment and their basis for

excluding this amount from income on their 2003 return. 

Accordingly, we conclude that petitioners had reasonable cause

and acted in good faith as to any underpayment for 2003. 
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Therefore, we hold that petitioners are not liable for the

penalty pursuant to section 6662(a).

IV. Conclusion

In reaching our holdings herein, we have considered all

arguments made by the parties, and to the extent not mentioned

above, we find them to be irrelevant or without merit.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered

under Rule 155.