# Patent

## Title
Systems and methods for synthesizing high resolution images using image deconvolution based on motion and depth information

## Abstract

Systems and methods for synthesizing high resolution images using image deconvolution and depth information in accordance embodiments of the invention are disclosed. In one embodiment, an array camera includes a processor and a memory, wherein an image deconvolution application configures the processor to obtain light field image data, determine motion data based on metadata contained in the light field image data, generate a depth-dependent point spread function based on the synthesized high resolution image, the depth map, and the motion data, measure the quality of the synthesized high resolution image based on the generated depth-dependent point spread function, and when the measured quality of the synthesized high resolution image is within a quality threshold, incorporate the synthesized high resolution image into the light field image data.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The current application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/788,078, filed Mar. 15, 2013, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to systems and methods for image deconvolution and more specifically to synthesizing high resolution images using image deconvolution processes.
BACKGROUND
Imaging devices, such as cameras, can be used to capture images of portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as the visible light spectrum, incident upon an image sensor. For ease of discussion, the term light is generically used to cover radiation across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. In a typical imaging device, light enters through an opening (aperture) at one end of the imaging device and is directed to an image sensor by one or more optical elements such as lenses. The image sensor includes pixels or sensor elements that generate signals upon receiving light via the optical element. Commonly used image sensors include charge-coupled device (CCDs) sensors and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors. Each pixel in an image sensor is capable of capturing light and converting the captured light into electrical signals. In order to separate the colors of light and capture a color image, a Bayer filter is often placed over the image sensor, filtering the incoming light into its red, blue, and green (RGB) components that are then captured by the image sensor. The RGB signal captured by the image sensor using a Bayer filter can then be processed and a color image can be created.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Systems and methods for synthesizing high resolution images using image deconvolution and depth information in accordance embodiments of the invention are disclosed. In one embodiment, an array camera includes a processor and a memory connected to the processor and configured to store an image deconvolution application, wherein the image deconvolution application configures the processor to obtain light field image data, where the light field image data includes a synthesized high resolution image having a plurality of pixels, a depth map, and metadata describing the motion associated with a capturing device that captured the light field image data, determine motion data based on the metadata contained in the light field image data, generate a depth-dependent point spread function based on the synthesized high resolution image, the depth map, and the motion data, where the depth-dependent point spread function describes the blurriness of points within the synthesized high resolution image based on the motion of the capturing device and the depth of the pixels described in the depth map, measure the quality of the synthesized high resolution image based on the generated depth-dependent point spread function, when the measured quality of the synthesized high resolution image is within a quality threshold, incorporate the synthesized high resolution image into the light field image data, and when the measured quality of the synthesized high resolution image is outside the quality threshold, determine updated motion data based on the measured quality and the depth-dependent point spread function, generate an updated depth-dependent point spread function based on the updated motion data, and synthesize a new high resolution image based on the updated depth-dependent point spread function.
In an additional embodiment of the invention, the array camera further includes an array camera module including an imager array having multiple focal planes and an optics array configured to form images through separate apertures on each of the focal planes, wherein the array camera module is configured to communicate with the processor, and wherein the obtained light field image data includes image data captured by the imager array.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a system diagram of an array camera including a 5×5 imager array with storage hardware connected with a processor in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an image deconvolution device configured to perform image deconvolution processes on synthesized images in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a process for blind image deconvolution of a synthesized image using depth information in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a process for image deconvolution of a synthesized image using estimated camera motion in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a process for image deconvolution of a synthesized image using measured camera motion in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a process for determining an a priori rigid motion transformation of an imager array in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a process for generating a depth-dependent point spread function in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Turning now to the drawings, systems and methods for performing image deconvolution processes utilizing depth information in accordance with embodiments of the invention are illustrated. Array cameras, such as those described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/935,504, entitled “Capturing and Processing of Images using Monolithic Camera Array with Heterogeneous Imagers” to Venkataraman et al., can be utilized to capture light fields and store the captured light fields. In a variety of embodiments, a light field is captured by obtaining image data forming a two dimensional array of image data of a scene captured from multiple viewpoints. In accordance with many embodiments of the invention, images, including high resolution images, may be synthesized from image data captured by an appropriately configured array camera using a super-resolution process. Systems and methods for performing super-resolution processing on image data captured by an array camera in accordance with embodiments of the invention are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/967,807 entitled “System and Methods for Synthesizing High Resolution Images Using Super-Resolution Processes” to Lelescu et al. In many instances, the process of synthesizing a high resolution image may result in a single image, a stereoscopic pair of images that can be used to display three dimensional (3D) information via an appropriate 3D display, and/or a variety of images from different viewpoints. The process of synthesizing high resolution images from lower resolution image data captured by an imager array in an array camera typically involves performing parallax detection and correction to reduce disparity between the images captured by each of the cameras in the array camera module. Processes for parallax detection and correction in accordance with embodiments of the invention are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/972,881 entitled “Systems and Methods for Parallax Detection and Correction in Images Captured Using Array Cameras that Contain Occlusions using Subsets of Images to Perform Depth Estimation” to Venkataraman et al. In many embodiments, processes for performing parallax detection and correction yield depth information. Therefore, processes for synthesizing high resolution images using lower resolution image data using super-resolution processes can also involve the generation of a depth map describing the depth information. The term depth map refers to metadata that describes the distance from the camera to the portion of the scene captured in the pixels (or a subset of the pixels) of an image.
Image data captured using a camera are often blurry due to the quality of the sensor, movement of the camera, hand jitter, and/or other factors affecting the quality of the captured image data. The flaws in blurry images can be further exacerbated when the blurry images are used to synthesize images using super-resolution processes, resulting in images containing flaws influencing the blurriness and quality of the synthesized image. In particular, the flaws in the captured image data affect the quality of the synthesized image depend based in part on the depth of the flaws within the synthesized image. Note that, in a variety of embodiments, the synthesized image need not be synthesized using super-resolution processes; rather any image synthesized from image data containing depth information can be affected by flaws in the captured light field due to the motion of the capturing device during the capture.
Image deconvolution devices (such as array cameras configured to via software to perform image deconvolution processes) in accordance with embodiments of the invention are configured to perform image deconvolution processes on synthesized images to improve the quality of the synthesized image by compensating for the motion of the device during the capturing of a light field from multiple viewpoints from which the image is synthesized. Image deconvolution devices are configured to perform image deconvolution processes by generating a depth-dependent (and/or motion dependent) point spread function (PSF) based on the motion of the array camera capturing the image data utilized in the synthesis of the image being deconvoluted and the depth information determined in the performance of parallax detection and correction in synthesizing the image. A depth-dependent PSF describes the sharpness and/or blurriness of points within a synthesized image based on the motion of the capturing device and the depth of the points. PSFs utilize blur kernels to describe the blur for the points within the synthesized image. A blur kernel is a function describing the sharpness (and/or blur) of the area surrounding a point within a synthesized image. The motion of the array camera can be determined using a blind motion estimation process, an ego-motion estimation of the array camera motion, and/or the motion of the array camera as measured by the array camera. Although the processes described herein are in reference to performing image deconvolution processes on entire images, it should be noted that the processes described herein can be performed on tiles or patches of images in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
The disclosures of each of U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/935,504, 12/967,807, and 13/972,881 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Although the systems and methods described are with respect to array cameras configured to both capture and process captured light fields, devices (including image deconvolution devices that are not configured to capture light fields) that are configured to obtain captured light fields captured using a different device and process the received data can be utilized in accordance with the requirements of a variety of embodiments of the invention. Additionally, any of the various systems and processes described herein can be performed in sequence, in alternative sequences, and/or in parallel (e.g. on different computing devices) in order to achieve similar results in a manner that is more appropriate to the requirements of a specific application of the invention. Systems and methods for performing image deconvolution processes on synthesized images in accordance with embodiments of the invention are described below.
Array Camera Architectures
Array cameras in accordance with many embodiments of the invention include sensors such as, but not limited to, an inertial movement sensor system or inertial measurement unit, configured to measure the motion of the array camera at the time a light field is captured. An array camera including an imager array in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. The array camera 100 includes an array camera module including an imager array 102 having multiple focal planes 104 and an optics array configured to form images through separate apertures on each of the focal planes. The imager array 102 is configured to communicate with a processor 108. In accordance with many embodiments of the invention, the processor 108 is configured to read out image data captured by the imager array 102 and synthesize images using super-resolution processes. Imager arrays including multiple focal planes are discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/106,797, entitled “Architectures for System on Chip Array Cameras” to McMahon et al., the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In the illustrated embodiment, the focal planes are configured in a 5×5 array. In other embodiments, any of a variety of array configurations can be utilized including linear arrays and subsets of the array. Each focal plane 104 of the imager array is capable of capturing image data from an image of the scene formed through a distinct aperture. Typically, each focal plane includes a plurality of rows of pixels that also forms a plurality of columns of pixels, and each focal plane is contained within a region of the imager that does not contain pixels from another focal plane. The pixels or sensor elements utilized in the focal planes can be individual light sensing elements such as, but not limited to, traditional CIS (CMOS Image Sensor) pixels, CCD (charge-coupled device) pixels, high dynamic range sensor elements, multispectral sensor elements and/or any other structure configured to generate an electrical signal indicative of light (e.g. any electromagnetic signal) incident on the structure. In many embodiments, the sensor elements of each focal plane have similar physical properties and receive light via the same optical channel and color filter (where present). In other embodiments, the sensor elements have different characteristics and, in many instances, the characteristics of the sensor elements are related to the color filter applied to each sensor element. In a variety of embodiments, a Bayer filter pattern of light filters can be applied to one or more of the focal planes 104. Similarly, the sensor elements can be configured to capture information from non-visible light sources, such as infrared as appropriate to the specific requirements of embodiments of the invention.
In a variety of embodiments, the processor 108 is connected to an inertial movement sensor system 110 that is configured to capture motion information related to the rotation and/or translation of the array camera. A variety of inertial measurement sensors can be utilized in accordance with a number of embodiments of the invention including, but not limited to, gyroscopes and microelectromechanical system (MEMS) accelerometers. In several embodiments, the inertial movement sensor system 110 is configured to measure the rotation and/or translation of the imager array 102. In many embodiments, measuring the rotation and/or translation of the imager array 102 involves measuring the rotation and/or translation of the focal planes 104. In a number of embodiments, the inertial movement sensor 110 is integrated into or connected to the imager array 102 and the processor 108 is configured to receive the rotation and/or translation information from the imager array 102. In order to calibrate the inertial movement sensor system 110 to the imager array 102 (and/or focal planes 104), an a priori rigid motion transformation is determined that calibrates the motion data determined using the inertial movement sensor 110 to the movement of the imager array 102. Processes for determining an a priori rigid motion transformation in accordance with embodiments of the invention are discussed below.
In several embodiments, information captured by one or more focal planes 104 is read out of the imager array 102 as packets of image data. In several embodiments, a packet of image data contains one or more pixels from a row of pixels captured from each of one or more of the focal planes 104. Packets of image data may contain other groupings of captured pixels, such as one or more pixels captured from a column of pixels in each of one or more focal planes and/or a random sampling of pixels. Systems and methods for reading out image data from array cameras that can be utilized in array cameras configured in accordance with embodiments of the invention are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,305,456 entitled “Systems and Methods for Transmitting and Receiving Array Camera Image Data” to McMahon, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
In a number of embodiments, the captured packets of image data are associated with an image packet timestamp. In many embodiments, inertial movement data captured using the inertial movement sensor system 110 is associated with an inertial movement measurement timestamp. In several embodiments, the processor 108 associates one or more packets of image data with inertial movement measurement data based upon the image packet timestamp(s) and the inertial movement measurement timestamp. In several embodiments, there is a delay in the capture between the first pixel captured by the focal plane 104 and the last pixel captured. As is discussed further below, image deconvolution processes in accordance with embodiments of the invention utilize the timestamps associated with the image data and the inertial measurement data to accommodate variations in motion during the period in time in which image data utilized in synthesizing a high resolution image is captured.
Array cameras are configured to create a light field image data file containing a synthesized high resolution image and metadata generated using the captured light field image data. One such file format is the JPEG-DX extension to ISO/IEC 10918-1 described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/631,731, titled “Systems and Methods for Encoding Light Field Image Files” to Venkataraman et al, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The metadata can include a variety of data captured and/or generated by the array camera, including, but not limited to, the generated depth information, the timestamp information, and/or motion data describing the motion of the array camera during the capture of the image data.
Although a specific array camera utilized in array camera configured to perform image deconvolution processes is illustrated in FIG. 1, alternative architectures can also be utilized as appropriate to the requirements of specific applications in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Systems and methods for synthesizing high resolution images using image deconvolution processes in accordance with embodiments of the invention are discussed below.
Image Deconvolution Devices
A variety of devices can be configured to synthesize high resolution images using captured light fields and image deconvolution processes, including array cameras and other devices that are not capable of capturing image data using an imager array. A diagram of an image deconvolution device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 2. The image deconvolution device 200 contains a processor 210 capable of being configured via software (e.g. an image deconvolution application) to load and manipulate light field image data files. In many embodiments of the invention, the processor 210 is connected to an imager array 220 capable of capturing light fields. In a variety of embodiments, the imager array 220 is configured to capture light field image data utilizing processes similar to those described above.
In many embodiments, the processor 210 is connected to a display 212 capable of displaying two dimensional images synthesized using a captured light field. In several embodiments, the display 212 is capable of displaying three dimensional images. In a number of embodiments, the processor 210 is connected to a user interface 214, such as a touchscreen interface, a pointing device, and/or a keyboard. In many embodiments, the user interface 214 can be a camera or array camera capable of tracking user movements. In several embodiments, the processor 210 is connected to a storage device 216. The storage device 216 is capable of storing light field image data files and synthesized images and delivering the stored data to the processor 210 for manipulation. In a number of embodiments, the processor 210 is connected to a network interface 218 capable of communication via a network. The network communication involves receiving and transmitting light field image data files and/or synthesized images, where the light field image data files and/or synthesized images can be stored in storage device 216 (if present) or can be loaded directly into the processor 210.
In several embodiments, the processor 210 is configured to synthesize images using image data captured using the imager array utilizing super-resolution processes as described above. The processor 210 can perform image deconvolution processes on the synthesized images (or any other images including depth information) using a depth-dependent point spread function (PSF) determined using motion and depth information. The processor 210 can determine the motion information using a variety of processes, including, but not limited to, blind motion estimation, ego-motion estimation, or using measured motion information contained in metadata in the light field image data files. Processes for determining depth-dependent point spread functions and measuring the motion of an array camera are described in detail below. In a number of embodiments, input received from the user interface 214 can be utilized in the image deconvolution process.
Although a specific example of an array camera configured to perform image deconvolution processes is described above with respect to FIG. 2, any device capable performing image deconvolution processes on images having depth information can be used in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Processes for image deconvolution of synthesized images in accordance with embodiments of the invention are discussed below.
Blind Image Deconvolution
In order to create a sharp image, image deconvolution devices are configured to perform image deconvolution processes on images having depth information. However, many images do not have information regarding the motion of the capturing device. Image deconvolution devices in accordance with embodiments of the invention are configured to perform a blind estimation of the motion of the capturing device utilized in the image deconvolution process. A process for performing blind image deconvolution in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 3. The process 300 includes obtaining (310) light field image data. An image is synthesized (312). A depth-dependent point spread function is generated (314) and image deconvolution is performed (316) on the synthesized image. If the quality of the synthesized image is within (318) a threshold value, the process completes. If the quality of the synthesized image is not within (318) the threshold, the motion estimation is adjusted (320) and a new depth-dependent point spread function is generated (314).
In a variety of embodiments, the light field image data is obtained (310) directly from an array camera utilizing processes similar to those described above. In a number of embodiments, the light field image data is obtained (310) from a light field image data file. In several embodiments, the synthesized (312) image is contained in the light field image data. In many embodiments, an image is synthesized (312) using the light field image data. The synthesized (312) image contains metadata, where the metadata includes a depth map describing depth information related to the points within the synthesized image. A depth-dependent PSF is generated (314) using the depth map and a motion estimation. Processes for generating depth-dependent PSF in accordance with embodiments of the invention are discussed below. The camera motion estimation can be any predefined value (including no motion at all) as appropriate to the requirements of a specific application in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Image deconvolution is performed (316) using the depth-dependent PSF and the quality of the resulting image is analyzed. If the quality of the image is within (318) a quality threshold, the image is considered of sufficient quality and the process 300 completes. The quality threshold can be dependent on any visual properties of the image as appropriate to the requirements of a specific application in accordance with embodiments of the invention, including the sharpness of the image. The quality threshold can be pre-determined and/or determined dynamically. If the image quality is not within the threshold (318), the motion estimation is adjusted (320). A number of processes can be utilized to adjust (320) the motion estimation, such as gradient ascent, gradient descent, or any other iterative optimization technique as appropriate to the requirements of a specific application in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
Although a specific process for performing blind image deconvolution of synthesized images having depth information in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is described above with respect to FIG. 3, processes appropriate to the requirements of specific applications can be utilized in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Processes for performing image deconvolution using estimated and/or measured camera motion in accordance with embodiments of the invention are discussed below.
Image Deconvolution with Estimated Motion Information
A variety of image deconvolution devices are configured to estimate the motion of the camera capturing the image being deconvoluted. A process for performing image deconvolution using estimated motion information in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 4. The process 400 includes obtaining (410) light field image data. Images from multiple viewpoints are synthesized (412). Camera motion is estimated (414), a depth-dependent point spread function is generated (416), and image deconvolution is performed (418).
In several embodiments, obtaining (410) light field image data using processes similar to those described above. Synthesizing (412) images from multiple viewpoints includes performing a number of super-resolution processes using the light field image data and the associated depth map to create multiple views of the same scene. Estimating (414) camera motion is performed using ego-motion techniques in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Ego-motion techniques estimate camera motion by detecting features in a first image and matching those features to a second image. This matching process is performed using pairs of the synthesized (412) images. Based on the matching of the features, an optical flow field is generated; the optical flow field describes the estimate of the motion of the camera. Other techniques for estimating (414) camera motion can be utilized as appropriate to the requirements of a specific application in accordance with embodiments of the invention. The depth-dependent point spread function is generated (416) using the estimated camera motion and the depth map. Image deconvolution is performed (418) using processes similar to those described above.
A specific process for performing image deconvolution using estimated camera motion in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is described above with respect to FIG. 4; however, a variety of processes can be utilized in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Processes for performing image deblurring using depth information, determining the motion of array cameras, and generating point spread functions are described below.
Image Deconvolution with Measured Motion Information
Array cameras in accordance with embodiments of the invention are configured to capture motion data describing the motion of the array camera at the time image data is captured. A process for performing image deconvolution using measured motion information in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 5. The process 500 includes obtaining (510) light field image data and synthesizing (512) an image. The measured camera motion is determined (514), a depth-dependent point spread function is determined (516), and image deconvolution is performed (518).
In a number of embodiments, obtaining (510) light field image data and synthesizing (512) an image are performed utilizing processes similar to those described above. The measured camera motion is determined (514) using motion information contained in the light field image data. In many embodiments, the motion information is directly stored as metadata in the light field image data. In a variety of embodiments, the motion information is determined (514) by correlating motion information along with time information contained in the light field image data. The correlation of the motion information with the time information describes how quickly the array camera moved as packets of image data included in the light field image data were read from the focal planes in the imager array of the array camera. The determined (514) measured motion information and the depth map are utilized to generate (516) the depth-dependent point spread function. In several embodiments, image deconvolution is performed (518) utilizing processes similar to those described above.
A specific process for performing image deconvolution of light field images using depth and camera motion information in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is described above with respect to FIG. 5; however, a variety of processes can be utilized in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Processes for determining the motion of array cameras and generating point spread functions are described below.
Calibrating the Motion of an Array Camera
As discussed above, the motion of an array camera capturing image data is utilized in the deconvolution of images captured using the array camera. Many array cameras include motion sensors configured to determine the motion of the array camera as image data is captured. In order to align the motion sensor to the captured image data, an a priori rigid motion transformation is determined to calibrate the motion data captured by the sensor with the actual movement of the array camera. This a priori rigid motion transformation can be stored in a variety of manners, including as metadata associated with a captured light field, for use in later image processing. A process for determining an a priori rigid motion transformation for use in an array camera configured to perform image deconvolution processes in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 6. The process 600 includes calibrating (610) the location of an imager array contained in an array camera. The array camera is moved (612). The path of the array camera is correlated (614) with motion information obtained from an inertial measurement sensor. The a priori rigid motion transformation is determined (616).
In a number of embodiments, calibrating (610) the array camera includes performing intrinsic and extrinsic camera calibration. Systems and methods for calibrating a camera module in an array camera are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/780,748, titled “Systems and Methods for Calibration of an Array Camera” and filed Mar. 13, 2013, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In a variety of embodiments, the movement (612) of the camera can be random and/or a pre-determined path. In accordance with many embodiments of the invention, captured light fields contain a two dimensional array of two dimensional images. These two dimensional images contain a plurality of pixels, where each pixel is associated with a coordinate representing where that pixel exists in the captured light field and/or a timestamp representing the time that the pixel was captured. In many embodiments, the array camera captures one or more light fields while the array camera is moved (612). In a variety of embodiments, the path of the array camera as it is moved (612) is determined by mapping the motion of one or more pixels between the captured light fields. In several embodiments, the path of the array camera as it is moved (612) is determined using one or more pixels in a captured light field.
In a variety of embodiments, correlating (614) the motion information to the pixel motion utilizes motion timestamps associated with the captured motion information and pixel timestamps associated with the captured pixels. In a number of embodiments, determining (616) the a priori rigid motion transformation is a function that correlates (614) the motion information to the mapped pixel motion within a predefined error threshold. In many embodiments, the error threshold is dynamically determined. The a priori rigid motion transformation includes, but is not limited to, rotation information and translation information.
In several embodiments, inertial measurement sensors include, but are not limited to, gyroscopes, accelerometers, and magnetometers. In a number of embodiments, an array camera contains a plurality of inertial measurement sensors. In many embodiments, inertial measurement sensors have measurement errors and/or accumulate errors over time due to sensor noise. In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the path of the array camera can be correlated (614) using one or more pixels in each captured light field. By correlating (614) the motion data with the pixels in successive captured light fields, errors due to inertial measurement sensor error can be held within a predefined margin of error. In many embodiments, correlating (614) the motion data is performed using pixels in a single captured light field. In several embodiments, the margin of error is dynamically determined. In several embodiments, the process 600 can be performed once, for example, at the time the array camera is manufactured. In a variety of embodiments, process 600 can be performed during the use of the array camera to refine the calibration of the motion sensor by updating the a priori rigid motion transformation based on changes in the array camera.
A specific process for determining an a priori rigid motion transformation for use in an array camera configured to perform image deconvolution processes in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is described above with respect to FIG. 6; however, a variety of processes can be utilized to determine a priori rigid motion transformations as appropriate to the requirements of a specific application in accordance with embodiments of the invention. Processes for generating point spread functions in accordance with embodiments of the invention are discussed below.
Generating a Point Spread Function
A PSF describes the response of an imaging system to a point object. For example, an imaging system may not be able to precisely capture a point object, resulting in the blurring of the point object across more than one pixel on a focal plane of an imager array. In images with depth information, the blurring of point objects depends on the depth of the point object from the focal plane of the image. Image deconvolution devices configured to perform image deconvolution processes in accordance with embodiments of the invention utilize depth-dependent PSFs to correct for the blurring of point objects in synthesized images based on the depth of the point objects within the synthesized image. A process for generating a point spread function using depth information in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 7. The process 700 includes computing (710) a depth map for a captured light field. Camera motion is determined (712). The pixel path is calculated (714) for one or more pixels in the captured light field. A blur kernel is generated (716) for the one or more pixels.
Systems and methods for computing (710) depth maps that can be utilized in accordance with a variety of embodiments of the invention are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/972,881, incorporated by reference above. Other systems and methods for computing (710) depth maps can be utilized in accordance with the requirements of a number of embodiments of the invention. In many embodiments, camera motion is determined (712) using an inertial measurement sensor. In several embodiments, processes similar to those described above can be utilized to determine (712) camera motion. In a number of embodiments, camera motion is determined using ego-motion estimation algorithms. In many embodiments, generating (714) the pixel path involves determining the movement of one or more pixels in a scene using the camera motion. In a number of embodiments, the camera motion is an a priori rigid motion transformation generated using a process such as that described above. In several embodiments, the blur kernel is generated (716) using the pixel path calculated (714) for the one or more pixels. In many embodiments, the calculated (714) pixel path and the blur kernel generated (716) are for pixels at varying depth levels in the captured light field. In a variety of embodiments, the blur kernel is generated (716) utilizing pixel timestamps associated with one or more pixels and/or motion timestamps associated with motion data captured using the inertial measurement sensor.
A point p in a scene is located at a location p(x,y,z), where (x,y,z) represents the three-dimensional location of the point in the scene. Applying an a priori rigid motion transformation having rotation R and translation T to a point p in a light field will result in the point p moving to

MR,T(p)=(RT)p 

and the imaged position q=P(x,y,z) will move to

PMR,T(p)

where P is the projective transformation of the array camera capturing the light field. In several embodiments, the projective transformation of the array camera includes scene independent geometric corrections and scene dependent geometric transformations of the array camera as described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/780,748, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference above.

An a priori rigid motion transformation MR,T is represented by a rotation Rn and a translation Tn for a time sampling period N=1, . . . , n. Applying the a priori rigid motion transformation to pixel p over the time sampling period calculates (714) pixel path

qn=PMn(p)

where

    
    
        Mn(p)=P(RnTn . . . R1T1)
    
    


Point spread functions contain a blur kernel that describes the response of the array camera to a point object. In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the blur kernel K for a pixel path qn for a time sampling period N=1, . . . , n is generated (716) using the formula




  K
  =
  
    c
    ⁢
    
      
        ∑
        
          n
          =
          1
        
        N
      
      ⁢
      
        G
        ⁡
        
          (
          
            
              
                q
                n
              
              -
              
                q
                1
              
            
            ,
            σ
          
          )
        
      
    
  




where c is a nominalization constant and G(qn−q1,σ) is a two dimensional radial symmetric Gaussian distribution with mean qn−q1 and standard deviation σ. In a number of embodiments, G(qn−q1,σ) is a variety of probability distributions known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In several embodiments, applying the Gaussian distribution to the pixel path generates (716) a depth-dependent spatially varying blur kernel utilized in a PSF for each pixel depending on the depth of the pixel in the light field. In many embodiments, the depth of each pixel is determined using parallax information determined using processes as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/972,881, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference above.
A specific process for generating a point spread function using depth information in accordance with an embodiment of the invention is described above with respect to FIG. 7; however, a variety of processes can be utilized in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
Although the present invention has been described in certain specific aspects, many additional modifications and variations would be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore to be understood that the present invention can be practiced otherwise than specifically described without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiments illustrated, but by the appended claims and their equivalents.

## Claims

1. An array camera, comprising:
a processor; and
a memory connected to the processor and configured to store an image deconvolution application;
wherein the image deconvolution application configures the processor to:
obtain light field image data, where the light field image data comprises a synthesized high resolution image having a plurality of pixels, a depth map, and metadata describing the motion associated with a capturing device that captured the light field image data;
determine motion data based on the metadata contained in the light field image data;
generate a depth-dependent point spread function based on the synthesized high resolution image, the depth map, and the motion data, where the depth-dependent point spread function describes the blurriness of points within the synthesized high resolution image based on the motion of the capturing device and the depth of the pixels described in the depth map;
measure the quality of the synthesized high resolution image based on the generated depth-dependent point spread function;
when the measured quality of the synthesized high resolution image is within a quality threshold, incorporate the synthesized high resolution image into the light field image data; and
when the measured quality of the synthesized high resolution image is outside the quality threshold;
determine updated motion data based on the measured quality and the depth-dependent point spread function;
generate an updated depth-dependent point spread function based on the updated motion data; and
synthesize a new high resolution image based on the updated depth-dependent point spread function.

2. The array camera of claim 1, further comprising an array camera module comprising an imager array having multiple focal planes and an optics array configured to form images through separate apertures on each of the focal planes;
wherein the array camera module is configured to communicate with the processor; and
wherein the obtained light field image data comprises image data captured by the imager array.