#### DEN ON DEM. OF JOHN HOUGH v. ZACHARIAH DUMAS.

The possession of a part of a tract of land which one claims, is in law the possession of the whole, and if, while thus in possession, cultivating a part., he makes a parol contract to buy the land of another who also sets up a claim to it, and afterwards extends the fields which h e had in cultivation, he cannot be corisidered the tenant of the other so as to estop him from disputing the other’s title; for an offer to buy a claim to land which one holds as his own,maybe made for the sake ofpeace, through alarm, or from misapprehension; and so far from being conclusive of the title, is very slender, if any, evidence of it.

If a giant covers, in part, land not liable *to*entry, or which has been previously granted, it will he good for the land comprehended in it, which had not been granted, and was liable to entry..

Where a line of a g'rant is called for, and then along that and another line of the same grant to a corner of another grant in such second line, and it is not certain whether the first or third line of the grant be 'meant by the first call, the corner of the second grant must be gone to, whether by the way of the first or third lines of the first grant; and the . corner of the second grant must be reached, whether it is immediately on the line of the first grant, or some short distance from it.

When a grant calis for a corner of another, but leaves it indifferent which of two particular corners is meant, the second call of the grant may be resorted to, for the purpose of removing the uncertainty, and ascertaining which of the two was intended.

EjectmeNT, tried before his Honor Judge Pearson, at Richmond, on the last-circuit. The defendant admitted that *329he was in possession of the house and field along the line A, B, as represented on the annexed diagram.

June 1839

The lessor of the plaintiff read in evidence a grant to himself, dated in the year 1812, and proved that A was the beginning corner of his grant, and was a known and estalish-ed comer of the Gad tract. His grant then fan to R, S, Y, C, B, and back to A.

The defendant then read in evidence a grant to Gad, under whom he claimed, which commenced at 0, then to A, Q,, P. This was the oldest of any of the grants. He also 2-ead in evidence a grant to Lipscomb, which commenced at T, then to S, W, U, as the defendant contended, but toS, X, Y, as the plaintiff contended, and back to T, with the river. This was the next oldest grant. He then read in evidence, a grant to Harrington, which commenced at G, ihen to K, L, Ó, E, F, as the defendant contended; but to K, L, Y, Z, F, as the plaintiff contended, and then back to G. This grant was the third in age. The defendant then read in evidence a grant to Love, under whom he also deduced title, which commenced at G, then to J, I, and to a point on the river, about 5 steps from G, then on to H, 1, U, W, 2, *Á,*N, C, D, E. F, as the defendant contended; but to 1, V, X, 2, A, N, C, Y, Z, F, as the plaintiff contended, and back to G. Another view taken by the plairitiff was, that when you got to 1, you then went to T, and then never got back to A, Gad’s corner, at all; and so the grant never closed, and of course covered no land.

The calls in the Love grant, necessary to explain this part of the case; were from a stake in the river at H, thence N. 72° W. until it strikes the river bank (which would be at 1,). then with the river, as it meanders opposite to Lipscomb’s corner standing on the river bank, then with Lipscomb’s line, the reverse, N. 30°, E. 27 chains to his third corner, then with said Lipscomb’s 2nd line; the reverse, N. 60°, W. 12 chains to Gad’s corner standing on said line, then with Gad’s line N. 20°, E. 50 chains to a Spanish Oak in said line, then &c. This Spanish Oak corner was found at N., and was established as the corner of the Love grant. The grant to Love was the fourth in age, but was many years older than the to the lessor of the plaintiff.

*330

*331It was also in evidence, that in the year 1824, the lessor of the plaintiff had contracted to sell the land covered by his grant, to the defendant; that the defendant was, at that time, and had been, for some years, in the possession of the house and part of the field sued for, claiming the land as his own, under the grant to Love. He also owned the Gad tract, and the land adjoining. After this parol contract, the defendant extended his field to its present limits. Some years afterr wards, and but a short time before the date of the demise, the lessor of the plaintiff called on the defendant to complete the contract, when the defendant insisted that the land covered by the plaintiff’s grant was not vacant, but belonged to the defendant, before the grant to the lessor of the plaintiff issued, and that their contract was, that he was to buy the lessor of the plaintiff’s right, in the event only of its appearing that he had a good title, and he was now satisfied that he, the plaitiff’s lessor, had no right. The lessor of the plaintiff then demanded the possession, and the defendant refused to give it.

The lessor of the plaintiff contended, 1st, that the defendant was estopped by his agreement to purchase of him, and by extending his field after said agreement, to deny his right to the possession.

2ndly, that the Love grant did not cover the land in dispute, because,

1st, the space between the points G, H, and 1, being parts of the Pedee river, was not subject to entry, and so the two parts of the land, granted to Love, could not be connected, and the grant was therefore void.

2nd, that if the Lipscomb grant ran from *S,*to X, Y, and the Harrington grant from L to Y, Z, F, and the Love grant from 1 to Y, X, 2, A, then the two parts of the land granted to Love would be perfectly detached, and, in getting from one to the other, you must necessarily cross the established lines of older grants, and therefore the grant was void.

3rd, that the call of Love’s grant from 1, being with the river as it meanders &c., may be either up or down, and there is nothing to determine whether it shall go to the beginning corner of the Lipscomb tract at T, or to the point *332or Y; and if it goes ¡o T,itcannot cover the land in dis-

His Honor charged, upon the 1st point, that if the defendant was in possession of the house and part of the field, at the time of the agreement, claiming under the grant to Love, his possession of a part was, in law, a possession of the whole; and, being in possession of the whole, at the time of the agreement to purchase, the principle contended for by the plaintiff’s counsel did not apply, even as to that part of the field taken in after.the agreement.

Upon the 2nd point, his Honor charged 1st, that, if that part of the Pedee river, covered by Love’s grant, was not subject to entry, the grant was void only as to that part, but valid as to the residue. 2ndly, that, supposing the grants to be located as contended for by the plaintiff, and the land, covered by the grant to Love, to be detached and cut into two parts, by the lines of older grants, still the grant would be valid, except so far only as *it*interfered with the older grants. 3rdly. That if the jury were satisfied that the corner of the Gad tract, at A., was the corner called for in the Love grant, then they must go to A; and it made no difference whether from 1 they went to T, and then around to A; or, whether from 1 they went to U, W, 2, A, or to Y, X, 2, A; for, in either way, after getting to A, then the next call, which, it was admitted, would go to N, an established corner, and so around, would take in the land in dispute.

There was a verdict and judgment for the defendant, and the lessor of the plaintiff appealed.

*Strange*for the lessor of the plaintiff.

*Badger*for-the defendant.

Gaston, Judge.

We entirely approve of.the instructions given to the jury. Upon the point first raised, we take it to be clear-that the defendant, not having entered into possession under the plaintiff’s lessor, nor shewn to hold under him, could not Be regarded as his tenant, and was at full liberty to controvert his title. An offer to buy a claim to land, which one holds as 'his own, may be made for the sake of peace, through alarm, or-from misapprehension; and, so far frpmbe. *333ing conclusive of the title, is very slender, if any, evidence thereof.

The question involved in the first and second points of the second exception raised, is substantially the same. From our earliest recollections of the law, we have understood it to be settled, that if a grant covers, in part, land not liable to entry, or which has been previously granted, it will be good for *the*land comprehended in it, which had not been granted, and was liable to entry.

The view presented by his Honor on the remaining question, the location of Love’s grant, is satisfactory and conclusive. He might, indeed, have pointed out (but it-was unnecessary,) other very strong indications in favour of the location claimed by the defendant, and inconsistent with the location in part attempted by the plaintiff. The difference begins at the point 1. From thence the call of the grant is “ with the river, as it meanders opposite to Lipscomb’s corner, standing on the river bank.” Lipscomb has two corners on the river bank, the beginning corner and the fourth corner of his tract; and-this call o.f Love’s grant leaves it indifferent which of these corners is intended. But the next call removes all ambiguity — it is “with Lipscomb’s line reversed to his *third*corner.” Nothing can be more conclusive to show that the corner of Lipscomb, on the river, called for in the preceding line of Love’s grant, is Lipscomb’s *fourth*corner. Having arrived, in this way, to Lipscomb’s third corner, the next call of the grant is “ with said Lipscomb’s line reversed, N. 60° W. to Gad’s corner. The only difficulty in fulfilling all the requisitions of this call is, that, running the line described, you do not meet Gad’s corner, but pass to the south of it — and this difficulty imposes the necessity of either running the required line until a point be reached opposite to Gad’s comer, and thence proceeding to that corner, or disregarding the line, and running *directly*to that corner. But, whichever of these modes be adopted, the corner at Á will be reached; and thence the next call is for the established corner at N,; and thus an obvious, reasonable and satisfactory construction may be put upon all the calls of the grant, which, according to the plaintiff’s attempt, at exposition,, *334would be made absurd and contradictory, and render a location of the grant impracticable. The judgment is affirmed with costs.

Per Curiam. Judgment affirmed.