IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

RICHARD LEWIS,

Defendant Below,

Appellant,

v.

STATE OF DELAWARE

Plaintiff Below, 

Appellee.

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No. 117, 2021

Court Below—Superior Court 

of the State of Delaware 

ID. No. 1510009348 (N)

Submitted: December 1, 2021

Decided: January 20, 2022

Before SEITZ, Chief Justice; VALIHURA, and VAUGHN, Justices. 

O R D E R

This 20th day of January 2022, upon consideration of the parties’ briefs and 

the record of the case, it appears that:

(1) The Defendant-Appellant, Richard Lewis, appeals from the Superior 

Court’s denial of his Amended Motion for Postconviction Relief. Lewis was 

convicted by a jury of two counts of Burglary Second Degree, one count of 

Attempted Burglary Second Degree, two counts of Theft, two counts of Criminal 

Mischief, and one count of Receiving Stolen Property. The Superior Court declared 

Lewis an habitual offender and sentenced him to an aggregate 26-year term of 
2

incarceration. Lewis’s conviction was affirmed by this Court on direct appeal.1

(2) In the course of investigating the crimes that led to Lewis’s arrest, the

New Castle County police applied for and obtained warrants to attach GPS devices 

to cars that he owned and used. During the GPS monitoring, police tracked Lewis’s

vehicles as they traveled within the State of Delaware and also while in 

Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York.

(3) Lewis makes two claims on appeal. First, he argues that his trial 

counsel was ineffective by not presenting a meaningful argument that Delaware 

police may not track someone outside the State of Delaware with a GPS device, even 

if the police have a valid GPS warrant and the GPS is attached in Delaware (the 

“continued monitoring argument”). As part of this argument, he also argues that 

trial counsel failed to argue effectively that the attenuation and independent source 

doctrines, which the trial court relied upon in rejecting the continued monitoring 

argument, were not applicable. His second argument is that appellate counsel was 

ineffective because appellate counsel did not raise the continued monitoring 

argument on appeal.

(4) The facts can be summarized as follows. The first GSP warrant was 

issued on June 25, 2015, giving the police authority to attach a GPS tracking device 

to Lewis’s 1999 Lexus GS400. Although the affidavit in support of the June 25, 

1 Lewis v. State, 2018 WL 619706 (Del. Jan. 29, 2018) (ORDER).
3

2015, warrant requested that the warrant “authorize members of the New Castle 

County Police to monitor the data provided by the GPS unit both within and outside 

the State of Delaware,”2the warrant did not expressly authorize monitoring outside 

the State of Delaware. Rather, the Superior Court's warrant read: “The Mobile 

Tracking Device is to be installed within the State of Delaware.”3 The authorization 

was for a 30-day period beginning upon installation of the device, and the order 

specified that the device be removed at the end of the period.

(5) After GPS surveillance began, the police gained additional information 

from tracking Lewis inside the State of Delaware that helped support probable cause 

to apply for a new warrant extending the June 25, 2015, warrant for an additional 30 

days.

(6) On August 10, 2015, the New Castle County police applied for a third 

warrant to attach a GPS device to a Ford Explorer. The application for that warrant 

recites that after the Lexus remained in one location for several days, the police

learned that on July 30, 2015, Lewis purchased a brown 2003 Ford Explorer. Based 

upon the information from the two previous warrants and this new information, the 

Superior Court issued a warrant on August 10, 2015, authorizing a GPS device to be 

installed on the Ford Explorer. On September 11, 2015, the police applied for a 

2 App. to Opening Br. at A48 (June 25 Affidavit) [hereinafter “A_”].

3

June 25 Warrant, at A41.
4

fourth warrant extending the August 10, 2015, warrant for an additional 30 days. 

The warrant was issued authorizing that a tracking device to “be installed within the 

State of Delaware”4 on Lewis’s brown 2003 Ford Explorer. 

(7) Of particular relevance to this appeal is an occasion where the police 

tracked Lewis’s Lexus to Radnor, Pennsylvania on July 4, 2015. Subsequent 

communications between the Radnor police and the New Castle County police

revealed that the Radnor police investigated a burglary in their jurisdiction that was 

reported on July 5, 2015. Radnor police later notified Detective DiNardo of the New 

Castle County police department that the victim of the Radnor burglary located two 

pieces of stolen jewelry on an eBay page associated with Metals NY. Detective 

DiNardo reviewed the eBay page with the victim of one of the Delaware burglaries 

and she identified two other pieces of jewelry as belonging to her. Detective 

DiNardo contacted Metals NY and recovered those two pieces of jewelry. The 

owner of Metals NY identified Lewis as the person who sold him the Delaware 

victim’s jewelry. On a later occasion, the New Castle County police tracked one of 

Lewis’s vehicles from Delaware to New York City and back. The police tracked the 

vehicle to a rest stop in New Jersey, where officers were positioned to conduct 

surveillance. They identified Lewis as the driver. On another occasion the police 

tracked one of Lewis’s vehicles to Pennsylvania, where officers conducting 

4 September 11 Warrant, at A88.
5

surveillance identified Lewis as the driver. 

(8) In pre-trial proceedings, Lewis moved to suppress the evidence 

obtained by use of the GPS devices. He raised two arguments in connection with 

his motion. One was that the warrants were not supported by probable cause. The 

second was the continued monitoring argument. As to that contention, Lewis’s

counsel argued that the Superior Court did not have jurisdiction to approve tracking 

of Lewis’s vehicles outside the State of Delaware. Counsel argued that out-of-state 

monitoring violated Lewis’s rights under the Fourth Amendment and 11 Del. C. § 

2304, which authorizes Delaware judges to issue warrants “within the limits of their 

respective territorial jurisdictions[.]” 

(9) The trial court denied the motion. It found that the warrants were 

supported by probable cause. Lewis does not challenge trial counsel’s effectiveness 

as to that issue. The trial court also rejected Lewis’s continued monitoring argument 

on the basis of the attenuation and independent source doctrines.5 The continued 

monitoring argument had not been contained in the written motion and was raised 

for the first time at the hearing on the motion. 

(10) On direct appeal, Lewis again argued that the warrants were not 

supported by probable cause. This Court rejected that argument, and appellate 

counsel’s effectiveness on that issue is not challenged in this proceeding. Appellate 

5 The basis upon which we decide the appeal does not require us to address these doctrines.
6

counsel also argued on direct appeal that the Superior Court lacked jurisdiction to 

authorize GPS tracking outside the State of Delaware. Appellate counsel, however,

analogized the warrants issued in Lewis’s case to warrants issued by a state court for 

the search of property, such as a house owned by a suspect, in a different state. 

Appellate counsel did not make the continued monitoring argument as applied to a 

GPS device attached to the car in Delaware pursuant to a valid warrant but monitored 

when the vehicle was outside Delaware. In addition, counsel did not challenge the 

trial court’s reliance on the attenuation doctrine or the independent source doctrine. 

After noting that the continued monitoring issue was raised in the Superior Court 

but that no argument on that issue was made on appeal, this Court concluded that the 

continued monitoring argument was waived and did not consider it.

(11) In this proceeding, the Superior Court found both that Lewis failed to 

meet his burden of showing that either trial counsel or appellate counsel was 

ineffective and failed to show prejudice resulting from either counsel’s conduct. The 

court correctly noted that whether out-of-state monitoring of a GPS device properly 

placed on a vehicle in Delaware pursuant to a Delaware warrant violates any 

constitutional or statutory provision is an issue that has not been decided in this state. 

This led the Superior Court to conclude that it would “not find trial counsel 

ineffective for failing to ‘effectively’ raise an issue of first impression.”6 The court 

6 Opening Br. Ex. A at 5.
7

stated:

It is well-established that defense counsel has no duty to 

anticipate changes in the law. At the time of Lewis’ trial, 

the law was undecided as to whether Delaware police may 

track subjects beyond state borders pursuant to validly 

issued GPS warrants. To overcome the deficient 

performance prong under Strickland, the movant bears the 

burden of proving that prior counsel knew or should have 

known that Delaware courts would rule that extraterritorial GPS signals are inadmissible. Mr. Lewis has not

met this burden. Even today, the Supreme Court has not 

ruled on the issue.”7

 

Turning to the prejudice prong of Strickland, the court reasoned that case law 

establishing that a warrant is required for the attachment of a GPS device to a vehicle

has focused on the placement of the device on the vehicle as being a common law 

trespass or a breach of the suspect’s reasonable expectation of privacy, not the 

seizure of data emitted from the device. The court was not persuaded that the data 

emitted from the device was protected by the Fourth Amendment, stating that “[i]t 

would seem, therefore, that the constitutional ‘harm,’ sought to be prevented by the 

warrant requirement is the placement of the tracker, not the data emitted as a result 

thereof from wherever it is generated.”8 The court concluded that:

Because the Court will not find trial counsel ineffective for 

failing to “effectively” raise an issue of first impression, 

and because the Court believes that even if he had done so 

effectively, the issue would not have been decided in his 

favor and he therefore suffered no prejudice, the Court 

7

Id. at 4 (citations omitted). 

8

Id. at 5.
8

concludes that Defendant’s . . . claim for relief must be 

denied.9

(12) We review the Superior Court’s denial of a Rule 61 motion for 

postconviction relief for abuse of discretion.10 We review legal and constitutional 

questions de novo.

11

(13) To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Lewis must 

satisfy the two-prong standard of Strickland v. Washington.

12

 Lewis must prove 

that (1) his trial counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable and (2) his 

defense was prejudiced as a result.13 Under the first prong, judicial scrutiny is 

“highly deferential.”14 Courts must ignore the “distorting effects of hindsight” and 

proceed with a “strong presumption” that counsel’s conduct was reasonable.15 The 

Strickland court explained that “a court deciding an actual ineffectiveness claim 

must judge the reasonableness of counsel’s challenged conduct on the facts of the 

particular case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct.”16

9

Id. 

10 Ploof v. State, 75 A.3d 811, 820 (Del. 2013) (en banc).

11 Id.

12 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984).

13 Id. at 687-88, 691-92.

14 Id. at 689.

15 Id.

16 Id. at 690.
9

(14) Under the second prong, “[i]t is not enough for the defendant to show 

that the errors had some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.”17 In 

other words, “not every error that conceivably could have influenced the outcome 

undermines the reliability of the result of the proceeding.”18 The movant “must 

make specific allegations of actual prejudice and substantiate them.”19 These 

allegations must show “that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s 

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.”20 “A 

reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the 

outcome.”21 “The ‘reasonable probability’ standard is less strict than the ‘more 

likely than not’ standard, but it requires more than a showing of a theoretical 

possibility that the outcome was affected.”22 In sum, Lewis must prove actual 

prejudice.23

(15) Lewis contends that trial and appellate counsel were on notice of the 

relevant constitutional and statutory issues, that they failed to raise and argue them

17 Id. at 693.

18 Id.

19 Outten v. State, 720 A.2d 547, 552 (Del. 1998) (en banc) (quoting Wright v. State, 671 A.2d 

1353, 1356 (Del. 1996) (en banc), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1249 (1996)).

20 Albury v. State, 551 A.2d 53, 58 (Del. 1988) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694).

21 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694.

22 Frey v. Fulcomer, 974 F.2d 348, 358 (3d Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 954 (1993) (citing 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693-94).

23 Strickland, 466 U.S. at 693 (“[A]ctual ineffectiveness claims alleging a deficiency in attorney 

performance are subject to a general requirement that the defendant affirmatively prove 

prejudice.”).
10

effectively, and that he was prejudiced thereby. He contends that the Superior Court 

erred by denying his motion.

(16) We do not believe that trial and appellate counsel’s failure to make the 

continued monitoring argument “more effectively” renders their performance 

ineffective under Srickland. This Court has declined to rule on the admissibility of 

extraterritorial GPS signals several times. As recently as 2018 in Metelus v. State,

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this Court explicitly declined to answer this question. Therefore, at the time of 

Lewis’s trial and appeal, there was no precedential guidance on the “continued 

monitoring” issue from this Court or the United States Supreme Court. As correctly 

noted by the Superior Court in this case, it is well-established that counsel has no 

duty to anticipate changes in the law. Nor does counsel have a duty to foresee new 

developments in the law which lie in the future. Lewis’s argument that appellate 

counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the Superior Court’s reliance on the 

attenuation and independent source doctrines must be rejected for the same reason. 

(17) Finally, Lewis’s argument that he suffered prejudice as a result of the 

conduct of his trial and appellate counsel must also be rejected. In order to show 

prejudice, Lewis would have to show that continued GPS monitoring outside 

Delaware violated his constitutional or statutory rights. But since neither this Court 

nor the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled on the issue, no such showing can be made.

24 200 A.3d 227, 2018 WL 6523215 (Del. Dec. 10, 2018). 
11

NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS THE ORDER of the Court that the judgment of 

the Superior Court is AFFIRMED.

 BY THE COURT:

/s/ James T. Vaughn, Jr.

Justice