* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

MAR 8 2001

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

BIOGENICS, INC., a Utah

corporation,

Plaintiff-Counter-ClaimDefendant-Appellee,

v.

GAIUS KAZEN, an individual;

DONNA KAZEN, an individual; THE

POPULAR ASSEMBLY OF

SOVEREIGN KAZENS, also known

as P.A.S.K., an artificial business

entity,

Defendants-CounterClaimants-Appellants,

and

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, a

sovereign, Additional adverse claimant

to Interpleaded Res,

Defendant.

No. 99-4146

(D.C. No. 96-CV-892-B)

(D. Utah)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
-2-

Before HENRY , BRISCOE , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiff Biogenics, Inc., referred to in these proceedings as E’ola, filed suit

against defendants Gaius Kazen, Donna Kazen and The Popular Assembly of

Sovereign Kazens, also known as P.A.S.K. Defendants filed counterclaims

against plaintiff. The United States was brought into the suit by interpleader

because it claims an interest in monies owed from plaintiff to defendants. Federal

jurisdiction is based on diversity of citizenship, federal question and the federal

government’s tax claim. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1332, 1346. Plaintiff’s claims

against defendants are not before us. The district court granted summary

judgment in plaintiff’s favor on defendants’ counterclaims and certified the case

for appeal, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b), leaving for later resolution the

interpleader claims. Defendants appeal the district court’s summary judgment on

their counterclaims. Our jurisdiction arises from 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 
-3-

We do not repeat the district court’s recitation of the underlying facts. 

Briefly, E’ola entered into an agreement for distribution of its nutritional and

beauty products with Gaius Kazen and Donna Kazen as part of a multilevel

marketing system. Later, in 1996, the Kazens formed P.A.S.K., a corporate

entity, and assigned their E’ola distributorship to it. The business relationship

between plaintiff and defendants ended when E’ola terminated it, invoking the

Policies and Procedures Manual and the Distributor Agreement between the

parties. Defendants challenge the district court’s rulings on their claims that

E’ola breached the distributorship agreement and that they were otherwise

damaged. 

E’ola has filed a motion to dismiss the claims of Donna Kazen and

P.A.S.K. on the ground that they have not filed briefs in this appeal, pursuant to

Fed. R. App. P. 31(c). After the notice of appeal was filed by defendants’

attorney, the attorney was granted leave to withdraw. The appellate briefs were

signed only by Mr. Kazen, pro se. Mr. Kazen is not a licensed attorney. 

Therefore, he may not represent Donna Kazen or P.A.S.K. in this appeal. See

Rowland v. California Men’s Colony , 506 U.S. 194, 201-02 (1993) (reiterating

long-standing rule that “a corporation may appear in the federal courts only

through licensed counsel”); cf. Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Ams. United for

Separation of Church & State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 474 (1982) (holding party can
1

In his reply brief, Mr. Kazen attempts to include additional issues, in effect

challenging all of the district court’s holdings. We decline to address the

expanded issues for two reasons: (1) we generally do not address matters raised

for the first time in the reply brief, Lyons v. Jefferson Bank & Trust , 994 F.2d

716, 724 (10th Cir. 1993), and (2) Mr. Kazen has not presented any argument or

authority to support the expanded issues other than to reiterate his version of the

(continued...)

-4-

assert only his own legal rights and cannot rest his claim on rights of others). The

motion to dismiss the claims of Donna Kazen and P.A.S.K. is granted, although

we note that the issues raised in Mr. Kazen’s opening brief affect only him. 

We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing

the record in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment. 

McKnight v. Kimberly Clark Corp., 149 F.3d 1125, 1128 (10th Cir. 1998). 

Summary judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue of material fact and

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v.

Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). There is no dispute that

Utah state law controls the issues raised here based on diversity. We must reach

the same conclusion the state’s highest court would reach. Blanke v. Alexander,

152 F.3d 1224, 1228 (10th Cir. 1998). In applying Utah law, we afford no

deference to the district court’s legal rulings. See Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell,

499 U.S. 225, 238-39 (1991).

Mr. Kazen raises two issues on appeal: (1) E’ola placed undue hardship on

him by unlawfully depriving him of his business, and (2) E’ola slandered him. 1
1

(...continued)

underlying facts, Phillips v. Calhoun , 956 F.2d 949, 953-54 (10th Cir. 1992)

(party must support argument with legal authority).

-5-

The undue hardship claim apparently is presented for the first time in this appeal

so we do not address it. SEC v. Thomas, 965 F.2d 825, 827 (10th Cir. 1992)

(party challenging judgment must provide references to record to carry burden of

proving error); Rademacher v. Colo. Ass’n of Soil Conservation Dists. Med.

Benefits Plan , 11 F.3d 1567, 1572 (10th Cir. 1993) (this court generally will not

consider issue on appeal not raised in district court). Mr. Kazen’s pro se status

“does not excuse the obligation of any litigant to comply with the fundamental

requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil and Appellate Procedure.” Ogden v.

San Juan County , 32 F.3d 452, 455 (10th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted). 

Moreover, Mr. Kazen has not presented any authority that Utah law

recognizes a cause of action for undue hardship caused by unlawfully depriving

one of his business. “Despite the liberal construction afforded pro se litigants,

the court will not construct arguments or theories” for a pro se litigant. Drake v.

City of Fort Collins , 927 F.2d 1156, 1159 (10th Cir. 1991) (citation omitted). To

the extent his claim of undue hardship for lost business challenges the district

court’s ruling on his claim of intentional interference with prospective economic

relations, we affirm that court’s ruling for substantially the same reasons given in
-6-

its December 7, 1998 memorandum opinion and order. R. Vol. V, doc. 117, at

10-11.

Turning to Mr. Kazen’s other issue, his slander claim is based on a letter

dated November 12, 1996 from E’ola to its distributors. The district court

correctly characterized this claim as one for defamation and granted summary

judgment in favor of E’ola. We affirm the summary judgment for substantially

the same reasons given by the district court. Id. doc. 117, at 11-12. 

The motion to dismiss the claims of Donna Kazen and P.A.S.K. is granted. 

The judgment of the United States District Court for the District of Utah is

AFFIRMED. The mandate shall issue forthwith. 

Entered for the Court

Michael R. Murphy 

Circuit Judge