In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-12-00034-CR

TORONTO E. LOCKRIDGE, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 124th District Court

Gregg County, Texas

Trial Court No. 38675-B

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Morriss
2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before drug dealer Kelvin Muckleroy was fatally shot in his own kitchen, his live-in 

girlfriend, Kamica Barron, trying to protect her children in a closet toward the rear of the same 

house, heard Muckleroy plead, “Trigger, don’t kill me, please don’t kill me. It don’t have to be 

like this.” She then heard three gunshots.

Toronto E. Lockridge, identified at trial as “Trigger,” was convicted of murdering 

Muckleroy and was sentenced to life in prison, at least in part based on the testimony of an 

accomplice, Brandon Horne. He appeals on numerous grounds.1

We affirm the judgment of the trial court because (1) admitting Horne’s testimony was 

proper, (2) sufficient evidence supports Lockridge’s conviction, (3) no error was preserved 

regarding the admission of Lockridge’s prior testimony, (4) lack of an accomplice-witness 

instruction was not egregiously harmful, and (5) counsel’s failure to request an accomplicewitness instruction was not prejudicial.

(1) Admitting Horne’s Testimony Was Proper

Horne, also known as “Bull,” was reportedly at the residence with Lockridge and 

Muckleroy at the time of the shooting. Lockridge argues that the trial court erred in allowing 

Horne’s testimony from a previous trial to be read to the jury. We review for an abuse of 

discretion the trial court’s decision to admit evidence. Cameron v. State, 241 S.W.3d 15, 19 

 1

On appeal, Lockridge argues that: the trial court erred in allowing the testimony of an accomplice given at a 

previous trial which resulted in a mistrial, the evidence is legally insufficient to support his conviction, the court 

erred in allowing Lockridge’s previous testimony to be admitted after finding he was “unavailable” “to be called as 

a witness due to his 5th Amendment right against incrimination,” the court erred in failing to give an accomplice 

witness instruction sua sponte, and his attorney rendered ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to request an 

accomplice witness instruction.
3

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007). “A trial court does not abuse its discretion if the decision to admit 

evidence is within the ‘zone of reasonable disagreement.’” Marsh v. State, 343 S.W.3d 475, 478 

(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d) (quoting Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (op. on reh’g)). “If the trial court’s decision on the admission of 

evidence is supported by the record, there is no abuse of discretion, and the trial court will not be 

reversed.” Id. (citing Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); 

Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 379). We will not substitute our own decision for that of the trial 

court. Id. (citing Moses v. State, 105 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)).

Horne was called, but refused to testify at Lockridge’s trial. The trial court informed 

Horne that he had “the constitutional right not to answer questions” “because [Horne] still ha[d] 

a case pending.” Horne invoked this right, and the trial court determined that, “[b]y invoking his 

constitutional rights, that also makes him unavailable to testify.” The State then sought to 

introduce sworn testimony Horne had given in Lockridge’s previous trial for this charge, which 

resulted in a mistrial. Lockridge’s counsel objected to the reading of the transcript on the ground 

that Horne was available to testify because he was present and because he would “not have an 

opportunity to confront him.” Finding that Lockridge had the opportunity to cross-examine 

Horne at the previous trial, the court allowed the direct and cross-examinations of Horne from

the previous trial to be read. 

Hearsay is an out-of-court statement “offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter 

asserted” and is generally not admissible unless allowed “by other rules prescribed pursuant to 

statutory authority.” TEX. R. EVID. 801(d), 802.
4

Rule 804 of the Texas Rules of Evidence provides:

The following are not excluded if the declarant is unavailable as a witness:

(1) Former testimony. . . . In criminal cases, testimony given as a witness at 

another hearing of the same or a different proceeding, if the party against whom 

the testimony is now offered had an opportunity and similar motive to develop the 

testimony by direct, cross, or redirect examination. 

TEX. R. EVID. 804(b). Thus, 

In order for former testimony to be admissible a three prong test must be satisfied.

First, the declarant must be unavailable to testify at the latter proceeding. Second, 

the latter proceeding must include the same charges, parties and issues as the 

former proceeding. Third, the party against whom the testimony is being offered 

must have had an opportunity and similar motive at the former proceeding to 

develop the former testimony on direct, cross or redirect examination.

Davis v. State, 961 S.W.2d 156, 158 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (Baird, J., concurring) (citing Bryan 

v. State, 837 S.W.2d 637 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), abrogated on other grounds, Trevino v. State, 

991 S.W.2d 849, 853 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)).

Lockridge argues that Horne was not rendered “unavailable” by his refusal to testify 

because he was present during the trial. However, ‘“[u]navailablity as a witness’ includes 

situations in which the declarant: (1) is exempted by ruling of the court on the ground of 

privilege from testifying concerning the subject matter of the declarant’s statement.” TEX. R.

EVID. 804(a)(1). When a witness invokes “his Fifth Amendment privilege against selfincrimination . . . he bec[omes] ‘unavailable’ for purposes of Rule 804(a)(1).” Davis, 961 

S.W.2d at 159 (Baird, J., concurring) (citing Bryan, 837 S.W.2d at 644); see Del Carmen 

Hernandez v. State, 273 S.W.3d 685, 687 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Appling v. State, 904 S.W.2d 

912, 916 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1995, pet. ref’d). Therefore, Horne was unavailable under 
5

the meaning of Rule 804 because he invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege against selfincrimination.

Next, “as a general rule, when the parties, the charge, and the issues to be litigated are the 

same in the first and second trials, the two proceedings are necessarily the same and former 

testimony is admissible.” Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 739 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing

Bryan, 837 S.W.2d at 644). Horne’s testimony was from Lockridge’s previous trial that 

terminated in a mistrial. Thus, the parties, charges, and issues were necessarily the same. 

Finally, the record of Horne’s testimony established that Lockridge had an opportunity and 

similar motive to cross-examine Horne in the previous trial.

We find no error in the trial court’s admission of Horne’s testimony. See TEX. R. EVID.

804. Accordingly, we overrule this point of error.

(2) Sufficient Evidence Supports Lockridge’s Conviction

In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most favorable to 

the jury’s verdict to determine whether any rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable 

doubt the essential elements of murder. Brooks v. State,

2 323 S.W.3d 893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 

2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)); Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 

859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d) (citing Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). We examine legal sufficiency under the direction of the Brooks

opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury “to fairly resolve conflicts in 

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate 

 2

Pursuant to Brooks, we will not address Lockridge’s factual sufficiency arguments.
6

facts.” Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 

318–19). In conducting a legal sufficiency review, we must evaluate all of the evidence in the 

record, both direct and circumstantial, whether admissible or inadmissible. Shaw v. State, 122 

S.W.3d 358, 364 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.) (citing Dewberry v. State, 4 S.W.3d 735, 

740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999)).

Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined 

by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1997). The hypothetically correct jury charge “sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, 

does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s 

theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was 

tried.” Id. Here, Lockridge committed the offense of murder if he intentionally or knowingly 

caused Muckleroy’s death. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b)(1) (West 2011).

Muckleroy was a drug dealer who was gunned down in his own residence, allegedly by 

Lockridge, after a drug deal took an unexpected turn. Lockridge’s longtime friend, Monda 

Harris, testified that Lockridge was commonly known to others by his street name, “Trigger.” 

According to Harris, Lockridge visited her home at 917 Douglas Street, September 23, 2009, at 

approximately 7:00 p.m. to borrow her two-door, blue Pontiac Grand Am for what Harris 

believed would be a “short trip and back.” Instead, Harris would not see her car until the 

following morning after it had been used in the commission of a crime. 

Barron, Muckleroy’s girlfriend, lived in Muckleroy’s residence with her children. After 

the children were in their room asleep, Barron saw Horne drive up to the Muckleroy residence in 
7

a black Cadillac and engage in conversation with Muckleroy outside the residence at 1:00 or 

2:00 a.m. After Horne left, Barron remembered that Muckleroy received a telephone call at 

3:00 a.m. which led to a heated discussion. Muckleroy warned Barron to go to the back room of 

the house because he was expecting Horne’s return.

Barron testified that Horne returned and was speaking with Muckleroy in the kitchen 

when she heard a third party walk in.3

 Muckleroy told the third party that he just needed to 

speak with Horne. Both Horne and the third party commanded Muckleroy “to get down,” 

adding, “You know what time it is.” Barron immediately understood this to be a serious threat. 

She “grabbed [her] kids and . . . hid in the closet.” From the closet, she could hear the men 

asking Muckleroy, “N****r, where the money at, where the money at? Where the dope?” 

Muckleroy assured them that they had everything and begged for his life. The third party said,

“[Horne], give me the gun. I’m about to kill this n r because he’s lying.” Muckleroy 

pleaded, “Trigger, don’t kill me, please don’t kill me. It don’t have to be like this.” Barron 

heard three gunshots and an instruction from the third party for Horne to “clean this s** t up.” 

Based on Muckleroy’s pleas, Barron identified the third party as “Trigger.”

Barron remained hidden in the closet until she “looked though the crack and [saw] the 

house [wa]s on fire.” After waiting for Horne and “Trigger” to leave, Barron jumped out of the 

window with her children to get to safety. She testified, “When I first come out, I saw two 

 3

Barron could not see the events unfold from her position in the back room of the house. However, she testified that 

she knew Horne’s voice and identified him as one of the perpetrators.
8

shadowy—shadowy figures in the garage, going through the car.”4 Barron and her children ran 

to the home of an acquaintance.

Neighbor Lee Benton testified that, when he woke up at 5:00 a.m. and “pulled the curtain 

back,” he “saw a car with the brake lights on” parked at Muckleroy’s house at 1215 Chappell. 

Later, Benton’s daily morning routine was interrupted when he “heard a swooshing sound and 

got up, looked out the window again, saw flames” leaping from Muckleroy’s residence and 

“immediately called 911.” He noticed that the car was no longer visible. Brandon Thomas,

another neighbor, spotted a “dark-colored” Pontiac Grand Am parked on the sidewalk by 

Muckleroy’s house that morning. The car’s lights were on, and Thomas saw a silhouette of a 

person behind the wheel. 

Shametria Howard woke up that morning to an abrupt knocking at her window. Howard 

opened the door to a hysterical Barron who “rushed in . . . with her kids” and informed Howard 

that Muckleroy had been shot by “Bull5 and Trigger.” They went to relay the news to 

Muckleroy’s cousin and best friend, Kelvin Smith.6 Smith drove to the house, but found it 

engulfed in flames and surrounded by law enforcement. 

 4

When she first spoke to the Longview Police Department, Barron told them she had seen Horne and was fifty 

percent certain she had seen Lockridge, at the scene of the incident. At Horne’s trial for Muckleroy’s murder, Barron 

testified that she could not see well and was not certain about her previous identification. She also testified that the 

car she saw “sitting outside by a mailbox” was a black Cadillac. Barron has been legally blind since she was three 

years old. 

5

Howard knew that Horne was “Bull,” but did not know Lockridge at the time of the incident.

6

Smith testified that he knew of another person nicknamed “Trigger” that was friends with Horne. Roderick George 

claimed his rapper stage name was “Trigga T.” George testified that he was not friends with Horne and denied any 

part in Muckleroy’s murder. He claimed that he did not know Lockridge at all. Harris also said she had never seen 

Lockridge and Horne together, did not know George, and there are more people she knows that have the nickname 

“Trigger.” Lieutenant William Jennings testified that George was booked in jail on September 22, 2009.
9

Meanwhile, the perpetrators had driven away. Harris testified that she was upset when 

Horne returned alone at 6:00 a.m. with the car borrowed by Lockridge and asked for a ride back 

to Lockridge’s house. Horne explained that Lockridge “was messed up from the night before” 

after ingesting “a mixture of drugs.” Harris drove Horne to Lockridge’s house and found 

Lockridge arguing with his wife outside.

Horne’s cousin, Shatoya Davis, testified that she found Horne on her porch that morning. 

She went inside to get dressed, came back outside, and found Lockridge on the porch as well. 

Davis testified that Horne told her that a drug deal had gone bad and that he had killed 

Muckleroy. Lockridge witnessed Horne’s confession to Davis and appeared “[j]ust agitated, 

nervous-like. He was mumbling he has to get to Dallas.”

Investigator Jimmy Purcell testified that the fire “started in the kitchen-living room area.” 

Muckleroy’s burned body was located “in the kitchen” beside a nine millimeter bullet. 

Dr. Tommy J. Brown testified that Muckleroy was “extremely charred from the top of his head, 

all the way down to his feet.” However, Brown concluded that Muckleroy died of “a gunshot 

wound of his right lateral neck that went from right to left, across the back of his throat, and out 

the left side of his neck.” 

Detective Eric Hewitt testified that Lockridge turned himself in for arson. It was during 

his interview with Hewitt that officers learned that the car used during the crime belonged to 

Harris. Lockridge also told Hewitt that he was dropped off at his home by Horne, “Sandy,” and 

“Gangster.” Lockridge claimed that, although he was not at the scene of the murder, he had 

heard that “Gangster” had set fire to the curtains in the kitchen. 
10

Detective Chris Taylor’s7 search of Harris’ vehicle uncovered Muckleroy’s blood on the 

passenger floor mat. Taylor collected Lockridge’s clothing from the jail and, although he 

discovered the presence of blood using Bluestar technology, there was not enough blood to 

identify its source. 

Lockridge took the stand and denied involvement in Muckleroy’s murder. On the 

evening in question, Lockridge claimed that he was dropped off by his wife at Horne’s apartment 

so they could play video games, listen to music, smoke marihuana and dip, and ingest ecstasy 

and vodka. Afterwards, Lockridge went to borrow Harris’ vehicle. Lockridge, Horne, and Davis 

then came up with the idea to make fake drugs so that Davis could sell them. After unsuccessful 

attempts at passing off fake drugs, Lockridge testified that he began getting calls from his wife 

inquiring about the hour when he would return home. Lockridge claimed that he went home 

before Muckleroy’s murder. 

Lockridge also confirmed that Harris’ vehicle was returned by Horne alone. He claimed 

that he left his house with Horne on foot “when Monda dropped Brandon Horne off” and was 

later picked up by Davis. He claimed that Horne started washing his clothes at Davis’ house. 

Lockridge received a note in jail from Horne which stated, “Check this: We both did some 

f***ed up s**t cuz, but I look at it as a battle for survival.” According to Lockridge, Horne was 

complaining that Lockridge had accused him of the murder while Horne was accusing Lockridge 

of the same act.”

 7

Detective Dan Reigstad testified that he found no fingerprints that matched those of Lockridge. 
11

Lockridge’s sister-in-law, Nakeisha Deckard, corroborated Lockridge’s story that he was 

at home at “[s]omewhere around 5:45” a.m. However, she testified that she did not notice any 

symptoms of impairment that suggested Lockridge had recently been under the influence of 

drugs. 

Lockridge’s wife, Christyan, testified that Lockridge returned home “between 2:30 and 

3:30,”8 that they engaged in an argument, and that they then went to sleep. There were minor 

inconsistencies between Christyan’s and Lockridge’s testimony, however. Lockridge testified 

that he slept on the couch as a result of the argument, whereas Christyan initially stated he slept 

in the bed. Whereas Lockridge testified he smelled of marihuana, which prompted the argument 

between the two, Christyan denied that Lockridge appeared under the influence or smelled of 

any drug. Whereas Lockridge claimed he answered a telephone call from Horne around 6:39 

a.m., Christyan testified she had answered the call instead. Lockridge did not return home after 

leaving with Horne to go to Davis’ house that morning. Instead, he went to Dallas for several 

days before he was brought back by Christyan’s mother.

After Horne’s election not to testify at trial, Horne’s testimony from a previous trial was 

read to the jury. From the reading of the transcript, it was garnered from Horne’s testimony that 

Lockridge’s nickname was “Trigger,”9 that they knew each other “from the streets,” and that 

they were with each other on the morning of September 23, 2009. Horne testified that he called

Muckleroy that night because “Trigger came to my house and asked me to call for him.” Horne 

 8

Helen Jackson, Christyan’s mother, also testified that Lockridge was at home before 4:30 a.m. 

9

Horne clarified that he was not friends with any other people nicknamed “Trigger.” 
12

testified that Lockridge went with him to Muckleroy’s house at 2:00 a.m. the following morning 

in Harris’ vehicle. He testified that both he and Lockridge had a conversation with Muckleroy 

inside of his living room and left after Trigger acquired crack cocaine. Horne next said, “I ended 

up calling [Muckleroy] back when Trigger” appeared at Horne’s house between 4:00 and 4:30 

a.m. Horne and Lockridge drove back to Muckleroy’s home. Horne claimed that he remained 

outside while Lockridge entered the home until he saw Lockridge and Muckleroy “wrestling 

over something.” Claiming he could not get past the locked gate, Horne testified that he was still 

outside when he heard gunshots and then ran. According to Horne, Lockridge drove up while he 

was running, Horne got in the car, they drove to Lockridge’s house, and Horne returned the car 

to Harris alone. 

After hearing the evidence, the jury convicted Lockridge of Muckleroy’s murder. 

Lockridge complains that the evidence is legally insufficient because “[o]ther than the blood of 

the victim found on the floor mate [sic] there was no evidence that connected the Appellant to 

any of the crime scene.” Identity is the issue in this case. 

The jury heard from both the State and the defense that Horne and Lockridge were 

together on the night of the incident and that Lockridge had ingested drugs. Harris and 

Lockridge both confirmed that Lockridge had borrowed Harris’ car, and Muckleroy’s blood was 

found on the passenger-side floor board, suggesting that more than one person participated in the 

crime. Barron heard the incident and heard Muckleroy beg “Trigger” for his life. Contrary to 

Lockridge’s assertion, this evidence placed him at the scene of the crime. When Barron fled 

Muckleroy’s home, she saw only two shadowy figures at the residence. Several witnesses 
13

testified that Lockridge’s nickname was “Trigger” and that Horne and “Trigger” were known to 

be friends. Harris testified that, when Horne dropped off her car, he explained that Lockridge 

“was messed up from the night before” after ingesting “a mixture of drugs,” indicating again that 

the two had been together. 

There were approximately forty-one telephone calls between Lockridge and Horne during 

the timeframe in question. Davis testified to Horne’s statements to her that a drug deal had gone 

bad and that he had killed Muckleroy. When Horne confessed this information to Davis, Davis 

saw that Lockridge appeared “[j]ust agitated, nervous-like. He was mumbling he has to get to 

Dallas.” After Horne’s statement to Davis, Lockridge went to Dallas and did not return home for 

a few days.

The jury saw a note that Horne wrote and somehow delivered to Lockridge in jail 

claiming that they had both done “some f***ed up s**t.” The note also contained the following 

language penned by Horne:

Cuz I pray you get off this s**t cuz this s**t here for tha birds. I been in here 

d**n near 2 years & they can’t tell me s**t but I need to testify. My n***a they 

don’t got you & I be d**n if I let you fry. They gone probably try & make me 

come to your trial but if you see me walk threw dem doors just know I gottcha. I 

got love for you cuz & I’m glad you had [unreadable]. I ain’t gone have no parts 

of you getting convicted my n***a & dat’s on everything! If dey free you, dey 

free us.

Finally, the transcript of Horne’s prior testimony plainly identified Lockridge as the person who 

shot Muckleroy.

The evidence was legally sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Lockridge 

intentionally or knowingly caused Muckleroy’s death. This point of error is overruled.
14

(3) No Error Was Preserved Regarding the Admission of Lockridge’s Prior Testimony

Lockridge objected to the introduction of his testimony from his previous trial on the 

ground that it constituted hearsay.10 The substance of Lockridge’s argument in his briefing 

complains only that the declaration of mistrial rendered the prior proceeding “nugatory,” and 

suggests that the transcript’s admission was error on this basis. An appellant’s argument on 

appeal “must comport with the objection made at trial.” Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 349 

(Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The argument relating to “the proceedings occurring before the 

granting of a mistrial becom[ing] legally ineffective” was not preserved for appellate review. 

TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.11 

We overrule this point of error.

(4) Lack of an Accomplice-Witness Instruction Was Not Egregiously Harmful

Lockridge argues that he was entitled to an accomplice-witness instruction to the jury 

because Horne’s testimony from a previous trial was admitted against him. Our review of 

alleged jury charge error involves a two-step process. Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 

 10In his previous trial, Lockridge denied that he ever talked to Muckleroy and claimed that Horne confessed to him 

that he stabbed and shot Muckleroy alone. 

11Even though the title of the point of error complains that the trial court erred in admitting Lockridge’s testimony 

from the previous trial on the ground that he would be unavailable, there is no briefing to support the assertion. 

Thus, the brief is inadequate on this point. In any event, the record reflects that the trial court also made its decision 

to admit the testimony because “a criminal defendant’s own statements, when being offered against him, are not 

hearsay.” Trevino, 991 S.W.2d at 853 (citing TEX. R. EVID. 801(e)(2)). 

Further, after the substance of the transcript was read to the jury, Lockridge waived his Fifth Amendment 

privilege, took the stand, and testified in a fashion similar to the testimony he gave in his prior trial. “If a defendant 

objects to the admission of evidence but the same evidence is subsequently introduced from another source without 

objection, the defendant waives his earlier objection.” Bryant v. State, 282 S.W.3d 156, 165 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

2009, pet. ref’d) (quoting Massey v. State, 933 S.W.2d 141, 149 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)). Here, the evidence 

Lockridge complained of was introduced subsequently by him. Thus, any complaint regarding the admission of the 

testimony was waived.
15

(Tex. Crim. App. 1994); see Sakil v. State, 287 S.W.3d 23, 25–26 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Ngo 

v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Initially, we determine whether an error 

occurred and then “determine whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to require 

reversal.” Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 731–32; Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1984) (op. on reh’g); see also Middleton v. State, 125 S.W.3d 450, 453 (Tex. Crim. App.

2003).

There is no dispute that Horne was an accomplice in Muckleroy’s murder since he had 

previously been convicted for the same crime.12 Thus, Lockridge was entitled to an accomplicewitness instruction to the effect that a conviction is not valid without corroboration of an 

accomplice’s testimony. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.14 (West 2005). 

The trial court shall “deliver to the jury . . . a written charge distinctly setting forth the 

law applicable to the case . . . .” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14 (West 2007). Thus, a

trial court must instruct the jury sua sponte in accordance with Article 38.14 where applicable.

Freeman v. State, 352 S.W.3d 77, 82–83 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d)

(holding trial judge erred in failing to instruct jury sua sponte that testimony of accomplice was 

required to be corroborated in accordance with Article 38.14). The State concedes that the trial 

court’s failure to do so was error. 

Next, we discuss whether the failure to include the accomplice-witness instruction 

harmed Lockridge. The level of harm an appellant must demonstrate as having resulted from the 

erroneous jury instruction depends on whether the appellant properly objected to the error. 

 12A person who has been indicted for the same or a lesser-included offense is an accomplice as a matter of law. 

Smith v. State, 332 S.W.3d 425, 439 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
16

Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 732. “Where the evidence clearly shows a witness is an accomplice as a 

matter of law, the trial court must so instruct the jury, but if the appellant fails to object to the 

omission of the instruction, as in [Lockridge’s] case, he or she must prove egregious harm to 

prevail on appeal.” Hall v. State, 161 S.W.3d 142, 149 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. ref’d); 

see Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 743–44 (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171); see also Bluitt v. State, 137 

S.W.3d 51, 53 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). In answering this question, we “must take the entire 

record into account, as in any Almanza analysis.” Cassanova v. State, 383 S.W.3d 530, 534

(Tex. Crim. App. 2012). 

The omission of an accomplice-witness instruction is generally not egregiously harmful

unless the corroborating (nonaccomplice) evidence is “so unconvincing in fact as to render the 

State’s overall case for conviction clearly and significantly less persuasive.” Hall, 161 S.W.3d at 

150 (quoting Herron v. State, 86 S.W.3d 621, 632 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)). “This is said to be 

so because the instruction merely informs the jury that it cannot use the testimony of the 

accomplice or the informant unless it is first determined that other evidence exists connecting the 

defendant to the offense.” Simmons v. State, 205 S.W.3d 65, 77 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, 

no pet.). In conducting this analysis, we exclude the testimony of the accomplice witness and 

examine the remaining evidence to determine whether it tends to connect the defendant to the 

commission of the offense. Malone v. State, 253 S.W.3d 253, 257 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). The 

tends-to-connect standard does not present a high threshold as the “evidence need not prove the 

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt by itself.” Id.; see Cantelon v. State, 85 S.W.3d 
17

457, 461 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.). “Rather, the evidence must simply link the accused 

in some way to the commission of the crime.” Id.

No precise rule can be formulated as to the amount of evidence required to 

corroborate. The non-accomplice evidence does not need to be in itself sufficient 

to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Nor must the non-accomplice 

evidence directly link the accused to the commission of the offense. While the 

accused’s mere presence in the company of the accomplice before, during, and 

after the commission of the offense is insufficient by itself to corroborate 

accomplice testimony, evidence of such presence, coupled with other suspicious 

circumstances, may tend to connect the accused to the offense. Even apparently 

insignificant incriminating circumstances may sometimes afford satisfactory 

evidence of corroboration. 

Dowhitt v. State, 931 S.W.2d 244, 249 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (citations omitted). 

Here, Lockridge claims, “There is no corroborating evidence found in the record to 

support a finding of guilt.” Horne’s testimony pointed to Lockridge as the person who shot 

Muckleroy. 

There was ample corroborating evidence. Lockridge and Harris testified that Lockridge 

borrowed Harris’ vehicle. Testimony from Lockridge and Christyan established that Lockridge 

was with his friend Horne on the night before the murder. Barron testified that she heard Horne 

and a third party called “Trigger” enter Muckleroy’s home in the early morning hours on the day 

of his murder. Barron said that Muckleroy begged for “Trigger” to spare his life just before she 

heard three gunshots. “Trigger” was Lockridge’s nickname. Forty-one telephone calls were 

made between Horne and Lockridge during the timeframe in question. After the incident, Davis 

testified that Lockridge and Horne came to her house, that Horne confessed that a drug deal had 

gone bad and that he had killed Muckleroy, and that Lockridge’s behavior after Horne made the 

statement indicated that he was considering a quick exit to Dallas. Christyan and her mother 
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testified that Lockridge went to Dallas, did not return for a few days, and was brought back by 

them. Detective Hewitt testified that Lockridge turned himself in for arson after he was retrieved 

from Dallas. It was Muckleroy’s house that was burned. This act also placed Lockridge at the 

scene of the crime.

Because ample evidence, other than Horne’s testimony, tended to connect Lockridge to 

the commission of the crime, Lockridge was not egregiously harmed by the trial court’s failure to 

include the accomplice-witness instruction.

(5) Counsel’s Failure To Request an Accomplice-Witness Instruction Was Not Prejudicial

Lockridge complains that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to request the 

accomplice-witness instruction, placing him “in a position of having to meet a greater burden on 

the failure to so charge on appeal.” We apply the two-pronged Strickland test handed down by 

the United States Supreme Court to determine whether Lockridge received ineffective assistance 

of counsel. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984); Ex parte Imoudu, 284 S.W.3d 866, 

869 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Failure to satisfy either prong of the Strickland test is fatal to such 

a claim. Ex parte Martinez, 195 S.W.3d 713, 730 n.14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). 

First, Lockridge must show that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard 

of reasonableness in light of prevailing professional norms. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88. 

Where a witness is an accomplice as a matter of law, counsel’s failure to request an accomplicewitness instruction constitutes deficient performance. Hall, 161 S.W.3d at 152 (citing Henson v. 

State, 915 S.W.2d 186, 197 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1996, no pet.)). The first Strickland 

prong is met.
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The second prong, however, fails. Lockridge must next show that, but for counsel’s 

unprofessional error, there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would 

have been different. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88. A “reasonable probability” is a probability 

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome, meaning that counsel’s errors were so serious 

as to deprive Lockridge of a fair trial whose result is reliable. Smith v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333, 

340 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). In this context, the analysis will turn on “whether there was a 

substantial amount of non-accomplice evidence and whether the record reveals any rational basis 

on which the jury could have doubted or disregarded that evidence.” Davis v. State, 278 S.W.3d 

346, 353 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

As recited above, the jailhouse letter, telephone records, and testimony from Harris, 

Barron, Davis, Christyan, Jackson, Hewitt, and even Lockridge himself tends to connect 

Lockridge to the commission of the offense. We find that this nonaccomplice evidence was 

substantial. In his brief, Lockridge fails to point to any rational basis on which the jury could 

have doubted or disregarded this evidence, and we find none. Accordingly, Lockridge cannot 

meet the second Strickland prong requiring the demonstration of a reasonable probability that the 

result of the proceeding would have been different. We overrule this point of error.
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We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

Josh R. Morriss, III

Chief Justice

Date Submitted: May 14, 2013

Date Decided: May 17, 2013

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