# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 7- 37 32

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.
Tracy Parke r

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Weste rn Dis tri ct of M is so ur i - Kan sa s C it y

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Su bm it te d: Apri l 1 9, 2 01 9 Fi le d: Ju ly 9, 20 19

__ __ __ __ __ __ Befo re SHEPHERD, MELLOY, and GRASZ, Cir cu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ MELLOY, Circu it Ju dg e.

In 20 17
, Defen da nt Tracy Park er pl ed gu il ty to be in g a fel on in po ss es si on of

a fir earm , a vi ol at io n of 18 U

. S

. C

. § 9 2 2( g) (1 ). See al so 18 U.S.C. § 92 4( a)(2 ) (s et ti ng fo rth th e pe na lt y fo r vi ol at i n g § 92 2( g) ). At se nt en ci ng , th e di st ric t co ur t 1

The Hon or ab le Gary A. Fen ne r, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r th e W es te rn 1 Dis tri ct of M is so ur i.co nc lu de d th at two of Park er’s pr io r co nv ic ti on s— on e in 20 06 f or se co nd -d eg ree

r o bb ery an d an ot he r in 20 10 fo r at te m pt ed se co nd -d eg ree as sa ul t— were cri m es o f vi ol en ce un de r se ct io n 4B 1.2 (a) o f t he U.S. Sen te nc in g Gui de li ne s (“ Gui de li ne s” ).
Bas ed pa rtl y on th es e co nv ic ti on s, th e di st ric t co ur t co nc lu de d th at Park er’s of fen se l e v e l w as 25 an d th at he ha d a cat eg or y -IV cri m in al hi st or y

. The di st ric t c o u r t

se nt en ced Park er to a wit hi n- ran ge te rm of 84 m on th s’ im pr is on m en t. Park er ti m el y
ap pe al ed . W e aff

irm.

Park er arg ue s th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d in co nc lu di ng th at Mi ss ou ri se co nd

de gr ee ro bb ery is a cri m e of vi ol en ce un de r th e Gui de li ne s. W e di sa gr ee. At th e ti m e Park er was co nv ic te d, “ a pe rs on co m m it [te d] th e cri m e of r o b b e ry in th e se co nd de gr ee” in Mi ss ou ri by “ fo rci bl y st eal [in g] pr op ert y .” Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 56 9

. 0 3 0.1 (2 00 6) (cu rren t ve rs io n at Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 57 0.0 25 ). Last y ear, we he ld th at Mi ss ou ri

se co nd -d eg ree ro bb ery i s a “ vi ol en t fel on y ” fo r pu rp os es of ap pl y in g th e Arm ed
Care er Cri m in al Act (“ ACCA”) be cau se i t “re q u ire s th e us e or th reat en ed us e of vi ol en t fo rce.” Uni te d St at es v. Swo pe s, 88 6 F.3 d 66 8, 67 0– 67 2 (8 th Ci r. 20 18 ) (en ba nc ); se e al so 18 U.S.C. § 9 2 4 ( e ) ( 2 ) (B)( i) (d efi ni ng th e te rm “ vi ol en t fel on y ” to in cl ud e an off

en se th at “ ha s as an ele m en t t he us e, at te m pt ed us e, or th reat en ed us e of ph y si cal for ce ag ai ns t t he pe rs on of an ot he r”). The de fin it io n of the te rm “ cri m e of vi ol en ce” in th e Gui de li ne s is “ ne arl y id en ti cal ” to th at of “ vi ol en t fel on y .” Uni te d
St at es v. Mat a, 86 9 F.3 d 64 0, 64 4 (8 th Ci r. 20 17 ) (ci ta ti on om it te d) ; se e al so U.S.S.G. § 4B 1.2 (a) (“ The te rm ‘crim e of vi ol en ce’ m ean s an y off en se un de r fed eral or st at e la w, pu ni sh ab le by im

pr is on m en t fo r a te rm ex ceed in g on e y ear, th at —(1 ) ha s as an el em en t th e us e, at te m

pt ed us e, or th reat en ed us e of ph y si cal fo rce ag ai ns t th e pe rs on of an ot he r

. . . .” )

. We t h e r e fo re “ co ns tru e ‘vio le nt fel on y ’ un de r [th e ACCA] an d ‘crim e of vi ol en ce’ un de r th e Gui de li ne s as in te rch an ge ab le .” Mat a, 86 9 F.3 d at 64 4 (ci ta ti on om it te d)

. In de ed
, we di d so jus t m on th s aft er Swo pe s, ho ld in g th at Mi ss ou ri fir st -d eg ree ro bb ery is a cri m e o f vi ol en ce u nd er t he Gui de li ne s. See Uni te d St at es

v. Sh in e, 91 0 F.3 d 10 61
, 10 63 (8 th Ci r. 20 18 ) (ex pl ai ni ng th at Mi ss ou ri’s fir st -d eg ree

ro bb ery st at ut e, li ke th e st at ut e at is su e he re, in vo lv es “ ph y si cal fo rce th at is cap ab le

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-of cau si ng ph y si cal pa in or in jury to an ot he r pe rs on ” (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s an d ci ta ti on om it te d) ). W e li ke wis e ho ld
, fo r th e reas on s art ic ul at ed in Swo pe s an d Sh in e, th at Mi ss ou ri se co nd -d eg ree ro bb ery is a cri m e of vi ol en ce un de r th e Gui de li ne s an d reject Park er’s fi rs t ar gu m en t.

Park er al so arg ue s th at th e di st ric t c o u r t erre d in co nc lu di ng th at hi s 20 10

co nv ic ti on fo r at te m

pt ed se co nd -d eg ree as sa ul t un de r Mo

. Rev

. St at

. § 56 5.0 60 .1(2 ) (2 01 0) (cu rren t ve rs io n at Mo . R ev . S ta t. § 56 5.0 52 ) is a cri m e of vi ol en ce. Park er

co nc ed es th at we ha ve pr ev io us ly he ld to th e co nt rary, s e e Uni te d St at es v. W el ch
, 87 9 F.3 d 32 4, 32 6– 27 (8 th Ci r. 20 18 ) (p er cu ria m ), bu t rai se s th e is su e to pr es erv e it fo r fu rth er rev ie w

. W e m us t fo ll ow ou r de ci si on in W el ch

. See Mad er v. Uni te d
St at es , 65 4 F.3 d 79 4, 80 0 (8 th Ci r. 20 11 ) (en ba nc ) (“ It is a card in al ru le in ou r ci rcu it th at on e pa ne l is bo un d by th e de ci si on of a p r i o r p a ne l.” (ci ta ti on om it te d) ). W e th eref or e reject Park er’s se co nd arg um en t an d affi rm th e jud gm en t of th e di st ric t

co ur t.

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