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Studies: (Hippert) Various 

Sensor Platforms for 

NASA Multiband Experiment 

coi~SIDERATION OF v AHIOUS SENSOR PLATFORMS 

,1 

FOR 

THE NASA MULTI:SAND SYNOPTIC 

PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPERIMENT PROGRAM 

~ 

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l The NASA Multiband Synoptic Photographic Ex2eriment Objectives 

A. Agric:ufture and Forestry . ' . 

. Fea~ibil~ / and Research Phase: 

1. " To determine and define the potential scientific/ economic 

value of performing agricultural and forestry research from space 

relative to the following: 

a. Assessment of crop and timberstand vigor and prediction 

of future yields. 

b. Recognition and establishme.nt of the relationships among 

productivity, distributions, and concomitant natural and man-made 

phenomena. 

2. To develop spatial and spectral signatures for plants, animals 

and soils. 

Operational Phase: 

To gather data utilizing spaceborne instruments, for the purpose 

of increasing agricultural and forestry production to meet the needs of 

an expanding population. 

B. Geography and Cartography 

Feasibility and Research Phase: 

HANDLE V!A 

2':Ei•1iAN-TP.LENT-KEYHOLE. 

CC>-.'.TROl. SYSTEMS JO!NTl...Y.; 

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To determine and define the potential scientific I economic value 

of performing geographic/cartographic research from space relative 

to the followinz fields and activities; . " •' 

l. ,Thematic mapping and studies to include.: 

,1 

·'a. Land use 

b. Population distribution and changes 

c. Transportation 

d. Property delineation (cadastral mapping} 

e. Other relationships and interactions of natural and 

cultural resources with the activities of man. 

2. Topographic mapping and cartographic expression as 

required to support thematic mapping. 

3. Determination of the size and shape of the earth, and the 

extent to which continental and local spatial relationships are time 

variant. 

Operational Phase: 

To gather data from space on a continuing basis for the purpose 

of providing mankind with timely information relative to his relation -

ships and interactions with natural and cultural resources. 

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'' ' ·, '•·I-•-·:·-· 

C. Geology 

Feasibility and Research Phase: 

To detepmine and define the potential scientific/ economic value ;.· 

,. 

0£ p<.;ir:forming 1treologico.l research from space by the following: ( 

I 

I 

1. The study of the dynamic qualities of the Earth1s surface 

and crust with an aim toward developing an ability to predict earthquakes, 

volcanic eruptions, and toward achieving a better understanding of the 

forces that deform the Earth's crust. 

2. The development of a global framework of geologicgeophysical knowledge within which to place our more detailed terrestrial 

scientific observations against which to test our scientific hypotheses, 

and by which to discover additional mineral resources. 

3. The study of the processes which shape the Earth 1s surface 

including sedimentation, deposition and radiation, and the inter:~elationships of these parameters with time and climate, with the aim of improving our knowledge of the Earth, its surface, its engineering properties 

and its mineral resources, and enhancing our ability to determine the 

history of other planetary surfaces. 

4. To define the Earth in terms of its mc;.gnetic, gravitational, 

and radiation fields; heat balance, other parameters; and internal constitution - - especially in terms of the relationship of the mantle, crust, 

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and subcrustal layers. To apply this knowledge to improve our understanding of the Earth 1

s origin, its mineral resources, its relationship 

~ 

to other planetap':'Y: bodies, and to the origin of the solar system. 

j 

Oper ::frional Phase: 

To inventory and monitor the mineral resources of the Earth 

and thereby assist in better management and utilization of these 

resources in meeting the compounding demands and desires of people 

created by the rapid advances in technology and population expansion. 

D. Hydrology 

Feasibilit;y and Research Phase: 

To determine and define the potential scientific I economic 

value of performing hydrologic research from space by the following: 

1. The study of hydrologic features, cycles and processes. 

2. The measurement and distribution of rain and snowfall, 

runoff and water ·retention in drainage basins of differing size, topography 

and geologic environment. Such measurements will include variations 

of cooling and subsequent heating of the Earth after a rainfall. 

3. Tl1e measurement of the salt water content of natural waters 

ir:. estuaries and other waters used as supplies for municipal, industrial 

and irrigation purposes. 

;-I..-.'\1~QL!:: VIP .. 

Bl'Ef\1Jll._}\1--fALEf~·r .. r<EYHG;LE 

CO!-..IT~OL SYST::'.~IIS .JOINTLY 

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4. The development of techniques for monitoring water 

pollution on a rapid, repetitive and synoptic scale. 

5. T);le conduct of studies relative to evapotranspiration, or t ! 'I 

. the loss of v,:!;;i.tGr f'x:om soil ::md vog.;;itution into the o.tmosphoro. This 

,· 

I 

will be done by determining: (a) how water vapor entering the atmos -

phere can be measured from space; (b) what quantities are lost and 

when, in terms of diurnal and seasonal periods. When this is established, 

t? determine the relationship of evapotranspiration to growth of crops 

and to antecedent soil moisture conditions. 

6. The identification of areas of ground-water discharge and 

rr..e asurement of contributions to surface-water bodies. Identification 

of such discharge areas should assist the search for areas underlain by 

aquifiers capable of supplying water for municipal, industrial and 

irrigation use .. 

7. The investigation and identification of subaquaeous features 

of large lakes and reservoirs such as bottom topography and current 

movements and their effects on the distribution of sediment and biota. 

8. The location, extent and effects of culturally accelerated 

erosion and sedimentation. 

HAN.::>L~ Vl/l. 

BYEM:-~.N-TALEl\.~T-r<:EYHOLE 5 

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Operational Phase: 

1. The inventory and assessment of the water resources of 

,.. 

the nation and~the world . 

. :,

2. ~The mapping of the distribution and measurement of the 

contribution of fresh water and sediment from the continents to the 

ocean basins. 

3. The utilization of the synoptic and repetitive capability of 

orbital sensing to monitor the. water regimes of glaciers, snow fields 

and ice caps as ,sources of water supply and as climatic indicators. 

4. The mapping, monitoring and prediction of those usage and 

polution aspects proved feasible, eg, rainfall, salt water content, sedimentation. 

E. Oceanography and Marine Technology 

Feasibility and Research Phase: 

1. Identification and delineation of ocean curren.ts (offshore 

and littoral), biological communities, refraetion patterns from shoaling 

waves and breaking surf, sea ice, etc. , based upon spectral characteristics of sea water. 

2. Delineation of river effluent discharge patterns, shallow water 

sediment migrations, bottom topography, beach erosion and shoreline 

changes. 

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3. Examination of relationship between seasonal/ climatic 

changes and sea surface state for use in meteorologic and oceanographic foreca~_~;i.ng . . ,. .. 

. . 

. Operational Phase: I 

, 1. /To survey the world 1

s oceans on a largescale and continuous 

basis. To identify number and size of fish schools, and their movement 

and migration patterns so as to assist the fishing industry in supplying 

food for the world 1s p0pulation. 

2. To monitor and chart the distribution and movement of sea 

ice and icebergs for the benefit of mariners. 

3. To monitor and record such other oceanographic phenomena 

as may be proven feasible and desirable. 

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II. Capabilities 

·- ,,- . . . ...:, . ~ ,' .... ·, ,_, . 

.. ' 

NASA is planning to use a manned satellite -- the 

APOLLO -- as.· the vehicle for its multi-spectral photographic 

observation'prdgram. This satellite system, operating at .: 

150 n. m./altitude, has the capability to produce 147 million 

' 

square miles of photographic product per mission. Setting 

aside the cost of such a mission (which will be considered 

later), the political desirability of an aggressive satellite 

overflight program, and the actual necessity or practicality 

oi producing data at a rate orders of magnitude beyond the 

national interpretation capability, it is still reasonable 

to ask if a manned satellite is the best; i .:e. , most efficient, carrier. Certainly, some consideration should be 

given to unmanned satellites and to aircraft as vehicles 

competitive to APOLLO. 

The U-2R aircraft ope~ates at 65,000 feet producing a 

70 n. m. swath over an 1800 n. m. flight line. Its coverage 

of 126,000 sq mi per mission can be acquired at resolutions 

as low as l meter. The U-2's flexibility makes it very 

adaptable as a- observation vehicle; it can follow a complex 

non-linear flight path and also take ~dvantage of changing 

weather patterns to deliver cata in an operationally efficient 

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manner. While the U-2 is severely li~ited in its ability to 

cover vast areas (say a hemisphere) in a short time period (a 

few days), it is a formidable contender for the task of 

covering large nations in a reasonable time period. For ,.· 

.. example,/~ si~i.gle U-2 can cover all of Canada (disregarding 

weather1 in 31 flights, or, stated in more reasonable operational terms, .six U-2's could cover Canada in about five 

flights each. In the case of India, one U-2 could acquire 

total coverage in eleven flights. 

The followirig outlines indicate the capability by 

objective area of APO~~O, unmanned satellites, and the U-2R 

to produce data for the NASA multi-spectral photographic 

experiment (cost, inter~ational politics, availability, and 

desirability are ignored): 

~-;A;\!LJ~C: V!A 

DYE:Il.~l\!· T P~LEI\-.i'"-~(£~!f[i8:G 

CONT~OL, SYS"i'E:MS JOtNTL:'1J 9 

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A. Agriculture and Forestry 

Objective 

Topography 

Timberline 1, 

1 • 

I 

I 

Waterline ' 

Snowline 

Dese:;.~tline 

• ,Y 

.: .. '. ' 

Grassland-Bushland 

:'.:nterface 

Bushland-Timberland 

Interiace 

Grassland-Timberland Interface 

Vegetation Density 

Irrigation Water 

(Snow Pacl<::) 

Fie:ds (less than 

l Ac:;.~e) 

Fields (One to ?en 

Acres) 

FielC:s (G:..~eater 

tr.an ':'2:::i. Acres) 

Damage Assessment 

/-;,.: 00,:J) ,.... .... ""' 

Livestoc~ Census 

(Ecology) 

APOLLO 

x 

y 

... 

x 

x 

x 

.,..,. 

A. 

..,,. 

A. 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

-· •••• ~,.'! '·,·~·, ~ ;...;~ ~ .-...:;;;-~ ...; 1·. 

10 

Unmanned 

Satellites 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

w 

L';, 

'<7 

A. 

U2R 

x / 

x r/ 

x V""" 

x ~..,, 

v 

x / 

x ~ 

x v 

x / 

x V' 

x v 

x ~ 

x V" 

xv 

x 

x V" 
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B. Geography and Cartography 

Land Use 

Urban Stt:.die'.s" 

\ 

/, 

Transport~tion ~nd 

Lii1!~agBs 

Settlement and Population Movements 

Resources Utilization 

·Vegetation Cover & 

Soils 

Climatic Conditions 

Energy Budget (inc. 

water) 

Geo:110rphology 

Glaciology & Permafrost 

Topographic.& Thematic 

Mapping 

~-:~d,.;\ll:) LS ·v1.:.~· 

B'!ET"·~-~~;\--f.~Lf l\I1-~ i.CE\'t~~:JS 

APOLLO 

x 

x 

x 

x 

.. ~~";~:::.1.<.1i:: 

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Unmanned 

Satellites 

x 

x 

xv 

x 

x 

x/ 

x/ 

x V""' 

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U2R 

x /" 

xv 

x~ 

x~ 

x !/"'' 

LIM 

x 
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C. Geology 

Rock Types(Gross) 

Li tho logy . _-_,, t ..... 

Porosity / 1 

I 1 

. 

Permeability 

Fabric (Gross) 

Faults, Folds 

Salt Domes 

. Cor::::..l Reefs 

River Effluents 

Stream Lake and Bay 

Deposits 

Dunes 

Intrusive Rocks 

,... . ~-- . _._ . .: 

A::?OLLO 

x 

LIM 

x 

-.;r 

A 

~r 

A 

"" ..!'. 

:.:::M 

LIM 

..,,. 

A 

x 

~etallogenic Provinces "Cr "'-

Oil Shale 

Surf ace Roughness 

,..... ..<... 1..,,ompac ... ion 

Ea:;.~thqu::::..ke Zones 

Volcanos, ':'lle::::·mal 

Waters 

Heat 3alance,Va~ia~ 

tiOi"lS 

Glaciation (Continental, Valley) 

S . .:~~<:.JL~ \l:/·~1 

SY Er::i~j\!-~-P~LEI' ~~r-:c=:\ ;-:c~u; 

'CONTROi ... SYS.'Ti:~·1:s. JO(~.;..TL..\''.; 

') -:- ... ,~-

-J-.1.Y,.. 

Lilv1 

L::M 

..,,. 

"'· 

'\:7" 

~). 

LI~vl 

x 

........ 

C· .:.-:·<· !)~ ·.~~G:: ;: 

12 

Umr1anned 

Satellites 

xv 

LIM 

x v 

"<r 

.r::.. v" 

x v 

v 

A 

LIM 

LIM 

x \/" 

"" A v 

"" .r. / 

LIM 

LIM 

LIM 

x 

x 

LIM 

x v"' 

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U2R 

x 

x/ 

x V"" 

xv 

x 

LIM 

x 

xv 

xV' 

·x/ 

x 

x 

LIM 

LIM 

xv' 

LIMV 

xv' 

xv 

LIM I/ 

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1 ' 

D. Hyc:cology 

Unmanned 

APOLLO Satellites. U2R 

Evapotranspiration x A ""' ./ x 

Rain Distr'i~but'ion LIM LIM LIMV 

& Infil.;tra ti on 

Ground Water ~ 

A 

~r x x ~ 

Discharge 

Subaqueous Feature LIM LIM LIM v 

Identification 

Salt Content & LH1 LIM LIM ~ 

Light Absorption '. of W:::.:'ce:r 

Water Pollution LIM LIM x / 

Rese:rvoi:c Sedi- LITuI LIM x /' 

mentation 

Effluen-ts o..c ... Major LIM LIM x / 

Rivers 

?..unof f & Water Lr,r. ,4.,J.\..., L:M x l/"'' 

Retention in 

Drainage· Basins 

Erosion & Seci- L:11

l LIM LIM V" 

mentatio:n Rates 

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E. Oceanography and Marine Technology 

Sea Surf ace T,uennal 

J:.Iapping .,·!:· ~~ 

/,; Cu:i.~rents ., 

'1 

Ice Su::.--ve'illance 

Coastal ~arine Processes 

Biological Phenowena 

·water Cblor Analysis 

Volcanic Activity 

t1AI,:Ci;_..: \li/1• 

B'.'E.~ 1P .. l'!-T f:.~LEI'I-r .. :(E'fr-:.:;,u: 

CONTROL SYSi'&;:l\l.S JO!NTLV 

A?OLLO 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

.. ,, .;· .. ~ 

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Unmanned 

Satellites 

x/ 

x 1,:/ 

x 

xv ./ xv 

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U2R 

LIM 

LIM 

LIM 

x~ 

x 

x 

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It is clear from these tables that unmanned satellites and 

V-2 aircraft are directly competitive with APOLLO in meeting the 

NASA program, as outlined. 7he red checks, indicating the 

most effectiv\?:sensor platform for each category of observation, .. . ... .. re£lect str~ng U-2 potential for mooting the majority of the 

11 

needs. 

In carrying out the NASA program satellites would be the 

superior vehicle wheaever (1) very large areas -- such as the 

S~no-Soviet territory -- are to be surveyed on a total coverage 

basis, o:r (2) the da.ta must be delivered on a synoptic (or 

near-synoptic) basis. There is no reason, even in massive 

undertal{ings, for tte satellites to be manned. This fact is 

reflected positively in NASA's own document, "Proposal for a 

Maltibanc Synoptic Photographic Experiment for Manned Earth 

Orbital I11issions," dated March 18, 1966, which says that the 

camera system "will require a r:J.inimum of attention since the 

ope:.~a tio::i will be pre-prog:~am.2edn (p. I I-8) and nthe camera 

shall be fully automatic and pre-programmed to the fullest 

extent possible but shall a:so have )rovisions for manual overAircraft would be a s~perior vehicle whenever the area to be 

covered i~ toto is on the order of Canada, :ndia, or the United 

States, whenever the coverage is ~o be selective, or whenever 

a reasonab~e time period (say a week) may be devoted to the task. 

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III. Political Considerations 

It is very un~ikely that NASA will be permitted to conduct satellite 

, "' . overflights of):lenied territory within the foreseeable future. National 

" 

and internatfonal pressures will discourage such flights, especially since 

they would of necessity be made on an 11 open 11 (announced) basis with free 

disclosure of flight results to the scientific community. A sizable portion 

of the data which NASA proposes to collect over foreign countries would 

be identified correctly by those nations as economic intelligence, and 

NASA 1s expectation that the sovereign nations of the world will sanction 

such surveillance is surprisingly naive. 

In spite of its announced desire to 11 go global, 11 NASA will undoubtedly 

find itself constrained to (1) observing only those countries which express 

a desire for observation (few and far between) or (2) conducting covert 

observation. Only the first option is compatible with NASA's peaceful 

image and functional :'ranchise; it is logical to expect that, at best, NASA 

will be required to concentrate its economic surveillance on the United 

States and a few other volunteerir:.g nations. In meeting this constricted 

objective, the airplane becomes vastly superior to satellites in a majority 

of cases. The airpla::-ie has the further advantage of being an nhonest' 1 

observation device, i.e., an. aircraft taking pictures of India is observing 

-·~, ~-. ::: ... . · . .:) ,. 

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" only India, while a satellite photographing India may be (and can always 

be accused ·of) continuing its observations over Pakistan, China, the 

USSR, or any place else in the world. ··,· 

. ' . 

... ' ": ' ~; '" 

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IV. Economic Considerations 

The APOLLO''is the most expensive vehicle available as a carrier •' • I 

for the: multi-il)1pectral photographic program. Based on a buy and launch1 

ing of eight p'er year, each launching costs $95 to $ll0 million. The costs 

divide as follows: 

Command and service module 

Lab module 

SATURN lB 

Support, checkout, launching 

43. 0 

10. 0 

2 3. O to 3 7. O 

20. 0 

Once flown the APOLLO is, of course, totally expended. The comparatively large amount of coverage obtained (147 million square miles) is a 

mixed blessing in that the national ic.terpretation capability is saturated 

by the accession of ne-tenth that amount. 

Unmanned satellites are much less expensive ($9. 0 million for a 

KH-4 and $10. 0 million for a KH-7) and are capable of performing at a 

level which more than meets the objectives of the NASA program. Their 

lifetime on orbit is not nearly 'chat of an A:?OLLO but it is not clear why 

a 45-day lifetime should be c:l'.'itical to fo.2 program. 

U-2 1s are $2. 7 each (in the 11R11 version SR-71 1s cost $15 million each; 

36 U-2R's could be purchased for foe cost of one APOLLO mission. 

':'i::..ey have the advantage of being re -usable and of being very useful in 

the military inventory whenever their civil mission would be completed. 

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V. Summary 

It is clear::th3:t U-2R aircraft and unmanned satellites are directly 

•' 

J ' cornpetit:tve ,Mith APOLLO in m(:;e:Ung th-.: NASA program. obj0ctives. 

The U .:.'.2R is the superior sensing platform whenever one considers 

the area to be covered to be on the order of Canada, India or the U.S. ; 

whenever the coverage is selective; or whenever a reasonable time 

period is permitted for the task. 

A satellite would be the superior vehicle whenever very large areas 

e.g. , the Sino Soviet territory - - are to be surveyed on a total 

coverage basis or whenever the data must be delivered on a synoptic 

basis. 

This is not to say that the satellite need be APOLLO. Factually, 

there is no reason, in even massive undertakings, for the satellite to be 

manned. 

Politically, it is highly ur.:.l ikely that NASA will be permitted to 

conduct satellite overflights of denied territory within the i'oreseeable 

future. 

NASA will undoubtedly find itself constrained to observing only those 

countries which ex.,,ress a desire for observation or to conducting covert 

observation. 

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In meeting this constricted objective, the airplane becomes vastly 

superior to satellites in a majo:dty of cases and has the further advantage of beint[: an '

11honest 11 observation device. /.' 

,,,· 

APOLL01 is the most expensive vehicle available as a carrier for 

the NASA multi-spectral photographic experiment, costing approximately 

$100 million per launch. Unmanned satellites are much less expensive 

--. approximately $9 million per launch and are capable of performing 

at a level which would more than meet the NASA program objectives: 

U2R's cost $2. 7 million each; SR-7l's cost $15 million each. Both have 

the advantage of being reusable and useful in a follow-on military 

requirement. 

. ., "' .. ·,~ 

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". -c:::..:p..;;:ra/Vehicle Comparison~Approved for Relea~e: 2017101125 C05096424 

• ~ .... , cl.• .... ~. 

~~ \!.. J. '!-

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 

No. cf caweras 

Type of camera 

Fil1n size 

:5'ocal lc:lgih 

f rn.:mber 

Ground resolution~:< 

Li~ec:.r coverage~:,~!-= 

P .. ~2a coverage 

Car.:1era \VeigrJ.t 

ve:iicle 

Range 

l 

f l\Cultiband 

[ Synoptic 

!6 

i 

160M 

17, Leo I ~ 

I 1,..,..,_ 

.c:;.::o nm 

655,000 

1471\II SCJCi.i 

U-2R 

Camera 

l 2 

Frame Pan 

70 mm 

36 11 

3. 5 

llVI . 5& 

70 nm 26 nm 

lSOC 39.78 

lOL~K· sq mi 

285# 

7')(\f\ .... vv :r:r: .... 14, 000 n;.-n 

SR-71 

l 

Frame 

9 ~II 

• 0 

5. 6 

5M 

21 nm 

7544 

159K sq mi 

120# 

14, 000 nm 

3. 2 

• 1 " ' 1

• _',· :::; 0 ~~ ,· r· - Q Q" I Q - Q ·" r, ! 8 :::.,· 0 u" 0 I ... 2:..;._ :: l:L: c.e v ... .ll.... o ~, , u u ;:i » v v tJ 

.... -_ ...... --·· __ :::::=---------------------·------··--" -----·-·---·------··.-_ ..___ ·'.:.:--.;.:.;· ========·==========-

Xo. ::'Lghts to cover: : 

~ :\ :\' ~:~ ~ ·.JP:. 

3, 851) SGS sqrr:i l 38 25 

- -·-·------·---.. =· -= .. ·======·======== 

l\o. f:ig::.ts to cover: 

l, 269, 835 sqr.c..i ll 

... ~_PO~LO ~esolution de:crraded :f~o.::.c.~r.~p9rt by factor of 0 .. ··~;~.\-·~ ... ,:, '..' :·. 

3 for o:-:bit r.c1issi0: ... 

at 150 miles ,, -:~-~'..·:-'. -

\Vith 55% overlap. c;e;;-:·:.\,~~•-- :?·/:. --~ : . . ··:::::·<·.-,_,,,: 

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; .. Approved for Release: 2017/01/25 C05096424 

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Cost 2 0 Acft * 

30 J-75 .Engines· 

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M: 

Spares 

(11) 1 cameras 

36 11 Focal Length 11B 11 

5' Ground Resolution 

1800 n. m. Linear Cover X 

70 n. m. 

126, 000 sq miles cover per 

$ 48, 008, 000 

9,600,000 

$ 57,. 608, 000 . ' 

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$ 

84/Hour 

$210/Hour 

SAC. 

0 & M for Squadron (Total}.. $147, 000/Month 

0 & M for Ops Cove 88, 200/Month 

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20 .can photograph 7. 5 million. 

$57. 6 million, 

K {.$88, 200 of this is 

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