F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

APR 27 2004

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

AD-X INTERNATIONAL, INC.;

ALL STATES MEDIA, INC.; ALL

STATES LEGAL REFERRAL

SERVICES, INC.; ALL STATES

CAPITAL CORPORATION;

LARRY MACPHALE,

Plaintiffs-AppellantsCross-Appellees,

v.

KENNETH E. KOLBJORNSEN;

HANNELORE S. KOLBJORNSEN,

Defendants-AppelleesCross-Appellants,

and

MICHAEL M. NOYES; THE LAW

OFFICES OF MICHAEL M. NOYES;

DAVID FOGEL; FOGEL &

BLUESTEIN; DONALD

MCNURLIN; MCNURLIN &

ASSOCIATES; MICHAEL

MERRION; THE OFFICES OF

MICHAEL MERRION, CPA; DOUG

ENGLER; DOUGLAS ENGLER,

P.C.; ANDREW SNYDER; THE

LAW FIRM OF ANDREW SNYDER;

Nos. 03-1192, 03-1219, 04-1033

(D.C. No. 99-D-332 (CBS))

(D. Colo.)
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

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NATIONAL LAWYERS REFERRAL

NETWORK, INC.; LAWYERS

AMERICA, INC.,

Defendants-Appellees.

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before SEYMOUR , Circuit Judge, BRORBY , Senior Circuit Judge, and

HENRY , Circuit Judge.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

these appeals. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cases are

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

Plaintiffs filed this action for bankruptcy fraud, misrepresentation, and

racketeering against Kenneth and Hannelore Kolbjornsen, their now-defunct

corporations, and several legal and financial professionals who allegedly assisted

the Kolbjornsens in orchestrating and then concealing a pre-petition transfer of

assets intended to deprive the creditor plaintiffs of any recovery in a Chapter 13

proceeding filed by Mr. Kolbjornsen. The district court dismissed the complaint
1 The third appeal in the caption, No. 04-1033, was opened when plaintiffs

filed a “Certificate of Compliance and Amendment to Notice of Appeal” to notify

this court of the disposition of a post-trial motion filed after the other appeals

were commenced. Plaintiffs have now moved to dismiss No. 04-1033, stating that

they had mistakenly added the reference to an amended notice and “did not intend

[to] . . . initiate a new appeal.” We grant the motion.

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against the professional defendants, but plaintiffs went to trial and obtained

a substantial money judgment against the Kolbjornsens. Plaintiffs now appeal

(in No. 03-1192) the dismissal of their claim against the professional defendants

under the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO),

18 U.S.C. §§ 1961, 1962, 1964. The Kolbjornsens cross-appeal (in No. 03-1219)

the judgment entered on the jury verdict against them. We affirm both rulings. 1

Plaintiffs’ Appeal

The district court granted the professional defendants’ motion to dismiss

the RICO claim, concluding that the pertinent allegations lacked “the level of

particularity required to state a claim for [] relief.” Aplt. App., Doc. 8, at 144.

Predicate acts of fraud for a RICO claim must satisfy the heightened pleading

standard of Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). Cayman Exploration Corp. v. United Gas Pipe

Line Co. , 873 F.2d 1357, 1362 (10 th Cir. 1989); accord Lum v. Bank of Am. , 361

F.3d 217, 220 (3d Cir. 2004). On de novo review, Robbins v. Wilkie , 300 F.3d

1208, 1209 (10 th Cir. 2002), we agree that the broad-brushed and conclusory

allegations involving the professional defendants were deficient under Rule 9.
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Indeed, at the hearing on the motion to dismiss, plaintiffs’ counsel repeatedly

stated that the complaint was framed (inappropriately) in reference to the general

notice pleading standards of Fed. R. Civ. P. 8, and now on appeal plaintiffs make

virtually no effort to demonstrate how the pertinent allegations are sufficient

under the proper legal standard applied by the district court. Instead, they focus

on the district court’s denial of their informal request to amend their complaint to

correct its deficiencies. This line of attack, however, is foreclosed by circuit

precedent.

Plaintiffs did not file a motion for leave to amend their complaint, much

less detail the additional factual allegations they could provide to shore up their

RICO claim against the professional defendants. Rather, at the hearing on the

motion to dismiss, plaintiffs’ counsel merely made a generic “offer that if

additional allegations to supplement those [made] will satisfy the Court, we’d

request the opportunity to do so.” Aplt. App., Doc. 7, at 118. In the district

court’s view, it was “disingenuous” to make this belated provisional offer: “If

[plaintiffs] really wanted to amend, the time to seek to amend would have been

before today’s hearing so that the Court would have had something else to look at

[to] figure out if [plaintiffs] have more to say than what [they have] already said.”

Id. The district court’s handling of the matter was appropriate under Calderon v.
2 Plaintiffs now assert they had a right to amend their pleadings, with or

without leave of court, because some of the defendants had not yet answered the

complaint. Even if that were true, they “failed to exercise their right to amend

prior to the trial court’s decision” and thereafter they “could have amended their

complaint only by leave of court.” Glenn v. First Nat’l Bank in Grand Junction ,

868 F.2d 368, 370 (10 th Cir. 1989) (emphasis altered).

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Kansas Department of Social & Rehabilitation Services , 181 F.3d 1180, 1186-87

(10th Cir. 1999). 2

Plaintiffs focus much of their briefing on a motion they filed for relief

under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) after they appealed from the entry of final judgment

incorporating the dismissal of the professional defendants and the subsequent

verdict against the Kolbjornsens. The denial of the Rule 60(b) motion is beyond

the scope of this appeal, which is limited to orders in existence when the notice of

appeal was filed. See, e.g. , EEOC v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. , 187 F.3d 1241, 1250

(10th Cir. 1999); Breeden v. ABF Freight Sys., Inc. , 115 F.3d 749, 752 (10 th Cir.

1997); Nolan v. United States Dep’t of Justice , 973 F.2d 843, 846 (10 th Cir.

1992). In any event, our conclusion that the district court proceeded correctly on

the motion to dismiss would undercut plaintiffs’ claim that the court abused its

discretion in denying their Rule 60(b) motion challenging that disposition.

Kolbjornsens’ Appeal

The Kolbjornsens appeal from the entry of judgment on the jury’s award of

compensatory and punitive damages against them on plaintiffs’ RICO claims. 
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They contend that the district court erred in instructing the jury regarding the

“enterprise” and “person” elements of a RICO claim. See 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)

(making it unlawful “for any person” who is “associated with any enterprise” to

conduct its affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity). Specifically, they

argue that Kenneth Kolbjornsen’s bankruptcy estate does not constitute a RICO

enterprise and that, in any event, the estate lacks the requisite distinctness from

the person (debtor Kenneth Kolbjornsen) who allegedly used it as a vehicle for

racketeering activity. Neither of these contentions has merit.

In addition to individuals associated in fact, any legal entity may qualify as

a RICO enterprise. Id. § 1961(4). Indeed, because the enterprise must be

separate from the pattern of racketeering itself, United States v. Turkette , 452

U.S. 576, 583 (1981), and distinct from the person engaging in it, Cedric Kushner

Promotions, Ltd. v. King , 533 U.S. 158, 161-62 (2001), RICO requirements are

most easily satisfied when the enterprise is a formal legal entity. Bennett v. Berg ,

685 F.2d 1053, 1060 (8 th Cir. 1982), adopted on reh’g en banc , 710 F.2d 1361,

1363-64 (8th Cir. 1983); see also United States v. Blinder , 10 F.3d 1468, 1474

(9th Cir. 1993). A bankruptcy estate is clearly such an entity. The only published

decision to address the matter had no difficulty concluding that a bankruptcy

estate qualified as a RICO enterprise. Handeen v. Lemaire , 112 F.3d 1339, 1353
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(8th Cir. 1997); see also Gunther v. Dinger , 547 F. Supp. 25, 27 (S.D.N.Y. 1982)

(same conclusion as to probate estate). We agree.

Basically the same reasons undercut the Kolbjornsens’ argument that the

requisite distinction between “enterprise” and “person” was lacking here. They

insist that a bankruptcy estate and debtor are legally indistinguishable. On the

contrary, “the debtor and the bankruptcy estate are distinct entities in an

individual’s bankruptcy proceeding.” Katz v. Comm’r , 335 F.3d 1121, 1127

(10th Cir. 2003). Indeed, the creation of the estate as a formal entity in its own

right is the immediate consequence of filing a bankruptcy case. 11 U.S.C. § 541.

Though speaking about a corporation rather than a bankruptcy estate, the Supreme

Court’s analysis of the RICO distinctiveness requirement in Cedric Kushner

Promotions is instructive: “The corporate owner/employee, a natural person, is

distinct from the corporation itself, a legally different entity with different rights

and responsibilities due to its different legal status. And we can find nothing in

the statute that requires more ‘separatedness’ than that.” 533 U.S. at 163. As the

facts here reflect, a debtor may “victimize” an estate or use it as a “vehicle” for

unlawful activity directed at others just as an owner/employee may exploit his

relationship with a corporation. See id. at 164. To paraphrase the Court, we

conclude that “the statute requires nothing more than the formal legal distinction

between [debtor] and [estate] that is present here.” Id. at 165. 
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Appeal No. 04-1033 is DISMISSED on plaintiffs-appellants’ own motion;

the district court’s order dismissing the claims against the professional defendants

is AFFIRMED in appeal No. 03-1192; and the money judgment entered on the

jury verdict in favor of the plaintiffs is AFFIRMED in appeal No. 03-1219.

Entered for the Court

Stephanie K. Seymour

Circuit Judge