NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

 v. 

LEONA LOUISE SUTTON, 

Defendant-Appellant.

No. 16-35317 

D.C. Nos. 2:16-cv-00083-WFN 

2:11-cr-00151-WFN 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Washington

Wm. Fremming Nielsen, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted July 10, 2017

Seattle, Washington

Before: TASHIMA and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges, and WALTER,** District 

Judge.

Leona Sutton appeals the district court’s denial of her 28 U.S.C. § 2255 

motion to vacate her sentence for Assault with a Dangerous Weapon with Intent to 

Do Bodily Harm. We have jurisdiction, and we affirm.

 

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Donald E. Walter, United States District Judge for the 

Western District of Louisiana, sitting by designation.

FILED

AUG 16 2017

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
Sutton contends that the district court improperly determined that her 

conviction for Assault with a Dangerous Weapon with Intent to Do Bodily Harm, 

18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(3), was categorically a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. 

§ 924(c)(3). In order to prevail, Sutton is required to show a “a realistic 

probability, not a theoretical possibility” that § 113(a)(3) could be applied to 

conduct that does not constitute a crime of violence. Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez, 

549 U.S. 183, 193 (2007); see also Moncrieffe v. Holder, 133 S. Ct. 1678, 1684-85, 

(2013) (noting that the inquiry into the least culpable conduct criminalized by the 

statute “is not an invitation to apply ‘legal imagination’”). To show “realistic 

probability,” Sutton “must at least point to [her] own case or other cases in which” 

courts applied “the statute in the special (nongeneric) manner for which [s]he 

argues.” Duenas-Alvarez, 549 U.S. at 193.

Sutton has failed to point to any realistic examples of the application of 

§ 113(a)(3) to conduct that does not constitute a crime of violence. Section 

113(a)(3) requires the government to show that a defendant assaulted a victim with 

a dangerous weapon with intent to inflict bodily harm and reasonably caused the 

victim to fear immediate bodily harm. Ninth Circuit Manual of Model Criminal 

Jury Instruction 8.7. Therefore, all culpable conduct criminalized under 

§ 113(a)(3) requires the use, attempted use, or threatened use of violent force. See 

United States v. Calvillo-Palacios, 860 F.3d 1285, 1292 (9th Cir. 2017) (“[W]e 
have repeatedly found that threats involving deadly weapons qualify as crimes of 

violence.”).

Moreover, we have already held that “assault involving a deadly or 

dangerous weapon or resulting in bodily injury” is categorically, a crime of 

violence.” United States v. Juvenile Female, 566 F.3d 943, 947 (9th Cir. 2009) 

(quoting 18 U.S.C. § 111). In Juvenile Female, we reasoned that “assault with a 

deadly or a dangerous weapon, must [always threaten the use of physical force] 

because [the defendant] will have either made a willful attempt to inflict injury or a 

threat to inflict injury, with an object that may endanger the life of or inflict great 

bodily harm on a person.” Id. at 948 (citations and quotations omitted); see also 

Calvillo-Palacios, 860 F.3d at 1291 (“[O]ur court has already [concluded that] in 

the context of assault statutes, bodily injury entails the use of violent, physical 

force as Juvenile Female [and other cases] demonstrate.”). Accordingly, Assault 

with a Dangerous Weapon with Intent to Do Bodily Harm, 18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(3), 

is categorically a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3).

Because we conclude that Assault with a Dangerous Weapon with Intent to 

Do Bodily Harm, 18 U.S.C. § 113(a)(3), is categorically a crime of violence, we 

need not reach Sutton’s arguments about the residual clause in § 924(c)(3).

AFFIRMED.