This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the *

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.

F I LED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

May 19, 2006

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee, No. 05-1368

v. (D. Colorado)

JESUS SALAZAR - ALPIZAR,

Defendant - Appellant.

(D.C. No. 05-CR-44-F)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT

*

Before HENRY, ANDERSON, and McCONNELL, Circuit Judges.

Jesus Salazar-Alpizar, a native and citizen of Mexico, pled guilty to one

count of illegal reentry by an alien previously deported subsequent to an

aggravated felony conviction, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2). He

was sentenced to forty-six months’ imprisonment. He appeals his sentence, which

we affirm.
-2-

BACKGROUND

On December 22, 2004, Salazar-Alpizar was arrested in Adams County,

Colorado, on charges of having failed to register as a sex offender. Immigration

authorities were notified of his illegal status and he was arrested on the instant

offense.

Salazar-Alpizar pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement. The plea

agreement included a tentative calculation of Salazar-Alpizar’s total adjusted

offense level under the United States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual

(2004) (“USSG”), as 21, his criminal history as category II and a resultant

advisory sentencing range of forty-one to fifty-one months. The United States

Probation Office prepared a presentence report (“PSR”), which concurred with the

plea agreement’s calculation of Salazar-Alpizar’s offense level, but determined

that his criminal history category was III. This yielded an advisory Guidelines

range of forty-six to fifty-seven months. The PSR recommended a forty-sixmonth sentence.

Salazar-Alpizar filed a response to the PSR, in which he stated that he did

not object to the Guideline calculations, but that he “believe[d] that 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553 mandates a sentence below that requested by the Probation Department.” 

Resp. & Objections at 1, Addendum to PSR, R. Vol. IV. He further argued that a

below-Guidelines sentence of twenty-four months was appropriate for three

reasons: (1) 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), which requires the court to consider the
Fast-track programs permit lower sentences for illegal reentry defendants 1

in certain circumstances. 

-3-

nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the

defendant, suggests a lesser sentence because Salazar-Alpizar “returned to [the

United States] in order to provide financial support to his family” and his latest

employer stated Salazar-Alpizar has a “great work ethic,” Resp. & Objections at

2, Addendum to PSR, R. Vol. IV; (2) his prior aggravated felony conviction for

attempted lewd and lascivious conduct unjustly increased both his offense level

and his criminal history and occurred nearly ten years ago; and (3) 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a)(6), which includes as a sentencing factor “the need to avoid

unwarranted sentencing disparities among defendants with similar records who

have been found guilty of similar conduct,” suggests a lesser sentence in order to

minimize sentencing disparities caused by the existence of “fast-track” programs

in other federal districts but not in Colorado.1

The government responded to Salazar-Alpizar’s request for a belowGuidelines sentence, arguing that (1) the fact that he was working to support his

family was irrelevant to his sentence calculation, particularly in light of the fact

that his prior aggravated felony conviction made him ineligible to be in the

United States for any reason; (2) his ten-year-old aggravated felony conviction is

dwarfed by his subsequent criminal convictions and pending charges, which led to

a criminal history category of III; and (3) his fast-track sentencing disparities
-4-

argument was unavailing because “when Congress approved of the fast-track

programs and granted the Attorney General the power to authorize them, it

decided that these programs did not create the unwarranted sentencing disparities

that Congress had prohibited previously under [18 U.S.C. §] 3553(a)(6).”

Government’s Resp. at 3 n.1, Addendum to PSR, R. Vol. IV.

At sentencing, other information about Salazar-Alpizar was introduced,

including the fact that he had been in the United States since he was seventeen; he

had held a job for the past five years and had a positive letter from his employer;

he had been formally deported twice previously, in 1998 and 2000, and had

voluntarily returned to Mexico once, in 1999; he had five prior convictions (the

1996 aggravated felony conviction for attempted lewd and lascivious conduct,

two driving-under-the-influence-of-alcohol convictions, one third-degree assault

and domestic violence conviction involving a girlfriend, and one careless driving

conviction); and he faced a pending charge of failure to register as a sex offender.

At the conclusion of the sentencing hearing, the district court adopted the

factual findings and Guideline applications of the PSR and imposed a sentence of

forty-six months. Explaining its reasoning, the court stated that “[t]he sexual

misconduct [involving] an under-age person is troubling, as well as [his] failure .

. . to register as a sex offender . . . and even though the offense is somewhat

removed in time, it is still a serious factor that I need to consider.” Tr. of

Sentencing at 34, R. Vol. III. Additionally, “[t]he fact that there have been other
-5-

crimes committed that put the public at risk, and also one involving a crime of

violence with respect to a girlfriend, is also troubling.” Id.

With respect to the fast-track disparity issue, the district court concluded

that this circuit’s decision in United States v. Armenta-Castro, 227 F.3d 1255

(10th Cir. 2000), holding that the then-mandatory Guidelines did not allow

departures based on fast-track disparities, “does have some . . . lingering vitality”

after United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), which held that the

Guidelines are no longer mandatory. Tr. of Sentencing at 34, R. Vol. III. 

Nonetheless, the court noted it was troubled by the impact of fast-track programs

on the “consistency and uniformity of sentencing around the country.” Id. at 35. 

The court emphasized, however, that it was “studying these particular factors, this

individual’s personal characteristics,” and concluded “that [Salazar-Alpizar]

should have been exceedingly careful being a non-citizen in this country. Yet, for

whatever reasons, he was unwilling or unable to live an exemplary life while

living here, notwithstanding a laudable work history and the respect of his

employer and, apparently, the love of his family.” Id.

Salazar-Alpizar appeals his sentence, arguing (1) “that the district court

erred in believing it was prohibited from giving him a non-Guideline sentence

based on fast-track disparity, and that this error was not harmless,” and (2) “that

his sentence is unreasonable.” Appellant’s Reply Br. at 1.
-6-

DISCUSSION

As indicated, following the Supreme Court’s decision in Booker, the

Guidelines are advisory rather than mandatory. Nonetheless, because courts are

required to “consider” the properly-calculated Guidelines sentencing range,

United States v. Gonzalez-Huerta, 403 F.3d 727, 748-49 (10th Cir.) (en banc)

(internal quotation omitted), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 495 (2005), we continue to

review the sentencing court’s factual findings under the Guidelines for clear error

and its legal determinations de novo. United States v. Serrata, 425 F.3d 886, 906

(10th Cir. 2005). We review for reasonableness the ultimate sentence imposed,

Booker, 543 U.S. at 261-62 (Breyer, J.) “guided by the factors set forth in 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a).” United States v. Kristl, 437 F.3d 1050, 1053 (10th Cir. 2006)

(per curiam).

I. Fast-track disparities

Fast-track programs were originally confined largely to states bordering

Mexico, where federal prosecutors were “faced with increasing numbers of illegal

reentry and other immigration cases.” United States v. Morales-Chaires, 430 F.3d

1124, 1127 (10th Cir. 2005). Although they vary as to their particulars, these

programs generally permit “defendants accused of certain immigration offenses

[to] plead guilty early in the process and waive their rights to file certain motions

and to appeal, in exchange for a shorter sentence.” Id. The shorter sentence is
Additionally, “on September 22, 2003, then-Attorney General John 2

Ashcroft issued a memorandum . . . explaining the circumstances under which he

would ‘authorize[]’ a fast-track program.” United States v. Martinez-Flores, 428

F.3d 22, 25 (1st Cir. 2005), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct. 1449 (2006). The

memorandum stated that a district seeking authorization of fast-track programs

must demonstrate that it “confronts an exceptionally large number of a specific

class of offenses within the district” or that it “confronts some other exceptional

local circumstance with respect to a specific class of cases that justifies expedited

disposition.” Memorandum from Attorney General John Ashcroft Setting Forth

Justice Department’s “Fast-Track” Policies, 16 Fed. Sent. R. 134 (Sept. 22, 2003). 

(continued...)

-7-

typically “accomplished either by charge-bargaining or by promising to

recommend a downward departure at sentencing.” Id.

Congress endorsed the concept of fast-tracking in 2003, enacting the

Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to end the Exploitation of Children

Today Act (“PROTECT Act”), Pub. L. No. 108-21, 117 Stat. 650 (2003) (codified

in scattered sections of 18, 28 and 42 U.S.C.). The Act directed the United States

Sentencing Commission to “promulgate . . . a policy statement authorizing a

downward departure of not more than 4 levels if the Government files a motion

for such departure pursuant to an early disposition program authorized by the

Attorney General and the United States Attorney.” 117 Stat. at 675. 

Accordingly, the Sentencing Commission added a new Guidelines provision,

effective October 23, 2003, which authorized a four-level departure. See USSG

§5K3.1 (authorizing a downward departure “not more than 4 levels pursuant to an

early disposition program authorized by the Attorney General of the United States

and the United States Attorney for the district in which the court resides”). At 2
(...continued) 2

The memorandum further provided that “any [fast-track] program in existence on

the date of this Memorandum may not be continued after October 27, 2003, unless

a fast-track proposal has been submitted and approved.” Id.

On October 29, 2004, Deputy Attorney General James B. Comey authorized

thirteen fast-track programs, including some in districts which do not border

Mexico. Both parties agree that there are a number of other districts operating

fast-track programs which have not been specifically authorized by the Attorney

General. Salazar-Alpizar contends that any and all disparities created by the

existence of fast-track programs in some districts but not in others are

unwarranted. He further argues, however, that even if one were to concede that

disparities caused by authorized fast-track programs are not unwarranted, those

caused by unauthorized fast-track programs are clearly unwarranted: “even if the

disparities created by fast-track programs approved by the Attorney General could

be considered warranted if they operated within the bounds of Congressional

approval . . . that says nothing about the disparities created by the programs that

operate beyond the scope of Congressional approval or those that operate

unofficially with no Congressional sanction whatsoever.” Appellant’s Reply Br.

at 12.

In light of our conclusion that the district court correctly determined that

the existence of fast-track disparities was simply a factor in its calculation of

Salazar-Alpizar’s sentence, we need not consider further any argument concerning

authorized vs. unauthorized fast-track programs.

-8-

the time Salazar-Alpizar was sentenced, a number of districts had fast-track

programs, but Colorado did not. Salazar-Alpizar argues that, had he been able to

take advantage of a fast-track program, his sentence would have been shorter than

the forty-six-month sentence he received in this case. Thus, he argues the court

here should have reduced his sentence to reflect the fact that defendants in fasttrack programs receive shorter sentences.

Salazar-Alpizar asserts that the district court “erroneously concluded that it

was bound by this Court’s decision in Armenta-Castro not to vary from the

Guidelines based on fast-track sentencing disparities.” Appellant’s Op. Br. at 9-
-9-

10. In Armenta-Castro, a case decided prior to Booker, we held that the existence

of sentencing disparities caused by fast-track programs in some districts did not

provide an appropriate basis for a downward departure from the then-mandatory

Guidelines. Salazar-Alpizar argues that Booker, which held the Guidelines are

only advisory, abrogated Armenta-Castro, but that the district court failed to

recognize that abrogation when it noted that Armenta-Castro “does have some

application, lingering vitality since . . . Booker.” Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at 34, R.

Vol. III. We disagree.

It is clear from a review of the entire transcript of Salazar-Alpizar’s

sentencing hearing that the district court considered whether the disparities

caused by the existence of fast-track programs in certain districts should cause the

court to sentence Salazar-Alpizar below the advisory Guideline range. Indeed,

the court indicated it was “troubled by the . . . fact that other districts have more

[illegal reentry] criminality . . . than this district, [yet] . . . lesser sentence[s] [are]

applied to other people, because . . . one major purpose of the sentencing

guidelines is consistency and uniformity of sentencing around the country.” Id. at

34-35. However, based upon the “particular factors [of § 3553(a), including], this

individual’s personal characteristics” the court determined that a sentence within

the Guideline range was appropriate. Merely noting the “lingering vitality” of

Armenta-Castro is far different from considering it binding, and the court’s

reasoning indicated that it sentenced Salazar-Alpizar on the basis of its evaluation
Indeed, much of the reasoning of Armenta-Castro remains relevant and 3

applicable, even if it was decided under a mandatory Guideline system. We still

consider and interpret the Guidelines, even though they do not bind courts in

reaching reasonable sentences.

-10-

of him and his conduct, not because it felt bound by Armenta-Castro. We

3

therefore conclude that the district court committed no error in its analysis of the

relevance of fast-track disparities.

II. Reasonableness of sentence

Salazar-Alpizar’s remaining argument is that his forty-six-month sentence

is unreasonable. In particular, he argues the unwarranted disparities caused by

fast-track sentencing rendered the sentence unreasonable. As indicated, after

Booker, we review sentences for reasonableness. We have recently explained

how we conduct that reasonableness review. We have joined several other

circuits in concluding that “a sentence that is properly calculated under the

Guidelines is entitled to a rebuttable presumption of reasonableness.” Kristl, 437

F.3d at 1054. Accordingly, when conducting reasonableness review of a sentence

imposed post-Booker, we employ a “two-step approach[,] . . . [f]irst . . .

determin[ing] whether the district court considered the applicable Guideline

range,” and correctly calculated it. Id. at 1055. If the court sentenced the

defendant within that range, the defendant may rebut the presumptive

reasonableness of that sentence “by demonstrating that the sentence is
-11-

unreasonable in light of the other sentencing factors laid out in § 3553(a).” Id. 

That is “a deferential standard.” Id. at 1054.

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) directs courts to consider various factors, including the

nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the

defendant; the need for the particular sentence to reflect the seriousness of the

offense, promote respect for the law and provide just punishment, as well as the

need to provide adequate deterrence, protect the public, and provide the defendant

with appropriate treatment; the types of sentences available; and “the need to

avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records

who have been found guilty of similar conduct.” Id. (a)(1)-(6). Salazar-Alpizar

argues that “[s]entencing disparities based solely on the vagaries of geography,

rather than on the facts of an offense or an offender’s individual characteristics,

are ‘unwarranted,’” and result in a sentence greater than necessary to achieve the

goals of sentencing set forth in § 3553(a).

The defendant in Morales-Chaires made the same argument Salazar-Alpizar

does here. In that case, the district court refused to consider fast-track sentencing

disparities, concluding that to do so would violate the doctrine of separation of

powers. In reviewing the reasonableness of the sentence imposed, we held that

we did not “need [to] resolve whether sentencing disparities caused by the

existence of fast-track programs in some jurisdictions are or are not, or may be in

certain circumstances, considered unwarranted under § 3553(a)(6).” Morales-
-12-

Chaires, 430 F.3d at 1131. That was because § 3553(a)(6) “is but one of several

factors for a court to consider in determining a reasonable sentence.” Id. We

held that a consideration of all the § 3553(a) factors indicated the sentence

imposed in that case was reasonable.

In this case, in calculating Salazar-Alpizar’s sentence the district court did

in fact consider the existence of sentencing disparities caused by fast-track

programs. It concluded that those disparities did not furnish a basis for

sentencing Salazar-Alpizar outside of the applicable advisory Guideline range, in

view of the other relevant sentencing factors. That decision is consistent with

Morales-Chaires, as well as every other circuit court decision that has addressed

the matter. See United States v. Marcial-Santiago, Nos. 05-30248, 05-30249,

05-30251, 2006 WL 1215444, at *2-3 (9th Cir. May 8, 2006) (“By authorizing

fast-track programs without revising the terms of § 3553(a)(6), Congress was

necessarily providing that the sentencing disparities that result . . . are warranted

[and] . . . [e]ven if the[se] disparit[ies] were assumed to be unwarranted, . . . that

factor alone would not render Appellants’ sentences unreasonable; the need to

avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities is only one factor a district court is to

consider in imposing a sentence.”); United States v. Montes-Pineda, No. 05-4411,

2006 WL 1062154, at *4 (4th Cir. Apr. 24, 2006) (“[W]e hold that merely

pointing out the existence of such [fast-track] disparities, with no reference to the

characteristics of the particular defendant, does not render a within-Guidelines
-13-

sentence unreasonable.”); United States v. Galicia-Cardenas, 443 F.3d 553, 555

(7th Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (reversing district court sentence imposed with a

four-level downward departure because the district lacked a fast-track program,

leaving to the district court’s discretion “[w]hether [defendant] deserves a

sentence below the advisory guideline range based on other factors”); United

States v. Martinez-Martinez, 442 F.3d 539, 543 (7th Cir. 2006) (holding that any

disparity between the defendant’s sentence and those available or imposed in fasttrack jurisdictions “was considered appropriately as a single, and not controlling,

factor”); United States v. Sebastian, 436 F.3d 913, 916 (8th Cir. 2006) (holding

that “the sentence disparities arising from fast-track programs [do not] make[]

th[e] [defendant’s] sentence unreasonable”); Martinez-Flores, 428 F.3d at 30 n.3

(stating in dicta “[i]t is arguable that even post-Booker, it would never be

reasonable to depart downward based on disparities between fast-track and nonfast-track jurisdictions given Congress’ clear (if implied) statement in the

PROTECT Act provision that such disparities are acceptable”); United States v.

Jimenez-Beltre, 440 F.3d 514, 519 (1st Cir. 2006) (en banc) (noting its dicta in

Martinez-Flores, and finding that in the case before it, the defendant “had not

furnished a factual basis for assessing the extent of the [fast-track] disparities or

provided a reason why to take them into account[,] . . . [so] [i]n declining to alter

the sentence on this ground, the district court did not act unreasonably” (citation
-14-

omitted)). We accordingly conclude that Salazar-Alpizar’s sentence was reasonable.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the sentence is AFFIRMED.

ENTERED FOR THE COURT

Stephen H. Anderson

Circuit Judge