UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 23-1199

NANCY CASTANEDA ALVARADO,

Petitioner,

v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

Submitted: August 28, 2023 Decided: October 5, 2023

Before WILKINSON, RICHARDSON, and BENJAMIN, Circuit Judges.

Petition denied by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ON BRIEF: William J. Vasquez, VASQUEZ LAW FIRM, PLLC, Smithfield, North 

Carolina, for Petitioner. Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, 

David J. Schor, Senior Litigation Counsel, Nehal H. Kamani, Trial Attorney, Office of 

Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, 

Washington, D.C., for Respondent.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

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PER CURIAM:

Nancy Castaneda Alvarado (“Castaneda Alvarado”), a native and citizen of 

Guatemala, petitions for review of the order of the Board of Immigration Appeals 

(“Board”) dismissing her appeal from the immigration judge’s (“IJ”) decision denying her

applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention 

Against Torture (“CAT”). We deny the petition for review.

The Board agreed with the IJ that Castaneda Alvarado failed to show that the 

Guatemalan government was unable or unwilling to protect her from her former partner. 

The Board determined that this finding was dispositive of Castaneda Alvarado’s 

application for asylum and withholding of removal. We will affirm the Board’s 

determination regarding an applicant’s eligibility for asylum or withholding of removal if 

it is supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole. INS v. EliasZacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 (1992). “[A]dministrative findings of fact are conclusive 

unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 

U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B). Legal issues are reviewed de novo. Li Fang Lin v. Mukasey, 517 

F.3d 685, 691-92 (4th Cir. 2008). “When an applicant claims that she fears persecution by 

a private actor, she must also show that the government in her native country is unable or 

unwilling to control her persecutor.” Diaz de Gomez v. Wilkinson, 987 F.3d 359, 365 

(4th Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Whether a government is unable or 

unwilling to control private actors is a factual question that must be resolved based on the 

record in each case.” Crespin-Valladares v. Holder, 632 F.3d 117, 128 (4th Cir. 2011) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). We conclude that the Board’s analysis of this issue 

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was not flawed and that substantial evidence supports the Board’s determination that 

Castaneda Alvarado failed to establish that the Guatemalan government was unable or 

unwilling to protect her.

Castaneda Alvarado also challenges the denial of protection under the CAT. To 

qualify for CAT protection, an applicant must show that it is more likely than not that she 

will be tortured in Guatemala. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). The likelihood of torture 

need not be linked to a protected ground. Zelaya v. Holder, 668 F.3d 159, 167 

(4th Cir. 2012). “Torture is defined as any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether 

physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person” in a manner that is by or at the 

instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or person acting in an 

official capacity. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1). “Acquiescence of a public official requires 

that the public official, prior to the activity constituting torture, have awareness of such 

activity and thereafter breach his or her legal responsibility to intervene to prevent such 

activity.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(7). “The official or officials need not have actual 

knowledge of the torture; it is enough if they simply turn a blind eye to it.” Mulyani v. 

Holder, 771 F.3d 190, 200 (4th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Castaneda Alvarado faults the Board for not considering country condition evidence 

in its review of the IJ’s denial of CAT protection. But we conclude that substantial 

evidence supports the agency’s finding that Castaneda Alvarado did not establish that 

public officials would consent or acquiesce in her former partner torturing her. In fact, the 

evidence showed that local police and the judge responded when Castaneda Alvarado

requested help. Castaneda Alvarado did not show how evidence of general country 

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conditions undermined her own experience in seeking assistance from police and the 

judiciary.

Accordingly, we deny the petition for review. We dispense with oral argument 

because the facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before this 

court and argument would not aid the decisional process.

PETITION DENIED

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