Michigan Supreme Court

Lansing, Michigan

Bridget M. McCormack,

 Chief Justice

David F. Viviano,

Chief Justice Pro Tem

Stephen J. Markman

Brian K. Zahra

Richard H. Bernstein

Elizabeth T. Clement

Megan K. Cavanagh,

Justices

Order 

November 13, 2020

157667 & (47)

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

Plaintiff-Appellant/

Cross-Appellee,

v SC: 157667

COA: 336550

Kent CC: 93-064278-FC

GREGORY WINES,

Defendant-Appellee/

Cross-Appellant.

_____________________________________/

By order of April 5, 2019, the application for leave to appeal the March 8, 2018 

judgment of the Court of Appeals and the application for leave to appeal as crossappellant were held in abeyance pending the decision in People v Turner (Docket No. 

158068). On order of the Court, the case having been decided on January 17, 2020, 505 

Mich 954 (2020), the application for leave to appeal is again considered, and it is 

DENIED, because we are not persuaded that the question presented should be reviewed 

by this Court. 

The application for leave to appeal as cross-appellant is again considered and, 

pursuant to MCR 7.305(H)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we REVERSE that part 

of the Court of Appeals judgment addressing the defendant’s arguments regarding his 

sentences for kidnapping and armed robbery and finding them beyond the scope of the 

appeal. At the resentencing for first-degree murder held pursuant to MCL 769.25a and 

Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460 (2012), the trial court had authority to consider the 

defendant’s arguments regarding his sentences for armed robbery and kidnapping. See 

Turner, supra. We REMAND this case to the Kent Circuit Court for further proceedings 

not inconsistent with this order. On remand, the trial court shall consider the defendant’s 

arguments regarding the validity of his robbery and kidnapping sentences and may 

exercise its discretion to resentence him for those convictions, in particular “if it finds 

that the sentence[s] [were] based on a legal misconception that the defendant was 

required to serve a mandatory sentence of life without parole on the greater offense.” 

Turner, supra.

We do not retain jurisdiction.
2

MARKMAN, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part). 

I concur with this Court’s decision to reverse that part of the Court of Appeals 

judgment addressing defendant’s arguments concerning his sentences for kidnapping and 

armed robbery and to remand to the trial court for consideration of whether to resentence 

defendant for those convictions. However, I dissent from the Court’s decision to deny 

the prosecutor’s application for leave to appeal. The prosecutor argues that the Court of 

Appeals erred by holding that the trial court must consider the “distinctive attributes of 

youth, such as those discussed in [Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460 (2012)],” even where 

the prosecutor has not sought a sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of 

parole. People v Wines, 323 Mich App 343, 352 (2018). Because I am inclined to agree 

with the prosecutor, and because there are significant consequences for our juvenile 

justice system, I would grant leave to appeal.

In Miller, the United States Supreme Court held that “children are constitutionally 

different from adults for purposes of sentencing.” Id. at 471. 

First, children have a lack of maturity and an underdeveloped sense 

of responsibility, leading to recklessness, impulsivity, and heedless risktaking. Second, children are more vulnerable to negative influences and 

outside pressures, including from their family and peers; they have limited 

control over their own environment and lack the ability to extricate 

themselves from horrific, crime-producing settings. And third, a child’s 

character is not as well formed as an adult’s; his traits are less fixed and his 

actions less likely to be evidence of irretrievable depravity. [Id. (citations, 

quotation marks, ellipses, and brackets omitted).]

Given these asserted differences, Miller held that “mandatory life without parole 

for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth Amendment’s 

prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishments.’ ” Id. at 465 (emphasis added). Instead, 

before such a sentence can be imposed upon a juvenile, the sentencing court must first 

consider: “[defendant’s] chronological age and its hallmark features—among them, 

immaturity, impetuosity, and failure to appreciate risks and consequences”; “the family 

and home environment that surrounds him—and from which he cannot usually extricate 

himself—no matter how brutal or dysfunctional”; “the circumstances of the homicide 

offense, including the extent of his participation in the conduct and the way familial and 

peer pressures may have affected him”; whether “he might have been charged [with] and 

convicted of a lesser offense if not for incompetencies associated with youth—for 

example, his inability to deal with police officers or prosecutors (including on a plea 

agreement) or his incapacity to assist his own attorneys”; and “the possibility of 

rehabilitation . . . .” Miller, 567 US at 477-478. These are commonly referred to as the 

Miller factors. 
3

In response to Miller, our Legislature adopted MCL 769.25, which provides, in 

pertinent part:

(4) If the prosecuting attorney does not file a motion [to sentence the 

defendant to life without parole] within the time periods provided for in that 

subsection, the court shall sentence the defendant to a term of years as 

provided in subsection (9).

* * *

(6) If the prosecuting attorney files a motion [to sentence the 

defendant to life without parole], the court shall conduct a hearing on the 

motion as part of the sentencing process. At the hearing, the trial court 

shall consider the factors listed in [Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460], and 

may consider any other criteria relevant to its decision, including the 

individual’s record while incarcerated.

* * *

(9) If the court decides not to sentence the individual to 

imprisonment for life without parole eligibility, the court shall sentence the 

individual to a term of imprisonment for which the maximum term shall be 

not less than 60 years and the minimum term shall be not less than 25 years 

or more than 40 years. [See also MCL 769.25a.]

Thus, pursuant to this statute which itself was enacted pursuant to a sharply divided 5-4 

decision by the United States Supreme Court in Miller, “[i]f the prosecuting attorney files 

a motion [to sentence the defendant to life without parole,] . . . the trial court shall 

consider the factors listed in [Miller v Alabama] . . . .” MCL 769.25(6). However, if the 

prosecutor does not file such a motion-- as here-- there is no obligation imposed by either 

the United States Supreme Court or our Legislature to consider such factors. In other 

words, extending Miller into this new realm simply lacks warrant in either Miller or in 

the statute enacted in furtherance of Miller. Moreover, such an extension lacks any 

warrant in any previous decision of this Court. 

The Court of Appeals in this case held:

[T]here is no constitutional mandate requiring the trial court to specifically 

make findings as to the Miller factors except in the context of a decision 

whether to impose a sentence of life without parole. We further conclude 

that when sentencing a minor convicted of first-degree murder, when the 

sentence of life imprisonment without parole is not at issue, the court 

should be guided by a balancing of the Snow objectives[1]and in that 

 

1 The Snow objectives are “ ‘(1) reformation of the offender, (2) protection of society, 

(3) punishment of the offender, and (4) deterrence of others from committing like 
4

context is required to take into account the attributes of youth, such as those 

described in Miller. [Wines, 323 Mich App at 352.]

Finally, the Court of Appeals concluded that “a failure to consider the distinctive 

attributes of youth, such as those discussed in Miller, when sentencing a minor to a term 

of years pursuant to MCL 769.25a so undermines a sentencing judge’s exercise of his or 

her discretion as to constitute reversible error.” Id.

To begin with, it is not at all clear what exactly the Court of Appeals, and now this 

Court, are requiring trial courts to do when sentencing a minor convicted of first-degree 

murder when the sentence of imprisonment without parole is not at issue. Is “tak[ing] 

into account the attributes of youth” distinguishable in some way from considering the 

Miller factors and, if so, what is that distinction? Before Miller is extended to apply to 

term-of-years sentences, in whatever manner it is now apparently being extended, this 

Court should clarify exactly what are the new obligations being imposed upon the 

juvenile sentencing process and exactly why we are imposing such new obligations. 

Some justification would seem to be in order for why, without either public discussion or 

legislative charge, this Court would now extend the transformation of our process for 

sentencing the most serious juvenile offenders-- a process initiated in a 5-4 decision of 

the United States Supreme Court-- far beyond the boundaries even of that decision.

The concurring statement contends that the Court of Appeals did not extend Miller 

to apply to term-of-years sentences. However, the Court of Appeals itself stated, “We 

disagree with the prosecution . . . to the extent that it argues that because Miller’s 

constitutional holding is limited, the Supreme Court’s opinion has no application to 

[term-of-years sentencing].” Id. at 350. The concurring statement further asserts that 

“the Court of Appeals decision below stands for the unremarkable principle that 

traditional penological goals should guide a trial court’s sentencing discretion and that the 

age of a particular defendant may affect the analysis of those traditional penological 

goals.” (Emphasis added). However, the Court of Appeals did more than simply say that 

the trial court may consider a defendant’s age; rather, it held that the trial court “is 

required to take into account the attributes of youth, such as those described in Miller” 

and that a failure to do so “constitute[s] reversible error.” Id. at 352 (emphasis added). 

This Court just heard oral arguments in a case in which the issue posed is whether 

Miller should be extended to nonjuvenile offenders. See People v Manning, 505 Mich 

881 (2019). Before we impose upon our trial courts the new sentencing obligations 

asserted in the instant case to consider the Miller factors or the so-called “attributes of 

youth” to term-of-years sentences, we should hear oral arguments as we did in Manning. 

Accordingly, I would grant leave to appeal in this case.

 

offenses.’ ” Wines, 323 Mich App at 351, quoting People v Snow, 386 Mich 586, 592 

(1972).
I, Larry S. Royster, Clerk of the Michigan Supreme Court, certify that the

foregoing is a true and complete copy of the order entered at the direction of the Court.

 November 13, 2020 

t1110

5

Clerk

ZAHRA, J., joins the statement of MARKMAN, J. 

CLEMENT, J. (concurring). 

I concur in the order denying leave as to the application for leave to appeal, as I 

believe that the Court of Appeals decision below stands for the unremarkable principle 

that traditional penological goals should guide a trial court’s sentencing discretion and 

that the age of a particular defendant may affect the analysis of those traditional 

penological goals. I respectfully disagree with the prosecutor and with my dissenting-inpart colleague that this holding represents an extension of Miller v Alabama, 567 US 460 

(2012), into term-of-years resentencing under MCL 769.25(4) and MCL 769.25a(4)(c). 

The Court of Appeals decision does not hold that the Eighth Amendment requires 

specific consideration of each attribute of youth identified in Miller, nor does it require 

that the trial court make explicit findings as to each of these attributes on the record. See 

People v Wines, 323 Mich App 343, 352 (2018) (“[T]here is no constitutional mandate 

requiring the trial court to specifically make findings as to the Miller factors except in the 

context of a decision whether to impose a sentence of life without parole.”). The Court of 

Appeals decision requires only that when the trial court exercises its discretion in 

sentencing a defendant that it consider the defendant’s age, a nonconstitutional holding 

that is consistent with the traditional penological goals expressed by this Court in People 

v Snow, 386 Mich 586, 592 (1972). Because age must be considered in this context, 

Miller’s discussion of the unique attributes of youth is applicable—but its holding 

remains confined to life-imprisonment-without-parole sentences.