COURT OF APPEALS

DECISION

DATED AND FILED

September 8, 2021

Sheila T. Reiff

Clerk of Court of Appeals

NOTICE

This opinion is subject to further editing. If 

published, the official version will appear in 

the bound volume of the Official Reports. 

A party may file with the Supreme Court a 

petition to review an adverse decision by the 

Court of Appeals. See WIS. STAT. § 808.10 and 

RULE 809.62. 

Appeal No. 2020AP558 Cir. Ct. Nos. 2018CV9747

2019CV6012

STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS

DISTRICT I

MICHAEL L. MOSS,

PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,

V.

G4S SECURE SOLUTIONS (USA), INC., MICHAEL P. ARCHIBALD, TALEIGHA P.

BENSON AND ABC INSURANCE COMPANY,

DEFENDANTS,

MILWAUKEE COUNTY AND WISCONSIN COUNTY MUTUAL INSURANCE 

COMPANY,

DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS.

APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Milwaukee County: 

LAURA GRAMLING PEREZ, Judge. Affirmed. 

Before Brash, C.J., Donald, P.J., and White, J.
No. 2020AP558

2

¶1 BRASH, P.J. Michael L. Moss appeals the trial court’s order for 

dismissal on the pleadings regarding Moss’s claims against Milwaukee County and 

its insurer, Wisconsin County Mutual Insurance Company (collectively “the 

County”). The trial court determined that the County’s pleadings established that 

government immunity applies in this case, and that Moss did not demonstrate that 

any exceptions to immunity were applicable. We agree and, therefore, affirm. 

BACKGROUND

¶2 Moss’s claim against the County stems from an incident that occurred 

in November 2017. Moss was an inmate at Green Bay Correctional Institution and 

was being transported to the Milwaukee County Courthouse for a hearing. His 

transportation was provided by G4S Secure Solutions (USA), Inc., which had a 

contract with Milwaukee County to, among other things, transport state prisoners to 

and from the jail or courthouse for hearings and appointments. 

¶3 The van used by G4S to transport Moss was driven by one of its 

employees, Michael P. Archibald. Another G4S employee, Taleigha P. Benson, 

was also in the van during the transport. Moss was a passenger in the rear of the

vehicle. 

¶4 During the trip from Green Bay to Milwaukee, Archibald fell asleep 

while driving the van, causing it to crash into a median on Highway 41. Moss—

who was handcuffed during the transport—did not have his seatbelt fastened, and

was injured in the crash. Archibald was cited for inattentive driving. 

¶5 Moss filed suit against G4S, Archibald, and Benson, alleging 

negligence relating to Archibald and Benson’s failure to fasten Moss’s seatbelt. 

Moss’s complaint also included a negligence claim against the County, asserting 
No. 2020AP558

3

that it was still responsible for the safe transport of inmates even though it had 

entered into a contract with G4S to perform this duty. 

¶6 The County filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, arguing that 

as a government agent, it has immunity from suit pursuant to WIS. STAT. § 893.80(4) 

(2019-20).1 In response, Moss argued that the County’s responsibility for the 

transport of prisoners is a ministerial duty—an exception to governmental 

immunity—and that responsibility cannot be delegated through a contract. Thus,

Moss maintained that the County was ultimately responsible for G4S’s negligence. 

¶7 After a hearing on the County’s motion, the trial court found that Moss 

had not demonstrated that the allegations in his complaint involved ministerial 

duties. As a result, the court held that the County has governmental immunity in 

this case, and granted the County’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. This 

appeal follows.

DISCUSSION

Jurisdiction Issue 

¶8 We first discuss the County’s argument that this court lacks 

jurisdiction because Moss did not timely file his notice of appeal. This argument is 

based on the time requirements for initiating an appeal, as set forth in WIS. STAT. 

§ 808.04(1):

An appeal to the court of appeals must be initiated within 45 

days of entry of a final judgment or order appealed from if 

written notice of the entry of a final judgment or order is 

given within 21 days of the final judgment or order as 

 

1

 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2019-20 version, unless otherwise 

noted.
No. 2020AP558

4

provided in [WIS. STAT. §] 806.06(5), or within 90 days of

entry if notice is not given[.]

WISCONSIN STAT. § 806.06(5) states that “[n]otice of entry of judgment or order 

must be given within 21 days after the entry of judgment or order to constitute notice 

under [§] 808.04(1).” 

¶9 The County contends that the order granting its motion for judgment 

on the pleadings was entered on January 31, 2020, and notice of that entry was sent 

to all parties through the Milwaukee County Circuit Court’s electronic notification 

system. Thus, the County asserts that Moss’s notice of appeal was subject to the 

forty-five day time frame, which means the deadline for filing his notice of appeal 

was March 16, 2020. Moss did not file that notice until March 20, 2020. 

¶10 However, the County disregards WIS. STAT. § 806.06(3), which 

provides that “[a]fter an order or judgment is entered, either party may serve upon 

the other a written notice of entry containing the date of entry.” This provision 

contemplates the notice as a separate document, generated by one party and served 

upon the opposing party, as discussed by our supreme court in Soquet v. Soquet, 

117 Wis. 2d 553, 556-58, 345 N.W.2d 401 (1984). 

¶11 Ultimately, the Soquet court held that in order to “set in motion” the 

forty-five day time constraints of WIS. STAT. § 808.04(1), “a formal, captioned and 

signed notice of entry of judgment stating the date the judgment was entered must 

be served on the opposing party within twenty-one days of the entry date.” Soquet, 

117 Wis. 2d at 561. Here, the County does not assert that it served a notice of entry 

of judgment on Moss, but rather that the email sent by the circuit court regarding 
No. 2020AP558

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the filing of the order was sufficient to warrant notice to Moss. However, that 

clearly does not comply with the requirements of WIS. STAT. § 806.06(3) and (5).2 

¶12 Therefore, we reject the County’s contention that Moss was required 

to file his notice of appeal within forty-five days of the entry of the order granting 

the County’s motion for judgment on the pleadings, and conclude that Moss’s notice 

of appeal was timely filed. 

Governmental Immunity 

¶13 We now turn to Moss’s argument that the trial court erred in granting 

the County’s motion for judgment on the pleadings after finding that the County has 

immunity from Moss’s claims. In reviewing an order granting judgment on the 

pleadings, this court follows the same methodology utilized in reviewing a grant of

summary judgment. Schuster v. Altenberg, 144 Wis. 2d 223, 228, 424 N.W.2d 159

(1988); see also WIS. STAT. § 802.06(3). That is, we first “examine the complaint 

to determine whether a claim for relief has been stated.” See Schuster, 144 Wis. 2d 

at 228. For this review, “the facts pleaded by the plaintiff, and all reasonable 

inferences therefrom, are accepted as true.” Id. (citation omitted). 

¶14 If we determine that a claim for relief has been stated in the complaint, 

“[w]e then turn to the responsive pleadings to ascertain whether a material factual 

issue exists.” Freedom from Religion Found., Inc. v. Thompson, 164 Wis. 2d 736, 

741, 476 N.W.2d 318 (Ct. App. 1991). If there is no genuine issue of material fact, 

 

2

 In the interest of completeness with regard to the requirements for filing a notice of entry 

of judgment, we note that the requirements are different for small claims actions. In those cases, 

the clerk of circuit court generates and mails a notice of entry of judgment to the parties or their 

attorneys. See WIS. STAT. § 799.24(1); see also Mock v. Czemierys, 113 Wis. 2d 207, 210, 336 

N.W.2d 188 (Ct. App. 1983) (“recognizing the more specific language of [§] 799.24(1), we 

conclude the provisions of [WIS. STAT. §] 806.06, regarding service of notice by either party and 

within twenty-one days of entry of judgment, are not controlling in a small claims context”).
No. 2020AP558

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judgment on the pleadings is appropriate. Id. “Whether judgment on the pleadings 

should be granted is a question of law which we review de novo.” Id.

¶15 The trial court determined that judgment on the pleadings for Moss’s 

claim against the County was appropriate based on the immunity provided under 

WIS. STAT. § 893.80(4). That statute precludes bringing a lawsuit against any 

“governmental subdivision ... for acts done in the exercise of legislative, quasilegislative, judicial or quasi-judicial functions.” Id. These types of acts for which 

the statute provides immunity “have been collectively interpreted to include any act 

that involves the exercise of discretion and judgment.” Lodl v. Progressive N. Ins. 

Co., 2002 WI 71, ¶21, 253 Wis. 2d 323, 646 N.W.2d 314. 

¶16 This immunity, however, is subject to several exceptions, including 

“the performance of ministerial duties imposed by law[.]” Id., ¶24. A ministerial 

duty “is one that ‘is absolute, certain and imperative, involving merely the 

performance of a specific task when the law imposes, prescribes and defines the 

time, mode and occasion for its performance with such certainty that nothing 

remains for judgment or discretion.’” Id., ¶25 (citation omitted). 

¶17 Still, there is a presumption that immunity applies, and the burden is 

on Moss to demonstrate that an exception to immunity is applicable. See Kimps v. 

Hill, 200 Wis. 2d 1, 18-19, 546 N.W.2d 151 (1996). “The application of the 

immunity statute and its exceptions to a given set of facts presents a question of law, 

which we review de novo.” Heuser ex rel. Jacobs v. Community Ins. Corp., 2009 

WI App 151, ¶21, 321 Wis. 2d 729, 774 N.W.2d 653. 

¶18 Moss argues that the County’s responsibility for transporting inmates 

to the Milwaukee County Courthouse is a ministerial duty. “The first step in the 

ministerial duty analysis is to identify a source of law or policy that imposes the 
No. 2020AP558

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alleged duty.” Oden v. City of Milwaukee, 2015 WI App 29, ¶13, 361 Wis. 2d 708, 

863 N.W.2d 619 (citation omitted). 

¶19 Moss points to this court’s decision in Brown County Sheriff’s

Department Non-Supervisory Labor Association v. Brown County, 2009 WI App 

75, 318 Wis. 2d 774, 767 N.W.2d 600. In Brown County, the Labor Association 

challenged the Brown County Sheriff’s authority to contract with a private entity to 

transport prisoners. Id., ¶3. We concluded that “transporting prisoners pursuant to 

court-issued writs, orders, warrants, and judgments of conviction is attending on the 

court,” which is a “constitutionally protected” duty of the sheriff. Id., ¶8. However, 

we also stated that, pursuant to the sheriff’s duties as codified at WIS. STAT.

§ 59.26(5), the sheriff or undersheriff “‘may also depute in writing other persons to 

perform particular acts.’” See Brown Cnty., 318 Wis. 2d 774, ¶12 (quoting 

§ 59.26(5)). Therefore, we determined that the sheriff was permitted to assign the 

duty of transporting prisoners to the private entity. Brown Cnty., 318 Wis. 2d 774, 

¶14.

¶20 Brown County does not discuss the issue of governmental immunity, 

let alone whether prisoner transport is a ministerial duty. In fact, as the trial court 

noted, the holding in Brown County actually supports the premise that the sheriff’s 

department may exercise discretion in performing that duty. 

¶21 Nevertheless, Moss argues that although the sheriff entering into a 

contract with a private transport company is a discretionary act, the responsibility 

to ensure that there is no negligence in the performance of that contract is a 

ministerial duty. In support of that argument, he cites Chart v. Dvorak, 57 Wis. 2d

92, 100-01, 203 N.W.2d 673 (1973), where our supreme court stated that once 

employees of the Wisconsin Highway Commission had made “the legislative or 
No. 2020AP558

8

quasi-legislative decision to place [a] highway warning sign, they had a duty to 

place it and maintain it without negligence.” However, Chart is not factually similar 

to this case, in that the duties of placement and maintenance of the highway sign 

were performed by the same government entity, as opposed to being delegated to a 

different entity. See id. at 102. Here, the responsibility of the County after 

delegating the duty is the primary issue. 

¶22 Moss also cites to Dunn County v. WERC, 2006 WI App 120, 293 

Wis. 2d 637, 718 N.W.2d 138, in support of this argument. In Dunn County, this 

court reviewed provisions of a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) being 

challenged. Id., ¶1. Moss argues that the holding in Dunn County states that “the 

sheriff cannot delegate to another county official the directory or supervisory 

authority over attendance upon the court.” 

¶23 Moss misstates the holding. We stated that the sheriff “cannot be 

required to delegate to another county official” its constitutionally protected duties, 

after reviewing one of the CBA provisions which gave the clerk of court “‘priority 

over the [s]heriff in the scheduling, directing and supervision’ of deputies serving 

as the court security officer.” Id., ¶¶12, 14 (emphasis added). This distinction—

the attempt to require the sheriff to delegate certain duties—renders Dunn County

inapplicable to Moss’s argument as well.

¶24 Other cases cited by Moss are also distinguishable and inapplicable. 

In short, Moss has provided no legal authority that supports his position that the 

County had a ministerial duty to monitor G4S’s performance of the contract for 

transporting inmates. Rather, the applicable statute and relevant case law indicate 

that the sheriff’s authority for delegating inmate transport—as well as other 

constitutionally protected duties of that office—is a discretionary function, see WIS.
No. 2020AP558

9

STAT. § 59.26(5); Brown County, 318 Wis. 2d 774, ¶14, and “the most generally 

favored principle is that public officers are immune from liability for damages 

resulting from their negligence or unintentional fault in the performance of 

discretionary functions,” see Lister v. Board of Regents of Univ. Wis. Sys., 72 Wis. 

2d 282, 301, 240 N.W.2d 610 (1976). 

¶25 In addition to the ministerial duties exception to government 

immunity, Moss also argues that the “known danger” exception applies. This 

exception “arises only when there exists a danger that is known and compelling 

enough to give rise to a ministerial duty[.]” Lodl, 253 Wis. 2d 323, ¶4. Moss 

contends that the failure of Archibald and Benson to fasten his seatbelt during his 

transport triggered this exception, pursuant to the statutory requirement for seatbelt 

use set forth at WIS. STAT. § 347.48(2m)(d). 

¶26 We first note that Moss did not present this argument to the trial court. 

“Generally, we will not consider on appeal arguments not made to the trial court.” 

Gibson v. Overnite Transp. Co., 2003 WI App 210, ¶9, 267 Wis. 2d 429, 671 

N.W.2d 388. Furthermore, given our determination that Moss has failed to 

demonstrate that the County had a ministerial duty to monitor its transport contract 

with G4S, Moss’s attempt to assign responsibility to the County for the statutory 

seatbelt mandate likewise fails. 

¶27 Therefore, we conclude that the trial court appropriately granted the 

County’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. Accordingly, we affirm the order 

dismissing Moss’s claims against the County.

By the Court.—Order affirmed. 

Not recommended for publication in the official reports.