*

 The Honorable Kathleen O’Malley, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by

designation.

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206

File Name: 07a0397p.06

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT _________________

AIR PRODUCTS AND CONTROLS, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

SAFETECH INTERNATIONAL, INC. and R. GAYLEN

DAVENPORT,

Defendants-Appellees.

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No. 06-1885

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.

No. 05-73031—Julian A. Cook, Jr., District Judge.

Argued: April 16, 2007

Decided and Filed: September 27, 2007 

Before: ROGERS and COOK, Circuit Judges; O’MALLEY, District Judge.*

_________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: David P. Fornshell, DINSMORE & SHOHL, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant. Mark

D. Murphy, MURPHY LAW FIRM, Overland Park, Kansas, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: David

P. Fornshell, DINSMORE & SHOHL, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellant. Mark D. Murphy,

MURPHY LAW FIRM, Overland Park, Kansas, for Appellees. 

_________________

OPINION _________________

O’MALLEY, District Judge. This is an appeal from two orders of the district court: (1) an

order granting a motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P.

12(b)(2) filed by Defendants-Appellees Safetech International, Inc. (“Safetech”) and R. Gaylen

Davenport (“Davenport”) (collectively, “Defendants”); and (2) an order denying a motion for

reconsideration filed by Plaintiff-Appellant Air Products and Controls, Inc. (“Air Products”). In this

lawsuit, Air Products alleges, inter alia, that Defendants engaged in a fraudulent transfer of assets

to avoid a debt owed to Air Products. The debt accrued from several years of purchases on credit

1
No. 06-1885 Air Products and Controls v. Safetech Int’l, et al. Page 2

1

Apparently, the remainder of the proceeds from the asset transfer was not available to satisfy Safetech’s debt

to Air Products. According to Safetech, it used the money to satisfy its outstanding financial obligations (employee

wages, taxes, pension liabilities, legal costs, etc.) and had very little remaining from the sale to pay its various creditors.

Although Safetech negotiated payment agreements with many creditors, it did not reach an agreement with Air Products.

by Safetech, and was reduced to a judgment award following litigation between the parties. The

primary issue in this appeal is whether Safetech, a Kansas corporation, and Davenport, an individual

residing in Kansas, are subject to personal jurisdiction in Michigan, where Air Products has its

principal place of business. The district court found that it lacked personal jurisdiction over Safetech

and Davenport because the causes of action did not “arise out of” Defendants’ contacts with

Michigan, and, accordingly, the district court dismissed the case. For the reasons stated herein, we

REVERSE the district court’s decision to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction and REMAND

this action for further proceedings. We do not address the order denying Air Products’ motion for

reconsideration, as our decision as to the first order renders that issue moot.

I. BACKGROUND

Air Products is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Pontiac,

Michigan. From its Michigan headquarters, it manufactures and distributes life safety products, such

as smoke detectors and various electronic relays. Safetech is a Kansas corporation with its principal

place of business in Lenexa, Kansas. Safetech is a former customer of Air Products that, between

1993 and 2002, purchased a series of goods from Air Products for resale to Safetech’s customers.

Davenport is an individual who resides in Lenexa, Kansas. At all times relevant to this lawsuit,

Davenport was the president and owner of Safetech.

In August 1993, Safetech opened a credit account with Air Products and purchased goods

on credit from Air Products over the course of almost nine years, until March 2002. Air Products

alleges that, over the course of those years, Davenport contacted Air Products in Michigan on

several hundred occasions through telephone, email, fax, and ordinary mail, and that the cumulative

value of the goods purchased exceeded several hundred thousand dollars. The goods purchased by

Safetech were manufactured in Michigan and sent to Safetech in Kansas or directly to Safetech’s

customers. 

Between 2001 and 2002, Safetech failed to make payments to Air Products for goods

purchased, and, in 2002, their business relationship ceased. Litigation ensued in the United States

District Court for the District of Kansas, initiated by Safetech, in which both parties asserted claims

against each other, primarily for breach of contract, the result of which was a jury verdict in favor

of Air Products in the amount of $216,290.51, plus $6,020.45 in costs. On June 22, 2004, the

district court in Kansas entered judgment in favor of Air Products and against Safetech in that

amount. 

Air Products alleges that, throughout the trial, Safetech and its counsel represented to Air

Products that Safetech was no longer in business and was without funds to pay past due amounts or,

presumably, any judgment. Air Products claims to have later learned, however, that, in December

2003, Safetech and Davenport sold assets to a company named Firealarm.com in the amount of $1.5

million. Air Products alleges that the sale of assets to Firealarm.com was a fraudulent transfer,

primarily because it included a bill of sale for $400,000 to Davenport personally for an asset that

Air Products believes either does not exist or properly belongs to Safetech, not Davenport. Air

Products contends that the $400,000 paid to Davenport should have been paid to Safetech and, as

a result, would have been available to satisfy the judgment award of $216,290.51 owed by Safetech

to Air Products.1

 Air Products further alleges that, around the time of the sale of assets, Davenport

was aware of Safetech’s debt to Air Products because he acknowledged the debt during a deposition
No. 06-1885 Air Products and Controls v. Safetech Int’l, et al. Page 3

taken in connection with the Kansas litigation on August 28, 2003 and, therefore, that the transfer

was undertaken with an intent to injure Air Products. 

On July 5, 2005, Air Products filed this action in Michigan state court, asserting seven causes

of action: two counts for fraudulent transfer or obligation under M.C.L.A. § 566.34(1)(a) and

§ 566.34(1)(b)(2), respectively; a count for transfer by debtor as fraud under M.C.L.A. § 566.35(1);

a count only against Davenport for unjust enrichment; a count only against Davenport for illegal

dividend; a count for attorneys fees; and a count for equitable relief. On August 4, 2005, Safetech

and Davenport removed the action to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of

Michigan and moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction. After the district court granted the

motion, Air Products filed a motion for reconsideration, arguing that the district court did not

adequately consider that its claim for attorneys fees was based on the contract between the parties

and, thus, arose from Defendants’ contacts with Michigan. The district court denied that motion on

the basis that it was untimely and, in any event, that it was not well taken. Air Products filed a

timely notice of appeal.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Law

This court reviews de novo a district court’s dismissal for lack of personal jurisdiction

pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. (12)(b)(2). In the context of a Rule 12(b)(2) motion, a plaintiff bears the

burden of establishing the existence of jurisdiction. Serras v. First Tenn. Bank Nat’l Ass’n, 875 F.2d

1212, 1214 (6th Cir. 1989). Where, as here, the district court relies solely on written submissions

and affidavits to resolve a Rule 12(b)(2) motion, rather than resolving the motion after either an

evidentiary hearing or limited discovery, the burden on the plaintiff is “relatively slight,” Am.

Greetings Corp. v. Cohn, 839 F.2d 1164, 1169 (6th Cir. 1988), and “the plaintiff must make only

a prima facie showing that personal jurisdiction exists in order to defeat dismissal,” Theunissen v.

Matthews, 935 F.2d 1454, 1458 (6th Cir. 1991). In that instance, the pleadings and affidavits

submitted must be viewed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, and the district court should not

weigh “the controverting assertions of the party seeking dismissal.” Id. at 1459. 

Personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant arises from “certain minimum contacts

with [the forum] such that maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play

and substantial justice.’” Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (quoting Milliken

v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463 (1940)). Depending on the type of minimum contacts in a case,

personal jurisdiction can either be specific or general. Reynolds v. Int’l Amateur Athletic Fed’n, 23

F.3d 1110, 1116 (6th Cir. 1994). In this case, Air Products asserts that both specific jurisdiction and

general jurisdiction are present. Because we ultimately conclude that the district court had specific

jurisdiction over Defendants, we focus only on that question and do not reach the question of general

jurisdiction. 

In analyzing personal jurisdiction in diversity actions such as this, federal courts must look

to the law of the forum state to determine the reach of the district court’s personal jurisdiction over

parties, subject to constitutional due process requirements. Lanier v. Am. Bd. of Endodontics, 843

F.2d 901, 909 (6th Cir. 1988). This court, therefore, must engage in a two-step process: (1) first,

the court must determine whether any of Michigan’s relevant long-arm statutes authorize the

exercise of jurisdiction over Defendants; and, if so, (2) the court must determine whether exercise

of that jurisdiction comports with constitutional due process. 

As to the due process inquiry for specific jurisdiction (the only type of personal jurisdiction

we address here), our Court has established a three part test for determining whether such

jurisdiction may be exercised:
No. 06-1885 Air Products and Controls v. Safetech Int’l, et al. Page 4

First, the defendant must purposefully avail himself of the privilege of acting in the

forum state or causing a consequence in the forum state. Second, the cause of action

must arise from the defendant’s activities there. Finally, the acts of the defendant or

consequences caused by the defendant must have a substantial enough connection

with the forum state to make the exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant

reasonable. 

S. Mach. Co. v. Mohasco Indus., Inc., 401 F.2d 374, 381 (6th Cir. 1968). This court articulated this

test based on existing Supreme Court jurisprudence on personal jurisdiction, primarily International

Shoe, and the approach “simply applies in a specific fashion the broad rule requiring substantial

minimum contacts as a basis for jurisdiction.” In-Flight Devices Corp. v. Van Dusen Air, Inc., 466

F.2d 220, 226 (6th Cir. 1972), abrogated on other grounds by Cole v. Mileti, 133 F.3d 433, 436 (6th

Cir. 1998). It is often repeated that the first prong - purposeful availment - is the “sine qua non for

in personam jurisdiction.” S. Mach., 401 F.2d at 381-82. 

B. Discussion

In this case, the district court concluded that two Michigan long-arm statutes (one that

applies to individuals and one that applies to corporations) authorized the exercise of jurisdiction

over Defendants, but that the exercise of jurisdiction in this case would run afoul of the limits of

constitutional due process. Specifically, the district court found that Defendants had purposefully

availed themselves of the privilege of acting in the forum state or causing a consequence in that

state, but determined that Air Products’ causes of action did not “arise from” those activities and,

thus, that exercise of jurisdiction in this case would not be reasonable.

Because we agree with the district court that Michigan law authorizes the exercise of

jurisdiction over Defendants, we do not address that aspect of the district court’s decision. We focus

only on the due process requirements for the exercise of specific jurisdiction over Defendants,

analyzing the three prongs of the Southern Machine test. Although the district court correctly

concluded that the first prong of that test - purposeful availment - was satisfied here, we augment

the district court’s analysis in certain respects because that prong is arguably the most important,

and because it colors our discussion of the other prongs of the test.

1. Purposeful Availment

As indicated above, in order to exercise specific personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state

defendant, that defendant must have purposefully availed himself of “the privilege of acting in the

forum state or causing a consequence in the forum state.” S. Mach., 401 F.2d at 381. “This

‘purposeful availment’ requirement ensures that a defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction

solely as a result of ‘random,’ ‘fortuitous’ or ‘attenuated’ contacts or of the ‘unilateral activity of

another party or third person.’” Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475 (1985) (internal

citations omitted). “Jurisdiction is proper, however, where the contacts proximately result from

actions by the defendant himself that create a ‘substantial connection’ with the forum State.” Id.

(citation omitted and emphasis in original). In particular, where a defendant “has created

‘continuing obligations’ between himself and the residents of the forum, he manifestly has availed

himself of the privilege of conducting business there.” Id. at 476 (internal citation omitted). In

addition, physical presence in a forum state is not required, and the Supreme Court has “consistently

rejected the notion that an absence of physical contacts can defeat personal jurisdiction there.” Id. (citations omitted). 

The facts of this case satisfy the “purposeful availment” requirement for several reasons.

First, Defendants had a business relationship with Air Products lasting almost nine years in which

they purchased goods cumulatively worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. Defendants mailed an
No. 06-1885 Air Products and Controls v. Safetech Int’l, et al. Page 5

application to open a credit account to Air Products in Michigan and sent purchase orders to

Michigan, some or all of which presumably formed the basis of contracts on which the parties

ultimately based their breach of contract claims in the initial Kansas litigation. With respect to

interstate contractual obligations, the Supreme Court has emphasized that parties who “‘reach out

beyond one state and create continuing relationships and obligations with citizens of another state’

are subject to regulation and sanctions for the consequences of their activities.” Burger King, 471

U.S. at 473 (quoting Travelers Health Ass’n v. Virginia, 339 U.S. 643, 647 (1950)). Although

entering into a contract with an out-of-state party alone does not automatically establish sufficient

minimum contacts, the presence of certain factors in addition to the contract will be found to

constitute purposeful availment. Id. at 478-79. Factors to consider are “prior negotiations and

contemplated future consequences, along with the terms of the contract and the parties’ actual course

of dealing.” Id. at 479. In this case, the parties did not engage in a one-time transaction, but in a

continuing business relationship that lasted a period of many years. Defendants reached out beyond

Kansas’ borders to conduct business with a company whose principal place of business it knew to

be in Michigan. Such contacts are not “random,” “fortuitous,” or “attenuated,” but are the result of

deliberate conduct that amounts to purposeful availment. 

In addition, Safetech does not dispute that Davenport contacted Air Products in Michigan

on approximately several hundred occasions through telephone, email, facsimile, and ordinary mail

correspondence for purposes of discussing and placing orders for goods. Although these contacts

are certainly numerous, “[a] numerical count of the calls and letters has no talismanic significance.”

LAK, Inc. v. Deer Creek Enters., 885 F.2d 1293, 1301 (6th Cir. 1989). Rather, “[t]he quality of the

contacts as demonstrating purposeful availment is the issue, not their number or their status as preor post-agreement communications.” Id. (quoting Stuart v. Spademan, 772 F.2d 1185, 1194 (5th

Cir. 1985)). This court has found that contacts lack quality when they are initiated by the plaintiff

rather than the defendant, in part because “[t]he unilateral activity of those who claim some

relationship with a non-resident defendant cannot satisfy the requirement of contact with the forum.”

Id. (quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408, 417 (1984)). In this

case, Defendants contacts are not only numerous, they are also the type of contacts that demonstrate

purposeful availment. Many of them were initiated by Defendants themselves and, therefore, are

not simply the result of unilateral activity on the part of Air Products. In addition, they were made

for purposes of placing purchase orders and, therefore, continuing the parties’ business relationship.

As the district court pointed out, finding that the purposeful availment prong is satisfied in

this case is consistent with prior Sixth Circuit case law. See In-Flight Devices, 466 F.2d at 226-27

(finding purposeful availment where the defendant negotiated a substantial business contract for the

manufacture of goods with a firm it knew to be in the forum state); Cole, 133 F.3d at 436 (6th Cir.

1998) (finding purposeful availment where “a nonresident defendant transacts business by

negotiating and executing a contract via telephone calls and letters to a resident of the forum state.”).

In addition, evidence that relates specifically to the transfer of assets supports Air Products’

assertion that Defendants’ conduct was directed at or aimed at Air Products, such that this case

would fall under the “effects test” enunciated by the Supreme Court in Calder v. Jones, 465 U.S. 783

(1984). In Calder, the Supreme Court held that two Florida residents, a writer and editor for the

National Enquirer magazine, were subject to personal jurisdiction in California court because they

intentionally aimed their tortious conduct (an allegedly defamatory article) at a California resident,

entertainer Shirley Jones. Calder, 465 U.S. at 788-89. Even though the article was written and

edited in Florida and one of the defendants had only been to California twice, the Court explained

that the defendants knew that the focal point of the article as well as the “brunt of the harm” would

be in California, and, therefore, jurisdiction was proper based on the “effects” of their Florida

conduct in California. Id. at 789-90. 
No. 06-1885 Air Products and Controls v. Safetech Int’l, et al. Page 6

The Sixth Circuit, as well as other circuits, have narrowed the application of the Calder

“effects test,” such that the mere allegation of intentional tortious conduct which has injured a forum

resident does not, by itself, always satisfy the purposeful availment prong. See Scotts Co. v. Aventis

S.A., 145 Fed.Appx. 109, 113 n.1 (6th Cir. 2005) (“[W]e have applied Calder narrowly by

evaluating whether a defendant's contacts with the forum may be enhanced if the defendant

expressly aimed its tortious conduct at the forum and plaintiff's forum state was the focus of the

activities of the defendant out of which the suit arises.”); Reynolds, 23 F.3d at 1120 (distinguishing

Calder and making a particularized inquiry of the relations and dealings between the parties to find

that an allegedly defamatory article did not establish sufficient minimum contacts); see also Far

West Capital, Inc. v. Towne, 46 F.3d 1071, 1079 (10th Cir. 1995) (“Our review of these post-Calder

decisions indicates that the mere allegation that an out-of-state defendant has tortiously interfered

with contractual rights or has committed other business torts that have allegedly injured a forum

resident does not necessarily establish that the defendant possesses the constitutionally required

minimum contacts.”). Although the “effects test” has been limited, the existence of intentional

tortious conduct nonetheless “enhances” a party’s other contacts with the forum state for purposes

of a purposeful availment analysis. See Scotts, 145 Fed.Appx. at 113 n.1. 

In the present case, Air Products alleges that Defendants knew that it owed a judgment debt

to Air Products at the time it engaged in the allegedly fraudulent transfer, and Air Products alleges

that Defendants transferred the assets with the intent to hinder, delay, or defraud Air Products. 

Defendants also undoubtedly knew that Air Products had its principal place of business in Michigan,

and that the focal point of its actions and the brunt of the harm would be in Michigan. We find,

therefore, that Defendants’ contacts with Michigan are enhanced by its conduct which, at least as

alleged, was intentionally directed to cause harm to a Michigan resident.

For those reasons, and the reasons explained by the district court, Defendants have satisfied

the first prong of the Southern Machine test. 

2. Arising From 

The second prong of the Southern Machine test is that the plaintiff’s cause of action must

“arise from” the defendant’s contacts with the forum state. We have articulated the standard for this

prong in a number of different ways, such as whether the causes of action were “made possible by”

or “lie in the wake of” the defendant’s contacts, Lanier, 843 F.2d at 909, or whether the causes of

action are “related to” or “connected with” the defendant’s contacts with the forum state, Youn v.

Track, Inc., 324 F.3d 409, 419 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting Third Nat. Bank in Nashville v. WEDGE

Group Inc., 882 F.2d 1087, 1091 n.2 (6th Cir. 1989)). In addition, we have characterized this

standard as a “lenient standard” and have explained that the cause of action need not “formally”

arise from defendant’s contacts. Bird v. Parsons, 289 F.3d 865, 875 (6th Cir. 2002). 

In this case, the district court cited the “made possible by” standard and found that Air

Products’ causes of action were not made possible by Defendants’ contacts with Michigan because

the causes of action were not based on a specific provision of a contract, they related to a transfer

of assets that occurred wholly outside the state, and the transfer did not involve entities in the state.

However, if Defendants had not engaged in a long-term business relationship with Air Products,

they would not have accrued the debt or had a judgment entered against them, and Air Products

could have no claim for fraudulent transfer. One element of Air Products’ cause of action for

fraudulent transfer is that there be a debtor-creditor relationship which, as just explained, was made

possible by and would not have existed but for Defendants’ business relationship with Air Products.

In addition, to the extent that Defendants’ asset transfer was an act directed at Air Products and done

with an intent to injure Air Products, such that Defendants’ contacts are “enhanced,” the causes of
No. 06-1885 Air Products and Controls v. Safetech Int’l, et al. Page 7

2

This is not to say that the mere existence of a debtor-creditor relationship renders a debtor subject to personal

jurisdiction in the creditor’s forum state for any claim related to that debt. Aside from the fact that the mere existence

of such a relationship, without more, likely would not satisfy the purposeful availment prong, the claims asserted here

are also based on actions that arguably were directed at a resident of the forum state. Because of that, and because of

the extended business relationship from which the underlying debt resulted, these claims are sufficiently related to the

debtor’s contacts with the forum state to be said to “arise from” those contacts. 

3

The district court, in addressing Air Products’ motion for reconsideration, concluded that Air Products’ claim

for attorneys fees was a compulsory counterclaim that must have been raised in the initial Kansas litigation. Because

Air Products’ failed to do so, the district court held that Air Products was barred from raising its claim for attorneys fees

in the present lawsuit pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 13(a). We disagree with the district court’s conclusion. Even if the

right to recoup out-of-pocket costs prior to the date of the judgment in the Kansas litigation might have been cut off by

the failure to assert that right earlier, we do not think that new, potentially unexpected costs should suffer the same fate.

In other words, the costs and fees provision does not just apply to the first attempt to collect moneys owed, but may also

apply to subsequent attempts to the extent they fall within the terms of the provision (e.g., in this case, to the extent that

a claim for fraudulent transfer is an action “to collect this account” within the meaning of the contract). Accordingly,

we find that Air Products is not barred from asserting that claim at this stage of the proceedings. 

action in this case are directly related to that act. Accordingly, the present action arises both from

Defendants’ contacts with the forum state as well as actions directed at the forum state.2 

There is also another consideration that supports this result we reach. One of the remedies

that Air Products seeks in this case is attorneys fees, which, it alleges, it has a right to based on a

provision of the credit application submitted by Safetech to open its initial credit account with Air

Products. The provision provides that, should it be necessary for Air Products to collect money

owed on the credit account, Safetech will be liable for the costs of collection, including attorneys

fees. Air Product’s request for attorneys fees, therefore, arises directly from Defendants’ contacts

with the forum state - i.e., from Defendants’ initiation of an ongoing business relationship via the

credit application it sent to Air Products in Michigan. Therefore, at least that component of Air

Products’ claims clearly arises from Defendants’ contacts with Michigan.3

Especially given that this prong is a “lenient standard,” that the cause of action need not

“formally” arise from the defendant’s contacts, and that Air Products need only make a prima facie

showing of jurisdiction under the procedural posture of this case, this prong is satisfied in this case.

3. Reasonableness

The third prong of the Southern Machine test is that “the acts of the defendant or

consequences caused by the defendant must have a substantial enough connection with the forum

state to make the exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant reasonable.” S. Mach., 401 F.2d at 381.

This requirement exists because “minimum requirements inherent in the concept of ‘fair play and

substantial justice’ may defeat the reasonableness of jurisdiction even if the defendant has

purposefully engaged in forum activities.” Burger King, 471 U.S. at 477-78 (quoting World-Wide

Volkswagon Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 292 (1980)). However, “where a defendant who

purposefully has directed his activities at forum residents seeks to defeat jurisdiction, he must

present a compelling case that the presence of some other considerations would render jurisdiction

unreasonable.” Id. at 477. Moreover, where, as here, the first two criterion are met, “an inference

of reasonableness arises” and “only the unusual case will not meet this third criteria.” Theunissen, 935 F.2d at 1461 (quoting Am. Greetings Corp., 839 F.2d at 1170). In determining whether the

exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable, the court should consider, among others, the following factors:

(1) the burden on the defendant; (2) the interest of the forum state; (3) the plaintiff’s interest in

obtaining relief; and (4) other states’ interest in securing the most efficient resolution of the policy.

Intera Corp. v. Henderson, 428 F.3d 605, 618 (6th Cir. 2005).
No. 06-1885 Air Products and Controls v. Safetech Int’l, et al. Page 8

In this case, the district court determined that the exercise of jurisdiction would be

unreasonable, essentially echoing its finding as to the second prong: that minimum contacts had not

been established because the causes of action did not arise from Defendants’ contacts with

Michigan. There is no other consideration cited by the district court, or put forward by Defendants,

to support a finding that the exercise of jurisdiction would be unreasonable in this case. Although

it would be a burden on Safetech and Davenport to travel from Kansas for this litigation, Michigan

clearly has an interest in protecting a company whose principal place of business is located in

Michigan. Because there is an inference of reasonableness when the first two Southern Machine

prongs are satisfied, and because there are no considerations put forward by Defendants to overcome

or contradict that inference, the exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable under the circumstances of this

case.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s exercise of jurisdiction over Defendants is both

authorized by Michigan law and consistent with constitutional due process. Accordingly, the

judgment of the district court dismissing for lack of personal jurisdiction is REVERSED, and this

case is REMANDED for further proceedings.