NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 21a0062n.06

No. 20-1048

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

In re: SPIECH FARMS, LLC,

Debtor.

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PRODUCE PAY, INC.,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

SPIECH FARMS, LLC,

Defendant-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF 

MICHIGAN

BEFORE: BOGGS, DONALD, and THAPAR, Circuit Judges.

BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Produce Pay, Inc. (“Produce Pay”) 

appeals the bankruptcy court’s decision to deny its claim brought under the Perishable 

Agricultural Commodities Act (“PACA” or “Act”), 7 U.S.C. §§ 499a-499s, against Spiech 

Farms, LLC (“Spiech”). Produce Pay attempted to use the Act to guarantee that it had complete 

access to Spiech’s assets, but the bankruptcy court found that Produce Pay neither qualified as a 

seller or supplier of commodities nor purchased Spiech’s accounts receivables, and consequently 

held that Produce Pay was ineligible for relief through its PACA claim. The district court 

affirmed, and Produce Pay now seeks to reverse the bankruptcy court’s decision. For the reasons 

set forth below, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s judgment. 
Case No. 20-1048 Produce Pay, Inc. v. Spiech Farms, LLC

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I.

Spiech grows and processes blueberries, asparagus, and grapes. Prior to 2017, Spiech 

significantly relied on Chemical Bank to finance its business operations. Chemical Bank paid

over $4 million to Spiech through loans and a line of credit over a period of a few years. In 

exchange for its financial support, Chemical Bank received first-priority mortgage liens and 

security interests in substantially all of Spiech’s assets. 

In early 2017, Spiech fell on hard times after losing its blueberry crop due to frost. This 

loss caused Spiech to turn to the “multi-service finance company,” Produce Pay, in an attempt to 

increase its cash flow. Spiech and Produce Pay entered into a “Distribution Agreement” 

(“Agreement”) that allowed Spiech to obtain short-term loans from Produce Pay as a partial 

advance on payments that Spiech was supposed to receive from its existing customers. The 

Agreement additionally presented Spiech with the opportunity to gain new customers by listing 

its produce on Produce Pay’s software platform. 

Pursuant to the Agreement, there was a specific sequence of events that transpired. First, 

Spiech notified Produce Pay that it had a pallet of produce “for sale” by registering that pallet on 

Produce Pay’s software platform. Next, Produce Pay would decide if it wanted to “buy” that

produce from Spiech for half the market price. If Produce Pay was inclined to “purchase” the 

produce, Spiech assigned “all right, title and interest” in that produce to Produce Pay. 

Though the produce listed on Produce Pay’s platform was “for sale,” this language was

used in an unusual way. The parties agree that each pallet report—which described instances of 

Spiech communicating to Produce Pay that it had a new pallet of produce available for sale—

stated that the produce had already been shipped and delivered to Spiech’s customers prior to 

Spiech making note of a new pallet on the platform. When Produce Pay “bought” produce from 
Case No. 20-1048 Produce Pay, Inc. v. Spiech Farms, LLC

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Spiech, that signified that Produce Pay was willing to lend Spiech money, with the expectation 

that Spiech could repay Produce Pay after Spiech was compensated by the customers who 

actually purchased the produce. Moreover, at no point during this process did Produce Pay take 

physical possession of any produce that Spiech originally obtained and sold to its customers. 

Regardless of whether Spiech’s customers made timely payments or not, Spiech was 

required to repay the money it received from Produce Pay, as well as a “commission” (in effect, 

interest), within 30 days of receipt. Per the Agreement, Produce Pay was entitled to an increased

commission if Spiech sold the produce to new customers that it had acquired through the system. 

The commission rate also increased after 30 days. After 60 days, Spiech was obligated to 

“repurchase” the produce from Produce Pay by “repaying” the purchase price in addition to a 

commission. 

Although Produce Pay seemingly could benefit by contracting with Spiech, Produce Pay 

was fully aware that if Spiech did not comply with the terms of the Agreement, Produce Pay’s 

ability to pursue legal action against Spiech would be somewhat limited because Spiech had 

mortgaged its assets to Chemical Bank—including Spiech’s produce and accounts receivables. 

Produce Pay was unfazed by Spiech’s commitments to Chemical Bank because Produce Pay 

assumed that its share of the proceeds from the produce would be secured by a PACA trust. If 

Produce Pay was correct, its rights to Spiech’s assets would be superior to those held by 

Chemical Bank. Unfortunately, Produce Pay’s gamble proved to be costly. 

In early September 2017, Chemical Bank learned that Produce Pay had filed a financing 

statement against Spiech on September 1, 2017—exactly one day after Spiech and Produce Pay 

entered into the Agreement. Chemical Bank subsequently expressed its concerns to Spiech about 

Produce Pay’s financing statement because the loan agreement between Spiech and Chemical 
Case No. 20-1048 Produce Pay, Inc. v. Spiech Farms, LLC

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Bank prohibited Spiech from granting any additional security interests in its property. Following 

communications in which Spiech explained to Chemical Bank that it was selling produce to 

Produce Pay, Spiech revealed to Chemical Bank that it believed Produce Pay might be entitled to 

PACA protections. Spiech’s disclosure led Chemical Bank to believe that Produce Pay was 

intentionally trying to circumvent its security interests in Spiech’s assets. Chemical Bank then 

declared Spiech in default and removed funds from Spiech’s deposit account. 

While Spiech was dealing with its issues with Chemical Bank, its relationship with 

Produce Pay was simultaneously deteriorating. By about November 2017, Spiech no longer had 

the funds to repay Produce Pay. This was due, at least in part, to its default status under its loan 

agreement with Chemical Bank. 

After realizing it could no longer continue its operations, Spiech filed for Chapter 11 

bankruptcy relief in the Western District of Michigan. During the bankruptcy proceedings, 

Produce Pay made a PACA claim against the bankruptcy estate and sought $1,002,273.70 to 

recover the cash advances it made to Spiech. The bankruptcy court held an evidentiary hearing 

and denied Produce Pay’s claim, concluding that Produce Pay did not “sell” or “supply” 

perishable agricultural commodities under 7 U.S.C. § 499e(c)(2) because it never physically 

possessed or acquired title to Spiech’s produce since Spiech already sold and delivered the 

produce. Additionally, the bankruptcy court ruled that the Agreement did not indicate that 

Produce Pay could purchase Spiech’s accounts receivables or Spiech’s rights as a PACA trust 

beneficiary. The district court later affirmed the bankruptcy court’s holding.

Produce Pay now appeals the bankruptcy court’s judgment, as well as its decision to 

grant Spiech the right to recover professional and attorney’s fees. 
Case No. 20-1048 Produce Pay, Inc. v. Spiech Farms, LLC

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II.

A.

This Court reviews the bankruptcy court’s decision, and not the district court’s decision 

below. In re Lee, 530 F.3d 458, 463 (6th Cir. 2008). A de novo standard of review applies to 

the bankruptcy court’s legal conclusions, while factual findings will only be disturbed if they are 

clearly erroneous. In re M.J. Waterman & Assocs., Inc., 227 F.3d 604, 607 (6th Cir. 2000).

Congress enacted PACA in 1930 to regulate the sale of perishable agricultural 

commodities. Endico Potatoes, Inc. v. CIT Grp./Factoring, Inc., 67 F.3d 1063, 1066 (2d Cir. 

1995). In 1984, Congress amended PACA to create a statutory trust to protect those who sold or 

supplied such commodities but went unpaid. Overton Distributors, Inc. v. Heritage Bank,

340 F.3d 361, 364 (6th Cir. 2003). The 1984 amendment, in relevant part, provides that:

Perishable agricultural commodities received by a commission merchant, dealer, 

or broker in all transactions, and all inventories of food or other products derived 

from perishable agricultural commodities, and any receivables or proceeds from 

the sale of such commodities or products, shall be held by such commission 

merchant, dealer, or broker in trust for the benefit of all unpaid suppliers or sellers 

of such commodities or agents involved in the transaction, until full payment of 

the sums owing in connection with such transactions has been received by such 

unpaid suppliers, sellers, or agents.

7 U.S.C. § 499e(c)(2). “Under the Act, when a seller, dealer, or supplier ships produce to a 

buyer, a statutory trust is created upon acceptance of the commodities.” Six L’s Packing Co. v.

Beale, 524 F. App’x 148, 152 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting Golman–Hayden Co. v. Fresh Source

Produce, Inc., 217 F.3d 348, 350 (5th Cir. 2000)). The trust effectively protects commodity 

sellers and suppliers against harm from financing arrangements entered into by buyers 

(merchants, dealers, and brokers) who give “security interest[s] in [their] commodities or the 

receivables or proceeds from the sale of the commodities.” Overton Distributors, 340 F.3d at 
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365. And thus, under § 499e(c)(2), these sellers and suppliers’ rights are superior to those of the 

buyers’ other creditors. 

The Court first addresses whether Produce Pay was a “seller” or “supplier” of Spiech’s 

produce. Since PACA does not define either term, we must give those terms their plain 

meanings. See, e.g., Keeley v. Whitaker, 910 F.3d 878, 882 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Taniguchi v.

Kan Pac. Saipan, Ltd., 566 U.S. 560, 566 (2012)). A “seller” is “someone who sells or contracts 

to sell goods” and transfers “property in a contract of sale.” Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 

2019). A “supplier” is a seller, manufacturer, or “anyone else in the chain who makes the 

product available to the consumer.” Id.

The bankruptcy court looked to state law to resolve the dispute between the parties.1 As 

the bankruptcy court correctly acknowledged, under the Uniform Commercial Code (“U.C.C.”): 

(1) title can only pass after goods to a contract are identified; (2) title must pass before goods are 

delivered; and (3) delivery only occurs when a document of title is provided by the seller. 

U.C.C. § 2-401(1),(3). When the U.C.C. is taken into consideration, it becomes evident that 

Produce Pay never had title to any of Spiech’s produce, and therefore could not be a seller or 

supplier of such produce. This is because the U.C.C. embodies the maxim nemo dat qui non 

habet, meaning that he cannot confer what he does not possess. See City of Chicago v. 

Morales, 527 U.S. 41, 90 n. 9 (1999) (Scalia, J., dissenting); United States v. Harris, 246 F.3d 

566, 575 (6th Cir. 2001). First, the Agreement did not explicitly identify what produce would be 

sold, and Produce Pay only learned what produce was “for sale” after it was registered on its 

platform. Second, by the time Produce Pay “bought” the produce, it was already delivered to 

1 The Court turns to the U.C.C. because the Agreement contains a Delaware choice of law provision, which 

is relevant because Delaware has adopted Article 2 of the U.C.C. See Miley v. Harmony Mill Ltd. P’ship, 803 F. 

Supp. 965, 968 (D. Del. 1992).
Case No. 20-1048 Produce Pay, Inc. v. Spiech Farms, LLC

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Spiech’s customers. Third, Produce Pay did not receive a document of title until it was too 

late—after a customer possessed the produce.

Produce Pay responds to the bankruptcy court’s application of the U.C.C. by contending 

that PACA preempts state laws. The Act states that it does not “abrogate nor nullify any other 

statute, whether State or Federal, dealing with the same subjects of this chapter . . . [and] all such 

statutes shall remain in full force and effect except insofar only as they are inconsistent herewith 

or repugnant hereto.” 7 U.S.C. § 499o. Produce Pay fails to offer a valid reason as to why 

PACA preempts the U.C.C. Its only argument is that the U.C.C. “stands as an obstacle” to the 

operation of a trust and must be inconsistent with the Act. See Fid. Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. de

la Cuesta, 458 U.S. 141, 153 (1982). PACA protects sellers and suppliers of certain 

commodities, and the U.C.C. can only be used to interpret the words of PACA defining those 

who are protected by the Act. Therefore, there is no conflict between PACA and § 2-401 of the 

U.C.C.

Produce Pay additionally contends that even if it was not a “seller” or “supplier” of 

Spiech’s produce, it was assigned “all right, title and interest” to Spiech’s produce that it 

purchased under the Agreement. Thus, its status as an assignee made Produce Pay the buyer of 

Spiech’s accounts receivables, which implicitly included the right to protection as a PACA trust 

beneficiary. Spiech responds by arguing that because the risk of any losses remained with 

Spiech, the relevant transactions under the Agreement constitute loans, not sales; therefore, 

Produce Pay did not purchase Spiech’s produce, and Produce Pay was not entitled to the rights 

deriving from purchasing Spiech’s produce or Spiech’s accounts receivables. The bankruptcy 

court addressed Produce Pay’s argument and found it unavailing, determining that Spiech did not 
Case No. 20-1048 Produce Pay, Inc. v. Spiech Farms, LLC

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transfer its accounts receivables to Produce Pay under the terms of the Agreement. The Court 

agrees with the bankruptcy court. 

Since this issue is one of first impression in this circuit, we look to other circuits for 

guidance. In similar instances, other circuits—including the Second, Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth—

have applied the “transfer-of-risk test” to determine whether the contractual relationship between 

two parties was one involving a seller and a buyer or a secured lender and a debtor. See S & H

Packing & Sales Co. v. Tanimura Distrib., Inc., 883 F.3d 797, 808 (9th Cir. 2018) (en banc); 

Nickey Gregory Co., LLC v. AgriCap, LLC, 597 F.3d 591, 600–603 (4th Cir. 2010); Reaves

Brokerage Co. v. Sunbelt Fruit & Vegetable Co., 336 F.3d 410, 414–16 (5th Cir. 2003); Endico

Potatoes, 67 F.3d at 1068–69; see also Major’s Furniture Mart, Inc. v. Castle Credit Corp., 602 

F.2d 538, 545 (3d Cir. 1979).

2

 The transfer-of-risk test entails examining several factors, such

as:

[1] the right of the creditor to recover from the debtor any deficiency if the assets 

assigned are not sufficient to satisfy the debt, [2] the effect on the creditor’s right 

to the assets assigned if the debtor were to pay the debt from independent funds, 

[3] whether the debtor has a right to any funds recovered from the sale of assets 

above that necessary to satisfy the debt, and [4] whether the assignment itself 

reduces the debt. 

Endico Potatoes, 67 F.3d at 1068. Moreover, as the court in Endico Potatoes explained:

Where the lender has purchased the accounts receivable, the borrower’s debt is 

extinguished and the lender’s risk with regard to the performance of the accounts 

is direct, that is, the lender and not the borrower bears the risk of non-performance 

by the account debtor. If the lender holds only a security interest, however, the 

lender’s risk is derivative or secondary, that is, the borrower remains liable for the 

debt and bears the risk of non-payment by the account debtor, while the lender 

2 Produce Pay asserts that the Court should not apply the transfer-of-risk test because in these cases, the 

circumstances were dissimilar from those in the present case. In those cases, courts applied this test to assess 

whether a buyer of agricultural commodities breached its responsibilities as a PACA trustee. However, the Court 

finds it is appropriate to perform the transfer-of-risk analysis in the instant case since it is being used here as it was 

in the other cases, with the objective being to resolve parties’ contentions regarding their contractual relationship. 

Furthermore, Produce Pay does not convincingly explain why the Court should abstain from engaging in such 

analysis. 
Case No. 20-1048 Produce Pay, Inc. v. Spiech Farms, LLC

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only bears the risk that the account debtor’s non-payment will leave the borrower 

unable to satisfy the loan.

Id. at 1069. 

After considering the terms of the Agreement, the Court finds that Spiech did not sell

Produce Pay its accounts receivables because Produce Pay assumed no risks associated with

collecting on the receivables. Spiech was tasked with collecting the receivables and

relinquishing half of the related proceeds to Produce Pay—even if Spiech’s customers defaulted

on their financial obligations. If Spiech did not remit the proceeds to Produce Pay within 30 

days, Spiech was responsible for paying Produce Pay an increased “commission.” Thus, 

Produce Pay was not burdened by the account debtors’ (Spiech’s customers) non-payment; in 

fact, Produce Pay profited in such a scenario. Furthermore, the Agreement expressly states:

Receivables Risk. [Spiech] shall bear all default risk of any purchaser of the 

Produce. As such, [Spiech] shall compensate [Produce Pay] based on the first 

invoiced Gross Sale Proceeds even if a grocer, retailer or other purchaser or end 

user defaults on payment after having taken possession of the Produce.

Therefore, based on the plain terms of the Agreement, it is difficult to dispute that the 

transactions between Spiech and Produce Pay are best characterized as loans, not true sales—in 

other words, Spiech did not assign its accounts receivables or PACA rights to Produce Pay.

Accordingly, Produce Pay’s PACA claim fails.

B.

Produce Pay also seeks reversal of the bankruptcy court’s order authorizing payment of 

Spiech’s professional and attorney’s fees. Because the bankruptcy court’s order was neither

“final,” since it did not terminate the bankruptcy proceeding, see In re Jackson Masonry, LLC, 

906 F.3d 494, 499 (6th Cir. 2018), nor an interlocutory order that was properly certified and 

accepted, see In re Lindsey, 726 F.3d 857, 858 (6th Cir. 2013), the Court can only evaluate the 
Case No. 20-1048 Produce Pay, Inc. v. Spiech Farms, LLC

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merits of Produce Pay’s contention pertaining to such fees if we discretionarily exercise pendent 

jurisdiction over this claim. See Chambers v. Ohio Dep’t of Human Servs., 145 F.3d 793, 797 

(6th Cir. 1998) (“The doctrine of pendent appellate jurisdiction allows an appellate court, in its 

discretion, to exercise jurisdiction over issues that are not independently appealable when those 

issues are ‘inextricably intertwined’ with matters over which the appellate court properly and 

independently has jurisdiction.”). While the parties disagree as to whether the Court should 

exercise pendent jurisdiction, both parties concede that if we determine that Produce Pay’s 

PACA claim is unsuccessful, Produce Pay’s claim regarding the payment of fees also fails.

Therefore, in light of our above determinations, Produce Pay’s claim regarding Spiech’s ability 

to recover professional and attorney’s fees is denied. 

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s denial of Produce Pay’s 

PACA claim. We also AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s decision authorizing payment of fees.