Slip Op. 99-110

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

____________________________________

Heartland By-Products, Inc., :

Plaintiff, :

Court No. 99-09-00590

: Before: Barzilay, Judge

v.

:

United States of America,

:

Defendant,

:

and

:

United States Beet Sugar Association,

:

Defendant-Intervenor.

____________________________________:

[Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment Upon an Agency Record granted.]

Decided: October 19, 1999.

Mayer, Brown & Platt (Simeon M. Kriesberg, Kathryn Schaefer, Andrew A. Nicely), and Serko

& Simon (David Serko, Daniel J. Gluck) for Plaintiff.

David W. Ogden, Acting Assistant Attorney General; Joseph I. Liebman, Attorney-in-Charge,

International Trade Field Office; Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, Department of

Justice (Aimee Lee); Karen P. Binder, Office of Assistant Chief Counsel, International Trade

Litigation, Customs Service, (Yelena Slepak) and Allan Martin, Associate Chief Counsel,

Customs Service, (Ellen Daly), of counsel, for Defendant.

Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering (Lewis J. Liman, Robert C. Cassidy, Jr.), for Defendant-Intervenor.
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 2

1

 On September 22, 1999, the Court heard oral argument on an Order to Show Cause

why an expedited briefing schedule on Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction should not

issue. Following negotiations, the parties agreed to deem Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary

Injunction as one for Judgment Upon an Agency Record as well (“Pl.’s Br.”). Pursuant to the

parties’ agreement, on September 24, the court entered an extremely expedited briefing schedule

which was designed to allow a final determination on the merits by October 15. On October 14,

1999, the Court heard oral argument on the merits and issued a ruling from the bench following

the hearing. This opinion further explains the reasons for the decision.

2

 Plaintiff moved to strike the Declaration of David Williams, Def.’s Mot. To Dismiss

and Mem. in Supp. of the United States’ Resp. in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. For J. on the Agency R.,

and/or in the Alternative, Mot. For Prelim. Inj., and in Support of the United States’ Mot. To

Dismiss the Action at Attachment 1 (“Def.’s Br.”), and the Declaration of Jeffrey Robinson, Def.-

Intervenor’s Mem. in Supp. of its Mot. To Dismiss and in Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. For a Prelim. Inj

and to Pl.’s Mot. For J. on the Agency R. at Annex 24 (“Def.-Intervenor’s Br.”), since they were

not part of the agency record. To the extent the Court considers these submissions it does so

narrowly and not as support or explanation for the agency’s decision. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s

motion is denied. Plaintiff has also requested attorney’s fees, expenses and court costs under the

Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412 (1994). The Court finds this request premature at

the present time, see 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d)(1)(B), and thus does not address it.

OPINION

BARZILAY, JUDGE:

I. INTRODUCTION

This matter is before the court pursuant to Plaintiff’s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction or

in the alternative, for Judgment Upon an Agency Record pursuant to USCIT R. 56.1.1 Plaintiff seeks

pre-importation review of a ruling issued by the United States Customs Service (“Customs”)

revoking a prior classification ruling issued to Plaintiff. See Revocation of Ruling Letter and

Treatment Relating to Tariff Classification of Certain Sugar Syrups, 33 Cust. Bull. No. 35/36 at 41

(Sept. 8, 1999) (“Final Notice”). The court exercises jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(h)

(1994).2
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 3

3

 The general provision, 19 C.F.R. 177.1, provides:

It is in the interest of the sound administration of the Customs and

related laws that persons engaging in any transaction affected by

those laws fully understand the consequences of that transaction

prior to its consummation. For this reason, the Customs Service

will give full and careful consideration to written requests from

importers and other interested parties for rulings or information

setting forth, with respect to a specifically described transaction, a

definitive interpretation of applicable law, or other appropriate

information. Generally, a ruling may be requested under the

provisions of this part only with respect to prospective

transactions--that is, transactions which are not already pending

before a Customs Service office by reason of arrival, entry, or

otherwise.

Id. A ruling letter is defined as “a ruling issued in response to a written request therefor and set

forth in a letter addressed to the person making the request or his designee.” Id. at 177.1(d)(1).

The person requesting the ruling is to submit the request in the form of a letter. See 19

C.F.R. 177.2(a). Letters requesting classification must comport with the provisions of 19 C.F.R.

177.2(b)(2)(ii), which in relevant part state:

If the transaction involves the importation of an article for which a

ruling as to its proper classification under the provisions of the

Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States is requested, the

request for a ruling should include a full and complete description

of the article and whenever germane to the proper classification of

the article, information as to the article's chief use in the United

States, its commercial, common, or technical designation, and,

where the article is composed of two or more materials, the relative

quantity (by weight and by volume) and value of each.

Id.

II. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff, a sugar refiner, imports sugar syrup from Canada and refines the syrup into liquid

sucrose. The sugar syrup is derived from sugar cane and sugar beets and contains more than six

percent soluble non-sugar solids. Before undertaking business operations, Plaintiff sought an

advance ruling from Customs pursuant to the provisions of 19 C.F.R. § 177 (1995).3 On May 15,

1995, Customs issued New York Ruling Letter (“NYRL”) 810328 classifying the merchandise under
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 4

4

 The provisions of the HTSUS at issue are as follows:

General Rules of Interpretation

Classification of goods in the tariff schedule shall be governed by the following principles:

1. The table of contents, alphabetical index, and titles of sections, chapters and sub-chapters

are provided for ease of reference only; for legal purposes, classification shall be

determined according to the terms of the headings and any relative section or chapter

notes and, provided such headings or notes do not otherwise require, according to the

following provisions[.] 

****

6. For legal purposes, the classification of goods in the subheadings of a heading shall be

determined according to the terms of those subheadings and any related subheading notes

and, mutatis mutandis, to the above rules, on the understanding that only subheadings at

the same level are comparable. For the purposes of this rule, the relative section, chapter

and subchapter notes also apply, unless the context otherwise requires. 

Chapter 17

Additional U.S. Notes

 

5. [T]he aggregate quantity of sugars, syrups and molasses entered, or withdrawn from

warehouse for consumption . . . during any fiscal year, shall not exceed in the aggregate

an amount (expressed in terms of raw value), not less that 22,000 metric tons, as shall be

established by the Secretary [of Agriculture].

Heading/Subheading Article Description

1702 Other sugars, including chemically pure lactose, maltose, glucose

and fructose, in solid form; sugar syrups not containing added

flavoring or coloring matter; artificial honey, whether or not mixed

with natural honey; caramel:

** **

1702.90 Other, including invert sugar:

Derived from sugar cane or sugar beets:

Containing soluble non-sugar solids

(excluding any foreign substances that may

have been added or developed in the

product) equal to 6 percent or less by weight

of the total soluble solids:

 

1702.90.10 Described in additional U.S. note 5 to this

subheading 1702.90.40 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTSUS”) (1995)4

,
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 5

chapter and entered pursuant to its

provisions

1702.90.20 Other1

** **

1702.90.40 Other

 

1 See subheadings 9904.17.08-9904.17.16.

** **

9904.17.08 Sugars, syrups and molasses, provided for in subheadin[g]

1702.90.20:

If entered during the effective period of safeguards

based upon value:

****

9904.17.16 If entered during the effective period of safeguards

based upon quantity announced by the Secretary of

Agriculture

with a .7 cents per liter general rate of duty and a .2 cents per liter special rate of duty if the goods

qualify as North American Free Trade Agreement (“NAFTA”) originating goods. Administrative

Record File I, Doc. 3 (“AR I(3)”). 

Plaintiff began its refining operations in the middle of 1997. The process Plaintiff uses to

refine the sugar syrup into liquid sucrose, while proprietary, may be described in general terms.

Before arriving in the United States, the sugar syrup is manufactured according to Heartland’s

specifications. The process involves adding raw granular sugar, dry form sucrose, to molasses.

Water is added and the material is then heated and agitated dissolving the dry form sucrose and

forming a definable, homogeneous sugar syrup. See AR I(26) at 3. After being transported to the

plant in Taylor, Michigan, the syrup is pumped into storage tanks and the following steps occur.

First, the syrup is placed in a vacuum pan to induce the crystallization of sucrose. Next, the

massecuite, a slurry of crystals and syrup, is subjected to centrifugal force to separate the crystals
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 6

5

 Section 1516 provides that an interested party may inquire into, among other things, the

classification of imported merchandise and file a petition setting forth the rate of duty it believes

proper. See 19 U.S.C. § 1516(a). If the Secretary of the Treasury determines the classification is

incorrect, the statute directs him to determine the correct classification. See id. at § 1516(b). If

the Secretary determines the classification is correct he is directed to notify the petitioner who

then has thirty days to contest the decision. See id. at § 1516(c). Upon receipt of such notice, the

Secretary must publish his determination and the petitioner’s desire to contest it, and furnish the

petitioner with sufficient information to enable a challenge to the liquidation of one entry. See

id. No time limits are imposed on the Secretary to make his initial decision.

Section 1625 provides at least a thirty day comment period for modification or revocation

of a prior interpretive ruling or decision in effect for at least sixty days. See 19 U.S.C. §

1625(c)(1). Once the comment period closes, the Secretary is directed to publish a final ruling

within thirty days. See id. Sixty days following publication of the final ruling or decision it

becomes effective. See id. 

from the syrup. Finally the crystals are subjected to a number of steps making them suitable to sell

as liquid sucrose for use in the production of cereal, ice cream, candy and other food applications.

The sucrose content of the liquid sucrose is several percentage points higher than the syrup in its

condition as imported. Some of the residue, which is molasses, is sold for use in animal feed, some

is lost in the process and some is returned to Canada.

On January 14, 1998, Defendant-Intervenor, United States Beet Sugar Association, filed a

petition with Customs under 19 U.S.C. § 1516, suggesting alternatively that Customs had the option

to proceed under 19 U.S.C. § 1625, seeking reclassification of the sugar syrup.5

 AR I(1). Customs

chose the latter option, and on June 9, 1999, issued notice of its intent to revoke NYRL 810328 and

invited comments pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1625(c)(1) on proposed Headquarter Ruling (“HQ”)

961273. See Proposed Revocation of Ruling Letter and Treatment Relating to Tariff Classification

of Certain Sugar Syrups, 33 Cust. Bull. No. 22/23 at 52 (“Preliminary Notice”). Because of this

procedural mechanism, Plaintiff was forced to obtain Defendant-Intervenor’s submission through

a Freedom of Information Act request. Following an extension of the comment period to August 9,

1999, on September 8, 1999, Customs published a notice of revocation, which pursuant to 19 
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 7

6

 In its complaint, Plaintiff included a count alleging that Customs abused its discretion

by permitting political considerations to dictate the reclassification. As emphasized at oral

argument held October 14, 1999, the Court views this case as one dealing solely with the proper

classification of Plaintiff’s imported product. Therefore, none of the allegations, on both sides,

of improper political activity entered into the Court’s deliberations or decision. In addition,

because the Court holds for Plaintiff on the classification issue, it need not, and does not,

consider two of Plaintiff’s other claims: Count III, that Customs violated the law by proceeding

under 19 U.S.C. § 1625 rather than under 19 U.S.C. § 1516; Count V, that Customs violated the

law by failing to demonstrate a compelling reason for its revocation.

U.S.C. § 1625 makes HQ 961273 effective on November 8, 1999, sixty days following publication.

See Final Notice at 41. Plaintiff then sought relief in this court as previously described.6

III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

28 U.S.C. § 2640(e) (1994) provides that “[i]n any civil action not specified in this section,

the [court] shall review the matter as provided in [5 U.S.C. § 706].” (28 U.S.C. § 1581(h) is not

specified therein). Id. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) provides, in relevant part, that “the reviewing court

shall . . . hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions of law found to be .

. . arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” Id. The

scope of review is limited to the administrative record. See 28 U.S.C. § 2640(e); 5 U.S.C. § 706. 

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Plaintiff Has Met Its Burden of Demonstrating by Clear and Convincing Evidence That the

Court Has Jurisdiction Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(h).

Plaintiff asserts that the Court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1581

(h) with respect to declaratory relief and §1581 (i) with respect to injunctive relief. Defendant

concedes jurisdiction with respect to § 1581(h) but challenges jurisdiction under §1581(i).

Defendant-Intervenor contests jurisdiction under both §1581(h) and (i), and argues that the Court

may only exercise jurisdiction pursuant to §1581(a). Because of the differing positions of each party
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 8

in this case, the Court finds it necessary to address the issue of jurisdiction in detail. The Court

exercises jurisdiction under §1581(h), and will grant relief accordingly, thus the need for a

preliminary injunction is moot.

Section 1581(h), Title 28, United States Code, provides:

The [court] shall have exclusive jurisdiction of any civil action commenced to

review, prior to the importation of the goods involved, a ruling issued by the

Secretary of the Treasury, or a refusal to issue or change such a ruling, relating to

classification, valuation, rate of duty, marking, restricted merchandise, entry

requirements, drawbacks, . . . or similar matters, but only if the party commencing

the civil action demonstrates to the court that he would be irreparably harmed unless

given an opportunity to obtain judicial review prior to such importation.

28 U.S.C. § 1581(h) (1994). The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit outlined four requirements

for invoking the jurisdiction of this Court under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(h):

(1) judicial review must be sought prior to importation of goods;

(2) review must be sought of a ruling, a refusal to issue a ruling or a refusal to change

such ruling;

(3) the ruling must relate to certain subject matter; and

(4) irreparable harm must be shown unless judicial review is obtained prior to

importation. 

American Air Parcel Forwarding Co. v. United States, 718 F.2d 1546, 1551-52 (Fed. Cir. 1983),

cert. denied, 466 U.S. 937 (1984). 

Defendant does not claim that the Court lacks jurisdiction under § 1581(h). Between the

other parties to this action, there is no dispute as to the first three requirements of jurisdiction under

this section. Defendant-Intervenor challenges only Heartland’s claim of irreparable injury. “When

a jurisdictional issue is raised, the burden rests on the plaintiff to prove that jurisdiction exists.”

Manufacture de Machines du Haut-Rhin v. von Rabb, 6 CIT 60, 62, 569 F. Supp. 877, 880 (1983)

(citing United States v. Biehl & Co., 3 CIT 158, 160, 539 F. Supp. 1218, 1220 (1982)). Plaintiff must
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 9

7

28 U.S.C. § 2639(b) provides: “In any civil action described in section 1581 (h) of this

title, the person commencing the action shall have the burden of making the demonstration

required by such section by clear and convincing evidence.” 

demonstrate irreparable harm by a clear and convincing evidence standard.7

 Irreparable harm is that which “cannot receive reasonable redress in a court of law.”

Manufacture de Machines du Haut Rhin, 6 CIT at 64, 569 F. Supp. at 881-82 (quoting BLACK’S LAW

DICTIONARY 706-707 (5th ed. 1979)). “In making this determination, what is critical is not the

magnitude of the injury, but rather its immediacy and the inadequacy of future corrective relief.”

National Juice Products v. United States, 10 CIT 48, 53, 628 F. Supp. 978, 984 (1986) (citations

omitted). To fulfill its burden, Plaintiff must “set forth sufficient documentation to support its

allegations in establishing the threat of irreparable harm.” Thyssen Steel Co., Southwestern Division

of Thyssen, Inc. v. United States, 13 CIT 323, 326, 712 F. Supp. 202, 204 (1989) (citing 718 Fifth

Avenue Corp. v. United States, 7 CIT 195, 198 (1984)). 

Plaintiff asserts that implementation of the revocation of NYRL 810328 will destroy its

business. Compl. ¶ 9 (citing Affidavit of Gregory Kozak (“Kozak Aff.”)). Plaintiff claims that the

reclassification of Heartland’s sugar syrup as per HQ 961273 will subject the sugar syrup to a

prohibitive tariff-rate quota (“TRQ”), thereby preventing Heartland from importing the product and

effectively forcing it to close its doors. Id.

Plaintiff has provided sufficient documentation to clearly and convincingly establish

jurisdiction under §1581(h). Attached to its brief is the affidavit of the President of Heartland,

Gregory Kozak, detailing the extent of business disruption that Heartland will suffer if it is

unsuccessful in its legal challenge. The proposed increase in duties of 7000 percent, which will

result from the revocation of NYRL 810328, will raise Heartland’s costs, and force Heartland’s three
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 10

8

Heartland has supplied the Court with documentation of the loss of its customers in the

form of letters from its customers indicating their plans to take their business elsewhere if the

original classification is not restored. See Pl.’s Br. at Confidential Annex 6-8.

main customers to arrange long-term commitments with other suppliers. Kozak Aff. ¶ 13-16.8

Heartland will additionally have to abandon its transport and supply arrangements. Id. ¶ 20. The

company will thereby be forced to lay off all of its sixty employees trained to work in the Taylor,

Michigan plant, and completely cease production. Id. ¶ 17, 21-23. 

The fatal blow that reclassification will deal to Heartland certainly suffices as “irreparable

injury.” Not only will failure to obtain review prior to importation sound the death knell for

Heartland’s business, but the injury will, as evidenced by the aforementioned documentation, occur

immediately. Future corrective relief will be inadequate, as even if Heartland prevails on the

classification ruling, its main customers will have made long-term supply arrangements with other

sugar producers. 

Precedent indicates that irreparable harm may be sufficiently shown in instances where the

harm is less drastic than a total shutdown. As this court in National Juice stated, “severe disruption

of business operations can constitute irreparable injury under certain circumstances.” 10 CIT at 54,

628 F. Supp. at 984. In National Juice, this court held that the plaintiffs had demonstrated

irreparable harm by showing that they would be “unable to use foreign manufacturing concentrate

and . . . [unable] to satisfy all of their customer’s [sic] orders for retail orange juice products.” Id.

Additionally, in American Frozen Food Institute, Inc. v. United States, this court held irreparable

injury to be established when “[p]laintiffs have presented evidence that they will lose substantial

sums of money from the destruction of stockpiled non-complying labelling.” 18 CIT 565, 570, 855

F. Supp. 388, 393 (1994). Neither of the plaintiffs in either case established evidence of total
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 11

business destruction and yet this court held irreparable injury to be sufficiently established. As

Plaintiff in this case has shown documented evidence that its doors will be forced to close barring

revocation of the reclassification, the Court holds that Plaintiff has more than met its burden of

providing evidence of irreparable harm, and therefore jurisdiction under § 1581(h) is proper. 

Defendant-Intervenor argues that Heartland has not “made such a ‘clear showing’ that its

case falls within the ‘limited circumstances’ of Section 1581(h).” Def.-Intervenor’s Br. at 11

(citations omitted). It asserts that because Heartland “does not claim that it would be placed in

bankruptcy or that it would suffer irreparable reputational harm . . . [its] claims of irreparable harm

are hollow at best and misleading at worst.” Id. at 12-13. Yet Plaintiff “may, but need not,

demonstrate that it would suffer multiple forms of irreparable harm.” CPC International, Inc. v.

United States, 19 CIT 978, 980, 896 F. Supp. 1240, 1243 (1995). Defendant-Intervenor may

therefore not successfully disprove this court’s jurisdiction under §1581(h) merely by reciting other

forms of irreparable harm which Plaintiff has not stated in support of its claim.

Defendant-Intervenor’s only challenge to the reason Plaintiff has given the Court as a basis

for jurisdiction is the mere assertion that its parent corporation, E.D. & F. Man Group can absorb

the increased costs that Heartland will suffer if the sugar syrup is not reclassified. Id. at 12-13. This

argument is meritless for several reasons. First, Heartland’s parent company is not a party to this

case, and Defendant-Intervenor cannot successfully challenge a party’s showing of irreparable harm

by making assertions based on the potential financial abilities of a nonparty. The Court agrees with

Plaintiff that asking the Court to hold a nonparty parent company responsible for the losses of a

subsidiary party to the case is essentially asking the Court to pierce the corporate veil. Pl.’s Reply

Mem. of Points and Authorities in Supp. of Pl.’s Mots. For J. on the Agency R. and for a Prelim. Inj.

at 46 (“Pl.’s Reply”). The Court is well aware of the general rule that the corporate entity should be
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 12

recognized absent specific exceptional circumstances. As the Federal Circuit stated, “the corporate

form is not to be lightly cast aside.” 3D Systems, Inc. v. Aarotech Lab., Inc., 160 F.3d 1373, 1380

(Fed. Cir. 1998) (citing Manville Sales Corp. v. Paramount Sys., Inc., 917 F.2d 544, 552 (Fed. Cir.

1990)). Defendant-Intervenor has provided no evidence nor does the record reflect exceptional

circumstances or reasons why the corporate veil should be pierced in this case. 

Second, even if the Court were in a position to pierce the corporate veil and hold the

corporation responsible for the potential costs to Heartland, Defendant-Intervenor has provided no

documentation that Heartland’s parent company could prevent the harm Heartland claims to suffer.

Defendant-Intervenor speculates that E.D. & F. Man Group can absorb the increased costs to

Heartland; such speculation simply does not refute Plaintiff’s sworn and signed documentary

evidence establishing jurisdiction under §1581(h). Thus, it is the Court’s determination that

jurisdiction is properly exercised under §1581(h). 

B. Plaintiff’s Product Is Properly Classified under the Plain Meaning of Subheading

1702.90.40 HTSUS. Therefore, Customs’ Proposed Revocation Is Not in Accordance

with Law.

Heartland’s imported sugar syrup is properly classified in HTSUS 1702.90.40. The plain

language of the tariff provision describes the imported product. HTSUS 1702.90.40 covers sugar

syrups not containing added flavoring or coloring matter . . . containing soluble non-sugar solids

greater than 6 percent by weight of the total soluble solids. Using the classic and long-standing

principles of tariff classification which start with the application of the General Rules of

Interpretation (“GRI”) in the order in which they appear and following through with case law

developed by the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, this court and its predecessor courts, there can
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9

 Petitioners and Defendant-Intervenor here have described the product as refined beet or

cane sugar, water and molasses. See AR I(1) at 1. However, there is no other record support for

this statement and Defendant-Intervenor admitted at oral argument that plaintiff’s description of

its product is not controverted.

be little doubt that the correct classification of Heartland’s syrup is within HTSUS 1702.90.40.

As described to Customs in Heartland’s ruling request dated April 18, 1995, Plaintiff’s

product is a sugar syrup whose components are sugar, water and soluble non-sugar solids. The syrup

is exclusively of sugar beet and/or cane sugar origin, approximately 70 percent by weight of

dissolved solids and approximately 30 percent by weight of water. The production process includes

the combining of granular raw sugar9

 with molasses, of cane or beet origin, to produce a brown sugar

of approximately 93 percent polarity. This sugar is then dissolved in hot water to produce a simple

syrup. AR I(37-38).

GRI 1 requires that the classification process begin with the terms of the headings and section

and chapter notes. Included within Heading 1702 is “sugar syrups not containing added flavoring

or coloring matter.” Plaintiff’s product is a sugar syrup “whose components are sugar, water and

soluble non-sugar solids.” AR I(37).

Although the term “syrup” is not specifically defined in the Harmonized Tariff itself, there

is no doubt as to its meaning and that Plaintiff’s product falls within it. According to the Concise

Oxford Dictionary, syrup is “water (nearly) saturated with sugar” or “condensed sugar cane juice,

part of this remaining uncrystallized at various stages of refining.” (7th ed. 1987). 
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 14

10 The Explanatory Notes to the HTS have often been used to interpret HTS Subheadings. 

See Bausch & Lomb, Inc. v. United States, 148 F.3d 1363, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (citing Lonza,

Inc. v. United States, 46 F.3d 1098, 1109 (Fed. Cir. 1995)).

The Explanatory Notes 10 to heading 1702 also define and explain the term sugar syrup in note

1702(B) as follows:

(1) Simple syrups obtained by dissolving sugars of this Chapter in water.

(2) Juices and syrups obtained during the extraction of sugars from sugar beet, sugar

cane, etc. These may contain pectin, albuminoidal substances, mineral salts, etc., as

impurities.

(3) Golden syrup, a table or culinary syrup containing sucrose and invert sugar. Golden

syrup is made from the syrup remaining during sugar refining after crystallization and

separation of refined sugar, or from cane or beet sugar, by inverting part of the

sucrose or by the addition of invert sugar.

Special note should be taken of number (3) above, “Golden Syrup,” as Customs has

attempted to change the classification on the grounds that molasses is a foreign substance within the

meaning of the words “excluding any foreign substances that may have been added” (item 1702.90)

when counting what soluble solids should be counted toward the 6 percent by weight. As number

(3) above makes clear, Golden Syrup is a recognized table syrup made from molasses (“the syrup

remaining during sugar refining after crystallization and separation of refined sugar”) or from cane

or beet sugar.

In addition, the record demonstrates that the commercial meaning of the term sugar syrup

includes Heartland’s product. See AR V(17) Statement of James C.P. Chen; Statement of JeanPierre M. Monclin; Statement of Michael B. Inkson; and Statement of Roger J. Crain. When a tariff

term is not defined, commercial meaning prevails. Lynteq, Inc. v. United States, 976 F.2d 693, 697

(Fed. Cir. 1992). Therefore, clearly Heartland’s product is syrup within the meaning of heading

1702.
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 15

11 Customs and Defendant-Intervenor do not pursue this issue in the case at bar.

12 The application of GRI 6 requires comparison of co-equal subheadings and

classification according to notes relating to such subheadings. There are no relevant subheading

notes to consider in this case.

13 The provision uniquely and accurately describes Heartland’s product and is clearly an

eo nomine provision. See 2 CUSTOMS LAW AND ADMINISTRATION § 53.3 (3rd ed. 1999) and cases

collected therein. Customs does not argue that the provision is a use provision, but does contend

that use should be considered when classifying Plaintiff’s syrup because the importation is an

artifice. Def.’s Br. at p. 42. The Court does not agree. See discussion, infra.

Plaintiff’s syrup does not contain any added flavoring or coloring matter. The record reflects

that this issue was discussed at a meeting held July 29, 1998 with Plaintiff’s representatives and

certain Treasury officials which resulted in a letter dated August 26, 1998 from Plaintiff’s counsel

explaining in great detail that the molasses added to the raw sugar in Plaintiff’s processing cannot

be considered added flavoring or coloring within the terms of the tariff. See AR II(1) at 1-4.11

Continuing to apply GRI 1 and 612 to the syrup leads to item 1702.90.40 because it is derived

from sugar cane or sugar beet (1702.90) and has more than 6 percent soluble non-sugar solids (equal

to or less than 6 percent would lead to 1702.90.10 or .20) and is not invert molasses (which would

lead to 1702.90.35).

Factually, there is no doubt that Heartland’s product contains more than 6 percent “soluble

non-sugar solids.” A test conducted by the Customs laboratory pursuant to an investigation, see AR

I(6)(i), found the syrup more than 6 percent by weight of soluble non-sugar solids. Therefore,

plaintiff’s product fits the descriptive language of subheading 1702.90.40 and pursuant to its plain

language is properly classified within it.13

Both Customs and Defendant-Intervenor argue, albeit on different grounds, that the molasses

is a foreign substance in relation to the syrup under the terms of 1702.90 HTSUS “containing soluble
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 16

non-sugar solids (excluding any foreign substances that may have been added or developed in the

product).” If so considered, the soluble non-sugar solids in the molasses would be disregarded in

determining the percentage of such solids in the syrup itself bringing the percentage to less than 6

percent thus preventing classification in subheading 1702.90.40.

As Plaintiff completely and lucidly explained in its brief, there is no factual nor legal support

for Customs’ conclusions that molasses should be considered a foreign substance for purposes of

classification of the sugar syrup. As a matter of fact and, as Plaintiff’s experts confirmed, the

molasses used in the production of Plaintiff’s syrup is made from cane or beet as is the granular

sugar. The sugar, the molasses and the resulting syrup all have the same chemical ingredients,

including impurities that occur naturally in sugar.

Customs was simply wrong to conclude, as it did in its revocation ruling:

We believe that molasses with its impurities is a foreign substance and excluded in

determining the 6% rule of subheading 1702.90.1000, HTSUS. . . . The addition of

the molasses to the sugar is a foreign substance containing impurities in producing

the sugar syrup and, therefore, we exclude the molasses with impurities in calculating

the 6% rule.

Final Notice at 53. There is ample record evidence contradicting this conclusion. See e.g., AR

V(17) Statement of James C.P. Chen at ¶ 4-6; Statement of Jean-Pierre M. Monclin at ¶ 7-8;

Statement of Michael B. Inkson at ¶ 8-12; Statement of Roger J. Crain at ¶ 6.

Defendant-Intervenor argues that molasses is foreign with regard to the sucrose that remains

when molasses is removed from raw sugar during the refining process. Def.-Intervenor’s Br. at 49.

But Defendant-Intervenor misunderstood the basic process engaged in by Plaintiff to create its

imported syrup. As it is raw sugar, which itself contains molasses, that is combined with additional

molasses to create Heartland’s syrup, the molasses cannot be considered foreign.

As Plaintiff correctly points out, its syrup, molasses and raw sugar are all composed of the
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 17

same chemical ingredients in varying proportions. Pl.’s Reply at 16; see also AR V(17) Statement

of James C.P. Chen; Statement of Michael B. Inkson (sugar experts stating that molasses cannot be

said to be a foreign substance in relation to sugar). Therefore, neither substance can be considered

foreign in relation to the other. Defendant-Intervenor also contends that molasses must be

considered a foreign substance for purposes of this classification exercise or other portions of the

sugar cane product could be included to make up the 6 percent solids. However, DefendantIntervenor ignores the modifier “soluble.” Cane leaves and bagasse would never fit the description

“soluble non-sugar solids” and, therefore, cannot be compared to molasses when determining which

non-sugar solids should be considered foreign substances.

The foreign substances argument is also not in accordance with law. It cannot be reconciled

with the language of HTSUS or the Explanatory Notes. The word “foreign” appears in subheading

1702.90 modifying sugar syrups derived from sugar cane or sugar beets.

Containing soluble non-sugar solids (excluding any foreign substances that may have

been added or developed in the product) equal to 6 percent or less by weight of the

total soluble solids.

There is ample record evidence that Customs’ interpretation of “foreign substances” to include

anything that is itself “derived from sugar cane or sugar beets” is unreasonable and an abuse of

discretion.

In the revocation, Customs stated “molasses is not sugar derived from the refining of sugar

cane or beets” and that the “mixture of molasses with sugar is not a refining process for raw sugar,

and the addition of water to such a mixture does not create a ‘sugar syrup’ derived from a refining

process from sugar cane or sugar beet.” Final Notice at 52-53. However, Customs sua sponte added

the word “refining.” HTSUS 1702.90 refers simply to “derived from sugar cane or sugar beets.”

Thus, so long as a sugar or a syrup is “derived from sugar cane or sugar beets,” it fall within HTSUS
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 18

14 Customs seems to have abandoned the argument advanced in its revocation that

molasses must be a “foreign” substance under subheading 1702.90 because “molasses syrups are

classified in heading 1703" not in heading 1702, since the revocation held classification within

subheading 1702.90.10/20.

1702.90. By the same token, so long as a “substance” is “derived from sugar cane or sugar beets,”

as the molasses used in Heartland’s sugar syrup surely is, it cannot be “foreign” to HTSUS 1702.90.

The ENs for heading 1702 further refute Customs’ position that molasses is “foreign.” One

of EN 1702(B)’s illustrations of sugar syrups covered by heading 1702 is described as follows:

2. Juices and syrups obtained during the extraction of sugars from

sugar beet, sugar cane, etc. These may contain pectin, albuminoidal

substances, mineral salts, etc., as impurities.

EN 1702(B) (emphasis in original). By expressly including within heading 1702 a syrup containing

“pectin, albuminoidal substances, mineral salts, etc., as impurities,” the EN directly contradicts

Customs’ position that such impurities in molasses render molasses a substance “foreign” to sugar

syrup.14

Customs also argues that the molasses must be considered foreign because “[i]f something

is added or developed in the product that artificially increases the soluble non-sugar solids, that

addition is a ‘foreign substance’ for purposes of subheading 1702.90." Def.’s Br. at 51. This

argument is based on a misunderstanding of Plaintiff’s pre-importation process and the case law

dealing with artifice or deceit. Record evidence shows a clear commercial purpose for combining

molasses with raw sugar in the refining process. See AR V(17) Statement of Jean-Pierre M. Monclin

at ¶ 6 (“In sugar processing such mixing of molasses with granular sugar is common practice... it is

the principal way to adjust stream purity during crystallization.”); Statement of Michael B. Inkson

at ¶ 13 (“[M]ixing molasses with higher purity streams [granular or liquid] is quite common in the

production of sugar products. The process is designed to produce final sugar products of particular
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 19

15 In a case brought under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a) the court reviews Customs decision de

novo on the record before the court. In a case brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(h) the

agency record is reviewed and the standard of review is different. See discussion, infra. Even

though the classification decision itself is a legal question, see National Advanced Sys. v. United

States, 26 F.3d 1107, 1109 (Fed. Cir. 1994), the procedural posture of this case requires a

discussion of why the agency action cannot be sustained under the applicable standard of review. 

polarity.”). Customs’ characterization of Plaintiff’s adding of molasses to its sugar syrup as an

artifice or deceit is not supported by case law. See discussion, infra.

Therefore, the Court can sustain none of the arguments presented by Customs or Defendantintervenor that molasses should be considered a foreign substance for the purpose of classifying

Plaintiff’s sugar syrup.

C. The Record Evidence Does Not Support Classifying the Sugar Syrup Outside the Plain

Meaning of Subheading 1702.90.40 HTSUS. 

As discussed above, the sugar syrup in question is properly classified under the plain meaning

of subheading 1702.90.40 HTSUS, and Customs’ classification of the syrup outside of the plain

meaning is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise not in accordance with law.15

Customs and Defendant-Intervenor argue that the sugar syrup is not classified within the plain

meaning of subheading 1702.90.40 HTSUS in several ways. First, they argue that the legislative

intent of the relevant HTSUS provisions is to prevent anything that competes with raw or refined

sugar from entering outside of the quota. Second, they argue that the sugar syrup is not to be

classified in its condition as imported because the process is an artifice or deceit. Accordingly, use

may be consulted since the judicial precedent recognizes an exception to the general rule that an

article is to be classified in its condition as imported. Third, although neither defend the position,

Customs reasoned that the sugar syrup in question would have fallen under the quantitative
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 20

restrictions of Tariff Schedules of the United States (“TSUS”) and thus properly are classified within

the quantitative restriction of the HTSUS.

1. The Legislative History Does Not Demonstrate a Clear Legislative Intent to Exclude the

Sugar Syrup at Issue.

As discussed supra, Customs argues that while falling into the literal language of subheading

1702.90.40 HTSUS, the sugar syrup falls outside the spirit of the statutory provision because the

purpose is to subject those products that compete directly with sugar to a quantitative quota

restriction. In support of this proposition Customs refers to a 1937 hearing held before the

Subcommittee of the House Committee on Agriculture. A witness testified that excluding sugar

syrups with greater than a certain percentage of soluble non-sugar solids would allow syrup of cane

juice to enter while barring other syrups that could be refined into products competing with raw and

refined sugar. See Sugar: Hearings on H.R. 5236 Before the Subcommittee of the House Committee

on Agriculture, 75th Cong. 41-44 (1937). Furthermore the witness testified that it was “practically

impossible to define sugar sirup of cane juice satisfactorily for the purpose of administering quotas

and taxes.” See id. at 44. 

From this discussion, Customs and Defendant-Intervenor draw the conclusion that any sugar

syrup that competes with domestic raw or refined sugar must be classified in a provision that has a

quantitative limitation, even if the product falls within the express and unambiguous language of a

subheading not subject to such restrictions. Structurally and as a matter of sound statutory

interpretation this argument fails.

Structurally, two provisions within Chapter 17 of the HTSUS explicitly allow competing

sugar to enter without being subject to quantitative restrictions. Subheadings 1703.10.30 HTSUS

and 1703.90.30 HTSUS both allow molasses to enter which is imported for commercial extraction
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 21

of sugar or for human consumption. Additionally, not all sugar products are subject to TRQs such

as: lactose syrup (1702.11.00 HTSUS); unblended glucose syrups (1702.30.40 HTSUS and

1702.40.40 HTSUS); unblended fructose syrups (1702.60.40 HTSUS); invert molasses (1702.90.35

HTSUS). Two things are thus apparent from the current quota scheme under the HTSUS. One is

that Congress did not intend to exclude all competing sugar products from entry without quantitative

limitations. Another is that the HTSUS is fundamentally different from prior tariff law in the way

it addresses sugar products.

As a matter of sound statutory interpretation the argument that the legislative history controls

the express language of the statute also fails. For one thing, the legislative history cited here involves

the testimony of one witness with the interrogatories of two members of Congress. To take this bit

of legislative history and give it more weight than the statutory language would contravene

longstanding principles detailing legislative history’s proper weight. Further, it is not clear that the

legislative intent Customs and Defendant-Intervenor propose is the only one. See Robert G. Lynch

Co. v. United States, 49 C.C.P.A. 74, 79 (1967) (noting that “[t]he intent of Congress throughout the

history of tariff legislation on sugar since 1913 has been to assess duties on the basis of the

polariscopic sugar degree content, not upon the ultimate or intended use of the sugar.”). The

legislative history accompanying the enactment of the HTSUS states that it is meant to be revenue

neutral and that the “[e]nactment of the tariff and quota treatment provided in this subtitle is intended

to supersede and replace existing treatment as a matter of domestic law.” See H.R.CONF.REP. NO.

100-576, at 548 (1988), reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1547, 1581. When presented with many

different Congressional intents and one clearly worded statutory provision, the better course is to

follow the language of the statute. If Congress wishes to place the sugar syrup in question under

quota it is free to do so through duly enacted legislation. However, Customs, as an executive agency
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 22

may not; its role is to interpret and apply the HTSUS, see H.R. CONF. REP. NO. 100-576, at 549

(1988), reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1547, 1582. In this case its interpretation and application

was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise not in accordance with law. 

2. Customs’ Determination That Plaintiff Engaged in Artifice or Deceit Is Not Supported by

the Record Evidence Nor Is it a Correct Application of Judicial Precedent, and Thus Is

Arbitrary, Capricious, an Abuse of Discretion, and Otherwise Not in Accordance with Law.

Customs and Defendant-Intervenor argue that because molasses remains after the sugar syrup

is refined following importation, and since some of the molasses is then returned to Canada, Plaintiff

has engaged in artifice or deceit. The Court does not agree.

First, Plaintiff, pursuant to the provisions of 19 C.F.R. § 177, obtained an advance ruling on

the classification of the merchandise. Neither Customs nor Defendant-Intervenor dispute that the

submissions to Customs were legitimate. Rather, the claim is made that Plaintiff’s failure to describe

the post-importation processing deprived Customs of relevant information, and thus constituted

artifice or deceit. However, the regulation clearly states that a description of an article’s chief use

is required only when germane to the relevant classification. See 19 C.F.R. §177.2(b)(2)(ii) (1999).

Since, as discussed supra, subheading 1702.90.40 HTSUS (nor for that matter subheadings

1702.90.10 and 1702.90.20 HTSUS) is not a use provision, Plaintiff was not required by the express

language of the regulation to describe the sugar syrup’s use. Furthermore, Customs had the

opportunity to request an additional description, including a description of use when it asked for

samples, and did not do so.

Second, following an investigation, the sugar syrup’s use was conclusively made known to
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 23

16 While the Court does not consider this internal memorandum with respect to the

ultimate classification of the merchandise, it is relevant on the issue of artifice or deceit. 

Customs’ rationale was that it did not have critical information on the sugar syrup’s use at the

time it issued the initial ruling and that it reconsidered its position in light of information brought

to its attention in the petition. The memorandum, written prior to the filing of the petition,

directly contradicts Customs’ rationale and is considered by the court for the limited purpose of

whether the agency was deceived. As the memorandum indicates, the initial decision would

have been unaffected if use had been, although not required to be, described.

17 Both Customs and Defendant-Intervenor recognize that goods may legitimately be

imported at various stages of manufacturing or processing, even if at an artificially interrupted

point, to obtain lower rates of duties. See Def.’s Br. at 34; Def.-Intervenor’s Br. at 36.

Customs asked the Plaintiff repeatedly for what commercial use the product had in its

condition as imported without removing molasses. This question ignored the evidence Plaintiff

submitted that combining raw sugar with molasses was a legitimate step in the refining process. 

Additionally, as discussed infra, the use of the merchandise was irrelevant to the proper

classification.

Customs and in an internal memorandum it was determined to be correctly classified within

subheading 1702.90.40 HTSUS. See A.R. at IV(9). The memorandum states the principle of

classification law that a good is to be imported in its condition as imported and that Customs cannot

consider what happens to the goods once they are legally imported. See id. Moreover, the

memorandum states that the entire process is legal under the ruling.16 See id. 

Third, Customs had no record evidence on which to conclude that the sugar syrup produced

in its condition in Canada was not at an intermediate stage of production.17 In fact, the record

evidence shows that the process of combining granular raw sugar with molasses, adding water and

heating is common in sugar refining operations. See AR V(17) Statement of James C.P. Chen, ¶ 5;

Statement of Jean-Pierre M. Monclin, ¶ 6 (“In sugar processing, such mixing of molasses with

granular sugar is common practice.”); Statement of Michael B. Inkson, ¶ 13 (“The Customs Service

seems to have the misconception that the mixing of granular sugar and molasses is somehow

abnormal. To the contrary, mixing molasses with higher purity streams (granular or liquid) is quite
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 24

18 The Court addresses the Defendant’s brief in the discussion of the caselaw holding an

importer has the right to fashion his or her merchandise to obtain the lowest rate of duty

available, infra.

19 The Robinson declaration, although not on the agency record, is remarkable for what it

does not say more than what it does. In the declaration, both the premise and conclusion are

based on the process of combining refined sugar with molasses. See Def.-Intervenor’s Br. at

Annex 24, Declaration of Jeffrey Robinson, ¶ 4, 7-8, 13-15.

common in the production of sugar products.”). Raw sugar’s core is almost pure (99.6-99.8) sucrose,

while the surface of the crystal is covered with a partially dried syrup containing much less sucrose.

See James C.P. Chen & Chung Chi Chou, CANE SUGAR HANDBOOK 485 (12th ed. 1993). Molasses,

which contains much less sucrose, is combined with the raw sugar in the desired amount to obtain

the final product. See AR V(17) Statement of James C.P. Chen, ¶ 5; Statement of Jean-Pierre M.

Monclin, ¶ 4, 6; Statement of Michael B. Inkson, ¶ 13. It is noteworthy that Customs does not

contest the general principle that combining raw sugar with molasses to adjust the purity is a

common practice, yet it proceeds in what can only be characterized as a circular argument that in this

case the process is designed to avoid the quantitative limitation.18 

Moreover, the record evidence does not contain a single submission stating that the

combination of raw sugar with molasses is not an intermediate step in the refining process. Notably,

the submissions that mention the process at all state or imply that combining refined sugar with

molasses is not a legitimate commercial practice. See AR I(1) Petition of January 14, 1998 at 1;

II(20) Letter of September 25, 1998, from Sen. Kent Conrad, et al. V(1), (2), (4), (14). The Court

has no reason to address that contention since the ruling letter request makes it clear, as well as does

the record evidence, that Plaintiff’s process combines granular raw sugar with molasses.19 If the

Defendant-Intervenor had information that the process described by the Plaintiff was incorrect, it was

obliged to include such information on the agency record. Customs improperly based its decision
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 25

on conclusory assertions that refined not raw sugar was used to prepare the syrup. In its second

chance, through the Robinson declaration, the Defendant-Intervenor again failed to include any

information that refined sugar is used, nor, apparently, could it obtain an expert statement that the

process of refining raw sugar with molasses is an illegitimate commercial process. Based on the

record evidence, Customs had no basis to conclude that combining raw sugar with molasses was not

a legitimate step in a refining operation. Accordingly, for each of the three reasons discussed above,

Customs’ determination that the process Plaintiff employs “is not a genuine step in manufacturing

or production of an article[],” see Final Notice at 44, is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion,

and otherwise not in accordance with law.

As a result of its flawed finding on the genuineness of the manufacturing process, Customs

incorrectly applied the abundant judicial precedent holding that an article must be classified in its

condition as imported. Customs noted that an importer “should be allowed to choose to import its

merchandise at any step that obtains the most favorable treatment[]” and that “[i]f the syrup was

further used in its condition as imported, in the next step in producing an article of commerce, this

may satisfy the tariff engineering concept.” See Final Notice at 44-45. Customs clearly stated its

position: “that the processing in this case is not legitimate tariff engineering. But rather, it is merely

‘disguise or artifice’ intended to escape a higher rate of duty such as a quota tariff rate.” Final Notice

at 45. Customs had no basis to conclude that Plaintiff engaged in artifice or deceit to obtain a

favorable classification of its merchandise and its application of the relevant judicial precedent

governing tariff engineering as applied to the facts before it was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of

discretion and otherwise not in accordance with law. 

The Supreme Court first announced the principle that a manufacturer has the right to fashion

goods to avoid the burden of high duties, coincidentally, in a sugar case. See Merritt v. Welsh, 104
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 26

20 The Court sees no reason, nor has it been presented with one by Customs, to

distinguish between duties and quota restrictions. The effect of the TRQ is to impose a higher

rate of duty on subject merchandise entering over the quota. Thus, the principle of fashioning

merchandise to obtain the lowest rate of duty applies equally to fashioning merchandise to avoid

a provision that will subject the merchandise to a TRQ.

U.S. 694, 701 (1881).20 At the time, the duty was assessed on sugar based on its color. The collector

of the port of New York, defendant, claimed “that color was imparted to the sugars in the course of

manufacture, by the use of an extra quantity of lime . . . or by the introduction of molasses . . . .” Id.

at 696 (the trial court found the evidence inadmissible). The Court went on to state the issue as

whether “(supposing the sugars are not artificially colored for the purpose of avoiding duties after

being manufactured) their dutiable quality is to be decided by their actual color . . . or by their

saccharine strength . . . .” Id. at 700 (emphasis added). In fact, the Court remarked “[i]f the

manufacturer uses . . . bleaching processes in order to make his sugars more salable, why may he not

omit to do so in order to render them less dutiable; nay, why may he not employ an extra quantity

of molasses for that purpose?” Id. at 704. The Court noted that if color was added to the sugar

following manufacture that “might be a different matter.” Id. at 705. In this case, on the agency

record before the Court, there is no evidence that refined sugar is combined with molasses to produce

the sugar syrup, and thus the limitation on the Court’s holding is not applicable.

After determining that Congress had clearly adopted a color test, the Court had this to say:

Perhaps Congress may have acted under a mistaken idea that color

would always indicate quality. Perhaps, up to the time that the law

was passed, as the processes of manufacture had been conducted,

color was an approximate, or general indication of quality. Suppose

this to be so, does it derogate from the fact that color was the standard

which Congress, with the lights which it had, saw fit to adopt? Does

it not tend to fortify that fact? If it be found by experience that the

standard is a fallacious one, can the executive department supply the

defects of the legislation? Congress alone has the authority to levy

duties. Its will alone is to be sought. 
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 27

Id. at 700. In this case, Congress has provided a clear and unambiguous test: the quantity of soluble

non-sugar solids. Following the Supreme Court in Merritt, this Court will not disturb Congress’

will.

Furthermore, the Court set out the exception to the rule that an importer has the right to

fashion his or her merchandise to obtain the lowest rate of duty “[s]o long as no deception is

practised, so long as the goods are truly invoiced and freely and honestly exposed to the officers of

customs for their examination, no fraud is committed, no penalty is incurred.” Id. at 704. As

discussed above, Plaintiff obtained an advance ruling describing the sugar syrup and its

manufacturing process, and a subsequent investigation revealed that Plaintiff was complying with

the terms of the advance ruling. Thus, Plaintiff’s practice does not fall within the exception

announced in Merritt. The Supreme Court, the Federal Circuit and its predecessor, and this court

and its predecessor have repeatedly reaffirmed the principle in Merritt.

In United States v. Schoverling, 146 U.S. 76 (1892), an importer entered gunstocks and

colluded with another firm to import the barrels separately to avoid the higher rate of duty assessed

on fully assembled shotguns.. The Court dismissed the United States’ argument that the transaction

was a fraud upon the statute by stating that “the intent of the importers to put the gunstocks with

barrels separately imported, so as to make here completed guns for sale, cannot affect the rate of duty

on the gunstocks as a separate importation.” Id. at 81 (citing Merritt, 104 U.S. 694); see also

Seeberger v. Farwell, 139 U.S. 608, 610 (1891) (holding that mixing just enough cotton with wool

to secure a lower rate of duty with no valid commercial purpose for the addition was within the

importer’s legal right).
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 28

21 Corporacion Argentina provides the legal answer to Customs’ questions posed as to

why Plaintiff does not add enough molasses so that at the end of the refining process there is no

excess. As the court noted, the addition of the cereal held the meat together, thus serving a

satisfactory food purpose. See Corporacion Argentina, 32 C.C.P.A. at 181-82. Customs does

not dispute that combining granular raw sugar and molasses serves a valid purpose of adjusting

the polarity of a sugar product, but argued that in this case the amount of molasses added was

specifically for the purpose of exceeding the 6 % requirement. Under the reasoning in

Corporacion Argentina, adding enough molasses to exceed the 6% threshold is acceptable just as

were the actions of the importer who “was careful to try to add that quantity [of cereal] which

was regarded as substantial by the customs officials.” Id. at 185 (plaintiff had sought advice

beforehand as well). 

In United States v. Citroen, 223 U.S. 407, 413-416 (1912), the issue was whether pearls,

which had been drilled with holes and strung for display, were properly classified as jewelry, at a

higher duty rate, or pearls. Relying on the plain language of the statute, the Court found that the

pearls had to be classified as pearls in their natural state, not strung or set. See id. at 424. Once

again, the Court used the analysis in Merritt that “when the article imported is not the article

described as dutiable at a specified rate, it does not become dutiable under the description because

it has been manufactured or prepared for the express purpose of being imported at a lower rate.” Id.

at 415 (citing Merritt, 104 U.S. at 704; Seeberger, 139 U.S. 608, 611).

On repeated occasions the United States Court of Customs Appeals and its successor courts

have applied the Merritt principle. See United States v. Hannevig, 10 Ct. Cust. App. 124, 128 (1920)

(holding that engine parts later used to make engines were properly classified as parts); United States

v. International Forwarding Co., 15 Ct. Cust. App. 198, 201 (1927) (holding that an importer could

import one large blanket at a lower duty rate even if it later made it into two smaller ones);

Corporacion Argentina de Productores de Carnes v. United States, 32 C.C.P.A. 175, 184 (1945)

(holding that the addition of a enough cereal to dog food to place it in a tariff provision with a lower

rate of duty was within the importer’s right to fashion merchandise to obtain a lower rate of duty);21
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 29

Robert G. Lynch Co. v. United States, 49 C.C.P.A. 74, 80 (1962) (stating that in deciding the proper

classification of the merchandise the importer’s motivation was immaterial and ultimately affirming

the finding that the merchandise was raw sugar dyed green); accord Fries Bros. v. United States, 4

Treas. Dec. 850, 852-54 (1901) (recognizing the principle that importers have the right to fashion

merchandise to obtain the lowest rate of duty and that classification is decided on the merchandise

at the time of importation but applying the exception that if something is added after manufacture

it may be disregarded); Pasadena Firearms Co. v. United States, 56 Cust. Ct. 331, 337 (1966)

(holding that the importer’s intent to combine pistol barrels and frames imported in separate

shipments was irrelevant to the correct classification). 

Customs incorrectly applied the Merritt line of precedent to the evidence on the record. On

repeated occasions courts have accepted artificial steps in the manufacturing process done to obtain

the lowest rate of duty. Removing the string from pearls which were later restrung, colluding to

import gunstocks separate from barrels later combined, adding sufficient amounts of cotton and

cereal without any corresponding commercial purpose are all processes designed to obtain lower

duty rates. Plaintiff’s process, as described by the evidence on the agency record falls squarely

within such practices. There was uncontroverted evidence on the record that Plaintiff’s

manufacturing process was common in sugar refining operations, but even if it were not, the motive

of the importer in fashioning his or her merchandise is simply not a relevant inquiry. In fact, to the

extent motive is relevant, an importer who intends to fashion merchandise solely for the purpose of

obtaining the lowest rate of duty is within his or her legal right. Customs’ disregard or

misinterpretation, it matters not which, of the Merritt line of precedent was arbitrary, capricious, an

abuse of discretion, and otherwise not in accordance with law.

Equally well established precedent, from the same sources as above, state that absent a use
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 30

22 That the competing provisions of the HTSUS are not use provisions is not disputed by

the parties. Rather, Defendant and Defendant-Intervenor claim use can be looked at because of

artifice or deceit, which as discussed above, is incorrect.

provision, an article is to be classified in its condition as imported.22 In Worthington v. Robbins, the

Supreme Court first annunciated the principle that goods are to be classified in their condition as

imported. See Worthington, 139 U.S. at 341. The merchandise at issue was white hard enamel,

which had various uses. Id. at 340. However, in the condition in which it was imported it could only

be used, and in fact was used, to make watch faces. Id. Customs and the Defendant-Intervenor

attempt to distinguish this case and others that build upon it on the ground that the products at issue

have a recognized commercial identity regardless of subsequent use. See e.g. Dwight v. Merritt, 140

U.S. 213, 219 (1891) (applying the rule in Worthington to determine the correct classification of the

merchandise); Schoverling, 146 U.S. at 82 (holding that the dutiable classification of gunstocks must

be made on their condition as imported); Citroen, 223 U.S. at 414-15 (noting the well established

rule that classification of articles must be determined on their condition as imported); accord United

States v. Irwin, 78 F. 799, 801 (2d. Cir. 1897) (applying the rule in Worthington to gunstocks and

barrels imported on the same ship and determining that in their condition as imported they were

breach loading shotguns); accord United States v. Winkler-Koch Eng’g. Co., 41 C.C.P.A. 121, 122

(1953) (noting “[i]t is academic that the classification of merchandise for duty purposes is governed

by its condition as imported . . . .”); Rico Import Co. v. United States, 12 F.3d 1088, 1090 (1993)

(holding that despite alleged uses articles must be classified in their condition as imported); Mita

Copystar America v. United States, 21 F.3d 1079, 1082 (1994) (noting the well settled principle of

law that merchandise is classified in its condition as imported thereby precluding classification as

unmixed products because the fact that the substances had to be mixed prior to use was not relevant);
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 31

accord Cook v. United States, 49 Cust. Ct. 11, 13 (1962) (holding that wheat unfit for human

consumption at the time of importation though later used in an article fit for human consumption

must be classified in its condition as imported); Pasadena Firearms, 56 Cust. Ct. at 334 (applying

Worthington to the separate importation of pistol frames and barrels that the importer later

combined); Peter J. Schweitzer Div., Kimberly-Clark Corp. v. United States, 57 Cust. Ct. 9, 13

(1966) (holding that flax straw was specifically enumerated without qualification as to use and

despite stipulation that it was to be used for paper making, it had to be classified in its condition as

imported); Hardwood Manufacturing Co. v. United States, 7 CIT 288, 292 (1984) (holding that

absent a use provision, the article had to be classified on its condition as imported). 

From the line of cases above, Customs and Defendant-Intervenor admit that an importer has

the right to stop a legitimate manufacturing process at an artificial point and import the merchandise

to obtain the lowest rate of duty. Based on the record it compiled, Customs had no basis to conclude

that Plaintiff was not engaged in such a practice. All of the evidence suggested it was doing exactly

that. The record evidence indicates and does not contradict that combining raw sugar with molasses

is a legitimate step in the refining process. Additionally, it is undisputed that Plaintiff operates a

refining operation in the United States which employs a substantial number of people. See e.g.

Schoverling, 146 U.S. at 80 (noting that importing gun barrels and stocks promoted use of domestic

labor). Thus, Plaintiff’s operation falls directly within the line of cases which hold that an importer

has the right to stop production at the most favorable time for duty purposes. Accordingly, Customs

determination that it was appropriate to look at the sugar syrup’s use following importation was

arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise not in accordance with law. 

Against the overwhelming number of cases holding that an importer may fashion his or her

merchandise to obtain the lowest rate of duty and that an article is to be classified in its condition
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 32

as imported, two cases are cited as authority for the proposition that quota avoidance schemes are

disallowed by the courts. Customs reliance on Savannah Sugar Refining Corp. v United States is

misplaced. See Final Notice at 45, 50-51. As the court stated, the only important issue was whether

“the imported merchandise [was] a sugar sirup within the meaning of paragraph 502 . . . either

directly or by virtue of the similitude provision . . . .” Savannah Sugar Refining Corp., 20 C.C.P.A.

272, 277 (1932). Because the court in Savannah Sugar Refining was attempting to determine

whether the article in question was sugar syrup within the meaning of the tariff provision, it did not

engage in the analysis set forth in the Merritt line of cases, nor in the Worthington line and, therefore,

should not be followed. Furthermore, there is no evidence in the opinion that the article was at an

intermediate stage of processing, which, as discussed supra, is the case before this Court. Finally,

Customs urges the Court to ignore the holding of the case and to employ the analysis set forth in

dictum. See Def.’s Br. at 49. For reasons that need no explanation, the Court declines this invitation.

Customs relies also on Arbor Foods, Inc. v. United States, 9 CIT 119, 607 F. Supp. 1474

(1985), which is readily distinguishable. See Final Notice at 51. In that case, the importer mixed

pure sugar of Canadian origin with corn syrup solids of United States origin in a warehouse

designated as a foreign trade zone (“FTZ”). See id. at 120, 607 F. Supp. at 1476. The importer then

brought the mixture from the FTZ territory into United States Customs territory, which were

separated only by a yellow line. See id. After the product entered United States Customs territory

the importer simply screened out the corn syrup solids and returned them to the FTZ territory for the

next “importation.” See id. The court recognized the principle that duty must be assessed on an

article in its condition as imported but because the relevant tariff provision was one in which chief

use was incorporated, found the principle did not apply. See id. at 122, 607 F. Supp. at 1477. Since
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 33

23 Plaintiff submitted sales invoices to Customs showing the sales of animal feed. 

Customs noted in the Final Notice that any sales were de minimis or fugitive uses. Regardless,

the sale of some of the molasses is yet another reason this case is unlike Arbor Foods.

the doctrine of chief use required following an item into the commerce of the United States, it was

appropriate for Customs to demand evidence of the possible uses of the product. See id.

It is clear that in the case before the Court a much different process is employed and a

different analysis required. First, the sugar syrup in question can not be screened to obtain its

constituent parts. Next, the evidence on the record demonstrates that combining raw sugar with

molasses is a legitimate step in refining sugar. As noted by Customs in its brief, the sugar is in raw

form before it enters the United States, while the final product is liquid sucrose. See Def’t Br. at 18.

In Arbor Foods, no transformation occurred, the product before and after importation was identical.

Finally, while a great deal of the molasses is returned to Canada, some is sold for animal feed and

some is lost in the process.23 Furthermore, the molasses must be reconstituted prior to being used

again. Since the process is different, the analysis must be that of the Merritt and Worthington line

of cases. While it may be that Plaintiff interrupts the refining operation at an artificial point, or at

one that other refiners do not, this fact alone does not matter since this is the importer’s right in

fashioning merchandise to obtain the lowest rate of duty. Finally, the Arbor Foods court employed

a chief use analysis which is not relevant in the present case.

Another principle on which Customs relied was that courts may disregard a substance added

to a product for a legitimate commercial purpose, even though substantial, in order to classify the

merchandise. See Final Notice at 45, 50. In support of this principle, Customs cites Aetna

Explosives Co. v. United States, 9 Cust. App. 298 (1919) and Varsity Watch Co. v. United States,

34 C.C.P.A. 155 (1947).
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 34

In Aetna Explosives, 9 Ct. Cust. App. at 299. the importer added twenty percent of sulphuric

acid to nitric acid for the purpose of protecting the iron tank cars in which the acid was shipped. The

importer desired only to import nitric acid, but the rules of the Interstate Commerce Commission

required the addition of the sulphuric acid and the amount. See id. The merchandise was classified

as a chemical mixture, subject to a higher rate of duty than nitric acid. See id. The court stated that

the true rule was that “the introduction of a quantity of sulphuric acid solely for the purpose of

rendering the transportation of nitric acid safe, and which does not result in a usable mixture, is more

in the nature of an act of shipment than an admixture . . . .” Id. at 306. The court applied the

principle that in such circumstances, “the construction of the statute most favorable to the importer

is to be adopted.” Id. at 307 (citation omitted).

Aetna Explosives is wholly inapplicable to the present case. First, it does not fall within the

controlling Merritt or Worthington line of precedent. In Aetna Explosives the importer added the

sulphuric acid not of its volition but to comply with regulations. In this regard, Aetna Explosives has

nothing at all to do with importers fashioning merchandise to obtain the lowest rate of duty. See id.

at 306 (“[I]t is . . . neither a usable mixture nor one which the importer purposely, as a process of

manufacture, started to make such.”) (emphasis added). Furthermore, the court analyzed the term

“mixture” in the statute and determined that the addition of the sulphuric acid did not fit the

definition. See id. Finally, the court supported its holding by referring to a principle of construction

that ambiguities in a tariff/revenue statute are resolved in favor of the importer. The court’s

qualification further limits the relevance of Aetna Explosives to the present case.

In Varsity Watch, the importer of watch cases added an amount of gold so small that it was

difficult to obtain a quantitative analysis. See Varsity Watch, 34 C.C.P.A. at 157. The importer

claimed that the gold should have been disregarded under the rule de minimis non curat lex, the law
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 35

does not concern itself with trifles. Relying on the plain language of the statute, the court found that

Congress intended to include all watch cases containing gold, no matter how small the amount. See

id. at 163. Because the importer intended to add the gold to enhance the value of the watch, and the

addition was not accidental, unintentional or undesired, the court found that the rule of de minimis

non curat lex did not apply.

Customs cited Varsity Watch for its summation of the cases applying the de minimis rule.

The Varsity Watch court noted: 

that certain amounts of an ingredient, although substantial, may be

ignored for classification purposes depending upon many different

circumstances, including the purpose which Congress sought to bring

about by the language used and whether or not the amount used has

really changed or affected the nature of the article and, of course, its

salability. 

Id. at 162-63 (emphasis added). In the statute under consideration, Congress has employed a test,

the very nature of which requires deciding the amount of soluble non-sugar solids present. If the

syrup contains greater than six percent, the syrup falls under subheading 1702.90.40 HTSUS, if it

does not, under subheading 1702.90.10 HTSUS. In this instance, the statute has concerned itself not

with trifles, but with an exact measurement. Moreover, like Corporacian Argentina, the importer

has fashioned the merchandise to obtain the lower rate of duty. See Corporacion Argentina, 32

C.C.P.A. at 185. Accordingly, to the extent Customs relied on the de minimis rule to exclude the

soluble non-sugar solids contained in the molasses its action was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of

discretion, and otherwise not in accordance with law. 

Since the record evidence demonstrates that Plaintiff did not engage in artifice or deceit to

obtain the initial ruling under subheading 1702.90.40 HTSUS and the long line of judicial precedent

illustrates that Plaintiff engaged in legitimate tariff engineering, classifying the sugar syrup outside
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 36

24 Indeed, when asked by the Court at oral argument if Customs was abandoning its

position counsel replied it was not, but noted that it was not a particularly strong position.

25 Customs stated:

155.75, TSUS, provided for sugars, sirups, and molasses, described

in this subpart, flavored: and sirups, flavored or unflavored,

consisting of blends of any of the products described in the subpart. 

Under item 958.10, blended sirups in item 155.75, containing

sugars derived from cane or beet and capable of being further

processed or mixed with similar ingredients and not for the

ultimate consumer, and under item 958.15, articles containing over

65 percent by dry weight of sugars derived from sugar cane or

sugar beets, were subject to a ‘none’ absolute quota.

Final Notice at 52.

of the plain meaning of the statute was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise

not in accordance with law.

3. The TSUS Provisions Are Not Relevant In Determining the Correct Classification of the

Sugar Syrup.

Although neither Customs nor Defendant-Intervenor press the argument in their briefs,24

Customs provided further justification for its classification under subheading 1702.90.10 HTSUS

on the basis of the quota provisions in the TSUS. See Final Notice at 51-53. After examining

various provisions of the TSUS, Customs concluded that the sugar syrup would have been classified

in item 155.75 TSUS and subject to an absolute quota.25 Customs is wrong for several reasons.

First, it is apparent that the TSUS involves an entirely different law than the HTSUS

provisions governing sugar products. The HTSUS breaks sugar products out into several

subheadings: 1701 for cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose in solid form; 1702 for other

sugars, including sugar syrups; 1703 for molasses resulting from the extraction or refining of sugar;

and 1704 for sugar confectionery (including white chocolate), not containing cocoa. Customs itself
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 37

recognized that when the TSUS was converted to the HTSUS, “Item 155.75, TSUS, in part, became

subheadings 1702.30.40, 1702.40.00, and 1702.60, HTSUS.” Final Notice at 52.

Second, under the TSUS the sugar syrup in question would more likely have been classified

under TSUS 155.35. The superior heading provided for “Sugars, syrups, and molasses, derived from

sugar cane or sugar beets” and TSUS heading 155.30 provided for “Not principally of crystalline

structure and not in dry or amorphous form . . . [containing less than six percent soluble non-sugar

solids].” However, since the sugar syrup in question contains greater than six percent soluble nonsugar solids it would have fallen within TSUS 155.35, an “Other” provision not subject to quota and

covering those items enumerated in TSUS 155.30 but containing more than six percent soluble nonsugar solids.

Customs’ determination that the sugar syrup would have fallen within TSUS 155.75 fails to

account for TSUS General Interpretive Rule 10(c), which provided that “an imported article which

is described in two or more provisions of the schedules is classifiable in the provision which most

specifically describes it . . . .” Since TSUS 155.35 was the more specific heading, the sugar syrup

would have fallen within it, not subject to quota.
Court No. 99-09-00590 Page 38

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that the sugar syrup before it, as described in

AR I(37-38), requesting a ruling, is correctly classified under subheading 1702.90.40 HTSUS.

Customs’ rationale for classifying the sugar syrup in a manner inconsistent with the plain meaning

of the statute was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise not in accordance with

law. Judgment will enter accordingly. 

 

Dated: ___________________ ___________________________

New York, NY Judith M. Barzilay

Judge