The Honorable Sara Lioi, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.

*

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 09a0402n.06

No. 08-1791

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )

)

Plaintiff-Appellee, )

)

v. )

) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED

JERRY MIKOWSKI, ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

) WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

Defendant-Appellant. )

)

Before: SUTTON and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; LIOI, District Judge.*

SARA LIOI. District Judge. Defendant Jerry Mikowski (“Mikowski”) pled guilty to one

count of distributing child pornography. The district judge imposed a sentence of 192

months—which represented a downward variance of 48 months from the guideline range—followed

by a lifetime of supervised release. Mikowski seeks a remand for resentencing, arguing that his

sentence was both procedurally and substantively unreasonable under the Due Process Clause of the

Fifth Amendment. For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM the sentence. 

I.

On March 29, 2007, agents executed a search warrant at which time they seized a laptop

belonging to Mikowski. (PSR ¶ 15.) A forensic examination of the laptop revealed 2,065 images

and 41 movies containing child pornography; at least 38 of the images depicted children who were
 The guideline sentencing range was 262 to 327 months. However, because the maximum term of imprisonment for

1

distribution of child pornography is 240 months, 18 U.S.C. § 2252(b)(1), the guideline range became 240 months.

 The term “grooming” refers to an adult forming a relationship with a minor for purposes of using the minor for sexual 2

purposes in the future.

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bound, and some contained images of prepubescent children engaging in sex acts. (PSR ¶ 16;

Transcript of Plea Hearing 28-29.)

Mikowski was charged with one count of distribution and one count of possession of images

of minors engaging in sexually explicit content. (R. 6-9.) Pursuant to a plea agreement, the United

States dismissed the possession count and Mikowski pled guilty to distribution. (R. 10-15.) The

pre-sentence report indicated a guideline sentencing range of 240 months, followed by five years

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to life of supervised release; it recommended 240 months’ imprisonment and supervised release for

life. (PSR ¶¶ 77, 80.) Mikowski filed a motion for a downward variance, which included as an

attachment a forensic psychological profile evaluation by Dr. Steven R. Miller, Ph.D. (See, e.g.,

Transcript of Sentencing Hearing 13 (hereinafter “Tr.”).)

At the sentencing hearing, defense counsel and the district judge entered into the following

exchange:

Mr. Karfonta: . . . [T]here is simply no evidence of any grooming or acting out or 2

talking about acting out of any nature in this case.

The Court: And I appreciate that is the state of the record, but there is also

his—come back at me if you disagree—isn’t there clear evidence that left unapprehended that that’s where Mr. Mikowski was headed?

Mr. Karfonta: Well, there is substantial feeling that that’s what that means, but I

come to my profession like Ms. Woods comes to hers, and I’m a huge believer in

second chances, and I just—I’m not seeing it in this case.

(Tr. 25.) Shortly thereafter, defense counsel stated that there were “[n]o indications of any acting

out by Mr. Mikowski, no indications he was headed in that direction, other than the fact that he was
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viewing these images, and if you take that as a generality, then you would have to conclude that.”

(Tr. 26.)

Mikowski then addressed the court on his own behalf (Tr. 27-28), after which the district

judge proceeded to sentencing. The district judge noted that he must “impose a sentence sufficient

but not greater than necessary to comply with the purposes of sentencing set forth in 18. U.S. Code

3553(a),” and he correctly listed the § 3553(a) factors. (Tr. 29-30.) Though acknowledging that

“the guidelines are advisory to the Court,” the district judge announced that he had “taken [them]

into account as an initial benchmark or a starting point when sentencing in this case.” (Tr. 29.)

The district judge noted that Mikowski had a long history of alcohol abuse that led to a string

of underage possession convictions and one conviction for impaired driving. (Tr. 30-31.) That

being said, the district judge also found that Mikowski “did reasonably well in school,” had

“engaged in significant employment pursuits” since his arrest, and had complied with the terms of

his bond release. (Tr. 31.) The district judge then went on to say:

I’m also—I was also very impressed, as I’ve indicated briefly before, very impressed

with Dr. Miller’s report. It seemed—it’s one of the most thorough and balanced

reports that I have seen in my time on—my short time on the federal bench, but also

my much longer period of time on the state bench.

. . .

. . . This report has some very troubling aspects to it, but it clearly also shows that

Mr. Mikowski has a significant chance that once released from prison that he will not

engage in this activity before [sic]. My interpretation of the report is that, however,

is that Mr. Mikowski was well on his way to much more significant criminal activity

left un-apprehended. And Mr. Mikowski impresses me as being an individual who

is contrite now, and to the extent that his apprehension prevented him from what I

think he was going to be, based on my review of the report, and I think this is clearly

a potential conclusion, and the conclusion that I draw from the report, is that left unapprehended, Mr. Mikowski was going to harm somebody. But that’s not the

circumstance that we have in front of us here today, fortunately for Mr. Mikowski,

otherwise, while my sentence is going to be a significant one here, he would be

facing much more time under those circumstances.

(Tr. 31-32.) 
 Under the Sentencing Guidelines, each video containing child pornography is equivalent to 75 images of child 3

pornography. U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2, Commentary 4(B)(ii).

 Mikowski asked the district court to impose the minimum sentence of five years.

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The district judge noted that Mikowski had more than 5,000 images of child pornography

on his computer (Tr. 32), which was the largest number of images he had seen (Tr. 27). Of those 3

images, the district judge found, at least thirty-eight depicted bondage. (Tr. 33.) He also found that

Mikowski’s “looking for toddlers reference is one that is extremely difficult for this Court, and it’s

a significant aggravating factor.” (Tr. 32.) The district judge stated that child pornography is

considered an extremely serious offense that creates a “victimization” of and “continuing harm [to]

these young children,” and that the sentence needed to serve the interests of “general deterrence of

others who would contemplate engaging in the trading of pornographic materials of this nature

involving children.” (Tr. 33-34.) 

In light of these facts, the district judge concluded that the mandatory minimum sentence of

five years was “wholly inappropriate.” (Tr. 35.) However, the district judge found it “extremely

important” that Mikowski did not molest any children or engage in grooming activity, and

accordingly he granted in part Mikowski’s motion for a downward variance. (Tr. 32, 35-36.) The 4

district judge sentenced Mikowski to 192 months’ imprisonment followed by a lifetime of

supervised release. (Tr. 36-37.)

Upon pronouncement of the sentence, the district judge asked if there were “[a]ny legal

objections to the sentence imposed,” to which defense counsel replied: “Yes, as stated.” (Tr. 38-39.)

This appeal followed.

II.

Under the post-Booker advisory guidelines scheme, we review a defendant’s sentence for

reasonableness. Gall v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 586, 594 (2007). This includes review for both
5

procedural and substantive reasonableness. Id. at 597. Mikowski argues that his sentence is both

procedurally and substantively unreasonable.

A.

For any sentence, whether within or outside of the guideline range, an appellate court must

first determine whether the district court committed a “significant procedural error, such as failing

to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory,

failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or

failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence—including an explanation for any deviation from

the Guidelines range.” Id. Where a district court has committed a significant procedural error,

remand for resentencing is necessary. See, e.g., United States v. Garcia-Robles, 562 F.3d 763 (6th

Cir. 2009) (vacating sentence as procedurally unreasonable and remanding for resentencing).

Mikowski argues that his sentence was procedurally unreasonable because the district court

substantially based his sentence upon a clearly erroneous finding of fact—namely, that if “left unapprehended, Mr. Mikowski was going to harm somebody.” (Tr. 32.) In order to preserve a claim

of procedural error for appellate review, a defendant must object to the alleged procedural error at

the sentencing hearing. United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 385 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc).

Where a defendant is given an opportunity to object but failsto do so, the procedural reasonableness

of his sentence is reviewed for plain error. Id. at 386. Otherwise, it is reviewed for abuse of

discretion. Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597. 

Mikowski urges that his counsel objected to the allegedly clearly erroneous statement,

whereas the government argues that he did not. We need not address this issue because regardless

of the standard of review, the record is clear that the district judge did not “select[] a sentence based

on” the statement. Id. at 597. Indeed, upon acknowledging his view “that left un-apprehended, Mr.
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Mikowski was going to harm somebody,” the district judge immediately added: “But that’s not the

circumstance that we have in front of us here today, fortunately for Mr. Mikowski, otherwise . . .

he would be facing much more time . . . .” (Tr. 32.) This explanation indicates that the district

judge disavowed any reliance upon his aforesaid statement in selecting Mikowski’s sentence. 

As if that were not enough, the district judge later noted that he found it “extremely

important” that “there was no grooming [and] there was no victimization of young children beyond

the use of the pictures,” and accordingly he granted a downward variance. (Tr. 35.) The district

judge also conceded that the “thorough and balanced” and “very impress[ive]” Miller Report

“clearly . . . shows that Mr. Mikowski has a significant chance that once released from prison that

he will not engage in this activity [as] before.” (Tr. 31-32.) He determined, however, that “the more

important nature of deterrence here is the general deterrence of others who would contemplate

engaging in the trading of pornographic materials of this nature involving children.” (Tr. 33-34.)

These statementsshow that the district judge did not base Mikowski’s sentence on the potential that,

if left unapprehended, he may have caused harm to others—in fact, the district judge granted a

downward variance precisely because he found that Mikowski’s only wrongful conduct was sharing

illegal images.

In short, the record shows that the district judge did not select Mikowski’s sentence, even

in part, based upon clearly erroneous findings of fact. Therefore, Mikowski’s sentence was

procedurally reasonable.
 Whether Mikowski objected to the substantive unreasonableness of his sentence during the hearing is irrelevant to this 5

analysis, as he was not obligated to do so in order to preserve the issue for review. Vonner, 516 F.3d at 389.

 This argument seems more appropriate for a procedural reasonableness challenge than a substantive one. However,

6

since Mikowski only raises this argument as justification for a claim of substantive unreasonableness, we will consider

it accordingly.

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B.

Once a reviewing court has determined that a district court committed no significant

procedural error, it then must consider whether the sentence was substantively reasonable. Gall,

5

128 S. Ct. at 597. “A sentence is substantively unreasonable if the district court selects the sentence

arbitrarily, bases the sentence on impermissible factors, fails to consider pertinent 

§ 3553(a) factors or gives an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United States

v. Kirchhof, 505 F.3d 409, 413 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Husein, 478 F.3d 318, 332

(6th Cir. 2007)). As “appellate review of sentencing decisions is limited to determining whether

they are ‘reasonable,’” we review the substantive reasonableness of a sentence under an abuse of

discretion standard. Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 594, 597. 

This case is somewhat unusual in that Mikowski challenges a downward variance as

substantively unreasonable because, in his view, it was not large enough. Thus, “this court must

determine whether the considerations based upon § 3553(a) are so compelling as to necessitate a

shorter sentence.” Kirchhof, 505 F.3d at 414-15. In reviewing the sentence, we “must give due

deference to the district court’s decision that the § 3553(a) factors, on a whole, justify the extent of

the variance.” Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597.

Mikowski argues generally that the district judge “failed to identify the characteristics

peculiar to this Defendant that justified this sentence.” (Brief of Appellant at 23.) A review of the 6

record shows that Mikowski is wrong. As detailed in Section I, supra, the district judge thoroughly

considered the totality of the facts in the case—including all the mitigating facts that Mikowski
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rehashes in his briefing to this Court—and crafted a sentence, below the guideline range, that he

believed appropriately took into account the § 3553(a) factors. There is no indication that

Mikowski’s sentence was arbitrary, based upon impermissible factors, or due to the district judge’s

failure to consider a pertinent § 3553(a) factor or the unreasonable weighting of a particular factor.

Kirchhof, 505 F.3d at 413. Further, though Mikowski may have shown that the district judge could

reasonably have granted an even greater downward variance, he has not shown that the facts of this

case “are so compelling as to necessitate” as much. Id. at 414-15; see also Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597

(“The fact that the appellate court might reasonably have concluded that a different sentence was

appropriate is insufficient to justify reversal of the district court.”). We therefore find no abuse of

sentencing discretion.

Mikowski suggests that his sentence should be overturned because another defendant, in

United States v. Grossman, 513 F.3d 592 (6th Cir. 2008), received a shorter sentence for conduct

allegedly more egregious than his own. This argument is unavailing. First, the need to avoid

sentencing disparities under Section 3553(a)(6) concerns “national disparities,” not disparities

between specific cases. United States v. Simmons, 501 F.3d 620, 623 (6th Cir. 2007); United States

v. Rochon, No. 07-5429, 2009 WL 792893, at *3 (6th Cir. Mar. 27, 2009) (citing United States v.

Houston, 529 F.3d 743, 752 (6th Cir. 2008)). “Therefore, this court’s review of substantive

reasonableness ‘starts with the sentencing estimate provided by the Sentencing Commission,’ not

the sentences received byother individual defendants.” Kirchhof, 505 F.3d at 416 (citation omitted).

Within-guidelines sentences are presumed to be substantively reasonable. United States v. Higgins,

557 F.3d 381, 398 (6th Cir. 2009) (citing Vonner, 516 F.3d at 389-90). However, where, as here,

a defendant receives a below-guidelines sentence and the government does not appeal, the defendant

must make the greater showing that “the considerations based upon § 3553(a) are so compelling as
 Mikowski notes, based upon the 2007 Sentencing Commission Sourcebook, that “33 percent” (actually 34 percent) 7

of child pornography defendants received sentences below the guidelines range. However, Mikowski’s intimation that

this demonstrates that the child pornography guidelines are fatally flawed is not convincing. First, Mikowski ignores

the other edge of the sword: that two-thirds of child pornography defendants received within-guidelines sentences or

upward departures. Moreover, the 34 percent below-guidelines rate for child pornography offenses is not substantially

different from the below-guidelines rates for many other federal crimes, such as aggravated assault, U.S.S.G. § 2A2.2

(27%); obstructing or impeding officers, § 2A2.4 (30%); threatening/harassing communications or hoaxes, § 2A6.1

(28%); burglary, § 2B2.1 (39%); robbery, § 2B3.1 (34%); offering, giving, soliciting, or receiving a bribe, § 2C1.1

9

to necessitate a shorter sentence.” Kirchhof, 505 F.3d at 414-15. Mikowski has provided no

indication that, in light of defendants across the nation with records and conduct similar to his own,

the § 3553(a) factors compel an even greater downward variance than what he received.

In any event, Grossman does not present such an unwarranted disparity. In that case, the

defendant received a 66-month prison term followed by 10 years of supervised release for

possession of child pornography, which represented a downward departure from the guideline range

of 120 months’ imprisonment, followed by 10 years of supervised release. Grossman, 513 F.3d at

594-95. There is no indication that the defendant in Grossman had a “similar record[]” or was

“found guilty of similar conduct[]” to Mikowski with respect to other facts in this case. See 18

U.S.C. § 3353(a)(6). Indeed, the defendant in Grossman was convicted of a lesser offense than

Mikowski, and it does not appear that the defendant in Grossman possessed 5,000 images of child

pornography, had a prior criminal record, made a “looking 4 toddlers” reference, or reported

masturbatory fantasies of sex with pre-pubescent girls.

Finally, analogizing the child pornography guidelines to the crack-cocaine guidelines at issue

in Kimbrough v. United States, 128 S. Ct. 558 (2007), Mikowski argues that the child pornography

guidelines are based predominantly on statutory mandatory minima and not empirical support or

national experience, and, therefore, they generally “fail[] to satisfy the purposes of § 3553(a) and

yield[] a sentence that is greater than necessary.” (Brief of Appellant at 32.) To support his claim,

Mikowski cites the 2007 Sentencing Commission Sourcebook and a handful of cases upholding 7
(58%); gambling/animal fighting offenses, § 2E3.1 (40%); promoting a commercial sex act or prohibited sexual conduct

with another adult, § 2G1.1 (40%); obstruction of justice, § 2J1.2 (49%); unlawfully remaining or entering in the United

States, § 2L1.2 (41%); offenses involving fish, wildlife, or plants, § 2Q2.1 (43%); structuring transactions to evade

reporting requirements, failing to report transactions, or knowingly filing false financial reports, § 2S1.3 (41%); or

misprision of felony, § 2X4.1 (31%), among others.

 The cases are United States v. Rowan, 530 F.3d 379 (5th Cir. 2008); Grossman, 513 F.3d at 592; and United States v.

8

Beach, 275 F. App’x 529 (6th Cir. 2008). Mikowski also cites United States v. Baird, 580 F. Supp. 2d 889 (D. Neb.

2008), which granted a downward departure on the grounds of a policy disagreement with the child pornography

guidelines. Id. at 894-95.

 We need not decide this issue in the present case, as the district judge did not base his sentence upon a policy

9

disagreement with the child pornography guidelines. This Court has noted earlier, however, that “[t]he extent to which

a district court may offer a wholesale disagreement with a guideline as the basis for a variance remains unclear after

Kimbrough.” Grossman, 513 F.3d at 597.

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downward variances in child pornography cases. The flaw in Mikowski’s logic is obvious. In 8

Kimbrough, the Supreme Court held that, because the crack-cocaine guidelines were predominantly

based on statutory minimum sentences and not empirical data or national experience, “it would not

be an abuse of discretion for a district court to conclude when sentencing a particular defendant that

the crack/powder disparity yields a sentence ‘greater than necessary’ to achieve § 3553(a)’s

purposes, even in a mine-run case.” Kimbrough, 128 S. Ct. at 575. However, even if it were true

that district courts, based on the reasoning of Kimbrough, may impose below-guideline sentences

for child pornography offenses solely based upon policy disagreements with those guidelines, such 9

does not entail that they must do so. As the Seventh Circuit reasoned when confronted with a

similar argument:

Despite Kimbrough, the crack guidelines, to which [defendant] so energetically

analogizes those for child-exploitation, remain valid. And judges are not required

to disagree with the crack guidelines; a within-guidelines sentence may be

reasonable. The child-exploitation guidelines are no different: while district courts

perhaps have the freedom to sentence below the child-pornography guidelines based

on disagreement with the guidelines, they are certainly not required to do so.

United States v. Huffstatler, 561 F.3d 694, 697-98 (7th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted; emphases in

original); see also Kirchhof, 505 F.3d at 414 (rejecting facial challenge to reasonableness of
11

recommended guideline range for child pornography cases). We therefore decline Mikowski’s

invitation to de facto invalidate an entire section of the Sentencing Guidelines.

Mikowski has offered no evidence suggesting that his below-guidelines sentence was

arbitrary or based upon impermissible factors, or that the district judge failed to consider pertinent

§ 3553(a) factors or gave an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor. Therefore, we

hold that Mikowski’s below-guidelines sentence is substantively reasonable.

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the sentence of the district court.