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17

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- 44 Appeals Court

COMMONWE ALTH vs . ADMIRAL SUTHERLAND.

No. 17

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- 44. Hampden. January 19, 2018.

- March 19 , 2018. Present: Blake, Neyman, & Ditkoff, JJ.

Controlled Substances
. Evidence , Profile, Expert opinion, Authentication, Chain of custody. Witness , Expert. Practice, Criminal , Required finding, New trial, Assistance of counsel.

I ndictment found and returned in the Superior Court Department on October 13, 2010.
The case was tried before John A Agostini , J. , a motion for a new trial was considered by him, and a motion for reconsideration was considered by him.

Barbara J. Sweeney for the defendant
. David L. Sheppard

- Brick , Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.

BLAKE, J. Following a jury trial in the Superior Court, the defendant, Admira l Sutherland, was convicted of possession2

with intent to distribute heroin
. Thereafter, he pleaded guilty to a charge that it was a subsequent offense. His motions for a new trial and for reconsideration were denied without a hearing. On appeal, the def endant claims that the admission of improper

so - called " negative profiling " evidence amounted to reversible

error , that there was insufficient evidence that the substance was heroin, and that it was an abuse of discretion to deny his motion for new trial. We affirm. Background
. The jury could have found the following facts. On Sep tember 11, 2010, Massachusetts S tate police Trooper Luis Rodriguez was conducting a community walk through 1 in Springfield. Rodriguez noticed a black Nissan being driven by
th e defendant, who he knew did not have a valid driver's license. After t he defendant parked the Nissan , Rodriguez arrested him for driving wi th a suspended license. While searching the defendant, Rodriguez found a package of cigarettes, which contained three bundles. Each bundle contained ten bags of what Rodriguez believed to be heroin. Rodriguez also found a small ba g of what he believed to be marijuana in the de fendant's possession.

1 The community walk through is one of the activities of the community action team, a task force that is focused on high crime areas. Rodriguez was with members of the Springfield police department a nd community leaders.3

W ithin earshot of the defendant, Rodriguez discussed wi th another trooper his intention to apply for a warrant to search the defendant's home
. Upon their arrival at the State police barracks, the defendant asked to use the telephone to arrange
trans portation for his daughter. Rodriguez dialed the telephone

n umber provided by the defendant and handed him the telephone. The defendant said into the receiver, "They're coming. They're coming." Rodriguez immediately ended the telephone call and asked the defendant what he meant. The defendant responded that he wanted them to get rid of the "co ntraband" in the apartment. At trial, Rodriguez , a seven - year veteran of the State police, testified that wh en he arrested the defendant, his
appearance was not consistent with symptoms exhibited by drug addicts Rodriguez had encountered in the past
. Without objection, Rodriguez testified that people looking for drugs looked like "zombies." He said the defendant was not sweating profusely, did not have bloodshot eyes, did not appear ill or gaunt, and was not skinny or unh ealthy looking on the day of his
arrest . Rodriguez went on to say that the defendant looked the same at the time of trial as he did when he was arrested. Rodriguez did not find any items on the defendant consistent with personal use of heroin . He testif ied that , in his experience , ten bags of heroin were the most he had seen someone have on his person for personal use.4

Kenneth Gagnon 2 of the Massachusetts State police crime laboratory testified that the bags Rodriguez recovered from the defendant were a mixture of heroin, acetaminophen, caffeine , and qui nin e or quinidine
. Detective Gregg Bigda of the Springfield police department testified that he had spent eight years in the narcotics bureau and had extensive training and experience in investi gating narcotics offenses. He described the manner in which heroin can
be us ed, including the most common w ay, through injection. He described how heroin is prepared for injection, including the use of a spoon, lighter , and cotton balls. He testified th at heavy heroin use r s consume anywhere from one to more than twenty bags a day, and th at they spend most of their day looking f or their next bag. Bigda testified that, in his experience, heroin is typically sold in individual bags for personal use at a co st of $10 per bag. He indicated that heroin can sometimes be cheaper if it is purchased in bulk, and that three bundles 3 could
cost between $180 and $250
. Bigda also testified that a heroin addict often displays physical symptoms such as weight loss, poo r hygiene, an d poor

2 Gagnon testified as a substitute chemist , as Dina DeFranco, who tested the substances, no longer worked at the lab. No objection to the substitute chemist was raised at trial, nor was it an issue raised on appeal.

3 A bundle is ten s ing le

- use b ags p ackaged together.5

dental health. He indicated these symptoms are not easy to mask, but that some users do not exhibit these symptoms and live relatively p roductive lives. He also testified that if someone had thirty bags of heroin without any drug para phernalia, the
person was probably selling narcoti cs, and that people with bundles of heroin are usually selling, although the vast majority of lo w - level drug dealers are also users. In determining whether someone is selling or using heroin, Bigda testifi ed that quantity is a significant, but not the only factor. 4 Bigda testified that it is not uncommon to arrest drug dealers without any money on their person , as dealers tend to keep their money and drugs separate to avoid losing both if they
are arreste d. He also testified that dealers often carry a small amount of drugs on their person and keep the main quantity of drugs at a separate location to avoid losing their investment if arrested. Lastly, he testified that a drug dealer often carries more than one type of narcotic to sell. At trial, defen s e counsel conceded that the substance found on the defendant was heroin, but contended that it was for

4 Bigda testified that it would be highly unlikely for a serious addict to buy three bundles at once due to the cost of such a large purchase.6

personal use, and not for distribution. 5 He stressed that Bigda did not find any money, pagers, or cellu lar telephones in the def endant's possession. Discussion . 1
. Negative profiling evidence
. The defendant argues that the admission of Bigda and Rodriguez 's testimony , which, taken together, indicated that t he defendant did not match the physical description of a drug user , i.e, so called "negative profiling" evidence, was error. He relies on the holding of Commonwealth v. Horne , 476 Mass. 222 (2017) , in support of his claim. Although Horne was decided after this trial , the Supreme Judicial Court held that the type of evidence deemed inadmissible there has long been prohibited. As Horne is not a new rule, it is applicable to this appeal. Compare Commonwealth v. Libran , 405 Mass. 634, 645 (1989) ( retroactive application of new rule ). The Commonwealth concedes , as it must, that this evidence was erroneously admitted, but argue s that there was no substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice despite the error
. 6

5 The jury were instructed on the lesser included offense of possession. There was no objection to the instructions.

6 Although t he defendant argues that he should prevail on appeal even under the substantial risk of a miscarriag e of justice standard, he also contends that the issue was preserved and that the prejudicial error standard of review applies
. We disagree. The defendant objected to the first quest ion asked of Trooper Rodriguez involving "negative profiling , " but not to the subsequent questions and answers. Moreover, this objection was7

While negative profiling evidence is inadmissible and "inherently prejudicial," it is not the sole factor to be considered in determining whether justice miscarried
. Horne , supra at 228. Rather , the error must also "materially influence[] the guilty verdict," Commonwealth v. Alphas , 430 Mass. 8, 13 (199 9) (quotation omitted) , and our review of the record must leave us with "a serious doubt [as to] whether the result of the trial might have been different had the error not been made," Commonwealth v. Azar , 435 Mass. 675, 687 (2002). In
Horne , the expert witness testified that crack cocaine users are generally unkempt, thin, have deteriorating physical appearances, and poor dental hygiene. Horne , 476 Mass. at 225. Here, while Bigda's testimony included this type of evidence , he also provided detailed adm issible evidence, which aided the jury on the question of intent to distribute. See Commonwealth v. Little , 453 Mass. 766, 769 (2009) (" [A ] [ n] arcotics inv estigator[] may testify as [an] expert[]
. . . [and] testify that in his opinion the amount of [drugs] possessed by the defendant was not consistent with personal use but was consistent with an intent to distribute" [ quotations omitted]).

sustained and the Commonwealth was instructed to rephrase the question. Because the defendant failed to object to the remaining line of questioning (including questions posed to Detective Bigda) , we review to determine whether the error created a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice.8

Bigda highlighted the importance of the quantity of drugs recovered, the deliberate separation of a smaller qua ntity of drugs from both money and a larger quantity of drugs, and the significance of more than one type of drug being carried by a purported dealer. He also addressed the unlikelihood that a user would have three bundles of heroin at one time , simply be cause of the cost. This evidence was properly admitted as it was outside the common knowledge and experience of lay people and aided the jury in reaching a verdict. See Commonwealth v. Miranda , 441 Mass. 783, 793 (2004). 7 Unlike Horne , where there was s cant evidence of intent to distribute, here there was substantial properly admitted evidence of distribution. Indeed, the defendant's own words and deeds established distribution. After his arrest, he created a ruse about needing to use the telephone to arrange transportation for his daughter. Once the telephone call was placed, t he defendant instructed the person on the other end of the telephone to dispose of any additional narcotics and related materials when he said, "They're coming. They're coming. " This

7 Rodriguez's testimony about the defendant's appearance, with the exception of the reference to drug users appearing to be "zom b ie [

- like ]," was also properly admitted testimony. See Commonwealth v. Johnson , 410 Mass. 199, 202 (1991) (experienced detective qualified as expert)
. Although t he use of the word "zombie [] " give s us pause, we conclude, based on the overwhelming evidence of intent to distribute, that this wording did not create a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice.9

constitutes strong evidence of consciousness of guilt, something
that was also not present in Horne . See Commonwealth v. Stuckich , 450 Mass. 449, 453 (2008). Compare Commonwealth v. Montanez , 410 Mass. 290, 306 (1991) (defendant's flight was evidence of consciousness of guilt). The jury could have also considered the ruse and telephone call as evidence of the defendant's intent to distribute. See Commonwealth v. Perez , 76 Mass. App. Ct. 439 , 442 (2010) (defendant's attempt to dispose of drugs contributed to evidence of intent to distribute)
. And, unlike Horne , the Commonwealth did not emphasize the negative profiling evidence in the closing argument. The focus

was on the properly admitted evidence. 8 Contrast Horne , 476 Mass. at 228 ( substantial risk of miscarriage of justice where prosecutor's closing argument began by focusing on defendant's
appearance , and continued to emphasize profiling e vidence, contrasting it with defendant's size, s trength, and appearance ). Final l y, the judge's instructions to the jury, which they are presumed to follow, included factors that they could use in assessing whether the defendant possessed the heroin with the intent t o distribute. The judge did not incl ude in the list of factors the appearance of the defendant as compared to that of

8 The prosecutor's cl osing argument discussing the defendant's appearance comprised one of eleven pages of transcript, and ca me at the end of the argument.10

drug users. See Commonwealth v. Donahue , 430 Mass. 710, 718 (2000) (j ury is presumed to follow j udge's instructions )
. 2
. Sufficiency of the evidence
. The defendant claims the evidence was insufficient to prove the substance he possessed was heroin. Although this issue was not contested at trial, the Commonwealth was required to prove this element, beyond a reasonable doubt. We view the evidence in t he light most
favorable to the Commonwealth. Commonwealth v. Latimore , 378 Mass. 671, 677 (1979). Rodriguez testified that the packets admitted at trial were the ones he confiscated from the defendant. Gagnon testified that the bags admitted at trial we re the bags that were tested, and that they contained heroin. However, t he defendant points to an alleged inconsistency between Rodriguez's testimony and
the physical evidence submitted at trial. Specifically, the defendant asserts that although Rodrigue z testified that he took thirty blue packets from the defendant, only twenty

- eight pink packets were admitted in evidence at the trial. This argument fails , as t here was no direct testimony that the packets taken
from the defendant were blue. Rather, o n cross - examination , Rodriguez acknowledged that in his police report, he stated the packets were blue. This testimony was not admissible to prove the truth of the matter. See Commonwealth v. Costello , 411 Mass. 371, 377 (1991). The jury were entitled to resolve any11

inconsistencies in Rodriguez's testimony. See Commonwealth v. Daughtry , 417 Mass. 136, 140 n.1 (1994). Furthermore, w hen resolving issues of sufficiency of the evidence, we resolve all issues of credibility in favor of the Commonwealth. See Commonwealth v. Walker , 68 Mass. App. Ct. 194, 198

- 199 (2007). The defendant's challenge is more properly cast as an attack on the authenticity of the evidence and the related chain of custody. As there was no objection to the authenticity, we review t o determine if there was error, and if so, whether it created a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice. See
Commonwealth v. McCoy , 456 Mass. 838, 850 (2010). There was no

error. The Commonwealth must show that the evidence had been in the defendant's possession. See Commonwealth v. Drayton , 3 86 Mass. 39, 48 (1982). A uthenticity is determined by a preponderance of the evidence. Commonwealth v. Siny Van Tran , 460 Mass. 535, 546 (2011). See Mass. G. Evid. § 901 (a) & note (2017). Authenticity can be established by testimony that the item is what its proponent represents it to be, or where circumstances exist that imply the item is what its proponent represents it to be. Commonw ealth v. Nardi , 452 Mass. 379, 396 (2008). The Commonwealth established the authenticity of the evidence through both methods

-- the direct testimony of Rodriguez and Gagnon's testimony about the bundles' chain of custody. Any discrepancies in the number of packets and their12

color go to the w e ight of the evidence, not its admissibility.
See Commonwealth v. Dale , 86 Mass. App. Ct. 187, 191 (2014). Similarly, any weaknesses in the chain of custody go to the weight of the evidence, not its admis sibility. Commonwealth v. Harris , 75 Mass. App. Ct. 696, 706 ( 2009 ). 3
. Motion for new trial
. The defendant contends that trial counsel failed to notice and exploit discrepancies in the drug evidence , and that this failure constituted ineffective

ass istance, entitling him to a new trial
. The motion judge, who was also the trial judge, denied the motion , ruling that the bundles were properly authenticated and admitted at trial; that any flaw or inconsistency in Rodriguez's testimony about the bundles was for the jury to resolve ; and that an objection to authenticity woul d have been futile. In assessing this claim, we must first determine whether counsel's performance fell below that which might be expected from an ordinary fallible lawyer. If so, we must determine whether better work might have accomplished something material for the defense. Commonwealth v. Saferian , 366 Mass. 89, 96 (1974). We extend special deference to the action of the motion judge who, as here, was also the trial judge. Commonwealth v. Leng , 463 Mass. 779, 787 (2012). Contrary to the defendant's argument, trial counsel did

cross - examine Rodriguez on discrepancies between his repor t and13

the evidence. Trial counsel ended his re cross - examination as follows : Q .: "So when y ou're looking at the drugs
. . . , can you tell the jury what color you describe d the packets as?"
A .: "In my report it's blue." Q .: "Blue. Thank you." 9 Trial counsel's decision not to attack the chain of custody was a reasonable tactical decision, particularly in view of the strength of the Commonwealth's case. See Commonwealth v. Lally , 473 Mass. 693, 706 (2016 ) (counsel 's strategic decision on focus of cross - examination was not "manifestly unreasonable"). Trial
counsel focused on the weakness of the Commonwealth's case

-- intent to distribute

-- particularly where the evidence of thirty bags of heroin could be for personal use. Trial counsel was not ineffective for choosing to forgo a n argument of insuffic ient merit
. See Breese v. Commonwealth , 415 Mass. 249, 256 (1993). Judgment affirmed
. Orders denying motion for new trial and for reconsideration affirmed
.

9 The packets admitted at trial were pink.