# 2010 Minerals Yearbook

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey 

# ALUMINUM [ADVANCE RELEASE]

September 2011ALUMINUM—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 5.1 

# A LUMINUM

By E. Lee Bray

Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Lisa D. Miller, international data coordinator.

During 2010, domestic primary smelters produced 1.73 million metric tons (Mt) of aluminum metal, the same as in 2009, valued at $3.98 billion, 31% more than the value of the production in 2009. At yearend, fi ve companies were operating nine primary aluminum smelters in seven States. Smelters east of the Mississippi River accounted for about 71% of the production. An additional fi ve smelters were temporarily idle. Two other smelters that had been temporarily idle were permanently closed. About 56% [1.78 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr)] of domestic primary aluminum smelting capacity (table 2), including idle potlines at operating smelters, was not being used.

Aluminum recovered from purchased scrap was essentially unchanged at 2.8 Mt. Of this recovered metal, 55% came from new (manufacturing) scrap, and 45% came from old (discarded aluminum products) scrap. Aluminum used beverage cans (UBCs) accounted for 48% of the reported old scrap consumed in 2010 and 21% of total scrap consumed.

Apparent consumption of aluminum increased by 4% compared with that in 2009. The United States and Canadian transportation industry accounted for 28.6% of metal shipments by United States and Canadian producers; containers and packaging, 22.4%; building and construction, 10.2%; electrical, 7.1%; machinery and equipment, 7.1%; consumer durables, 6.1%; and other uses, 3.1%. Exports accounted for 15.4% of shipments from producers in Canada and the United States in 2010 (table 6).

The 2010 annual average U.S. market price of primary aluminum ingot increased by 31% to $1.044 per pound from $0.794 per pound in 2009. The monthly average price fl uctuated between $0.934 per pound and $1.109 per pound during the fi rst 9 months of 2010, before stabilizing at about $1.12 per pound during the fourth quarter of the year.

At yearend 2010, total (unwrought, scrap, in process metal, and semifabricated) world inventories of aluminum, as reported by the International Aluminium Institute (IAI) (2011), were 13% higher than those at yearend 2009. Combined inventories of aluminum metal and alloys held by the London Metal Exchange Ltd. (LME) (2009; 2010), however, decreased by 8%.

Primary aluminum was produced in 42 countries in 2010. China, Russia, Canada, and Australia, in decreasing order of metal produced, accounted for 61% of total world production. World primary metal production increased by 11% compared with that of 2009 owing to increased production in China (3.3 Mt), the United Arab Emirates [390,000 metric tons (t)], Qatar (180,000 t), Russia (132,000 t), Germany (102,000 t), Kazakhstan (100,000 t), New Zealand (73,000 t), and several other nations. Commissioning of new smelters and brown fi eld expansions, as well as restarted capacity closed during the fi nancial crisis, accounted for the increased production. These increases were partially offset by decreased production of 330,000 t in Norway, 75,000 t in Venezuela, 67,000 t in Canada, and 67,000 t in the United Kingdom, as older smelters were closed, and droughts limited hydroelectric power in some locations. The United States remained the 5th leading producer of primary aluminum.

Production

Primary. —In June, Alcoa Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA) and workers represented by the United Steelworkers (USW) union rati fi ed a 4-year contract that addressed issues such as health care, pay increases, and workplace fl exibility. The contract covered 5,400 hourly workers at 10 locations in the United States, including 6 primary smelters at Alcoa, TN; Massena, NY (2); Rockdale, TX; Wenatchee, WA; and Warrick, IN. The previous 4-year contract had expired May 31, and work had continued without interruption at all locations during the negotiations (Alcoa Inc., 2010b).

In April, Alcoa announced that the temporary closures of the Badin, NC, and Frederick, MD, smelters would be made permanent, and the sites would be remediated. The Badin smelter was fi rst opened in 1916 and last operated in August 2002. It had a capacity of 120,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of aluminum. The Frederick smelter, which began production in 1970, had a capacity of 195,000 t/yr when it closed in December 2005. High power prices were cited as reasons for initial closure of both smelters, and subsequent efforts to obtain long-term power contracts at competitive prices were unsuccessful (Alcoa Inc., 2010c).

A 5-year labor contract between Century Aluminum Co. (Monterey, CA) and more than 540 hourly employees represented by the USW at the 244,000-t/yr smelter in Hawesville, KY, was rati fi ed on December 23 (Century Aluminum Co., 2010c). Production had continued since the previous contract expired on March 31. Prior to the contract rati fi cation, Century announced that it would restart a potline that was closed in March 2009 when prices and demand for aluminum had declined. The restart was to be completed by the end of March 2011 and would restore full production at the smelter (Century Aluminum Co., 2010a).

Ormet Corp. restarted two potlines at its 265,000-t/yr smelter in Hannibal, OH, at the end of November. The restart of the potlines was expected to be completed in the fi rst quarter of 2011 and bring production at the smelter to full capacity (Ormet Corp., 2010). One of the potlines was shut down in May 2009, and the other was shut down in August as a result of a disputed alumina supply agreement with its previous supplier, Glencore International AG.

Noranda Aluminum Holding Corp. (Franklin, TN) returned the New Madrid, MO, smelter to full capacity in March after it shut down during a power failure caused by a storm in January5.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 

### 2009. About 75% of the smelter’s capacity was shut down, and restart of the potlines began in early 2009 and continued through the fi rst quarter of 2010 (Noranda Aluminum Holding Corp., 2010b).

A project to expand the New Madrid smelter capacity to 266,000 t/yr from 250,000 t/yr resumed in September. The project, which had initially started in mid-2008 but was put on hold in early 2009 during the fi nancial crisis, was expected to be completed by the beginning of 2013 (Noranda Aluminum Holding Corp., 2010a).

Secondary. —In March, Alcoa completed a 50% expansion of its UBC recycling facility in Alcoa, TN. The project, which included a new crusher, delacquering furnace, and emissions control systems, was part of Alcoa’s efforts to increase recycling of UBCs in the United States (Alcoa Inc., 2010a). Work on the project started in December 2007 and had been originally planned for completion in 2009, but construction was slowed during the global fi nancial crisis. In September, a fi re at Alcoa’s Knoxville, TN, plant forced a several-week shutdown of its rolling mill. The rolling mill had a capacity of 500,000 t/yr and produced mostly can sheet. Other parts of the plant were not affected and continued production (American Metal Market, 2010b).

In July, Aleris International Inc. restarted production at its Coldwater South secondary smelter in Coldwater, MI. The smelter had a capacity of approximately 130,000 t/yr of alloys commonly used for manufacturing automotive parts. The smelter had shut down in May 2009 owing to a cutback in automobile manufacturing (Platts Metals Week, 2010c).

Bermco Aluminum Co. (Birmingham, AL) announced plans to relocate its secondary smelter from Birmingham, AL, to Lincoln, AL. The new smelter would have a capacity of 110,000 t/yr compared with the current location’s capacity of 55,000 t/yr. The smelter produced diecast and foundry alloys used by automobile parts manufacturers and other consumers. Construction was planned to start in mid-2011, and full production was expected by mid-2012 (Platts Metals Week, 2010e).

Logan Aluminum Inc. (a joint venture between Arco Aluminum Inc. and Novelis Inc.) installed support equipment for a furnace at its UBC recycling facility and rolling mill in Russelville, KY. Briquetters to compress shredded UBCs were installed to increase the operational ef fi ciency of the furnace that was started up in 2008, which produced approximately 65,000 t/yr of metal from UBCs and other scrap without generating salt cake (Light Metal Age, 2010).

Sapa Extrusions Ltd. planned to build a billet casting facility at its Cressona, PA, extrusion plant by September 2011. The casting pit would have a capacity of 545,000 t/yr of billet, produced mainly from scrap. Increasing demand for extruded aluminum products and tight supplies of extrusion billet were cited as reasons for the expansion (Platts Metals Week, 2010g).

Skana Aluminum Co. (Manitowoc, WI) reopened a rolling mill with two rebuilt furnaces in July. The plant, formerly owned by Koenig and Vits Inc., shut down in May 2009 amid fi nancial troubles leading to an asset sale in bankruptcy. At capacity, the plant was expected to produce 30,000 t/yr of sheet for cookware and automotive parts manufactured from scrap (Mason, 2010). Spectro Alloys Corp. (Rochester, MN) replaced a damaged 65,000-t/yr furnace that was taken out of service early in the year. The new furnace had a capacity of approximately 52,000 t/yr and was put into operation in July. The secondary smelter produced alloys used by the automobile industry and other consumers (American Metal Market, 2010c).

Consumption

Apparent consumption of aluminum in the United States increased by 4% in 2010 compared with that in 2009. Shipments of aluminum by United States and Canadian producers to their combined domestic markets increased by 22% in 2010 compared with the amount shipped in 2009. Shipments of aluminum for containers and packaging in 2010 increased slightly compared with those in 2009. Shipments to the transportation sector increased by 46%, building and construction by 4%, consumer durables by 31%, electrical by 18%, and the machinery sector by 47%.

The increase in shipments of aluminum to the transportation sector resulted primarily from an expansion of automobile production. Manufacturing of light vehicles in North America increased by 39% in 2010 compared with production in 2009, and in the United States, increased by 35% to 7.58 million units from 5.61 million units. Production in the fi rst half of 2009 had been signi fi cantly reduced by extended shutdowns as a result of the bankruptcies of General Motors Co. and Chrysler Group LLC (CSM Worldwide Inc., 2010; IHS Automotive Inc., 2011).

The Boeing Co. (Chicago, IL) reported that its deliveries of commercial aircraft were 4% lower than in 2009 owing to a decline in deliveries of wide-body models. Deliveries of the single-aisle 737 aircraft increased slightly as airlines continued to replace older aircraft with more fuel ef fi cient models (Boeing Co., The, 2011, p. 24).

The decrease in aluminum shipments for use in building and construction was a result of reduced nonresidential and residential construction. The U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development jointly reported that housing starts were up by 6.1% in 2010 compared with starts in 2009. The number of houses completed, however, was 17.7% fewer than in 2009 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011b). Spending on nonresidential construction during 2010 decreased by 13.9% compared with that in 2009. Total construction spending during 2010 was down 10.3% compared with that in 2009 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2011a).

Stocks

According to data reported by the Aluminum Association Inc. (2011), United States and Canadian producers’ combined inventories of aluminum ingot, mill products, and scrap increased by 8% to 1.01 Mt at yearend 2010 from 937,000 t at yearend 2009. The LME reported that primary aluminum metal ingot stocks at its U.S. warehouses increased by 3% to 2.09 Mt at yearend 2010 from 2.02 Mt at yearend 2009. At yearend 2010, LME warehouses in the United States also held about 70,000 t of North American special aluminum alloy contract (NASAAC) metal ingot, a 61% decrease from the 180,000 t held at yearend 2009 (London Metal Exchange Ltd., 2009, 2010).ALUMINUM—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 5.3 

### Prices

The monthly average U.S. market price of primary aluminum metal, as reported by Platts Metals Week, started the year at $1.069 per pound of aluminum and fl uctuated between $0.934 per pound and $1.109 per pound until October. The monthly average price was about $1.12 per pound in each of the past 3 months of the year. The annual average price in 2010 increased to $1.044 per pound from $0.794 per pound in 2009. The LME monthly average cash prices for primary aluminum ingot followed the same general trend as the U.S. market price, and the 2010 annual average LME cash price increased to $0.986 per pound from $0.755 per pound in 2009. The indicator prices for selected secondary aluminum ingots and scrap, as published in American Metal Market, followed the same trend as primary ingot prices (table 8).

Foreign Trade

In 2010, total net imports of aluminum-base materials decreased by 20% compared with net imports in 2009 (tables 9 and 11). Imports for consumption of crude aluminum decreased by 9%, while imports of semifabricated aluminum materials (plates, sheet, and bars) increased by 23%, and scrap imports increased by 16% compared with those of 2009. Canada remained the leading source country, accounting for 63% of the total (crude, semifabricated, and scrap) imports in 2010, while China (7%) and Russia (5%) were the second and third ranked suppliers (table 12).

Exports of crude aluminum (metal and alloys) increased by 8% and exports of semifabricated aluminum materials increased by 7% compared with those of 2009. Net exports of 1.41 Mt of scrap increased by 15% compared with the amount in 2009. About 79% of total U.S. exports of unmanufactured aluminum (crude, semifabricated, and scrap) in 2010 was collectively shipped to China, Canada, and Mexico. The aluminum shipped to China was 97% scrap (table 10).

Mergers and Acquisitions

Norsk Hydro ASA (Oslo, Norway) and Vale SA (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) announced a deal in May in which Norsk Hydro would purchase Vale’s bauxite, alumina, and aluminum assets in Brazil in exchange for $1.1 billion in cash plus $3.8 billion in stock of Norsk Hydro. As a result of the transaction, Vale would own 22% of Norsk Hydro; Norsk Hydro would own 51% of the 460,000-t/yr Albras smelter; and Norsk Hydro would increase its share of the 6.3-Mt/yr Alunorte re fi nery to 91% from 34% and of the 1.86-Mt/yr Companhia de Alumina do Para

re fi nery project to 81% from 20%. Norsk Hydro would also gain ownership of 60% of the Paragominas bauxite mine (9.9 Mt/yr capacity) with an option to purchase the remaining 40% of the mine by yearend 2015 (Norsk Hydro ASA, 2010d; Platts Metals Week, 2010f). The companies had planned to complete the transaction by yearend but closing was delayed until early in 2011 awaiting regulatory approval (Norsk Hydro ASA, 2010g). In a separate transaction, Norsk Hydro acquired full control of a secondary smelter in Taiwan when it acquired Formosa Alloy Materials Co.’s 15.1% share. The 75,000-t/yr smelter produced extrusion billet sold mostly in Asia, but also exported billet to Norsk Hydro customers in the United States (Norsk Hydro ASA, 2010c). Aleris emerged from chapter 11 bankruptcy on June 1. The secondary smelter and rolling mill company had fi led for bankruptcy protection February 12, 2009, citing fi nancial pressures and declining demand and prices for its products amid the global fi nancial crisis. A consortium of creditors, led by private equity fi rms Apollo Management, L.P., Oaktree Capital Management, L.P., and Sankaty Advisors, LLC, took ownership of the company (Aleris International Inc., 2010). The company continued to operate during the bankruptcy proceedings under terms of a debtor-in-possession fi nancing agreement approved in 2009.

World Industry Structure

Production. —World primary aluminum production increased by 11% in 2010 compared with that of 2009 owing to smelter reopenings and expansions as prices recovered from the lows during the fi nancial crisis. China was the leading producer and accounted for 40% of global production. China, Russia, Canada, and Australia, in decreasing order of production, accounted for 61% of total world primary aluminum production.

During the fourth quarter of 2008 and early 2009, many primary smelters announced shutdowns in response to declining prices, as demand for aluminum receded in the face of the fi nancial crisis. Throughout 2010, most of these shutdowns were continued, although several restarts were announced in the second half of the year.

Stocks. —As aluminum demand increased and prices recovered from the lows during the fi nancial crisis in 2009, aluminum inventories stabilized during the fourth quarter of 2010. Unwrought aluminum inventories held by member producers of the IAI increased by 16% to 1.40 Mt at yearend 2010 from 1.21 Mt at yearend 2009. Unwrought aluminum is de fi ned by the IAI as aluminum in its basic form made from primary metal or from scrap and that is metallurgically unworked. Total IAI aluminum inventories increased by 13% to 2.52 Mt at yearend 2010 from 2.23 Mt at yearend 2009. Total aluminum includes unwrought aluminum plus unprocessed scrap, metal in process, and fi nished semifabricated (mill) products (International Aluminium Institute, 2011).

Yearend 2010 inventories of primary aluminum metal held by the LME decreased by 8% to 4.27 Mt from 4.62 Mt at yearend 2009, aluminum alloy inventories decreased by 17% to 70,000 t from 84,500 t, and NASAAC ingot inventories decreased by 26% to 134,000 t from 180,000 t (London Metal Exchange Ltd., 2009, 2010).

Primary aluminum metal ingot stocks at U.S. LME warehouses increased by 3% to 2.09 Mt at yearend 2010 from 2.02 Mt at yearend 2009. At yearend 2010, LME warehouses in the United States also held about 134,000 t of NASAAC metal ingot, a 26% decrease from the 180,000 t held at yearend 2009 (London Metal Exchange Ltd., 2009, 2010).

World Review

Argentina. —Aluminio Argentino S.A.I.C. (Aluar) started production in July from 24 new pots that were part of an expansion of its smelter. A total of 72 new pots were included in5.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 

### the expansion and would bring smelting capacity to 425,000 t/yr from 410,000 t/yr by 2011 (Platts Metals Week, 2010d).

Australia. —The Australian Government announced it was deferring implementation of a cap-and-trade program aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The proposal was withdrawn in April because of a lack of agreement in Parliament (Australian Department of Climate Change, 2010). The proposal would have included provisions for the aluminum industry and other emission-intensive industries to mitigate the costs during the fi rst several years of implementation. A power supply contract was reached in November between Tomago Aluminium Co. Pty. Ltd. and Macquarie Generation Pty. Ltd. The new contract would start when the current contract expires in 2017 and last until 2028. The Tomago smelter was a joint venture between Rio Tinto (52%), Gove Aluminium Finance Ltd. (36%), and Norsk Hydro (12%) and had a capacity of 528,000 t/yr. The smelter operator was discussing opportunities to sell molten aluminum to manufacturers considering building facilities near the smelter (Norsk Hydro ASA, 2010j).

Alcoa of Australia Ltd. and Loy Yang Power Ltd. signed long-term power contracts for the Point Henry and Portland smelters. A total of 820 megawatts (MW) would be provided to the two smelters through 2036. The contract for the Point Henry smelter would start in 2014 and the contract for the Portland smelter would start in 2016, when the current contracts expire. The Point Henry smelter had a capacity of 190,000 t/yr, and the capacity of the Portland smelter was 358,000 t/yr. The contracts provided for increased power supplies in the event of expansion of the smelters (Alcoa Inc., 2010f).

Bahrain. —Aluminum Bahrain Ltd. (Alba) was planning to expand production capacity by adding more pots to two of its fi ve potlines and optimizing the power ef fi ciency of those potlines. The project would increase capacity of the smelter to 970,000 t/yr from 870,000 t/yr. The project would be completed by yearend 2012, although speci fi c plans were not released. Alba also was planning an additional potline for completion by yearend 2014. The capacity of the proposed new potline would be 400,000 t/yr and would bring total capacity of the smelter to 1.37 Mt/yr when completed (Platts Metals Week, 2010a).

Bosnia and Herzegovina. —Aluminij d.d. Mostar restarted approximately 35,000 t/yr of capacity at its 135,000-t/yr smelter during the fi rst quarter. The smelter had shut down the capacity in early 2009 in response to falling demand and prices for aluminum (CRU Aluminium Monitor, 2010b).

Brazil. —Novelis Inc. (a subsidiary of Hindalco Industries Ltd.) closed its 60,000-t/yr primary smelter at Aratu at yearend. Novelis cited low prices, high operating costs from logistical issues with the smelter’s location, high-priced power, outdated technology, and its small size as reasons for closing (Novelis Inc., 2010).

Brazil recycled 98.2% of all aluminum beverage cans sold in the country during 2009. Brazil collected and recycled 198,800 t of UBCs, the equivalent of 14.7 billion aluminum cans. For the ninth consecutive year, Brazil had the highest aluminum can recycling rate among countries that do not have mandatory recycling laws. Sales of aluminum beverage cans increased by 12% during 2010 compared with the number sold during 2009, and the volume of UBCs collected increased by 19.9% compared with that of 2009 (Associação Brasileira do Alumínio, 2010).

Canada. —One-half of the 235,000-t/yr smelter in Laterriere, Quebec, was shut down from July through September after the failure of two electrical transformers in July (Rio Tinto plc, 2010a).

Rio Tinto was moving forward with construction of a new smelter in Saguenay, Quebec, although progress had been slowed during the fi nancial crisis. The fi rst phase of smelter operation would be in early 2013, with a capacity of 60,000 t/yr. Additional potlines were planned that would bring total capacity of the smelter to 460,000 t/yr, although a project schedule was not available (Rio Tinto plc, 2010b).

The Kitimat smelter modernization project that was delayed during the fi nancial crisis was also progressing. When completed, the capacity of the Kitimat smelter would increase to 420,000 t/yr from 277,000 t/yr. New prebaked pots would replace the Soderberg pots to increase ef fi ciency and reduce emissions (Rio Tinto plc, 2010b). In preparation for expansion of the smelter, two potlines with a combined capacity of 67,000 t/yr were permanently shut down, and demolition begun in August (Riley, 2010b; Rio Tinto plc, 2010c, p. 7, 15).

China. —Primary aluminum production in China increased by 26% compared with that in 2009. Capacity expansions and restarts of temporary closures outweighed closures of inef fi cient smelters and from reduced output during power reductions at others (table 13).

The Government ordered that preferential power rates be discontinued to energy-intensive sectors including primary aluminum smelters in several provinces by mid-June. The Government also ordered highly polluting or inef fi cient smelters to be shut down. The policy was aimed at reducing energy consumption and pollution in fast growing provinces of China. Other industries affected by the order included ferroalloys, magnesium, silicon, and titanium (Wong, 2010).

The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced that obsolete potlines, having a combined capacity of 422,000 t/yr, at 15 smelters would be permanently closed by the end of September. In Shanxi Province the affected smelters were Shanxi Zhenxing Aluminum Co. Ltd. (20,000 t/yr), Taiyuan East Aluminum Co. Ltd. (15,000 t/yr), Hanzhou Zinc Industrial Special Material Co. Ltd. (7,210 t/yr), and Shanxi Jinxin Aluminum Co. Ltd. (7,000 t/yr). In Shandong Province, affected smelters were Shandong Aluminum Co. Ltd. (20,000 t/yr) and Zibo Aluminum Co. Ltd. (10,000 t/yr). In Henan Province, the policy applied to Chinalco Henan Branch (60,000 t/yr), Sanmenxia Tianyuan Aluminum Co. Ltd. (30,000 t/yr), Qin’ao Aluminum Co. Ltd. (20,000 t/yr), and Western Aluminum Co. Ltd. (2,500 t/yr). In Hunan Province, 60,000 t/yr of capacity at the Hunan Maoerkou Aluminum Smelter Co. Ltd. was closed. Affected smelters in Guizhou Province were the Shuangpai Aluminum Co. Ltd. (50,000 t/yr) and the Guiyang Jinyuan Aluminum Co. Ltd. (30,000 t/yr). Chinalco’s Liancheng branch closed 40,000 t/yr of capacity in Gansu Province. In Qinghai Province, Qinghai Products and Industry Investment Co. Ltd. closed 50,000 t/yr of capacity. The pots closed had amperages of 100 kilo amps (KA) or less, considered to be less ef fi cient than newer potline designs that have amperages of 300 KA or greater.ALUMINUM—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 5.5 

### The potlines included Soderberg and prebaked pot designs, and many of the potlines were shutdown prior to the policy being announced (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010b).

In September, the government of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region announced strict regulations on expansion of energy- and emissions-intensive industries, including primary aluminum smelting. Other industries included were copper, lead, iron and steel, and zinc. Power supplies to these industries were also cut at the beginning of September, resulting in some production cuts. New smelters would not be approved for at least 1 year (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010h, i). The provincial government of Inner Mongolia also announced similar policies, including the closure of 800,000 t/yr of capacity at smelters with outdated or inef fi cient technology. A moratorium on new smelter construction until 2011 was part of the policy (CRU Aluminium Monitor, 2010b). Hebei, Jiangsu, Shandong, Shanxi, and Zhejiang Provinces were also implementing power restrictions to aluminum smelters and other power intensive industries starting in July (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010l).

In order to decrease energy consumption, the Henan Provincial government ordered smelters to shut down outdated and inef fi cient capacity. A total of 720,000 t/yr of capacity was affected by the ordered shutdown. All pots using less than 160 kilo amps (KA) were to be shut down. Thirty percent of the pots in the Province with amperage of 180 to 300 KA were to be shut down on a rotational basis. Other industries including calcium carbide, caustic soda, ferroalloys, iron and steel, and polycrystalline silicon were also affected by the policy to reduce power consumption (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010k). In Qinghai Province, the continuation of a similar policy shut down 50,000 t/yr of obsolete potlines during the year. Since 2006, 165,000 t/yr of capacity had been shut down because of the policy. Other potlines were being evaluated to determine if they would be forced to shut down (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010n). Zunyi, Guizhou Province, cut power supplies by one-half to three smelters in the city at the end of August because of power shortages and to decrease pollution. The smelters were owned by Zunyi Aluminum Co. Ltd., Zunyi Yulong Aluminum Co. Ltd., and Zunyi Weiming Aluminum Co. Ltd., which had a combined capacity of 420,000 t/yr (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010j). Chiping Xinfa Aluminum Co. Ltd. was ordered to shut down approximately 200,000 t/yr of aluminum capacity and 320,000 t/yr of alumina capacity at its smelter and

re fi nery, respectively, in Liaochen, Shangdong Province. The order was issued in July, and the closures were implemented during the third quarter (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010f).

By early January, Aluminum Corp. of China (Chinalco) restarted all capacity at its primary smelters that had been shut down during fourth quarter of 2008 and fi rst quarter of 2009 (CRU Aluminium Monitor, 2010a). Chinalco also announced it would phase out inef fi cient capacity of aluminum smelters and alumina re fi neries by 2011. The permanent closures would involve more than 330,000 t/yr of smelting capacity (CRU Aluminium Monitor, 2010e). Among the outdated pots being decommissioned by Chinalco was 20,000 t/yr of capacity at the 100,000-t/yr Shandong smelter. Dismantling of the pots started in September (CRU Aluminium Monitor, 2010f). Chinalco also shut down a 176-potline at its Liancheng smelter in Liancheng, Gansu Province in October because its outdated technology was not
pro fi table. The smelter had been commissioned in 2005 (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010e). In the fourth quarter, Sichuan Meishan Aostar Aluminum Co. Ltd. shut down 50 pots, accounting for about 38,000 t/yr of capacity of the 250,000-t/yr smelter. Increasing prices for power and declining aluminum prices were cited for the closure. Earlier in the year, the smelter had restarted some capacity that had been shut down in late 2008 and early 2009 (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010p, q).

A transformer fi re at the 270,000-t/yr Yichuan Ningdong smelter in Ningxia Autonomous Region in November forced a shutdown. A restart was not expected until early to mid-2011 (CRU Aluminium Monitor, 2010g).

Qinao Aluminum Co. Ltd. (a subsidiary of Shenhuo Group) commissioned a 160,000-t/yr smelter in Qinyang, Henan Province (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010o). During the fi rst quarter of the year, Meishan Aluminium Co. restarted all capacity that had been shut down during the fourth quarter of 2008. Higher prices and increasing demand enabled the restart (CRU Aluminium Monitor, 2010c).

Chinalco was progressing on several expansions that would add 850,000 t/yr of smelter capacity. Construction of an expansion to 550,000 t/yr from 150,000 t/yr at the Guangxi smelter in Pingguo began in November. The project included an expansion of the adjacent alumina re fi nery that would increase capacity to 2.5 Mt/yr from 2 Mt/yr. The re fi nery would also attempt to recover iron oxide from the red mud, with an expected 220,000 t/yr of iron oxides to be recovered (China Metal Market—Alumina and Aluminum, 2010c). Expansion of the Liancheng smelter, expected to be completed in 2011, would add 380,000 t/yr of capacity, and at the Gansu Hualu smelter, 70,000 t/yr of capacity and an upgrade to the carbon anode furnace were expected to be completed in 2011 (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010d).

In May, Sichuan Aba Aluminum Smelter Co. Ltd. (a subsidiary of Chongqing Bosai Mining Group) started production from an expansion project in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, that increased capacity to 200,000 t/yr from 110,000 t/yr. Bosai was also constructing an extrusion plant near the smelter to produce value-added products (China Metal Market— Alumina & Aluminum, 2010a). Vimetco NV commissioned the fi rst two phases of the 250,000-t/yr Linfeng smelter during 2010 and had completed the third phase by yearend. The third phase, with a capacity of 80,000 t/yr, was expected to start production in early 2011 (Vimetco NV, 2011). Kaiman Aluminum Co. started production from a new 350,000-t/yr smelter in August. The company, previously known as Coalmine Aluminum Co., operated a 1.8-Mt/yr alumina re fi nery (Platts Metals Daily, 2010).

Dongyuan Qujing Aluminum Co. Ltd. completed two expansions to its smelter in Qujing, Yunnan Province, during the year that increased the smelter’s capacity to 380,000 t/yr from 230,000 t/yr (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum,5.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 

### 2010g). In the western part of China, Xinjiang Wujiaqu Coal & Power Co. Ltd. (a subsidiary of Shandong Chiping Xinfa Group) completed a new smelter with a capacity of 370,000 t/yr and started production in July. A plan to increase capacity of the smelter to 1.6 Mt/yr was being studied. The project also included a captive powerplant using coal mined near the smelter (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010r). Jinning Aluminum Magnesium New Type Material Co. Ltd. started production from its new smelter in June. The smelter had a capacity of 350,000 t/yr and was located in Zhongning county, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Expansion of the smelter to 1.2 Mt/yr was planned (China Metal Market—Alumina & Aluminum, 2010m).

Germany. —During the fi rst half of the year, Trimet Aluminium AG restarted 15,000 t/yr of capacity at its 170,000- t/yr Essen smelter and 40,000 t/yr of capacity at the 132,000-t/yr Hamburg smelter that had closed in early 2009. Trimet had closed 50,000 t/yr of capacity at the Essen smelter but then restarted 35,000 t/yr of capacity in late 2009. The restarts brought production at both smelters back to full capacity (Trimet Aluminium AG, 2010).

Iceland. —Rio Tinto announced plans to modernize and expand capacity of the ISAL smelter in Straumsvik. The capacity of the smelter would increase to 230,000 t/yr from 190,000 t/yr. The project was expected to be started in April 2012 and be completed by July 2014. The expansion plan was made in conjunction with a long-term power agreement (October 2010 through 2036) with the utility, Landsvirjun (Rio Tinto Alcan Inc., 2010).

Century anticipated restarting construction on the Helguvik smelter by mid-2011 and was awaiting fi nal permits. The project was delayed during the fi nancial crisis in late 2008. Once completed, the smelter would have a production capacity of 360,000 t/yr (Century Aluminum Co., 2010b).

India. —Vedanta Resources plc completed expansion of the Jharsuguda I smelter to 500,000 t/yr from 250,000 t/yr. A power failure in April damaged 171 pots, which were repaired during the year (Vedanta Resources plc, 2010b).

Because of delays in obtaining a mining permit at the Niyamgri bauxite mine, construction of two smelters was temporarily delayed. The 325,000-t/yr Korba III smelter had been progressing towards initial production in the fi rst quarter of 2011 and completion in September 2011. The 125,000-t/yr Jharsuguda II smelter would have been completed in September 2012. Revised completion dates for both projects were not announced (Vedanta Resources plc, 2010a, p. 31, 39; 2010c).

A power failure caused by lightning shut down production at Hindalco’s Hirakud smelter in early July. Full production was expected to be restored during the fi rst quarter of 2011. Expansion of the smelter to 161,000 t/yr from 155,000 t/yr was expected to be completed in early 2011. Another expansion to increase capacity to 213,000 t/yr was expected to be completed in March 2012, and a further expansion to 360,000 t/yr was being considered. Construction of the 359,000-t/yr Mahan smelter and 900-MW captive powerplant was expected to be completed in September 2011. Completion of the 359,000-t/yr Aditya smelter and 900-MW captive powerplant was projected for October 2011. Acquisition of land and environmental permits for the proposed 359,000-t/yr Jharkhand smelter and 900-MW captive powerplant was progressing again after having been deferred in 2009. Completion of the project was planned for 2013 (Hindalco Industries Ltd., 2010).

Iran. —Hormzal Aluminum Ltd. commissioned a 147,000-t/yr smelter in Bandar Abbas during the fi rst quarter of the year (CRU Aluminium Monitor, 2010c).

Italy. —Alcoa temporarily closed the Fusina smelter in May. Plans to close the 44,000-t/yr smelter and the 150,000-t/yr Portovesme smelter were announced in November 2009 in response to a ruling by the European Commission that power contracts between Alcoa and the Italian Government were out of compliance with European Union regulations. Alcoa delayed the closures while the ruling was being appealed and negotiations for power contracts were being made with the Italian Government. The Portovesme smelter was continuing to operate (Alcoa Inc., 2010d, p. 2; Kovalyova, 2010).

Kazakhstan. —Construction on an expansion to increase capacity to 250,000 t/yr from 125,000 t/yr at the Pavlodar smelter was completed in May, and all of the new pots were producing by midyear. An anode plant was also under construction, with completion expected in 2011 (CRU Aluminium Monitor, 2010d; Eurasian Natural Resources Group Inc., 2010).

Montenegro. —Central European Aluminum Co. continued with a modernization project of the Podgorica smelter and alumina re fi nery. Although originally planned for completion by yearend, some work was delayed for completion to early 2011. Capacity of the smelter would increase to 156,000 t/ yr from 120,000 t/yr, and capacity of the alumina re fi nery would increase to 400,000 t/yr from 280,000 t/yr. During the year, about 100 pots which had been shut down because of the price decline during 2008 and 2009 were restarted. These pots accounted for approximately 40,000 t/yr of capacity and bring operating capacity to 130,000 t/yr (Central European Aluminum Co., 2010a; b).

New Zealand. —In December, Rio Tinto cut production at its 350,000-t/yr Tiwai Point smelter by 18,000 t/yr because of rising spot market prices for electricity (10% of the smelter’s power was purchased on the spot market). Shipments of billet to the United States were not expected to be affected. Earlier in the year, Rio Tinto had increased billet production to supply customers on the west coast of the United States because of strong demand by extruders (American Metal Market, 2010d; Riley, 2010a).

Norway. —Norsk Hydro announced plans to construct a recycling plant at Karmoy, on the site of the Soderberg potline, which had been decommissioned in March 2009. Two furnaces would be built, each with a capacity of 35,000 t/yr. Casting of the molten metal would take place in the casthouse used by the primary smelter. Construction of the fi rst furnace was expected to begin in early 2011, with operation starting in summer 2012 (Norsk Hydro ASA, 2010e).

Norsk Hydro was planning to make investments to modernize and expand production of hydroelectric power in Norway. Norsk Hydro had ownership in fi ve primary aluminum smelters in Norway, with a combined capacity of almost 950,000 t/yr, that were powered by its system of hydroelectric powerplants.ALUMINUM—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 5.7 

### Construction began on an expansion project at the Holsbru powerplant in August that would increase capacity by 84 gigawatts (GW). Other projects included expansion of the Ilvatn powerplant by 113 GW (2012 to 2015), construction of a 98-GW powerplant at Oyane (2012 to 2014), and modernization projects of fi ve powerplants in the Rjukan region (2011 to 2015) (Norsk Hydro ASA, 2010a, b, f).

Qatar. —A power failure on August 9 forced the shutdown of 444 pots at the Qatar Aluminium Ltd. (Qatalum) smelter in Qatar. The 585,000-t/yr smelter, which was commissioned in December 2009, was still in the ramp-up process at the time of the shutdown. The smelter was expected to reach full production by the end of March 2011. Qatalum was a joint venture between Qatar Petroleum Ltd. (Doha, Qatar) and Norsk Hydro (Norsk Hydro ASA, 2010h, i).

Romania. —Vimetco restarted 35,000 t/yr of 60,000 t/yr of capacity idled in early 2009 at the 300,000-t/yr Slatina smelter. The restart of the pots brought operating capacity to 275,000 t/yr (Vimetco NV, 2011).

Russia. —United Company Rusal restarted an idle potline at the 318,000-t/yr Novokuznetsk smelter in the fi rst quarter of the year. Approximately one-quarter of the smelting capacity was shut down in March 2009 (United Company RUSAL, 2010a). Rusal also increased production from 950,000 t/yr to 980,000 t/yr, at the 1-Mt/yr Krasnoyarsk smelter. Minor increases in production at the Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Sayanogorsk, Volgograd, and Volkhov smelters also took place during the year (United Company RUSAL, 2011a, p. 16 and 32).

Rusal commissioned a new potline at the Irkutsk smelter in April that increased capacity to 460,000 t/yr from 300,000 t/yr. Other investments at the smelter included a new casthouse and an emissions control system (United Company RUSAL, 2010b). Rusal obtained fi nancing and planned to resume construction of the Boguchanskaya smelter and hydroelectric powerplant in early 2011, with completion expected sometime in 2013. When completed, the smelter was expected to have a capacity of 600,000 t/yr. Construction of the 750,000-t/yr Taishet smelter was scheduled to resume in 2011 after being put on hold in 2009 (United Company RUSAL, 2011b).

Saudi Arabia. —In October, Saudi Arabian Mining Co. (Ma’aden) and Alcoa began construction of the 740,000-t/yr Raz as Zawr smelter and 380,000 t/yr rolling mill. The project, expected to be completed in 2013, also included a 4-Mt/yr bauxite mine at Al Ba’itha and 1.8-Mt/yr alumina re fi nery in Raz as Zawr that were expected to be completed in 2014. Ma’aden owned 74.9% of the joint venture and Alcoa owned 25.1% (Alcoa Inc., 2010e).

Spain. —Alcoa’s 93,000-t/yr Aviles smelter was shut down in June as a result of fl ooding caused by heavy rains (Alcoa Inc., 2010g). The smelter was operating at full capacity by yearend (Alcoa Inc., 2011).

Sweden. —Rusal increased production at the 128,000-t/yr Kubal smelter to 93,000 t/yr. Production from the smelter hadbeen cut to 70,000 t/yr in 2009 as Rusal temporarily shut highcost capacity (United Company RUSAL, 2011a, p. 16, 32).

United Arab Emirates. —Emirates Aluminuim Ltd. (EMAL) announced that the last of the 756 pots at the 700,000-t/yr smelter started production in December. Production from the fi rst pots started in December 2009. EMAL was a partnership between Dubai Aluminium Co. Ltd. and Mubadala Development Co. (Emirates Aluminium Ltd., 2011).

United Kingdom. —In July, Rio Tinto restarted full production at its 44,000-t/yr smelter in Lochaber, Scotland, and its 169,000- t/yr smelter in Lynemouth, England. The smelters had reduced production in the early part of 2009, but by yearend 2009, production was gradually being restored (Rio Tinto plc, 2010c, p. 15).

Venezuela. —At the beginning of the year, Venalum shut down 145,000 t/yr of capacity at the 430,000-t/yr smelter owing to a power shortage caused by low water levels at the Guri Dam and to low prices for aluminum. Starting in August, Venalum restarted production from 145 of the 394 pots that had been shut down. The company imported aluminum to fi ll domestic customer orders and reduced exports because of the shutdown (Platts Metals Week, 2010h, i). Alcasa also shut down 115,000 t/yr of its 210,000-t/yr smelter in January as a result of power shortages, including two potlines (50,000 t/yr of capacity) that were permanently shut down because of outdated technology and low productivity. Despite increased power supplies, restart of the temporarily closed pots was delayed as a result of fi nancial issues (Platts Metals Week, 2010b).

Outlook

Aluminum prices generally continued their upward trend in the fi rst quarter of 2011, exceeding the price range of 2006 through mid-2008, but remained volatile. At the end of 2010 and early in 2011, fi ve domestic smelters announced restarts of capacity shut down during the fourth quarter of 2008 and fi rst quarter of 2009. These restarts were generally attributed to new low-cost power contracts combined with recovering aluminum prices. Other domestic capacity that closed during the fi nancial crisis was not expected to restart until producers were more

con fi dent in a sustained recovery and could also obtain low-cost power contracts. As of June 1, 2011, about 40% (1.23 Mt/yr) of domestic primary aluminum smelting capacity was not being used. World demand for aluminum in 2011 was expected to remain at levels lower than in 2008 owing to depressed levels in automobile manufacturing and home construction.

Consumer credit issues in the United States and Western Europe were expected to continue through 2011. The continuing uncertainty of the impact of sovereign debt issues in Europe also raised concerns about consumer demand. Global production and consumption had recovered from the decline during the crisis because of the strength of demand in emerging markets, offsetting weakness in developed markets. Decreased demand for aluminum in developed economies still recovering from the economic events of 2008 was expected to continue for several years. Demand for aluminum in emerging economies was expected to increase as these economies continue to improve and recover from the effects of the global recession. However, policies aimed at slowing growth in China may slow the rate of growth of demand for aluminum in that nation.

Easing of credit to aluminum companies was expected to enable more expansion projects to resume progress in many parts of the world, following the lead of projects in regions with low power costs already moving forward. Relatively5.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 

### high electricity prices in parts of the United States diminished the likelihood of some domestic smelters reopening in the near-term. New smelters constructed where power costs are relatively low were expected to continue to replace production at high-cost smelters in the United States and other locations.

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the second quarter and half year ended 30 September 2010: London, United Kingdom, Vedanta Resources plc, October 7, 5 p. Vimetco NV, 2011, Vimetco reports full year fi nancial results for the 12 months ended 31 December 2010: Amsterdam, Netherlands, Vimetco NV press release, April 28, 12 p. Wong, K.F., 2010, China revokes special power rates for metal producers: Platts

Metals Week, v. 81, no. 26, June 28, p. 1, 6–7.



### GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION

U.S. Geological Survey Publications

Aluminum. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Aluminum. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly. Aluminum and Bauxite. Ch. in United States Mineral

Resources, Professional Paper 820, 1973. Bauxite and Alumina. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries,

annual. Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in

the United States. Data Series 140. U.S. Trade in Bauxite and Alumina. Mineral Industry Surveys,

quarterly. World Bauxite Resources. Professional Paper 1076–B, 1986.

Other

Aluminum. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau of

Mines Bulletin 675, 1985. Aluminum Statistical Review. The Aluminum Association Inc.,

annual.5.10 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 United States:

Primary production:

Quantity 2,284 2,554 2,658 1,727 1,726 Value millions $6,110 $6,880 $7,060 $3,030 $3,980 Price, average, U.S. market, spot cents per pound 121.4 122.2 120.5 79.4 104.4 Inventories (December 31):

Aluminum industry2 1,410 1,400 1,220 937 1,010 London Metal Exchange, U.S. warehouses 3 228 463 1,290 2,200 2,230 Secondary recovery: 4

New scrap 2,800 r 2,450 r 2,130 r 1,570 r 1,550 Old scrap 1,580 r 1,660 r 1,500 r 1,260 r 1,250

Total 4,380 r 4,120 r 3,630 r 2,820 r 2,800 Exports, crude and semicrude 2,820 2,840 3,280 2,710 3,040 Imports for consumption, crude and semicrude 4,660 4,020 3,710 3,680 3,610 Supply, apparent5 8,500 r 7,620 r,* 6,070 r 4,890 r 5,000 Consumption, apparent 6 5,700 r 5,170 r,* 3,940 r 3,320 r 3,460 World, production 33,900 38,000 r 39,600 36,900 r 40,800 e

* Correction posted on September 29, 2011. 5 Defined as domestic primary metal production plus secondary recovery plus imports (excluding scrap) minus exports plus adjustments for London Metal Exchange (U.S. warehouses) and industry stock changes.

6Apparent supply less recovery from purchased new scrap. eEstimated. rRevised.

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits except “Primary production: Quantity” and “Price, average, U.S. market, spot.”

2Data from the Aluminum Association Inc.; includes ingot, semifabricated material, and scrap inventory levels for United States and Canadian producers.

3 Includes aluminum alloyed material.

4Metallic recovery from purchased, tolled, or imported new and old scrap expanded for full industry coverage. TABLE 1

SALIENT ALUMINUM STATISTICS 1

(Thousand metric tons unless otherwise specified)ALUMINUM—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 5.11 Company and location 2009 2010 Ownership in 2010
Alcoa Inc.:

Alcoa, TN2 215 215 Alcoa Inc., 100%.
Badin, NC 3 60 r -- Do. Evansville, IN (Warrick) 309 309 Do. Ferndale, WA (Intalco) 279 r 279 Do. Frederick, MD (Eastalco) 3 195 -- Do. Massena, NY (St. Lawrence) 2 125 125 Do. Massena, NY 130 130 Do. Mount Holly, SC 229 r 229 Alcoa Inc., 50.3%; Century Aluminum Co., 49.7%.
Rockdale, TX 2 267 267 Alcoa Inc., 100%. Wenatchee, WA 184 184 Do.

Total 1,990 r 1,740 Century Aluminum Co.:

Hawesville, KY 244 244 Century Aluminum Co., 100%. Ravenswood, WV 2 170 170 Do.

Total 414 414 Do. Columbia Falls Aluminum Co., Columbia Falls, MT2 168 168 Glencore International AG, 100%.
Goldendale Aluminum Co., Goldendale, WA2 160 160 Private interest, 60%; employees, 40%. Noranda Aluminum Holding Corp., New Madrid, MO 250 263 Noranda Aluminum Holding Corp., 100%. Ormet Primary Aluminum Corp., Hannibal, OH 265 265 Ormet Corp., 100%. Rio Tinto Alcan Inc., Sebree, KY 196 196 Rio Tinto Alcan Inc., 100%.

Grand total 3,450 r 3,200

rRevised. Do. Ditto. -- Zero.

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2Temporarily idle.

3 Smelter facilities have been permanently idled. This capacity is no longer reflected in Alcoa’s portfolio. TABLE 2
PRIMARY ANNUAL ALUMINUM PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN THE UNITED STATES, BY COMPANY 1

Yearend capacity (thousand metric tons)

Class Consumption Aluminum Metallic
2009:

Secondary smelters 1,450,000 r 1,020,000 r 1,090,000 r Independent mill fabricators 3 1,620,000 r 1,390,000 r 1,470,000 r Foundries 74,800 61,200 65,400 Other consumers 6,870 6,330 6,350

Total 3,160,000 r 2,470,000 r 2,630,000 r Estimated full industry coverage 3,390,000 r 2,650,000 r 2,820,000 r
2010:

Secondary smelters 1,610,000 1,150,000 1,230,000 Independent mill fabricators 3 1,450,000 1,240,000 1,320,000 Foundries 50,700 41,400 44,200 Other consumers 6,290 6,290 6,290

Total 3,120,000 2,430,000 2,590,000 Estimated full industry coverage 3,370,000 2,620,000 2,800,000 Calculated recovery

totals shown.

3 Includes plants previously categorized as “Integrated aluminum companies.” TABLE 3
U.S. CONSUMPTION OF AND RECOVERY FROM PURCHASED
NEW AND OLD ALUMINUM SCRAP, BY CLASS 1, 2

(Metric tons)

rRevised.

2Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to 1 Excludes recovery from other than aluminum-base scrap.5.12 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 Stocks, Net Stocks, Class of consumer and type of scrap January 1 receipts 3 Consumption December 31 Secondary smelters:

New scrap:

Extrusions 15,700 296,000 295,000 16,200 Can stock clippings 2,960 r 72,800 71,200 4,520 Other wrought sheet and clippings 1,800 r 196,000 195,000 2,510 Casting 594 r 61,100 60,400 1,350 Borings and turnings 2,040 r 84,300 84,100 2,260 Dross and skimmings 7,020 r 407,000 407,000 6,890

Total 30,100 r 1,120,000 1,110,000 33,800 Old scrap:

Castings 3,610 r 137,000 137,000 4,040 Extrusion 3,320 r 95,800 96,100 2,970

Aluminum cans 4 8,740 116,000 118,000 7,060 Other wrought products 6,740 r 73,200 75,800 4,080 Auto shredder scrap 938 r 67,600 67,500 1,010

Total 23,300 r 490,000 494,000 19,200 Sweated pig 106 1,750 1,770 89

Grand total secondary smelters 53,500 r 1,610,000 1,610,000 53,000 Integrated aluminum companies, foundries, independent

mill fabricators, other consumers: New scrap:

Extrusion 14,600 r 251,000 263,000 3,020 Can stock clippings 608 187,000 186,000 1,530 Other wrought sheet and clippings 3,610 r 182,000 182,000 3,950 Casting 243 17,100 17,100 243 Borings and turnings 367 11,900 11,900 367 Dross and skimmings 452 4,370 4,360 462

Total 19,900 r 654,000 664,000 9,570 Old scrap:

Castings 2,620 130,000 127,000 5,570 Extrusion 17 8,120 8,120 17

Aluminum cans 4 3,050 533,000 522,000 13,700 Other wrought products 381 139,000 139,000 381 Auto shredder scrap 82 454 454 82 Other -- 46,300 46,300 --

Total 6,150 857,000 843,000 19,700 Grand total integrated aluminum companies, etc. 26,100 r 1,510,000 1,510,000 29,300 All scrap consumed:

New scrap:

Extrusion 30,300 r 547,000 558,000 19,200 Can stock clippings 3,560 260,000 258,000 6,050 Other wrought sheet and clippings 5,410 r 378,000 377,000 6,460 Casting 836 78,300 77,500 1,600 Borings and turnings 2,400 96,200 96,000 2,630 Dross and skimmings 7,470 412,000 412,000 7,350

Total 50,000 r 1,770,000 1,780,000 43,300 Old scrap:

Castings 6,230 267,000 264,000 9,620 Extrusion 3,330 104,000 104,000 2,990

Aluminum cans 4 11,800 649,000 640,000 20,700 Other wrought products 7,120 212,000 215,000 4,460 Auto shredder scrap 1,020 68,000 68,000 1,090 See footnotes at end of table. TABLE 4 U.S. STOCKS, RECEIPTS, AND CONSUMPTION OF PURCHASED NEW AND OLD ALUMINUM SCRAP

AND SWEATED PIG IN 2010 1, 2

(Metric tons)ALUMINUM—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 5.13 Stocks, Net Stocks, Class of consumer and type of scrap January 1 receipts 3 Consumption December 31 Old scrap—Continued:

Other -- 46,300 46,300 --

Total 29,500 1,350,000 1,340,000 38,900 Sweated pig 106 1,750 1,770 89

Grand total of all scrap consumed 79,600 r 3,120,000 3,120,000 82,300

U.S. STOCKS, RECEIPTS, AND CONSUMPTION OF PURCHASED NEW AND OLD ALUMINUM SCRAP TABLE 4—Continued

AND SWEATED PIG IN 2010 1, 2

(Metric tons)

4Used beverage cans toll treated for primary producers are included in secondary smelter tabulation. rRevised. -- Zero.

1 Includes imported scrap. According to reporting companies, 5.60% of total receipts of aluminum-base scrap, or 172,000 metric tons, was received on toll arrangements.

2Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

3 Includes inventory adjustment.

Net Net
Production shipments 2 Production shipments 2 Diecast alloys:

13% Si, 360, etc. (0.6% Cu, maximum) 38,200 r 38,200 r 37,500 37,100 380 and variations 114,000 r 114,000 r 214,000 215,000 Sand and permanent mold:

95/5 Al-Si, 356, etc. (0.6% Cu, maximum) 36,200 r 35,500 r 39,100 39,200
No. 12 and variations 953 r 953 r 943 943 No. 319 and variations 37,300 r 36,000 r 80,600 81,100 F-132 alloy and variations 7,420 r 7,390 r 9,380 8,880 Al-Mg alloys 7,240 r 7,200 r 7,240 7,240 Al-Zn alloys 1,660 r 1,680 r 1,650 1,650 Al-Si alloys (0.6% to 2.0% Cu) 3,230 r 3,090 r 3,190 3,190 Al-Cu alloys (1.5% Si, maximum) 513 r 513 r 445 445 Al-Si-Cu-Ni alloys 5,920 r 5,920 r 6,620 6,620
Other 136 136 136 136 Wrought alloys, extrusion billets 372,000 379,000 r 491,000 489,000
Miscellaneous:

Steel deoxidation 31,900 r 31,900 r 22,300 22,100 Pure (97.0% Al) W W W W
Aluminum-base hardeners W W W W

Other3 51,500 48,800 38,400 38,700

Total 708,000 r 710,000 r 953,000 951,000 Less consumption of materials other than scrap:

Primary aluminum 98,800 r XX 153,000 XX Primary silicon 14,100 r XX 20,800 XX Other 9,300 r XX 12,700 XX Net metallic recovery from aluminum scrap and sweated

pig consumed in production of secondary aluminum ingot4 586,000 r XX 766,000 XX

rRevised. W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included with “Miscellaneous, other.” XX Not applicable.

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2Includes inventory adjustment.

3 Includes other diecast alloys.

4No allowance made for melt loss of primary aluminum and alloying ingredients. 2009 2010 TABLE 5
PRODUCTION AND SHIPMENTS OF SECONDARY ALUMINUM ALLOYS BY INDEPENDENT SMELTERS

IN THE UNITED STATES 1

(Metric tons)5.14 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 Quantity Quantity (thousand Percentage (thousand Percentage Industry metric tons) of grand total metric tons) of grand total Containers and packaging 2,150 26.5 2,200 22.4 Building and construction 964 11.9 1,000 10.2 Transportation 1,910 23.7 2,800 28.6 Electrical 593 7.3 700 7.1 Consumer durables 458 5.7 600 6.1 Machinery and equipment 475 5.9 700 7.1 Other markets 254 3.1 300 3.1

Total 6,810 84.1 8,300 84.7 Exports e 1,280 15.9 1,500 15.3

Grand total 8,090 100.0 9,800 100.0

eEstimated. pPreliminary.

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Source: The Aluminum Association Inc. TABLE 6
DISTRIBUTION OF END-USE SHIPMENTS OF ALUMINUM PRODUCTS
IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, BY INDUSTRY 1

2009 2010 p

2008 2009 2010 p Wrought products: 3

Sheet, plate, foil 4,770 4,050 4,700 Pipe, tube, extruded shapes 1,380 1,070 1,400 Rod, bar, wire, cable 626 514 600 Forgings (including impacts) 102 73 100 Powder, flake, paste 61 45 60

Total 6,940 5,750 6,860 Castings:

Sand 255 160 250 Permanent and semipermanent mold 570 371 570 Die 1,030 691 1,000 Other 44 6 40

Total 1,900 1,230 1,860 Grand total 8,830 6,980 8,720 TABLE 7 U.S. NET SHIPMENTS OF ALUMINUM WROUGHT AND CAST PRODUCTS,

BY PRODUCERS 1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)

pPreliminary.

1 Net shipments derived by subtracting the sum of producers’ domestic receipts of each mill shape from the domestic industry’s gross shipments of that shape.

2Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

3 Wrought products data series includes net shipments in both the United States and Canada.

Source: The Aluminum Association Inc.ALUMINUM—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 5.15 Material 2009 2010 Primary aluminum, average: 1

U.S. market 0.794 1.044 LME cash price 0.755 0.986 NASAAC cash price, average 0.653 r 0.949 Secondary alloy, yearend: 2

A319 (3% Cu) 1.055 1.170 A380 (3% Zu) 1.055 r 1.115 A360 (0.6% Cu) 1.065 1.210 A413 (0.6% Cu) 1.065 1.210 Scrap, yearend: 2

Clean, dry turnings 0.60

–0.61 0.70

–0.72 Mixed low

–copper
–content clips 0.67

–0.68 0.78

–0.81 Old sheet and castings 0.62

–0.63 0.72

–0.76 Used beverages cans 0.71

–0.73 0.83

–0.86 TABLE 8
ALUMINUM PRICES

(Dollars per pound)

rRevised.

2 Source: American Metal Market. 1 Source: Platts Metals Week.

Quantity Value Quantity Value Class (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (thousands) Crude and semicrude:

Metals and alloys, crude 262,000 $514,000 284,000 $709,000 Scrap 1,660,000 2,120,000 1,910,000 3,190,000 Plates, sheets, bars, strip, etc. 739,000 2,830,000 786,000 3,230,000 Castings and forgings 18,900 218,000 20,000 250,000 Semifabricated forms, n.e.c. 31,100 226,000 36,200 269,000

Total 2,710,000 5,910,000 3,040,000 7,650,000
Manufactures:

Foil and leaf 72,000 323,000 79,600 376,000 Powders and flakes 4,470 24,100 5,520 31,400 Wire and cable 45,900 132,000 43,200 163,000

Total 122,000 479,000 128,000 570,000 Grand total 2,830,000 6,390,000 3,170,000 8,220,000

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 9
U.S. EXPORTS OF ALUMINUM, BY CLASS 1

2009 20105.16 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Country (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (thousands)
2009:

Brazil 59 $449 11,900 $66,500 5,360 $7,130 17,300 $74,100 Canada 69,600 135,000 300,000 1,010, 000 107,000 169,000 476,000 1,310,000 China 21,600 31,900 38,400 215,000 1, 010,000 1,260,000 1,070,000 1,510,000 France 710 2,830 9,240 63,100 3 11 9,950 66,000 Germany 4,860 12,800 9,820 72,000 326 743 15,000 85,500 Hong Kong 1,620 3,880 9,090 36,600 76,800 111,000 87,500 151,000 Italy 1,170 4,320 2,370 26,100 -- -- 3,540 30,400 Japan 10,500 19,600 8,650 95, 500 21,100 31,800 40,200 147,000 Kazakhstan -- -- 27 276 -- -- 27 276 Korea, Republic of 1,870 3,930 10,900 80,800 160,000 197,000 173,000 282,000 Mexico 123,000 243,000 249,000 915, 000 91,600 148,000 464,000 1,310,000 Netherlands 97 599 711 9,890 315 407 1,120 10,900 Philippines 3 19 282 3,350 -- -- 284 3,370 Russia 3 36 113 993 -- -- 116 1,030 Saudi Arabia 238 606 26,100 123,000 -- -- 26,400 124,000 Singapore 16,500 32,400 1,440 13,300 421 586 18,400 46,300 South Africa 12 43 147 2,200 -- -- 159 2,250 Taiwan 2,460 4,240 2,910 20,400 100,000 103,000 106,000 128,000 Thailand 115 234 7,990 28,900 5,940 7,890 14,000 37,000 Ukraine -- -- 6 59 22 13 27 72 United Kingdom 769 3,440 10,000 93,000 572 1,720 11,400 98,100 Venezuela 41 546 361 2,270 718 1,000 1,120 3,820 Other 6,430 r 14,800 90,100 r 394,000 r 80,300 82,300 177,000 491,000 r

Total 262,000 514,000 789,000 3,270,000 1,660,000 2,120,000 2,710,000 5,910,000
2010:

Brazil 1,080 2,830 14,300 79,600 4,890 9,060 20,300 91,500 Canada 88,800 217,000 361,000 1,360, 000 125,000 233,000 575,000 1,810,000 China 3,910 8,590 32,600 200,000 1, 220,000 2,030,000 1,250,000 2,240,000 France 1,480 5,180 11,200 80,300 932 1,840 13,600 87,300 Germany 3,170 8,780 9,680 70,600 498 1,600 13,300 81,000 Hong Kong 109 311 10,800 47,900 53,000 83,000 63,800 131,000 Italy 36 261 2,490 28,600 19 66 2,540 28,900 Japan 1,810 7,430 8,730 106, 000 23,800 49,100 34,300 162,000 Kazakhstan -- -- 6 279 -- -- 6 279 Korea, Republic of 454 2,140 15,100 107,000 155,000 230,000 171,000 339,000 Mexico 174,000 425,000 258,000 1,040, 000 153,000 323,000 586,000 1,790,000 Netherlands 190 629 733 8,680 448 838 1,370 10,200 Philippines 3 25 336 4,760 -- -- 339 4,780 Russia 1 8 90 900 -- -- 91 908 Saudi Arabia 9 49 16,800 60,100 9 17 16,900 60,100 Singapore 726 2,790 2,820 26,700 426 629 3,970 30,100 South Africa 9 80 346 2,750 -- -- 356 2,820 Taiwan 2,080 5,400 5,960 32,400 107,000 125,000 115,000 163,000 Thailand 30 214 1,390 13,000 5,070 8,380 6,490 21,600
Ukraine -- -- (3) 6 -- -- (3) 6 United Kingdom 639 2,370 9,780 89,000 598 1,260 11,000 92,600 Venezuela 6 74 547 4,600 -- -- 553 4,670 Other 5,270 19,600 78,900 393,000 66,700 90,900 151,000 504,000

Total 284,000 709,000 842,000 3,750,000 1,910,000 3,190,000 3,040,000 7,650,000

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Metals and alloys, crude Plates, sheets, bars, etc. 2 Scrap

3 Less than 1⁄2 unit. Total TABLE 10
U.S. EXPORTS OF ALUMINUM, BY COUNTRY 1

rRevised. -- Zero.

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2Includes castings, forgings, and unclassified semifabricated forms.ALUMINUM—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 5.17 Quantity Value Quantity Value Class (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (thousands) Crude and semicrude:

Metals and alloys, crude 2,900,000 $4,960,000 2,650,000 $6,110,000 Plates, sheets, strip, etc., n.e.c. 2 499,000 1,550,000 666,000 2,270,000 Pipes, tubes, etc. 33,400 190,000 27,500 210,000 Rods and bars 254,000 783,000 274,000 899,000 Scrap 433,000 503,000 504,000 763,000

Total 4,110,000 7,980, 000 4,120,000 10,300,000 Manufactures:

Foil and leaf 3 102,000 389,000 126,000 497,000 Powders and flakes 5,710 22,200 10,100 45,100 Wire 156,000 321,000 145,000 387,000

Total 264,000 732,000 281,000 930,000 Grand total 4,380,000 8,710,000 4,400,000 11,200,000

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2Includes circles, disks, plates, and sheets.

3 Excludes etched capacitor foil.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 11
U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF ALUMINUM, BY CLASS 1

2009 20105.18 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Country (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (thousands) (metric tons) (thousands)
2009:

Argentina 164,000 $269,000 2 $32 -- -- 164,000 $269,000 Australia 7,500 13,600 44 581 -- -- 7,550 14,200 Bahrain 1,690 4,400 9,860 28,100 -- -- 11,600 32,500 Belgium 178 685 2,180 9,540 26 $56 2,380 10,300 Brazil 106,000 183,000 15,000 33,500 -- -- 121,000 216,000 Canada 2,020,000 3,490,000 261,000 772, 000 293,000 328,000 2,570,000 4,590,000 China 1,890 3,570 250,000 668,000 9 39 252,000 672,000 France 1,520 8,970 1,710 17,800 35 335 3,260 27,100 Germany 579 2,270 61,200 309,000 413 883 62,200 312,000 Italy ( 3 ) 23 3,540 21,300 97 79 3,630 21,400 Japan 492 1,210 8,900 42,900 414 1,340 9,800 45,400 Korea, Republic of 2,330 4,000 1,580 7,430 105 157 4,010 11,600 Mexico 18,400 68,800 13,400 63,000 95,700 120,000 128,000 252,000 Netherlands 210 859 1,560 9,780 2,150 2,800 3,920 13,400 Norway 442 926 14 412 -- -- 457 1,340 Panama 197 298 -- -- 1,640 1,830 1,840 2,120 Russia 353,000 548,000 16,700 67,300 1,740 2,970 371,000 618,000 South Africa 52,900 76,000 37,800 97,700 27 28 90,700 174,000 Tajikstan 6,690 8,260 -- -- -- -- 6,690 8,260 United Arab Emirates 48,300 93,800 -- -- 16 18 48,300 93,900 United Kingdom 355 1,290 4,760 24,000 8,840 9,280 14,000 34,600 Venezuela 84,400 131,000 6,250 10,700 8,390 12,700 99,100 155,000 Other 23,800 r 43,200 r 90,100 r 336,000 r 20,300 22,200 134,000 r 401,000 r

Total 2,900,000 4,960,000 786,000 2, 520,000 433,000 503,000 4,110,000 7,980,000
2010:

Argentina 138,000 288,000 3 38 -- -- 138,000 288,000 Australia 28,400 68,600 119 1,040 103 141 28,600 69,800 Bahrain -- -- 16,600 47,400 6 3 16,600 47,400 Belgium 102 379 2,000 9,820 1 5 2,110 10,200 Brazil 57,300 131,000 14,200 38,700 282 506 71,800 171,000 Canada 1,920,000 4,490,000 316,000 1, 010,000 343,000 519,000 2,580,000 6,110,000 China 1,220 3,680 272,000 782,000 77 248 273,000 786,000 France 1,610 9,740 2,940 25,900 53 392 4,590 36,000 Germany 970 3,710 68,600 331,000 231 862 69,800 336,000 Italy 199 427 3,560 24,500 227 169 3,980 25,100 Japan 901 2,000 7,110 44,800 693 1,520 8,710 48,300 Korea, Republic of 2,490 6,840 2,240 11,500 143 385 4,870 18,700 Mexico 24,100 84,000 22,000 110,000 107,000 156,000 153,000 351,000 Netherlands 390 1,490 1,920 12,900 553 885 2,870 15,300 Norway 2,100 4,750 80 457 128 223 2,300 5,430 Panama 502 1,010 14 50 2,320 3,890 2,840 4,950 Russia 203,000 449,000 14,700 68,800 -- -- 218,000 518,000 South Africa 14,300 29,500 49,000 158,000 -- -- 63,300 187,000 United Arab Emirates 81,700 195,000 5 20 71 125 81,800 195,000 United Kingdom 437 1,940 7,250 32,400 7,890 13,400 15,600 47,700 Venezuela 123,000 251,000 2,480 5,230 1,940 3,340 127,000 260,000 Other 41,700 88,700 161,000 566, 000 40,100 62,400 243,000 717,000

Total 2,650,000 6,110,000 967,000 3, 380,000 504,000 763,000 4,120,000 10,300,000 Total

3 Less than 1⁄2 unit.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 12
U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF ALUMINUM, BY COUNTRY 1

rRevised. -- Zero.

1 Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown.

2Includes circles, disks, pipes, rods, tubes, etc. Metals and alloys, crude Plates, sheets, bars, etc. 2 ScrapALUMINUM—2010 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 5.19 Country 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 e Argentina 273 271 394 410 r 415 Australia 1,932 1,957 1,974 1,943 1,928 3 Azerbaijan 32 39 40 30 30
Bahrain 872 865 872 848 r 870 Bosnia and Herzegovina4 121 r 122 123 e 96 118 Brazil 1,605 1,655 1,661 1,536 1,536 p, 3

Cameroon 88 e 87 91 73 76 3
Canada 3,051 3,083 3,120 3,030 2,963 3

Chinae 9,360 12,600 13,200 12,900 16,200 Egypt 252 258 260 265 266
France 442 428 389 345 356 3 Germany 516 551 606 292 394 Ghana 8 -- -- -- --
Greece 163 166 160 130 r 130 Hungarye 34 -- -- -- --
Iceland 5 320 398 787 785 780
India 6 1,105 1,222 1,308 1,400 1,450
Indonesia 6 250 242 243 250 252
Iran e 205 216 248 250 250 Italy 194 183 180 e 171 r 168 Japan 7 7 7 e 776
Kazakhstan -- 12 r 106 127 227 3 Montenegro 122 124 107 64 80 Mozambique 564 564 536 545 557 3

Netherlands 312 301 301 e 300 300
New Zealand 337 353 316 271 344 3
Nigeria -- -- 11 13 21 3 Norway 1,331 1,357 1,358 1,130 800
Oman -- -- 49 351 367 3

Poland 8 58 54 r 48 -- r

-- Qatar -- -- -- 10 190
Romania9 256 283 265 201 r 207 3
Russia 3,718 3,955 4,190 3,815 3,947 3

Slovakia 6 158 160 163 150 163
Slovenia4 118 111 83 35 r 40 3

South Africa 895 r 899 r 811 809 807 3
Spain 349 408 408 e 360 r 340
Sweden 101 98 112 70 93 3

Switzerland 12 -- -- -- -- Tajikistan 414 419 339 359 349 3
Turkeye 60 65 65 35 r, e 60
Ukraine 9 113 113 113 50 25 United Arab Emirates 861 890 948 1,010 1,400 United Kingdom 360 365 326 253 186 3
United States 2,284 2,554 2,658 1,727 1,726 3

Venezuelae 610 610 610 410 r 335 Total 33,900 38,000 r 39,600 36,900 r 40,800
See footnotes at end of table. TABLE 13 ALUMINUM, PRIMARY: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2

(Thousand metric tons)5.20 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2010 eEstimated. pPreliminary. rRevised. -- Zero.

1 World totals and estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. TABLE 13 ALUMINUM, PRIMARY: WORLD PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY 1, 2

9 Primary unalloyed metal plus primary alloyed metal, thus including weight of alloying material. 2Primary aluminum is defined as “The weight of liquid aluminum as tapped from pots, excluding the weight of any alloying materials as well as that of any metal produced from either returned scrap of remelted material.” International reporting practices vary from country to country, some nations conforming to the foregoing definition and others using different definitions. For those countries for wh ich a different definition is given specifically in the source publication, that definition is provided in this table by footnote. Table includ es data available

3 Reported figure.

4Primary ingot plus secondary ingot. through May 24, 2011.

5 Ingot and rolling billet production.

6Primary ingot.

7 Excludes high purity aluminum containing 99.995% or more as follows, in metric tons: 2006—49,667; 2007—50,777; 2008—52,000 (revised); 2009—33,000 (revised); and 2010—45,000 (estimated).

8 Primary unalloyed ingot plus secondary unalloyed ingot.