* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is

not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,

and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value

consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

June 11, 2009

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

ADAM FLETCHER YOUNG,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

BILL WINCHESTER, Sheriff,

Garfield County; MISTY TAYLOR,

Jail Administrator; TRACY

DICKSON, Jailer,

Defendants-Appellants,

COUNTY OF GARFIELD;

GARFIELD COUNTY DETENTION

CENTER AUTHORITY, an OK “Title

60” Authority; RANDY COLEMAN,

Deputy Jail Administrator; TONY

STOKES, Jailer; SHEILA GABRIEL,

Jailer,

Defendants.

No. 08-6237

(D.C. No. 5:06-CV-00146-D)

(W.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before KELLY, McKAY, and BRISCOE, Circuit Judges.
1 All other claims in Young’s complaint against these and the other named

defendants were resolved in favor of defendants and are not at issue in this

appeal. Accordingly, when we refer to “defendants,” we are referring solely to

Bill Winchester, Misty Taylor, and Tracy Dickson.

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Adam Fletcher Young filed a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against defendantsappellants Bill Winchester, Misty Taylor, and Tracy Dickson, alleging in Counts I

and II of the Amended Complaint that they violated his constitutional rights by

failing to protect him from harm when he was imprisoned in the Garfield County

Jail. Defendants moved for summary judgment on the basis of qualified

immunity. The district court concluded that there were genuine issues of material

fact in dispute that precluded summary judgment in favor of Winchester and

Taylor on Counts I and II, and in favor of Dickson on Count I.1

 Defendants filed

an interlocutory appeal from the denial of their motion for summary judgment. 

We conclude that we lack jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal and therefore

the appeal must be dismissed. 

Background

Young’s failure-to-protect claims stem from two alleged attacks while he

was in custody at the Garfield County Jail. The first attack occurred on August 7,

2005. Prior to the first attack, Young had filed a grievance in which he notified

Taylor and Winchester that another inmate, Isaac Sevilla, had shown him the

home addresses of his family members and friends. Young indicated that Sevilla
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was doing this as a “veiled threat” and that Sevilla had offered to sell the

addresses back to him. Aplt. App. at 347. He asked for Taylor and Winchester to

“prevent [Sevilla] from acquiring my family[’s] addresses and to prevent [Sevilla]

from following through on his threats to me and my family.” Id. A few days

after he filed the grievance, Young spoke to Taylor and expressed concern about

paying Sevilla for the addresses. He told her that he suspected Sevilla may have

written them down elsewhere and would try to sell them to him again or continue

to threaten him. 

On August 9, Young filed another grievance, reporting that on the night of

August 7, while he was asleep, his electric cell door opened and two inmates

came in and attacked him. He stated that after the attack Dickson had the “trusty”

bring him a mop and bucket and made him clean up his own blood in his cell. Id.

at 331. Young also indicated in the grievance that Dickson was working in the

control tower at the time of the attack and was responsible for opening his cell

door. Young did not identify his attackers in the grievance. 

On August 16, Sevilla informed Taylor that he had attacked Young on the

night of August 7. Sevilla gave a different version of the attack and also gave

Taylor some notes that he and Young had exchanged about an escape attempt that

Young was planning. On August 19, the second attack occurred when Young was

left unattended in an open room with Sevilla and other inmates. 
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In February 2006, Young filed his § 1983 action. In his amended

complaint, he alleged that his constitutional rights were violated when Taylor,

Winchester and Dickson failed to protect him from the attack on August 7, 2005

(Count I), and when Taylor and Winchester failed to protect him from the attack

on August 19, 2005 (Count II). Defendants moved for summary judgment on the

basis of qualified immunity. 

The District Court’s Decision

The Magistrate Judge issued a Report and Recommendation, concluding

that summary judgment should be denied because there was evidence establishing

that defendants were aware of and disregarded a substantial risk to Young’s safety

and because a prison official’s obligation to protect a prisoner’s safety is a clearly

established constitutional right. 

Defendants objected to the Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation. 

First, defendants challenged the Magistrate Judge’s finding that they had

sufficient knowledge that another inmate was likely to injure Young and that they

disregarded that risk. With respect to the first attack, defendants argued that the

grievance about Sevilla’s extortion attempt and Young’s conversation with Taylor

about that attempt did not lead them to believe that Sevilla posed a physical threat

to Young. With respect to the second attack, defendants acknowledged that

Sevilla had confessed to the first attack but argued Sevilla had told them that
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Young provoked him by entering his cell and refusing to leave. They also

asserted that notes provided by Sevilla showed that he and Young were friends.

The district court considered defendants’ objections and then adopted the

Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation. The district court found that

“[d]efendants’ arguments rely on facts stated most favorably to their position and

overlook facts favorable to [Young].” Aplt. App. at 411. The district court

concluded that “[v]iewing the entire record, and giving [Young] the benefit of all

reasonable inferences in his favor, a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that

Defendants knew Sevilla presented a substantial risk of physical harm to [Young]

but disregarded that risk.” Id.

Regarding the first attack, the district court found that “[i]n the context in

which Sevilla’s threat was made, and in view of the fact that [Young] disclosed

Sevilla’s conduct to jail officials, a reasonable inference which could be drawn is

that Defendants Winchester and Taylor knew [Young] was at risk of retribution

from Sevilla when the first attack occurred.” Id. Regarding the second attack,

the district court found that “a factual issue is presented whether Defendants

Winchester and Taylor reasonably believed, based on the fact Sevilla confessed to

the first attack and reported his version of events, that he presented no further risk

of injury to [Young].” Id. With respect to the claim against Dickson, the district

court found that Young’s “testimony that Dickson brought a mop and bucket to

[Young’s] cell after the attack to clean up [Young’s] blood could reasonably show
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Defendant Dickson’s knowledge of the attack at the time it occurred, not that

Defendant Dickson simply learned about it afterward, as argued by Defendants.”

Id. at 412. The district court concluded that Young had “presented sufficient

facts, if believed [to] establish violations of his constitutional right to reasonable

safety with regard to both inmate attacks.” Id.

Next, defendants argued that the law was not clearly established in August

2005 that the specific conduct shown by the record violated Young’s

constitutional rights. The district court concluded:

Like their arguments concerning the existence of a constitutional

violation, their arguments in support of this assertion-- that a

reasonable official would not have known that inmate Sevilla

presented a threat to Plaintiff’s physical safety--depend on facts not

established by the summary judgment record or factual inferences on

which reasonable minds could differ. Thus, this issue cannot be

determined as a matter of law, and summary judgment on the basis of

qualified immunity is inappropriate. 

Id. at 412-13 (emphasis added). 

Discussion

This court has jurisdiction over interlocutory appeals involving the denial

of qualified immunity “only to the extent that the appeal is based on an issue of

law.” Dixon v. Kirkpatrick, 553 F.3d 1294, 1301 (10th Cir. 2009) (emphasis in

original). “[W]e are not at liberty to review a district court’s factual conclusions,

such as the existence of a genuine issue of material fact for a jury to decide, or

that a plaintiff’s evidence is sufficient to support a particular factual inference.” 

Fogarty v. Gallegos, 523 F.3d 1147, 1154 (10th Cir. 2008). We lack jurisdiction
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over this appeal because defendants challenge the denial of qualified immunity

based on the district court’s factual rather than legal conclusions.

The district court denied summary judgment because there were genuine

issues of material fact in dispute, which is the type of factual determination that

“is not appealable even in a qualified immunity case.” Dixon, 553 F.3d at 1301. 

Yet defendants’ appeal seeks to challenge the district court’s factual conclusions. 

Defendants assert that “the district court incorrectly concluded that Defendants

Taylor and Winchester drew the specific inference that inmate Sevilla was likely

to injure [Young] and that they disregarded the risk.” Aplt. Br. at 12. They argue

that “the record contains substantial grounds reflecting their belief that Sevilla

was not a risk to [Young].” Id. at 12 (emphasis in original). In support of their

argument, defendants discuss the record evidence and present their version of

what reasonable inferences should be drawn from the facts. See id. at 12-17. The

same is true for their argument about Dickson. See id. at 18. At this stage in the

proceedings, “[w]e must scrupulously avoid second-guessing the district court’s

determinations regarding whether [a plaintiff] has presented evidence sufficient to

survive summary judgment.” Garrett v. Stratman, 254 F.3d 946, 952 (10th Cir.

2001) (quotation omitted). Because defendants are asking this court to review the

district court’s resolution of disputed facts, as opposed to purely legal

determinations, we lack jurisdiction to consider this portion of the appeal. 
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Defendants next argue it was not clearly established that their conduct, “as

supported by the record,” violated Young’s constitutional rights. Aplt. Br. at 19. 

This argument initially appears to involve a legal determination over which we

would have jurisdiction. See Fogarty, 523 F.3d at 1153-54 (“[W]e may review

the district court’s abstract legal conclusions, such as whether the law was clearly

established at the time of the alleged infraction.”). But defendants do not actually

challenge the district court’s legal conclusion about the existence of a clearly

established right. The magistrate judge determined that “a prison official’s

obligation to protect a prisoner’s safety and bodily integrity is a clearly

established right.” Aplt. App. at 388. Defendants do not challenge this legal

conclusion; instead, drawing all of the inferences in their favor, they essentially

reassert their first argument– that the facts in the record would not lead a

reasonable officer to conclude that there was a risk of physical harm to Young. 

Because this argument involves a challenge to the district court’s factual, not

legal, conclusions, this court lacks jurisdiction to consider it. 

Defendants’ appeal would require us to decide the correctness of the

district court’s factual determinations, which we are not permitted to do at this 

stage in the proceedings. Accordingly, we DISMISS defendants’ interlocutory 
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appeal for lack of jurisdiction and REMAND to the district court for further

proceedings.

Appellee’s motion for appointment of counsel is DENIED.

Entered for the Court

Mary Beck Briscoe

Circuit Judge