COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Beales, Russell* and Malveaux

JADE TATIANA BAINE

MEMORANDUM OPINION**

v. Record No. 1034-21-2 PER CURIAM

JULY 5, 2022

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HENRICO COUNTY

L. A. Harris, Jr., Judge

(Joshua Farmer; Farmer Legal PLLC, on brief), for appellant.

(Jason S. Miyares, Attorney General; Lucille M. Wall, Assistant 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Following a bench trial, the trial court convicted Jade Tatiana Baine of assault and battery 

on a law enforcement officer. On appeal, appellant contends the trial court erred in denying her 

motion to dismiss the indictment. She argues that a 2020 dismissal of a previous indictment of 

the same charge required the trial court to dismiss the current indictment. Appellant more 

specifically asserts that the trial court erred in determining that the previous dismissal was 

without prejudice and thus abused its discretion in allowing her to be tried again on the same 

charge. After a review of the briefs and record in this case, the panel unanimously holds that oral 

argument is unnecessary because “the appeal is wholly without merit.” Code § 17.1-403(ii)(a); 

Rule 5A:27(a). We affirm the decision of the trial court.

* Justice Russell participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to his investiture 

as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia.

** Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.

UNPUBLISHED
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BACKGROUND

In January 2021, a grand jury indicted appellant on one count of assault and battery on a law 

enforcement officer. Appellant filed a motion in limine to dismiss the indictment based on double 

jeopardy grounds. According to appellant’s motion, the grand jury previously had indicted her on 

the underlying charge, and she proceeded to trial on that charge in November 2020. The 

Commonwealth’s witness did not appear for the 2020 trial, and the trial court subsequently 

dismissed the matter by entering a written order dated November 12, 2020. The 2020 order stated

that the trial court, “for the reasons stated to the record hereby dismisses the charge against the 

accused, without prejudice.”1 The record discloses no challenge to the dismissal order.

Prior to entering a plea, appellant argued the motion to dismiss on double jeopardy grounds, 

asserting that the trial court’s 2020 dismissal “without prejudice” was “erroneous” and “should have 

been corrected.” Appellant argued that the motion to dismiss was made by the trial court sua 

sponte, rather than on a motion from the Commonwealth to nolle prosequi, and that the trial court 

had no discussion of whether the dismissal was with or without prejudice. Appellant asserted that 

because a dismissal without prejudice was tantamount to a nolle prosequi, the trial court was 

required to make a finding of good cause. Appellant alleged that the trial court had made no such 

finding and that the trial court’s later written order stating that dismissal was without prejudice was 

incorrect. Concluding that “no jeopardy attached” and that “the order itself was entered without 

prejudice[,]” the trial court denied appellant’s motion to dismiss, and her trial on the 2021 

indictment was held on May 5, 2021. 

1 A transcript of the 2020 proceedings is not a part of the record. The details regarding 

the hearing come from appellant’s 2021 motion in limine to the trial court. Appellant 

acknowledged the lack of transcript from the November 2020 hearing and asserted that all 

statements regarding the hearing are based upon her attorney’s “independent recollection of the 

matter.” The trial court’s November 12, 2020 dismissal order is included in the record.
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After the trial court denied the motion, appellant pled not guilty, and the Commonwealth 

presented its evidence. At the close of evidence, appellant moved to strike based on her previous 

arguments. The trial court denied the motion to strike and convicted appellant of assault and battery 

on a law enforcement officer. Appellant timely noted her appeal.

ANALYSIS

Appellant assigns error to the trial court’s denial of her motion to dismiss. She contends that 

the trial court abused its discretion by allowing her “to be tried a second time for a crime that had 

previously been dismissed, sua sponte, without evidence of good cause for either a nolle prosequi or 

dismissal without prejudice.” In support of her argument, appellant posits that there is no 

disagreement between the parties as to the following facts:

(1) [t]hat the Commonwealth did not make a motion for either a nolle 

prosequi or dismissal (either with or without prejudice), (2) [t]hat the 

Commonwealth did not offer any evidence that there was good cause 

for either a nolle prosequi or dismissal without prejudice,(3) [t]hat 

the [c]ourt dismissed the matter on its own motion, and (4) [t]hat 

there was no discussion by defense counsel, the Commonwealth, or 

the [c]ourt about the issue of prejudice.[2]

Appellant contends, based on “these attendant circumstances[,]” that “the only proper result [from 

the prior proceedings] would be a dismissal with prejudice” and the trial court therefore erred in 

denying her motion to dismiss. In considering appellant’s challenge on appeal, we recognize that

“the [trial] court’s judgment is presumptively correct and the burden is on the appellant to present a 

sufficient record to permit a determination whether the [trial] court committed an alleged error.” 

Commonwealth v. Williams, 262 Va. 661, 669 (2001).

2 The Commonwealth does not dispute appellant’s first three points. However, in its

written response to appellant’s motion in limine, the Commonwealth asserted that, in the trial 

court, counsel for the Commonwealth did not have a recollection of a “specific mention by the 

[c]ourt as to whether the dismissal was with or without prejudice.”
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Appellant’s argument turns on statements she claims were made at the November 2020

hearing. A transcript of this hearing, however, has not been made part of this record for our 

consideration. “[A]n appellate court’s review of the case is limited to the record on appeal.” Karr 

v. Va. Dep’t. of Env’t Quality, 66 Va. App. 507, 520 (2016) (alteration in original) (quoting Wilkins 

v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 711, 717 (2015)). Moreover, we may not consider counsel’s 

recollection of the November 2020 hearing. See Jackson v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 218, 224

(2004) (“An appellate court must dispose of the case upon the record and cannot base its decision 

upon appellant’s petition or brief, or statements of counsel in open court. We may act only upon 

facts contained in the record.” (quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 16 Va.App. 630, 635 (1993))). 

We do not have before us a record adequate to determine what transpired at appellant’s first trial, 

including any discussion the trial court may have had regarding the dismissal of the indictment. 

Therefore, we are limited in our review to the material contained in the record on appeal which,

relevant to appellant’s assignment of error, is the trial court’s written order of dismissal.

The trial court’s written order explicitly states that the dismissal of the original indictment 

was “without prejudice.” “It is well established in this Commonwealth that a circuit court speaks 

only through its written orders.” Roe v. Commonwealth, 271 Va. 453, 457 (2006). We presume 

that those orders “accurately reflect what transpired.” Marttila v. City of Lynchburg, 33 Va. App. 

592, 598 (2000) (quoting McBride v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 30, 35 (1997)). Additionally, 

“[t]rial courts have the authority to interpret their own orders.” Davis v. Commonwealth, 70 

Va. App. 722, 732 (2019) (quoting Fredericksburg Const. Co. v. J.W. Wyne Excavating, Inc., 

260 Va. 137, 144 (2000)). This Court “defer[s] to the trial court’s interpretation of its own 

order,” but that interpretation must be reasonable, and an abuse of discretion standard applies.

Id. (quoting Leitao v. Commonwealth, 39 Va. App. 435, 438 (2002)).
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As we are guided by the trial court’s written dismissal order, and as there is no evidence

contained in the record to contradict this conclusion, we read it to accurately reflect the trial court’s 

intent and actions. Accordingly, we must conclude that the 2020 dismissal order constituted a 

dismissal without prejudice. Therefore, we hold that the trial court’s interpretation of the initial 

dismissal orderin the present action is reasonable and find no abuse of discretion.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm appellant’s conviction.

Affirmed.