Filed 1/18/24 P. v. Tapia CA4/3

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

 Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

MIGUEL ANGEL TAPIA,

 Defendant and Appellant.

 G061786

 (Super. Ct. No. 96CF0802)

 O P I N I O N

Appeal from a postjudgment order of the Superior Court of Orange County, 

Scott A. Steiner, Judge. Reversed and remanded.

Aurora Elizabeth Bewicke, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for 

Defendant and Appellant.

Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Charles C. Ragland, Assistant Attorney General, Robin Urbanski, Alan Amann 

and Minh U. Le, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

* * *
2

Defendant Miguel Angel Tapia appeals from an order denying his petition 

for resentencing made pursuant to Penal Code former section 1170.96 (now Pen. Code,

§ 1172.6).

1

Tapia and four codefendants—Juan Rivera, Carlos Diaz, Guadalupe Vertiz, 

and Jorge Castro—were convicted in 1998 of second degree murder for the stabbing 

death of Cesar Arroyo. The trial court denied Tapia’s resentencing petition without 

issuing an order to show cause on the ground the record of conviction, including Tapia’s 

testimony, established beyond dispute that Tapia was the actual killer. We conclude the 

trial court should have issued an order to show cause and conducted an evidentiary 

hearing and, therefore, reverse and remand for those purposes. 

FACTS

I. Attack and Killing of Arroyo

On March 14, 1996, at around 9:20 a.m., K.L., her boyfriend Cesar Arroyo, 

and her sister L.L. were walking northbound on Standard Street in Santa Ana on their 

way to a grocery store. A brown-colored car approached them from the opposite 

direction, made a U-turn, and pulled up beside them. Rivera jumped out of the car and, 

with a beer can in his hand, asked Arroyo, “‘Where you from?’” Arroyo responded, “‘I 

don’t claim.” When Rivera asked him again, Arroyo insisted, “‘Really I don’t claim.’” 

Rivera proclaimed, “‘We’re from Lopers,” or “‘big, bad Lopers’” and threw the beer can 

at Arroyo. K.L. interceded, and the beer can hit her on the head.

Tapia, Diaz, Vertiz, and Castro then jumped out of the car and with Rivera, 

started beating Arroyo. Arroyo, who was five feet 5 inches tall and weighed 131 pounds,

did not fight back. After a minute or two of being beaten, Arroyo fell to the ground 

against the fence. He tried to cover and protect himself while Tapia and his codefendants 

1

 Effective June 30, 2022, Penal Code section 1170.95 was renumbered 

section 1172.6, with no change in text (Stats. 2022, ch. 58, § 10). All statutory references 

are to the Penal Code.
3

continued to assault him. They continued to kick and hit Arroyo for five to six minutes 

as he lay on the ground.2Tapia and Vertiz punched K.L. when she tried to pull them off 

of Arroyo. 

At some point, Tapia stepped away and stood behind L.L. A few seconds 

later, three of the defendants got back into the car while another stood at the back of the 

car and waited. Arroyo managed to stand up. One defendant, identified as wearing a 

blue shirt and dark, square pants, went up to Arroyo and pushed him in the chest. Arroyo 

started walking, then stumbled and fell to the ground. 

The defendant who pushed Arroyo walked back to the car and got in. Once 

all five were inside, they drove away. 

L.L. went to seek help, and police officers arrived shortly thereafter. 

Arroyo had been stabbed several times and later died from his wounds. 

Police officers took K.L. and L.L. to a liquor store where the officers had 

pulled over a car matching the description of the car the defendants were in. Tapia and 

his four codefendants were inside the car. Both K.L. and L.L. identified Tapia as having 

participated in the attack on Arroyo. 

II. Arroyo’s Autopsy

Joseph Halka, a pathologist for the Orange County Sheriff-Coroner, 

performed an autopsy on Arroyo’s body. Halka testified that Arroyo died from 

exsanguination (he bled to death) caused by a stab wound to the heart and left lung. 

Halka found a total of seven stab or slash wounds. The wound to the heart was caused by 

a knife with a “two-edged configuration,” meaning it was sharp on both edges or sides. 

Before Arroyo died, emergency surgery had been performed that altered “some of the 

2

K.L. testified that while Arroyo was on the ground the defendants hit and 

kicked him. L.L. testified that four of the five defendants “piled on” Arroyo as he lay on 

the ground and one defendant stood behind her. 
4

contours” of the wounds. The remaining knife wounds, including defensive slash and 

“punctate” wounds, were nonfatal and could have been caused by either a two-edged 

knife or a one-edged knife. Arroyo also had bruises and contusions on his body.

III. Tapia’s Police Interview and Trial Testimony

Police investigators interviewed Tapia early on March 15, 1996. Tapia 

admitted that he and his fellow gang members had attacked Arroyo but repeatedly denied 

having used a weapon. Tapia told the investigators that, before the attack, “the other 

guys said, ‘watch that guy,’” with reference to Arroyo. Diaz (the driver) stopped the car, 

everyone got out, and they started attacking Arroyo. When asked why Tapia attacked 

Arroyo, Tapia responded, “But was very — if you see him in the street like that, you’re 

going to figure he’s a gang member, and you’re going to stop him, and you’re going to 

say hey, you understand me?” Tapia claimed he did not have any weapons and did not 

stab Arroyo. 

At trial, Tapia testified he was the one who stabbed Arroyo and he had lied 

to police when he was arrested. He testified he did have a knife in his pants’ pocket and 

had obtained the knife from work at a Del Taco, where he use it to cut up boxes.3 The 

knife was “straight” (as opposed to being a folding knife), had a three-inch blade and a 

three-inch handle, and was sharp on both edges. He did not have a sheath or pouch for 

the knife but on March 14, 1996, he was wearing oversized pants with huge pockets that 

could accommodate the knife. Tapia testified he had forgotten about the knife when he 

left work at 4:00 p.m. 

3

Payroll records for the Del Taco showed that Tapia had last worked there 

on February 15, 1995. Tapia’s father, who was the manager of the Del Taco, testified 

that knives that were sharp on both edges were used at that Del Taco and that he had not 

seen such a knife at the store in March 1996.
5

Tapia testified that he and his codefendants did not have any discussion 

about getting into a fight. Tapia had been drinking earlier that night and was drunk. 

Tapia claimed that as the five drove past Arroyo he screamed, “Little Minnie Locotes” 

and lifted his hand with five fingers outstretched at a 45-degree angle. The car made a 

U-turn and all five passengers got out of the car and attacked Arroyo. Tapia took out the 

knife and stabbed Arroyo. Tapia remembered stabbing Arroyo a few times. Tapia did 

not remember how it happened because he was drunk and did not recall why he stabbed 

Arroyo. When he realized he was stabbing Arroyo with a knife, Tapia got scared and ran 

back to the car. He did not think he had seriously injured Arroyo because Arroyo was 

still standing and walking. 

Tapia and his codefendants got back into the car and drove off. Later they 

returned to the place where they had attacked Arroyo and saw an ambulance. They then 

drove to a liquor store to buy more beer. Soon thereafter, they were stopped by police 

officers and arrested.

At first, Tapia claimed that he could not remember what he did with the 

knife. But he then testified that he had tossed the knife out of the driver’s side window

while on the way to the liquor store. Tapia claimed none of his codefendants knew he 

had a knife, that he had stabbed Arroyo, or that he had tossed the knife out the window. 

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

I. The Jury Trial Leading to Tapia’s Conviction for Second Degree Murder

Tapia and the four other defendants were charged by amended information 

filed in 1997, with the murder of Arroyo. It was alleged the murder was committed for 

the benefit of, at the direction of and in association with a criminal street gang. 

(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) 

In May 1998 Tapia and his codefendants were tried together by jury.

Outside the jury’s presence all defendants admitted that they were members of the 
6

Lopers, that the Lopers was a criminal street gang, and any alleged crimes they were 

convicted of committing had been committed for the benefit of the Lopers. 

The jury was instructed on aiding and abetting, conspiracy, murder, express 

and implied malice, attempted murder, second degree murder resulting from an unlawful 

act dangerous to life, and the lesser included offenses of assault with a deadly weapon, 

simple battery, and simple assault. 

The jury convicted all defendants of second degree murder. The jury found 

that Tapia had personally used a knife at the time of the commission of the murder. 

The trial court sentenced Tapia to a term of 28 years to life in prison, which 

included a principal term of 15 years to life for murder, four years for enhancements, and 

nine years for other offenses not relevant here. 

Tapia and the other defendants appealed. In an unpublished opinion, a 

panel of this court remanded for reconsideration of presentence custody credits award but 

otherwise affirmed the judgment and sentence. (People v. Diaz et al. (Mar. 28, 2001, 

G023892).)

II. Tapia’s Petition for Resentencing

In April 2022, Tapia filed a petition for resentencing under section 1172.6.

In a written response, the prosecution argued the petition should be denied at the prima 

facie stage because the record of conviction, based on the jury’s true finding that Tapia 

personally used a deadly weapon, established he was the actual killer. 

Tapia, for whom counsel had been appointed, filed a brief in support of 

resentencing and argued that an order to show cause should be issued based on his 

allegations that he was eligible for relief. Tapia argued the jury’s true finding that he 

personally used a knife in the murder did not necessarily mean the jury had found he was 

the actual killer because it could have found that he displayed the knife or struck the 

victim with its butt end.
7

The trial court denied Tapia’s resentencing petition at a hearing held on 

September 8, 2022. Tapia filed a notice of appeal on the same day. About one month 

later the trial court issued a statement of decision. The court found: “The record of 

conviction, including Petitioner’s own testimony before the jury in this case conclusively 

shows that petitioner was the actual killer. [¶] As the actual killer, petitioner would be 

guilty of murder under the current law and is ineligible for resentencing under Section 

1172.6.” 

PROCEDURE AND STANDARDS UNDER SECTION 1172.6

By legislation effective January 1, 2019, the Legislature amended the 

felony-murder rule and eliminated the natural and probable consequences doctrine of 

liability as a basis for a murder conviction. (Stats, 2018, ch. 1015, § 2; see People v. 

Reyes (2023) 14 Cal.5th 981, 984.) The latter result was accomplished by amending 

section 188 to provide that, except in cases of felony murder, “in order to be convicted of 

murder, a principal in a crime shall act with malice aforethought.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3).) 

To obtain relief under section 1172.6, a petitioner must file in the 

sentencing court a petition alleging these three conditions have been met: (1) the 

petitioner was convicted based on a pleading “that allowed the prosecution to proceed 

under a theory of felony murder, murder under the natural and probable consequences 

doctrine or other theory under which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that 

person’s participation in a crime” (§ 1172.6, subd. (a)(1)); (2) the petitioner was 

convicted of murder or attempted murder (id., subd. (a)(2)); and (3) the petitioner could 

not now be convicted of murder or attempted murder as those offenses are presently 

defined (id., subd. (a)(3)). 

If the petition satisfies certain technical requirements, then the trial court 

appoints counsel if the petitioner has requested counsel. (§ 1176.2, subd. (b)(3).) Next, 

“the prosecutor shall file and serve a response,” and “[t]he petitioner may file and serve a 
8

reply within 30 days after the prosecutor’s response is served.” (Id., subd. (c).) Once 

briefing is completed, the trial court determines whether the petitioner has made a prima 

facie case for relief. (Ibid.) If the court finds the petitioner has made a prima facie case, 

then the court must issue an order to show cause. (Ibid.)

In determining whether the petitioner has made a prima facie case for relief 

under section 1172.6, the trial court’s inquiry is limited: The court, accepting the 

petition’s factual allegations as true, makes a “‘“preliminary assessment”’” whether the 

petitioner would be entitled to relief if those allegations were proven. (People v. Lewis

(2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 971 (Lewis).) “‘“If so, the court must issue an order to show 

cause.”’” (Ibid.) Within 60 days of issuance of the order to show cause, the trial court 

must hold a hearing to determine whether the petitioner is entitled to relief. (§1172.6, 

subd. (d)(1).)

If counsel is appointed and the parties are given the opportunity for 

briefing, the trial court may rely on the record of conviction to determine whether the 

petitioner has made a prima facie case for relief under section 1172.6. (Lewis, supra, 11 

Cal.5th at p. 957.) “The record of conviction may include the underlying facts as 

presented in an appellate opinion, the trial evidence, the jury instructions, and closing 

arguments of counsel.” (People v. Lopez (2022) 78 Cal.App.5th 1, 13.) “The record of 

conviction will necessarily inform the trial court’s prima facie inquiry under section 

[1172.6], allowing the court to distinguish petitions with potential merit from those that 

are clearly meritless.” (Lewis, at p. 971.) “In sum, the parties can, and should, use the 

record of conviction to aid the trial court in reliably assessing whether a petitioner has 

made a prima facie case for relief under subdivision (c) [of section 1172.6].” (Id. at p. 

972.)

“In reviewing any part of the record of conviction at this preliminary 

juncture, a trial court should not engage in ‘factfinding involving the weighing of 

evidence or the exercise of discretion.’” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 972.) “While the 
9

trial court may look at the record of conviction after the appointment of counsel to 

determine whether a petitioner has made a prima facie case for section [1172.6] relief, the 

prima facie inquiry under subdivision (c) is limited. Like the analogous prima facie 

inquiry in habeas corpus proceedings, ‘“the court takes petitioner’s factual allegations as 

true and makes a preliminary assessment regarding whether the petitioner would be 

entitled to relief if his or her factual allegations were proved. If so, the court must issue 

an order to show cause.”’ [Citations.] ‘[A] court should not reject the petitioner’s factual 

allegations on credibility grounds without first conducting an evidentiary hearing.’ 

[Citations.] ‘However, if the record, including the court’s own documents, “contain[s] 

facts refuting the allegations made in the petition,” then “the court is justified in making a 

credibility determination adverse to the petitioner.”’” (Id. at p. 971.)

DISCUSSION

I. Standard of Review and Standard for Denying Relief Under Section 1172.6

The trial court denied defendant’s resentencing petition on the ground 

defendant had failed to make a prima facie case for resentencing relief. Denial of a 

resentencing petition at the prima facie stage is warranted only if the record of conviction 

demonstrates the petitioner is ineligible for relief as a matter of law. (People v. Lopez, 

supra, 78 Cal.App.5th at p. 14.) That is a purely legal conclusion subject de novo review. 

(Ibid.)

“A petitioner is ineligible for resentencing as a matter of law if the record 

of conviction conclusively establishes, with no factfinding, weighing of evidence, or 

credibility determinations, that (1) the petitioner was the actual killer, or (2) the petitioner 

was not the actual killer, but, with the intent to kill, aided, abetted, counseled, 

commanded, induced, solicited, requested, or assisted the actual killer in the commission 

of murder in the first degree, (3) the petitioner was a major participant in the underlying 

felony and acted with reckless indifference to human life, or (4) the petitioner acted with 
10

malice aforethought that was not imputed based solely on participation in a crime.” 

(People v. Lopez, supra, 78 Cal.App.5th at p. 14.)

II. Tapia Is Entitled to an Evidentiary Hearing

Tapia argues he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing on his resentencing 

petition because the record of conviction does not conclusively establish as a matter of 

law that he is ineligible for relief. Although Tapia testified he had stabbed Arroyo, Tapia 

argues that one or more of the jurors might have disbelieved that testimony, as well as his 

testimony that he was not threatened by any codefendant, and found him liable under a 

now impermissible theory, in particular, the natural and probable consequences doctrine. 

Tapia contends the trial court engaged in factfinding by finding that he was the actual 

killer. 

We agree that the record of conviction does not conclusively establish that 

Tapia is ineligible for relief. The jurors, who were instructed that they were “the sole 

judges of the believability of a witness,” might have disbelieved Tapia’s testimony. The 

prosecutor left open the possibility that Tapia was not the stabber. In closing, the 

prosecutor argued, “[I]f you believe, as jurors, that one of the defendants was the stabber, 

which the evidence obviously shows, in fact, Mr. Tapia admitted being the stabber, but as 

you will see when I go through the law dealing with group liability, which is the 

uncharged conspiracy or aiding and abetting, either of those theories, that the law holds 

all five defendants accountable even though only one of those defendants may be the 

stabber. The prosecutor also told the jury, “Whoever the stabber was, whether you 

believe it was Mr. Tapia, as he said, or it’s one of the other defendants, that person 

clearly acted with the express intent to kill.” (Italics added.)

The jury’s true finding on the knife-use enhancement does not conclusively 

establish that Tapia was the stabber. The jury was instructed on personal use of a deadly

or dangerous weapon and in that instruction was told “the term ‘personally used a deadly 
11

or dangerous weapon,’ as used in this instruction, means the defendant must have 

intentionally displayed a weapon in a menacing manner or intentionally fired it or 

intentionally struck or hit a human being with it.” That instruction did not require the 

jury to find that Tapia stabbed Arroyo and killed him in order to return a true finding. 

Indeed, the verdict returned by the jury did not even find that Tapia had used a knife in 

the commission of the murder: The verdict on the dangerous weapon enhancement states 

only that the jury found that Tapia “personally used a deadly or dangerous weapon, 

to-wit: KNIFE, at the time of the commission of the offense alleged in COUNT 1 

[murder].” (Italics added.) The jury might have found that Tapia brandished the knife, 

delivered the nonfatal stabs, or used the knife for a purpose unrelated to the murder at the 

time the offense was committed. 

At trial, the prosecutor argued strenuously that all defendants were guilty of 

murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine. Without factfinding, the 

record does not foreclose the possibility that Tapia was convicted under that doctrine.

Given the record of conviction, and Tapia’s testimony in particular, it might 

seem unlikely that the jury found anybody other than Tapia to be the actual killer. 

Tapia’s trial testimony, if believed, would be substantial evidence that Tapia was in fact 

the actual killer. But such a credibility determination would be inappropriate at the prima 

facie stage because the record does not positively refute the allegations of Tapia’s 

resentencing petition. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971.) At the prima facie stage, the 

standard is that the record of conviction must conclusively establish that Tapia is 

ineligible for relief as a matter of law. We cannot say it does. An evidentiary hearing is 

therefore in order. 

Our opinion should not be read as indicating whether the trial court should 

grant or deny Tapia resentencing relief. Exercising de novo review, we conclude only 

that Tapia has met his burden of making a prima facie case for relief under section 

1172.6, subdivision (c).
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DISPOSITION

The postjudgment order is reversed and the matter is remanded with 

directions to the trial court to issue an order to show cause and conduct an evidentiary 

hearing.

SANCHEZ, J.

WE CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

MOORE, J.