#### DEN ON DEMISE OF HENRY A. GILLIAM *vs.*JOHN REDDICK.

The acts of officers *defacto,*acting openly and notoriously in the exercise of the office for a considerable length of time, must be held as effectual, when they concern the rights of third persons or the public, as if they were the acts of rightful officers.

The case of *Fleming*v *Margin,*2 Ired. Eq. 584, cited and approved.

Appeal from the Superior Court of Law of Gates County at Spring Term. 1844-, his Honor Judge Bailey presiding.

• *This was*an action of ejectment. *The*plaintiff deduced a title from the State to one Drew Welch. He then shewed a judgment in Gates County Court at the instance of Pierce & Co. against the said Drew Welch, an execution thereon levied on the land described in the plaintiff’s declaration, and the Sheriff’s deed therefor to the lessor of the plaintiff as the purchaser at the execution sale. The defendant offered in evidence a deed of trust, executed by the said Welch, by which he conveyed all his property, including the said land, to a trustee for the benefit of certain creditors. The deed of trust was executed, duly proved before the clerk, and handed over to the person acting as register of Gates County and actually transcribed by him upon the books of the register’s office of Gates County, several months before the rendition of the judgment above-mentioned. He also proved that the trustee sold the premises in dispute, by virtue of the said deed of trust and that they were purchased by the defendant. The plaintiff then offered in evidence the records of the County Court of Gates, from which it appeared that, at May Term 1829, a majority of the justices being then on the bench, the following order was made in relation to the appointment of a register, to wit, “John Walton, Esquire, was declared to be elected Public Register for the County *369of Gates. Ordered that he enter into bond with surteies as the law directs.” It also appeared that Walton at that term entered into bond as register of the said Comity Avith sufficient sureties. The records furnish no other evidence of his qualification as register. At May Term 1.836, four justices being on the bench, the following -order was made, to wit, “Ordered that John Walton renew his bond as register for this County, agreeably to law, and give H. Bond and T. Walton for securities.” And-it appeared that Walton at that term entered into bond as register with the required sureties. It was proved on the part of the defendant, that the said Walton had discharged all the duties of register of the said County from the time of his first appointment in 1829 up to the present time, and that he had in every respect acted as register since his original appointment, and that no other person had been engaged in the discharge of the duties of that office.

Walton was the person who registered the deed of trust.

Upon this evidence, it was insisted on the part of the plaintiff, *Frst,*That the appointment of Walton terminated at the expiration of four years from his original appointment, by virtue of the Act of Assembly applicable to such cases, and that all his acts, since the expiration of his official term under the original appointment were wholly void; and that, therefore, the deed of trust had never been duly registered, and of course no estate passed to the trustee. *Secondly;*It did not appear from the records that Walton took the oaths prescribed by law for his qualification as register, and therefore he could not legally enter upon the discharge of the duties of the office.

The defendant insisted that Walton Avas duly appointed register, and by the virtue of his appointment in 1829 and his giving bonds, he Avas invested with the office, that his acts as register were valid, until the office Avas declared to be. vacant by judicial proceedings properly instituted for that purpose; and that, being recognized as the officer and engaged -in the discharge of the actual duties of the office, he *370was the register *de facto,*and his official acts could not be treate<^ as nullities in any proceedings, by which their validity was questioned incidentally.

His Honou ruled, that Walton had a vilid appointment under the order of the County Court of Gates at May Term 1839, and that it was not necessary the record should shew that he had taken tile prescribed official oaths: blit that this appointment expired by limitation of law at the termination of four years from the time it was made; and that, without a new appointment, according to the Act of Assembly, which would be valid itself, all his official acts were null and void; that, as no valid appointment of Walton to the office of register had been made since 1839, the deed of trust, under which the defendant claimed, had not been registered, when the lessor of *the*plaintiff *obtained title.*

Under these instructions, the jury returned a verdict for the lessor of the plaintiff and the Court rendered judgment accordingly, from which the defendant appealed.

No counsel appeared for the plaintiff, in this Court.

«3. *Moore & Iredell*for the defendant.

Ruffin, C. J.

This case, we think, depends on thejsame principle, on which we decided that of *Burke*v *Elliott,*at the present term; and it would seem as if there could be no case, to which that principle could be more properly applied, or which could more clearly shew its soundness and necessity. The principle is, that the acts of officers *defacto,*acting openly and notoriously in the exercise of the office for a considerable length of time, must be held as effectual, when they concern the rights of third persons or the public, as if they were the acts of rightful officers. The general reasons for the position and the authorities in support of it need not be here repeated, it being sufficient to refer to them as given in the opinion delivered in the case cited. *It may*be observed, however, that, those reasons have a peculiar force in their application to the office of register and to the circumstances of this case. Under our registry laws that *371office is one of absolute necessity to the citizen ; and, in reference to mortgages and deeds of trust, (under a deed of •which latter kind the defendant claims,) the office is one of indispensable daily necessity, for such securities have no le■gal efficacy until, and only from, registration. Rev. Stat. c. 37, s. 24. *Fleming*v. *Burgin,*2 Ired. Eq. 584. The Legislature, sensible of the deep concern the business of the Couptry had, that the office of register should be constantly filled, has endeavoured to make provisions to that end, which it was supposed, would be completely effectual.

It confers the power of appointing on the County Court of each County, which sits four times a year; and imposes it on that body, as a duty, to make the appointment from time to time, when the office may become vacant, by the expiration of the time, for which an appointment was before made, or by death, resignation, or otherwise. More than that, it is enacted, Rev. St. c. 98, that if a vacancy shall arise in this office by death or otherwise, in the interval between the County Courts, three justices of the peace may appoint a register and take his bond and swear him in, and that the person so appointed “ shall hold the office until an appointment shall be made by the County Court.” When the general necessity for this office is considered, and the Legislative anxiety to have one at all times provided is thus seen, the community has a right to expect that the office will be applied for, and that those, who have the power, will confer it on some persons. And when the same person is seen in the continued and undisturbed exercise of the office, rightfully beginning beyond a doubt, and continuing for fourteen years, and embracing services for nearly every man in the County, probably, and for many of the citizens numerous acts of service, such a possession of such an'office cannot be treated as wrongful and illegal, so as to make his official acts void as between third persons, without violating the public faith, apparently plighted to the citizen, that this person is rightfully in office, and without visiting with the most ruinous consequences a mistake of the party, which *372was induced by the acquiescence of the public authorities themselves, in. the alleged usurpation of one of the public offices. We are happy in finding a well settled and ancient ruje q£ jaWj which enables and requires us to prevent such private losses and general mischief.

Per Curiam, Judgment reversed and *venire de novo.*