# Patent

## Title
Weight-bearing adhesives with adjustable angles

## Abstract

The invention provides unique releasable adhesive devices that are high-load bearing and highly stable while allowing adjustment of the weight-bearing angle in a wide range, thereby greatly expanding the scope of applications for technology. Adhesive systems and devices of the invention can be designed to fit applications ranging from household weight-bearing shelves and holders, components for transportation, athletic equipment, labels and advertising posts, automobile interior trims, permanent or reversible fasteners, as well as instruments and devices for industrial, commercial, medical or military applications.

## Background
PRIORITY CLAIMS AND RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/761,292, filed Feb. 6, 2013, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention generally relates to designs, devices, materials and methods useful for weight-bearing. More particularly, the invention relates to adhesive devices that have adjustable angles of weight-bearing hinges, are highly stable, easily released, high load bearing and suitable for extended/repeated use in a variety of applications.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are adhesives that form a bond when pressure is applied to marry the adhesive with the adherend. Conventional PSAs have found use in pressure sensitive tapes, labels, note pads, automobile interior trims, and a wide variety of other products. PSAs typically rely on ubiquitous surface force interactions, such as van der Waals forces, to transfer stress across an interface. PSAs can adhere to a surface because the adhesive is soft enough to flow, or wet, the adherend. The adhesive needs to be hard enough to resist flow when stress is applied to the bond at the interface. PSAs exhibit viscoelastic (viscous and elastic) properties, both of which may be used for creating proper bonding.
Conventional PSAs are mainly fabricated from soft, viscoelastic polymer materials (e.g., coatings), which are used either independently or in conjunction with a backing material, such as a stiff film or cloth. To control the level of adhesion, PSAs alter their bulk properties by relying upon a complex formulation of both elastic and viscoelastic components to delicately balance the ability of a material to form an interface (or “wet a surface”) and the resistance to separation once the interface is formed. (Benedek, et al. Eds. 2009 Handbook of Pressure Sensitive Adhesives and Products Series, CRC Press: Boca Raton; Pocius, 2002, Adhesion and Adhesives Technology: An Introduction, Hanser Publ.: Munich; Crosby, et al. 1999 J. Poly. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 37, 24, 3455-3472; Creton, 2003 “Materials Science of Adhesives: How to Bond Things Together.” MRS Bulletin 28, 6, 419-421; Creton, 2003 “Pressure-sensitive adhesives: An introductory course.” MRS Bulletin 28, 6, 434-439; Creton, et al. 2007 “Sticky Feet: From Animals to Materials”, MRS Bulletin 32, 6, all pages; Chan, et al. 2007 “Designing Model Systems for Enhanced Adhesion.” MRS Bulletin 32, 6, 496-503; Boesel, et al. 2010 Advanced Materials 22, 19, 2125-2137.)
Among the various aspects of PSA designs, several factors are typically relevant and emphasized: (1) Conventional PSAs are viscoelastic to allow the polymer coating to conform easily with a rough surface while dissipating mechanical energy (i.e., pressure) that is required for conformality; (2) A measure for strong PSA materials is tack energy, which is the total energy dissipated during the separation of a PSA/substrate interface; (3) High tack PSAs are typically not conducive to multiple loading applications due to the irreversible (i.e. inelastic) materials processes that are used to produce high levels of tack.
Much research has focused on the development of gecko-like adhesive systems, in efforts to overcome some of the disadvantages of conventional PSAs. Some key attributes of both conventional PSAs and ideal gecko-like adhesives are provided in the following table:














Ideal


Property
Conventional PSA
“Gecko-Like” Adhesive







Max Shear Stress
High
High


Max Normal Stress
High
High


Peel Resistance
High
Low (after reaching




critical peel angle)


Energy of Separation
High
Low


Reversibility
Limited to None
High


Time/Temp Dependence
High
Unknown


Impact of Fouling
High
Limited









Additionally, the adhesive surface of geckos, and similar examples in Nature, is commonly described as “dry”, i.e., that adhesion does not rely upon liquid interactions, liquid-to-solid transitions like an epoxy, nor does the adhesive surface feel “tacky” to the touch like a conventional viscoelastic adhesive. Although such attributes are known and displayed in Nature, the primary design factors or mechanisms that permit good control of properties is not known and remains the subject of current research projects worldwide. To our knowledge, the development of a synthetic analog to a gecko-like adhesive has not been demonstrated, in particular one that could be used on macroscopic length scales.
A recent technological breakthrough was a class of elastomer-based adhesive devices that have high load capacity, reusability, easy release and are suitable for extended and repeated use. (See, e.g., WO 2012/078249 (PCT/US2011/057309), which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.) While the technology substantially advances the state of the art in adhesive technology, there remains a significant and ongoing need for adhesive systems that allow adjustable weight-bearing angles, high-load bearing and highly stable, yet provide simple, non-damaging release and repeated use while being cost-effective to produce.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides unique releasable adhesive devices that are high-load bearing and highly stable while allowing adjustment of the weight-bearing angle in a wide range, thereby greatly expanding the scope of applications for technology. Adhesive systems and devices of the invention can be designed to fit applications ranging from household weight-bearing shelves and holders, components for transportation, athletic equipment, labels and advertising posts, automobile interior trims, permanent or reversible fasteners, as well as instruments and devices for industrial, commercial, medical or military applications.
The adhesive devices disclosed herein generally have two or more adhesive pads per device for adhering to one or more target surfaces. The unique designs take into consideration of stiffness, location and degree of freedom in terms of how the adhesive pads, the tether components and weight-bearing mechanisms are interconnected.
In one aspect, the invention generally relates to a releasable, surface-adhesive device. The device includes: a first adhesive pad, a second adhesive pad, a tether component, and a hinge component attached to the tether component. The first adhesive pad includes: a first planar backing layer having high in-plane stiffness; and a first planar layer of an elastic material having a first adhesive surface on at least one side for adhering to a first target surface, wherein the elastic material is impregnated onto the first planar backing layer on at least the side opposing the first adhesive surface. The second adhesive pad includes: a second planar backing layer having high in-plane stiffness (relative to pad compliance); and a second planar layer of an elastic material having a second adhesive surface on at least one side for adhering to a second target surface, wherein the elastic material is impregnated onto the second planar backing layer on at least the side opposing the second adhesive surface. The tether component has a proximal end and a distal end, respectively attached to the first and second planar backing layers. The hinge is rotatable along at least one rotational axis resulting in the hinge component forming an angle with the tether component in the range from about 0° to about 180°.
In another aspect, the invention generally relates to a releasable, surface-adhesive device. The device includes: a planar backing layer having high in-plane stiffness; a first layer of an elastic material having on one side a first adhesive surface for adhering to a target surface and on the other side impregnating into the planar backing layer; a second layer of an elastic material having on one side a second adhesive surface for adhering to a target surface and on the other side impregnating into the planar backing layer; and a hinge attached to the planar backing layer directly or via a rigid substrate.
In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for releasably holding a weight. The method includes: providing a releasable, surface-adhesive device according to disclosed; and attaching a weight to the device.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows schematic illustrations of exemplary embodiments of adhesive pads.
FIG. 2 shows certain design factors and schematic illustrations.
FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary fabrication process.
FIG. 4 shows schematic illustrations of various embodiments of the invention for the pad-tether connection.
FIG. 5 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.
FIG. 6 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.
FIG. 7 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.
FIG. 8 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.
FIG. 9 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.
FIG. 10 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.
FIG. 11 shows schematic illustrations of an exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.
FIG. 12 schematically depicts adjustable weigh-bearing angles of an exemplary dual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.
FIG. 13 schematically depicts exemplary embodiments of multiple (e.g., 4 or 5) adhesive-pad assemblies having adjustable weigh-bearing angles according to the invention.
FIG. 14 shows an exemplary embodiment of a four adhesive-pad assembly having adjustable weigh-bearing angles according to the invention.
FIG. 15 shows an exemplary embodiment of a dynamic, four adhesive-pad assembly having adjustable weigh-bearing angles according to the invention.
FIG. 16 schematically shows an exemplary assembly line roll-to-roll process for creating complex skin systems.
FIG. 17 shows exemplary (top) results of a face down molding method and (bottom) back of the complex skin system, showing a rigid piece of polycarbonate with a metal hinge chemically attached.
FIG. 18 shows an exemplary dual-pad adhesive device according to the invention.
FIG. 19 schematically depicts an exemplary method for making a modular tendon.
FIG. 20 shows an exemplary modular tendon with a large hole drilled for hanging.
FIG. 21 shows a schematic illustration of available axes of rotation.
FIG. 22 shows an exemplary adhesive device of the invention supporting 5 lbs of weight as the substrate is rotated about the x axis.
FIG. 23 shows an exemplary adhesive device of the invention supporting 5 lbs of weight as the substrate is rotated about the z axis.
FIG. 24 shows an exemplary adhesive device of the invention supporting 5 lbs of weight as the substrate is rotated about the x and z axes.
FIG. 25 shows an exemplary adhesive device of the invention having two adhesive pads attached to an intermediate device consisting of a hinge.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention provides unique releasable adhesive devices, as well as related methods, that simultaneously enable adherence to two or multiple target surfaces of various nature, which enables reusabability, easy-release, and high load capacities for extended and repeated use. Adhesive systems and devices of the invention may be designed to fit a variety of utilities (e.g., household weight-bearing shelves and holders, components for transportation, athletic equipment, labels and advertising posts, automobile interior trims, permanent or reversible fasteners, as well as instruments and devices for industrial, commercial, medical or military applications).
The invention differs from prior art in the field of PSAs at least in that the present invention does not rely on viscoelastic properties to achieve performance controls, as do PSAs. Designs and systems of the invention allow separation time and energy to be minimized, while maintaining the ability to support extremely high-weight loads. In contrast to prior art in the development of gecko-type adhesives, the designs, systems and methods disclosed herein do not require the use of surface fibrillar structures to achieve desired attributes. Following the principles disclosed herein, one may mimic the engineering design of the toe and leg structures of common examples in Nature, such as geckos in vertical climbing. Other key differences between the present invention and the prior art relate to, among others, the specific designation of rotational freedom at continuous junctions, specifications of stiffness in loading direction with low flexural rigidity perpendicular to surface of elastic material, and the ability to achieve high capacity load support under both normal and shear loading directions with near-zero required “pre-load” (referring to the amount of force that is required to establish the adhesive/substrate interface for supporting a given load).
As a component of the present invention, the adhesive pad system utilized herein employs a “dry” adhesive pad structure (sometimes referred to as a “T-pad”). The basic structure of the adhesive device is referred to as a “pad”, which is subsequently connected to a tether (e.g., a synthetic fabric tether, sometimes referred to as “tendon”). The tether should maintain high stiffness along the primary axis of loading. The connection between the tendon and the pad has pre-defined dimensions, orientation, and spatial location, according to particular needs, that can be modified to control the release strategy and provide tolerated balance of shear and normal loading. Properly designed, the adhesive pad device can support high loads under shear, normal, and multi-mode (i.e., peel) loadings while requiring minimal forces and energy for release (or separation) under specifically-designed release strategies.
Two exemplary embodiments of adhesive pad devices are schematically illustrated in FIG. 1, wherein (a) depicts an adhesive pad 1 having an adhesive surface 2 of a circular outer boundary 5. The adhesive pad is connected to a tether component 3 at line 4. Similarly, (b) depicts an adhesive pad 10 having an adhesive surface 12 of a rectangular outer boundary 15. The adhesive pad is connected to a tether component 13 at line 14.
Such adhesive pad design represents a unique combination of adhesion attributes of polymer materials and integrated mechanical designs through proper conservation of rotational freedom, low flexural modulus normal to the adhesive interface, and high stiffness in load bearing directions. A scaling relationship has been developed by the inventors to provide a framework for understanding the adhesive performance of the materials devices over a range of size scales and geometries (FIG. 2). This scaling relationship suggests that the adhesive capacity (FC) of an interface is governed by three simple parameters, which are dependent on both the geometry and material properties of the interface. To design reversible adhesives which can adhere to various substrates, the interfacial interactions (GC) should rely upon non-specific van der Waals forces, rendering GC an ineffective control parameter. Therefore, to scale FC for adhesive materials the material system must not just rely on area on contact (A) or the system compliance (C) but must develop attributes that increase the A/C ratio. This presents a challenge; materials must be soft to increase true contact but stiff to achieve high loads. Soft materials are able to create large-scale contact but have a high compliance when loaded, while stiff materials are unable to create extensive contact; both cases result in a null effect on the A/C ratio. The current invention provides a mechanism for maximizing A/C, and most importantly, tuning this governing parameter for different applications. As schematically illustrated in FIG. 3, an efficient and effective fabrication method may be used to fabricate the T-pad. The method involves integrating a thin layer of an elastic elastomer into a surface of a fabric.
The tether can be connected to the adhesive pad through any suitable methods, such as conventional sewing, stitching, or gluing, which allows easy control of dimensional, orientational, and spatial location of the attachment. The attachment should provide sufficient load sharing and load bearing capacity, which can be controlled through the stitching pattern, width, and length. Appropriate stitching patterns include straight stitching, zigzag stitching, multi zigzag stitch, satin stitching, honeycomb stitching, ladder stitch, double overlock stitch, and criss-cross stitching.
For example, a particularly advantageous tether-pad connection is a straight-line stitch that is centered on the one axis of the pad and extends to a length of approximately 2⁄3 the chord length perpendicular the second pad axis. The tether-pad connection should maintain rotational freedom while maintaining high stiffness in the direction of loading. The tether-pad connection should preferably maintain equal load sharing along the entire length of the connection.
One adhesive pad can act independently or in conjunction with an array of adhesive pads or units (sometimes referred to as a “T-surface”), which may be mounted with rotationally-free joints to a supporting substrate that can be rigid in one or more directions, for example. For certain applications, e.g., a large weight bearing shelf, multiple attachment points for the tether to the adhesive pad may also be employed.
FIG. 4 shows schematic illustrations of various adhesive pad configurations for the tether-pad connection. A single slab connection constitutes a continuous adhesive pad and support backing, which can then be divided into a larger number of discrete adhesive pads and support backings in which multiple tendons are used to create different configurations (e.g., a gradient length series configuration). The tether attached to the adhesive pad allows for adjustment of the angle between the tether and the adhesive pad from about 0° to about 359° (e.g., 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 240°, 270°, 300°, 330°).
Referring to FIG. 5, a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesive device having adjustable weight-bearing angle is shown in a top view (a) and a side view (b). The adhesive device 101 includes a first adhesive pad 102, a second adhesive pad 103, a tether component 104, and a hinge component 105 attached to the tether component 104. A tendon component 109 is attached to the hinge component 105. The tendon component may be a modular easily releasable/replaceable from the hinge 105.
As an exemplary embodiment, the first adhesive pad 102 is in a rectangular shape with dimensions B×C×F. The second adhesive pad 103 is in a rectangular shape with dimensions E×C×F. It is noted that the first and second adhesive pads need not be identical in shape, and that dimensions and/or material composition may be individually designed to meet particular needs. Furthermore, the tether component 104 may have the same or different width as that of either or both of the first and second adhesive pads 102 and 103.
The first adhesive pad 102 has a first adhesive layer 110 having a first adhesive surface 106 and a first backing layer 112. The second adhesive pad 103 has a second adhesive layer 111 having a second adhesive surface 107 and a second backing layer 113. Hinge 105 is anchored on a base 108. Hinge 105, which may be made of a rigid material or a non-rigid material depending on the need, is attached to the base 108 such that hinge 105 is capable of adjusting its angle with the surface of the tether component 104 from about 0° to about 180°. The first backing layer 112, the tethering component 104, and the second backing layer 113 form a continuous layer.
As shown in FIG. 5, the first and second adhesive surfaces 106 and 107 face the same side of tether component 104—as the hinge 105 does. As discussed herein, the hinge 105 may be placed on the other side of the tether component 104 (see, e.g., FIG. 7). When in use, the first and second adhesive surfaces are applied to the target surface(s). The hinge 105 is available for holding weight or for connections to other weight-bearing components.
Referring to FIG. 6, another exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesive device having adjustable weight-bearing angle is shown in a top view (a) and a side view (b). The adhesive device 201 includes a first adhesive pad 202, a second adhesive pad 203, a tether component 204, and a hinge component 205 attached to the tether component 204.
The first adhesive pad 202 has a first adhesive layer 210 having a first adhesive surface 206 and a first backing layer 212. The second adhesive pad 203 has a second adhesive layer 211 having a second adhesive surface 207 and a second backing layer 213. The hinge 205 is anchored on a base 208. Hinge 205 is attached to the base 208 such that hinge 205 is capable of adjusting its angle with the surface of the tether component 204 from about 0° to about 180°. The first backing layer 212, the tethering component 204, and the second backing layer 213 form a continuous layer.
As shown in FIG. 6, the first and second adhesive surfaces 206 and 207 face different sides of tether component 204. When in use, the first and second adhesive surfaces are applied to the target surfaces. The hinge 205 is available for holding weight or for connections to other weight-bearing components.
FIG. 7 schematically illustrates yet another exemplary embodiment of a dual-pad adhesive device having adjustable weight-bearing angle of the invention in a top view (a) and a side view (b). The adhesive device 301 includes a first adhesive pad 302, a second adhesive pad 303, a tether component 304, and a hinge component 305 attached to the tether component 304.
The first adhesive pad 302 has a first adhesive layer 310 having a first adhesive surface 306 and a first backing layer 312. The second adhesive pad 303 has a second adhesive layer 311 having a second adhesive surface 307 and a second backing layer 313. The hinge 305 is anchored on a base 308 such that hinge 305 is capable of adjusting its angle with the surface of the tether component 304 from about 0° to about 180°. The first backing layer 312, the tethering component 304, and the second backing layer 314 form a continuous layer.
As shown in FIG. 7, the first and second adhesive surfaces 306 and 307 face the same side of tether component 304 and are on the opposite side of the hinge 305. When in use, the first and second adhesive surfaces are applied to the target surface(s). The hinge 305 is available for holding weight or for connections to other weight-bearing components.
In the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 5-7, the first and second backing layers and the tether component together form a continuous layer. An alternative embodiment includes that illustratively shown in FIG. 8, where the first backing layer 412 and the tethering component 404 form a continuous layer but they do not form a continuous layer with the second backing layer 413. Yet another alternative embodiment includes that illustratively shown in FIG. 9, where the first backing layer 512 and the tethering component 504 do not form a continuous layer and neither forms a continuous layer with the second backing layer 513. Similarly in FIG. 10, the first backing layer 612 and the tethering component 604 do not form a continuous layer and neither forms a continuous layer with the second backing layer 613.
Referring to FIG. 11, a hinge 705 is positioned on a tether component 704 away from the center (midway) between the first and second adhesive pads 702 and 703. This is in contrast to the designs illustrated in FIGS. 5-10, wherein the hinge is substantially midway between the first and second adhesive pads. It is noted that the hinge may be attached at any position of the tether component dependent on the applications, including substantially at the center or midway between the adhesive pads, off-center, or substantially away from the center. It is further noted that by modifying the location of the hinge in relation to the adhesive pads, one is able to adjust the relative potions of weigh-bearing each adhesive pad is to share.
Referring to FIG. 12(a)-(d), the hinge of the dual-pad adhesive device allows the angle between the adherent surface and the direction of the hinge (e.g., the direction of the weigh-bearing force) to be adjustable in a wide range, e.g., from about 0° to about 180°.
The dual-pad adhesive system of the invention may be configured into an assembly or set of two or more depending on the applications. For example, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 13(a), two dual-pad adhesive systems are assembled into a device 901. The device 901 includes four adhesive pads, 902, 903, 912 and 913, which exhibit adhesive surfaces 907, 908, 917 and 918, respectively. As shown in FIG. 13(a), the first hinge 905 is attached to the first tether component 904 while the second hinge 915 is attached to the second tether component 914. The first and second hinges 905 and 915 are joined and a third hinge 925 is attached thereto, which is capable of weight-bearing directly or through an intermediate mechanism.
Similar to the other embodiments discussed herein, the third hinge 925 is capable of being adjusted in a wide range of angles from about 0° to about 180°. An example of a device having such an assembly is shown in FIG. 14.
Other exemplary embodiments include configurations where multiple adhesive pads (e.g., 3, 4, 5 or more) are arranged around a circular or other shaped perimeter, as schematically illustrated in FIG. 13(e), which depicts a circular adhesive system including five adhesive pads extending from a centrally located joint. In FIG. 13(e), blue denotes Adhesive Pad, gray denotes fabric, and white denotes rigid connector.
In connecting the first hinge 905 with the second hinge 915, a dynamic approach may be adopted wherein a tension is created by pulling the two toward each other. A mechanism may be included (e.g., shown in FIG. 15), which allows a gradual and controlled introduction and building of tension.
FIG. 16 shows an exemplary assembly line roll-to-roll process for creating complex skin systems. A roll of fabric, planar or non-planar tether can be installed, and a doctor blade would apply a continuous volume of elastomer to the fabric in a controlled width and thickness. This fabric, planar or non-planar tether would pass through an oven to cure the elastomer either thermally or optically (utilizing ultraviolet light). The fabric, planar or non-planar tether tether could then either be cut and binned, or rolled back onto another roll for transportation.
In one aspect, the invention generally relates to a releasable, surface-adhesive device. The device includes: a first adhesive pad, a second adhesive pad, a tether component, and a hinge component attached to the tether component. The first adhesive pad includes: a first planar backing layer having high in-plane stiffness; and a first planar layer of an elastic material having a first adhesive surface on at least one side for adhering to a first target surface, wherein the elastic material is impregnated onto the first planar backing layer on at least the side opposing the first adhesive surface. The second adhesive pad includes: a second planar backing layer having high in-plane stiffness; and a second planar layer of an elastic material having a second adhesive surface on at least one side for adhering to a second target surface, wherein the elastic material is impregnated onto the second planar backing layer on at least the side opposing the second adhesive surface. In certain preferred embodiments, the tether component has a proximal end and a distal end, respectively attached to the first and second planar backing layers. The hinge is rotatable along at least one rotational axis resulting in the hinge component forming an angle with the tether component in the range from about 0° to about 359° (e.g., 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 240°, 270°, 300°, 330°. It is noted that, in certain embodiments, a tether component and a backing layer together form a continuous component, e.g., by stitching or other connections, or because of being parts of a single piece of fabric, for example.
In certain preferred embodiments, the device includes a first and a second adhesive pads, wherein the first planar backing layer is impregnated onto the first layer of the elastic material on the side opposing the first adhesive surface; and the second planar backing layer is impregnated onto the second layer of the elastic material on the side opposing the second adhesive surface.
In certain embodiments, the hinge component is attached substantially at the center between the first and second adhesive pads. In certain embodiments, the hinge component is attached other than substantially at the center between the first and second adhesive pads. In certain embodiments, the hinge component is permanently connected to a weight-bearing handle. In certain embodiments, the hinge component is releasably attached to a weight-bearing handle.
In certain preferred embodiments, the hinge component comprises a hinge attached to a rigid base, wherein the rigid base is attached to the tether component. In certain preferred embodiments, the hinge is made of one or more material selected from metallic, plastic and wood. Additionally, the hinge and the base may be separate components or may be parts of a single component. In certain embodiments, a hinge may be utilized directly without a rigid base.
The tether component may be attached to the first and second adhesive pads such that the first and second adhesive surfaces reside on the same side of the tether component. In certain embodiments, the hinge component is attached to the tether component from the same side as the first and second adhesive surfaces. In certain embodiments, the hinge component is attached to the tether component from the opposite side as the first and second adhesive surfaces. It is noted that the tether component may be a single piece or may itself include two or more parts joined together.
The tether component may also be attached to the first and second adhesive pads such that the first and second adhesive surfaces reside on different sides of the tether component.
In some embodiments, the first planar backing layer of the first adhesive pad, the tether component, and the second planar backing layer of the second adhesive pad together consecutively form a single continuous planar component. In some other embodiments, the first planar backing layer of the first adhesive pad and the tether component together form a single continuous planar component, and the second planar backing layer of the second adhesive pad and the tether component do not form a single continuous planar component. In yet other embodiments, the first planar backing layer of the first adhesive pad, the tether component, and the second planar backing layer of the second adhesive pad together consecutively does not form a single continuous planar component.
In some embodiments, the proximal end of the tether component is attached substantially at the center of the backing layer of the first adhesive pad, and the distal end of the tether component is attached substantially at the center of the backing layer of the second adhesive pad. In some embodiments, the proximal end of the tether component is attached substantially away from the center of the backing layer of the first adhesive pad, and the distal end of the tether component is attached substantially away from the center of the backing layer of the second adhesive pad. In some embodiments, the proximal end of the tether component is attached substantially at the center of the backing layer of the first adhesive pad, and the distal end of the tether component is attached substantially away from the center of the backing layer of the second adhesive pad.
The tether component may be made from any suitable material, such as a fabric material or a non-fabric material. In certain embodiments, the tether component is planar. In certain other embodiments, the tether component is or non-planar.
In another aspect, the invention generally relates to a releasable, surface-adhesive device. The device includes: a planar backing layer having high in-plane stiffness; a first layer of an elastic material having on one side a first adhesive surface for adhering to a target surface and on the other side impregnating into the planar backing layer; a second layer of an elastic material having on one side a second adhesive surface for adhering to a target surface and on the other side impregnating into the planar backing layer; and a hinge attached to the planar backing layer directly or via a rigid substrate.
In some preferred embodiments, each adhesive surface is microscopically or nanoscopically smooth. In some preferred embodiments, each adhesive surface is microscopically or nanoscopically patterned.
In certain preferred embodiments, each backing layer is a fabric backing layer.
In certain embodiments, each planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area from about 0.01 cm2 to about 1000 cm2 (e.g., about 0.01 cm2, 0.05 cm2, 0.1 cm2, 0.5 cm2, 1 cm2, 2 cm2, 5 cm2, 10 cm2, 20 cm2, 50 cm2, 100 cm2, 200 cm2, 500 cm2, 1,000 cm2) and has a substantially uniform thickness from about 0.0001 cm to about 0.5 cm (e.g., 0.0001 cm, 0.0005 cm, 0.001 cm, 0.005 cm, 0.01 cm, 0.05 cm, 0.1 cm, 0.2, 0.5 cm). In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 0.01 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.001 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 0.05 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.005 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 0.1 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.01 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 0.2 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.5 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 0.5 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.2 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 1.0 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.1 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 5.0 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.05 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 10 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.02 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area of greater than about 100 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness of less than about 0.01 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area from about 10 cm2 to about 100 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness from about 0.01 cm to about 0.05 cm. In certain embodiments, the planar layer of the elastic material has a smooth adhesive surface area from about 1,000 cm2 to about 100 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness from about 0.5 cm to about 0.05 cm.
In certain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 0.05 MPa to about 50 MPa (e.g., 0.05 MPa, 0.1 MPa, 0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa, 5.0 MPa, 10 MPa, 15 MPa, 20 MPa, 30 MPa, 40 MPa, 50 MPa). In certain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 0.05 MPa to about 50 MPa. In certain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 0.05 MPa to about 30 MPa. In certain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 0.05 MPa to about 10 MPa. In certain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 1 MPa to about 50 MPa. In certain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 1 MPa to about 30 MPa. In certain embodiments, the elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 1 MPa to about 10 MPa.
In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to an adhesive device assembly comprises two or more releasable, surface-adhesive devices of the invention disclosed herein, wherein the two or more releasable, surface-adhesive devices are mechanically joined and are configured to connect to a hinge component rotatable along at least one rotational axis resulting in the hinge component forming an angle with a target surface in the range from about 0° to about 180°.
In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method for releasably holding a weight. The method includes providing a releasable, surface-adhesive device according to disclosed and attaching a weight to the device.
Adhesive surfaces may be microscopically or nanoscopically smooth or patterned, for example. A backing layer may be a fabric backing layer. A planar layer of an elastic material may comprise the same elastic material or different elastic materials.
Each layer of the elastic material may have any desirable shape including a substantially circular outer boundary, a substantially rectangular outer boundary, a substantially irregular outer boundary, a substantially elliptical outer boundary, for examples.
In certain preferred embodiments, the elastic material is a block copolymer elastomer.
In certain preferred embodiments, the elastic material comprises one or more of siloxane-based elastomers, urethane-based elastomers, and acrylate-based elastomers.
In some embodiments, each layer of an elastic material comprises two or more separate smaller elastic material layer units.
The fabric backing layer may include a natural fabric material (e.g., cotton, hemp, wool, silk, bamboo string, cellulose, jute, and pina). The fabric backing layer may also include a synthetic fabric material (e.g., polyester, spandex, nylon, carbon fiber, polyaramid, carbon fiber polyaramid hybrid, carbon fiber basalt hybrid, fiberglass, carbon fiber, or fiberglass hybrid).
In certain embodiments, one or more of the adhesive surfaces may have an area of about 1 cm2 or greater and is capable of bearing a weight of at least 31.5 N per 1 cm2 of adhesive surface area.
In certain embodiments, one or more of the adhesive surfaces may have an area of about 1 cm2 or greater and is capable of bearing a weight of at least 12 N per 1 cm2 of adhesive surface area.
In certain embodiments, one or more of the adhesive surfaces may have an area of about 100 cm2 or greater and is capable of bearing a weight of at least 3150 N per 100 cm2 of adhesive surface area.
In certain embodiments, one or more of the adhesive surfaces may have an area of about 100 cm2 or greater and is capable of bearing a weight of at least 1200 N per 100 cm2 of adhesive surface area.
In certain embodiments, each tether component includes a fabric material. In certain other embodiments, at least one tether component includes a non-fabric material.
The target surface may be any suitable surfaces including that of glass, metal, wood, plastic, paper, cardboard, or concrete.
It is noted that the term “backing”, as used herein, includes but is not limited to the situation where the referred to layer or material is the back (or the last) layer of the device structure. According to this invention, a backing layer may be an interior layer or component of a structural arrangement.
Elastic materials that may be used in the adhesive pads include siloxane-based elastomers, urethane-based elastomers, and acrylate-based elastomers. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) belongs to a group of polymeric organosilicon compounds that are commonly referred to as silicones. PDMS, widely used silicon-based organic polymer, has preferred rheological (or flow) properties. PDMS is generally inert, non-toxic and non-flammable.




Other elastic materials that may be used in the adhesive pads include polyurethanes, which are polymers of organic units covalently joined by urethane (carbamate) links.




A urethane linkage is produced by reacting an isocyanate group, —N═C═O with a hydroxyl group, —OH. Polyurethanes are produced by the polyaddition reaction of a polyisocyanate with a polyalcohol (polyol) in the presence of a catalyst and other additives. In this case, a polyisocyanate is a molecule with two or more isocyanate functional groups, R—(N═C═O)n≧2 and a polyol is a molecule with two or more hydroxyl functional groups, R′—(OH)n≧2. The reaction product is a polymer containing the urethane linkage, —RNHCOOR′—. Examples of polyurethane monomers (“pre-polymers”) includes hydroxyl ended molecules, such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, poly tetramethylene glycol, or bisphenol A (hydroxyl-containing monomers) and an aliphatic or aromatic based isocyanate, such as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, toluene diphenyl diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, or a polyisocyanate resulting from the combination of multiple of these monomers (for example, three molecules of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate form a trimer which contains three isocyanate functional groups).
It is noted that the devices disclosed herein may also be made with materials which typically are found in conventional pressure sensitive adhesives and glues, including viscoelastic materials, which may include siloxanes, polyurethanes, cyanoacrylates, or other viscoelastic materials, as well as tackifiers, stabilizers, and volatile or non-volatile network swelling agents. The present invention includes devices and methods using materials with varying levels of viscoelasticity, for example viscoelastic materials that exhibit full creep recovery.
In certain embodiments, the material of the fabric backing layer includes a natural fabric material or a synthetic fabric material. In certain embodiments, the material of the fabric backing layer includes a natural fabric material such as cotton, hemp, wool, silk, bamboo string, cellulose, jute or pina. In certain embodiments, the material of the fabric backing layer includes a synthetic fabric of polyester, spandex, nylon, carbon fiber, polyaramid, carbon fiber polyaramid hybrid, carbon fiber basalt hybrid, fiberglass, or fiberglass hybrid. In certain preferred embodiments, the material of the fabric backing layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of nylon, carbon fiber, polyaramid, carbon fiber and polyaramid hybrid.
In certain embodiments, the tether is a fabric material, for example, selected from synthetic fabrics like polyester, spandex, nylon, carbon fiber, polyaramid, carbon fiber polyaramid hybrid, carbon fiber basalt hybrid, fiberglass, carbon fiber, or fiberglass hybrid, and natural fabrics including cotton, hemp, wool, silk, bamboo string, cellulose, jute, and pina. In certain embodiments, the tether is a non-fabric material, for example, selected from leather, metal sheets, plastic sheets, or non-woven textiles. In some embodiments, the material is made from chain-link meshes.
In certain embodiment, the elastic material can extend beyond the fabric layer on the “back side” of the pad. This design may aid the establishment of uniform contact without sacrificing the stiffness of the device that is directly related to the force capacity of the adhesive device.
In certain embodiments, the adjustable angle between a hinge and the target adhesive surface range from about 0° to about 180°, for example, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°.
In certain embodiments, the ratio of storage to loss elastic moduli is at least greater than about 10 (e.g., greater than 15, 20, or 50) at the operating temperature of interest.
The layer of the elastic material may have any size and shape as a particular application requires, for example, it may have a substantially circular outer boundary, a substantially rectangular outer boundary, a substantially elliptical outer boundary, or a substantially irregular outer boundary.
As stated herein, in some embodiments, the layer of an elastic material includes two, three, four or more separate smaller elastic material layer units or structures. The target surface may be any suitable surfaces, including that of glass, metal, wood, plastic, paper, cardboard, or concrete. The two or more adhesive pads may be configured such that they are capable of adhering to target surfaces at arbitrary angles to one another. In some embodiments, the two or more adhesive pads are configured such that they face the same direction. In some embodiments, the two or more adhesive pads are configured such that they face different directions.
Another application that may benefit from the disclosed invention is to connect two (or more) objects with the adhesive device of the invention. For example, a double-sided adhesive device may be used as a connector to connect two heavy objects, each of which has a properly positioned flat surface to apply the adhesive pad to. Thus, the invention also relates to a method for using the double-sided adhesive device disclosed herein to connect two objects with flat surfaces. Once connected, the two or more objects can be moved vertically or horizontally according to the applications.
The integrated adhesive pad approach of the invention provides a robust platform for a wide-variety of applications. For example, these structures can be used to support shelving for books, displays, and electronic appliances (televisions, computers, stereos, monitors, screens); hanging structures; auto trims; among others.
In another case, two adhesive pads can be attached to an intermediate device consisting of a hinge (FIGS. 25, 2505 and 2506). The entire device consists of two pads consist of an elastic or viscoelastic pad material 2501 attached to a fabric tether backing layer 2502 which is attached to an anchor point which could be made out of polycarbonate 2503. This may be attached with springs, hydraulics, adhered fabrics, or rivets, for example 2504, to the independent attachment hinge, which may be a piece of polycarbonate 2505 containing a hinge, or directly to a hinge 2506. This hinge can be mechanical like a pin or ball and socket joint, or it could consist of stitched fabric, buttons, or zippers, for example.
EXAMPLES
To a piece of fabric, adhesive material is applied to both the proximal and distal end, and is cured. A mechanical hinge is attached substantially in the middle using an adhesive, for example cyanoacrylate-based adhesives. A modular tendon is then connected to this mechanical hinge, which can support a clip to hold weight. This allows the adhesive to rotate about the mechanical hinge, and support weight at a variety of angles.
A rigid piece of material is adhered, using an adhesive (for example cyanoacrylate-based adhesives), to fabric at either end to support weight. To allow for multiple angles, the rigid material is cut at angles to form angles for rotation. A hole is drilled at the apex of the triangle which acts as the point of rotation.
To a piece of fabric, adhesive material is applied to both the proximal and distal end, and is cured. A mechanical hinge is attached substantially in the middle using an adhesive, for example cyanoacrylate-based adhesives. To a second piece of fabric, adhesive material is applied to both the proximal and distal end, and is cured. A mechanical hinge is attached substantially in the middle here also using an adhesive, for example cyanoacrylate-based adhesives. An intermediate tendon is created by adhering a rigid material to the fabric, and this rigid material is connected to the mechanical hinges of the first two pieces of fabric. From this intermediate tendon weight can be supported.
In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are now described. Methods recited herein may be carried out in any order that is logically possible, in addition to a particular order disclosed.
Incorporation by Reference
References and citations to other documents, such as patents, patent applications, patent publications, journals, books, papers, web contents, have been made in this disclosure. All such documents are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material explicitly set forth herein is only incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the present disclosure material. In the event of a conflict, the conflict is to be resolved in favor of the present disclosure as the preferred disclosure.
Equivalents
The representative examples are intended to help illustrate the invention, and are not intended to, nor should they be construed to, limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention and many further embodiments thereof, in addition to those shown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the full contents of this document, including the examples and the references to the scientific and patent literature included herein. The examples contain important additional information, exemplification and guidance that can be adapted to the practice of this invention in its various embodiments and equivalents thereof.

## Claims

1. A releasable, surface adhering device, comprising:
a first-adhering pad, comprising:
a first planar backing layer ; and
a first elastic planar layer having a first adhering surface on at least one side, wherein the first elastic planar layer adheres to a first target surface when the first elastic planar layer is pressed against the first target surface, wherein the first elastic planar layer is applied to the first planar backing layer on at least the side opposing the first adhering surface;
a second adhering pad, comprising:
a second planar backing layer; and
a second elastic planar layer having a second adhering surface on at least one side, wherein the second elastic planar layer adheres to a second target surface when the second elastic planar layer is pressed against the second target surface, wherein the second elastic planar layer is applied to the second planar backing layer on at least the side opposing the second adhering surface;
a tether having a proximal end and a distal end, respectively attached to the first and second planar backing layers; and
a hinge attached to the tether, wherein the hinge is rotatable along at least one rotational axis resulting in the hinge forming an angle with the tether in the range from about 0° to about 359°.

2. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a first and second adhering pads, wherein
the first elastic planar layer is impregnated with the first planar backing layer on the side opposing the first adhering surface; and
the second elastic planar layer is impregnated with the second planar backing layer on the side opposing the second adhering surface.

3. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the hinge is attached substantially at the center between the first and second adhering pads.

4. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the hinge is attached other than substantially at the center between the first and second adhering pads.

5. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the hinge is permanently connected to a weight-bearing handle.

6. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the hinge is releasably attached to a weight-bearing handle.

7. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the hinge is attached to a rigid base, wherein the rigid base is attached to the tether.

8. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 7, wherein the hinge is made of one or more material selected from metal, plastic and wood.

9. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the tether is attached to the first and second adhering pads with the first and second adhering surfaces residing on the same side of the tether.

10. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the tether is attached to the first and second adhering pads with the first and second adhering surfaces residing on the opposite side of the tether.

11. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 9, wherein the hinge is attached to the tether from the same side as the first and second adhering surfaces.

12. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 9, wherein the hinge is attached to the tether from the opposite side as the first and second adhering surfaces.

13. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the first planar backing layer of the first adhering pad, the tether, and the second planar backing layer of the second adhering pad together consecutively form a single continuous planar component.

14. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the first planar backing layer of the first adhering pad and the tether together form a single continuous planar component, and the second planar backing layer of the second adhering pad and the tether do not form a single continuous planar component.

15. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the first planar backing layer of the first adhering pad, the tether, and the second planar backing layer of the second adhering pad together consecutively does not form a single continuous planar component.

16. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claims 15, wherein the proximal end of the tether is attached substantially at the center of the backing layer of the first adhering pad, and the distal end of the tether is attached substantially at the center of the backing layer of the second adhering pad.

17. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claims 15, wherein the proximal end of the tether is attached substantially away from the center of the backing layer of the first adhering pad, and the distal end of the tether is attached substantially away from the center of the backing layer of the second adhering pad.

18. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claims 15, wherein the proximal end of the tether is attached substantially at the center of the backing layer of the first adhering pad, and the distal end of the tether is attached substantially away from the center of the backing layer of the second adhering pad.

19. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the tether is planar.

20. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the tether is non-planar.

21. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the tether comprises a fabric material.

22. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein the tether comprises a non-fabric material.

23. A releasable, surface-adhering device comprising:
a planar backing layer;
a first elastic planar layer having a first adhering surface on one side and an opposing side applied to the planar backing layer, wherein the first elastic planar layer adheres to a first target surface when the fist elastic planar layer is pressed against the first target surface;
a second elastic planar layer having a second adhering surface on one side and an opposing side applied to the planar backing layer, wherein the second elastic planar layer adheres to a second target surface when the second elastic planar layer is pressed against the second target surface; and
a hinge attached to the planar backing layer directly or via a rigid substrate.

24. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 23, wherein the hinge is attached via a rigid substrate substantially at midway between the first and second layers of an elastic material.

25. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 23, wherein the hinge is attached via a rigid substrate other than at midway between the first and second layers of an elastic material.

26. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 23, wherein the hinge is permanently connected to a weight-bearing handle.

27. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 23, wherein the hinge is made of one or more material selected from metal, plastic and wood.

28. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 23, wherein the first and second adhering surfaces are disposed on opposite sides of the planar backing layer.

29. The releasable, surface adhering device of claim 23, wherein the first and second adhering surfaces are disposed on the same side of the planar backing layer.

30. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 29, wherein the hinge is attached to a tether from the same side of the planar backing layer as the first and second adhering surfaces.

31. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 29, wherein the hinge is attached to a tether from the opposite side of the planar backing layer as the first and second adhering surfaces.

32. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each adhering surface is microscopically or nanoscopically smooth.

33. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each adhering surface is microscopically or nanoscopically patterned.

34. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each backing layer is a fabric backing layer.

35. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elastic planar layer comprises an elastic material.

36. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elastic planar layer has a smooth adhering surface area from about 0.01 cm2 to about 1000 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness from about 0.0001 cm to about 0.5 cm.

37. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 36, wherein each elastic planar layer has a smooth adhering surface area from about 0.05 cm2 to about 200 cm2 and has a substantially uniform thickness from about 0.001 cm to about 0.1 cm.

38. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 35, wherein the elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 0.05 MPa to about 50 MPa.

39. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 35, wherein the elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 0.1 MPa to about 25 MPa.

40. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 39, wherein the elastic material has an elastic modulus from about 0.5 MPa to about 10 MPa.

41. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 34, wherein each fabric backing layer comprises a natural fabric material or a synthetic fabric material.

42. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 41, wherein the natural fabric material is selected from cotton, hemp, wool, silk, bamboo string, cellulose, jute, and pina.

43. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 41, wherein the synthetic fabric material is a fabric of polyester, spandex, nylon, carbon fiber, polyaramid, carbon fiber polyaramid hybrid, carbon fiber basalt hybrid, fiberglass, carbon fiber, or fiberglass hybrid.

44. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 34, wherein each adhering surface has an area of 100 cm2 or greater and is capable of bearing a weight of at least 1200 N per 100 cm2 of adhering surface area.

45. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 44, wherein each adhering surface has an area of 100 cm2 or greater and is capable of bearing a weight of at least 3150 N per 100 cm2 of adhering surface area.

46. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 34, wherein each adhering surface has an area of 1 cm2 or greater and is capable of bearing a weight of at least 12 N per 1 cm2 of adhering surface area.

47. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 46, wherein each adhering surface has an area of 1 cm2 or greater and is capable of bearing a weight of at least 31.5 N per 1 cm2 of adhering surface area.

48. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elastic planar layer has a substantially circular outer boundary.

49. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elastic planar layer has a substantially rectangular outer boundary.

50. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elastic planar layer has a substantially irregular outer boundary.

51. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elastic planar layer has a substantially elliptical outer boundary.

52. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elastic planar layer comprises two or more separate smaller elastic planar layer units.

53. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elastic planar layer comprises a block copolymer elastomer.

54. The releasable, surface-adhering device of claim 1, wherein each elastic planar layer comprises one or more of siloxane-based elastomers, urethane-based elastomers, and acrylate-based elastomers.

55. An adhering assembly comprises two or more releasable, surface-adhering devices of claim 1, wherein the two or more releasable, surface-adhering devices are mechanically joined and are configured to connect to a hinge rotatable along at least one rotational axis resulting in the hinge forming an angle with a target surface in the range from about 0° to about 359°.