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# Blending of Low-Level Radioactive Waste

At the direction of the Commission, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff is working to improve and strengthen the agency's standards for blending of low-level radioactive waste (LLRW). The goal is to make NRC's regulation of LLRW blending more risk-informed, performance-based, and in general more consistent with the agency's overall policy for regulating the nuclear industry.

Blending, as defined here, refers to mixing of LLRW of different concentrations. It does not mean mixing radioactive waste with non-radioactive waste (i.e., dilution) and concerns only disposal of the blended waste in a licensed facility, not its release to the general environment.

NRC's previous position discouraged blending under some conditions, without a health and safety basis, but did not discourage blending if a nuclear facility's operational efficiency could be improved. This position was not fully risk-informed or performance-based.

The new agency position is risk-informed – it is tied to how LLRW blending might affect the protection of public health and safety. The new position is also performance-based - NRC's decision making involving blending will above all be based on performance and results. Performance means that the blended waste must meet the limits on radiation exposures at the disposal facility and limits on how much the radioactivity concentration may vary (i.e., how well-mixed it must be). NRC is developing new regulations consistent with risk-informed, performance-based approach that will ensure that the safety of blended waste, as well as other types of LLRW, are evaluated before their disposal.

In addition to a new regulation that will address disposal of blended waste, NRC is taking or has taken three other regulatory actions:
            -  NRC will publish regulatory guidance that addresses the characteristics of blended waste needed to ensure its safe disposal, including how uniform, or well mixed, the waste must be. A draft of this guidance, NRC's Branch Technical Position on Concentration Averaging and Encapsulation, was noticed for comment on June 11, 2012 (77*FR*34411). 
            -  NRC has updated its "Policy Statement on Low-Level Waste Volume Reduction." Since its publication in 1981, nuclear facility operators have made significant progress in reducing LLRW volumes. The revised Policy Statement recognizes this progress and acknowledges that other factors may be used in determining how nuclear facilities manage their LLRW. The final policy statement can be found in (77 *FR* 25760) 
            -  NRC issued interim guidance to the NRC Agreement States on how to evaluate proposals to blend large quantities of waste until the Concentration Averaging and Encapsulation BTP is updated. Agreement States should conduct case-by-case evaluations in the meantime. 

NRC has obtained public and stakeholder input on the proposed revisions to the Concentration Averaging and Encapsulation BTP in workshops and formal notices for comment in the Federal Register. For the rulemaking that will address safe disposal of all waste inventories, including blended waste, NRC has also held several workshops and public meetings to solicit public comments on its rulemaking approach and draft proposed rule language, and will continue to do so when the proposed rule is published in the *Federal Register* for public comments.

Further, in consideration of stakeholder concerns expressed regarding potential environmental impacts associated with the blending of certain LLRW, on September 27, 2013 (78 *FR* 59729), NRC issued the following report: "Final Comparative Environmental Evaluation of Alternatives for Handling Low-Level Radioactive Waste Spent Ion Exchange Resins from Commercial Nuclear Power Plants." In this report, the staff identified and compared potential environmental impacts of six alternatives, including options involving blending, long-term storage, direct disposal, and volume reduction of spent ion exchange resins. The evaluation concludes that the potential environmental impacts of all six alternatives in all resource and impact areas would be small, with the exception of potential impacts on historic and cultural resources from construction of long-term waste storage facilities, which could be small to moderate. Reasons for the mostly small impacts, by resource or impact area, are discussed in the report.

The NRC Agreement States will have to adopt NRC's new regulation requiring a safety analysis of the disposal of blended and other LLRW. The Commission directed that the staff work closely with the Agreement States to ensure maximum State flexibility in drafting the rule language. With respect to the new guidance NRC is developing, Agreement States are not required to use NRC guidance. However, they frequently follow NRC guidance in making decisions on their licensing requests.

For more information on Blending of Low-Level Radioactive Waste, see the following:
            - Background on LLRW Blending
            - Commission Decision on LLRW Blending
            - Stakeholder Views on Blending of LLRW

Page Last Reviewed/Updated Friday, December 08, 2023

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          - Blending of Low-Level Radioactive Waste
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          - Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Rulemaking
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          - Programmatic (Strategic) Assessment of the U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Low-Level Radioactive
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#### Related Information

            - Frequently Asked Questions about Issues Associated with Blending
            - Fact Sheet on Blending of Low-Level Radioactive Waste
            - Final Comparative Environmental Evaluation of Alternatives for Handling Low-Level Radioactive Waste Spent Ion Exchange Resins from Commercial Nuclear Power Plants

Page Last Reviewed/Updated Friday, December 08, 2023