J-S05032-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JAMES R. CRUZ, JR. 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 643 MDA 2021

Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered April 19, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-14-CR-0001246-1993

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., STABILE, J., and DUBOW, J.

MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED APRIL 14, 2022

Appellant, James R. Cruz, Jr., appeals from the April 19, 2021 Order 

dismissing his second Petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act 

(“PCRA”), 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9541-46, as meritless. After careful review, we 

affirm.

A prior panel of this court set forth the relevant facts and procedural 

history of this case as follows:

Cruz was convicted of criminal homicide and theft on June 14, 

1994[,] and was sentenced to life imprisonment. At trial, the 

Commonwealth entered evidence relating to a number of hairs, 

recovered during the underlying criminal investigation, which 

implicated Cruz in the murder. Specifically, hair identified as 

belonging to the victim was found in the cab of Cruz’s truck, and 

hair identified as belonging to Cruz was found on the ropes that 

had been used to bind and fatally strangle the victim.

To establish that the recovered hairs belonged to Cruz and to the 

victim, the Commonwealth relied, in part, on microscopic hair 

analysis. FBI Agent Chester Blythe testified at trial regarding the 

use of microscopic hair analysis as a forensic method. In this 
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testimony, Agent Blythe drew scientific conclusions that 

implicated Cruz in the murder of the victim. It is this testimony 

that forms the basis of Cruz’s [] PCRA petition.

Per an agreement with the Innocence Project, the Department of 

Justice (“DOJ”) ordered the FBI to undertake a review of cases 

that involved microscopic hair analysis, including Cruz’s 

conviction. As a result of that review, the DOJ issued a letter on 

June 8, 2015[,1] that identified several areas in which Agent 

Blythe’s testimony exceeded the scientific limitations of 

microscopic hair analysis. A copy of the DOJ letter was 

subsequently provided to Cruz and prompted [Cruz to file a] PCRA 

petition[, his second, on March 10, 2015].

Commonwealth v. Cruz, No. 1728 MDA 2016, 1-2 (Pa. Super. filed Sept. 

29, 2017).

Acknowledging that this PCRA petition was untimely on its face, Cruz 

asserted that the DOJ letter reflected a “newly-discovered fact” pursuant to 

42 Pa.C.S. § 9545(b)(1)(ii), and could, thus, serve as an excuse to the 

untimeliness of the petition. The PCRA court disagreed with Cruz and, on 

January 5, 2017, dismissed Cruz’s second PCRA petition as untimely. On 

September 29, 2017, this Court affirmed. Cruz, No. 1728 MDA 2016. The 

Pennsylvania Supreme Court granted Cruz’s petition for allowance of appeal, 

reversed the Superior Court, and remanded to the PCRA court for 

reconsideration in light of the Supreme Court’s holding in Commonwealth v. 

____________________________________________

1 The DOJ letter followed an April 20, 2015 FBI press release regarding the 

pervasive inaccuracy of FBI analysis’ testimony related to microscopic hair 

analysis.
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Chmiel, 173 A.3d 617 (Pa. 2017).2 See Commonwealth v. Cruz, 183 A.3d 

348 (Pa. 2018).

Following remand, the PCRA court dismissed Appellant’s Petition without 

a hearing finding that, even in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Chmiel, 

Appellant’s Petition was untimely. See PCRA Ct. Op., 12/14/18, at 1-2 

(unpaginated). The PCRA court reasoned that Appellant’s 60-day time limit 

for asserting the newly-discovered fact exception started on April 20, 2015, 

the date of the FBI press release. The PCRA court determined that Appellant’s 

PCRA Petition, dated September 10, 2015, was, therefore, untimely. On 

November 15, 2019, this Court reversed the order dismissing Appellant’s 

Petition as untimely and remanded the case once again to the PCRA court for 

a determination of the merits. See Commonwealth v. Cruz, 223 A.3d 274 

(Pa. Super. 2019).

On July 27, 2020, the PCRA court ordered the Commonwealth to file a 

motion to dismiss Appellant’s Petition within 60 days. The order also provided 

that “by agreement of the parties, the [c]ourt will decide the issues raised [in 

the motion] on briefs and without a hearing.” Order, 7/27/20. The 

Commonwealth timely filed its motion and accompanying brief, and Appellant 

filed a timely response. On March 5, 2021, after considering the submissions 

____________________________________________

2

In Chmiel, the Court held that the DOJ press release announcing the FBI’s 

admissions “that its examiners gave flawed and scientifically unsupportable 

testimony” which it spread to state and local analysis, constituted a newlydiscovered fact for purposes of overcoming the PCRA’s jurisdictional time bar. 

Chmiel, 173 A.3d at 626.
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of the parties, the PCRA court issued notice of its intent to dismiss Appellant’s 

Petition pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 907 without further proceedings in 

accordance with the “agreement of the parties to consider the matter on briefs 

and without [an] evidentiary hearing” and “having found no genuine issues 

concerning any material fact.” Rule 907 Notice, 3/5/21. 

On March 25, 2021, Appellant filed a response to the court’s Rule 907 

Notice. By Order filed on April 19, 2021, the PCRA court responded to 

Appellant’s Rule 907 response and dismissed Appellant’s Petition. 

This timely followed. Appellant complied with the PCRA court’s order to 

file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement and the court filed a Rule 1925(a) Opinion 

referring this Court to the reasons stated in the Rule 907 Notice.

Appellant raises the following four issues on appeal:

1. Did the PCRA [c]ourt for the third time[] dismiss the PCRA 

Petition without a merits review hearing where [Appellant] was 

otherwise entitled to the same, in violation of Commonwealth 

v. Chmiel or other controlling case law.?

2. Did the PCRA [c]ourt for the third time[] dismiss the PCRA 

Petition on the basis of insufficient after-discovered evidence 

which should have been addressed in the previous two 

dismissals, causing an unnecessary 6-year delay, three appeals 

to the Superior court and two appeals to the Supreme Court 

thereby creating an abuse of proceeding that resulted in a 

violation of [Appellant’s] due process rights?

3. Did the PCRA [c]ourt misstate the facts?

4. Did the PCRA [c]ourt incorrectly find that [Appellant] was 

required to claim innocence on the basis this was a second 

PCRA Petition when in fact the first PCRA Petition went 15 years 

with no action because his counsel abandoned him[] and was 

never reviewed on the merits due to the delay caused by the 

abandonment?
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Appellant’s Brief at 4.

We review the denial of a PCRA Petition to determine whether the record 

supports the PCRA court’s findings and whether its order is otherwise free of 

legal error. Commonwealth v. Fears, 86 A.3d 795, 803 (Pa. 2014). This 

Court grants great deference to the findings of the PCRA court if they are 

supported by the record. Commonwealth v. Boyd, 923 A.2d 513, 515 (Pa. 

Super. 2007). “Further, the PCRA court’s credibility determinations are 

binding on this Court, where there is record support for those determinations.” 

Commonwealth v. Anderson, 995 A.2d 1184, 1189 (Pa. Super. 2010). We 

give no such deference, however, to the court’s legal conclusions. 

Commonwealth v. Paddy, 15 A.3d 431, 442 (Pa. 2011). 

To be eligible for relief pursuant to the PCRA, Appellant must establish, 

inter alia, that his conviction or sentence resulted from one or more of the 

enumerated errors or defects found in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2). Appellant 

must also establish that the issues raised in the PCRA petition have not been 

previously litigated or waived. Id. at § 9543(a)(3).

Relevant here, the PCRA provides relief for a petitioner who 

demonstrates his conviction or sentence resulted from “[t]he unavailability at 

the time of trial of exculpatory evidence that has subsequently become 

available and would have changed the outcome of the trial if it had been 

introduced.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2)(vi). To establish a claim of afterdiscovered evidence, a petitioner must prove that the evidence: “(1) could not 

have been obtained prior to the conclusion of the trial by exercise of
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reasonable diligence; (2) is not merely corroborative or cumulative; (3) will 

not be used solely to impeach the credibility of a witness; and (4) would likely 

result in a different verdict if a new trial were granted.” Commonwealth v. 

Tedford, 228 A.3d 891, 911 (Pa. 2020) (citations omitted). The four-part 

test is conjunctive and if one prong is not satisfied, there is no need to analyze 

the remaining prongs. See Commonwealth v. Pagan, 950 A.2d 270, 293 

(Pa. 2008). 

There is no right to a PCRA hearing; a hearing is unnecessary where the 

PCRA court can determine from the record that there are no genuine issues of 

material fact. Commonwealth v. Jones, 942 A.2d 903, 906 (Pa. Super. 

2008). “With respect to the PCRA court’s decision to deny a request for an 

evidentiary hearing, or to hold a limited evidentiary hearing, such a decision 

is within the discretion of the PCRA court and will not be overturned absent 

an abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v. Mason, 130 A.3d 601, 617 (Pa. 

2015).

Although Appellant has presented four distinct questions for our review, 

his counseled brief contains only two sections of argument titled “Genuine 

Issue of Material Fact, Misstatement of Facts” and “Violation of Due Process.” 

Notwithstanding this violation of Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a), which requires that an 

appellant divide the argument “into as many parts as there are questions to 

be argued,” we consider the arguments raised within each section to the 

extent that we can discern them and that they are “fairly suggested” by the 

statement of questions involved. See Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a), 2116(a). 
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In the “Genuine Issue of Material Fact, Misstatement of Facts” section, 

Appellant claims that the PCRA court erred in dismissing his PCRA petition 

without holding a hearing on its merits. Appellant’s Brief at 13-14. Appellant 

also asserts that there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding the 

relevance to the crime of “physical hair evidence collected.” Id. at 11. He 

further asserts that the PCRA court’s conclusion that there was “substantial” 

evidence outside of the hair analysis testimony to support the jury’s verdict 

“misstates the entire case[,]” especially where there was purportedly an 

alternative viable suspect who authorities were unable to locate. Id. at 15-

16. 

Appellant’s assertion that the PCRA court erred in dismissing his petition 

without a hearing lacks merit as that the parties stipulated to the court 

resolving the issues on the briefs without a hearing. Moreover, it is wellsettled that a PCRA hearing is unnecessary where the PCRA court can 

determine from the record that there are no genuine issues of material fact. 

Here, as explained below, it was apparent to the PCRA court that Appellant 

did not present any genuine issues of material fact necessitating an 

evidentiary hearing. Thus, the PCRA court did not err or abuse its discretion 

in dismissing Appellant’s petition without holding a hearing. 

With respect to Appellant’s other claims, following our review, we 

conclude that the record belies Appellant’s claim that the PCRA court misstated 

the facts of record and reached an erroneous conclusion. The Honorable 

Jonathan D. Grine, sitting as the PCRA court, has authored a comprehensive, 
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thorough, and well-reasoned Rule 907 Notice, citing the record, including the 

relevant testimony, and relevant case law in addressing Appellant’s claim. The 

record supports the PCRA court’s findings, and the Rule 907 Notice is 

otherwise free of legal error. We, thus, affirm on the basis of the PCRA court’s 

March 5, 2021 Rule 907 Notice, which outlines the substantial evidence 

presented at trial that it was Appellant who committed the crimes and then 

properly concludes that the after-discovered evidence would not likely result 

in a different verdict. See Rule 907 Notice, 3/5/21, at 5-6, 10 (concluding 

that it properly dismissed Appellant’s PCRA Petition because Appellant failed 

to demonstrate that a new trial would likely result in a different verdict 

because: (1) Agent Blythe’s “testimony concerning the microscopic hair 

analysis was but one piece of evidence in the context of a seven day trial;” 

(2) “just under 50 witnesses [testified], and, overall, there was ample 

evidence” including evidence of Appellant’s DNA present in semen and 

spermatozoa obtained from the victim’s body and her underwear “upon which 

the jury returned the guilty verdict;” and (3) Agent Blythe’s testimony 

regarding the hair analysis “was thoroughly mitigated by crossexamination.”).

In the section of his brief entitled “Violation of Due Process,” Appellant 

complains that “excessive delay[] and repeated dismissals,” together with the 

PCRA court’s refusal to hold a hearing on the merits of the instant petition, 

resulted in the violation of his due process rights. Appellant’s Brief at 16-18.
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Appellant has not cited in his brief to the place in the record where he 

preserved this claim. This is a violation of Pa.R.A.P. 2119(c) (requiring citation 

to the record) and, moreover, our review of the record indicates that Appellant 

has raised this issue for the first time on appeal. Accordingly, he has waived 

it. See Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not raised in the [lower] court are waived 

and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”).

In sum, the record supports the trial court’s findings. Accordingly, the 

court did not err in dismissing Appellant’s PCRA petition without a hearing. 

Order affirmed. The parties are instructed to attach a copy of the PCRA 

court’s March 5, 2021 Rule 907 Notice to all future filings.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 04/14/2022
Circulated 03/25/2022 01:07 PM 

McGraw 

Trialonas 

IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF CENTRE COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA 

CRIMINAL ACTION — LAW 

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 

V. 

JAMES ROBERT CRUZ, JR., 

Defendant Petitioner 

CP-14-CR- 1246-1993 

Attorney for Commonwealth: Sean McGraw, Es0&_*e 

Attorney for Defendant/Petitioner: Steven P. Trialonaff guire3

NOTICE OF INTENTION TO DISMISS PCRA PURSUANVT•Or'" --

PENNSYLVANIA RULE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 907(1) ON 

N_ 

r 

CA 

On November 15, 2019, the Superior Court reversed this Court s dismissal of Defendant 

James Cruz's ("Petitioner") Post-conviction Relief Act Petition ("PCRA") under 42 Pa. C.S.A. 

§9541 et seq, based on the untimeliness of the petition and remanded the matter for further 

proceedings. 

Counsel agreed to submit the matter on briefs and without hearing and the Court directed 

the parties to file briefs in an Order entered on July 31 , 2020 . The Commonwealth filed an 

Amended Motion to Dismiss Second or Subsequent Post-conviction Relief Act Petition and Brief 

in Support on September 25, 2020. On December 1, 2020, Petitioner filed a Brief in Opposition. 

Petitioner raised only one issue in this PCRA asserting he was provided ineffective assistance of 

counsel regarding the FBI Agent Chester Blythe s testimony regarding microscopic hair 

comparison. Counsel for Petitioner and an Assistant District Attorney representing the Centre 

County District Attorney's office reached a stipulation which was provided to the Court. 

Counsel stipulated that Petitioner withdrew his claim based on ineffective assistance of counsel 

and substituted his PCRA claim under 42 Pa. C.S.A. § 9543(a)(2)(vi) based on the purported 

exculpatory evidence that has subsequently become available and would have changed the 

DO ORD DS 
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outcome of the trial if it had been introduced. 

Petitioner filed the instant PCRA based on the Federal Bureau of Investigation's ("FBI") 

letter to him regarding Agent Chester Blythe's testimony concerning microscopic hair 

comparison at his jury trial which occurred in June, 1994. The FBI undertook to scrutinize the 

testimony of FBI analysts concerning microscopic hair analysis prior to 2000 and based upon 

this investigation, the FBI concluded that its examiners' testimony "`in at least 90% of cases 

contained erroneous statements' and that its analysts `committed widespread, systematic error, 

grossly exaggerating the significance of their data under oath with the consequence of unfairly 

bolstering the prosecution's case."" Com. v. Chmiel, 173 A.3d 61.7, 621 (Pa. 2017). 

Upon consideration of Petitioner's PCRA, the briefs submitted by the parties, and after 

review of Petitioner's file, the Court intends to dismiss the PCRA as there are no genuine issues 

concerning any material fact and Petitioner is not entitled to post-conviction collateral relief for 

the reasons that follow. 

Background

On March 23, 1993, the body of a young deceased female was found at 6:20 in the 

morning by a passing motorist. The female was partially undressed and her body was on top of 

snow, near an on ramp for Pennsylvania State Route 26, about one and one-half miles south of 

the Interstate Route 80 in Centre County, Pennsylvania. Tire tracks were noticed at the berm 

near the body which appeared to be fresh tracks from a large vehicle. Investigating officers 

made castings of those tracks. 

The deceased female was identified as.seventeen-year old Dawn Birnbaum who had run 

away from the Elan School in Poland Spring, Maine. Ms. Birnbaum was Iast seen at a truck stop 

in Maine where she had been making calls on a pay phone and then was observed running 

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toward the trucks. 

Subsequent autopsy and lab testing of Ms. Birnbaum revealed her cause of death was 

homicide by ligature strangulation. Spermatozoa and seminal fluid were found in her vagina, 

anus, and on her underwear. Lab testing revealed the male who was the source of the bodily 

fluids was a Type A secretor meaning the individual secretes his blood type antigens into his 

bodily fluids. Not all individuals secrete their blood type antigens into their bodily fluids; it is a 

genetic trait. Additionally, during examination of the body, a hair was found under the rope that 

was wrapped around Ms. Birnbaum's neck and hairs were found on the clothing and body. 

Based on the last known whereabouts of the victim, the location of the deceased body 

being near a major interstate, and the large tire tracks found near the body, the investigators 

looked into what trucks were present at the truck stop in Maine where Ms. Birnbaum was last 

seen alive making telephone calls and collected fuel receipts from there and truck stops near 

where the body was found in Pennsylvania. (Tr. Randy Cohick 6/8/1994 at 98-100). 

Investigators were able to confirm that Ms. Birnbaum was at the Dysart truck stop in Maine 

through telephone records as she phoned her counselor at the Elan School to check in. (Tr. 

William Madden 6/8/1.994 at 228; Mark Rosenburg 6/6/1994 at 154-155). After comparing the 

receipts, the investigators were.able to determine that Petitioner, James Cruz with Century 

trucking had purchased fuel in both locations. (Tr. 6/8/1994 Cohick at 100). The tires on the 

tractor trailer operated by Mr. Cruz were consistent in pattern with the tire casts collected from 

the berm where Ms. Birnbaum's body was found. Jr. 6/8/1994 Cohick at 100-101; Mark 

Brothers 6/6/1994 at 94-97). Evidence further reflected the Petitioner falsified his travel logs to 

reflect that he was in Altoona, Pennsylvania on the evening of March 23 and off duty from 6:30 

p.m. until 11:00 a.m. the following day. (Tr. 6/8/1994 Madden at 239.239). When Petitioner 

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was shown a photo of Ms. Birnbaum he denied having ever met her although the DNA evidence 

demonstrated that his DNA was collected from her vagina, anus, and underwear. Jr. Cohick 

6/8/1994 at 117). Evidence was collected from the truck including hairs, fibers, and debris. The 

evidence collected from the truck and the hairs found on Ms. Birnbaum's body were sent to the. 

FBI for analysis along with sample hairs from Ms. Birnbaum and Petitioner. 

Petitioner was charged with murder, kidnapping, rape, involuntary deviate sexual 

intercourse, robbery, and theft. A jury trial was held and on June 6, 1994 through June 14, 1994 

at the conclusion of which the jury found Petitioner guilty of murder of the first degree and theft 

and not guilty of the other charges. Prior to the start of the trial, Petitioner filed Motions in 

Limine to preclude evidence that random checks at the FBI had revealed no inaccuracies in 

Agent Blythe's prior hair analysis conclusions, and opinion evidence "about the statistical 

probabilities of Petitioner's hair being found on decedent's neck coupled with decedent's hair 

being found in the Petitioner's truck." The motion was granted in an Order entered on June 6, 

1994, providing: "Witness will not be allowed to testify about statistical probabilities or the lack 

thereof or to make reference to how great they may or may not be of finding said hairs in their 

relevant places coincidently." 

Discussion

Pursuant to the stipulation of counsel, Petitioner is making the instant PCRA claim under 

Section 9543(a)(2)(vi) which provides: 

(a) General rule.--To be eligible for relief under this subchapter, 

the petitioner must plead and prove by a preponderance of the 

evidence all of the following: 

(2) That the conviction or sentence resulted from one or more of 

the following: 

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(vi) The unavailability at the time of trial of exculpatory evidence 

that has subsequently become available and would have changed 

the outcome of the trial if it had been introduced. 

42 Pa.C.S. § 9543(a)(2)(vi). 

in Commonwealth v Tedford, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court analyzed a. PCRA 

petition under Section 9543(a)(2)(vi) concerning microscopic hair comparison testimony after 

Chmiel and applied the following four-part test: 

To obtain relief under the PCRA on an after-discovered evidence 

claim, a Petitioner must demonstrate that the evidence; 

(1) could not have been obtained prior to the conclusion of the trial 

by the exercise of reasonable diligence; (2) is not merely 

corroborative or cumulative; (3) will not be used solely to impeach 

the credibility of a witness; and (4) would likely result in a 

different verdict if a new trial were granted. 

Com. v. Tedford, 228 A.3d 891, 911 (Pa. 2020) citing Com. v Small, 189 A.3d 961, 969 (Pa. 

2018); Com. v. Pagan, 950 A.2d 270, 292 (Pa. 2008). Additionally, the Court notes that 

Petitioner is not claiming innocence and the instant PCRA is not Petitioner's first PCRA. 

Pennsylvania appellate courts have noted, "In.a second or subsequent post-conviction 

proceeding, all issues are waived except those which implicate a Petitioner's innocence or which 

raise the possibility that the proceedings resulting in conviction were so unfair that a miscarriage 

of justice which no civilized society can tolerate occurred." Com v. Williams, 660 A.2d 614, 618 

(Pa. Super. 1995). To establish a prima facie showing of entitlement to relief, a PCRA petitioner 

must demonstrate "either that the proceedings which resulted in his conviction were so unfair 

that a miscarriage of justice occurred which no civilized society could tolerate, or that he was 

innocent of the crimes for which he was charged." Com_ v. Medina, 92 A.3d 1210 (Pa. Super. 

2014) citing Com v. Allen, 732 A.3d 582, 586 (Pa. 1999). 

Here, the testimony concerning the microscopic hair comparison was but one piece of 

5 
evidence in the context of a seven day trial with, by the Court's count, just under 50 witnesses, 

and, overall, there was ample evidence upon which the jury returned the guilty verdict against 

Petitioner. Mr. Blythe's testimony regarding hair comparison constituted about 45 pages of the 

voluminous record, including 8 pages of voir dire, 12 pages of direct examination, and 25 pages 

of cross examination in the framework of approximately 1295 total pages of the trial record. In 

considering the record evidence, the Court concludes that Petitioner has failed to demonstrate the 

fourth element of the test set forth in Tedford because Petitioner has not demonstrated by a 

preponderance of evidence the verdict would likely be different if a new trial were granted. 

Moreover, Mr. Blythe's testimony was rather conservative and was undoubtedly mitigated by 

defense counsel's effective and thorough cross-examination as reviewed below. 

By way of summarizing key evidence and for context in considering the evidentiary 

record as a whole, the testimony on the first day of trial, June 6, 1994, of Isiadore Mihalkis is 

helpful. Mr. Mihalkis was a medical doctor with a subspecialty in forensic pathology. Dr. 

Mihalkis was contacted by Centre County Coroner Kerry Benninghoff to perform an autopsy on 

Ms. Birnbaum's body. The autopsy was performed on March 25, 1993. Dr. Mihalkis testified 

that when the rope was removed from the neck there was a hair beneath the knot and it was 

removed, photographed and surrendered to the police. Also hairs adhering to the clothing and 

body were collected and surrendered to the police. Swabs were taken and smears made into 

slides from Ms. Birnbaum's gums, throat, labia, vagina, and anus and they were provided to the 

police with instructions to keep them frozen until testing could be performed. 

Chester Blythe testified on the second day of the trial, June 7, 1994. (Tr. 6/7/1994 at 

109-159). At that time, Mr. Blythe had been employed as a special agent with the FBI for 

twenty-two years having joined the FBI in 1972. He graduated from undergraduate school 

6 
where he earned a major and minor in physical sciences and joined the FBI thereafter. He 

completed agent's training in Quantico, Virginia and was then assigned to the Indianapolis Field 

Office as a field agent for five and one-half years. Thereafter, he was reassigned to the FBI 

laboratory in Washington, specifically, in the microscopic analysis unit where he was trained to 

conduct comparisons and identifications of hair and textile fibers. At the time of his testimony, 

Mr. Blythe was assigned to the forensic science training center in Quantico, Virginia. 

Mr. Blythe was provided with evidence for testing including specimen Q-8 which was 

debris removed from the passenger side of the door of Petitioner's truck and Q-24 which was a 

hair found under a ligature knot around Ms. Birnbaum's neck. Additionally, he was provided 

with sample hair being specimen K-3 which was a head hair sample from Ms. Birnbaum and K-5 

which was a head hair sample from Petitioner. Mr. Blythe testified that he used a comparison 

microscope which has two, side by side platforms so that he could place two slides next to each 

other and look. through the oculars to observe and compare the characteristics of each slide under 

magnification. He testified that there are approximately twenty-seven characteristics he rated 

when he analyzed and examined hair. Mr. Blythe stated for the jury, "Hair comparison is not 

like a fingerprint. It's not a positive means of identification. For example, if I take a fingerprint 

people can say that this is your and no one else's. I can't quite do that with hair. Hair is a very 

strong method of association or relating an individual to a hair. But it's not a positive means of 

association." (Tr, at 121). 

Mr. Blythe concluded that the hair from Q-8 found in Petitioner's truck was consistent 

with having come from Ms. Birnbaum's head. (Tr. at 130). He again stated that microscopic 

hair comparison is not like a fingerprint. (Tr. at 130). When comparing the hair from Ms. 

Birnbaum and Petitioner's samples, Mr. Blythe noted they were not alike. Mr. Blythe compared 

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the hair from under the ligature knot and sample from Petitioner, and there were some 

similarities, but because of the limited sample size, consisting of only four hairs from the 

Petitioner, he was unable to establish the range of variation. As such, he notified the 

investigating officers that a larger sample from Petitioner would be required. 

Mr. Blythe was provided with a specimen which contained additional sample hairs from 

Petitioner. The additional sample hair from Petitioner was sufficient for testing and Mr. Blythe 

concluded the hair found under the knot in the ligature around Ms. Birnbaum's neck. exhibited 

the same characteristics and was consistent with the hairs in the sample provided from Petitioner. 

(Tr. at 133). 

Mr. Blythe was thoroughly cross examined by Petitioner's counsel, Deborah Lux, 

Esquire, with regard to his conclusions concerning the hair comparisons. Jr. at 133-159). Mr. 

Blythe agreed that hair comparisons do not constitute a basis for absolute personal identification 

and he cannot definitely state that a hair belongs to a given individual. lie testified the inability 

to state that a hair belongs to a specific individual is because hairs are not individual enough, 

meaning the characteristics do not vary enough among different individuals to make a positive 

association. (Tr. at 134). He also agreed with Attorney Lux that microscopic hair comparison is 

subjective. (Tr. at 135). Later in the cross examination, Mr. Blythe again agreed he could not 

testify that the hair under the knot around Ms. Birnbaum's neck was 100 percent that of 

Petitioner (Tr. at 143). On review of the closing argument for defense, the Court notes 

Petitioner's other defense attorney, George Lepley, Esquire, repeatedly reminded the jury of the 

limitations of hair analysis as was set forth in the cross examination of Mr. Blythe which further 

minimized any possible overstatement of the significance of microscopic hair comparison in Mr. 

Blythe's testimony. (Tr. Atty. Lepley closing, 6/13/1994, at 98-135). 

8 
On the third day of the trial, June 8, 1994, Donald Bloser, a forensic scientist with the 

Pennsylvania State Police Crime Lab in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania testified. Mr. Bloser 

graduated with a Bachelor's Degree in chemistry from Lebanon Valley College and a Master's 

degree in chemistry from The Pennsylvania State University. He started working for the crime 

lab in January, 1980. Thereafter, he attended the FBI Academy for basic blood and semen 

identification. Additionally, he attended the FBI Academy for genetic maker identification and 

hair and fiber education. He testified after reviewing evidence collected, the vaginal and labial 

slides contained spermatozoa. Based on the number of sperm found in the vaginal slides, Mr. 

Bloser testified the intercourse occurred within twelve hours of the victim's death. Additionally, 

spermatozoa were found on the anal slides and in the underwear the victim was wearing when 

she was found on the snow bank. Mr. Bloser tested the Petitioner's blood sample and testified he 

was a Type A secretor with "PGM subtype 2 plus." Mr. Bloser testified about 32 percent of the 

population are Type A secretors and about 3 percent of the population are PGM subtype 2 plus. 

Based on Mr. Bloser's testing of Petitioner's blood, Petitioner could not be excluded from having 

been the source of the seminal stains collected in this case. (Tr. 6/8/1994 at 47-48). 

Importantly, the testimony concerning the hair comparison was cumulative of and far less 

probative than the DNA evidence which the jury heard at trial through the testimony of Scott F. 

Ermlick which was stipulated to by counsel and read into the record on. day three of the trial on 

June 8, 1994. Mr. Ermlick was employed as a forensic science supervisor in the DNA unit at the 

Pennsylvania State Police Regional Laboratory in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. He assisted with 

the establishment of the DNA unit at the laboratory. He graduated from The Pennsylvania State 

University in 1972 with a Bachelor of Science Degree and from the University of Pittsburgh with 

a Master's Degree in chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology. Mr. Ermlick 

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opined that within a reasonable degree of scientific certainty, the DNA of Petitioner was present 

in the semen and spermatozoa which stained the area cut from the crotch of the panties on the 

victim's body. (Tr. 6/8/1994 at 76). Further, he testified regarding the probabilities of the DNA 

match in various segments of the population, as such, the probability of finding an unrelated 

individual with the same DNA profile from the Caucasian population is approximately l in 620 

million; from the black population is 1 in 2.7 billion; from the Hispanic population in the 

southeastern part of the United States is 1 in 235 million; from the Hispanic population in the 

southwestern part of the country is l in 200 million; and from a composite of all of the Hispanic 

population is 1 in 72 million. (Tr. at 76-77). 

Based on the review of the record in this matter as discussed above, the Court concludes 

the Petitioner is not entitled to relief under 42 Pa.C.S. 9543(a)(2)(vi) based on the unavailability 

of exculpatory evidence concerning Mr. Blythe's testimony that has subsequently become 

available as it clearly would not have changed the outcome of the trial. See Tedford supra. 

Petitioner failed under Section 9543(a)(2)(vi) to prove by a. preponderance of evidence that the 

outcome of the trial would have been different had what Petitioner asserts is exculpatory 

evidence involving the hair comparison testimony been introduced at the trial. Mr. Blythe's. 

testimony was conservative on direct and was thoroughly mitigated by cross-examination. In 

sum, the substantial evidence as a whole, particularly the DNA evidence was compelling and 

supports the jury's verdict that James Cruz is guilty of murder of the first degree of Dawn 

Birnbaum and theft and Petitioner has not be subject to a manifest injustice in his jury trial. 

NOTICE and ORDER 

AND NOW, this day of March, 2021, upon review of Petitioner James Robert 

Cruz's Post-Conviction Relief Act Petition, for the reasons set forth above, this Court having 

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W 

found no genuine issues concerning any material fact, Defendant not being entitled to postconviction collateral relief, and finding no purpose would be served by further proceedings, and 

furthermore, by agreement of the parties to consider the matter on briefs and without evidentiary 

hearing, the Court intends to dismiss the PCRA without evidentiary hearing. 

Pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Criminal Procedure 907(1), Defendant James 

Robert Cruz has hventy (20) days from the date of this notice to respond. 

BY THE COURT: 

athan D. Grine; Judge 

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