Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida

Opinion filed October 21, 2015.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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No. 3D14-2619

Lower Tribunal No. 12-43792

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The Estate of Robin Bellinger,

Appellant,

vs.

Florida Department of Corrections and Miami-Dade County,

Appellees.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Ronald

Dresnick, Judge.

Philip D. Parrish; Darren J. Rousso, for appellant. 

Dutton Law Group, P.A., and Sheridan Weissenborn, for appellee Florida

Department of Corrections. 

Before LAGOA, EMAS, and FERNANDEZ, JJ. 

PER CURIAM.

Affirmed.

LAGOA and FERNANDEZ, JJ., concur.
The Estate of Robin Bellinger v. Florida Department of Corrections

14-2619

EMAS, J., dissenting.

I dissent and would reverse the order dismissing with prejudice Count One

of the second amended complaint, because the Estate should be given an

opportunity to amend the complaint to allege sufficient facts to establish that the

Florida Department of Corrections, through its probation officers, had a legal duty

to inform the Miami-Dade County Jail of Robin Bellinger’s recent suicide attempt

and Baker Act commitment.1

Count One of the Estate’s complaint contains the following well-pleaded

factual allegations, which the trial court was required to accept as true for purposes

of the motion to dismiss2:

Ms. Bellinger was on probation in West Palm Beach for an unrelated

criminal case, and was being supervised by Palm Beach County probation officer

Joetta Bates, an employee of the Florida Department of Corrections. On December

22, 2009, while on probation and under Ms. Bates’ supervision, Ms. Bellinger

1 The Estate filed a two-count complaint: Count One alleges negligence on the part

of the Florida Department of Corrections, through its probation officer employees. 

Count Two alleges negligence on the part of Miami-Dade County, through its

agents and employees at the Miami-Dade County Jail. The order on appeal

dismissed with prejudice Count One of the second amended complaint. The

negligence of Miami-Dade County is not at issue in this appeal. 

2 See Pizzi v. Cent. Bank & Trust Co., 250 So. 2d 895 (Fla. 1971); Raney v.

Jimmie Diesel Corp., 362 So. 2d 997 (Fla. 3d DCA 1978). A ruling on a motion to

dismiss based on a pure question of law is subject to de novo review. The Florida

Bar v. Greene, 926 So. 2d 1195 (Fla. 2006). 

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attempted to commit suicide. Ms. Bates was not simply aware of Ms. Bellinger’s

suicide attempt: Ms. Bellinger called Ms. Bates and told Ms. Bates she had just

swallowed a bottle of Xanax pills and a bottle of Oxycodone pills. Ms. Bates

immediately responded to Ms. Bellinger’s home and found Ms. Bellinger

unconscious and unresponsive. A deputy with the Palm Beach County Sherriff’s

Office also responded to the house, wrote an incident report, and provided this

information and a police case number to Ms. Bates. Ms. Bates remained at Ms.

Bellinger’s house and observed emergency medical personnel transport Ms.

Bellinger to the hospital for treatment. Ms. Bates was also aware that, immediately

following emergency treatment, Ms. Bellinger was committed under Florida’s

Baker Act. See §§ 394.451 et seq., Fla. Stat. (2010). 

Six days after her suicide attempt and release from the Baker Act

commitment, Ms. Bellinger sought permission to travel to Miami-Dade County to

temporarily reside with her aunt. Ms. Bates granted Ms. Bellinger permission to

do so and, while in Miami, Ms. Bellinger’s supervision was transferred to Jackie

Sears, a probation officer in Miami who was also employed by the Florida

Department of Corrections. Ms. Sears was aware of Ms. Bellinger’s recent suicide

attempt and involuntary commitment, or should have been aware of these events

from reviewing Ms. Bellinger’s probation file.

As part of her probation, Ms. Bellinger was required to enroll in an

outpatient drug and mental health

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treatment program. However, when Ms. Bellinger reported to the program, she

was turned away because she was unable to pay the program enrollment fee. Ms.

Bates and Ms. Sears were notified of Ms. Bellinger’s failure to enroll in the

treatment program, a violation of a condition of her probation. 

As a result of her violation of probation (by failing to enroll in the treatment

program), Ms. Bellinger was arrested on February 9, 2010 and taken to the MiamiDade County Jail. Ms. Bellinger was not placed in a safety cell at the jail: the

particular cell she was placed in was not equipped with a “safety vent,” the

installation of which is part of the jail’s policy and procedure to prevent inmates

from utilizing the air-conditioning unit as a means to commit suicide. On February

11, just two days after her arrest and incarceration, Ms. Bellinger committed

suicide in the jail, hanging herself by fastening her bedsheet to an air-conditioning

vent within her cell. 

The complaint alleges that at no time did either of the two probation officers

inform the Miami-Dade County Jail or its personnel that Ms. Bellinger had

attempted to commit suicide just fifty days earlier and had been committed under

Florida’s Baker Act.

The trial court dismissed with prejudice the negligence count against the

Florida Department of Corrections, finding that the Estate did not and could not

allege a set of facts which would establish that the probation officers had a legal

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duty to inform the Miami-Dade County Jail of Ms. Bellinger’s recent suicide

attempt and Baker Act commitment.

On appeal, the Florida Department of Corrections concedes that if either of

the probation officers had personally arrested Ms. Bellinger and taken her to the

county jail, the probation officers would have had a duty to inform the jail

personnel regarding Ms. Bellinger’s recent suicide attempt. The Florida

Department of Corrections argues however, the probation officers had no duty to

inform jail personnel if the probation officers were not the individuals who arrested

Ms. Bellinger and transported her to jail. 

The Estate concedes there is no evidence that Ms. Bates or Ms. Sears

personally arrested Ms. Bellinger or transported her to the jail. It argues, however,

that if Ms. Bates or Ms. Sears engaged in actions which they reasonably knew

would result in Ms. Bellinger’s arrest and confinement, these actions created a

foreseeable zone of risk that Ms. Bellinger would attempt to commit suicide once

incarcerated at the Miami-Dade County Jail, unless the jail staff was made aware

of Ms. Bellinger’s recent suicide attempt and Baker Act confinement. I agree and

conclude that the trial court erred in dismissing Count One with prejudice. The

trial court should have permitted the Estate an opportunity to amend its complaint

to allege sufficient facts to establish a legal duty upon the Department of

Corrections and its employee probation officers.

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“[A] legal duty will arise whenever a human endeavor creates a generalized

and foreseeable risk of harming others.” McCain v. Fla. Power Corp., 593 So. 2d

500, 503 (Fla. 1992). “Where a defendant’s conduct creates a foreseeable zone of

risk, the law generally will recognize a duty placed upon defendant either to lessen

the risk or see that sufficient precautions are taken to protect others from the harm

that the risk poses.” Id. (quoting J.G. Christopher Co. v. Russell, 58 So. 45 (Fla.

1912)). 

As the Florida Supreme Court has recognized:

An action for negligence is predicated upon the existence of a legal

duty owed by the defendant to protect the plaintiff from an

unreasonable risk of harm. The extent of the defendant's duty is

circumscribed by the scope of the anticipated risks to which the

defendant exposes others. In order to prevail in a lawsuit, the plaintiff

must demonstrate that he is within the zone of risks that are

reasonably foreseeable by the defendant. The liability of the tortfeasor

does not depend upon whether his negligent acts were the direct cause

of the plaintiff's injuries, as long as the injuries incurred were the

reasonably foreseeable consequences of the tortfeasor's conduct.

Concord Florida, Inc. v. Lewin, 341 So.2d 242 (Fla. 3rd DCA 1976).

If the harm that occurs is within the scope of danger created by the

defendant's negligent conduct, then such harm is a reasonably

foreseeable consequence of the negligence. The question of

foreseeability and whether an intervening cause is foreseeable is for

the trier of fact. Gibson v. Avis Rent-A-Car System, 386 So.2d 520

(Fla.1980).

Stevens v. Jefferson, 436 So. 2d 33, 35 (Fla. 1983) (quoting with approval Crislip

v. Holland, 401 So. 2d 1115, 1117 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981)) (emphasis added).

The instant complaint fails to allege whether Ms. Bellinger’s arrest was the

result of actions taken by one (or both)

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of the probation officers, or whether Ms. Bellinger was arrested for reasons

unrelated to any actions taken by the probation officers. If, for example, the

probation officer filed an affidavit of violation of probation and sought the

issuance of a warrant for the arrest of Ms. Bellinger (the most common procedure

by which a probationer is taken into custody for an alleged violation of probation3),

this would have predictably led to the arrest of Ms. Bellinger. Such actions of the

probation officer, when combined with the knowledge of Ms. Bellinger’s recent

suicide attempt, created a foreseeable zone of risk and thus a legal duty to act

reasonably (for example, by informing jail personnel of Ms. Bellinger’s recent

suicide attempt and Baker Act commitment), so that jail personnel could take the

appropriate precautions to prevent Ms. Bellinger from harming herself. See

Dorsey v. Reider, 139 So. 3d 860 (Fla. 2014); Overby v. Wille, 411 So. 2d 1331

(Fla. 4th DCA 1982). 

The trial court determined that, as a matter of law, the Department of

Corrections was under no legal duty to inform the Miami-Dade County Jail of Ms.

Bellinger’s recent suicide attempt and Baker Act commitment and that the Estate

3

It is at least arguable that this could reasonably be inferred from the other

allegations of the complaint. See Greene, 926 So. 2d at 1199 (in ruling on a

motion to dismiss complaint, the trial court must not only accept all well-pleaded

allegations as true, but must also construe all reasonable inferences arising

therefrom in favor of plaintiff). However, even if this was not a reasonable

inference, the Estate should have been permitted the opportunity to amend the

complaint to expressly include such an allegation in the complaint, if it could do so

in good faith.

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could not plead any set of facts to establish the existence of such a duty. I believe

that the trial court erred in this conclusion and in dismissing the complaint with

prejudice, without permitting the Estate an opportunity to amend. I would

therefore reverse the trial court’s order dismissing the complaint with prejudice and

grant the Estate leave to amend. I therefore respectfully dissent. 

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