UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, DC 20460

OFFICE OF

CHEMICAL SAFETY AND 

POLLUTION PREVENTION

PC Code: 060109

DP Barcode: 376635

Date: December 28, 2010

MEMORANDUM

Subject: Ecological Risk Assessment for the Proposed New Use of Thiamethoxam as a 

Seed Treatment for Alfalfa

To: Kable Davis, Risk Manager Reviewer

Venus Eagle, Risk Manager

Registration Division (7505P)

From: Anita Ullagaddi, Biologist

Christopher M. Koper, Chemist

Nancy Andrews, Branch Chief

Environmental Risk Branch I

Environmental Fate and Effects Division (7507P)

Attached is the Environmental Fate and Effects Division’s (EFED) Ecological Risk

Assessment in response to Syngenta’s Section 3 request to register Cruiser, a formulated 

product containing the active ingredient thiamethoxam, for use on alfalfa as a seed treatment.

Risks to Non-target Organisms

This assessment includes the parent thiamethoxam and one major degradate, CGA-322704 

(clothianidin). Since clothianidin is a registered active ingredient, a full suite of toxicity data is 

available (U.S. EPA, 2005b, DP 313414). While clothianidin was similarly or less toxic to 

terrestrial organisms than thiamethoxam, clothianidin was about two orders of magnitude more 

toxic to estuarine/marine invertebrates on an acute exposure basis and about three orders of 

magnitude more toxic to freshwater invertebrates on a chronic exposure basis. Therefore, a 

separate aquatic invertebrate assessment was included for the degradate clothianidin. Based on 

the results of this screening-level risk assessment for the proposed new use of thiamethoxam, 

there is potential for risks to aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and plants. Details on potential 

risks to non-target aquatic and terrestrial organisms are discussed below. 

Aquatic Organisms 

Risks quotients (RQs) for thiamethoxam fell below acute and chronic levels of concern (LOCs)

for listed and non-listed freshwater and estuarine/marine fish for the assessed use. Similarly, 
2

there were no acute LOC exceedances for listed and non-listed freshwater and estuarine/marine 

invertebrates. However, in the absence of adequate chronic toxicity data for freshwater and 

estuarine/marine invertebrates, chronic risks were assumed. There were no acute or chronic LOC 

exceedances for freshwater or estuarine/marine invertebrates exposed to the degradate CGA322704 (clothianidin) as a result of the proposed thiamethoxam use. RQs for the proposed use

did not exceed the LOC for risks to aquatic plants.

Terrestrial Organisms

There were no acute and chronic LOC exceedances for small birds and small mammals. Risks to 

terrestrial plants could not be evaluated due to lack of data. In the absence of required Tier I data 

and conditionally required Tier II data, EFED assumes risks to terrestrial plants. 

Potential risks to non-target arthropods, including pollinators, remain a key issue with 

thiamethoxam registrations. Several incidents involving bee kills with other neonicotinoid 

insecticides in Europe warrant the need for additional data and mitigation strategies. For 

example, a bee kill incident in Germany in May 2008 may have been caused by use of 

clothianidin as a dust seed treatment for corn1. A seed sticker was not used for the dust 

treatment, and seeds were planted using upward rather than downward venting equipment, 

which caused clothianidin dust particles to drift. In addition, heavy rain caused the corn seed 

to be planted later than normal when neighboring canola fields were already in bloom. 

Similar incidents have occurred in France, Italy, and Slovenia, prompting the need for 

regulatory action. 

Although a method for quantification of risks to terrestrial invertebrates is not yet in practice, 

environmental fate and toxicological data indicate that thiamethoxam is a persistent, mobile, and 

systemic insecticide and is highly toxic to honey bees on an acute exposure basis; therefore, 

EFED assumes risk to non-target beneficial arthropods, including pollinators such as bees, due to 

exposure to translocated thiamethoxam residues, including its degradate clothianidin2, in pollen 

and nectar as a result of the proposed seed treatment. Pollinator field study data have previously 

been requested to reduce uncertainties and to better characterize potential effects (including 

sublethal ones) and the translocation ability of the chemical within tissues of the crop. Two field 

studies have been received and were reviewed since the previous assessment but do not satisfy

data requirements (see Section 4.1). 

Recommended Label Revisions

As noted in previous assessments, the following statement should be modified on all labels, as 

shown below:

“Cruiser is a selective seed treatment insecticide, and its use is compatible with integrated 

pest management programs.”

 

1

http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/ecosystem/pollinator-protection.html#international

2 While the degree to which thiamethoxam is metabolized to clothianidin within the plant is unknown and may vary 

by crop, clothianidin’s toxicity to terrestrial invertebrates is similar to thiamethoxam’s toxicity, which is 

demonstrated by acute contact and oral honey bee data.
3

Thiamethoxam is a broad-spectrum insecticide rather than a selective insecticide; the mode of 

action of the chemical is to mimic acetylcholine, which causes overstimulation of the 

acetylcholine receptor, the effects of which would not be limited to commercially relevant 

piercing and sucking insects. Because of the potential for exposure to and effects of translocated 

residues in nectar and pollen to beneficial arthropods, the word “selective” should not be 

included on the label. 

All seed bag labels should include the label statements listed below. The statements have been 

selected in accordance with the Label Review Manual3. However, these statements should be 

modified, as shown below, to be specific to the Cruiser seed treatment label.

Ground Water Advisory

“Thiamethoxam has properties and characteristics associated with chemicals detected in 

ground water. This chemical may leach into ground water if used in areas where soils are 

permeable, particularly where the water table is shallow.”

Surface Water Label Advisories

“Thiamethoxam may also impact surface water quality due to runoff of rain water and spray

drift. This is especially true for poorly draining soils and soils with shallow ground water. 

This chemical is classified as having a high potential for reaching both surface water and 

aquatic sediment via runoff several months or more after application. A level, well 

maintained vegetative buffer strip between areas to which this product is applied and 

surface water features such as ponds, streams, and springs will reduce the potential for 

contamination of water from rainfall-runoff. Runoff of this product will be reduced by 

avoiding applications when rainfall is forecasted to occur within 48 hours.”

Modification: “Thiamethoxam may also impact surface water quality due to runoff of rain 

water. This is especially true for poorly draining soils and soils with shallow ground water. 

This chemical is classified as having a high potential for reaching both surface water and 

aquatic sediment via runoff several months or more after application. A level, well 

maintained vegetative buffer strip between areas to which this product is applied and 

surface water features such as ponds, streams, and springs will reduce the potential for 

contamination of water from rainfall-runoff.”

Precautionary Labeling for Bees

“This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on blooming 

crops or weeds. Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if 

bees are visiting the treatment area.”

Modification: “Thiamethoxam is highly toxic to bees, and effects are possible as a result of 

exposure to translocated residues in blooming crops.”

Finally, there are discrepancies on the label regarding the number of applications allowed as 

well as the timing of the application. Under the Seed Bag Label Requirements section, the 

following statement is included: 

 

3

http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/
4

“With the exception of cotton and soybeans, do not make any soil or foliar 

application of products containing thiamethoxam to crops grown from seed treated 

with Cruiser (thiamethoxam).”

In the Crop Use Directions section, the language implies that other types of thiamethoxam 

applications (soil drench, foliar spray) are allowed as long as the maximum rate is not 

exceeded for the growing season; however, this is only the case for cotton and soybeans, and 

soil drench and foliar spray applications for alfalfa (and other crops included on the label but 

not part of the current action) have not even been registered. Additionally, the language in 

this section should be modified to apply to a seed treatment. For example, the use of the 

“treatment window approach” is not applicable to a seed treatment, as treated seeds will be 

planted according to cultural practice rather than pest pressure. 

Data Gaps

The following five studies have been identified as data gaps according to the 40 CFR Part 

158 data requirements. Receipt of acceptable studies would reduce risk characterization 

uncertainties. 

1. Whole Sediment Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Invertebrates (850.1735): 

This 28-day study measures survival, growth, and emergence of Chironomus riparius that has 

been exposed to pesticide-spiked sediment and overlying water. EFED recommends that a 

request be made for this acute sediment toxicity test, which also measures chronic effects, 

because thiamethoxam is very highly toxic to midge and is persistent in the environment. The 

previously submitted study on midge (MRID 447149-18) larvae exposed to thiamethoxamspiked water solution and is 48 hours in duration. Therefore, chronic risks to sediment-dwelling 

midge could not be comprehensively assessed using this study. Prior to initiation of this study, a 

protocol should be submitted to EFED for approval.

2. Field Test for Pollinators (850.3040)4: 

Because thiamethoxam is highly toxic to bees on an acute exposure basis and is a persistent, 

mobile, and systemic insecticide, pollinators have a high potential of being exposed to and 

affected by residues of thiamethoxam and its degradation products (clothianidin) in pollen and 

nectar of plants. EFED recommends that the registrant conduct field studies at maximum 

proposed label rates using crops that are attractive to bees (e.g., pears or apples) for seed 

treatment, foliar, and soil applications. These three studies should be conducted in consultation 

with EFED and should examine the exposure and effects to adults and larvae. The studies should 

measure the amount of thiamethoxam translocated to the nectar and pollen of the target crop and 

rotational crops and potential adverse effects, including sublethal effects.

3. Terrestrial Plant Toxicity, Tier I (seedling emergence) (850.4100): Testing of a typical 

end-use product (TEP) is required for all pesticides having outdoor uses at the proposed 

maximum application rate. Because thiamethoxam is an insecticide, Tier II studies are not 

required unless Tier I studies indicate a ≥ 25% effect to various growth parameters relative to the 

 

4 EFED acknowledges recent receipt of two pollinator field studies (MRID 480533-01, 480533-02). However, the 

studies do not satisfy data requirements (see Section 4.1). 
5

control. Currently, the lack of these data results in a presumption of indirect effects to all listed 

species based on potential habitat modification.

4. Terrestrial Plant Toxicity, Tier I (vegetative vigor) (850.4150): Testing of a TEP is 

required for all pesticides having outdoor uses at the proposed maximum application rate. 

Because thiamethoxam is an insecticide, Tier II studies are not required unless Tier I studies 

indicate a ≥ 25% effect to various growth parameters relative to the control. Currently, the lack 

of these data results in a presumption of indirect effects to all listed species based on potential 

habitat modification.

5. Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test (850.2100): Data are required for one passerine species and 

either one waterfowl species or one upland game bird species for terrestrial, aquatic, forestry, 

and residential outdoor uses. The current method of calculating a weight-adjusted LD50 using 

bobwhite quail or mallard duck data may over- or under-estimate risks to passerines because 

these birds may metabolize the chemical differently. Because the 850.2100 guideline has not yet 

been finalized, protocols for the study of passerine species should be submitted to EFED for 

approval prior to study initiation.

Additionally, the following uncertainties were identified for this risk assessment:

 Studies are not available to document the toxic effects of thiamethoxam on chronic 

exposure basis to both estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates. However, the acute studies 

for both freshwater fish and estuarine/marine fish do not suggest a great difference in 

toxicity across media; effects are expected to be similar for both freshwater and 

estuarine/marine fish. Currently, risks are assumed to estuarine/marine invertebrates on a 

chronic basis; if a definitive chronic freshwater midge study (850.1735; see data gap #1) 

is received, the acute-to-chronic ratio method can also be used to extrapolate risks to 

estuarine/marine invertebrates as follows: 

Chronic toxicitymysid shrimp= Acute toxicitymysid shrimp x Chronic toxicitymidge / Acute 

toxicitymidge. 

However, the acute-to-chronic ratio adds uncertainty to the risk estimation because the 

actual toxicity value and the resulting risk quotients may be over- or under-estimated. 

 This risk assessment considers the most sensitive surrogate species evaluated in the 

registrant-submitted studies. The position of the tested species relative to the distribution 

of all species’ sensitivities to thiamethoxam is unknown. Extrapolating the risk 

conclusions from the most sensitive tested species to non-tested species may either 

underestimate or overestimate the potential risks to those species. The acute toxicity of 

thiamethoxam to midge (EC50 = 35 μg/L) and water flea (EC50 >106,000 μg/L) highlights 

this point. 
6

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary................................................................................................................ 7

2. Use Characterization............................................................................................................... 7

3. Exposure Summary................................................................................................................. 9

4. Ecological Effects Summary................................................................................................. 13

5. Ecological Risks Summary................................................................................................... 15

6. Data Gaps and Uncertainties................................................................................................. 20

7. Listed Species ....................................................................................................................... 21

Appendix 1: T-REX Inputs/Outputs............................................................................................. 23

Appendix 2: PRZM/EXAMS Outputs.......................................................................................... 24

Appendix 3: LOCATES Run........................................................................................................ 32
7

1. Executive Summary

Thiamethoxam is a systemic insecticide registered for use on numerous crops such as grain 

cereals, vegetables, oilseeds, fruits, turf, soybean, and ornamentals for the control of 

commercially relevant sucking and piercing insects that feed on the vascular tissue of crop 

plants. The proposed action is to register Cruiser, a formulated product containing

thiamethoxam, as a seed treatment for use on alfalfa at a rate of 0.001 mg a.i./seed. Assuming 

that there are 210,000 alfalfa seeds in a pound, the maximum application rate is 10 g a.i./acre 

(0.022 lb a.i./acre).

A number of risk assessments have been conducted on thiamethoxam. Previous assessments 

have identified potential risks primarily to terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates, although 

potential for risk was also identified for birds and mammals. Because thiamethoxam is a

systemic and persistent broad-spectrum insecticide, particular concern for non-target 

beneficial arthropods, including pollinators, has been identified (DP357206, May 18, 2009). 

Additionally, potential risks to aquatic invertebrates due to exposure to the degradate CGA322704 (clothianidin) have been identified in previous assessments but were not identified 

for the proposed alfalfa use. Taxonomic groups for which concern levels were exceeded for 

the assessed alfalfa use are summarized in Table 1. 

Table 1. Summary of LOC Exceedances for the Proposed Alfalfa Seed Treatment Use

Effect

Taxonomic Group

Birds Mammals Terrest.

Plants

Terrest.

Inverts Fish Aquatic Inverts

Aquatic 

Plants

Direct Effect LOC 

Exceedance -- -- √

a

√

b

-- √

c

--

Indirect Effect 

Potential √ √ √ √ √ √ √

aThe lack of submitted data causes direct effects to be assumed for terrestrial plants and indirect effects to be 

assumed for all taxa. 

bRQs were not calculated due to lack of quantification methodology. Therefore, the ‘LOC exceedance’ was 

based on toxicity data, the mode of action, and the systemic nature of thiamethoxam.

cChronic risks for aquatic invertebrates are assumed in the absence of appropriate data. There were no acute 

LOC exceedances for aquatic invertebrates.

2. Use Characterization

The registrant has proposed to register thiamethoxam as a seed treatment on alfalfa at the 

maximum rate of 0.022 lb a.i./acre (Cruiser). Application is assumed to be limited to ground as 

treated seed must be incorporated to a depth of at least one inch. Table 2 summarizes the 

proposed new use.
8

Table 2. Assessed Application Rates for Thiamethoxam Seed Treatment Uses

Proposed Label Use1Source of Application Rate Application Rate per Season

Cruiser

Alfalfa Proposed Label 0.022 lb a.i./acre

1All application scenarios represent ground application of treated seed incorporated to a depth of at 

least one inch.

2.1. Scope of Assessment

This assessment considers thiamethoxam and one major degradate of concern (clothianidin) for 

aquatic animals. Clothianidin formed at a rate of 13.2% of the parent in a terrestrial field 

dissipation study (MRID 449489-02) and was a prevalent minor degradate in other studies.

Clothianidin is a degradate of concern because of its retention of the parent’s N-nitro group and 

the relevant environmental conditions under which it forms. Because clothianidin is also a 

registered active ingredient, a full suite of toxicity data is available, and risks were estimated 

separately for the parent thiamethoxam and the degradate clothianidin. Clothianidin is of similar 

or less toxicity to terrestrial animals compared to thiamethoxam; therefore, potential risks were 

not quantified for terrestrial animals resulting from exposure to this degradate. However, 

clothianidin was more toxic than thiamethoxam to certain aquatic invertebrates. This assessment 

follows an abbreviated format because several other assessments have been completed recently 

(DP357206, May 18, 2009; DP364285, July 30, 2009; DP367942+, May 18, 2010), and risk 

conclusions are similar to or not as extensive as those predicted in previous assessments. 

2.2 Nature of the Chemical Stressor

Thiamethoxam is very soluble (4100 mg/L) in water. The vapor pressure (4.95 x 10-11 mm Hg) 

and Henry's Law Constant (4.65 x 10-15 atm m3/mol) indicate that the compound is relatively

non-volatile under field conditions. The compound does not dissociate within the range of pH 2 

to 12. All fate data requirements for thiamethoxam are fulfilled except for the bioaccumulation 

fish study (165-4); however, the n-octanol water partition coefficient (Log Kow = -0.13) for 

thiamethoxam indicates a low potential for bioaccumulation. 

The principal routes of dissipation for thiamethoxam are photodegradation in water, alkalinecatalyzed hydrolysis, and leaching. Other probable routes of dissipation are aerobic aquatic 

metabolism and foliar absorption. Aerobic aquatic metabolism is considered a probable route of 

dissipation based on the different rates of degradation of thiamethoxam in terrestrial and aquatic 

environments; thiamethoxam had substantially lower half-lives (13.8 to16.8 days) in aerobic 

aquatic environments as compared to aerobic soil environments (112 to 408 days). This apparent 

difference in the persistence of thiamethoxam in terrestrial and aquatic environments is likely to 

be due to hydrolysis under alkaline pH conditions in the aerobic aquatic metabolism study. 

Additionally, root uptake, leaching, and foliar absorption are expected to be a probable route of 

dissipation because thiamethoxam is a systemic insecticide with an extremely low partitioning 

coefficient.
9

Additional environmental fate data can be found in the earlier assessment (DP357206, May 18, 

2009). 

3. Exposure Summary

3.1. Terrestrial Exposures

T-REX v1.4.1 was used to estimate potential exposures to birds and mammals. Estimated 

concentrations of thiamethoxam to which birds and mammals could be exposed via consumption 

of treated seed are in Table 3. Additionally, Table 3 includes an estimate of available active 

ingredient per square foot to which birds and mammals could be exposed. EECs used to calculate 

risk quotients for birds and mammals that may consume treated seeds are based on the 

concentration of thiamethoxam on treated seeds. The proposed label indicates the amount of a.i.

to be applied (in mg) per seed, with an average number of alfalfa seeds per pound (0.001 mg 

a.i./seed x 210,000 seeds/lb seed = 210 mg a.i./lb seed). In addition, the specific field loading 

restriction of 0.022 lb a.i./acre is provided, although this can be considered a high-end estimate

because seeding rates are typically lower than 48 lb seed/acre (210 mg a.i./lb seed * 100 lb seed 

x 0.0000022 lb/mg = 0.0463 lb a.i./100 lb seed; 0.022 lb a.i./acre ÷ 0.0463 lb a.i./100 lb seed = 

48 lb seed/acre). T-REX inputs and outputs are included in Appendix 1. 

Table 3. Avian and Mammalian Estimated Exposure Concentrations (EECs) for Proposed and 

Registered Thiamethoxam Seed Treatments

Crop

Maximum 

Application Rate

(lb a.i./A)

Maximum 

Concentration 

on Seed

(mg a.i./kg-seed)

Avian Dose

(mg a.i./kgbw/day)*

Mammalian 

Dose

(mg a.i./kgbw/day)*

Available a.i.

(mg a.i./ft2)*

Cruiser

Alfalfa 0.022 463.00 1.17 0.98 0.0023

*Multiplied by 0.01 to account for incorporation requirement.

No toxicity studies were submitted for terrestrial plants; therefore, potential exposures to 

terrestrial plants were not quantified. Terrestrial exposure concentrations were not estimated for 

the CGA-322704 degradate (clothianidin) because it is not expected to pose additional toxicity

concerns (see Section 3.3 and 4 of DP357206 (May 18, 2009) for additional information) at the 

amount and degradation pathway that it is formed. 

3.2. Aquatic Exposures

The Tier II aquatic assessment was performed using PRZM (v3.12.2)/EXAMS (v. 2.98.04.06) 

modeling with standard pond scenario. Detailed description of these models can be found in a

previous assessment (DP357206, May 18, 2009). The parent thiamethoxam and the degradate 

clothianidin were assessed separately. 
10

3.2.1 Exposure Estimates for the Parent Compound

The PRZM/EXAMS input parameters for thiamethoxam are shown in Table 4. Inputs are 

equivalent to those used in previous assessments (DP357206, May 18, 2009). Results of the 

PRZM/EXAMS modeling exercises are in Table 5. PRZM/EXAMS outputs are included in 

Appendix 2. 

Since there are no standard scenarios for alfalfa, the organophosphate (OP) alfalfa scenarios 

(CA, MN, NC, PA, TX) were used as surrogate scenarios. Application methods and rates were 

obtained from the proposed labels for alfalfa seeds. Considering the seed treatment, the date of 

initial application of thiamethoxam was 7 days before the crop emergence date from the 

respective crop scenarios. 

Table 4. PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for Thiamethoxam

Input Parameter Value Comment Source

Scenario(s): Alfalfa: 

CA, MN, NC, PA, TX Alfalfa

representative scenarios for 

each use

N/A

Maximum Single 

Application Rate:

lb a.i./A (kg a.i./ha)

Alfalfa: 0.022 (0.025) proposed rates proposed label

Applications per Year Seed Treatments:

Alfalfa: 1

label directions. Label 

specifies rates per season. If 

crops are rotated with those 

on which thiamethoxam is 

used, yearly rates may be 

higher. 

proposed label

Application Interval (days) N/A (single application only) intervals were selected to 

reflect labeled application 

patterns.

proposed label

Date of Initial Application

(scenario: day-month) Alfalfa:

CA Alfalfa: 09-01

MN Alfalfa: 25-05

NC Alfalfa: 25-03

PA Alfalfa: 09-03

TX Alfalfa: 25-08

7 days before crop 

emergence was selected for 

seed treatment scenarios. 

Crop Scenarios

Application Method ground (seed treatment) label directions proposed label

CAM Input 4 soil applied, user defined 

incorporation depth, 

uniform with depth

proposed label

Incorporation Depth (cm.) 2.54 label directions (> 1 in.) proposed label

IPSCND Input 1 remaining pesticide on 

foliage is converted to 

surface application to the 

top soil layer 

US EPA, 2005

Spray Drift Fraction 0 incorporated seed treatment Input parameter guidance 

(USEPA, 2009) 

Application Efficiency 1.00 seed treatment Input parameter guidance 

(USEPA, 2009)
11

Table 4. PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for Thiamethoxam

Input Parameter Value Comment Source

Molecular Mass (g/mol) 291.7 product chemistry data US EPA, 2007

Vapor Pressure at 25°C 

(torr)

4.95 x 10-11 product chemistry data US EPA, 2007

Henry’s Law Constant

(atm-m

3

/mol)

4.65 x 10-15 calculated from volatility 

and solubility data

registrant submitted data

Solubility in Water at 25oC 

(mg/L)

4100 product chemistry data US EPA, 2007

Organic Carbon Partition 

Coefficient (KOC) (L/kgOC)

70.23 represents the average KOC MRID 44703502

Aerobic Soil Metabolism 

Half-life (days)

480.92 represents the 90th %-ile 

confidence bound on the 

mean half-life

MRID 44703418

MRID 44703419

MRID 44703501

Aerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life (days)

19.92 represents the 90th %-ile 

confidence bound on the 

mean half-life

MRID 44715032

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life (days)

43.98 represents the 90th %-ile 

confidence bound on the 

mean half-life

MRID 44715029

MRID 44715030

MRID 44715031

Hydrolysis Half-lives (days) Stable pH 7 MRID 44703417 

Aqueous Photolysis

Half-life (days)

4.46 represents the 90th %-ile 

confidence bound on the 

mean half-life

MRID 44715032

N/A = Not Applicable

Table 5. Thiamethoxam Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for Surface 

Water Based on Selected Crop Scenarios

Proposed Label 

Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app. date)

Application Rate 

Peak EEC

(μg/L)

21-day EEC

(μg/L)

60-day EEC 

(μg/L)

Alfalfa CA Alfalfa

(January 9) 1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre 0.18 0.16 0.13

MN Alfalfa

(May 25) 1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre 0.13 0.10 0.07

NC Alfalfa

(March 25) 1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre 0.26 0.23 0.17

PA Alfalfa

(March 9) 1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre 0.18 0.16 0.12

TX Alfalfa

(August 25) 1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre 0.42 0.30 0.20

Seed treatment is the method of application for all crop scenarios with a 2.54 cm. incorporation depth, 100

% application efficiency and 0% spray drift.

1

= Bold EECs are the maximum concentrations predicted by the PRZM/EXAMS model
12

3.2.2 Exposure Estimates for the Degradate CGA-322704 (Clothianidin)

The PRZM/EXAMS input parameters for CGA-322704 (clothianidin) are shown in Table 6. 

Inputs are equivalent to inputs used in previous assessments (D357206). Results of the 

PRZM/EXAMS modeling exercises are in Table 7. Clothianidin application rates were 

calculated using the following equation: 

Application rate of clothianidin = (0.022, thiamethoxam application rate) x (0.132, the maximum 

conversion rate from the degradation of thiamethoxam to clothianidin in the field dissipation studies) x 

(0.86, the molecular weight ratio of clothianidin to thiamethoxam)

Table 6. PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for CGA-322704 (Clothianidin)1

Input Parameter Value Comment Source

Molecular Mass (g/mol) 249.7 Product chemistry data

Vapor Pressure at 25°C (torr) 4.27 x 10-10 Product chemistry data

Solubility in Water (mg/L) 300 Product chemistry data

Organic Carbon Partition 

Coefficient (KOC) (L/kgOC)

188 Represents the average KOC MRID 454223-11

Aerobic Soil Metabolism 

Half-life (days)

744 Represents the 90th %-ile 

confidence bound on the mean 

half-life

MRID 454223-25

MRID 454223-26

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism 

Half-life (days)

1488 2X aerobic soil half-life No acceptable 

aerobic aquatic halflife

Anaerobic Aquatic 

Metabolism Half-life (days)

27 X 3 Selected input parameter was 

multiplied by 3 according to 

Guidance for selecting inputs 

parameter in modeling for 

environmental fate and transport 

of pesticides, (U.S. EPA, 2009)

MRID 454223-20

Hydrolysis Half-lives (days) Stable pH 7 MRID 454223-17 

Aqueous Photolysis

Half-life (days)

1.1 to 34 Longest half-life of 34 days 

used instead of aqueous 

photolysis half-life because of 

demonstrated persistence in 

water and on soil surface 

exposed to sunlight.

MRID 454222-23 

(soil)

MRID 454222-18

MRID 454222-22

MRID 454222-19

MRID 454222-21 

(water)

Scenario TX Alfalfa N/A1

Maximum Single 

Application Rate

0.0025 lb a.i./acre*

Spray Drift Fraction 0.0 Default values Input parameter 

guidance (U.S. EPA, 

2009) 

Application Efficiency 1.0 Default values Input parameter 

guidance 

(U.S. EPA, 2009)
13

Table 6. PRZM/EXAMS Input Parameters for CGA-322704 (Clothianidin)1

Input Parameter Value Comment Source

1

Input values obtained from clothianidin chapter (U.S. EPA, 2006) 

*Application rate of clothianidin = (0.022, thiamethoxam application rate) x (0.132, the maximum 

conversion rate from the degradation of thiamethoxam to clothianidin in the field dissipation studies) x 

(0.86, the molecular weight ratio of clothianidin to thiamethoxam)

Table 7. Clothianidin Estimated Environmental Concentrations (EECs) for Surface 

Water based on Selected Crop Scenarios

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXAMS

Scenario

(first app. date)

Application Rate* 

Peak 

EEC

(μg/L)

21-day 

EEC

(μg/L)

60-day 

EEC 

(μg/L)

Alfalfa TX Alfalfa

(August 25) 1 app @ 0.0025 lb a.i./acre 0.13 0.13 0.12

*Application rate of clothianidin = (0.022, thiamethoxam application rate) x (0.132, the maximum conversion 

rate from the degradation of thiamethoxam to clothianidin in the field dissipation studies) x (0.86, the 

molecular weight ratio of clothianidin to thiamethoxam)

Seed treatment is the method of application for all crop scenarios with a 2.54 cm. incorporation depth; 100

% application efficiency and 0% spray drift is assumed.

4. Ecological Effects Summary

4.1. Toxicity Data for the Parent Compound

A summary of toxicity data, including data used to calculate RQs, is provided in Table 8. 

Additional discussion of the data can be found in a previous assessment (DP357206; May 18, 

2009). 

Table 8. Thiamethoxam Toxicity Data

Study Type Species Toxicity Value Toxicity Classification MRID & Status

Acute –

Freshwater Fish

Rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

96-hr LC50: >100,000 μg/L

NOAEC: 100,000 μg/L Practically non-toxic 447149-16Supplemental

Acute –

Freshwater Fish

Bluegill sunfish 

(Lepomis 

macrochirus)

96-hr LC50: >114,000 μg/L

NOAEC: 114,000 μg/L Practically non-toxic 447149-17Acceptable

Acute –

Estuarine/Marine 

Fish

Sheepshead minnow

(Cyprinodon 

variegatus)

96-hr LC50: >111,000 μg/L

NOAEC: 111,000 μg/L Practically non-toxic 447149-20Acceptable

Chronic –

Freshwater Fish

Rainbow trout 

(Oncorhynchus 

mykiss)

NOAEC: 20,000 μg/L

LOAEC: >20,000 μg/L

(no effects on reproduction 

at 20,000 μg/L)

NA 447149-23

Supplemental

Acute –

Freshwater 

Invertebrate

Water flea (Daphnia 

magna)

48-hr EC50: >106,000 μg/L

NOAEC: 36,000 μg/L Practically non-toxic 447149-19Supplemental

Acute –

Freshwater 

Invertebrate

Midge (Chironomus 

riparius)

48-hr EC50: 35 μg/L *

NOAEC: 13 μg/L Very highly toxic 447149-18Acceptable
14

Table 8. Thiamethoxam Toxicity Data

Study Type Species Toxicity Value Toxicity Classification MRID & Status

Acute –

Freshwater 

Invertebrate Red Swamp Crayfish

(Procambarus clarkii)

96-hr EC50: 2300 μg/L

(based on death and 

immobilization)

96-hr LC50: 2300-2600 μg/L

NOAEC: 650 μg/L

Moderately toxic 475581-06

Supplemental

Acute –

Estuarine/Marine 

Invertebrate

Eastern oyster 

(Crassostrea 

virginica)

96-hr LC50: >119,000 μg/L

NOAEC: 74,000 μg/L Practically non-toxic 447149-21Acceptable

Acute –

Estuarine/Marine 

Invertebrate

Mysid shrimp 

(Americamysis bahia)

96-hr LC50: 6900 μg/L *

NOAEC: <2000 μg/L Moderately toxic

447149-22

Acceptable

Chronic –

Freshwater 

Invertebrate

Water flea (Daphnia 

magna)

NOAEC: 50,000 μg/L

LOAEC: 101,000 μg/L

(number of neonates 

produced)

NA 447149-24

Supplemental

Aquatic – Nonvascular PlantsGreen algae 

(Pseudokirchneriella 

subcapitata)

96 hr EC50: >97,000 μg/L

NOAEC: 97,000 μg/L

(no effects noted)

NA 447149-26

Acceptable

Aquatic –

Vascular Plants Duckweed (Lemna 

gibba)

7 day EC50: >90,000 μg/L

NOAEC: 22,000 μg/L

(no effects noted)

NA 447149-25

Acceptable

Acute – Avian 

Oral

Bobwhite Quail 

(Colinus virginianus)

LD50: 1552 mg/kg-bw/day

NOAEC: 125 mg/kgbw/daySlightly toxic 447033-07

Acceptable

Acute – Avian 

Oral

Mallard Duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)

LD50: 576 mg/kg-bw/day*

NOAEC: Not determined Slightly toxic 447033-07Acceptable

Acute – Avian 

Dietary

Bobwhite Quail 

(Colinus virginianus)

LC50: >5200 mg/kg-diet

NOAEC: 2600 mg/kg-diet Practically non-toxic 447033-09Acceptable

Acute – Avian 

Dietary

Mallard Duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)

LC50: >5200 mg/kg-diet

NOAEC: 1300 mg/kg-diet Practically non-toxic 447033-10Acceptable

Chronic – Avian 

Reproduction Bobwhite Quail 

(Colinus virginianus)

NOAEC: 900 mg/kg-diet

LOAEC: >900 mg/kg-diet

(reduced egg size)

NA 447033-12

Acceptable

Chronic – Avian 

Reproduction Mallard Duck

(Anas platyrhynchos)

NOAEC: 300 mg/kg-diet*

LOAEC: 900 mg/kg-diet

(weight loss in parental 

males)

NA 447033-11

Acceptable

Acute –

Mammalian Oral

Rat (Rattus 

norvegicus)

LD50: 1563 mg/kg-bw* Slightly toxic 447033-14

Chronic –

Mammalian 

Reproduction Rat (Rattus 

norvegicus)

NOAEL: 10 mg/kg-bw/day*

LOAEL: 30 mg/kg-bw/day

(increased incidence and 

severity of tubular atrophy 

in the testes of male rats)

NA 447187-07

Acute – Contact 

Toxicity

Honey Bee

(Apis mellifera)

LD50: 0.024 μg/bee

NOAEL: 0.005 μg/bee Highly toxic 447149-27Acceptable

Acute – Oral 

Toxicity

Honey Bee

(Apis mellifera)

LD50: 0.005 μg/bee

NOAEL: 0.002 μg/bee Highly toxic 447149-27Acceptable

Foliage Residue 

Toxicity

Honey Bee

(Apis mellifera)

RT25: Not determined NA 447275-01

Supplemental

*Value used for risk quantification.
15

One midge study (MRID 447149-28) was submitted since the last assessment and is currently

under review. Two pollinator field studies (MRID 480533-01, 480533-02) that tested the effects 

of a thiamethoxam formulation on winter oilseed rape in France have been submitted and were 

reviewed since the last assessment. These studies were classified as supplemental and were not 

used in this assessment because they do not satisfy data requirements. The two major deviations 

were that mixture products (i.e., the product formulation contained more than one active 

ingredient) were used and that the tested application rates were lower than the maximum labeled 

application rates.

4.2. Toxicity Data for the Degradate CGA-322704 (Clothianidin)

A summary of the most sensitive definitive toxicity data for CGA-322704 (clothianidin) used to 

calculate RQs is in Table 9. Terrestrial animal toxicity data are not included because clothianidin 

has demonstrated similar or less toxicity in terrestrial organisms, including honey bees, as 

compared to thiamethoxam. Additional information, including qualitative, non-definitive, or 

endpoints less sensitive than the parent compound, can be found in EFED’s 2005 Ecological 

Risk Assessment Document (U.S. EPA, 2005b, DP 313414) produced for clothianidin.

Table 9. Toxic Effects in Aquatic Invertebrates Due to Exposure to Clothianidin

Test Type Test Species

Product 

Tested

(% a.i.)

Toxicity Value

(μg/L)

Toxicity 

Classification

Study 

Classification MRID #

Acute –

Freshwater

Midge 

(Chironomus 

riparius)

97.6 48-hr EC50: 22* Very highly 

toxic Supplemental 454224-14

Chronic –

Freshwater

Water flea 

(Daphnia 

magna)

96

LOAEC: 120

NOAEC: 42*

(based on 

reproduction)

NA Supplemental 454224-12

Acute –

Estuarine/

Marine

Mysid 

(Americamysis 

bahia)

97.6 96-hr LC50: 51* Very highly 

toxic Acceptable 454224-03

Chronic –

Estuarine/

Marine

Mysid 

(Mysidopsis 

bahia)

97.6

LOAEC: 9.7

NOAEC: 5.1*

(based on 

reproduction)

NA Acceptable 454224-05

*denotes values used to calculate RQs

4.3. Incidents

EFED maintains an incident database system called the Ecological Incident Information System 

(EIIS) to track and evaluate accidental kills associated with pesticide use. Based on the 

information contained in the incident report, the likelihood of a particular pesticide causing the 

incident is classified as highly probable, probable, possible, or unlikely. If there are incidents, the

information will be reviewed and considered in conjunction with the degree to which the LOCs 

were exceeded, information on sales, local use practices, and monitored levels in the 

environment to determine whether the predicted effect based on labeled use of the product is 

likely to occur or not.
16

A search of the EIIS database on December 7, 2010 yielded a few incidents specifying bee 

mortalities; these incidents are currently under review. No other taxa were identified as having 

been adversely affected by thiamethoxam. Although incident reporting is required under FIFRA 

Section 6(a)(2), the absence of reports in EIIS does not indicate that the chemical has no effects 

on wildlife; rather, it is possible that incidents have gone unreported. A search of the EIIS 

database on May 15, 2009 for incidents involving other neonicotinoids, including clothianidin, 

imidacloprid, and dinotefuran, identified several incidents. These incidents involved large 

numbers of bees as well as birds, plants, crayfish, and fish and are currently under review.

Several incidents involving bee kills with other neonicotinoid insecticides in Europe have 

been reported. For example, a bee kill incident in Germany in May 2008 was likely caused

by use of clothianidin as a seed treatment for corn5. A seed sticker was not used for the dust 

treatment, and seeds were planted using upward rather than downward venting equipment, 

which caused clothianidin dust particles to drift. In addition, heavy rain caused the corn seed 

to be planted later than normal when neighboring canola fields were already in bloom. 

Similar incidents have occurred in France, Italy, and Slovenia, prompting the need for

regulatory action. A thorough review of all incidents is currently underway. 

5. Ecological Risks Summary

5.1. Potential Risks of Thiamethoxam Exposure to Terrestrial Organisms

This assessment assumes that birds and mammals consume 100% of their diet as treated seeds, 

and 1% of seeds are available to be consumed as labels specify incorporation of treated seed to a 

depth of at least one inch. 

5.1.1. Birds

Thiamethoxam is classified as practically non-toxic to birds on a dietary basis and slightly toxic 

on an acute oral dose basis. None of the acute and chronic RQs exceeded levels of concern for 

birds exposed to treated alfalfa seeds (Table 10).

5.1.2. Mammals

Thiamethoxam is classified as slightly toxic to mammals on an acute oral basis. Chronic effects 

observed at the LOAEL (30 mg/kg-bw/day) for mammals included increased incidence and 

severity of tubular atrophy in the testes of male rats. None of the acute or chronic RQs exceeded 

concern levels (Table 10) for the proposed alfalfa use. 

 

5

http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/ecosystem/pollinator-protection.html#international
17

Table 10. Summary of Avian and Mammalian RQs for Thiamethoxam (Cruiser) Seed 

Treatment Use

Use

Avian (20 g) Mammalian (15 g)

Acute

(Method 1)1

Acute 

(Method 2)2 Chronic3 Acute(Method 1)1

Acute

(Method 2)2 Chronic3

Cruiser

Alfalfa* <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.02

*RQs based on EECs multiplied by an incorporation factor of 0.01 to account for burying of seed.

1Method 1 calculated using the following equation: RQ = (mg a.i./kg-bw/day) / LD50

2Method 2 calculated using the following equation: RQ = (mg a.i./ft2

) / (LD50 * bw)

3Chronic RQ calculated using the following formula: RQ = (mg a.i./kg seed) / NOAEC

5.1.3. Terrestrial Plants

Data were not submitted to assess the toxicity of thiamethoxam to terrestrial plants. Therefore, 

risks to terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants are assumed. 

5.1.4. Terrestrial Invertebrates

Currently, EFED does not quantify potential risks of pesticides to non-listed terrestrial non-target 

arthropods. However, based on the data submitted on honey bee toxicity, thiamethoxam is highly

toxic to honey bees (LD50 = 0.024 and 0.005 μg/bee on an acute contact and oral exposure basis, 

respectively). Because thiamethoxam is a systemic, persistent insecticide, EFED assumes risks to 

non-target terrestrial invertebrates, including pollinators such as bees, due to exposure to 

translocated thiamethoxam residues, including its degradate clothianidin, in pollen and nectar. 

While the degree to which thiamethoxam is metabolized to clothianidin within the plant is 

unknown and may vary by crop, clothianidin has similar toxicity to thiamethoxam, which is 

demonstrated by acute contact and oral honey bee data. Pollinator field study data have been 

requested to reduce uncertainties and better characterize potential effects through the possible 

routes of exposure; some data were received but were classified as supplemental and do not 

satisfy data requirements (see Section 4.1). 

EFED’s supposition of potential risks to pollinators and other non-target beneficial arthropods is 

supported by incidents associated with other neonicotinoids in Europe (see Section 4.3). A 

practice to mitigate risks to non-target arthropods, which may provide commercially important 

pollination and other ecological services, includes, but is not limited to, establishing and 

maintaining alternative untreated habitat and forage in areas surrounding agricultural fields6.

5.2. Potential Risks of Thiamethoxam Exposure to Aquatic Organisms

5.2.1. Fish

A definitive LC50 was not established for thiamethoxam for either freshwater or estuarine/marine 

fish. As a result, acute risk quotients were not calculated for fish. However, a comparison of the 

established NOAEC values of 100,000 μg/L for rainbow trout, 114,000 μg/L for bluegill sunfish, 

 

6

http://www.xerces.org/pollinator-conservation-agriculture/
18

and 111,000 μg/L for sheepshead minnow from acute exposure studies with the estimated peak 

surface water concentrations of thiamethoxam, which ranged from 0.13 to 0.42 μg/L, suggest 

that estimated peak exposure concentrations are well below the concentrations shown to result in 

no adverse effects to both freshwater and estuarine/marine fish. Therefore, potential risks do not 

trigger concerns at this time for either freshwater or estuarine/marine fish on the acute exposure 

basis. 

Although no chronic effects on reproduction were noted, a comparison of the highest dose tested 

in the study (20,000 μg/L) for freshwater rainbow trout with the 60-day average EECs (0.07 to 

0.20 μg/L) indicated that exposure estimates are well below concern levels for potential chronic 

risks to freshwater fish. Although chronic data were not submitted for estuarine/marine fish, 

chronic risks would similarly fall below concern levels as acute freshwater and estuarine/marine 

fish data do not suggest a difference in sensitivity across media. 

5.2.2 Aquatic Invertebrates

A summary of risk quotients based on acute exposure of freshwater midge and estuarine/marine 

mysid to thiamethoxam is presented in Table 11, below. There are no acute LOC exceedances

for freshwater or estuarine/marine invertebrates. Chronic RQs for freshwater invertebrates

(daphnids) based on exposure to thiamethoxam do not exceed LOCs based on the NOAEC value 

of 50,000 μg/L and peak exposure concentrations of 0.30 μg/L and less. However, thiamethoxam 

was more acutely toxic to the freshwater midge than the daphnid. In the absence of chronic 

midge data, the acute to chronic ratio (ACR) was used to predict a NOAEC for the midge. Based 

on the ACR-derived midge NOAEC (NOAEC <16.51 μg/L, see Section 4.1.2 of a previous 

assessment; DP357206, May 18, 2009), it is possible for chronic LOCs to be exceeded (chronic 

EECs ranged from 0.10 to 0.30 μg/L). Chronic risk to freshwater invertebrates cannot be ruled 

out until acceptable chronic midge data (satisfied by the 850.1735 guideline) providing a 

definitive NOAEC is submitted to the Agency. Since the ACR-derived midge NOAEC is nondefinitive (<16.51 μg/L), chronic risks to freshwater invertebrates were assumed to exceed listed 

species LOCs for the proposed use. Additionally, either the chronic midge data or a chronic 

mysid study is needed to evaluate risks to estuarine/marine invertebrates. In the absence of this 

data, chronic risks to estuarine/marine invertebrates were assumed for listed species.

Table 11. Acute Risk Quotients for Aquatic Invertebrates Thiamethoxam Applications

Based on Selected Crop Scenarios

Proposed Label Use

PRZM/EXA

MS

Scenario

(first app. 

date)

Application Rate 

Peak 

EEC

(μg/L)

Freshwater

Acute RQ

Estuarine/

Marine 

Acute RQ

Alfalfa TX Alfalfa

(August 25) 1 app @ 0.022 lb a.i./acre 0.42 0.01 <0.01

Seed treatment is the method of application for all crop scenarios with a 2.54 cm. incorporation depth, 100

% application efficiency and 0% spray drift. 
19

5.2.3. Aquatic Plants

Potential risks to aquatic plants from the proposed new uses of thiamethoxam were evaluated 

using the toxicity data for a vascular plant (Lemna gibba) and a non-vascular plant 

(Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). Toxicity values for these two aquatic plants were nondefinitive (> than the highest concentration tested); therefore, risks for the above species were 

ascertained based on the comparisons of estimated peak thiamethoxam concentrations in surface 

water and the non-definitive toxicity values. The most conservative peak EEC (0.42 μg/L) is 

several orders of magnitude lower than the non-definitive toxicity values for vascular (EC50 

>90,000 μg/L) and non-vascular (EC50 >97,000 μg/L) plants; therefore, risks to aquatic plants 

are presumably less than concern levels.

5.3. Potential Risks of Major Degradate CGA-322704 (Clothianidin) Exposure to Aquatic 

Organisms

RQs did not exceed the acute or chronic LOCs for freshwater invertebrates exposed to the 

degradate CGA-322704 (clothianidin) as a result of the proposed thiamethoxam application

(Table 12). 

Table 12. Risk Quotients for Freshwater Invertebrates Exposed to Major Degradate 

CGA-322704 (Clothianidin) of Thiamethoxam for Surface Water

Proposed Label Use Peak EEC 

(μg/L) Acute RQ

21-day 

EEC 

(μg/L)

Chronic RQ

Alfalfa 0.13 0.01 0.13 <0.01

*Application rate of clothianidin = (thiamethoxam application rate) x (0.132, the maximum conversion rate 

from the degradation of thiamethoxam to clothianidin in the field dissipation studies) x (0.86, the molecular 

weight ratio of clothianidin to thiamethoxam).

Seed treatment is the method of application for all crop scenarios with a 2.54 cm. incorporation depth; 100

% application efficiency and 0% spray drift is assumed.

RQs did not exceed acute or chronic LOCs for estuarine/marine invertebrates exposed to the 

degradate CGA-322704 (clothianidin) as a result of the proposed thiamethoxam application rates

(Table 13).

Table 13. Risk Quotients for Estuarine/Marine Invertebrates Exposed to Major 

Degradate CGA-322704 (Clothianidin) of Thiamethoxam for Surface Water

Proposed Label Use Peak EEC 

(μg/L) Acute RQ

21-day 

EEC 

(μg/L)

Chronic RQ

Alfalfa 0.13 <0.01 0.13 0.02

*Application rate of clothianidin = (thiamethoxam application rate) x (0.132, the maximum conversion rate 

from the degradation of thiamethoxam to clothianidin in the field dissipation studies) x (0.86, the molecular 

weight ratio of clothianidin to thiamethoxam)/

Seed treatment is the method of application for all crop scenarios with a 2.54 cm. incorporation depth; 100

% application efficiency and 0% spray drift is assumed.
20

6. Data Gaps and Uncertainties

The following five studies have been identified as data gaps according to the 40 CFR Part 

158 data requirements. Receipt of acceptable studies would reduce risk characterization 

uncertainties. 

1. Whole Sediment Acute Toxicity Test for Freshwater Invertebrates (850.1735): 

This 28-day study measures survival, growth, and emergence of Chironomus riparius that has 

been exposed to pesticide-spiked sediment and overlying water. EFED recommends that a 

request be made for this acute sediment toxicity test, which also measures chronic effects,

because thiamethoxam is very highly toxic to midge and is persistent in the environment. The 

previously submitted study on midge (MRID 447149-18) larvae exposed to thiamethoxamspiked water solution and is 48 hours in duration. Therefore, chronic risks to sediment-dwelling 

midge could not be comprehensively assessed using this study. Prior to initiation of this study, a 

protocol should be submitted to EFED for approval.

2. Field Test for Pollinators (850.3040)7: 

Because thiamethoxam is highly toxic to bees on an acute exposure basis and is a persistent, 

mobile, and systemic insecticide, pollinators have a high potential of being exposed to and 

affected by residues of thiamethoxam and its degradation products (clothianidin) in pollen and 

nectar of plants. EFED recommends that the registrant conduct field studies at maximum 

proposed label rates using crops that are attractive to bees (e.g., pears or apples) for seed 

treatment, foliar, and soil applications. These three studies should be conducted in consultation 

with EFED and should examine the exposure and effects to adults and larvae. The studies should 

measure the amount of thiamethoxam translocated to the nectar and pollen of the target crop and 

rotational crops and potential adverse effects, including sublethal effects.

3. Terrestrial Plant Toxicity, Tier I (seedling emergence) (850.4100): Testing of a typical 

end-use product (TEP) is required for all pesticides having outdoor uses at the proposed 

maximum application rate. Because thiamethoxam is an insecticide, Tier II studies are not 

required unless Tier I studies indicate a ≥ 25% effect to various growth parameters relative to the 

control. Currently, the lack of these data results in a presumption of indirect effects to all listed 

species based on potential habitat modification.

4. Terrestrial Plant Toxicity, Tier I (vegetative vigor) (850.4150): Testing of a TEP is 

required for all pesticides having outdoor uses at the proposed maximum application rate. 

Because thiamethoxam is an insecticide, Tier II studies are not required unless Tier I studies 

indicate a ≥ 25% effect to various growth parameters relative to the control. Currently, the lack 

of these data results in a presumption of indirect effects to all listed species based on potential 

habitat modification.

5. Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test (850.2100): Data are required for one passerine species and 

either one waterfowl species or one upland game bird species for terrestrial, aquatic, forestry, 

 

7 EFED acknowledges receipt of two pollinator field studies (MRID 480533-01, 480533-02). These studies were 

classified as supplemental and do not satisfy data requirements (see Section 4.1). 
21

and residential outdoor uses. The current method of calculating a weight-adjusted LD50 using 

bobwhite quail or mallard duck data may over- or under-estimate risks to passerines because 

these birds may metabolize the chemical differently. Because the 850.2100 guideline has not yet 

been finalized, protocols for the study of passerine species should be submitted to EPA for 

approval prior to study initiation.

Additionally, the following uncertainties were identified for this risk assessment:

 Studies are not available to document the toxic effects of thiamethoxam on chronic 

exposure basis to both estuarine/marine fish and invertebrates. However, the acute studies 

for both freshwater fish and estuarine/marine fish do not suggest a great difference in 

toxicity across media; effects are expected to be similar for both freshwater and 

estuarine/marine fish. Currently, risks are assumed to estuarine/marine invertebrates on a 

chronic basis; if a definitive chronic freshwater midge study (850.1735; see data gap #1) 

is received, the acute-to-chronic ratio method can also be used to extrapolate risks to 

estuarine/marine invertebrates as follows: 

Chronic toxicitymysid shrimp= Acute toxicitymysid shrimp x Chronic toxicitymidge / Acute 

toxicitymidge. 

However, the acute-to-chronic ratio adds uncertainty to the risk estimation because the 

actual toxicity value and the resulting risk quotients may be over- or under-estimated.

 This risk assessment only considered the most sensitive of the species evaluated in the 

registrant-submitted studies. The position of the tested species relative to the distribution 

of all species’ sensitivities to thiamethoxam is unknown. Extrapolating the risk 

conclusions from the most sensitive tested species to non-tested species may either 

underestimate or overestimate the potential risks to those species. The acute toxicity of 

thiamethoxam to midge (EC50 = 35 μg/L) and water flea (EC50 >106,000 μg/L) highlights 

this point. 

7. Listed Species

This assessment identified potential direct effects to terrestrial invertebrates. Also, potential 

risks to listed terrestrial plants were assumed to exceed concern levels due to the absence of 

toxicity data for terrestrial plants. LOC exceedances for listed species are summarized in Table 

14. 

Table 14. Potential Effects to Federally Listed Taxa

Listed Taxa Direct Effects1Indirect Effects2

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants – monocots 

and dicots Yes Yes

Birds No Yes

Terrestrial-phase amphibians No Yes

Reptiles No Yes

Mammals No Yes
22

Table 14. Potential Effects to Federally Listed Taxa

Listed Taxa Direct Effects1Indirect Effects2

Aquatic plants No Yes

Freshwater fish No Yes

Aquatic-phase amphibians No Yes

Freshwater invertebrates No – Acute

Yes – Chronic Yes

Mollusks No Yes

Marine/estuarine fish No Yes

Marine/estuarine invertebrates No – Acute

Yes – Chronic Yes

Terrestrial invertebrates Yes Yes

1Risks to terrestrial plants and chronic risks to all aquatic invertebrates were assumed due to the absence of data, and 

there is potential for risks to terrestrial invertebrates even though a method for risk quantification is not in practice. 

2

Indirect effects to a listed species occur when its prey base is reduced or habitat is modified. Indirect effects to all 

taxa are assumed due to lack of terrestrial plant data. 

LOCATES was used to determine co-occurrence of listed species and the proposed uses of

thiamethoxam application to alfalfa seed. These species are included in Appendix 3.
23

Appendix 1: T-REX Inputs/Outputs

Note: EECs and RQs have not been modified to account for incorporation in the following 

outputs. 

Input:

Crop Maximum Seeding Rate

(lb seed/acre) Reference Application Rate(fl oz/cwt)

Application Rate

(lb a.i./cwt)

Alfalfa 48 Proposed label 0 0.0463

Output:

Crop

Maximum 

Application 

Rate

(lb a.i./acre)

Maximum 

Seed 

Application 

Rate

(mg a.i./kg 

seed)

Avian Nagy 

Dose

(mg a.i./kgbw/day)

Mammalian 

Nagy Dose

(mg a.i./kgbw/day)

Available 

a.i.

(mg a.i./ft2)

Alfalfa 0.0222 463.00 117.18 98.10 0.23

Crop

Risk Quotients

Avian (20 g) Mammalian (15 g)

Acute (# 1) Acute (# 2) Chronic Acute (# 1) Acute (# 2) Chronic

Alfalfa 0.39 0.04 1.54 0.03 0.00 2.32
24

Appendix 2: PRZM/EXAMS Outputs

Thiamethoxam stored as CAalfalfa0.022.out

Chemical: Thiamethoxam

PRZM environment: CAalfalfa_WirrigOP.txt modified Thuday, 14 June 2007 at 11:20:44

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:07

Metfile: w93193.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:16:12

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.01

1962 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.01

1963 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.02

1964 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

1965 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1966 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

1967 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.01

1968 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1969 0.41 0.40 0.37 0.31 0.26 0.08

1970 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.03

1971 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1972 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

1973 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01

1974 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1975 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1976 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.02

1977 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1978 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.01

1979 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01

1980 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01

1981 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.01

1982 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1983 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.14 0.04

1984 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

1985 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

1986 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.02

1987 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1988 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1989 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1990 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.09 0.03

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.03 0.41 0.40 0.37 0.31 0.26 0.08

0.06 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.14 0.04

0.10 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.03

0.13 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.09 0.03

0.16 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.02

0.19 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.02

0.23 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.02

0.26 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.01

0.29 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.01

0.32 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.01

0.35 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.01

0.39 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.01

0.42 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01

0.45 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.48 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01

0.52 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

0.55 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

0.58 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

0.61 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.65 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.68 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.71 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.74 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.77 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.81 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.10 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.03

Average of yearly averages: 0.01

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: CAalfalfa0.022

Metfile: w93193.dvf

PRZM scenario: CAalfalfa_WirrigOP.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Thiamethoxam

Description Variable Name Value Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 291.7 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 4.65E-15 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 4.95E-11 torr

Solubility sol 4100 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 70.23 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 4.46 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 19.92 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 43.98 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 480.92 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 4 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 2.54 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.025 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 1 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 09-01 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
25

stored as MNalfalfa0.022.out

Chemical: Thiamethoxam

PRZM environment: MNalfalfaOP.txt modified Thuday, 14 June 2007 at 11:21:44

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:07

Metfile: w14914.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:15:15

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1962 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

1963 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.01

1964 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.02

1965 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1966 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

1967 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

1968 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1969 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01

1970 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01

1971 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1972 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

1973 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

1974 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01

1975 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.09 0.07 0.02

1976 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1977 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.01

1978 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.01

1979 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01

1980 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

1981 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

1982 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

1983 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

1984 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.02

1985 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.02

1986 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01

1987 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

1988 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

1989 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

1990 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.03 0.16 0.16 0.14 0.09 0.07 0.02

0.06 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.02

0.10 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.02

0.13 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.02

0.16 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.01

0.19 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.01

0.23 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.01

0.26 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.29 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.32 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.35 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.39 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.42 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

0.45 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

0.48 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

0.52 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01

0.55 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.58 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.61 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.65 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.68 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.71 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.74 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

0.77 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

0.81 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.84 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.87 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.90 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.94 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.97 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.10 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.02

Average of yearly averages: 0.01

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: MNalfalfa0.022

Metfile: w14914.dvf

PRZM scenario: MNalfalfaOP.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Thiamethoxam

Description Variable NameValue Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 291.7 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 4.65E-15 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 4.95E-11 torr

Solubility sol 4100 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 70.23 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 4.46 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 19.92 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 43.98 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 480.92 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 4 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 2.54 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.025 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 1 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 25-05 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
26

stored as NCalfalfa0.022.out

Chemical: Thiamethoxam

PRZM environment: NCalfalfaOP.txt modified Thuday, 14 June 2007 at 11:21:52

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:07

Metfile: w03812.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:09

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1965 0.45 0.44 0.39 0.29 0.23 0.06

1966 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

1967 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1968 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

1969 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01

1970 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

1971 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

1972 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1973 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.00

1974 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.02

1975 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.03

1976 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.02

1977 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.15 0.12 0.03

1978 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.04

1979 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.02

1980 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.04

1981 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.10 0.08 0.02

1982 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

1983 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.09 0.02

1984 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.04

1985 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

1986 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

1987 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.00

1988 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

1989 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

1990 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.04 0.45 0.44 0.39 0.29 0.23 0.06

0.07 0.27 0.26 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.04

0.11 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.04

0.15 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.04

0.19 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.15 0.12 0.03

0.22 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.03

0.26 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.11 0.09 0.02

0.30 0.17 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.02

0.33 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.08 0.02

0.37 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.02

0.41 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.02

0.44 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.48 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.52 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

0.56 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.00

0.59 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.00

0.63 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

0.67 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

0.70 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.74 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.78 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00

0.81 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.85 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.89 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.10 0.26 0.26 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.04

Average of yearly averages: 0.01

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: NCalfalfa0.022

Metfile: w03812.dvf

PRZM scenario: NCalfalfaOP.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Thiamethoxam

Description Variable NameValue Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 291.7 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 4.65E-15 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 4.95E-11 torr

Solubility sol 4100 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 70.23 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 4.46 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 19.92 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 43.98 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 480.92 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 4 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 2.54 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.025 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 1 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 25-03 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
27

stored as PAalfalfa0.022.out

Chemical: Thiamethoxam

PRZM environment: PAalfalfaOP.txt modified Thuday, 14 June 2007 at 11:23:40

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:07

Metfile: w14751.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:59

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1962 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01

1963 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

1964 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.01

1965 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

1966 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

1967 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

1968 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.02

1969 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.10 0.03

1970 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

1971 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.01

1972 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01

1973 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

1974 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01

1975 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01

1976 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1977 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.18 0.05

1978 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.02

1979 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1980 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.02

1981 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1982 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.01

1983 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.02

1984 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.02

1985 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1986 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.03

1987 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1988 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01

1989 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

1990 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.03 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.23 0.18 0.05

0.06 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.03

0.10 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.12 0.10 0.03

0.13 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.02

0.16 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.02

0.19 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.02

0.23 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.02

0.26 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.02

0.29 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.01

0.32 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.01

0.35 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.01

0.39 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.42 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.45 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.48 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01

0.52 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.55 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.58 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

0.61 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

0.65 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.00

0.68 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.71 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.74 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.77 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.81 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.84 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.87 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.90 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.94 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.97 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.10 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.12 0.09 0.03

Average of yearly averages: 0.01

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: PAalfalfa0.022

Metfile: w14751.dvf

PRZM scenario: PAalfalfaOP.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Thiamethoxam

Description Variable NameValue Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 291.7 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 4.65E-15 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 4.95E-11 torr

Solubility sol 4100 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 70.23 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 4.46 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 19.92 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 43.98 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 480.92 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 4 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 2.54 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.025 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 1 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 09-03 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
28

stored as TXalfalfa0.022.out

Chemical: Thiamethoxam

PRZM environment: TXalfalfaOP.txt modified Thuday, 14 June 2007 at 11:23:54

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:07

Metfile: w13958.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 06:14:43

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

1961 0.42 0.39 0.29 0.18 0.14 0.04

1962 1.71 1.54 1.09 0.62 0.46 0.13

1963 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.02

1964 0.28 0.25 0.21 0.14 0.11 0.03

1965 0.43 0.39 0.30 0.20 0.16 0.05

1966 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02

1967 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.02

1968 0.19 0.18 0.14 0.08 0.06 0.02

1969 0.76 0.71 0.52 0.30 0.22 0.06

1970 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.02

1971 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

1972 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

1973 0.39 0.37 0.29 0.19 0.15 0.04

1974 0.31 0.30 0.24 0.15 0.12 0.04

1975 0.29 0.27 0.20 0.13 0.10 0.03

1976 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.02

1977 0.20 0.19 0.15 0.09 0.07 0.02

1978 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

1979 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01

1980 0.17 0.16 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.02

1981 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.02

1982 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

1983 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.01

1984 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

1985 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01

1986 0.23 0.21 0.15 0.09 0.07 0.02

1987 0.32 0.29 0.22 0.13 0.10 0.03

1988 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.03 0.01

1989 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01

1990 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day Yearly

0.03 1.71 1.54 1.09 0.62 0.46 0.13

0.06 0.76 0.71 0.52 0.30 0.22 0.06

0.10 0.43 0.39 0.30 0.20 0.16 0.05

0.13 0.42 0.39 0.29 0.19 0.15 0.04

0.16 0.39 0.37 0.29 0.18 0.14 0.04

0.19 0.32 0.30 0.24 0.15 0.12 0.04

0.23 0.31 0.29 0.22 0.14 0.11 0.03

0.26 0.29 0.27 0.21 0.13 0.10 0.03

0.29 0.28 0.25 0.20 0.13 0.10 0.03

0.32 0.23 0.21 0.15 0.09 0.07 0.02

0.35 0.20 0.19 0.15 0.09 0.07 0.02

0.39 0.19 0.18 0.14 0.08 0.06 0.02

0.42 0.17 0.16 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.02

0.45 0.16 0.15 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.02

0.48 0.15 0.14 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.02

0.52 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.02

0.55 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.05 0.04 0.02

0.58 0.11 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.02

0.61 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.02

0.65 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.68 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.71 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.01

0.74 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.01

0.77 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.81 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01

0.84 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01

0.87 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01

0.90 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.94 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.97 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.10 0.42 0.39 0.30 0.20 0.16 0.05

Average of yearly averages: 0.02

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: TXalfalfa0.022

Metfile: w13958.dvf

PRZM scenario: TXalfalfaOP.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Thiamethoxam

Description Variable NameValue Units Comments

Molecular weight mwt 291.7 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry 4.65E-15 atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 4.95E-11 torr

Solubility sol 4100 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 70.23 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 4.46 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 19.92 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 43.98 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 480.92 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 4 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 2.54 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.025 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 1 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 25-08 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
29

Clothianidin

stored as TXalfalfa0.0025eco.out

Chemical: Clothianidin

PRZM environment: TXalfalfaOP.txt modified Thuday, 14 June 2007 at 10:23:54

EXAMS environment: pond298.exv modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:14:07

Metfile: w13958.dvf modified Tueday, 26 August 2008 at 05:14:43

Water segment concentrations (ppb)

Year Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day

1961 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

1962 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.16

1963 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13

1964 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10

1965 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12

1966 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

1967 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07

1968 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06

1969 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10

1970 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

1971 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

1972 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

1973 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09

1974 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09

1975 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

1976 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

1977 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07

1978 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

1979 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

1980 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04

1981 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05

1982 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

1983 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

1984 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

1985 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

1986 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05

1987 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

1988 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

1989 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

1990 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Sorted results

Prob. Peak 96 hr 21 Day 60 Day 90 Day

0.03 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.16
30

0.06 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13

0.10 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12

0.13 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

0.16 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10

0.19 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10

0.23 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09

0.26 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09

0.29 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

0.32 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

0.35 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

0.39 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

0.42 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07

0.45 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07

0.48 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

0.52 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06

0.55 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

0.58 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

0.61 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05

0.65 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05

0.68 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

0.71 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

0.74 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

0.77 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

0.81 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04

0.84 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

0.87 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

0.90 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

0.94 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

0.97 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

0.10 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12

Average of yearly averages:

Inputs generated by pe5.pl - Novemeber 2006

Data used for this run:

Output File: TXalfalfa0.0025eco

Metfile: w13958.dvf

PRZM scenario: TXalfalfaOP.txt

EXAMS environment file: pond298.exv

Chemical Name: Clothianidin

Description

Variable 

Name Value Units Comments
31

Molecular weight mwt 249.7 g/mol

Henry's Law Const. henry atm-m^3/mol

Vapor Pressure vapr 4.27E-10 torr

Solubility sol 300 mg/L

Kd Kd mg/L

Koc Koc 188 mg/L

Photolysis half-life kdp 34 days Half-life

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacw 1488 days Halfife

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism kbacs 81 days Halfife

Aerobic Soil Metabolism asm 744 days Halfife

Hydrolysis: pH 7 0 days Half-life

Method: CAM 4 integer See PRZM manual

Incorporation Depth: DEPI 2.54 cm

Application Rate: TAPP 0.003 kg/ha

Application Efficiency: APPEFF 1 fraction

Spray Drift DRFT 0 fraction of application rate applied to pond

Application Date Date 25-08 dd/mm or dd/mmm or dd-mm or dd-mmm

Record 17: FILTRA

IPSCND 1

UPTKF

Record 18: PLVKRT

PLDKRT

FEXTRC 0.5

Flag for Index Res. Run IR EPA Pond

Flag for runoff calc. RUNOFF none none, monthly or total(average of entire run)
32

Appendix 3: LOCATES Run

Species Listing by State with Use Criteria

No species were excluded

Minimum of 1 Acre.

All Medium Types Reported

Mammal, Marine mml, Bird, Amphibian, Reptile, Fish, Crustacean, Bivalve, 

Gastropod, Arachnid, Insect, Dicot, Monocot, Ferns, Conf/cycds, Coral, Lichen

alfalfa seed

Arizona ( 21) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Frog, Chiricahua Leopard Threatened Amphibian No

(Rana chiricahuensis) Freshwater, Terrestrial

Eagle, Bald Threatened Bird No

(Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Terrestrial

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow Endangered Bird Yes

(Empidonax traillii extimus) Terrestrial

Owl, Mexican Spotted Threatened Bird Yes

(Strix occidentalis lucida) Terrestrial

Pygmy-owl, Cactus Ferruginous Endangered Bird No

(Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum) Terrestrial

Rail, Yuma Clapper Endangered Bird No

(Rallus longirostris yumanensis) Terrestrial

Cactus, Arizona Hedgehog Endangered Dicot No

(Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus) Terrestrial

Cactus, Nichol's Turk's Head Endangered Dicot No

(Echinocactus horizonthalonius var. nicholii) Terrestrial

Cliffrose, Arizona Endangered Dicot No

(Purshia (=cowania) subintegra) Terrestrial

Chub, Gila Endangered Fish Yes

(Gila intermedia) Freshwater

Minnow, Loach Threatened Fish Yes

(Tiaroga cobitis) Freshwater

Pupfish, Desert Endangered Fish Yes

(Cyprinodon macularius) Freshwater

Spikedace Threatened Fish Yes

(Meda fulgida) Freshwater

Squawfish, Colorado Endangered Fish Yes

(Ptychocheilus lucius) Freshwater

Sucker, Razorback Endangered Fish Yes

(Xyrauchen texanus) Freshwater

Topminnow, Gila (Yaqui) Endangered Fish No

(Poeciliopsis occidentalis) Freshwater

Trout, Apache Threatened Fish No

(Oncorhynchus apache) Freshwater

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33

Arizona ( 21) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Trout, Gila Endangered Fish No

(Oncorhynchus gilae) Freshwater

Bat, Lesser (=Sanborn's) Long-nosed Endangered Mammal No

(Leptonycteris curasoae yerbabuenae) Subterraneous, Terrestrial

Jaguar Endangered Mammal No

(Panthera onca) Terrestrial

Pronghorn, Sonoran Endangered Mammal No

(Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) Terrestrial

California ( 151) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Frog, California Red-legged Threatened Amphibian Yes

(Rana aurora draytonii) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Frog, Mountain Yellow-legged Endangered Amphibian No

(Gopherus agassizii) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Salamander, California Tiger Endangered Amphibian No

(Ambystoma californiense) Terrestrial, Vernal pool

Toad, Arroyo Southwestern Endangered Amphibian Yes

(Bufo californicus (=microscaphus)) Freshwater, Terrestrial

Condor, California Endangered Bird Yes

(Gymnogyps californianus) Terrestrial

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow Endangered Bird Yes

(Empidonax traillii extimus) Terrestrial

Gnatcatcher, Coastal California Threatened Bird Yes

(Polioptila californica californica) Terrestrial

Murrelet, Marbled Threatened Bird Yes

(Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus) Freshwater, Terrestrial, Saltwater

Owl, Northern Spotted Threatened Bird Yes

(Strix occidentalis caurina) Terrestrial

Plover, Western Snowy Threatened Bird Yes

(Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) Terrestrial

Rail, California Clapper Endangered Bird No

(Rallus longirostris obsoletus) Terrestrial

Rail, Light-footed Clapper Endangered Bird No

(Rallus longirostris levipes) Terrestrial

Rail, Yuma Clapper Endangered Bird No

(Rallus longirostris yumanensis) Terrestrial

Shrike, San Clemente Loggerhead Endangered Bird No

(Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi) Terrestrial

Sparrow, San Clemente Sage Threatened Bird No

(Amphispiza belli clementeae) Terrestrial

Tern, California Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum browni) Terrestrial

Vireo, Least Bell's Endangered Bird Yes

(Vireo bellii pusillus) Terrestrial

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34

California ( 151) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Fairy Shrimp, Conservancy Fairy Endangered Crustacean Yes

(Branchinecta conservatio) Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, Longhorn Endangered Crustacean Yes

(Branchinecta longiantenna) Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, Riverside Endangered Crustacean Yes

(Streptocephalus woottoni) Vernal pool

Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool Threatened Crustacean Yes

(Branchinecta lynchi) Vernal pool

Shrimp, California Freshwater Endangered Crustacean No

(Syncaris pacifica) Freshwater

Tadpole Shrimp, Vernal Pool Endangered Crustacean Yes

(Lepidurus packardi) Vernal pool

Adobe Sunburst, San Joaquin Threatened Dicot No

(Pseudobahia peirsonii) Terrestrial

Barberry, Nevin's Endangered Dicot No

(Berberis nevinii) Terrestrial

Bird's-beak, Palmate-bracted Endangered Dicot No

(Cordylanthus palmatus) Terrestrial

Bird's-beak, Pennell's Endangered Dicot No

(Cordylanthus tenuis ssp. capillaris) Terrestrial

Bird's-beak, salt marsh Endangered Dicot No

(Cordylanthus maritimus ssp. maritimus) Saltwater

Bladderpod, San Bernardino Mountains Endangered Dicot Yes

(Lesquerella kingii ssp. bernardina) Terrestrial

Bluecurls, Hidden Lake Threatened Dicot No

(Trichostema austromontanum ssp. compactum) Terrestrial

Broom, San Clemente Island Endangered Dicot No

(Lotus dendroideus ssp. traskiae) Terrestrial

Buckwheat, Cushenbury Endangered Dicot Yes

(Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum) Terrestrial

Buckwheat, Southern Mountain Wild Threatened Dicot No

(Eriogonum kennedyi var. austromontanum) Terrestrial

Bush-mallow, San Clemente Island Endangered Dicot No

(Malacothamnus clementinus) Terrestrial

Cactus, Bakersfield Endangered Dicot No

(Opuntia treleasei) Terrestrial

Checker-mallow, Keck's Endangered Dicot Yes

(Sidalcea keckii) Terrestrial

Checker-mallow, Kenwood Marsh Endangered Dicot No

(Sidalcea oregana ssp. valida) Terrestrial

Checker-mallow, Pedate Endangered Dicot No

(Sidalcea pedata) Terrestrial

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35

California ( 151) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Clarkia, Springville Threatened Dicot No

(Clarkia springvillensis) Terrestrial

Clarkia, Vine Hill Endangered Dicot No

(Clarkia imbricata) Terrestrial

Clover, Fleshy Owl's Threatened Dicot Yes

(Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta) Vernal pool

Clover, Showy Indian Endangered Dicot No

(Trifolium amoenum) Terrestrial

Daisy, Parish's Threatened Dicot Yes

(Erigeron parishii) Freshwater

Dudleya, Marcescent Threatened Dicot No

(Dudleya cymosa ssp. marcescens) Terrestrial

Dudleya, Santa Clara Valley Endangered Dicot No

(Dudleya setchellii) Terrestrial

Dudleya, Santa Monica Mountains Threatened Dicot No

(Dudleya cymosa ssp. ovatifolia) Terrestrial

Evening-primrose, Antioch Dunes Endangered Dicot Yes

(Oenothera deltoides ssp. howellii) Terrestrial

Fiddleneck, Large-flowered Endangered Dicot Yes

(Amsinckia grandiflora) Terrestrial

Golden Sunburst, Hartweg's Endangered Dicot No

(Pseudobahia bahiifolia) Terrestrial

Goldfields, Burke's Endangered Dicot No

(Lasthenia burkei) Terrestrial

Grass, Hairy Orcutt Endangered Dicot Yes

(Orcuttia pilosa) Vernal pool

Grass, Sacramento Orcutt Endangered Dicot Yes

(Orcuttia viscida) Vernal pool

Grass, Slender Orcutt Threatened Dicot Yes

(Orcuttia tenuis) Vernal pool

Jewelflower, California Endangered Dicot No

(Caulanthus californicus) Terrestrial

Larkspur, Baker's Endangered Dicot Yes

(Delphinium bakeri) Terrestrial

Larkspur, San Clemente Island Endangered Dicot No

(Delphinium variegatum ssp. kinkiense) Terrestrial

Larkspur, Yellow Endangered Dicot Yes

(Delphinium luteum) Terrestrial

Lupine, Clover Endangered Dicot No

(Lupinus tidestromii) Coastal (neritic)

Mallow, Kern Endangered Dicot No

(Eremalche kernensis) Terrestrial

11/30/2010 4:22:49 PM Ver. 2.10.4 Page 4 of 21
36

California ( 151) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Meadowfoam, Butte County Endangered Dicot Yes

(Limnanthes floccosa ssp. californica) Vernal pool

Meadowfoam, Sebastopol Endangered Dicot No

(Limnanthes vinculans) Freshwater, Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Braunton's Endangered Dicot No

(Astragalus brauntonii) Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Clara Hunt's Endangered Dicot No

(Astragalus clarianus) Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Cushenbury Endangered Dicot Yes

(Astragalus albens) Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Lane Mountain Endangered Dicot Yes

(Astragalus jaegerianus) Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Pierson's Threatened Dicot Yes

(Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii) Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Triple-ribbed Endangered Dicot No

(Astragalus tricarinatus) Terrestrial

Mountain-mahogany, Catalina Island Endangered Dicot No

(Cercocarpus traskiae) Terrestrial

Mustard, Slender-petaled Endangered Dicot No

(Thelypodium stenopetalum) Terrestrial

Navarretia, Spreading Threatened Dicot No

(Navarretia fossalis) Vernal pool

Oxytheca, Cushenbury Endangered Dicot Yes

(Oxytheca parishii var. goodmaniana) Terrestrial

Paintbrush, Ash-grey Indian Threatened Dicot No

(Castilleja cinerea) Terrestrial

Paintbrush, San Clemente Island Indian Endangered Dicot No

(Castilleja grisea) Terrestrial

Pentachaeta, Lyon's Endangered Dicot No

(Pentachaeta lyonii) Terrestrial

Phlox, Yreka Endangered Dicot No

(Phlox hirsuta) Terrestrial

Pussypaws, Mariposa Threatened Dicot No

(Calyptridium pulchellum) Terrestrial

Rock-cress, Santa Cruz Island Endangered Dicot No

(Sibara filifolia) Terrestrial

Rush-rose, Island Threatened Dicot No

(Helianthemum greenei) Terrestrial

Sandwort, Bear Valley Threatened Dicot No

(Arenaria ursina) Terrestrial

Spineflower, Slender-horned Endangered Dicot No

(Dodecahema leptoceras) Terrestrial

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37

California ( 151) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Spineflower, Sonoma Endangered Dicot No

(Chorizanthe valida) Terrestrial

Spurge, Hoover's Threatened Dicot Yes

(Chamaesyce hooveri) Vernal pool

Stickyseed, Baker's Endangered Dicot No

(Blennosperma bakeri) Vernal pool

Taraxacum, California Endangered Dicot No

(Taraxacum californicum) Terrestrial

Tuctoria, Green's Endangered Dicot Yes

(Tuctoria greenei) Vernal pool

Watercress, Gambel's Endangered Dicot No

(Rorippa gambellii) Terrestrial, Brackish, Freshwater

Woodland-star, San Clemente Island Endangered Dicot No

(Lithophragma maximum) Terrestrial

Woolly-star, Santa Ana River Endangered Dicot No

(Eriastrum densifolium ssp. sanctorum) Terrestrial

Woolly-threads, San Joaquin Endangered Dicot No

(Monolopia (=Lembertia) congdonii) Terrestrial

Chub, Bonytail Endangered Fish Yes

(Gila elegans) Freshwater

Chub, Hutton Tui Threatened Fish No

(Gila bicolor ssp.) Freshwater

Chub, Mohave Tui Endangered Fish No

(Gila bicolor mohavensis) Freshwater

Goby, Tidewater Endangered Fish Yes

(Eucyclogobius newberryi) Freshwater

Pupfish, Desert Endangered Fish Yes

(Cyprinodon macularius) Freshwater

Salmon, Chinook (California Coastal Run) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

Salmon, Chinook (Central Valley Fall Run) Threatened Fish No

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

Salmon, Chinook (Central Valley Spring Run) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

Salmon, Chinook (Sacramento River Winter Run) Endangered Fish No

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Saltwater, Freshwater, Brackish

Salmon, Coho (Central California Coast population) Endangered Fish No

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch) Saltwater, Brackish, Freshwater

Salmon, Coho (Southern OR/Northern CA Coast) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch) Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Smelt, Delta Threatened Fish Yes

(Hypomesus transpacificus) Freshwater, Brackish

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38

California ( 151) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Squawfish, Colorado Endangered Fish Yes

(Ptychocheilus lucius) Freshwater

Steelhead, (California Central Valley population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

Steelhead, (Central California Coast population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

Steelhead, (Northern California population) Threatened Fish No

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Saltwater, Brackish, Freshwater

Steelhead, (Southern California population) Endangered Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

Stickleback, Unarmored Threespine Endangered Fish No

(Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni) Freshwater

Sturgeon, green Threatened Fish No

(Acipenser medirostris) Saltwater

Sucker, Lost River Endangered Fish No

(Deltistes luxatus) Freshwater

Sucker, Modoc Endangered Fish Yes

(Catostomus microps) Freshwater

Sucker, Razorback Endangered Fish Yes

(Xyrauchen texanus) Freshwater

Sucker, Santa Ana Threatened Fish Yes

(Catostomus santaanae) Freshwater

Sucker, Shortnose Endangered Fish No

(Chasmistes brevirostris) Freshwater

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat Threatened Fish No

(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) Freshwater

Trout, Little Kern Golden Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus aguabonita whitei) Freshwater

Trout, Paiute Cutthroat Threatened Fish No

(Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris) Freshwater

Abalone, White Endangered Gastropod No

(Haliotis sorenseni) Saltwater

Beetle, Valley Elderberry Longhorn Threatened Insect Yes

(Desmocerus californicus dimorphus) Terrestrial

Butterfly, Behren's Silverspot Endangered Insect No

(Speyeria zerene behrensii) Terrestrial

Butterfly, El Segundo Blue Endangered Insect No

(Euphilotes battoides allyni) Terrestrial

Butterfly, Myrtle's Silverspot Endangered Insect No

(Speyeria zerene myrtleae) Terrestrial

Butterfly, Palos Verdes Blue Endangered Insect Yes

(Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis) Terrestrial

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39

California ( 151) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Fly, Delhi Sands Flower-loving Endangered Insect No

(Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis) Terrestrial

Moth, Kern Primrose Sphinx Threatened Insect No

(Euproserpinus euterpe) Terrestrial

Skipper, Carson Wandering Endangered Insect No

(Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus) Terrestrial

Fox, San Joaquin Kit Endangered Mammal No

(Vulpes macrotis mutica) Terrestrial

Fox, Santa Catalina Island Endangered Mammal Yes

(Urocyon littoralis catalinae) Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, Fresno Endangered Mammal Yes

(Dipodomys nitratoides exilis) Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, Giant Endangered Mammal No

(Dipodomys ingens) Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, San Bernardino Merriam's Endangered Mammal Yes

(Dipodomys merriami parvus) Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, Stephens' Endangered Mammal No

(Dipodomys stephensi (incl. D. cascus)) Terrestrial

Kangaroo Rat, Tipton Endangered Mammal No

(Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides) Terrestrial

Mouse, Pacific Pocket Endangered Mammal No

(Perognathus longimembris pacificus) Terrestrial

Mouse, Salt Marsh Harvest Endangered Mammal No

(Reithrodontomys raviventris) Terrestrial

Rabbit, Riparian Brush Endangered Mammal No

(Sylvilagus bachmani riparius) Terrestrial

Sheep, Peninsular Bighorn Endangered Mammal Yes

(Ovis canadensis) Terrestrial

Shrew, Buena Vista Lake Ornate Endangered Mammal Yes

(Sorex ornatus relictus) Terrestrial

Vole, Amargosa Endangered Mammal Yes

(Microtus californicus scirpensis) Terrestrial

Woodrat, Riparian Endangered Mammal No

(Neotoma fuscipes riparia) Terrestrial

Alopecurus, Sonoma Endangered Monocot No

(Alopecurus aequalis var. sonomensis) Terrestrial

Bluegrass, San Bernardino Endangered Monocot No

(Poa atropurpurea) Terrestrial

Brodiaea, Thread-leaved Threatened Monocot Yes

(Brodiaea filifolia) Terrestrial

Grass, Colusa Threatened Monocot No

(Neostapfia colusana) Vernal pool

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40

California ( 151) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Grass, San Joaquin Valley Orcutt Threatened Monocot Yes

(Orcuttia inaequalis) Vernal pool

Grass, Solano Endangered Monocot Yes

(Tuctoria mucronata) Vernal pool, Terrestrial

Lily, Pitkin Marsh Endangered Monocot No

(Lilium pardalinum ssp. pitkinense) Freshwater

Sedge, White Endangered Monocot No

(Carex albida) Freshwater, Terrestrial

Lizard, Blunt-nosed Leopard Endangered Reptile No

(Gambelia silus) Terrestrial

Lizard, Island Night Threatened Reptile No

(Xantusia riversiana) Terrestrial

Snake, Giant Garter Threatened Reptile No

(Thamnophis gigas) Freshwater, Terrestrial

Tortoise, Desert Threatened Reptile Yes

(Gopherus agassizii) Terrestrial

Colorado ( 7) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Owl, Mexican Spotted Threatened Bird Yes

(Strix occidentalis lucida) Terrestrial

Cactus, Uinta Basin Hookless Threatened Dicot No

(Sclerocactus glaucus) Terrestrial

Chub, Bonytail Endangered Fish Yes

(Gila elegans) Freshwater

Chub, Humpback Endangered Fish Yes

(Gila cypha) Freshwater

Squawfish, Colorado Endangered Fish Yes

(Ptychocheilus lucius) Freshwater

Sucker, Razorback Endangered Fish Yes

(Xyrauchen texanus) Freshwater

Ferret, Black-footed Endangered Mammal No

(Mustela nigripes) Terrestrial

Idaho ( 10) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Sturgeon, White Endangered Fish Yes

(Acipenser transmontanus) Saltwater, Freshwater

Trout, Bull Threatened Fish No

(Salvelinus confluentus) Freshwater

Trout, Bull (Columbia River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Salvelinus confluentus) Freshwater

Trout, Bull (Klamath River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Salvelinus confluentus) Freshwater

Limpet, Banbury Springs Endangered Gastropod No

(Lanx sp.) Freshwater

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Idaho ( 10) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Snail, Bliss Rapids Threatened Gastropod No

(Taylorconcha serpenticola) Freshwater

Snail, Snake River Physa Endangered Gastropod No

(Physa natricina) Terrestrial

Springsnail, Bruneau Hot Endangered Gastropod No

(Pyrgulopsis bruneauensis) Freshwater

Bear, Grizzly Threatened Mammal No

(Ursus arctos horribilis) Terrestrial

Caribou, Woodland Endangered Mammal No

(Rangifer tarandus caribou) Terrestrial

Iowa ( 13) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

Tern, Interior (population) Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum) Terrestrial

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Endangered Bivalve No

(Potamilus capax) Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye Endangered Bivalve No

(Lampsilis higginsii) Freshwater

Clover, Prairie Bush Threatened Dicot No

(Lespedeza leptostachya) Terrestrial

Milkweed, Mead's Threatened Dicot No

(Asclepias meadii) Terrestrial

Monkshood, Northern Wild Threatened Dicot No

(Aconitum noveboracense) Terrestrial

Shiner, Topeka Endangered Fish Yes

(Notropis topeka (=tristis)) Freshwater

Sturgeon, Pallid Endangered Fish No

(Scaphirhynchus albus) Freshwater

Snail, Iowa Pleistocene Endangered Gastropod No

(Discus macclintocki) Terrestrial

Bat, Indiana Endangered Mammal Yes

(Myotis sodalis) Subterraneous, Terrestrial

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Threatened Monocot No

(Platanthera leucophaea) Terrestrial

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Threatened Monocot No

(Platanthera praeclara) Terrestrial

Kansas ( 12) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Crane, Whooping Endangered Bird Yes

(Grus americana) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

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Kansas ( 12) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Tern, Interior (population) Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum) Terrestrial

Milkweed, Mead's Threatened Dicot No

(Asclepias meadii) Terrestrial

Madtom, Neosho Threatened Fish No

(Noturus placidus) Freshwater

Shiner, Arkansas River Threatened Fish Yes

(Notropis girardi) Freshwater

Shiner, Topeka Endangered Fish Yes

(Notropis topeka (=tristis)) Freshwater

Sturgeon, Pallid Endangered Fish No

(Scaphirhynchus albus) Freshwater

Beetle, American Burying Endangered Insect No

(Nicrophorus americanus) Terrestrial

Bat, Gray Endangered Mammal No

(Myotis grisescens) Subterraneous, Terrestrial

Ferret, Black-footed Endangered Mammal No

(Mustela nigripes) Terrestrial

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Threatened Monocot No

(Platanthera praeclara) Terrestrial

Michigan ( 7) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

Thistle, Pitcher's Threatened Dicot No

(Cirsium pitcheri) Terrestrial

Butterfly, Karner Blue Endangered Insect No

(Lycaeides melissa samuelis) Terrestrial

Dragonfly, Hine's Emerald Endangered Insect Yes

(Somatochlora hineana) Freshwater, Terrestrial

Bat, Indiana Endangered Mammal Yes

(Myotis sodalis) Subterraneous, Terrestrial

Iris, Dwarf Lake Threatened Monocot No

(Iris lacustris) Terrestrial

Orchid, Eastern Prairie Fringed Threatened Monocot No

(Platanthera leucophaea) Terrestrial

Minnesota ( 7) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

Pearlymussel, Higgins' Eye Endangered Bivalve No

(Lampsilis higginsii) Freshwater

Clover, Prairie Bush Threatened Dicot No

(Lespedeza leptostachya) Terrestrial

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43

Minnesota ( 7) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Butterfly, Karner Blue Endangered Insect No

(Lycaeides melissa samuelis) Terrestrial

Lynx, Canada Threatened Mammal No

(Lynx canadensis) Terrestrial

Lily, Minnesota Trout Endangered Monocot No

(Erythronium propullans) Terrestrial

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Threatened Monocot No

(Platanthera praeclara) Terrestrial

Missouri ( 17) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Tern, Interior (population) Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum) Terrestrial

Mucket, Pink (Pearlymussel) Endangered Bivalve No

(Lampsilis abrupta) Freshwater

Mussel, Scaleshell Endangered Bivalve No

(Leptodea leptodon) Freshwater

Mussel, Winged Mapleleaf Endangered Bivalve No

(Quadrula fragosa) Freshwater

Pearlymussel, Fat Pocketbook Endangered Bivalve No

(Potamilus capax) Freshwater

Aster, Decurrent False Threatened Dicot No

(Boltonia decurrens) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Clover, Running Buffalo Endangered Dicot No

(Trifolium stoloniferum) Terrestrial

Milkweed, Mead's Threatened Dicot No

(Asclepias meadii) Terrestrial

Sneezeweed, Virginia Threatened Dicot No

(Helenium virginicum) Vernal pool

Cavefish, Ozark Threatened Fish No

(Amblyopsis rosae) Freshwater

Darter, Niangua Threatened Fish Yes

(Etheostoma nianguae) Freshwater

Shiner, Topeka Endangered Fish Yes

(Notropis topeka (=tristis)) Freshwater

Sturgeon, Pallid Endangered Fish No

(Scaphirhynchus albus) Freshwater

Beetle, American Burying Endangered Insect No

(Nicrophorus americanus) Terrestrial

Bat, Gray Endangered Mammal No

(Myotis grisescens) Subterraneous, Terrestrial

Bat, Indiana Endangered Mammal Yes

(Myotis sodalis) Subterraneous, Terrestrial

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Threatened Monocot No

(Platanthera praeclara) Terrestrial

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Montana ( 6) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Crane, Whooping Endangered Bird Yes

(Grus americana) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

Tern, Interior (population) Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum) Terrestrial

Sturgeon, Pallid Endangered Fish No

(Scaphirhynchus albus) Freshwater

Bear, Grizzly Threatened Mammal No

(Ursus arctos horribilis) Terrestrial

Ferret, Black-footed Endangered Mammal No

(Mustela nigripes) Terrestrial

Nebraska ( 8) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Crane, Whooping Endangered Bird Yes

(Grus americana) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

Tern, Interior (population) Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum) Terrestrial

Penstemon, Blowout Endangered Dicot No

(Penstemon haydenii) Terrestrial

Sturgeon, Pallid Endangered Fish No

(Scaphirhynchus albus) Freshwater

Beetle, Salt Creek Tiger Endangered Insect No

(Cicindela nevadica lincolniana) Terrestrial

Ferret, Black-footed Endangered Mammal No

(Mustela nigripes) Terrestrial

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Threatened Monocot No

(Platanthera praeclara) Terrestrial

Nevada ( 3) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Dace, Desert Threatened Fish Yes

(Eremichthys acros) Freshwater

Trout, Bull Threatened Fish No

(Salvelinus confluentus) Freshwater

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat Threatened Fish No

(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) Freshwater

New Mexico ( 25) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Crane, Whooping Endangered Bird Yes

(Grus americana) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Falcon, Northern Aplomado Endangered Bird No

(Falco femoralis septentrionalis) Terrestrial

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New Mexico ( 25) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow Endangered Bird Yes

(Empidonax traillii extimus) Terrestrial

Owl, Mexican Spotted Threatened Bird Yes

(Strix occidentalis lucida) Terrestrial

Tern, Interior (population) Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum) Terrestrial

Amphipod, Noel's Endangered Crustacean No

(Gammarus desperatus) Freshwater

Cactus, Knowlton Endangered Dicot No

(Pediocactus knowltonii) Terrestrial

Cactus, Kuenzler Hedgehog Endangered Dicot No

(Echinocereus fendleri var. kuenzleri) Terrestrial

Cactus, Lee Pincushion Threatened Dicot No

(Coryphantha sneedii var. leei) Terrestrial

Cactus, Mesa Verde Threatened Dicot No

(Sclerocactus mesae-verdae) Terrestrial

Cactus, Sneed Pincushion Endangered Dicot No

(Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii) Terrestrial

Ipomopsis, Holy Ghost Endangered Dicot No

(Ipomopsis sancti-spiritus) Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Mancos Endangered Dicot No

(Astragalus humillimus) Terrestrial

Sunflower, Pecos Threatened Dicot No

(Helianthus paradoxus) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Wild-buckwheat, Gypsum Threatened Dicot Yes

(Eriogonum gypsophilum) Terrestrial

Gambusia, Pecos Endangered Fish No

(Gambusia nobilis) Freshwater

Minnow, Rio Grande Silvery Endangered Fish Yes

(Hybognathus amarus) Freshwater

Shiner, Arkansas River Threatened Fish Yes

(Notropis girardi) Freshwater

Shiner, Pecos Bluntnose Threatened Fish Yes

(Notropis simus pecosensis) Freshwater

Squawfish, Colorado Endangered Fish Yes

(Ptychocheilus lucius) Freshwater

Sucker, Razorback Endangered Fish Yes

(Xyrauchen texanus) Freshwater

Snail, Pecos Assiminea Endangered Gastropod Yes

(Assiminea pecos) Freshwater

Springsnail, Koster's Endangered Gastropod No

(Juturnia kosteri) Terrestrial

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46

New Mexico ( 25) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Springsnail, Roswell Endangered Gastropod No

(Pyrgulopsis roswellensis) Freshwater

Ferret, Black-footed Endangered Mammal No

(Mustela nigripes) Terrestrial

New York ( 4) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

Sturgeon, Shortnose Endangered Fish No

(Acipenser brevirostrum) Saltwater, Freshwater

Bat, Indiana Endangered Mammal Yes

(Myotis sodalis) Subterraneous, Terrestrial

Turtle, Bog (Northern population) Threatened Reptile No

(Clemmys muhlenbergii) Terrestrial, Freshwater

North Dakota ( 4) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Crane, Whooping Endangered Bird Yes

(Grus americana) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

Tern, Interior (population) Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum) Terrestrial

Sturgeon, Pallid Endangered Fish No

(Scaphirhynchus albus) Freshwater

Ohio ( 3) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Mussel, Clubshell Endangered Bivalve No

(Pleurobema clava) Freshwater

Bat, Indiana Endangered Mammal Yes

(Myotis sodalis) Subterraneous, Terrestrial

Snake, Northern Copperbelly Water Threatened Reptile No

(Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta) Freshwater, Terrestrial

Oklahoma ( 6) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Crane, Whooping Endangered Bird Yes

(Grus americana) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Curlew, Eskimo Endangered Bird No

(Numenius borealis) Terrestrial

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

Tern, Interior (population) Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum) Terrestrial

Vireo, Black-capped Endangered Bird No

(Vireo atricapilla) Terrestrial

Shiner, Arkansas River Threatened Fish Yes

(Notropis girardi) Freshwater

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Oregon ( 28) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Murrelet, Marbled Threatened Bird Yes

(Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus) Freshwater, Terrestrial, Saltwater

Owl, Northern Spotted Threatened Bird Yes

(Strix occidentalis caurina) Terrestrial

Plover, Western Snowy Threatened Bird Yes

(Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) Terrestrial

Fairy Shrimp, Vernal Pool Threatened Crustacean Yes

(Branchinecta lynchi) Vernal pool

Checker-mallow, Nelson's Threatened Dicot No

(Sidalcea nelsoniana) Terrestrial

Daisy, Willamette Endangered Dicot No

(Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens) Terrestrial

Lomatium, Bradshaw's Endangered Dicot No

(Lomatium bradshawii) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Lomatium, Cook's Endangered Dicot No

(Lomatium cookii) Vernal pool

Lupine, Kincaid's Threatened Dicot No

(Lupinus sulphureus (=oreganus) ssp. kincaidii (=var. kincaidii)) Terrestrial

Meadowfoam, Large-flowered Woolly Endangered Dicot No

(Limnanthes floccosa ssp. Grandiflora) Vernal pool

Chub, Oregon Endangered Fish No

(Oregonichthys crameri) Freshwater

Salmon, Chinook (Snake River Fall Run) Threatened Fish No

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

Salmon, Chinook (Snake River spring/summer) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

Salmon, Chinook (Upper Columbia River Spring) Endangered Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

Salmon, Chinook (Upper Willamette River) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Saltwater, Brackish, Freshwater

Salmon, Coho (Southern OR/Northern CA Coast) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) kisutch) Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Sockeye (Snake River population) Endangered Fish No

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka) Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

Steelhead, (Lower Columbia River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Brackish, Freshwater, Saltwater

Steelhead, (Middle Columbia River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

Steelhead, (Snake River Basin population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Steelhead, (Upper Columbia River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

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48

Oregon ( 28) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Steelhead, (Upper Willamette River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

Trout, Bull Threatened Fish No

(Salvelinus confluentus) Freshwater

Trout, Bull (Columbia River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Salvelinus confluentus) Freshwater

Trout, Bull (Klamath River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Salvelinus confluentus) Freshwater

Butterfly, Fender's Blue Endangered Insect No

(Icaricia icarioides fenderi) Terrestrial

Butterfly, Oregon Silverspot Threatened Insect Yes

(Speyeria zerene hippolyta) Terrestrial

Fritillary, Gentner's Endangered Monocot No

(Fritillaria gentneri) Terrestrial

Pennsylvania ( 3) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Bat, Indiana Endangered Mammal Yes

(Myotis sodalis) Subterraneous, Terrestrial

Bulrush, Northeastern (=Barbed Bristle) Endangered Monocot No

(Scirpus ancistrochaetus) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Turtle, Bog (Northern population) Threatened Reptile No

(Clemmys muhlenbergii) Terrestrial, Freshwater

South Dakota ( 8) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Crane, Whooping Endangered Bird Yes

(Grus americana) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

Tern, Interior (population) Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum) Terrestrial

Shiner, Topeka Endangered Fish Yes

(Notropis topeka (=tristis)) Freshwater

Sturgeon, Pallid Endangered Fish No

(Scaphirhynchus albus) Freshwater

Beetle, American Burying Endangered Insect No

(Nicrophorus americanus) Terrestrial

Ferret, Black-footed Endangered Mammal No

(Mustela nigripes) Terrestrial

Orchid, Western Prairie Fringed Threatened Monocot No

(Platanthera praeclara) Terrestrial

Texas ( 12) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Crane, Whooping Endangered Bird Yes

(Grus americana) Terrestrial, Freshwater

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Texas ( 12) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Falcon, Northern Aplomado Endangered Bird No

(Falco femoralis septentrionalis) Terrestrial

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow Endangered Bird Yes

(Empidonax traillii extimus) Terrestrial

Owl, Mexican Spotted Threatened Bird Yes

(Strix occidentalis lucida) Terrestrial

Plover, Piping Endangered Bird Yes

(Charadrius melodus) Terrestrial

Tern, Interior (population) Least Endangered Bird No

(Sterna antillarum) Terrestrial

Vireo, Black-capped Endangered Bird No

(Vireo atricapilla) Terrestrial

Cactus, Sneed Pincushion Endangered Dicot No

(Coryphantha sneedii var. sneedii) Terrestrial

Sunflower, Pecos Threatened Dicot No

(Helianthus paradoxus) Terrestrial, Freshwater

Gambusia, Pecos Endangered Fish No

(Gambusia nobilis) Freshwater

Pupfish, Leon Springs Endangered Fish Yes

(Cyprinodon bovinus) Freshwater

Snail, Pecos Assiminea Endangered Gastropod Yes

(Assiminea pecos) Freshwater

Utah ( 32) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Flycatcher, Southwestern Willow Endangered Bird Yes

(Empidonax traillii extimus) Terrestrial

Owl, Mexican Spotted Threatened Bird Yes

(Strix occidentalis lucida) Terrestrial

Bear-poppy, Dwarf Endangered Dicot No

(Arctomecon humilis) Terrestrial

Cactus, San Rafael Endangered Dicot No

(Pediocactus despainii) Terrestrial

Cactus, Siler Pincushion Threatened Dicot No

(Pediocactus (=Echinocactus,=Utahia) sileri) Terrestrial

Cactus, Uinta Basin Hookless Threatened Dicot No

(Sclerocactus glaucus) Terrestrial

Cactus, Winkler Threatened Dicot No

(Pediocactus winkleri) Terrestrial

Cactus, Wright Fishhook Endangered Dicot No

(Sclerocactus wrightiae) Terrestrial

Cycladenia, Jones Threatened Dicot No

(Cycladenia jonesii (=humilis)) Terrestrial

Daisy, Maguire Threatened Dicot No

(Erigeron maguirei) Freshwater

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Utah ( 32) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Milk-vetch, Deseret Threatened Dicot No

(Astragalus desereticus) Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Heliotrope Threatened Dicot Yes

(Astragalus montii) Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Holmgren Endangered Dicot No

(Astragalus holmgreniorum) Terrestrial

Milk-vetch, Shivwits Endangered Dicot No

(Astragalus ampullarioides) Terrestrial

Phacelia, Clay Endangered Dicot No

(Phacelia argillacea) Terrestrial

Primrose, Maguire Threatened Dicot No

(Primula maguirei) Terrestrial

Reed-mustard, Barneby Endangered Dicot No

(Schoenocrambe barnebyi) Terrestrial

Reed-mustard, Shrubby Endangered Dicot No

(Schoenocrambe suffrutescens) Terrestrial

Ridge-cress (=Pepper-cress), Barneby Endangered Dicot No

(Lepidium barnebyanum) Terrestrial

Townsendia, Last Chance Threatened Dicot No

(Townsendia aprica) Terrestrial

Chub, Bonytail Endangered Fish Yes

(Gila elegans) Freshwater

Chub, Humpback Endangered Fish Yes

(Gila cypha) Freshwater

Chub, Virgin River Endangered Fish Yes

(Gila seminuda (=robusta)) Freshwater

Squawfish, Colorado Endangered Fish Yes

(Ptychocheilus lucius) Freshwater

Sucker, June Endangered Fish Yes

(Chasmistes liorus) Freshwater

Sucker, Razorback Endangered Fish Yes

(Xyrauchen texanus) Freshwater

Trout, Lahontan Cutthroat Threatened Fish No

(Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) Freshwater

Woundfin Endangered Fish Yes

(Plagopterus argentissimus) Freshwater

Ferret, Black-footed Endangered Mammal No

(Mustela nigripes) Terrestrial

Prairie Dog, Utah Threatened Mammal No

(Cynomys parvidens) Terrestrial, Subterraneous

Ladies'-tresses, Ute Threatened Monocot No

(Spiranthes diluvialis) Terrestrial

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Utah ( 32) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Tortoise, Desert Threatened Reptile Yes

(Gopherus agassizii) Terrestrial

Washington ( 18) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Murrelet, Marbled Threatened Bird Yes

(Brachyramphus marmoratus marmoratus) Freshwater, Terrestrial, Saltwater

Owl, Northern Spotted Threatened Bird Yes

(Strix occidentalis caurina) Terrestrial

Catchfly, Spalding's Threatened Dicot No

(Silene spaldingii) Terrestrial

Howellia, Water Threatened Dicot No

(Howellia aquatilis) Freshwater

Salmon, Chinook (Puget Sound) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Salmon, Chinook (Snake River Fall Run) Threatened Fish No

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

Salmon, Chinook (Snake River spring/summer) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

Salmon, Chinook (Upper Columbia River Spring) Endangered Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) tshawytscha) Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

Salmon, Sockeye (Snake River population) Endangered Fish No

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) nerka) Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

Steelhead, (Middle Columbia River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Freshwater, Saltwater, Brackish

Steelhead, (Snake River Basin population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Freshwater, Brackish, Saltwater

Steelhead, (Upper Columbia River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Oncorhynchus (=Salmo) mykiss) Brackish, Saltwater, Freshwater

Steelhead, Puget Sound Threatened Fish No

(Oncorhynchus mykiss) Saltwater

Trout, Bull Threatened Fish No

(Salvelinus confluentus) Freshwater

Trout, Bull (Columbia River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Salvelinus confluentus) Freshwater

Trout, Bull (Klamath River population) Threatened Fish Yes

(Salvelinus confluentus) Freshwater

Bear, Grizzly Threatened Mammal No

(Ursus arctos horribilis) Terrestrial

Rabbit, Pygmy Endangered Mammal No

(Brachylagus idahoensis) Terrestrial

Wyoming ( 3) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Yellowhead, Desert Threatened Dicot Yes

(Yermo xanthocephalus) Terrestrial

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Wyoming ( 3) species: Taxa Critical Habitat

Bear, Grizzly Threatened Mammal No

(Ursus arctos horribilis) Terrestrial

Ferret, Black-footed Endangered Mammal No

(Mustela nigripes) Terrestrial

No species were selected for exclusion.

Dispersed species included in report.

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