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NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

No. 121,875

 

 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

In the Matter of the Marriage of

KRISTEN RAY,

Appellant,

and

JASON FELLERS,

Appellee.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appeal from Saline District Court; PAUL J. HICKMAN, judge. Opinion filed September 4, 2020. 

Affirmed.

Julie McKenna, of McKenna Law Office, P.A., of Salina, for appellant.

No appearance by appellee.

Before HILL, P.J., MALONE, J., and WALKER, S.J.

PER CURIAM: When judges are asked to make difficult decisions concerning the 

placement of children, they often seek the sound counsel of attorneys appointed to 

represent the best interests of the children. These specially trained lawyers speak for the 

children in court and not for the conflicting parents who are adversaries in often heated 

litigation. These independent attorneys are known as guardians ad litem. Frequently, the 

judge divides the fees and expenses of the guardian ad litem between the parents. That 

occurred in this case. 
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Kristen Ray, the mother of E.F., appeals the trial court's order holding her 

responsible for one-half of the guardian ad litem's fees and expenses here. She argues that 

the court did not consider her limited means when assessing the fees. Ray also contends 

that the guardian ad litem's fees were unreasonable because the attorney did not do a 

good job and violated the standards in Supreme Court Rule 110A (2020 Kan. S. Ct. R. 

178). Jason Fellers, the father of E.F., did not favor us with a brief.

Because we review this question for an abuse of discretion, our review of the 

record does not lead us to hold that the trial court was unreasonable in assessing half of 

the fees to mother. We affirm. 

Mother and father separate and divorce.

Ray filed for divorce from Fellers in September 2017. A month later, Fellers 

moved to appoint a guardian ad litem for three-year-old E.F., asserting Ray and he had 

"diametrically opposed positions relating to child custody and whom the residential 

parent should be." He asked the court to split the costs evenly between the parties.

Ray objected to the appointment, saying that she could not afford a guardian ad 

litem and that E.F.'s age would make any interview difficult. The judge appointed a 

guardian ad litem over her objection and assessed the total fee and expenses to Feller, but 

retained jurisdiction to adjust the fee responsibilities until the conclusion of the 

proceedings.

The judge appointed Catherine Craft as the guardian ad litem. Craft completed her 

investigation and submitted a 16-page report in early March 2018 just after E.F. had 

turned four. Craft interviewed nine people: Ray; Fellers; E.F.'s counselor; a state social 

worker who was investigating allegations against Fellers; three staff members at E.F.'s 

preschool; and Ray's mental health counselor. 
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The report suggested that 14 of the 18 factors relevant to decisions about child 

custody in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-3203(a) were important to this case and analyzed those 

factors in detail. The report then made seven recommendations: 

(1) The parents should have joint custody of E.F.; 

(2) Ray should be the residential parent and Fellers should have parenting time;

(3) E.F. should remain living in Salina; 

(4) the parents should try to agree on holiday parenting time; 

(5) E.F. should continue counseling; 

(6) the parents should seek individual therapy; and 

(7) the parents should participate in a coparenting class. 

Eventually, the court granted a divorce and reserved ruling on the division of 

assets and child custody issues. Through mediation, Ray and Fellers reached an 

agreement on a permanent parenting plan. But when Ray later mailed notice to Fellers of 

her intent to relocate with E.F. to either Lawrence or Tulsa, Fellers objected. He 

maintained that the move would constitute a material change in circumstance, allowing 

the trial court to modify the parenting plan. So they went back to court. 

The court eventually held a three-day trial on Ray's request to move. Before that 

trial, Fellers asked the court to assess some of Craft's fees against Ray. He advised that 

those fees had accrued to $6,144 since the court had appointed Craft and he had paid 

$4,978, while Ray had paid nothing. He asked the court to assess to Ray 50 percent of the 

fees that had accrued before Ray's notice of intent to move, and 100 percent of the fees 

that had accrued since then. The court did not rule on the guardian ad litem's fees until 

well after the trial.

Ultimately, the court denied Ray's motion to move. This ruling and several other 

issues were appealed, and a panel of this court affirmed the trial court. See In the Matter 
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of Marriage of Ray and Fellers, No. 121,011, 2020 WL 2502234 (Kan. App. 2020) 

(unpublished opinion). But here, we confine our review to the issue of the guardian ad 

litem's fees. 

By the end of April 2019, Craft had received no payments from Ray. She asked 

the trial court to approve her fees and grant judgment against Ray for $5,752, which was 

50 percent of her fees and expenses. As statutory authority for her request, Craft cited 

K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2715, which says that "[c]osts and attorney fees may be awarded 

to either party as justice and equity require."

When the court heard the matter, Craft stated that both Ray's and Feller's attorneys 

had told her that the court had ordered a 50-50 fee split, but she could not find a journal 

entry stating that. She said that she had detailed billing statements showing the work that 

she did, the time that she charged, and the hourly rate. She also said that she had provided 

those statements to Ray's lawyer. Craft then submitted those documents to the court, but 

she did not introduce them as exhibits, so they are not in the record on appeal. 

Ray testified that she objected to the amount Craft had requested. She said that she 

thought a guardian ad litem was unnecessary and she did not want to pay what Craft had 

requested because her work was irregular. She also asserted that Craft had not done 

enough work because she had met with E.F. only once. She did not meet with Ray and 

Fellers when Ray had asked her to. And Craft did not contact some people that Ray had 

wanted her to talk to. In Ray's view, Craft participated little at trial. Ray acknowledged 

that Craft became more involved as the case proceeded, but she also disagreed with some 

of Craft's recommendation about parenting time.

The trial court reiterated that guardian ad litem fees would be split 50-50 and 

granted judgment to Craft for the full amount and, if necessary, collection fees. The court 

acknowledged that it had initially assessed 100 percent of the fees against Fellers, but that 
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was because Ray had objected to the appointment of a guardian ad litem and the court 

had wanted to move things along. The court said it had reviewed Craft's billing 

statements and found the fees were related to the work that was involved. The court 

disagreed with Ray that a guardian ad litem had been unnecessary. The judge said that 

after listening to the trial, the record fully supported the appointment. Finally, he

explained that given E.F.'s age, spending a lot of time with him probably would not have 

been very useful and that Craft's limited questioning at trial may have just meant that the 

parties' attorneys were thorough—it did not mean that Craft did not fully participate. 

Our analysis

Ray attacks the court's holding on two fronts. First, she objects to the trial court's 

decision to assess her fees at all. But then, she also challenges the amount of fees that the 

court assessed. We address the arguments separately. 

Kansas courts can award attorney fees only if a statute authorizes them or the 

parties agree to allow them. Craft cited K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2715 in her motion for 

judgment against Ray, which allows a court to award costs and attorney fees "to either 

party as justice and equity require." Ray has not suggested on appeal that the trial court 

lacked authority to grant attorney fees to Craft. 

We review the decision to award fees and the amount of fees awarded for an abuse 

of discretion. A trial court abuses its discretion if it bases its decision on a legal or factual 

error, or if no reasonable person would agree with the decision. Thoroughbred Assoc. v. 

Kansas City Royalty Co., 58 Kan. App. 2d 306, 332, 2020 WL 3481512, at *17 (2020).

On the first issue, Ray argues that the court did not consider whether assessing 

fees to her was equitable. She cites no legal authority for the idea that a court must 

consider equity when awarding fees, but presumably she is referring to the "as justice and 
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equity require" language of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 23-2715. She argues that the court should 

have considered that she objected to the appointment of a guardian ad litem, worked only 

part time as a nurse, and had a health condition. She had back surgery in April 2017. 

But there is nothing in this record that suggests the court did not consider these 

factors. Ray made sure that the court was aware of them. That Ray objected to the 

appointment is not relevant since she has not appealed the appointment of a guardian ad 

litem. The court found that it was necessary to represent E.F.'s interests. 

Without a legal or factual mistake—which Ray does not claim—a trial court 

abuses its discretion only when no reasonable person could agree with its decision. See 

Thoroughbred Assoc., 58 Kan. App. 2d at 332. A reasonable person could still agree with 

the court's decision to assess half of the fees to Ray. We are mindful that Fellers had 

asked the court to assess all of Craft's fees to Ray because she filed the motion to move, 

which took 3 days to try. And, in fact, the trial court denied her request. 

We turn now to the question about the amount of the fees. Ray makes two 

arguments. 

Ray contends that Craft violated Rule 110A, which sets out standards for a 

guardian ad litem. That rule requires the guardian ad litem to conduct an independent 

investigation and review all relevant documents, have ongoing contact with the child, and 

represent the best interests of the child at all hearings. It also requires the guardian to 

vigorously advocate for the child's best interests and explain the court proceedings and 

the guardian ad litem's role to the child in terms the child can understand. See Rule 

110A(c)(1), (c)(3)(B) and (E), (c)(4). 

Ray asserts that Craft violated that Rule by:
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• Failing to explain the court proceedings to E.F. in terms he could

understand;

• meeting with E.F. only once; and 

• failing to ask questions or call witnesses during the trial. 

Even though Ray did not raise this issue with the trial court, when we look at it closely, it 

is not persuasive. 

Nothing in the record suggests that Craft explained the trial to E.F. in terms he 

could understand. But E.F. was three years old when Craft was appointed—it is doubtful 

that E.F. would have been able to understand such an explanation. 

Ray's complaint that Craft had failed to participate at trial is contradicted by the 

record. While Craft did not call any witnesses at the trial, she had interviewed nine 

people and questioned six witnesses during the trial. For example, Craft asked Fellers 

about an incident where E.F. had been exposed to bug spray and Fellers had not washed it 

off because he was under time constraints to return E.F. to Ray. Craft asked E.F.'s 

therapist about Ray and Fellers saying inappropriate things about each other in front of 

E.F. She asked a clinical social worker about Ray, who had been seeing her for diagnosed 

general anxiety disorder. She asked Ray's sister, a family therapist, about E.F.'s 

behavioral problems. She asked the marriage and family therapist about Ray's and Feller's 

fitness to care for E.F. And she asked Ray about her proposed parenting plan if the court 

allowed Ray to move. 

Craft also gave a closing statement where she reiterated and expanded on the 

analysis and recommendations that she had made in her report. Craft was more engaged 

with the trial than Ray suggests. Besides, Craft had no burden to prove anything but to 

speak and ask about the best interests of E.F. This record shows Craft's important and 

active participation in this case.
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Even though a single meeting between Craft and E.F. does not count as ongoing 

contact with the child, given that E.F. was between three and four years old at the time, it 

is not clear that more contact with E.F. would have influenced Craft's conclusions about 

E.F.'s best interests. We read this record to show diligence and skill by Craft. 

We come now to Ray's final point. She argues that, while it is her burden to 

designate a sufficient record on appeal, Craft did not introduce sufficient evidence at the 

fee award hearing for the court to grant relief. In her view, the $5,752 fee award is not 

supported by substantial evidence, because the only evidence at the hearing was Ray's 

testimony opposing the fee award. See In re Marriage of Strieby, 45 Kan. App. 2d 953, 

973, 255 P.3d 34 (2011) (stating that an award of attorney fees will not be set aside on 

appeal when supported by substantial competent evidence).

Craft did not introduce her billing statements as exhibits—she simply submitted 

them to the court, and the court concluded that "the fees appear to be actually related to 

the work that was involved." 

This argument raised by Ray is no reason to reverse this award. A trial court is 

considered an expert on attorney fees and therefore may apply its own knowledge and 

professional experience in determining the value of the services rendered. And "[b]y 

approving the fee, the district court has inferentially applied its own view as to 

reasonableness. Such an inference is inherent in the award." Link, Inc. v. City of Hays, 

268 Kan. 372, 382, 997 P.2d 697 (2000).

Based on this record and our standard of review, the trial court did not abuse its 

discretion in awarding fees of $5,752 to Craft. 

Affirmed.