[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 13-12978

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 5:12-cv-03601-CLS

JAMES LAURENCE BUTLER, SR., 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 versus

TIM MORGAN, 

ROBERT BROUSSARD, 

JANE SMITH, 

JEANNY COLE, 

KAY ROOME, 

ROGER ROOME, 

 Defendants-Appellees.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Alabama

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(April 3, 2014)

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Before MARCUS, WILSON and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

James Laurence Butler, Sr., an Alabama citizen proceeding pro se, appeals 

the district court’s dismissal of his amended civil complaint without prejudice for 

lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Butler raised four state law claims involving 

Butler and his son, and their bail bond corporation; and he alleged that the 

defendants all resided in Alabama. The district court dismissed the amended 

complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction after finding that Butler failed to 

allege diversity of citizenship among the parties and failed to plead a colorable 

claim arising under a federal law or the U.S. Constitution, noting that Butler had 

made only one footnote reference to constitutional amendments, which was 

inadequate to invoke federal-question jurisdiction. On appeal, Butler does not 

mention the dismissal or subject-matter jurisdiction, and argues only the merits of 

his underlying claims attacking the state cases. After careful review, we affirm.

We review dismissals for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction de novo. 

Nicholson v. Shafe, 558 F.3d 1266, 1270 (11th Cir. 2009). A federal court may 

raise jurisdictional issues on its own initiative at any stage of litigation. Arbaugh 

v. Y&H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 506 (2006). While we liberally interpret briefs filed 

by pro se litigants, issues not briefed on appeal are deemed abandoned and we will 

not consider them. Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 874 (11th Cir. 2008). 

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A district court must have jurisdiction under at least one of the three types of 

subject-matter jurisdiction: (1) jurisdiction pursuant to a specific statutory grant; 

(2) federal question jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331; or (3) diversity 

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). Baltin v. Alaron Trading Corp., 128 

F.3d 1466, 1469 (11th Cir. 1997). “It is presumed that a cause lies outside this 

limited jurisdiction, and the burden of establishing the contrary rests upon the party 

asserting jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 

377 (1994) (citations omitted).

For a federal court to have diversity jurisdiction, the action must be between 

citizens of different states and the amount in controversy must exceed $75,000. 

Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 552 (2005). Diversity 

jurisdiction requires that no plaintiff is a citizen of the same state as any defendant. 

MacGinnitie v. Hobbs Grp., LLC, 420 F.3d 1234, 1239 (11th Cir. 2005).

Section 1331 provides district courts with subject-matter jurisdiction over 

“all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United 

States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1331. “[A] cause of action arises under federal law only 

when the plaintiff’s well-pleaded complaint raises issues of federal law.” Metro. 

Life Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 481 U.S. 58, 63 (1987). “A well-pleaded complaint 

presents a federal question where it establishes either that federal law creates the 

cause of action or that the plaintiff’s right to relief necessarily depends on 

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resolution of a substantial question of federal law.” Smith v. GTE Corp., 236 F.3d 

1292, 1310 (11th Cir. 2001) (quotation omitted). 

Even a claim that arises under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the 

United States may be dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction if (1) “the 

alleged claim under the Constitution or federal statutes clearly appears to be 

immaterial and made solely for the purpose of obtaining jurisdiction,” or (2) “such 

a claim is wholly insubstantial and frivolous.” Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ala. v. 

Sanders, 138 F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th Cir. 1998) (quotation omitted). A claim is 

“wholly insubstantial and frivolous” so as to warrant dismissal for lack of subject 

matter jurisdiction only “if the claim has no plausible foundation, or if the court 

concludes that a prior Supreme Court decision clearly forecloses the claim.” Id.

(quotation omitted). 

A court must dismiss a complaint if it determines that jurisdiction is lacking. 

Fed.R.Civ.P.12(h)(3). A district court may dismiss a complaint for lack of subjectmatter jurisdiction based on: (1) the complaint alone; (2) the complaint plus 

undisputed facts evidenced in the record; or (3) the complaint plus undisputed facts 

plus the court’s resolution of disputed facts. Williamson v. Tucker, 645 F.2d 404, 

413 (5th Cir. May 1981).1 Further, an opposing party may attack a complaint for 

lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1). 

 1

 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), we adopted as 

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A district court must grant a plaintiff at least one opportunity to amend his 

complaint before dismissal if “it appears a more carefully drafted complaint might 

state a claim upon which relief can be granted,” even if the plaintiff never seeks 

leave to amend. Bank v. Pitt, 928 F.2d 1108, 1112 (11th Cir. 1991), overruled in 

part by Wagner v. Daewoo Heavy Indus. Am. Corp., 314 F.3d 541, 542 & n.1 

(11th Cir. 2002) (en banc) (holding that a district court is not required to sua sponte

grant a counseled plaintiff leave to amend when plaintiff never filed a motion to 

amend or requested leave to amend before the district court, but expressly noting 

that the holding did not apply to pro se litigants). On the other hand, where a 

plaintiff seeks leave to amend a complaint after a responsive pleading has been 

filed, a district court may properly deny the request when amendment would be 

futile. Hall v. United Ins. Co. of Am., 367 F.3d 1255, 1262-63 (11th Cir. 2004). 

A Rule 12(b)(1) motion can be based upon either a facial challenge to the 

complaint itself or a factual challenge that looks beyond the complaint to evidence 

concerning jurisdiction. McElmurray v. Consol. Gov’t of Augusta-Richmond 

Cnty., 501 F.3d 1244, 1251 (11th Cir. 2007). A “facial attack” requires a district 

court “merely to look to the complaint to see if the plaintiff has sufficiently alleged 

a basis of subject matter jurisdiction, and the allegations in his complaint are taken 

as true for the purposes of the motion.” Id. (quotations and brackets omitted).

 

binding precedent all decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before October 1, 1981. 

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Only the United States as prosecutor can bring a complaint under 18 U.S.C. 

§§ 241 and 242, the criminal analogue of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Hanna v. Home 

Ins. Co., 281 F.2d 298, 303 (5th Cir. 1960) (“The sections of Title 18 [§§241–242] 

may be disregarded in this suit. They are criminal in nature and provide no civil 

remedies.”).

Here, Butler’s claims fail for two reasons. First, Butler has abandoned any 

challenge to the district court’s dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction 

because he does not offer any argument regarding, or even mention, the dismissal 

or subject-matter jurisdiction. Timson, 518 F.3d at 874. Second, assuming Butler 

has adequately challenged the dismissal, his challenge fails because his first 

amended complaint did not allege a basis on which the district court could have 

exercised jurisdiction. 

To begin with, Butler failed to allege diversity jurisdiction, stating only that 

he and all of the defendants were residents of Alabama. The amended complaint 

also failed to raise issues of federal law. Rather, the four-count amended 

complaint raised state and common law causes of action for fraud, conspiracy, 

conversion, and breach of fiduciary duty. The sole reference to federal law in the 

amended complaint -- a single footnote citation listing, without context or 

elaboration, various constitutional amendments -- is inadequate to demonstrate a 

federal question under the well-pleaded complaint rule. Moreover, the attached 

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copies of 18 U.S.C. §§ 241 and 242 are similarly unavailing, and are, in any event, 

inapplicable because they are criminal statutes that do not provide a civil cause of 

action or any civil remedy. Hanna, 281 F.2d at 303.

Although Butler purported to assert two “federal questions” in his response 

to the motions to dismiss the amended complaint, the district court was not 

required to consider those assertions because dismissal was proper based on the 

amended complaint alone. Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413. Further, to the extent that 

the court construed the defendants’ 12(b)(6) motions as Rule 12(b)(1) motions, it 

was still only required to look to the face of the complaint, because their 

jurisdictional arguments were facial, not factual. McElmurray, 501 F.3d at 1251. 

Finally, because the court (1) sua sponte allowed Butler to amend his original 

complaint once to cure any pleading deficiencies, and (2) later found that further 

amendment would have been futile, it was not required to consider additional or 

amended pleadings, and there is no indication that Butler could amend the 

operative pleading to adequately state a viable claim. Bank, 928 F.2d at 1112; 

Hall, 367 F.3d at 1262-63.

AFFIRMED.

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