# Hawaii State Energy Profile

Hawaii Quick Facts • With its mild tropical climate, Hawaii had the fourth lowest per capita energy use in the nation in 2012. T he transportation sector led Hawaiian energy demand in 201 2, due in large part to heavy commercial and military aviation fuel use. • In 2012, Hawaii imported 93% of the energy it consume d and, in 2013, the state had the highest electricity pr ices in the nation. • Hawaii has the world's largest commercial electricity ge nerator fueled exclusively with biofuels; the state’s energ y plan aims for an agricultural biofuels industry that, by 2025, can provide 350 million gallons of biofuels. • Hawaii is one of eight states with installed geotherma l capacity; in 2013, 23% of its renewable net electricity generation came from geothermal energy. • Hawaii's utility-scale electricity generation from solar e nergy increased nearly six-fold in 2013. Last Updated: July 17, 2014


### Hawaii Energy Consumption Estimates, 2013

Coal Natural Gas Motor Gasoline excl. Ethanol

Distillate Fuel Oil Jet Fuel LPG Residual Fuel Other Petroleum Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power

Biomass Other Renewables Net Interstate Flow of Electricity 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Trillion Btu
Source: Energy Information Administration, State En ergy Data System 

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### Hawaii Energy Consumption by End-Use Sector, 2013

Hawaii Energy Production Estimates, 2012 12.9 %

14.1 %

22.1 % 51.0 % Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation

Coal
Natural Gas - Marketed

Crude Oil
Nuclear Electric Power

Biofuels Other Renewable Energy 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 Trillion Btu Source: Energy Information Administration, State En ergy Data System

Source: Energy Information Administration, State En ergy Data System 

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# Data

Last Update: June 18, 2015 | Next Update: July 16, 2015 Energy Indicators 

### Hawaii Net Electricity Generation by Source, Mar. 2 015

Hawaii Price Differences from U.S. Average, Most Re cent Monthly Petroleum-Fired

Coal-Fired

Other Renewables

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 GWh

Natural Gas - Citygate

Natural Gas - Residential
Electricity - Residential
Electricity - Commercial
Electricity - Industrial 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Percent Source: Energy Information Administration, ElectricPower Monthly

Source: Energy Information Administration, Petroleum Marketing Monthly ; Natural Gas Monthly ; Electric Power Monthly 

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Demography Hawaii Share of U.S. Period Population 1.4 million 0.4% 2014 Civilian Labor Force 0.7 million 0.4% Apr-15 Economy Hawaii U.S. Rank Period Gross Domestic Product $ 75.2 billion 39 2013
Gross Domestic Product for the Manufacturing Sector $ 1,345 million 50 2013
Per Capita Personal Income $ 45,652 21 2013 Vehicle Miles Traveled 10,099 million miles 44 2013 Land in Farms 1.2 million acres 43 2012 Prices Petroleum Hawaii U.S. Average Period find more Domestic Crude Oil First Purchase -- $ 42.66 /barrel Mar-15 Natural Gas Hawaii U.S. Average Period find more City Gate $ 18.30 /thousand cu ft $ 4.33 /thousand cu ft Mar-15 find more Residential $ 39.70 /thousand cu ft $ 9.26 /thousand cu ft Mar-15 find more Coal Hawaii U.S. Average Period find more Average Sales Price -- $ 37.24 /short ton 2013 Delivered to Electric Power Sector W $ 2.25 /million Btu Mar-15 Electricity Hawaii U.S. Average Period find more Residential 31.20 cents/kWh 12.35 cents/kWh Mar-15 find more Commercial 28.14 cents/kWh 10.58 cents/kWh Mar-15 find more Industrial 23.79 cents/kWh 6.79 cents/kWh Mar-15 find more Reserves & Supply Reserves Hawaii Share of U.S. Period find more Crude Oil -- -- 2013 find more Dry Natural Gas -- -- 2013 find more Expected Future Production of Natural Gas Plant Liquids -- -- 2013 find more 

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Recoverable Coal at Producing Mines -- -- 2013 find more Rotary Rigs & Wells Hawaii Share of U.S. Period find more Rotary Rigs in Operation 0 rigs 0.0% 2013 Natural Gas Producing Wells -- -- 2013 find more
Production Hawaii Share of U.S. Period find more Total Energy 21 trillion Btu * 2012 find more Crude Oil -- -- Mar-15 find more Natural Gas - Marketed -- -- 2013 find more Coal -- -- 2013 find more Capacity Hawaii Share of U.S. Period Crude Oil Refinery Capacity (as of Jan. 1) 147,500 barrels/calendar day 0.8% 2014 Electric Power Industry Net Summer Capacity 2,673 MW 0.2% Mar-15 Net Electricity Generation Hawaii Share of U.S. Period find more Total Net Electricity Generation 776 thousand MWh 0.2% Mar-15 Net Electricity Generation (share of total) Hawaii U.S. Average Period

Petroleum-Fired 67.9 % 0.3 % Mar-15 find more Natural Gas-Fired 0 % 30.5 % Mar-15 find more Coal-Fired 17.1 % 33.5 % Mar-15 find more Nuclear 0 % 19.9 % Mar-15 find more Hydroelectric NM 7.6 % Mar-15 find more Other Renewables 12.1 % 7.4 % Mar-15 Stocks Hawaii Share of U.S. Period find more Motor Gasoline (Excludes Pipelines) 11 thousand barrels 0.1% Mar-15
Distillate Fuel Oil (Excludes Pipelines) 449 thousand barrels 0.5% Mar-15 find more
Natural Gas in Underground Storage -- -- Mar-15 find more 

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Petroleum Stocks at Electric Power Producers 2,534 thousand barrels 8.9% Mar-15 find more

Coal Stocks at Electric Power Producers W W Mar-15 find more
Production Facilities Hawaii Major Coal Mines None find more Petroleum Refineries Chevron USA (Honolulu), Tesoro Hawaii (Ewa Beach) find more Major Non-Nuclear Electricity Generating Plants Kahe (Hawaiian Electric Co Inc) ; Waiau (Hawaiian Elect ric Co Inc) ; Kalaeola Cogen Plant (Kalaeloa Partners LP) ; Maalae a (Maui Electric Co Ltd) ; AES Hawaii (AES Hawaii Inc) Nuclear Power Plants None find more Distribution & Marketing Distribution Centers Hawaii Petroleum Ports Honolulu; Hilo; Kahului, Maui; Barbe rs Point, Oahu. find more Natural Gas Market Hubs None Major Pipelines Hawaii find more Crude Oil None Petroleum Product None Natural Gas Liquids None Interstate Natural Gas Pipelines None Fueling Stations Hawaii Share of U.S. Period Motor Gasoline 283 stations 0.2% 2012 Liquefied Petroleum Gases 3 stations 0.1% 2013 Compressed Natural Gas 1 stations 0.1% 2013
Ethanol 3 stations 0.1% 2013 Other Alternative Fuels 326 stations 2.0% 2013 Consumption & Expenditures Summary Hawaii U.S. Rank Period Total Consumption 280 trillion Btu 47 2012 find more Total Consumption per Capita 202 million Btu 48 2012 find more 

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Total Expenditures $ 7,796 million 39 2012 find more Total Expenditures per Capita $ 5,608 6 2012 find more by End-Use Sector Hawaii Share of U.S. Period Consumption
» Residential 35 trillion Btu 0.2% 2012 find more
» Commercial 38 trillion Btu 0.2% 2012 find more
» Industrial 63 trillion Btu 0.2% 2012 find more
» Transportation 143 trillion Btu 0.5% 2012 find more Expenditures
» Residential $ 1,132 million 0.5% 2012 find more
» Commercial $ 1,306 million 0.8% 2012 find more
» Industrial $ 1,182 million 0.5% 2012 find more
» Transportation $ 4,176 million 0.6% 2012 find more by Source Hawaii Share of U.S. Period Consumption
» Petroleum 41.6 million barrels 0.6% 2013 find more
» Natural Gas 2.8 billion cu ft * 2013 find more
» Coal 0.8 million short tons 0.1% 2013 find more Expenditures
» Petroleum $ 5,702 million 0.6% 2013 find more
» Natural Gas $ 118 million 0.1% 2013 find more
» Coal $ 32 million 0.1% 2013 find more Consumption for Electricity Generation Hawaii Share of U.S. Period find more
Petroleum 779 thousand barrels 42.5% Mar-15 find more Natural Gas 0 million cu ft 0.0% Mar-15 find more Coal 65 thousand short tons 0.1% Mar-15 find more Energy Source Used for Home Heating (share of households) Hawaii U.S. Average Period

Natural Gas 2.1 % 48.3 % 2013 Fuel Oil * 5.5 % 2013 

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Electricity 27.9 % 37.4 % 2013 Liquefied Petroleum Gases 1.2 % 4.8 % 2013
Other/None 68.8 % 3.9 % 2013 Environment Special Programs Hawaii find more Clean Cities Coalitions Honolulu Alternative Fuels Hawaii Share of U.S. Period find more Alternative Fueled Vehicles in Use 7,341 vehicles 0.6% 2011 find more Ethanol Plant Operating Capacity 0 million gal/year 0.0% 2015 find more Ethanol Consumption 867 thousand barrels 0.3% 2013 find more Total Emissions Hawaii Share of U.S. Period find more Carbon Dioxide 19.0 million metric tons 0.4% 2012 Electric Power Industry Emissions Hawaii Share of U.S. Period find more
Carbon Dioxide 7,624,794 metric tons 0.4% 2012 Sulfur Dioxide 14,583 metric tons 0.4% 2012 Nitrogen Oxide 18,927 metric tons 0.9% 2012 

# Analysis Last Updated: June 19, 2014 

## Overview Hawaii's islands stretch more than 1,500 miles across the ce ntral Pacific Ocean, from the Big Island of Hawaii in the southeast to theKure Atoll in the northwest. The eight main islands, and more than 100 uninhabited reefs, shoals, and atolls, are farther from a major landmass than any other island group on earth. Located 1,800 miles north of the equator, Hawaii is tropical, but its climate is moderated by steady trade winds and the surrounding ocean. Extremes of heat, cold, and rainfall occur in mountain-created microclimates, but weather at low altitudes is generally mild, with little variation year-round. Most of the p opulation lives on Oahu. On all the Hawaiian Islands, residents are clustered in the coastal areas. Hawaii's geographic isolation makes its energy infrastructure unique among the states. One-tenth of the state's gross domestic product isspent on energy, most of that for imported crude oil and petroleum products. Over four-fifths of Hawaii's energy co mes from petroleum, making it the most petroleum-depen dent state in the nation. The state of Hawaii and the U.S. Department of Energy entered into a partnership in 2008 called the 

## Isolated by the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii is themost petroleumdependent state in the nation.

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7/ 15/2015 http://www.eia.gov/state/print.cfm?sid=HIHawaii Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI), aimed at reduci ng the state's dependence on petroleum and optimizing t he use of

sustainable local energy sources. Hawaii's largest industry is tourism. Major economic sectors also include the U.S. military and agriculture. Transpo rtation accounts for about half of all energy consumed. Overall, H awaii's economy is not energy intensive, and per capita ene rgy consumption is among the lowest in the nation. 

## Petroleum Hawaii produces no petroleum and has no proved petroleu m reserves. The state has two refineries, located in the Honolulu port area. Both can produce a broad range of refined products and have been meeting almost all of Hawaii's demand. One refinery was scheduled to be shut down in 20 13 and turned into a terminal facility, but a new own er decided to maintain refining operations. Refinery fee dstock is most often light sweet crude oil imported from P acific Rim producers, although crude oil is also imported from Afr ica, Russia, South America, and the Middle East. Alaska use d to be a major crude oil supplier to Hawaii, but its prod uction has declined. Refined products, primarily jet fuel and propane, are also imported from Asia, Canada, and the Caribbea n. The transportation sector consumes about six-tenths of all petroleum used in Hawaii, followed by the electric powe r sector, which consumes nearly three-tenths. Jet fuel and motor gasoline each account for about two-fifths of transportation fuels consumed. Because of significant deman d from military installations and commercial airlines, je t fuel makes up a larger share of total petroleum consumption in Hawaii than in any state except Alaska. Hawaii has no inter-island pipelines. Crude oil is offl oaded to storage tanks in the Oahu refinery area throug h offshore mooring systems, and refined products are loaded at Oahu harbor terminals onto fuel barges for distribution toother islands. Hawaii requires the statewide use of oxygenated motor gasoline. Ethanol is shipped in, usually from the U.S. mainland or Brazil, for blending with motor gasoline. Plans to produce ethanol in Hawaii using locally grown feedstocks have been slow to materialize despite state incentives. A major goal of the HCEI is to displace 70% of petroleum -based ground transportation fuels with locally sourced biofue ls by 2030. 

## Natural gas Hawaii produces no natural gas and has no proven gas reser ves. Hawaii is one of two states producing synthetic natural gas often called syng as; the other is North Dakota. Syngas is produced in an Oahu processing plant, typi cally by using naphtha feedstock from a local refinery. The syngas is deli vered by pipeline to parts of Oahu. Customers in rural areas of Oahu and on other islands, who are not connected to the gas utility's distribution system, use prop ane. The gas utility is diversifying its supply with both liquefied natural gas ( LNG) and renewables-based syngas. As part of its shift to renewables, Hawaii is encou raging development of synthetic gas production using local biomass as a feedstock. Hawaii's first LNG shipment using a standardized cryogenic co ntainer arrived in April 2014 from a liquefaction plant in California. Standardized containers can serve markets that do not have world-scale LNG import ter minals. The LNG was regasified and injected into the distribution system owne d by Hawaii Gas, becoming the first natural gas ever put into the system. The electric power utility, Hawaiian Electric, is explorin g the conversion of up to eight of its generating plants on fi ve islands to use LNG, which will also be delivered in stan dardized containers. With its limited supply and distribution network, Hawai i has the lowest total natural gas consumption in the na tion and the lowest per capita consumption. The commercial sector, which includes hotels and restaurants, consumes about two

## Hawaii's only source of natural gas until 2014 was syngas produced from a naphtha feedstock. Page 9of 13 Hawaii Profile

7/ 15/2015 http://www.eia.gov/state/print.cfm?sid=HIthirds of all natural gas used in Hawaii. The residenti al sector accounts for less than one-fifth of consumption, i n part

because very few Hawaiians rely on natural gas as their p rimary fuel for home heating. 

## Coal Hawaii does not produce coal and has no estimated recoverable coal reserves. Coal use began in Hawaii in the 198 0s and was seen then as a way to help Hawaii reduce its depe ndence on petroleum in both the industrial and the el ectric power sectors. Coal is shipped in by ocean freighter, usual ly from Indonesia, for Hawaii's single operating coal-fi red electricity generating plant, a 180-megawatt facility on Oahu. Coal is transported by conveyor belt from a mari ne unloading terminal to the plant. The plant is able to burn wastes like motor oils and tires along with coal. A small amount of coal is shipped to Hawaii, typically from Colorado, for industrial uses, mainly to supplement agricultural w aste burned to power sugarcane processing operations. 

## Electricity Petroleum-fired power plants supply over seven-tenths of Hawaii's electricity generation. Renewable sources, mainly wind, biomass, and geothermal generators, supply another one-tenth of the state's elect ricity, with coal supplying most of the rest. Hawaii's islands have six separate electri city grids that are not connected by undersea electric transmission cables. Each island must generate its own power. Hawaii is encouraging private initiative s to interconnect the island grids for more efficient power generation and to increase development of renewable energy resources. The heavy dependence on imported petroleum and the isol ated grids result in Hawaii having the highest retail electricity prices of a ny state in the nation. Hawaii's electricity demand is among the lowest in the na tion, both in total amount consumed and in per capita consumption. About 3 in 10 Ha waiian households use electricity as their primary energy source for home heatin g, but, with the mild tropical climate, heating is rarely needed, and nearly two-thirds of households have no heating system at all. 

## Renewable energy Hawaii's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), as amend ed by the state legislature in 2009, requires 40% of el ectricity to be generated by renewable sources by 2030. Until 2015, e nergy efficiency technologies can count toward meeting som e interim RPS requirements, but as of 2015, state regula tors must set separate Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standards aimed at reducing anticipated electricity consumption up to 30% by 2030. The overall state goal is 70% clean energ y, counting both renewable sources and efficiency, by 2030. Te chnologies recognized in the RPS include: wind; solar thermal, and photovoltaic (PV); geothermal; biogas inc luding landfill methane; biomass including municipal sol id wastes; hydroelectricity; seawater-chilled air conditioning; and w ave, tidal, and ocean energy. The state has substantial renewable resources throughou t the island chain. Utility-scale wind potential is foun d both onshore and offshore. The state's six commercial wind farm s are on Oahu, Maui, and the main island, Hawaii. A w ind project on the rural island of Lanai is also planned. A Maui-Oahu undersea power cable that could bring wind power from Maui to Oahu is being considered. Hawaii has substantial solar resources and is generating la rger, although still small, amounts of electricity from distributed PV installa tions on all the inhabited islands. Hawaii is among the leading states in solar insta llations per capita. State building codes require all water heaters in new single -family homes to be solarpowered. One small solar thermal power plant that was operating on the island of 

## Hawaii's dependence on petroleum and its isolated island grids result in the highest electricity prices in the nation.

Hawaii wants increased use of biomass and

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7/ 15/2015 http://www.eia.gov/state/print.cfm?sid=HIHawaii closed in 2014. Solar thermal technologies for se awater desalination are

also being explored. The state has commercial-scale solar P V generation on Lanai, Oahu, Kauai, and Maui. The 7.2-megawatt PortAllen project on Kauai includes a 3-megawatt battery energy storage system. With t he islands' small grids, integrating variable wind and solar generation is a concern, leading many projects using those technologies to incorporate energy storage or continuous voltage regulation to smooth out variability. The state and federal governments and the private sector are developing energy storage techn ology, including batteries and hydrogen fuel cells, to support increased re newable energy penetration. Biomass, mainly from agricultural wastes, such as bagasse from sugarcane, has long been used in the islands to generate heat and electricity. Because of Hawaii's shrin king agricultural sector, more biomass energy is coming from municipal solid waste. A former coal-fired plant north of Hilo on the island of Hawaii is being refurbished to run on local biomass. Hawaii aims to substitute sustainably produced bio fuels for petroleum-based fuels at its generating plants. An electricity generating facility, believed to be the world 's largest commercial electricity generator fueled exclusively with sustainable biofuel, was brought into service on Oahu in 2010. The HCEI says more use of biomass and biofuels can also help boost the state's agricultural sector. In 2012, Hawaii was one of eight states with operating geothermal power production and one of six states with commercial geothermal electricity generation in 2013. Its geothermal generating plant is located on the Kilaue a Volcano on the island of Hawaii, and utilities are seeking moreprojects to tap the earth's heat. Hawaii does not have rivers appropriate for hydroelectric dams. A handful of small hydroelectric turbines use run-o f-river flow at sites on Maui and the island of Hawaii. The state is also looking to the surrounding ocean for renewab le energy. The U.S. Navy has been testing wave energy technologies to supply power to its island bases. Studies indicate wave energy could provide anywhere from about one-third to a ll of the electricity Hawaiians use, depending on technol ogical advances. Ocean thermal energy technology, which generateselectricity through temperature differences between warm, shallow waters and cool, deep waters, is being expl ored. District cooling, drawing up cold deep sea water to chill air-conditioning units, is being commercially developed in Honolulu. 

# Other Resources **Energy-Related Regions and Organizations**

• Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD) : 5 

### Other Websites

• Hawaii State Energy Office

• Hawaii Public Utilities Commission

• Hawaii Department of Health, LIHEAP

• Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, Weatherization Assistance Programs

• Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative

• Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center - Fed eral and State Incentives and Laws

• Benefits.Gov Energy Assistance (105)

• DSIRE - Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency

• National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (N ARUC)

• National Association of State Energy Officials (NASEO) 

## biofuels to help boost the state's shrinking agricultural sector. **Page 11**  **of 13**  **Hawaii Profile**

**7/ 15/** **2015 http://www.eia.gov/state/print.cfm?sid=HI** • National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL)-Issues a nd Research - News Highlights: Issues and Research

- Energy

• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)-Dynamic Map s, Geographic Information System (GIS) Data and Analysis Tools - Maps

• U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Maps, Imagery, and Publica tions - Maps

• Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

• United States Department of Health and Human Services -Administration for Children and Families - Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program Email suggestions for additional Hawaii website resources to: states@eia.gov

. 

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