FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

March 13, 2008

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 06-15642

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 05-21988-CV-PAS

MARLIN J. OUSLEY, 

Petitioner-Appellant, 

versus 

SECRETARY FOR THE DEPARTMENT 

OF CORRECTIONS, 

Respondent-Appellee. 

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

_________________________

(March 13, 2008)

Before TJOFLAT, BLACK and FAY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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Marlin J. Ousley, a Florida prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the dismissal

of his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 habeas corpus petition as untimely. Ousley argues that the

state trial court erroneously construed his “Motion for Relief from Judgment” as a

successive Fla.R.Crim.P. 3.850 motion for post-conviction relief. Ousley asserts

that, pursuant to Fla.R.App.P. 9.040(c) (providing that if a party seeks an improper

remedy, the cause shall be treated as if the proper remedy was sought), the court

should have construed his motion as a petition for state habeas corpus relief. 

Ousley argues that the state court’s finding that his motion was a second

Rule 3.850 motion for post-conviction relief cannot form the basis for dismissing

the instant § 2254 petition because Fla.R.App.P. 9.040(c) was inconsistently and

irregularly applied. He further contends that, had that rule been applied

consistently, his motion properly would have been construed as a petition for state

habeas relief, and, therefore, would have been “properly filed” so as to toll the

one-year limitations period for filing the instant § 2254 petition. For the reasons

set forth more fully below, we affirm.

We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of a § 2254 petition as

untimely. Pugh v. Smith, 465 F.3d 1295, 1298 (11th Cir. 2006). We review the

district court’s factual determinations for clear error. LeCroy v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t

of Corrs., 421 F.3d 1237, 1259 (11th Cir. 2005). The Antiterrorism and Effective
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Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”) imposes a one-year period of limitations

for writs of habeas corpus that runs from, inter alia, “the date on which the

judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the

time for seeking such review.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). Pursuant to

Supreme Court Rule 13.3, “[t]he time to file a petition for a writ of certiorari runs

from the date of entry of the judgment or order sought to be reviewed, and not

from the issuance date of the mandate.” Chavers v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corrs.,

468 F.3d 1273, 1275 (11th Cir. 2006). “The time during which a properly filed

application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the

pertinent judgment or claim is pending shall not be counted toward any period of

limitation . . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Motions under Florida Rule of Criminal

Procedure 3.850 have a two-year statute of limitations. Fla.R.Crim.P. 3.850(b). 

While the AEDPA does not define the term “properly filed,” the U.S.

Supreme Court in Artuz v. Bennett held that “an application is ‘properly filed’

when its delivery and acceptance are in compliance with the applicable laws and

rules governing filings.” 531 U.S. 4, 8, 121 S.Ct. 361, 364, 148 L.Ed.2d 213

(2000). The Supreme Court noted “the form of the document, the time limits upon

its delivery, the court and office in which it must be lodged, and the requisite filing

fee” as examples of such laws and rules, and explained that “the question whether
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an application has been ‘properly filed’ is quite separate from the question whether

the claims contained in the application are meritorious and free of procedural bar.” 

Id. at 9, 121 S.Ct. at 364. Post-conviction motions are considered “properly filed”

even if dismissed as successive. Weekley v. Moore, 244 F.3d 874 (11th Cir.

2001). The Supreme Court has held, however, that “[w]hen a post-conviction

petition is untimely under state law, that is the end of the matter for purposes of

§ 2244(d)(2).” Pace v. DiGuglielmo, 544 U.S. 408, 414, 125 S.Ct. 1807, 1812,

161 L.Ed.2d 669 (2005) (quotation and alteration omitted).

In Sweet v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corrs., we affirmed the dismissal of a § 2254

petition as time-barred, holding that an untimely state post-conviction motion is

not “properly filed,” and does not toll the one-year federal limitation period even if

the state court denied the motion on alternative grounds. 467 F.3d 1311, 1318

(11th Cir. 2006). In that case, the state trial court dismissed Sweet’s motion as

“untimely and facially insufficient,” and, alternatively, as without merit in light of

the Florida Supreme Court’s rejection of a similar claim in other cases. Id.

at 1313-14. The district court dismissed Sweet’s § 2254 petition as untimely,

finding that his Rule 3.850 motion did not toll the federal limitations period. Id.

at 1314. On appeal, citing Artuz and Pace, we held that the state court’s alternative

finding that Sweet’s claim was without merit did not render the Rule 3.850 motion
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“properly filed” because, “when a state court unambiguously rules that a

post-conviction petition is untimely under state law, we must respect that ruling

and conclude that the petition was not ‘properly filed’ for the purposes of

§ 2244(d)(2), regardless of whether the state court also reached the merits of one of

the claims.” Id. at 1318. 

Here, the record indicates that the limitations period began to run on

January 28, 2003, 90 days after the Florida Third District Court of Appeal denied

Ousley’s motion for rehearing on October 30, 2002. See Nix v. Sec’y for Dep’t of

Corrs., 393 F.3d 1235, 1236-37 (11th Cir. 2004) (indicating that a Florida

prisoner’s conviction was final 90 days after the state appellate court affirmed his

conviction, during which the prisoner could have sought certiorari review in the

U.S. Supreme Court); Ousley v. State, 829 So.2d 226 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 2002). 

On December 17, 2003, Ousley filed a motion for state post-conviction relief,

pursuant to Fla.R.Crim.P. 3.850, which tolled the limitations period until October

29, 2004, when the Florida Third District Court of Appeal issued the mandate

affirming its denial. See Ousley v. State, 884 So.2d 39 (Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App.

2004). At the time Ousley filed his Rule 3.850 motion, 323 days of the limitations

period had elapsed, leaving him 42 days in which to file a 28 U.S.C. § 2254

petition. Absent another properly filed tolling motion, the limitations period was
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set to expire on December 10, 2004. Ousley did not file the instant 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254 petition until July 18, 2005. 

The record further indicates that, on November 25, 2004, Ousley filed a

“Motion for Relief from Judgment” pursuant to Fla.R.Civ.P. 1.540(b), which the

state trial court construed as a second Rule 3.850 motion for post-conviction relief. 

The Florida Third District Court of Appeal issued the mandate in Ousley’s direct

appeal on November 8, 2002. Although Ousley’s second Rule 3.850 motion was

filed while time remained in the one-year limitations period for filing a § 2254

petition, as set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2244, it was untimely under state law because it

was filed more than two years after the Florida Third District Court of Appeal

issued the mandate in his direct appeal. See Fla.R.Crim.P. 3.850. 

Although we have held that an untimely state post-conviction motion is not

“properly filed,” and does not toll the one-year federal limitation period even

where, as here, the state court denied the motion on alternative grounds, we have

only applied this holding in cases where the state court made an “unambiguous

finding” that the petitioner’s state post-conviction motion was untimely. Sweet,

467 F.3d at 1318. Here, the record indicates that, in the first part of its order

denying Ousley’s second Rule 3.850 motion, the state trial court found that Ousley

failed to allege any new grounds or newly-discovered evidence. In the second part,
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the state court alternatively found that the motion was successive. Despite the

ambiguity in the state court’s order regarding the timeliness of the Rule 3.850

motion, however, we need not resolve this issue. 

As a preliminary matter, although the state asserts that Ousley failed to

address the issue we certified for appeal in his initial brief, liberally construed,

Ousley’s arguments concerning the state court’s characterization of his “Motion for

Relief from Judgment” are relevant to determining whether that motion was

“properly filed,” and, thus, are relevant to determining whether that motion tolled

the limitations period for filing the instant § 2254 motion. Ousley’s sole argument

on appeal is that the state trial court improperly construed his “Motion for Relief

from Judgment” as a second Rule 3.850 motion. Ousley asserts that the state court

should have construed his motion under either of two statutory frameworks: (1) a

state petition for writ of habeas corpus, or (2) a Rule 1.540(b) motion for relief

from judgment. 

First, as to Ousley’s assertion that the state court should have construed his

motion as a state petition for writ of habeas corpus, a Florida prisoner may not use

a habeas petition to attack his conviction or sentence collaterally. See Leichtman

v. Singletary, 674 So.2d 889, 891 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 1996); see also

Fla.R.Crim.P. 3.850(h) (providing that a habeas petition by a prisoner authorized to
8

apply for relief pursuant to Rule 3.850 will not be entertained if he has failed to

apply for relief to the sentencing court or that court has denied him relief, unless

Rule 3.850 is inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention). While

habeas relief remains available on several other grounds not applicable to this case,

Rule 3.850 is the primary vehicle for post-conviction relief. Leichtman, 674 So.2d

at 891-92 & n.1. 

Although Ousley asserts that Florida courts have held that a state petition for

writ of habeas corpus is the proper remedy for challenging an appellate court’s

inconsistent application of state law, the cases he cites in support of his claim are

factually distinguishable. In Romero v.State, the appellant and his codefendant

filed separate appeals, but asserted identical claims. 637 So.2d 7, 8 (Fla. 4th Dist.

Ct. App. 1994); see also Raulerson v. State, 724 So.2d 641, 642 (Fla. 4th Dist. Ct.

App. 1999). Although the claims on appeal were identical, one panel of the state

appellate court affirmed Romero’s convictions without opinion, while a later panel

reversed his codefendant’s conviction. See Romero, 637 So.2d at 8. The appellate

court reasoned that the proper vehicle for seeking relief was a petition for writ of

habeas corpus in the appellate court, because a Rule 3.850 motion, which must be

filed in the trial court, was inadequate. Id. 
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The instant case is not analogous to the situation in Romero. Ousley was not

tried with a codefendant. Rather, Ousley asserts that the trial court’s denial of his

failure-to-call-witnesses claim in his initial Rule 3.850 motion was inconsistent

with a state appellate court’s subsequent decision in Jones v. State, 934 So.2d 488

(Fla. 3d Dist. Ct. App. 2004), a separate, unrelated case that granted a defendant

relief on a similar issue. See Jones, 934 So.2d at 488. Moreover, Ousley has not

presented any evidence to show that his previously filed Rule 3.850 motion

rendered that remedy ineffective. Accordingly, because habeas relief may not be

used as a substitute for relief under Rule 3.850, the state trial court properly

construed Ousley’s “Motion for Relief from Judgment” as a second

post-conviction motion, and his claim is without merit. Leichtman, 674 So.2d at

892. 

Second, as to Ousley’s contention that his “Motion for Relief from

Judgment,” if accepted as nominally filed under Rule 1.540(b), would have tolled

the limitations period because it was timely filed within one year of the order

affirming the denial of his initial Rule 3.850 motion, he concedes that the Florida

Supreme Court has held that Fla.R.Civ.P. 1.540(b) does not apply to collateral

claims associated with criminal convictions, and has directed state trial courts to

construe such filings as motions for post-conviction relief under
10

Fla.R.Crim.P. 3.850. Steinhorst, 636 So.2d at 500. We have held that “[i]t is a

fundamental principle that state courts are the final arbiters of state law, and federal

habeas courts should not second-guess them.” Callahan v. Campbell, 427 F.3d

897, 932 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). Accordingly, this claim also fails.

Last, although he challenges the state trial court’s ultimate characterization

of his “Motion for Relief from Judgment,” Ousley does not contest and, indeed,

appears to concede the fact that his motion, construed as a second Rule 3.850

motion, was untimely under state law. Therefore, “that is the end of the matter for

purposes of § 2244(d)(2).” Pace, 544 U.S. at 414, 125 S.Ct. at 1812. Accordingly,

the district court did not clearly err in finding that Ousley’s untimely second Rule

3.850 motion was not “properly filed.” Therefore, Ousley’s “Motion for Relief

from Judgment” did not toll the one-year period for filing his § 2254 petition.

In light of the foregoing, the district court’s dismissal of Ousely’s 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254 petition is 

AFFIRMED.