Filed 10/9/14 Norton v. San Bernardino City Unif. School Dist. CA4/3 

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION THREE 

EDWARD C. NORTON, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

SAN BERNARDINO CITY UNIFIED 

SCHOOL DISTRICT et al., 

 Defendants and Appellants. 

 G049496 

 (Super. Ct. No. SCVSS115414) 

 O P I N I O N 

 Appeals from a judgment and postjudgment orders of the Superior Court of 

San Bernardino County, Frank Gafkowski, Jr., Judge. (Retired judge of the former Mun. 

Ct. for the Southeast Jud. Dist. of L.A., assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to art. VI, 

§ 6 of the Cal. Const.) Judgment is affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part. 

Postjudgment order denying motion for new trial is affirmed. Postjudgment order 

awarding attorney fees and costs is reversed and remanded with directions. 

 Cummings, McClorey, Davis, Acho & Associates and Sarah L. Overton for 

Defendants and Appellants. 
2

 Law Offices of Granowitz, White and Weber and Bradley R. White for 

Plaintiff and Respondent. 

* * * 

INTRODUCTION 

 Defendants San Bernardino City Unified School District (the District) and 

Mel Albiso (collectively, defendants) appeal from the judgment entered after a jury found 

that during plaintiff Edward C. Norton’s employment with the District, the District 

discriminated against him and Albiso harassed him because of Norton’s race, in violation 

of the California Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) (Gov. Code, § 12900 

et seq.). Defendants argue (1) the trial court erred by giving the jury several incorrect 

instructions and refusing to give certain requested instructions; (2) the court made 

erroneous evidentiary rulings; (3) insufficient evidence supported the jury’s verdicts; 

(4) the court engaged in judicial misconduct; and (5) their motion for summary judgment 

was erroneously denied. Defendants also appeal from the trial court’s postjudgment 

orders denying defendants’ motion for a new trial, and awarding Norton $503,450.02 in 

prevailing party attorney fees on the ground the attorney fee award was excessive. 

 We reverse and remand in part and affirm in part. In accordance with 

Harris v. City of Santa Monica (2013) 56 Cal.4th 203 (Harris) and its progeny, including 

an opinion from this court, and based on the evidentiary record before us, we reverse the 

judgment as to the District and remand for further proceedings because the jury was 

incorrectly and prejudicially instructed as to an element of Norton’s discrimination claim. 

We therefore also reverse the order awarding Norton attorney fees and costs and remand 

with directions that the trial court reconsider those awards following resolution of the 

discrimination claim. 

 We affirm the judgment as to Albiso because defendants have failed to 

establish any prejudicial instructional or evidentiary errors at trial; sufficient evidence 

supported the jury’s racial harassment verdict and damages award; the trial court did not 
3

engage in misconduct; and defendants’ argument the trial court erred by denying their 

motion for summary judgment is without merit. We also affirm the court’s postjudgment 

order denying defendants’ motion for a new trial as to Albiso. 

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

1

I. 

1995 - 1999: NORTON IS HIRED BY THE DISTRICT AS THE DIRECTOR

OF THE BUILDING SERVICES DEPARTMENT AND CONSISTENTLY

RECEIVES POSITIVE PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS. 

 In 1995, the District hired Norton as the director of the building services 

department, which was later renamed the maintenance and operations department (the 

department). The department was responsible for the upkeep, maintenance, and repair of 

68 schools and eight administrative sites, and provided services ranging from cutting 

grass to replacing roofs. 

 Shortly before Norton was hired, the District had considered disbanding the 

department in favor of utilizing outside contractors to perform those functions because of 

widespread problems in the department. The department suffered from performance 

issues, employee drug use, and misuse of the District’s property. Norton was asked to 

“straighten it out.” 

 Norton was responsible for the department’s 220 employees; thirteen 

supervisors and managers reported to him. Norton tackled the department’s many 

problems, and, after three and a half years, there was a “cultural change” in the 

department, and a significant reduction in the number of issues that arose. 

 1

 As this matter is before us on appeal from a judgment in favor of Norton after a 

jury trial, “[i]n summarizing the facts, we view the evidence in favor of the judgment.” 

(Roby v. McKesson Corp. (2009) 47 Cal.4th 686, 693-694 (Roby).) We refer to the 

substantial trial evidence presented by defendants in defense of their claims as is relevant 

in the context of our analysis of specific legal issues in the Discussion section, part I.B., 

of this opinion. 
4

 From 1995 until 1999, Norton reported to two assistant superintendents. 

Norton received “outstanding evaluations, letters of commendation, plaudits, standing 

ovations by principals.” He was told that he was “the best building services director in 

the history of the school district by both outside consultants as well as school district 

people.” Norton never had a writeup for anything and he had many positive performance 

evaluations. 

II. 

1999 - 2002: THE DISTRICT’S TOP LEADERSHIP CHANGES AS ARTURO DELGADO 

BECOMES SUPERINTENDENT; NORTON RAISES ISSUE OF COMPLAINTS

ABOUT LATINOS RECEIVING PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT WITH REGARD

TO EMPLOYMENT AND CONTRACTOR OPPORTUNITIES AT THE DISTRICT; 

NORTON RECEIVES A LETTER OF REPRIMAND. 

 In 1999, Arturo Delgado became the District’s superintendent. There was a 

“clean sweep of all the top positions” at the District. Albiso

2

 and Yolanda Ortega3

became assistants to Delgado; Delgado, Albiso, and Ortega are Hispanic. Albiso was 

responsible for human resources and the department. Norton, as director of the 

department, began reporting directly to Albiso. 

 At a 1999 management team meeting, with 300 principals, vice-principals, 

department heads, supervisors, and managers in attendance, Delgado warned that if 

anyone were to speak out against him and his new administration, he would find out who 

they were and get rid of them. Delgado gave the same warning at more than one such 

meeting. 

 2

 Albiso was first employed in 1990 as an affirmative action officer. In 1994, he 

became director of classified personnel. In 1997, Albiso started reporting to Delgado 

when Albiso became the assistant superintendent of personnel. In 1999, Delgado 

appointed Albiso to an assistant to the superintendent position. 

3

 Ortega was hired as an assistant to the superintendent in 2002. 
5

 “Things started to change with the new administration.” Norton testified: 

“[T]he emphasis on selecting through favoritism and nepotism on employees that were 

not qualified took a major spike in the upward direction. Pretty much the consensus in 

the District was that you were preselected if you are Hispanic by the superintend[e]nt and 

the staff, contracts were awarded to contractors that weren’t qualified; different times for 

four or five some contractors that weren’t qualified were getting paid to be trained by 

other contractors which is unheard of.” Norton testified, “[a]s I made acknowledgment 

of that or complaints all of a sudden I started to draw a big target on myself.” He testified 

that he complained about preferential hiring of minority contractors who were 

unqualified during the 2000 to 2002 time period. 

 In 2002, Norton received “an unwarranted letter of reprimand” from Ortega 

and his supervisor at the time, David Bayle, regarding jokes Norton had told at a meeting, 

even though the same jokes had been previously condoned by upper management and 

Delgado himself. Norton testified, “every one of my supervisors said [the reprimand] 

was a total witch hunt.” Bayle told Norton that the letter had been prepared for him and 

he had “no choice” but to initial off on it. The letter required that Norton satisfy several 

requirements; he fulfilled those requirements. 

III. 

2003: NORTON IS PLACED ON ADMINISTRATIVE LEAVE; HE FILES HIS FIRST 

ADMINISTRATIVE COMPLAINT FOR RACE DISCRIMINATION, HARASSMENT, 

AND RETALIATION WITH CALIFORNIA’S DEPARTMENT OF FAIR EMPLOYMENT

AND HOUSING; NORTON’S EMPLOYMENT IS TERMINATED. 

 Without any prior warning, on March 28, 2003, Ortega appeared in 

Norton’s office and told him he was being placed on administrative leave. Norton asked 

Ortega why he was being placed on leave, and she said she could not tell him. She said 

there would be an investigation that would take about five days. The investigation did 

not conclude in five days. Instead of learning the subject of the investigation, Norton 
6

received a letter from Ortega, stating that he was not to go to any school sites and was not 

to have any contact whatsoever with the District’s property or personnel or his 

employment would be terminated. 

 Robert Leon, who is Latino, assumed the duties of director of the 

department after Norton went on leave even though Leon did not meet the qualifications 

for that position, such as having a degree from a four-year college. Leon had previously 

reported to Norton before he was placed on administrative leave; Norton had promoted 

Leon to assistant director and thought Leon did a good job. 

 After Norton was removed from his office and placed on leave, Leon 

instructed the District’s employee, Bill Boutwell, to clean up Norton’s office so that Leon 

could move into it. In May 2003, Boutwell was instructed by an unidentified person to 

shred all the papers in Norton’s desk drawers and 60 to 70 steno pads that Norton had 

used for his work duties, but also to document instances of harassment beginning in 1999. 

The loss of the steno pads deprived Norton of notes that, he asserted, would have helped 

him when he eventually resumed his job duties. Norton asserted those notes would have 

also helped him to defend against the charges alleged against him by the District and 

would have supported his claims against defendants in this lawsuit. 

 In May 2003, Norton filed an administrative complaint with California’s 

Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH), alleging that the District’s 

decision to place him on administrative leave in March constituted discrimination, 

harassment, and retaliation against him, based on his race (Caucasian). He requested an 

immediate right-to-sue letter; the DFEH provided him a right-to-sue letter on May 16. 

 In June 2003, Norton and his attorney met with Ortega and an attorney 

representing the District to go over a list of charges against Norton. Norton had not 

received any information about the charges before that meeting, but he rebutted all of 

them. In September 2003, Norton was served with formal charges. Following a Skelly v. 

State Personnel Bd. (1975) 15 Cal.3d 194 (Skelly) hearing, at which Norton did not 
7

produce any evidence in his defense,

4

 and on the recommendation of Albiso who 

conducted the hearing, Norton’s employment was terminated. Norton requested an 

appeal of the decision to terminate his employment. 

IV. 

2004: HEARING ON NORTON’S ADMINISTRATIVE APPEAL; NORTON FILES

A SECOND DFEH COMPLAINT AND INITIATES THE INSTANT LAWSUIT; 

THE DISTRICT’S PERSONNEL COMMISSION CONCLUDES NORTON’S

EMPLOYMENT TERMINATION WAS NOT JUSTIFIED AND DIRECTS THAT

HE BE REINSTATED AND RECEIVE BACKPAY; NORTON IS INSTRUCTED

TO RETURN TO WORK. 

 In 2004, Albiso was promoted by Delgado to the position of assistant 

superintendent and responsible for “human resources classified” and the department. In 

April and May 2004, Norton’s appeal of the decision to terminate his employment was 

heard. 

 In May 2004, Norton filed a second DFEH complaint alleging, inter alia, he 

was “fired” because of his race and in retaliation for having filed his first DFEH 

complaint. He named the District, Delgado, Ortega, and Albiso as the respondents. 

Pursuant to his request, the DFEH issued Norton an immediate right-to-sue letter. Also 

in May, Norton filed the instant lawsuit. 

 In a letter dated June 16, 2004, Norton’s counsel learned that the personnel 

commission adopted a hearing officer’s decision; the hearing officer found, inter alia, 

Norton’s employment had been wrongfully terminated. Counsel was further informed 

that because the hearing officer had found one of the 18 alleged charges meritorious, she 

modified Norton’s discipline to a 30-day suspension; the remaining charges were 

 4

 Norton believed he had already sufficiently refuted the charges at the meeting in 

June 2003 and nothing further needed to be provided. Ortega testified that when an 

employee does not present evidence at a Skelly hearing, “[w]e have no choice but to make 

a determination based on the facts that are before us and the investigation.” 
8

dropped. Norton was therefore to be reinstated and receive backpay. In June, however, 

he received a letter from Ortega, stating, without explanation, that he was being placed on 

administrative leave with pay and was to remain “on call” at home until further notice. 

Norton was directed not to have any contact with the District’s employees or to go to the 

District’s property. 

 In September, Norton filed a petition for writ of mandate in the superior 

court, seeking reinstatement of his position as director of the department and backpay. 

He also challenged the hearing officer’s 30-day suspension. In November, Norton 

received a letter from Ortega, informing him that he was to return to work on 

November 15, 2004 and report to Albiso who would give Norton instructions on his 

duties and responsibilities. 

V. 

NOVEMBER 2004 - JANUARY 2008: NORTON RETURNS TO WORK; ALTHOUGH NORTON 

REGAINS HIS DIRECTOR TITLE, LEON CONTINUES TO PERFORM THAT ROLE; ALBISO 

INITIALLY GIVES NORTON VIRTUALLY NO WORK, THEN AFTER NORTON COMPLAINS TO 

A SCHOOL BOARD TRUSTEE, ALBISO GIVES NORTON AN OVERWHELMING AMOUNT OF 

WORK; ALBISO CAUSES NORTON TO BE PHYSICALLY ISOLATED AND OSTRACIZED. 

 Starting on November 15, 2004, Norton reported to Albiso and was 

assigned an office near Albiso’s office in the administration building. Albiso was 

Norton’s supervisor from November 15, 2004 until January 2009. 

 Albiso did not assign Norton director-level duties, but menial tasks that 

consisted of “petty, busy work off and on.” Norton was often left with nothing to do, 

notwithstanding his repeated complaints that he was not given sufficient resources. 

Unlike the other department heads of the District, Norton had no staff or his own 

secretary. From November 2004 until October 2005, he openly read 26 novels, did 

volunteer work, created soccer team lineups, and “did anything that [he] could do to keep 

from going stir crazy.” 
9

 Although Norton’s title of director of the department was restored to him, 

Leon continued to perform that role. Leon’s office was in the department’s building and 

the department’s staff reported to Leon. 

 In May 2005, an organizational chart for the department was prepared by 

Leon, and approved by Albiso. The chart identified Leon as the acting director; the chart 

did not include Norton. In August 2005, Albiso prepared a visual presentation for the 

District’s managers, which identified Leon as the acting director of the department and 

other leaders in the department; Norton was not included. 

 In August 2005, a trustee of the District’s school board asked Norton how 

things were going with his reinstatement. Norton told her how he was being treated. He 

was shortly thereafter assigned a “truck load” of documents to read and evaluate with 

instructions to devise a plan, at a level that he thought would require a consultant and 20 

people to complete. From October 2005 until February 2008, Albiso directed Norton to 

conduct school site inspections which involved performing custodial functions that were 

duplicative of work already performed by custodial staff. 

 In November 2005, Albiso was elected to the Colton Joint Unified School 

District board. During a lunch meeting with Dennis Byas, the superintendent of that 

district, Albiso asked Byas what his administrative team “looked like.” Byas told Albiso 

that he had two male assistant superintendents and one female assistant superintendent. 

Albiso asked, “what race are they?” Byas told Albiso that they were Caucasian. Albiso 

told Byas, “I’d like for you to replace them with Latinos.” Byas refused, stating that his 

team consisted of highly competent, long-term employees. Albiso then suggested that 

Byas create three new assistant superintendent positions and fill them with Latino 

candidates. Byas said there was no need to create three new positions. 

 In April 2006, Norton received a reprimand he thought unjustified. In June 

2006, Norton received what he believed was an unfair performance evaluation which he 

rebutted to no avail. 
10

 On one occasion in 2006, Pam Stotts, who worked in the department and 

with whom Norton had a good working relationship, walked by Norton’s office after 

delivering some keys to Albiso’s office. Stotts and Norton made eye contact and were 

exchanging pleasantries when they were interrupted by Albiso’s administrative assistant, 

Sue Wright, who told Stotts that she needed to speak with her about the keys she had just 

delivered. Stotts followed Wright to her office and Wright closed the door. Wright 

asked Stotts whether Norton had “lure[d]” her into his office. Stotts responded, “no,” and 

explained they had just made eye contact and she had asked how he was doing. Wright 

told Stotts that Albiso did not want Norton talking to anyone. Stotts said she did not 

know that. Wright called Stotts the next morning. Stotts went to her office and Wright 

asked her again whether Norton had lured her into his office. Stotts responded, “no.” 

Stotts was called later that day and told to speak with an affirmative action investigator. 

The investigator wrote up a statement about Stotts’s interaction with Norton the previous 

day. Stotts said the statement did not reflect what had happened so she refused to sign it 

until it was revised. 

VI. 

JANUARY 2008 - JANUARY 2009: A PANEL OF THIS COURT ORDERED THAT A WRIT OF 

MANDATE ISSUE COMMANDING THE DISTRICT TO REINSTATE NORTON TO HIS FORMER 

POSITION, ALONG WITH ALL OF THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ATTENDANT TO THAT 

POSITION; CERTAIN DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ARE RESTORED TO NORTON, BUT 

NORTON DESCRIBES THE YEAR FOLLOWING OUR DECISION AS “HELL ON EARTH.” 

 In January 2008, a panel of this court directed the trial court to issue a writ 

of mandate compelling the District to fully reinstate Norton to the title, salary, and duties 

and responsibilities of his former position as director of the department as they existed on 

March 28, 2003. (See Norton v. San Bernardino City Unified School Dist. (2008) 158 

Cal.App.4th 749, 765.)5

 On February 4, 2008, Norton’s former duties and 

 5

 The jury was not given a copy of either the hearing officer’s decision or Norton 

v. San Bernardino City Unified School Dist., supra, 158 Cal.App.4th 749. 
11

responsibilities as director of the department were restored to him and he returned to the 

department’s building; Leon became the “special projects” director under Albiso. 

Although the name of the department had changed, the job description for the position of 

director of the department had never been changed. Albiso continued to be Norton’s 

supervisor until Albiso was promoted to the position of associate superintendent in 

January 2009. 

 Norton testified that the time period, beginning February 2008 and ending 

January 2009, was the worst year of his employment; he felt like he was in a prisoner of 

war camp. Albiso frequently threatened Norton with employment termination. Norton 

was set up for failure by Albiso as he was denied access to financial, contract, and other 

information, including the department’s files, necessary to do his job. Albiso 

reprimanded Norton for meeting with his staff. Norton was excluded from meetings and 

planning sessions. The restrictions Albiso imposed on Norton had not been in place 

before Norton was put on administrative leave. Albiso was critical and demeaning. In 

July 2008, Norton received “a series of written reprimands, directives and performance 

expectations.” Albiso requested consideration of Norton’s employment termination. 

 Norton testified about how defendants’ conduct had damaged his emotional 

and physical health. He had been in therapy and continued to see a therapist as of the 

date of trial. An expert clinical psychologist, who had provided Norton therapy since 

January 2008, treated Norton for work-related anxiety, stress, and depression. The expert 

testified that he recommended Norton continue therapy for an indefinite period of time in 

the future. 

VII. 

NORTON FILES THE THIRD AMENDED COMPLAINT (THE OPERATIVE COMPLAINT); 

THE TRIAL COURT DENIES DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT. 

 In April 2008, Norton filed the operative complaint, the third amended 

complaint, against defendants, containing claims for (1) unlawful harassment based on 
12

race and/or age (over 40)6

 in violation of the FEHA; (2) retaliation for Norton having 

voiced concerns and protested various actions of the board of education, the 

superintendent, upper management, and Albiso “for hiring or promoting relatively 

unqualified employees or applicants for employment based on their status as members of 

minority racial/ethnic groups, as compared to more qualified employees or applicants 

who were not members of such groups, and for providing Hispanics with preferential 

personnel treatment in other respects, as a result of their race/ethnicity”; (3) wrongful 

termination of employment in violation of the FEHA because of Norton’s race and 

national origin, and because he filed a previous complaint of harassment and retaliation 

with the DFEH; (4) unlawful harassment in violation of the FEHA, based on his race, 

color, national origin, and ancestry, and in retaliation for his previous DFEH complaints; 

(5) unlawful retaliation in violation of the FEHA; and (6) unlawful discrimination in 

violation of the FEHA. 

 Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment or, in the alternative, for 

summary adjudication. In a 44-page ruling, the trial court denied the motion for 

summary judgment. 

VIII. 

THE JURY FINDS THE DISTRICT LIABLE FOR RACIAL DISCRIMINATION AND FINDS ALBISO 

LIABLE FOR HARASSMENT BASED ON RACE; THE COURT DENIES DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS 

FOR JUDGMENT NOTWITHSTANDING THE VERDICT AND FOR NEW TRIAL AND AWARDS 

NORTON $503,450.02 IN PREVAILING PARTY ATTORNEY FEES; DEFENDANTS APPEAL 

FROM THE JUDGMENT, THE ORDER DENYING THE MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL, AND THE 

ORDER AWARDING ATTORNEY FEES AND COSTS. 

 After a 39-day trial, the jury returned special verdicts finding the District 

liable for discrimination and Albiso liable for harassment, both based on race. The jury 

also returned a special verdict stating its finding that “[a]s a result of filing his complaints 

with the DFEH,” Norton was not “subjected to unwanted harassing conduct because he is 

 6

 Norton dropped his age-related FEHA claims before trial. 
13

Caucasian.” The jury awarded Norton damages “attributable to disparate treatment 

and/or harassment by the District” in the amounts of $50,000 for past noneconomic loss, 

including mental suffering, and $80,000 for future noneconomic loss, including mental 

suffering. The jury awarded Norton damages “attributable to harassment by Mel Albiso” 

in the amounts of $130,000 for past noneconomic loss, including mental suffering, and 

$100,000 for future noneconomic loss, including mental suffering. Judgment was entered 

on the special verdicts. 

 Defendants filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict 

(JNOV) asserting insufficient evidence supported the jury’s verdicts. Defendants also 

filed a motion for new trial. The trial court denied both motions. 

 The trial court awarded Norton prevailing party attorney fees in the total 

amount of $503,450.02, and $31,679.08 for costs. 

 Defendants filed a notice of appeal, stating that they appealed from the 

judgment and the orders denying their JNOV motion, new trial motion, and motion for 

summary judgment, and the order overruling their demurrer to the third amended 

complaint.

7

 Defendants also filed a notice of appeal from the court’s order awarding 

attorney fees and costs. 

DISCUSSION 

I. 

FOLLOWING HARRIS, SUPRA, 56 Cal.4th 203, AND ITS PROGENY, 

WE REVERSE THE JUDGMENT AGAINST THE DISTRICT FOR RACIAL

DISCRIMINATION AND REMAND FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS

BECAUSE OF PREJUDICIAL INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR. 

 As to Norton’s discrimination claim against the District, the jury was 

instructed, inter alia, with a modified version of former CACI No. 2500 which instructed 

as follows: 

 7

 Defendants have not raised any issues regarding the trial court’s ruling on their 

demurrer or the JNOV motion in their appellate briefs. 
14

 “Edward C. Norton claims that San Bernardino City Unified School 

District wrongfully discriminated against him on the basis of race. Such discrimination is 

unlawful. To establish this claim, Edward Norton must prove all of the following: 

 “1. That San Bernardino City Unified School District was an employer; 

 “2. That Edward C. Norton was an employee of San Bernardino City 

Unified School District; 

 “3. That San Bernardino City Unified School District took adverse 

employment actions against Edward C. Norton; 

 “4. That Edward C. Norton’s race was a motivating reason for the adverse 

employment action; 

 “5. That Edward C. Norton was harmed; and 

 “6. That the adverse employment actions were a substantial factor in 

causing Edward C. Norton’s harm.” (Italics added.) 

 The jury was also instructed with former CACI No. 2507 which stated, “[a] 

‘motivating reason’ is a reason that contributed to the decision to take certain action, even 

though other reasons also may have contributed to the decision.” 

 Consistent with those instructions, the jury was asked to find in its special 

verdict form whether Norton’s race was “a motivating reason” for the District’s adverse 

employment action. The jury marked “[y]es” in response to that question on the special 

verdict form and awarded Norton a total of $130,000 in damages against the District. 

A. 

Harris, supra, 56 Cal.4th 203, and Its Progeny 

 After defendants filed their appellate reply brief in this case, the California 

Supreme Court decided Harris, supra, 56 Cal.4th at pages 214-215, in which the plaintiff 

alleged her employment had been terminated because she was pregnant, in violation of 

the FEHA. The Supreme Court held that former CACI No. 2500 did not properly state 

the law because it instructed the jury “to determine whether discrimination was ‘a 
15

motivating factor/reason’ for [the plaintiff]’s termination.” (Harris, supra, at p. 232.) 

The court explained, “the jury should instead determine whether discrimination was ‘a 

substantial motivating factor/reason.’” (Ibid.) The Supreme Court stated: “Requiring 

the plaintiff to show that discrimination was a substantial motivating factor, rather than 

simply a motivating factor, more effectively ensures that liability will not be imposed 

based on evidence of mere thoughts or passing statements unrelated to the disputed 

employment decision. At the same time, . . . proof that discrimination was a substantial

factor in an employment decision triggers the deterrent purpose of the FEHA and thus 

exposes the employer to liability, even if other factors would have led the employer to 

make the same decision at the time.” (Ibid.) 

 In Harris, the jury had been instructed with former CACI No. 2500, which 

required the jury to determine whether discrimination was “‘a motivating factor/reason’” 

for the plaintiff’s employment termination. (Harris, supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 232.) The 

Supreme Court affirmed the Court of Appeal’s judgment overturning the jury’s damages 

verdict and remanded the matter for further proceedings. (Id. at p. 242.) 

 In Alamo v. Practice Management Information Corp. (2013) 219 

Cal.App.4th 466, 469-470 (Alamo), the appellate court held: “In accordance with Harris, 

we now hold that the trial court prejudicially erred in instructing the jury with the former 

versions of CACI Nos. 2430, 2500, 2505, and 2507 because the proper standard of 

causation in a FEHA discrimination or retaliation claim is not ‘a motivating reason,’ as 

used in the CACI instructions, but rather ‘a substantial motivating’ reason, as set forth in 

Harris.” The court rejected the argument “that a jury in an employment discrimination 

case would not draw any meaningful distinction between ‘a motivating reason’ and ‘a 

substantial motivating reason’ in deciding whether there was unlawful discrimination 

[because] the Supreme Court reached a contrary conclusion in Harris.” (Id. at p. 479.) 

 In Mendoza v. Western Medical Center Santa Ana (2014) 222 Cal.App.4th 

1334, 1341-1342 (Mendoza), a panel of this court similarly held that the trial court 
16

“should have instructed the jury to determine whether [the employee]’s report of sexual 

harassment was a substantial motivating reason for [the employee]’s discharge.” The 

court further held, “[f]ollowing Harris and Alamo, we conclude this error was 

prejudicial.” (Id. at p. 1342.) The court reversed the judgment, stating, “[v]iewing the 

evidence ‘in the light most favorable’ to defendants [citation], there is a reasonable 

probability that the instructional error prejudicially affected the verdict.” (Ibid., italics 

added.) 

B. 

The Trial Court Erred by Instructing the Jury with Former CACI Nos. 2500 and 2507 

and That Error Was Prejudicial in Light of the Substantial Trial Evidence Showing the 

District Took Adverse Employment Actions Against Norton Because of His Poor 

Interpersonal Skills and Other Reasons Unrelated to Norton’s Race. 

 In light of Harris, supra, 56 Cal.4th 203, and its progeny, we must 

conclude the former CACI Nos. 2500 and 2507 instructions were given to the jury in 

error. In Harris, Alamo, supra, 219 Cal.App.4th 466, and Mendoza, supra, 222 

Cal.App.4th 1334, the courts held such instructional error was prejudicial, reversed the 

judgment, and remanded the matter to the trial court for retrial. Here, in light of the 

substantial trial evidence produced by defendants showing that the adverse employment 

actions taken against Norton were for reasons unrelated to his race, we similarly must 

conclude the error was prejudicial. 

 Defendants produced evidence, at trial, showing that Norton was 

disciplined and counseled because of his poor interpersonal skills. On more than one 

occasion, he shouted and swore at union officials and members. Norton called the school 

employees’ union representative “a piece of shit” and also told him he was “the fucking 

reason why the classified employees are lazy in the school district.” The union president 

testified that in 1999, the union received a “heavy volume of calls from employees at 

maintenance and operations from the harassment of Mr. Norton and it got so bad that we 
17

actually staged not a protest, but a gathering at the school board meeting with all the 

employees from maintenance and operations.” Over 200 people attended the meeting. 

 Norton also told inappropriate jokes or made comments with racial and 

gender undertones. Notwithstanding the District’s efforts to assist Norton in improving 

his interpersonal skills, he did not improve and the District continued to receive 

complaints about Norton from employees. The department’s operations manager, 

Boutwell, told Norton “that the ongoing battles he was having and his people skills were 

going to hinder his career and could lead to serious disciplinary problems.” Norton 

responded that he had “an exemplary record for productivity and that no one could do 

anything to him.” He also said, “if anyone tried to fire him that he would sue them and 

have an ironclad case.” 

 Evidence was admitted showing that Norton was placed on administrative 

leave after he had asked an employee to falsify a document—a charge that was 

substantiated by the hearing officer at the administrative hearing, addressing whether 

Norton’s employment was properly terminated. After Norton was reinstated to his 

position, some employees threatened to quit and others expressed fear that he would 

retaliate against them when he returned. The District tried to avoid losing employees by 

placing Norton back on administrative leave following the administrative hearing and 

evaluate its options. 

 Defendants also produced evidence that Norton’s replacement, Leon, did a 

good job as the acting director of the department. He was “fair and equitable with the 

employees.” The union president testified that after Leon became the acting director of 

the department, “almost all complaints went away.” 

 There was also evidence of Norton and Albiso’s poor personal relationship. 

Norton testified he did not like Albiso. He referred to Delgado, Albiso, and Ortega as 

“the Taliban” in the journal in which he wrote during the workday. He called Albiso a 
18

“dirty Mexican.” Albiso testified that Norton’s demeanor toward Albiso was arrogant, 

flippant, argumentative, insubordinate, and aggressive. 

 Even though the jury found on the special verdict for the discrimination 

claim that adverse employment actions taken against Norton were motivated in some part 

by his race, the jury had before it evidence that those actions were also motivated by 

several nonrace-related reasons. Consequently, on this record, the erroneous instruction 

only requiring that the jury find that race was “a motivating factor” (Harris, supra, 56 

Cal.4th at p. 232) as opposed to “a substantial motivating factor” (ibid.) for taking such 

actions was prejudicial. Quite simply, in view of the evidence before us, we cannot say 

with the required degree of probability that the jury would have found racial animus was 

a substantial motivating factor in the discrimination of Norton. We therefore reverse the 

judgment as to the racial discrimination claim against the District and remand for further 

proceedings on that claim. 

C. 

Defendants Did Not Forfeit the Right to Challenge Former CACI Nos. 2500 and 2507. 

 In a supplemental letter brief, Norton argues any error in the jury 

instructions regarding Norton’s discrimination claim was invited by defendants who are 

now estopped from challenging those instructions. We disagree.

Harris’s articulation of a heightened standard applies to this appeal because 

Norton’s judgment is not yet final. (Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (1995) 11 

Cal.4th 1, 23 [“Courts of Appeal routinely consider newly published case law that was 

not available until after entry of judgment in the trial court”].) Judicial decisions apply 

retroactively to cases not yet final. (Id. at pp. 24-25; see Corenbaum v. Lampkin (2013) 

215 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1334-1335.) We cannot fault trial counsel or the trial court for 

failing to anticipate the new case. (In re Gladys R. (1970) 1 Cal.3d 855, 861; 

Guardianship of Stephen G. (1995) 40 Cal.App.4th 1418, 1422-1423.) 
19

 Here, the Supreme Court’s decision in Harris, supra, 56 Cal.4th 203, was 

not filed until February 7, 2013—over a month after defendants filed the appellants’ reply 

brief in this appeal. Before oral argument on June 17, 2014, defendants’ counsel filed a 

letter notifying this court she intended to cite the following cases that were filed after 

appellants’ briefs were filed: Harris, supra, 56 Cal.4th 203; Alamo, supra, 219 

Cal.App.4th 466; Mendoza, supra, 222 Cal.App.4th 1334; and Serri v. Santa Clara 

University (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 830). 

 At oral argument on June 17, 2014, defendants’ counsel argued that 

pursuant to Harris, supra, 56 Cal.4th 203, the former CACI instructions on 

discrimination were prejudicially erroneous. Norton’s counsel conceded, at oral 

argument, that the former CACI Nos. 2500 and 2507 instructions that were given to the 

jury were erroneous under Harris. We invited the parties to submit supplemental letter 

briefs on the impact of Harris and its progeny on this appeal and the parties filed such 

briefs. Under these circumstances, defendants have not forfeited the right to challenge 

those instructions in this appeal, which they have done successfully, for the reasons 

discussed ante. 

II. 

WE AFFIRM THE JUDGMENT AS TO NORTON’S

RACIAL HARASSMENT CLAIM AGAINST ALBISO. 

Harris, supra, 56 Cal.4th 203, did not affect the CACI instructions given in 

this case for harassment based on race. We therefore address each of defendants’ 

arguments as they pertain to the remainder of the judgment, which consists of the awards 

in Norton’s favor against Albiso for harassment based on race. 

A. 

Instructional Error Issues 

 Defendants contend the trial court erred by instructing the jury with special 

jury instruction No. 1 stating that Norton’s employment termination by the District was 
20

without just cause, special jury instruction No. 2 defining harassment, and special jury 

instruction No. 3 defining adverse employment action. Defendants contend the trial court 

further erred by failing to give the jury CACI No. 2523 on harassment (instead of special 

jury instruction No. 2), and CACI No. 2508 regarding Norton’s failure to file a timely 

administrative complaint. 

1. 

Special jury instruction No. 1 correctly stated that Norton’s 

employment was terminated in 2003 without just cause; 

any error in giving that instruction was harmless. 

 Defendants contend the trial court erred by giving special jury instruction 

No. 1 which stated: “Plaintiff’s termination by the San Bernardino City Unified School 

District in September 2003 was without just cause. This determination has already been 

made in separate legal proceedings which are binding and final for purposes of this 

action. You must still determine, however, whether or not race, color, or national origin 

was a motivating factor in the decision to terminate Plaintiff.” 

 The instruction accurately stated that Norton’s employment termination in 

2003 was without just cause pursuant to a binding and final determination in a separate 

legal proceeding. The instruction properly clarified, however, that even though the 

employment termination was without just cause, the jury was to determine in the instant 

case whether his employment termination had anything to do with Norton’s race, color, 

or national origin. 

 Although special jury instruction No. 1 suffers from the same infirmity as 

former CACI No. 2500 in inaccurately referring to the element of discrimination 

requiring that race be a motivating factor, that error is harmless because we reverse the 

judgment as to the discrimination claim. Norton’s harassment claim does not require any 

adverse employment action, much less an adverse employment action motivated by race. 
21

2. 

Special jury instruction No. 2, entitled “Harassing Conduct Explained,” 

accurately stated the law; the trial court did not err by giving that 

instruction instead of CACI No. 2523. 

 Defendants requested that the trial court give the jury CACI No. 2523 

regarding the definition of harassment, which states: 

 “Harassing conduct may include [any of the following:] 

 “[a. Verbal harassment, such as obscene language, demeaning comments, 

slurs, [or] threats [or] [describe other form of verbal harassment];] [or] 

 “[b. Physical harassment, such as unwanted touching, assault, or physical 

interference with normal work or movement;] [or] 

 “[c. Visual harassment, such as offensive posters, objects, cartoons, or 

drawings;] [or] 

 “[d. Unwanted sexual advances;] [or] 

 “[e. [Describe other form of harassment if appropriate].]” 

 CACI No. 2523 is consistent with the language in former section 7287.6, 

subdivision (b)(1) of title 2 of the California Code of Regulations.8

 

 8

 California Code of Regulations, title 2, former section 7287.6, subdivision (b)(1) 

(now recodifed at section 11019, subdivision (b)) provided in part: 

 “Harassment includes but is not limited to: 

 “(A) Verbal harassment, e.g., epithets, derogatory comments or slurs on a basis 

enumerated in the Act; 

 “(B) Physical harassment, e.g., assault, impeding or blocking movement, or any 

physical interference with normal work or movement, when directed at an individual on a 

basis enumerated in the Act; 

 “(C) Visual forms of harassment, e.g., derogatory posters, cartoons, or drawings 

on a basis enumerated in the Act; or 

 “(D) Sexual favors, e.g., unwanted sexual advances which condition an 

employment benefit upon an exchange of sexual favors.” 
22

 The trial court refused that instruction, and instead gave the jury “Court 

Special Jury Instruction Number 2,” entitled “Harassing Conduct Explained,” which 

stated: 

 “It is conduct engaged in because of the race, color, or national origin of an 

employee which alters the conditions of the employment and creates an abusive working 

environment. It may include, but is not limited to, the following: 

 “(A) Verbal harassment, such as obscene language, demeaning comments, 

use of intimidation, threats, innuendos, epithets, derogatory comments or slurs. 

 “(B) Physical harassment, such as assault, impeding or blocking movement, 

or any physical interference with normal work or movement. 

 “(C) Visual harassment due to and/or because of the race, color, or national 

origin of an employee such as derogatory posters, cartoons, or drawings; 

 “(D) Harassment in the form of nitpicking, badgering, unfair and 

undeserved criticisms, reprimands, discipline, monitoring, and/or hostility.” (Italics 

added.) 

 Defendants contend special jury instruction No. 2 was given in error 

because harassment “is not the same as discrimination and does not refer to actions taken 

with regard to personnel management and work related decisions.” Defendants further 

contend, “the performance reviews, reprimands, discipline, work assignments and 

criticism are business related and cannot form the basis for actionable harassment.” In 

light of the California Supreme Court precedent, discussed post, defendants’ argument is 

without merit. 

 In Reno v. Baird (1998) 18 Cal.4th 640, 645-647, the California Supreme 

Court held: “‘[H]arassment consists of a type of conduct not necessary for performance 

of a supervisory job. Instead, harassment consists of conduct outside the scope of 

necessary job performance, conduct presumably engaged in for personal gratification, 

because of meanness or bigotry, or for other personal motives. Harassment is not 
23

conduct of a type necessary for management of the employer’s business or performance 

of the supervisory employee’s job. [Citations.] [¶] . . . [¶] ‘We conclude, therefore, that 

the Legislature intended that commonly necessary personnel management actions such as 

hiring and firing, job or project assignments, office or work station assignments, 

promotion or demotion, performance evaluations, the provision of support, the 

assignment or nonassignment of supervisory functions, deciding who will and who will 

not attend meetings, deciding who will be laid off, and the like, do not come within the 

meaning of harassment. These are actions of a type necessary to carry out the duties of 

business and personnel management. These actions may retrospectively be found 

discriminatory if based on improper motives, but in that event the remedies provided by 

the FEHA are those for discrimination, not harassment. Harassment, by contrast, consists 

of actions outside the scope of job duties which are not of a type necessary to business 

and personnel management. This significant distinction underlies the differential 

treatment of harassment and discrimination in the FEHA.’” 

 In Roby, supra, 47 Cal.4th at page 707, however, the California Supreme 

Court clarified: “[W]e can discern no reason why an employee who is the victim of 

discrimination based on some official action of the employer cannot also be the victim of 

harassment by a supervisor for abusive messages that create a hostile working 

environment, and under the FEHA the employee would have two separate claims of 

injury.” The Supreme Court explained: “Our decision in Miller[ v. Department of 

Corrections (2005)] 36 Cal.4th [446,] 460-466, further clarifies the FEHA’s distinction 

between discrimination and harassment. Although discrimination and harassment are 

separate wrongs, they are sometimes closely interrelated, and even overlapping, 

particularly with regard to proof. In Miller, we considered whether evidence of 

widespread sexual favoritism in the workplace could constitute sexual harassment against 

the nonfavored employees. We concluded that it could, provided that the favoritism was 

so severe or pervasive as to alter the working conditions. [Citation.] Significantly, the 
24

favoritism at issue in Miller took the form of official employment actions, including 

promotions and favorable job assignments given to female employees involved in sexual 

relationships with a particular male supervisor. [Citation.] The Miller plaintiffs, 

however, were not subject to any demands for sexual favors. [Citation.] In concluding 

that the plaintiffs had nevertheless stated a prima facie case of harassment in violation of 

the FEHA, we stated that widespread sexual favoritism could convey a ‘demeaning 

message . . . to female employees that they are viewed by management as “sexual 

playthings” or that the way required for women to get ahead in the workplace is to 

engage in sexual conduct with their supervisors or the management.’ [Citations.] This 

demeaning message, we held, could give rise to an actionable hostile work environment. 

[Citation.]” (Id. at pp. 707-708.) 

 In Roby, supra, 47 Cal.4th at page 708, the Supreme Court further 

explained: “Thus, in Miller the immediate source of the plaintiffs’ alleged injuries was 

the offensive sex-biased message that the supervisor conveyed, not a demotion or an 

unfavorable job assignment, and therefore the plaintiffs’ cause of action was for 

harassment, not for discrimination. Nevertheless, official employment actions constituted 

the evidentiary basis of the harassment cause of action, because the supervisor used 

those official actions as his means of conveying his offensive message. Our decision in 

Miller is wholly consistent with Reno [v. Baird], supra, 18 Cal.4th at pages 645-647, 

because it confirms that harassment is generally concerned with the message conveyed to 

an employee, and therefore with the social environment of the workplace, whereas 

discrimination is concerned with explicit changes in the terms or conditions of 

employment. Miller, however, makes clear that in some cases the hostile message that 

constitutes the harassment is conveyed through official employment actions, and 

therefore evidence that would otherwise be associated with a discrimination claim can 

form the basis of a harassment claim. Moreover, in analyzing the sufficiency of evidence 

in support of a harassment claim, there is no basis for excluding evidence of biased 
25

personnel management actions so long as that evidence is relevant to prove the 

communication of a hostile message.” (Some italics added.) 

 In Roby, supra, 47 Cal.4th at page 710, the Supreme Court concluded 

sufficient evident supported the jury’s harassment verdict because the evidence showed 

not only the supervisor’s rude comments and behavior, but also her shunning of the 

plaintiff during weekly staff meetings, belittling her job, and reprimanding her in front of 

coworkers. 

 Under Roby, supra, 47 Cal.4th 686, harassing conduct can take the form of 

not only name calling and physical intimidation, but can also be in the form of official 

employment actions by a supervisor who, for an illegal reason, nitpicks, badgers, gives 

unfair criticism, reprimands, disciplines, or monitors, or otherwise displays hostility in 

the workplace. Here, the trial court therefore did not err by instructing the jury with 

special jury instruction No. 2. 

3. 

Special jury instruction No. 3 entitled 

“Adverse Employment/Personnel Action Defined” 

 Defendants contend the trial court erred by instructing the jury on the 

definition of the term “adverse employment action” with special jury instruction No. 3, 

which stated: “An adverse employment action/personnel action is an action which 

materially affects the terms, conditions, or privileges of one’s employment. This includes 

not only specific employment decisions, but the entire spectrum of employment actions 

that are reasonably likely to adversely and materially impact an employee or his 

opportunities for advancement in his career. [¶] Adverse employment actions include not 

only specific things such as termination of employment, demotions, or reduction in pay, 

but include a situation where an employee has his material responsibilities significantly 

diminished.” 
26

 We need not decide whether special jury instruction No. 3 was given in 

error because the phrase “adverse employment actions” that is defined in that instruction 

applies to the elements of a discrimination claim. We have reversed the judgment as to 

the discrimination claim. The jury instructions on harassment do not use the phrase 

“adverse employment actions” and, thus, any error in giving that instruction was 

harmless. 

 Defendants argue, “[t]he instant instruction was misleading because it had 

no context and was confusing standing alone. The CACI 2500 instruction, in which a 

party can specify the adverse employment action, is balanced because it has all of the 

elements of a cause of action for discrimination. When this particular element of the 

cause of action is singled out without having the context of discrimination on the 

protected basis[,] it gives the false impression that defendants can be found liable simply 

if there is an adverse action taken against plaintiff. Therefore, the court erred in giving 

this special instruction to the detriment of the defense.” 

 But, special jury instruction No. 3 simply offered a definition for the phrase 

“adverse employment action” as that phrase appeared in former CACI No. 2500. 

Nothing in the language of special jury instruction No. 3, or in any other instruction given 

at trial, suggested that defendants could be liable for any adverse employment action 

regardless whether it was motivated by race. 

4. 

CACI No. 2508 

 Defendants contend the trial court erred by denying their request that the 

jury be instructed with a modified version of CACI No. 2508, as follows: 

 “San Bernardino City Unified School District and/or Mel Albiso contend 

that Edward C. Norton’s lawsuit may not proceed because Edward Norton did not timely 

file a complaint with the Department of Fair Employment and Housing. A complaint is 
27

timely if it was filed within one year of the date on which San Bernardino City Unified 

School District’s alleged unlawful practice occurred. 

 “San Bernardino City Unified School District’s and/or Mel Albiso’s alleged 

unlawful practice is considered as continuing to occur as long as all of the following three 

conditions continue to exist: 

 “1. Conduct occurring within a year of the date on which Edward C. 

Norton filed his complaint with the department was similar or related to the conduct that 

occurred earlier; 

 “2. The conduct was reasonably frequent; and 

 “3. The conduct had not yet become permanent. 

 “‘Permanent’ in this context means that the conduct has stopped, 

Edward C. Norton has resigned, or San Bernardino City Unified School District’s and/or 

Mel Albiso’s statements and actions would make it clear to a reasonable employee that 

any further efforts to resolve the issue internally would be futile. 

 “The burden is on Edward C. Norton to prove that the complaint was filed 

on time with the department.” 

 The trial court did not err by refusing to give the jury the modified version 

of CACI No. 2508. The trial evidence showed Norton had more than once filed 

administrative complaints with the DFEH for discrimination, harassment and/or 

retaliation in violation of the FEHA. Norton’s first administrative complaint was filed in 

May 2003, and his second administrative complaint was filed in May 2004. Not only did 

the conduct that Norton alleged was discriminatory and harassing based on race, begin in 

1999 and continue until at least 2008, if anything, it increased with frequency and 

severity. On this record, no reasonable jury could have found that Norton’s lawsuit could 

not proceed because he failed to timely file an administrative complaint with the DFEH. 
28

B. 

Motions in Limine 

 Defendants contend the trial court erred by denying three of their motions 

in limine. We review the court’s evidentiary rulings, post, for abuse of discretion. 

(Hernandez v. Paicius (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 452, 456.) 

1. 

The trial court did not abuse its discretion by limiting the evidence regarding the 

District’s race-neutral reasons for terminating Norton’s employment. 

 At the pretrial hearings dealing with the parties’ motions in limine, the trial 

court stated that it would exclude evidence of the details of the administrative hearing 

held as to Norton’s appeal from defendants’ decision to terminate his employment. The 

court further stated, however, defendants would be permitted to introduce evidence in 

“conclusionary terms” that they had received many complaints about Norton’s employee 

relations and decided to terminate his employment because they had had enough. The 

court stated evidence would be permitted showing the hearing officer found that none of 

the charges was substantiated except one. The court explained it did not want a trial 

within a trial. Defendants’ counsel asked the court if defendants may refer to one of the 

charges that involved the falsification of a document and the court said, “[y]es,” but 

explained that further details would not be permitted. 

 Defendants argue the trial court’s evidentiary ruling was in error as they 

should have been allowed to present evidence of race-neutral, nonretaliatory reasons for 

their decision to terminate Norton’s employment. But the court permitted evidence that 

the employment termination decision was based on nonrace-related grounds; defendants 

were only precluded from going into detail about the various charges that were made 
29

against Norton and consequently triggering a new trial on whether those grounds justified 

terminating Norton’s employment. 

 In any event, defendants do not explain how the evidentiary ruling was 

prejudicial as to the harassment claim against Albiso. Defendants were permitted to, and 

did, introduce evidence showing their race-neutral reasons for deciding to terminate 

Norton’s employment. Testimony was permitted that at the time Norton was placed on 

leave in March 2003, his then supervisor (not Albiso) recommended his employment 

termination because Norton had failed to treat staff and others with dignity, respect, and 

sensitivity; used profanity; used his authority to embarrass subordinates; failed to follow 

the chain of command; and falsified a document. 

 The jury was instructed, as discussed ante, with special jury instruction 

No. 1 that although the decision to terminate Norton’s employment was not supported by 

just cause, the jury was to decide whether that decision was in any way motivated by 

Norton’s race. The jury was thus instructed the jury should not assume that decision was 

racially motivated simply because defendants’ decision to terminate Norton’s 

employment was not justified. 

2. 

The trial court did not err by admitting evidence that 

the District had hired unqualified contractors. 

 Defendants argue the trial court erred by denying their motion in limine to 

preclude Norton from presenting evidence as to whether the District hired unqualified 

contractors. Defendants argue that such evidence should have been excluded under 

Evidence Code section 352 and because it “was not directly relevant to Norton’s FEHA 

causes of action and any evidence of unqualified contractors would only serve to confuse 

the issues and mislead the jury.” 
30

 The trial court did not abuse its discretion by concluding evidence that 

defendants had hired unqualified Latino contractors in place of qualified non-Latino 

contractors would be highly probative of Norton’s discrimination claim based on 

disparate treatment. Such evidence would also be relevant to show racial animus. 

Defendants do not explain how that evidence would have confused or misled the jury, or 

resulted in prejudice to defendants, so as to substantially outweigh its probative value. 

 Aside from Norton’s testimony stating his bare conclusion on the subject, 

Norton did not introduce any such evidence at trial. The absence of evidence showing 

the District hired unqualified contractors does not show the trial court abused its 

discretion by denying the motion in limine. 

3. 

The trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying defendants’ motion in limine 

seeking to exclude evidence that Norton’s steno pads had been shredded. 

 Defendants contend the trial court erred by denying their motion in limine, 

brought under Evidence Code section 352, which sought to exclude evidence that 

Norton’s steno pads in his office had been shredded after Norton was suddenly placed on 

administrative leave in March 2003. At a minimum, the evidence was probative as 

reflecting an instance of harassing conduct against Norton—the destruction of 60 to 70 

steno pads containing work notes, weeks after he was suddenly placed on administrative 

leave without explanation. Evidence was presented that the employee who shredded the 

steno pads asked another employee to serve as his witness as to what he was doing. The 

probative value of that evidence was not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial 

impact. Even if the admission of that evidence constituted an abuse of discretion, in light 

of the full record, it is harmless under any standard. 
31

C. 

Substantial Evidence Supported the Jury’s Special Verdict on Harassment. 

 Defendants contend there is insufficient evidence in the record to support 

the jury’s special verdict that Albiso harassed Norton because of his race. For the reasons 

we will explain, substantial evidence supported the jury’s finding. 

1. 

Standard of review and governing legal principles under the FEHA 

 “‘When a trial court’s factual determination is attacked on the ground that 

there is no substantial evidence to sustain it, the power of an appellate court begins and 

ends with the determination as to whether, on the entire record, there is substantial 

evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, which will support the determination, and when 

two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the facts, a reviewing court is 

without power to substitute its deductions for those of the trial court. If such substantial 

evidence be found, it is of no consequence that the trial court believing other evidence, or 

drawing other reasonable inferences, might have reached a contrary conclusion.’ 

[Citation.] The substantial evidence standard of review is applicable to appeals from both 

jury and nonjury trials. [Citation.]” (Jameson v. Five Feet Restaurant, Inc. (2003) 107 

Cal.App.4th 138, 143.) 

The FEHA, at Government Code section 12940, subdivision (j)(1), 

prohibits harassment based on, inter alia, race. Unlike discrimination, which refers to 

bias in the exercise of an employer’s official actions, harassment “refers to bias that is 

expressed or communicated through interpersonal relations in the workplace.” (Roby, 

supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 707.) Even though FEHA discrimination and harassment claims 

are distinct causes of action, “nothing prevents a plaintiff from proving these two 

violations with the same (or overlapping) evidentiary presentations.” (Id. at p. 709.) 
32

2. 

Substantial evidence supported the jury’s finding that 

Albiso harassed Norton based on his race. 

 In addition to receiving special jury instruction No. 2 explaining harassing 

conduct, discussed ante, the jury was instructed on the elements of Norton’s racial 

harassment claim against Albiso with a modified version of former CACI No. 2522A, as 

follows: 

 “Edward C. Norton claims that Mel Albiso subjected him to harassment 

based on his race, causing a hostile or abusive work environment. To establish this 

claim, Edward C. Norton must prove all of the following: 

 “1. That Edward C. Norton was an employee of San Bernardino City 

Unified School District; 

 “2. That Edward C. Norton was subjected to unwanted harassing conduct 

because he is Caucasian;[9]

 “3. That the harassing conduct was severe or pervasive; 

 “4. That a reasonable Caucasian in Edward C. Norton’s circumstances 

would have considered the work environment to be hostile or abusive; 

 “5. That Edward C. Norton considered the work environment to be hostile 

or abusive[;] 

 9

 Harris, supra, 56 Cal.4th 203, does not affect former CACI No. 2522A given to 

the jury on the elements of harassment in violation of the FEHA. As set forth in that 

instruction, the applicable causation standard for harassment in violation of the FEHA is 

harassing conduct because of race, unlike the causation standard for discrimination in 

violation of the FEHA which, pursuant to Harris, is whether race was a substantial 

motivating factor for taking adverse employment action. Defendants argue, as discussed 

ante, the jury was improperly instructed as to the definition of harassment; they do not 

argue the jury was erroneously instructed as to the elements of a harassment claim 

pursuant to former CACI No. 2522A. 
33

 “6. That Mel Albiso participated in, assisted with and/or encouraged the 

harassing conduct; 

 “7. That Edward C. Norton was harmed; and 

 “8. That the conduct of Mel Albiso was a substantial factor in causing 

Edward Norton’s harm.” 

 Defendants argue substantial evidence did not support the jury’s verdict on 

racial harassment by Albiso because insufficient evidence showed Albiso subjected 

Norton to “racially harassing conduct [that] unreasonably interfered with his work 

performance by creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive work environment.” 

 We begin our analysis by noting the record contains numerous examples of 

Albiso subjecting Norton to harassing conduct that would support Norton’s harassment 

claim if he also proved the harassment was based on race. Evidence showed Albiso 

harassed Norton by, inter alia, (1) recommending his employment termination; 

(2) refusing to reinstate Norton to his former duties and responsibilities as director of the 

department; (3) isolating Norton from the department; (4) assigning him menial tasks that 

duplicated other employees’ efforts; (5) forbidding Norton from speaking with coworkers 

and coworkers from speaking with Norton; (6) excluding Norton from the department’s 

organizational chart and presentation; (7) refusing to allow Norton to attend staff 

meetings; (8) issuing multiple disciplinary notices and threats to terminate Norton’s 

employment; and (9) denying Norton the same resources and access to information as 

other department heads, making it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to do his job. 

The evidence showed that Albiso’s harassing acts unreasonably interfered with Norton’s 

work performance and created an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment. 

 Defendants do not argue that substantial evidence failed to support the 

finding Albiso engaged in the above described conduct. Instead, as they argued in 

challenging special jury instruction No. 2 explaining harassment, they argue such 

harassing conduct does not constitute harassment within the meaning of the FEHA. 
34

Defendants point out the absence of evidence that Albiso ever subjected Norton to 

racially derogatory verbal, physical, or visual forms of harassment, such as racial epithets 

or slurs. 

 But, as discussed ante, the California Supreme Court in Roby, supra, 47 

Cal.4th at page 707, clarified that official employment actions can provide an evidentiary 

basis for a harassment claim if those actions are the means of conveying the offensive 

message in violation of the FEHA. The Supreme Court explained: “This occurs when 

the actions establish a widespread pattern of bias. [Citation.] Here, some actions that 

[the supervisor] took with respect to [the plaintiff] are best characterized as official 

employment actions rather than hostile social interactions in the workplace, but they may 

have contributed to the hostile message that [the supervisor] was expressing to [the 

plaintiff] in other, more explicit ways. These would include [the supervisor]’s shunning 

of [the plaintiff] during staff meetings, [the supervisor]’s belittling of [the plaintiff]’s job, 

and [the supervisor]’s reprimands of [the plaintiff] in front of [the plaintiff]’s coworkers. 

Moreover, acts of discrimination can provide evidentiary support for a harassment claim 

by establishing discriminatory animus on the part of the manager responsible for the 

discrimination, thereby permitting the inference that rude comments or behavior by that 

same manager were similarly motivated by discriminatory animus.” (Roby, supra, at 

p. 709.) 

 Thus, the evidence of Albiso’s acts of harassment would be sufficient to 

support Norton’s claim if substantial evidence also showed Albiso engaged in that 

conduct as a means of conveying a racially offensive message in violation of the FEHA. 

Although the record does not contain extensive evidence of Albiso’s racial animus 

against Norton, applying, as we must, the governing substantial evidence standard of 

review, we conclude there is sufficient evidence to support that finding. 

 Specifically, the record contains the following testimony of Byas, who 

served as the superintendent of Colton Joint Unified School District from 1999 until 
35

2007. After Albiso was elected to the Colton Joint Unified School District board, he met 

with Byas for lunch. During that lunch, Albiso asked Byas what his “administrative team 

look[ed] like.” Byas said it was comprised of one female and two males who each serve 

as an assistant superintendent. Albiso asked, “what race are they?” Byas responded by 

saying they are white. Byas testified that Albiso said, “I’d like for you to replace them 

with Latinos.” 

 Byas, who is African-American, testified he was a little offended and told 

Albiso, “that is not going to happen.” Byas also testified he had said, “[l]et’s make sure 

you understand how we do it. These people have earned these positions. If you are 

going to work in this district I hire only the best. The only way I know how to move 

students forward is you hire the best people and put them in the key positions, doesn’t 

matter what they look like.” Byas was very satisfied with his three assistant 

superintendents. He described them as long-term, extremely competent, and good 

people. 

 Albiso responded to Byas’s comments by saying, “well, what about if we 

create three additional assistant superintendent positions” and “back fill those with 

Latinos.” Byas told Albiso he did not need or want to do that and he would not do that. 

Albiso asked, “well, what about if we look for highly qualified Latinos for positions and 

everything, can we work together on those things?” Byas said, “definitely, we always do. 

If you are the best person for the position when we interview, you get that position.” 

Albiso told Byas that placing Latinos in high-ranking positions within the Colton Joint 

Unified School District was part of the political platform upon which he had run for his 

school board position. 

 The timing of Albiso’s comments in 2005 coincided with the timing of 

some of Albiso’s harassing conduct toward Norton. The jury could have reasonably 

inferred the sentiment Albiso expressed to Byas that he desired to replace current 

non-Latino employees with Latinos applied to Norton. Evidence showed that when 
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Norton was placed on leave in March 2003, based on 18 charges that were not found true, 

except one, his position was filled by Leon, a Latino employee who had previously 

reported to Norton. Although Norton’s director position required a four-year college 

degree, Leon did not have a four-year degree in 2003; he did receive one in May 2006. 

 It was reasonable for the jury to find that Albiso harassed Norton because 

he was a Caucasian in a high, director-level position that Albiso wanted filled with a 

Latino (Leon). The evidence supported the reasonable inference Albiso tried to realize 

his goal by directly terminating Norton’s employment, and, when that did not work, 

marginalizing Norton at work and otherwise making his life miserable to drive him out. 

By marginalizing Norton, even though he retained his director title, Albiso orchestrated 

Leon’s performance of Norton’s director-level duties and responsibilities, whereby Leon 

enjoyed the commensurate experience and influence that would come from filling such a 

role at the District. Substantial evidence, therefore, supported the jury’s finding that 

Albiso subjected Norton to harassment based on his race. 

 We reject Norton’s argument Albiso’s racial animus was further supported 

by evidence showing that Albiso had frequently—and often publicly—expressed his 

frustration with ongoing employment discrimination against Latinos and the lack of 

representation of Latinos by Latinos on school boards. Evidence of Albiso’s 

commitment to end discrimination, to promote qualified Latinos, and to encourage 

students to overcome disadvantages does not reflect conduct that runs afoul of the FEHA. 

D. 

The Record Does Not Support Defendants’ Argument 

the Trial Court Engaged in Judicial Misconduct. 

 Defendants contend the trial court engaged in judicial misconduct. They 

contend the court demonstrated bias against defendants and their counsel, erred in 

making certain evidentiary rulings, and inappropriately interjected comments during the 
37

trial proceedings. We have reviewed the record and have found no instance—

individually or cumulatively—of error. 

 Our review of the record shows defendants did not object to many of the 

alleged instances of judicial conduct. As a general rule, a claim of judicial misconduct is 

not preserved for appellate review if no objections were made on that ground at trial. 

(People v. Sturm (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1218, 1237; see Weathers v. Kaiser Foundation 

Hospitals (1971) 5 Cal.3d 98, 103 [“The rule is well settled that when . . . a party or his 

counsel becomes aware of facts constituting misconduct or irregularity in the proceedings 

. . . , he must promptly bring such matters to the attention of the court, if he desires to 

object to it, or he will be deemed to have waived the point.”].) Nothing in the record 

supports defendants’ argument that asserting objections would have been futile. 

 Defendants fail to show the trial court harbored any bias against defendants 

or their counsel. Defendants’ references to the court’s comments upon which they base 

their argument are taken out of context. We have already addressed and rejected, ante, 

defendants’ contentions of evidentiary error, which they also cite as a basis for their 

judicial misconduct argument. The trial court’s questions and comments on the evidence 

during trial were brief and few. The jury was given CACI No. 5016, and thus expressly 

instructed on the trial court’s comments during trial, as follows: “In this case, I have 

exercised my right to comment on the evidence. However, you the jury are the exclusive 

judges of all questions of fact and of the credibility of the witnesses. You are free to 

completely ignore my comments on the evidence and to reach whatever verdict you 

believe to be correct, even if it is contrary to any or all of those comments.” 

 Defendants argue the trial court improperly revealed to the jury that 

defendants had insurance in this case. Our reading of the record does not show the trial 

court informed the jury defendants had insurance, much less the terms of coverage. Few 

jurors would be surprised a school district would have some form of insurance that might 

cover personnel issues. In any event, the jury was instructed with CACI No. 5001, as 
38

follows: “You must not consider whether any of the parties in this case has insurance. 

The presence or absence of insurance is totally irrelevant. You must decide this case 

based only on the law and the evidence.” We presume the jurors followed the given 

instructions. 

E. 

We Do Not Review the Trial Court’s Denial of Defendants’ 

Motion for Summary Judgment in This Appeal. 

 Defendants contend their motion for summary judgment or summary 

adjudication should have been granted. Although the briefing and evidence submitted in 

connection with the motion for summary judgment comprised over 1,000 pages in the 

clerk’s transcript, including the trial court’s detailed 44-page ruling, defendants devote 

two pages in each of their appellate briefs to this issue. In neither appellate brief, do 

defendants refer or cite to the trial court’s ruling. 

 Even assuming defendants have not forfeited the right to challenge the trial 

court’s denial of their summary judgment motion, “there is a real question whether [they] 

can even make the argument here, with some authority, including Sierra Craft, Inc. v. 

Magnum Enterprises, Inc. (1998) 64 Cal.App.4th 1252 . . . , holding [they] cannot. The 

order there was an order denying summary judgment, and the court held that ‘[Code of 

Civil Procedure s]ection 904.1 specifies those orders and judgments of the superior court 

from which an appeal may be taken. An order denying summary judgment is not one of 

these. Section 437c, subdivision [(m)(1)] specifies that the judgment resulting from the 

granting of a motion for summary judgment is appealable, as is any other judgment. 

However, the same subdivision provides that the denial of such a motion may only be 

reviewed by way of a petition for extraordinary writ.’” (Transport Ins. Co. v. TIG Ins. 

Co. (2012) 202 Cal.App.4th 984, 1010.) The appellate court in Transport Ins. Co. v. TIG 

Ins. Co. stated: “The leading practical treatise states the rule this way: ‘An order 
39

denying summary judgment or granting or denying summary adjudication is reviewable 

only by a petition for writ of mandamus. [CCP § 437c(m); [citations]] [¶] There is 

generally no basis for appeal after trial; erroneous denial of summary judgment is 

generally harmless error after a full trial covering the same issues. [Citation.].’ (Weil & 

Brown, Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial (The Rutter Group 2011) 

¶ 10:385, p. 10-149 (rev. # 1, 2011).)” (Id. at pp. 1010-1011.) 

 The appellate court in Transport Ins. Co. v. TIG Ins. Co. held the 

“argument also runs afoul of the general rule that denial of their motions may not be 

challenged here because the parties litigated the same issues at trial. (See California 

Housing Finance Agency v. Hanover/California Management & Accounting Center, Inc.

(2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 682, 688 . . . ; Waller v. TJD, Inc. (1993) 12 Cal.App.4th 830, 

833 . . . .) The reason is usually explained this way: ‘“A decision based on less evidence 

(i.e., the evidence presented on the summary judgment motion) should not prevail over a 

decision based on more evidence (i.e., the evidence presented at trial).”’ (Gackstetter v. 

Frawley [(2006)] 135 Cal.App.4th [1257,] 1269, quoting Eisenberg et al., Cal. Practice 

Guide: Civil Appeals and Writs [(The Rutter Group 2011)] ¶ 8:168.10, p. 8-132.2 

(rev. # 1, 2011).)” (Transport Ins. Co. v. TIG Ins. Co., supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 1011.) 

 In light of the foregoing, defendants’ argument the trial court erred in 

denying their motion for summary judgment after losing at trial is not viable. 

III. 

THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT ERR BY DENYING DEFENDANTS’ NEW TRIAL MOTION. 

 An order denying a motion for a new trial is not directly appealable but is 

reviewable on appeal from the underlying judgment. (Walker v. Los Angeles County 

Metropolitan Transportation Authority (2005) 35 Cal.4th 15, 18.) In reviewing an order 

denying a motion for a new trial, we “‘must fulfill our obligation of reviewing the entire 
40

record, including the evidence, so as to make an independent determination as to whether 

the error was prejudicial. [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Ajaxo Inc. v. E*Trade Group Inc.

(2005) 135 Cal.App.4th 21, 46-47.) This differs from our review of an order granting a 

motion for a new trial, which we review for abuse of discretion. (Lane v. Hughes 

Aircraft Co. (2000) 22 Cal.4th 405, 412; Sole Energy Co. v. Petrominerals Corp. (2005) 

128 Cal.App.4th 187, 194.) 

 Defendants argue their motion for a new trial should have been granted 

because (1) there was an irregularity in the proceedings due to the judicial misconduct, 

including erroneous evidentiary rulings; (2) insufficient evidence supported the verdicts; 

and (3) the damages awarded by the jury were excessive. For all of the reasons we have 

discussed ante, the trial court did not engage in misconduct or abuse its discretion in 

making evidentiary rulings, and sufficient evidence supported the jury’s finding that 

Albiso harassed Norton because of his race. 

 Sufficient evidence also supported the jury’s past and future noneconomic 

damages award against Albiso for racial harassment. Norton testified about the mental 

and physical problems he has experienced as a result of Albiso’s harassment. Defendants 

argue that the award of future noneconomic damages was without evidentiary support in 

light of the fact Albiso is no longer Norton’s supervisor and had not been for years. But, 

Norton’s therapist testified, in his capacity both as a percipient and expert witness, that 

Norton will require therapy for an indefinite period of time to help him resolve his 

mental, emotional, and physical problems that were caused by Albiso’s treatment of him. 

That testimony, in combination with Norton’s testimony, constituted sufficient evidence 

to support the jury’s award for future noneconomic damages. 

 The trial court did not err by denying defendants’ motion for a new trial. 
41

IV. 

BECAUSE WE REVERSE THE JUDGMENT AS TO THE DISCRIMINATION CLAIM

AND REMAND FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS, WE REVERSE THE ORDER

AWARDING NORTON PREVAILING PARTY ATTORNEY FEES AND COSTS. 

 Defendants appeal from the trial court’s postjudgment order awarding 

Norton prevailing party attorney fees and costs on the ground the attorney fee award was 

excessive. The trial court awarded Norton, as the prevailing party, total amounts of 

$503,450.02 in attorney fees and $31,679.08 in costs, against defendants after the jury 

found the District liable on Norton’s discrimination claim and Albiso liable on Norton’s 

harassment claim. Although we reverse the judgment only as to the discrimination claim 

against the District and remand for further proceedings, we reverse the entire attorney fee 

and cost awards. (See Allen v. Smith (2002) 94 Cal.App.4th 1270, 1284 [order awarding 

attorney fees and costs falls with reversal of judgment on which it is based]; Barber v. 

Rancho Mortgage & Investment Corp. (1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 1819, 1843 [reversed 

attorney fee award after appellate court reversed part of judgment with directions to 

reconsider such award, and any allocation thereof which may be appropriate, upon 

conclusion of retrial].) 

 On this record, we cannot say with any reasonable certainty that the trial 

court would have awarded the same amounts of attorney fees and costs without Norton 

prevailing against the District on the discrimination claim. On remand, should the 

discrimination claim against the District be retried, the court shall thereafter reconsider 

the amounts of the attorney fee and cost awards depending on the outcome of the retrial. 

DISPOSITION 

 The judgment against the District is reversed and remanded for further 

proceedings. The judgment against Albiso is affirmed. The order awarding Norton 
42

$503,450.02 in attorney fees and $31,679.08 in costs is reversed. The trial court shall 

reconsider the attorney fee and cost awards following further proceedings as to the 

discrimination claim against the District. The order denying the motion for a new trial is 

affirmed. In the interests of justice, no party is awarded costs on appeal. 

 

 FYBEL, J. 

WE CONCUR: 

O’LEARY, P. J. 

BEDSWORTH, J.