First Division 

June 5, 2006 

No. 1-03-2563 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

v. 

MANISH PATEL, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from 

the Circuit Court 

of Cook County 

01 CR 18619 

Honorable 

Eddie A. Stephens 

Judge Presiding 

JUSTICE McBRIDE delivered the opinion of the court: 

In March 2003, after a jury trial, defendant Manish Patel was found guilty of solicitation of 

murder for hire and was sentenced to 20 years in prison. 

Defendant appeals, contending that (1) the trial court erred when it failed to give the jury 

written instructions until 40 minutes into deliberations; (2) the trial court improperly struck the 

majority of defense witness Mike Kill's testimony; (3) defendant was denied a fair trial because the 

prosecution made improper comments during closing argument and during the examination of 

witnesses; (4) the trial court erred in denying a defense request to instruct the jury on a lesser 

included offense; and (5) the trial court erred in admitting prior consistent statements of one of the 

state's witnesses. 

The following evidence was presented at defendant's trial. 

Jyoti Patel, defendant's wife, testified that she was born in India and came to the United 

States when she was 15. When she was approximately 20 years old, Mrs. Patel became a United 

States citizen and then returned to India with the purpose of getting married. It was at this time that 

she first met defendant. Mrs. Patel and defendant were engaged for about a month before they 

married in an arranged marriage. Arranged marriages are common in the Hindu faith, of which she 
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and defendant are both members. Divorce, however, is not allowed in the Hindu faith and is very 

difficult for women. 

After they were married, Mrs. Patel and defendant came back to the United States to live, and 

defendant eventually got his United States citizenship. After he got his citizenship, Mrs. Patel said, 

defendant changed. He began telling Mrs. Patel that she did not clean or take care of their son, and 

he used to rip up her clothes. When they were first married, Mrs. Patel worked outside of the house. 

 Shortly after their son was born, however, she stayed home with their son for approximately one 

year. When Mrs. Patel returned to work, she and defendant sent their son to India to be with 

defendant's mother. Mrs. Patel told defendant on several occasions that she did not like this 

arrangement. She suggested a divorce, but defendant stated "no I don't want to give you a divorce. 

Everything will be all right." 

In July 2001, Mrs. Patel was working at a Citibank branch in Niles. She worked every day 

(except Tuesdays and Sundays) from 9 to 5. When she worked, she would go home for lunch any 

time between 12 and 2 p.m. Defendant knew her schedule. 

Mrs. Patel testified that from 1993-95 she worked at 3-COM. She met a man there named 

Mukesh Thakore. The two became friends, and Mrs. Patel gave Thakore some personal information 

regarding her date of birth and social security number, which he used to apply for and obtain a credit 

card. Thakore ran up a large amount of charges that negatively affected defendant's credit rating. 

She told defendant that because he was not giving her any money and would rip up clothes she 

bought, she thought Thakore would help give her money. Thakore never gave Mrs. Patel any 

money. Mrs. Patel denied having an affair with Thakore. 

Mrs. Patel stated that Friday, July 13, 2001, was her wedding anniversary. She and 
3 

defendant were going to have guests over to their house Saturday to celebrate. Mrs. Patel was home 

preparing to cook for the weekend when she received a phone call from a police officer, and then 

went to the police station. 

In court, Mrs. Patel identified photos, which were later shown to be photos defendant gave to 

Robbie Jones, as showing her in the pictures and coming from her home. 

In April 1999, Robbie Jones began working at Speed Scan, a Northfield company that 

scanned documents into computers. When Ms. Jones began working at Speed Scan, defendant was 

her supervisor and responsible for evaluating her job performance. The two did not socialize 

together. 

In late May or early June 2001, Ms. Jones and defendant had a conversation in Ms. Jones' car 

about defendant's wife. Ms. Jones had gone to her car for a smoke and although defendant did not 

smoke and was not invited by Ms. Jones, he followed her to the car. During their conversation in 

her car, the defendant told Ms. Jones that he wanted her to find someone to kill his wife. She did not 

take defendant seriously and they both laughed. After the defendant got out of her car, Ms. Jones 

dialed 911. She asked, "what would happen if I knew someone that wanted to get his wife killed? 

What should I do?" The 911 operated responded, "Ma'am, that's a serious case. If you don't do 

anything, it's going to be your fault." The operator also told her to go to the police station, which she 

did not do. On another occasion, Ms. Jones told the defendant about a funeral she had attended with 

some relatives. Defendant remarked, "you people know how to kill people." 

Ms. Jones testified that defendant "kept asking" her to find someone to kill his wife. In fact, 

Ms. Jones said "it would be like every other day" that defendant would ask her to find someone to 

kill his wife. On July 9, 2001, the defendant brought this up when a coworker named Chintan 
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Thakkar was nearby. While Ms. Jones "tried to blow it off," she eventually began to take defendant 

seriously because of how much he kept talking about it. 

About two or three weeks after her initial conversation with defendant in her car, Ms. Jones 

spoke with a coworker, Samuel Hernandez, about defendant's request. Mr. Hernandez was 

defendant's assistant supervisor. When she told Mr. Hernandez about defendant's request, Mr. 

Hernandez replied that the defendant was probably just upset and that Ms. Jones should just "blow 

him off." Ms. Jones tried to "blow him off," but was unable to avoid the defendant completely. 

At some point before July 9, 2001, defendant sent everyone except Ms. Jones and himself to 

lunch. While everyone was at lunch, he asked Ms. Jones what she was waiting for. He told her to 

hurry up and get it done, which she interpreted as finding someone to kill his wife. Ms. Jones 

responded that the people he wanted her to get to kill his wife were waiting for an answer. She 

thought that by telling defendant that she could get someone to kill his wife, he would leave her 

alone. She was afraid if she told him to "get lost" that she would have lost her job. Defendant asked 

"how much is it going to cost" him, but Ms. Jones did not give a figure. She told defendant that he 

"would have to pay them." Defendant said all he had was $500. 

On July 8 or 9, defendant brought in some pictures of his wife and her work schedule. After 

defendant gave Ms. Jones these items, she went to defendant's supervisor, Patrick Schutt, and told 

Mr. Schutt that she had a problem and wanted to know what she should do about it. She did not 

disclose who it was she was talking about because she did not want to get defendant in trouble. Mr. 

Schutt later testified that he referred the matter to his supervisor, the company president, and then 

went on vacation. 

On July 13, Ms. Jones went to the Northfield police department. She explained to the police 
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officers what happened and gave them the envelope that contained the schedule and pictures of 

defendant's wife. The police instructed Ms. Jones to return to work and told her that they would 

contact her. At approximately 2 to 3 that afternoon, Ms. Jones received a call on her cellular phone. 

 When she answered, a voice asked her if defendant was there and she said yes. Ms. Jones was then 

asked if she could set up a meeting where defendant could meet an undercover officer. The 

meeting would take place at 6 p.m. in the Dominick's parking lot in Northfield, which was not even 

five minutes away from Speed Scan. Defendant agreed to the meeting. 

Ms. Jones was told to go to Dominick's after she and defendant got off work. She and 

defendant drove to Dominick's in separate cars. Ms. Jones was given a description of the person to 

look for, but when she got to Dominick's, no one matched the description. Defendant joined Ms. 

Jones in her car and they waited. She asked defendant if he was sure he wanted to go ahead with it, 

and defendant responded, "once I make up my mind, I don't change it." 

After waiting a while, defendant went into the store. While he was in the store, an 

undercover officer approached Ms. Jones. Ms. Jones and the officer had a discussion and she told 

the officer that she was nervous. The officer told Ms. Jones not to be nervous and that, when the 

defendant came out of the store, she was to go inside. When defendant came out of the store, Ms. 

Jones started walking toward the store. As they approached each other, Ms. Jones asked defendant if 

he was sure. Defendant indicated he was sure, and Ms. Jones said "there he go," and went inside the 

store. 

Illinois State Police Officer Larry Lewis was assigned to the DuPage Auto Theft Task Force 

in July 2001. On July 13, 2001, he received a call that a black agent was needed for a solicitation of 

murder for hire case in Northfield. He agreed to serve as the undercover agent and signed a one-
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party consensual overhear document that was faxed to him. The consensual overhear document 

indicated that he was agreeing to have his conversation recorded on tape (audio or video). The 

consensual overhear lasted for 30 days. At 3:39 pm on July 13, Judge Moran signed an order for use 

of an eavesdropping device that allowed the conversations between Officer Lewis and defendant to 

be taped. 

Officer Lewis arrived at the Northfield police department around 5:30 to 5:45. Once there, 

he received instructions about where he was going, what was supposed to be done, and had a wire 

placed on him. Northfield Police agents, other Illinois State Police, and an assistant State's Attorney 

were present at the meeting. An Illinois State Police electronic technician fit him with a body wire, 

which is a transmitter and microphone that fits on the body. 

Officer Lewis then went to the Dominick's parking lot where he was to meet defendant and a 

female, Ms. Jones. Once there, Officer Lewis got out of his vehicle, approached Ms. Jones, and 

identified himself. Ms. Jones was alone in her car and told Officer Lewis that defendant was inside 

Dominick's "buying something." Defendant eventually came out of Dominick's and started 

approaching Officer Lewis. As defendant approached, Officer Lewis told Ms. Jones to leave and go 

into the store. Officer Lewis observed Ms. Jones and defendant briefly speak with each other, and 

defendant continued toward Officer Lewis. 

When they began speaking, Officer Lewis asked defendant "to tell me what he wanted me to 

do" and "do you want me to do the thing?" Officer Lewis also had the pictures of defendant's wife 

that Ms. Jones gave the police. Officer Lewis showed defendant the pictures and asked defendant if 

it was "the person he wanted me to do." Defendant responded that it was the person and that he did 

not want her to suffer. Officer Lewis testified that defendant said, "can you just finish it, finish it no 
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problem?" 

Officer Lewis asked if defendant had the money. Defendant said that he talked to Ms. Jones 

about the money and that Officer Lewis would get his money. Defendant initially said he would 

give Officer Lewis $500, but then said he would give Officer Lewis an extra $25, for a total of $525. 

Officer Lewis asked defendant why defendant wanted it done, and defendant said he and his 

wife were having problems with the marriage for six years. Officer Lewis then asked if defendant 

wanted it done the next day (Saturday.) Defendant did not want it done on Saturday because he and 

his wife were hosting a party. Officer Lewis asked about Sunday, which defendant said would be 

fine, but that his wife would be in church. Defendant also said that he did not want it to be an 

accident because he had a very safe car. Defendant wanted it to be a "straight up" job. 

At this point in the trial, the prosecution played the video tape of Officer Lewis' meeting and 

conversation with defendant. There, defendant is observed meeting with Officer Lewis, and telling 

Officer Lewis to "do the thing." Officer Lewis is observed showing defendant some pictures and 

asking defendant if the pictures were of the "person you want me to do." Defendant responded, 

"that's right, yeah." Defendant is also observed telling Officer Lewis to "just finish anything," 

"finish without any problem." When the topic of money is brought up, defendant stated, "I don't 

have money right now," and "don't worry about money ... just trust me." When asked why he 

wanted it done, defendant responded that they have had a lot of problems for six years and that there 

is no way to work it out. The two men also appear to discuss a time frame for when it should be 

completed. Defendant is heard saying that he did not think "tomorrow" was possible because he and 

his wife were having guests that evening. When Officer Lewis asked, "anytime after tomorrow," 

defendant responded, "yeah, after tomorrow." Defendant also responded affirmatively when Officer 
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Lewis asked if defendant wanted "a straight up " job. 

Officer Lewis acknowledged that defendant never asked Officer Lewis to actually "kill" 

defendant's wife and that $500 was not a lot of money. When working undercover on drug 

operations, the drugs are offered to the suspects at a fair market price so that the police are not 

accused of entrapping the suspects. Officer Lewis was not aware of a "fair market" price for killing 

one's spouse. 

Defendant called Chintan Thakkar, a computer operator. Defendant was Mr. Thakkar's 

manager at Speed Scan. In June 2001, Mr. Thakkar had a conversation with defendant about 

personal issues. Before Mr. Thakkar discussed the substance of his conversation with defendant, the 

trial court instructed the jury that the testimony was only to be considered for the purpose of 

impeachment of a prior witness. Mr. Thakkar then testified that when he spoke to defendant about 

some personal problems Mr. Thakkar was having, Ms. Jones was at her desk, which was about 15 or 

20 feet away. After Mr. Thakkar and defendant had their conversation, Ms. Jones got up from her 

desk and went to defendant's desk. With Mr. Thakkar and defendant present, Ms. Jones said, "I 

know the people who do the gang-banging." Mr. Thakkar testified that defendant never asked Ms. 

Jones to find someone to kill his wife. Defendant never asked Mr. Thakkar to find someone to kill 

defendant's wife either. 

Mr. Thakkar never saw defendant follow Ms. Jones out to her car. Nor did Mr. Thakkar ever 

recall a time when defendant sent everyone except Ms. Jones to lunch. Mr. Thakkar testified that he 

and defendant were vegetarians and ate lunch together all the time. Mr. Thakkar said that there were 

locations at Speed Scan where people could have private conversations if they wanted. After July 

13, 2001, Mr. Thakkar never saw defendant back at Speed Scan. Mr. Hernandez took defendant's 
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position as supervisor. Ms. Jones was next in line to get Mr. Hernandez' position. 

At trial the parties stipulated that Illinois State Police Trooper Kaiton Bullock would testify 

that he was an expert in forensic computer evidence. Trooper Bullock examined the hard drive on 

defendant's computer and determined that defendant did not make the "schedule" he gave to Ms. 

Jones on that computer. An examination of the computer's Internet cache showed defendant had not 

done any Internet searches using the terms "kill" or "hit." The Internet cache is where Web pages 

and files are stored when they are viewed. Although it is possible to erase the Internet cache, 

Trooper Bullock did not believe this computer information was erased. 

The defense also presented Investigator Mike Kill as a witness at trial. Kill held a variety of 

positions on the Chicago police department from September 1968 to October 1994, including 

working for the State's Attorney's office's organized crime unit from 1990-93. While with the State's 

Attorney's office, Kill investigated about 12 solicitation of murder for hire cases. Kill was retained 

by defense counsel to conduct an investigation in this case, and the interviewed Ms. Jones as part of 

his investigation. Ms. Jones said the defendant told her that he wanted to kill his wife for the 

insurance money. Ms. Jones also said, "[defendant] was going to leave me to take the heat. He 

didn't like me. He was just using me to get rid of his wife." Kill subsequently learned that Mrs. 

Patel did not have a life insurance policy. 

Kill also determined that defendant owned his house and had about $45,000 in equity in the 

house. Kill said that the cost of the solicitation for murder in this case should have been about 

$40,000. He also said that in solicitation for murder cases, it is important that the suspect 

specifically define the act to be committed and pay money to the undercover officer. Kill stated that 

he was always told that he needed to get the subject to tender money. On cross-examination, Kill 
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testified that "the basic formula for the cost of human life for executioners is normally based on the 

assets that [the executioner] has available and the risk involved with getting a particular individual." 

 When asked if he had ever had a solicitation for as little as $50, Kill replied that he has had them for 

as little as seventy-five cents. Further, if the person paying for the murder only had $500, then $500 

would be the price if the risk was not extreme. Kill's testimony regarding the cost of a solicitation of 

murder for hire case and whether the investigation of defendant was proper were stricken by the trial 

court. The trial court stated that much of Kill's testimony constituted expert testimony and the 

defense had not designated Kill as an expert. 

Following trial, the jury found defendant guilty of solicitation of murder for hire in March 

2003. Defendant was sentenced to 20 years in prison. 

Defendant first contends that the trial court erred when it failed to give the jury written 

instructions until the jury asked for them 40 minutes into deliberations. 

Before the parties gave their closing arguments, the trial court advised the jury that the court 

would give them jury instructions on the law after the arguments. When the attorneys finished their 

closing arguments, the trial judge read the written instructions to the jury. The jury then began 

deliberating at approximately 3:52 p.m. At approximately 4:32 p.m., the jury sent out a note that 

read, "We need the papers for signing and information sheets re: the laws." At about 4:35 p.m., the 

trial court notified both parties (the State appeared in person and the trial court spoke to defense 

counsel on the phone). The parties agreed that the written instructions should go back to the jury 

and that it was an oversight that they had not previously gone back. At 4:50 p.m., the jury reached a 

verdict. 

Defendant acknowledges that this issue was neither objected to at trial nor raised in his 
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written posttrial motion and ordinarily would be waived, but he contends that is should be 

considered under the plain error doctrine because this error effected the fundamental fairness of the 

trial. 

Defendant cites to Supreme Court Rule 451(c) (177 Ill. 2d R. 451(c)) and Rule 615(a) 

(134 Ill. 2d R. 615(a)). Rule 451(c) provides that "substantial defects [in jury instructions] are not 

waived by failure to make timely objections thereto if the interests of justice require." 177 Ill. 2d R. 

451(c). This exception to the waiver rule is limited to grave errors or situations where the case is close 

factually and fundamental fairness requires the jury to be properly instructed. People v. Markiewicz, 246 

Ill. App. 3d 31, 43 (1993). Similarly, Supreme Court Rule 615(a) states "[a]ny error, defect, 

irregularity, or variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded. Plain errors or defects 

affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the trial court." 

134 Ill. 2d R. 615(a). Under the plain error doctrine, issues not properly preserved may be considered by 

a reviewing court under two limited circumstances: (1) where the evidence is closely balanced, so as to preclude 

argument that an innocent person was wrongfully convicted; or (2) where the alleged error is so substantial that 

it affected the fundamental fairness of the proceeding and remedying the error is necessary to preserve the 

integrity of the judicial process. People v. Hall, 194 Ill. 2d 305, 335 (2000). Defendant 

contends the alleged error affected the fundamental fairness of the trial. The State responds that this issue is 

waived and does not rise to the level of plain error because the jury was properly instructed on the 

law of the case. People v. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d 176, 186 (1988). 

Defendant relies upon People v. Cadwallader, 181 Ill. App. 3d 488 (1989), for his claim that 

the trial judge's failure to immediately give the jury written instructions requires reversal of a jury verdict. In 

Cadwallader, as the trial judge read the oral instructions to the jury, he realized an essential element of the 

offense was missing. The trial judge, however, continued to read the instructions the parties agreed upon, and 
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when he was finished, the jury began deliberations. Once the jury left the courtroom, the trial judge informed the 

parties that one of the instructions was missing a paragraph. Before the jury was called back and read the proper 

instructions, they had already deliberated for 35 minutes (out of a total deliberation time of 72 minutes) 

without the benefit of proper instructions. After the trial judge orally instructed the jury with the proper 

instructions, the jury was informed that they would be receiving a complete set of the written instructions. The 

jury retired to continue deliberating. When the bailiff went to deliver the corrected instructions, one of the jurors 

said, "It doesn't make any difference, we have already reached our decision." Cadwallader, 181 Ill. App. 3d 

at 499-500. Based on these facts, the appellate court found that the jury was "erroneously 'left to its 

own speculation and improvisation'" for the first half of deliberations, and that there was some indication on the 

record that the jury concluded the defendant was guilty before examining the written jury instructions. 

Cadwallader, 181 Ill. App. 3d at 503. As a result, the appellate court held that fundamental fairness and 

the interest of justice required defendant to receive a new trial. 

In People v. Williams, the Illinois Supreme Court considered whether the failure to immediately give 

written jury instructions after the close of arguments was plain error. People v. Williams, 181 Ill. 2d 297 

(1998). In Williams, the defendant argued that he was entitled to a new trial because the jury convicted him 

of first degree murder without the benefit of written instructions on second degree murder and self-defense. 

After closing arguments, the trial court read the prepared jury instructions to the jury, including the instructions 

on second degree murder and self-defense. The jury retired to deliberate at 5:15 p.m. Shortly thereafter, the 

parties realized that the written instruction on second degree murder contained an extra phrase. The trial court 

suggested several options, which included whiting out the extra phrase and sending the instructions back to the 

jury; rereading the correct instructions; or retyping the instruction to reflect the correct version. Defense 

counsel wanted the instruction retyped and sent back to the jury without rereading the instruction. 

At 5:50 p.m., when the bailiff delivered all the written instructions to the jury, he was informed the 
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jury had reached a verdict. The jury, however, did not return to the courtroom. At 6:10 p.m., the court was 

informed the jury inadvertently signed an incorrect verdict form. The trial court recommended that it: (1) have the 

jury submit all the verdicts, (2) poll the jury, and (3) question the foreman regarding the improperly signed 

verdict. All parties agreed with the trial court's recommendation. 

At 6:25 p.m., the jury returned to the courtroom and the foreman gave the judge the voided verdict 

form and the correctly signed verdicts. The jury found defendant guilty of first degree (intentional) murder and 

first degree (felony) murder. The jury voided the "guilty of first degree (knowing) murder" verdict. Williams, 

181 Ill. 2d at 316-17. Pursuant to an agreement by the parties, the trial court called the jury back and 

reinstructed the jury to render a verdict on first degree (knowing) murder. At 6:59 p.m., the jury found the 

defendant guilty of first degree (knowing) murder. 

On appeal the defendant claimed that he was precluded from effectively presenting a lesser offense and 

his self-defense claim because the jury did not initially have the benefit of the written instructions. After 

reviewing the facts, the supreme court found there was no plain error because the instructional error was not so 

substantial to reflect on the fairness of the trial. The supreme court reasoned that the jury received proper oral 

instructions, the evidence against defendant was overwhelming, and despite indicating it reached a verdict before 

receiving the written instructions, the jury had the opportunity to further deliberate after receiving the written 

instructions. Williams, 181 Ill. 2d at 319. 

We think the present case is analogous to, and even more compelling than, Williams. Similarly, we find 

no plain error here. Specifically, there was nothing wrong with these jury instructions. There is no dispute that 

when the judge read the instructions to the jury in open court, those instructions were proper. Further, the 

evidence against defendant was overwhelming. Finally, although the jury did not deliberate for an additional hour, 

as in Williams, after receiving the written instructions, it did have a chance to review the instructions before 

delivering a verdict. 
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In Williams, the supreme court distinguished the case before it from Cadwalladder, in which the jury did 

not receive proper oral instructions, the evidence was closely balanced, and there was some indication in the 

record on appeal that the jury had concluded defendant was guilty before it had examined the jury instructions. In 

Williams, however, the jury received proper oral instructions, the evidence against defendant was overwhelming, 

and despite indicating it reached a verdict before receiving the written instructions, the jury had the opportunity to 

further deliberate after receiving the written instructions. In light of Williams, we do not find Cadwallader

persuasive. As mentioned above, the jury received the correct oral instructions, the evidence against defendant 

was overwhelming, and the jury had an opportunity to review the written instructions before delivering its verdict. 

Therefore, there is no plain error. 

Defendant also argues that he had a constitutional and statutory right to "appear and participate in person 

and by counsel at all proceedings that involve his substantive rights." (Emphasis in original.) Defendant relies on 

People v. Childs, 159 Ill. 2d 217 (1994), and People v. McDonald, 168 Ill. 2d 420 

(1995), to support his argument. Both of these cases stand for the proposition that a defendant has a right 

to be present when the jury presents the trial court with a question regarding the law. That is not the case here. 

 The jury note asked for the written instructions and the verdict forms. In fact, the trial court sent the 

instructions and verdict forms to the jury and did not write a response to the jury. Neither the jury note nor the 

discussion between counsel and the court had any effect on defendant's substantial rights. His presence at the 

discussion would not have changed the way the court responded. The jury received the proper oral instructions, 

and the court was just giving the jury the written instructions. Finally, defendant argues that the jury note 

indicated that the jury may have already reached their verdict at the time it sent the note out. It is only through 

speculation that defendant concludes the jury had already reached a verdict when it sent the note out. Speculation 

is insufficient to show actual prejudice to defendant. People v. Gengler, 251 Ill. App. 3d 213, 223 

(1993). Therefore, any error in not immediately giving the jury the written instructions was not so substantial 
15 

that it denied defendant a fair trial. 

We next address whether the trial court erred when it struck the majority of Kill's testimony. 

Before the trial began, defense counsel listed Kill as a possible defense witness; however, he was not 

designated as an expert witness. During direct examination, Kill testified about his experience as a police officer 

conducting solicitation of murder investigations. Kill further testified about the "fair market value" of a 

solicitation of murder for hire along with the proper procedures for conducting a solicitation of murder for hire 

investigation. In fact, Kill said that the cost for solicitation of murder for hire in this case should have been 

$40,000. This estimate was based upon a calculation of defendant's assets. Kill also testified that he used 

to train undercover officers working on solicitation of murder for hire cases, and that it was important for the 

undercover officer to elicit from the subject specifics about the act to be performed and the amount to be 

transacted for the particular act. The State repeatedly objected to Kill's testimony on the basis that he was 

improperly testifying as an expert witness. 

At the conclusion of Kill's testimony, the State moved to strike all of Kill's testimony that was 

offered as Kill's opinion about how the investigation should have been handled, whether it was a proper 

investigation, and whether there was enough evidence to create a solicitation of murder for hire. The State 

argued that it would be forced to call the assistant State's Attorney who headed the organized crime group to 

testify that the investigation was proper, that the officer did everything he could, and that nothing went wrong. 

The State also argued that all of Kill's testimony was improperly allowed to come in under the guise of perfecting 

impeachment of Ms. Jones. Defense counsel replied that they did not proffer Kill as an expert and that his 

testimony was necessary to defendant's case. Defense counsel argued that Kill's testimony was relevant 

because "[Officer] Lewis started out by trying to testify to what the market value of a solicitation for murderfor-hire" should have been. 

The trial court considered allowing the State to bring in a rebuttal witness, but stated "[t]hese jurors 
16 

were told that this case would go to them today." Noting that a discovery violation had occurred, albeit 

inadvertently, the trial court ruled: 

"It is my opinion that Investigator Kill has testified, in effect, as an 

expert. The expert was not tendered for voir dire; even though I am not 

saying that it was done intentionally by the defense here; indeed, I think I 

previously said that it occurred inadvertently through the circumstances that 

presented themselves. 

And I am going to allow the questions regarding Robbie Jones. I 

am going to instruct the jury to disregard all of the other testimony. And we 

will proceed from there." 

The jury was then instructed to disregard all of Kill's testimony that did not involve Ms. Jones. 

On appeal, defendant argues that he was denied a fair trial because the trial court struck the majority of 

Kill's testimony. Defendant further argues that Kill did not testify as an expert, but as a lay opinion witness. 

Further, the discovery violation that occurred was not committed in bad faith and the trial court should have used 

less drastic sanctions. Defendant alternatively argues that he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel 

because his counsel failed to give notice that Kill would testify as an expert. 

The State maintains that this issue has been waived for failure to properly preserve it and the 

claim does not rise to the level of plain error. Additionally, the State also argues that the majority of 

Kill's testimony was properly stricken because it was irrelevant to the issues in the case. Defendant 

never raised an entrapment defense, so any testimony regarding the "fair market value" for this 

crime, whether money changed hands, or whether the defendant used certain words was irrelevant, 

because the only value of the evidence would have been in an entrapment case if combined with an 

argument that the solicitation price was too low. The State also points out that the statute for 
17 

solicitation of murder for hire does not require the exchange of money or that specific words be said. 

 Finally, the State argues that defendant has failed to overcome the strong presumption that counsel's 

representation was constitutionally adequate. 

In this case defendant did not raise the issue of the stricken testimony in his posttrial motion. 

Generally, the failure to raise an issue in a written motion for a new trial results in waiver of that issue on 

appeal. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186. Therefore, the issue has been waived. 

In his opening brief, defendant does not even argue the waiver issue or ask us to review this claim under 

the plain error doctrine. In fact defendant, for the first time in his reply brief, asks this court to consider the 

issue under the plain error doctrine. This request consists of a single sentence and states that even if the issue 

has been waived, this court should consider it because the evidence was closely balanced and the error deprived 

defendant his right to present a defense, therefore depriving him of a fair trial. Defendant's request is improper 

for several reasons. It is well settled that points not argued in appellant's opening brief are waived and shall not 

be raised in the reply brief. 134 Ill. 2d Rs. 341(e)(7), (g). Further, defendant's request is devoid of any 

analysis regarding how the evidence in this case is closely balanced. 134 Ill. 2d R. 341(e)(7) (defendant's 

brief should include "[a]rgument, which shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with 

citation of the authorities and the pages of the record relied on"); People v. Nieves, 192 Ill. 2d 487, 

503 (2000). Accordingly, defendant not only has waived the issue by failing to preserve it in the trial 

court, but has waived it on appeal for failure to comply with Supreme Court Rule 341. 

Moreover, despite defendant's failure to preserve the issue, the plain error doctrine will not save this 

procedural default. As stated above, plain error is a limited and narrow exception to the general waiver rule, and 

is only invoked where the evidence is closely balanced or the alleged error is so substantial that it deprived the 

defendant of a fair trial. People v. Ceja, 204 Ill. 2d 332, 353 (2003). To begin, the evidence 

in this case was not closely balanced and overwhelmingly supported the jury's verdict. 
18 

The jury first heard from Mrs. Patel, who testified that she and defendant had been having trouble in 

their marriage for a number of years; however, divorce is not allowed in their religion. She also said that 

defendant treated her badly, including telling her she was not a good mother and tearing up her clothes. Ms. 

Patel suggested a divorce, but defendant replied, "no I don't want to give you a divorce. Everything will be all 

right." She also identified photos defendant gave to Ms. Jones. 

Ms. Jones testified that in late May or early June 2001, she had a conversation with defendant in 

her car where he asked her to find someone to kill his wife. When defendant left Ms. Jones' car, she called 

911 and asked what would happen if she knew someone who wanted to have his wife killed. The operator told her 

to go to the police station, which she did not do. On another occasion, when Ms. Jones told defendant about a 

funeral she attended with some relatives, defendant remarked, "[y]ou people know how to kill people." 

Ms. Jones further testified that defendant kept asking her almost "every other day" to find someone to 

kill his wife. Eventually, she spoke with her supervisors at work about the trouble she was having with 

defendant. One of her supervisors suggested she try to "blow [defendant] off." Her supervisors appeared at 

trial and corroborated her testimony. Mr. Hernandez testified that Ms. Jones came to him in June 2001 

to discuss a concern she had about defendant. Mr. Hernandez further testified that he told Ms. Jones that 

defendant was probably upsetB"just releasing steam"Band she should "blow [defendant] off." He did not advise 

her to contact the police. Further, Mr. Schutt testified that in July 2001 Ms. Jones spoke to him 

regarding a complaint she had about another employee, but did not identify the employee. He referred the 

information on to his supervisor, the president of the company. 

At some point before July 9, 2001, Ms. Jones found herself alone with defendant during lunch. 

Defendant asked Ms. Jones what she was waiting for and told her to hurry up and get it done, which she 

interpreted as finding someone to kill his wife. On another occasion, defendant asked Ms. Jones, "[h]ow much 

is it going to cost me[?]" When Ms. Jones told defendant he would have to "pay them," defendant said all he 
19 

had was $500. On July 8 or 9, defendant gave Ms. Jones pictures of his wife as well as his wife's 

work schedule. 

On July 13, Ms. Jones went to the Northfield police station to discuss the matter with the police. 

The police instructed Ms. Jones to return to work and that they would contact her. As a result of 

Ms. Jones going to the police station, the Northfield police arranged a meeting between defendant and Officer 

Lewis. Officer Lewis testified that when he met with defendant he showed defendant pictures and asked if the 

person pictured was the "person you want me to do." Defendant said it was and "[j]ust finish anything, yeah." 

Ms. Jones testified the pictures were the ones defendant previously gave her. In addition to Officer Lewis' 

testimony, the meeting between the two was videotaped. The jurors watched the videotape and was able to 

determine defendant's intent for themselves. 

The defendant's case consisted of two witnesses presented for the purpose of impeaching part of Ms. 

Jones' testimony. Mr. Thakkar testified that he did not hear defendant ask Ms. Jones to find someone to kill 

defendant's wife. However, this testimony was limited to a single occasion when the three were together. Kill 

was also used to impeach Ms. Jones' testimony that defendant was going to get insurance money after his wife 

was killed. Kill testified that Mrs. Patel did not have any life insurance. Having reviewed the entire record, 

we conclude the evidence was not closely balanced, and therefore, we cannot reach the issue under the first prong 

of the plain error doctrine. 

The second prong of the plain error exception can be invoked only where the error is so serious that its 

consideration is necessary to preserve the integrity and reputation of the judicial process. Ceja, 204 Ill. 2d 

at 354-55. In this vein, defendant argues that the trial court's decision to strike Kill's testimony 

severely prejudiced his ability to present a defense and to undercut the State's theory of the case. 

Defendant also claims that Kill possessed "knowledge beyond the ken of the common juror." We 

conclude his testimony regarding solicitation of murder for hire was an improper comment on the 
20 

question of law, was based on speculation, and was properly stricken by the trial court. Further, we 

conclude that its allegedly erroneous exclusion was not so substantial that it deprived defendant of a fair trial.

Generally, expert testimony is admissible when the expert testifies to matters that are beyond 

the common knowledge of ordinary citizens, and where such testimony will aid the fact finder in 

reaching its conclusion. People v. Enis, 139 Ill. 2d 264, 288 (1990). Unless a subject is difficult to 

understand, expert testimony may not be admitted on matters of common knowledge. People v. 

Denson, 250 Ill. App. 3d 269, 281 (1993). Additionally, statutory interpretation is not a matter to 

which an expert witness may testify. Department of Corrections v. Illinois Civil Service Comm'n, 

187 Ill. App. 3d 304, 308 (1989). "Where the language of a statute is unambiguous and conveys a 

clear and definite meaning, a court has no right to look for or impose another meaning." Department 

of Corrections, 187 Ill. App. 3d at 308-09. It is the province of the trial court to instruct the jury on 

the law of the case. People v. Boyd, 88 Ill. App. 3d 825, 858 (1980). In the present case, Kill's 

testimony that no money changed hands and that defendant did not use specific words when he met 

with Officer Lewis was an attempt to instruct the jury on the law of the case. 

In Department of Corrections, an expert witness testified that a regulation prohibiting state employees 

from accepting gifts, bribes or gratuities should be interpreted as also prohibiting the acceptance of anything of 

value, including a loan. The appellate court found that the testimony interpreting the "clear and unambiguous 

language" of the regulation must be rejected as a matter of law as impermissible testimony and as an erroneous 

interpretation of the regulation, not in accordance with the plain meaning of its terms. Department of 

Corrections, 187 Ill. App. 3d at 309. 

Similarly, we find Kill's testimony was impermissible and an erroneous interpretation of the statute. 

Under Illinois law, "[a] person commits solicitation of murder for hire when, with the intent that the 
21 

offense of first degree murder be committed, he procures another to commit that offense pursuant to 

any contract, agreement, understanding, command or request for money or anything of value." 720 

ILCS 5/8-1.2(a) (West 2000). The language of the statute is clear and unambiguous. Kill suggested 

that defendant was not guilty because no money changed hands and because defendant never used 

the word "kill" when he met with Officer Lewis. In essence, Kill's testimony attempted to instruct 

the jury that the law required an exchange of money and the use of specific words. However, the 

terms of the statute do not require that money change hands or that the solicitor actually use 

"specific words" in order to be found guilty of solicitation of murder for hire. Rather, "any contract, 

agreement, understanding, command or request for money or anything of value" is what is required 

for one to be found guilty. 720 ILCS 5/8-1.2(a) (West 2000). In the present case, there was an 

understanding that Officer Lewis was to kill defendant's wife in exchange for $525. The trial court 

properly struck this portion of Kill's testimony because it was the trial court's province to instruct the 

jury on the law. Boyd, 88 Ill. App. 3d at 858. 

Furthermore, Kill's testimony was speculative and properly excluded on that ground. 

Regardless of how skilled or experienced an expert is, the expert may not offer a judgment or 

opinion based on conjecture. People v. Ceja, 204 Ill. 2d 332, 355 (2003). Expert testimony can only 

be introduced upon a proper foundation of facts already in evidence. People v. Moore, 199 Ill. App. 

3d 747, 772 (1990). The proponent of the expert's testimony bears the burden of laying an adequate 

foundation establishing the information upon which the expert bases his opinion is reliable. Hiscott 

v. Peters, 324 Ill. App. 3d 114, 122-23 (2001). In the present case, Kill stated the "fair market 

value" would have been $40,000. However, he never really explained how he arrived at this figure. 

At one point, Kill said that he determined that defendant had approximately $45,000 in equity in his 
22 

house. Yet, at another point, Kill said the price of a solicitation of murder for hire case is based on 

the socioeconomic status of the hitman, plus the risk involved with the target. Kill never explained 

why the equity one has in his house is tied to"fair market value." However, even if defendant's home 

equity was tied into the "fair market value," Kill never explained how he determined the equity 

defendant had in his home. In addition, Kill had investigated solicitation of murder for hire cases where the 

agreed upon amount was as little as seventy-five cents. Kill never explained why someone who earns 

more money would pay more for this crime. Further, Kill's testimony was not consistent with respect to 

a "fair market value." Kill's testimony was based upon speculation and never rose to the level of that 

which would be admissible by an expert. 

Further, the trial court could have stricken Kill's testimony as being a violation of discovery. Parties 

are under a continuing duty to disclose discoverable information, and if the information is discovered during trial, 

the court shall be notified. 134 Ill. 2d R. 415(c). A trial court may impose appropriate sanctions (e.g., 

exclude evidence) if it finds out that a party has failed to comply with an applicable discovery rule. 134 Ill. 2d 

R. 415(g); People v. Tinoco, 185 Ill. App. 3d 816 (1989) (upholding exclusion of character 

witnesses the defendant disclosed at the close of the State's case). The determination of an appropriate sanction 

is within the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed unless the sanction is prejudicial to defendant. 

People v. Johnson, 262 Ill. App. 3d 781, 788 (1994). 

Here defense counsel acknowledged that he did not intend on presenting Kill as an expert until Officer 

Lewis testified regarding a "fair market value" for a solicitation of murder for hire case. Notwithstanding that 

defense counsel is the one that elicited the "fair market value" testimony from Officer Lewis, defense counsel 

knew before Kill was called as a witness that Kill would testify as an expert. However, despite this knowledge, 

defense counsel never informed the State or the trial court that he intended to elicit expert testimony from Kill. 

The State moved to strike Kill's testimony, and after considering argument from both sides the trial court struck 
23 

the portion of Kill's testimony that was not presented for purposes of perfecting impeachment of Ms. Jones. 

Defendant further asserts that he was offering Kill as a lay opinion witness and not as an expert 

witness. Defendant relies on People v. Jones, 241 Ill. App. 3d 228, 233 (1993), to support his 

argument. In Jones, the defendant was charged with criminal sexual assault. The prosecution called the 

investigating detective as a witness at trial. The detective testified that he had been a police officer for 16 years 

and for the last 2 2 years was an investigator in the juvenile division, where he handled cases where juveniles 

were victims. He also testified, that based on his years of experience as a juvenile officer and his years with the 

detective division, it was normal when an officer first interviewed an alleged juvenile sexual abuse victim, for the 

alleged victim to deny any sexual contact. The Jones court noted that a lay witness may only testify in the form 

of an opinion if the testimony was helpful to "a clear understanding of [the witness'] testimony or the determination 

of a fact in issue." Jones, 241 Ill. App. 3d at 232. The court then ruled that the detective properly 

testified as an opinion witness because it was "helpful to an understanding of [the witness'] testimony and that of 

[the victim]." Jones, 241 Ill. App. 3d at 233. 

We are not persuaded by defendant's reliance on Jones, because Kill's excluded testimony neither 

provided a clearer understanding of his own testimony, nor was it helpful in determining a fact in issue. First, as 

discussed above, much of Kill's testimony was contradictory (e.g., regarding how he arrived at the "fair market 

value"). At one point he said the fair market value was based on the solicitor's financial situation, and later he 

said it was based on the executioner's financial situation. Further, Kill's testimony was not helpful to the 

determination of a fact in issue. Whether defendant failed to use certain words or failed to tender money to 

Officer Lewis was irrelevant to the jury's determination of whether defendant solicited Officer Lewis to kill his 

wife. Further, unlike the witness in Jones who testified about the victim's response to questioning, Kill was 

testifying about the statutory requirements for the offense of solicitation of murder for hire. Furthermore, 

Jones suggests that one may testify as a lay opinion witness if that person testifies based on his/her own 
24 

perceptions. In the present case, Kill's testimony regarding the fair market value of this case goes beyond 

testifying on mere perceptions and adds a calculation to arrive at his figure. By adding the layer of a calculation 

to his precepts, Kill's testimony moved beyond that of a lay opinion witness and became that of an expert. See 

Jones, 241 Ill. App. 3d at 233. As discussed in detail above, Kill's excluded testimony was improper 

for several reasons, and therefore, the trial court did not err in excluding Kill's testimony. 

Next, we address whether the trial court erred in denying a defense request to instruct the jury 

on a lesser included offense. 

Defendant argues that the trial court erred by not instructing the jury on the lesser included offense of 

solicitation of aggravated battery. Defendant acknowledges that this issue was not raised in his posttrial motion, 

but he again urges this court to review it as plain error. Defendant claims that the evidence is closely balanced 

and that the error deprived him of a fair trial. 

The State responds that defendant failed to raise this issue in his posttrial motion and is, therefore, 

waived. Further, even if the issue is not waived, the State contends that the defense did not present any 

evidence during the trial that would support a finding of solicitation of aggravated battery. Because defendant did 

not properly preserve this issue for review, it has been waived. Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186. 

Defendant argues that we should review this issue for plain error. Defendant has also waived the 

issue of plain error for his failure to comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(e)(7). 188 Ill. 2d 

R. 341(e)(7). Supreme Court Rule 341(e)(7) requires plaintiff's brief to include "[a]rgument, which 

shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with citation of the authorities 

and the pages of the record relied on." 188 Ill. 2d 341(e)(7). Defendant's plain error argument 

consists of a single sentence asking this court to employ the plain error rule because the evidence in this case was 

closely balanced and the failure to include a lesser included offense instruction denied defendant of a fair trial. The 
25 

balance of his argument consists of explaining why the failure to provide a lesser included instruction was an error, 

not specifically a plain error. Defendant does not provide any analysis regarding how the evidence was closely 

balanced in this case or why the alleged error was so severe that is must be remedied to preserve the integrity of 

the judicial process. Accordingly, we find the argument waived. 

However, assuming that this issue was not waived for failure to comply with Supreme Court Rule 

341(e)(7), the issue fails on its merits. As previously stated, plain error review is limited to two 

circumstances: (1) where the evidence is closely balanced, so as to preclude argument that an innocent person 

was wrongfully convicted; or (2) where the alleged error is so substantial that it affected the fundamental 

fairness of the proceeding, and remedying the error is necessary to preserve the integrity of the judicial process. 

People v. Hall, 194 Ill. 2d 305, 335 (2000). As discussed above, the evidence in this case is 

not closely balanced. Therefore, we need only consider whether the alleged error was of such magnitude that 

defendant was denied a fair trial and remedying the error is necessary to preserve the integrity of the judicial 

process. Ceja, 204 Ill. 2d at 357. We find that the alleged error is not of such a magnitude that it 

denied defendant a fair trial. 

Generally a defendant cannot be convicted of an offense that has not been alleged. People v. Baldwin, 

199 Ill. 2d 1, 6 (2002). The Illinois Supreme Court has recognized a two-tiered exception to this 

general rule. First, a defendant can be convicted of an uncharged offense when the uncharged offense is 

identified by the charging instrument as a lesser offense of the charged offense. Baldwin, 199 Ill. 2d at 6. 

Whether a charged offense encompasses an included offense is a question of law that we review de novo. 

People v. Landwer, 166 Ill. 2d 475, 486 (1995). In the present case, defendant was charged with 

solicitation of murder for hire. In Landwer, the Illinois Supreme Court held that solicitation of aggravated 

battery was a lesser included offense of solicitation of murder for hire, and therefore, defendant would have 

satisfied the first tier analysis of the exception. 
26 

However, as noted, our analysis of whether the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on the 

lesser included offense does not end with the determination that solicitation of aggravated battery is a lesser 

included offense to solicitation of murder for hire. Rather, "the entitlement to the lesser included offense 

instruction extends only if the evidence would rationally permit a jury to acquit the defendant of the greater offense 

and to determine that the defendant was guilty of the lesser offense." People v. Parsons, 284 Ill. App. 

3d 1049, 1059 (1996). In fact, the Illinois Supreme Court has stated: 

"Once a lesser included offense is identified, the question remains 

whether the jury should be instructed on the lesser offense. The identification 

of a lesser included offense does not automatically give rise to a correlative 

right to have the jury instructed on the lesser offense. [Citation]. Rather, 

an 'independent prerequisite' must be met for the giving of a lesser included 

offense instruction [citation], regardless of the approach used in identifying the 

lesser included offense. *** 

A defendant is entitled to a lesser included offense instruction only if 

the evidence would permit a jury rationally to find the defendant guilty of the 

lesser included offense and acquit him or her of the greater offense." People 

v. Novak, 163 Ill. 2d 93, 107-08 (1994). 

Even though defendant may argue that the evidence presented at trial could support a guilty verdict for 

the lesser included offense of solicitation of aggravated battery, a jury could not rationally acquit the defendant of 

the greater charge of solicitation of murder for hire so as to confine the guilty verdict solely to the lesser included 

offense. See Parson, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1060. As previously discussed above, the evidence in this 

case is not closely balanced. Defendant's wife testified that their marriage had not been good. Ms. Jones 

testified that defendant repeatedly asked her to find someone to kill his wife. Defendant even went so far as to 
27 

give Ms. Jones pictures of his wife along with her work schedule, and said he could only afford to pay $500. 

 Ms. Jones eventually went to the police with a schedule and photographs she received from defendant. As a 

result, a meeting was set up so that defendant could meet Officer Lewis. This meeting was videotaped. When 

they met, Officer Lewis showed the photos to defendant when the two met. Defendant was observed on the 

videotape as saying the person in the pictures was the person he wanted Officer Lewis "to do." Defendant also 

instructed Officer Lewis to "[j]ust finish anything, yeah." When Officer Lewis asked defendant if he wanted 

pictures after it was done, defendant declined, indicating that he would get news of it when it was done. When 

asked if he wanted it to look like an accident, defendant replied, "Oh, no accident," and affirmatively indicated 

that he wanted it to be a "straight up" job. There is no rational basis upon which the jury could have separated the 

evidence that defendant never actually said the words "kill" or "murder" in the videotape from the evidence that 

defendant repeatedly asked Ms. Jones to find someone to kill his wife. See Parson, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 

1060. 

Defendant contends, however, that testimony of Mr. Thakkar laid the foundation for an instruction on 

the lesser offense. Specifically, defendant points to his conversation with Mr. Thakkar wherein they said "if 

that happens back in India, we can beat that guy, and we can kick him out of B out of anywhere." We are 

unpersuaded by defendant's contention. This comment does not support a claim for an instruction on a lesser 

included offense. In this case, defendant was charged with attempting to hire someone to kill his wife. In order 

for the trial court to issue an instruction for solicitation to commit aggravated battery, defendant must present 

evidence that he was looking to have his wife battered. The above statement cannot be interpreted as being 

directed toward Mrs. Patel. The statement, "we can beat that guy, and we can kick him out of B out of 

anywhere," is absolutely not directed towards Mrs. Patel, much less any female. (Emphasis added.) 

Consequently, no rational basis existed for acquitting defendant of the greater offense and convicting him only of 

the lesser included offense. Parson, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1060. Therefore, we find the trial court did 
28 

not err in refusing to give an instruction on the lesser offense. 

Moreover, even if there was an entitlement to an instruction on the lesser included offense of 

solicitation of aggravated battery, the evidence regarding the greater offense was so strong that any failure to 

instruct on the lesser offense would not have been prejudicial. Parsons, 284 Ill. App. 3d at 1060; see 

People v. McClellan, 232 Ill. App. 3d 990 (1992) (in a case involving armed robbery and the 

defendant's denied request for an instruction on theft, the court affirmed the trial court and held even if an 

instruction on a lesser offense might have been given, the failure to given an otherwise appropriate jury instruction 

requires reversal only if the defendant was so prejudiced by the failure as to affect the outcome of the verdict); 

People v. Fonville, 158 Ill. App. 3d 676, 687-88 (1987) (affirmed trial court's denial of 

possession, a lesser included offense of possession with intent to manufacture and deliver controlled substance, 

where much of the evidence recovered from defendant's residence was also used in "manufacturing" heroin before 

distribution.) 

Defendant contends that indictment in this case is nearly identical to the indictment in Landwer, which 

provided the foundation for a charge of solicitation to commit aggravated battery. It is important to note, 

however, that the Landwer court never decided whether the failure to give a lesser included offense instruction 

rose to the level of plain error. Unlike this case, the defendant in Landwer properly preserved the issue for 

appeal. Therefore, the court did not have to consider plain error.

The decision of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed. 

Affirmed. 

GORDON and BURKE, JJ., concur.