COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Felton,∗

 Judges Frank and Clements 

Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia 

RODNEY HILLARD 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION∗∗ BY 

v. Record No. 0276-05-1 JUDGE JEAN HARRISON CLEMENTS 

 APRIL 18, 2006 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NEWPORT NEWS 

David F. Pugh, Judge 

 (Cathy E. Krinick; Law Offices of Krinick & Segall, on brief), for 

appellant. Appellant submitting on brief. 

 Virginia B. Theisen, Assistant Attorney General (Judith Williams 

Jagdmann, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

 Rodney Hillard (appellant) appeals the five-year sentence imposed in accordance with the 

jury’s recommendation following his second or subsequent conviction for use of a firearm in the 

commission of a felony under Code § 18.2-53.1.1

 Appellant contends that, under the circumstances 

of this case, the trial court erred by instructing the jury to fix his sentence at five, rather than three, 

years. For the reasons that follow, we affirm appellant’s sentence. 

 As the parties are fully conversant with the record in this case, and because this 

memorandum opinion carries no precedential value, this opinion recites only those facts and 

 ∗

 On April 1, 2006, Judge Felton succeeded Judge Fitzpatrick as chief judge. 

∗∗ Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 Appellant was also convicted in this case of malicious wounding. He raises no issue as 

to that conviction on appeal. 
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incidents of the proceedings as are necessary to the parties’ understanding of the disposition of this 

appeal. 

I. BACKGROUND 

 In January 1988, appellant was convicted of use of a firearm in the commission of a 

felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. 

In March 2004, appellant was indicted in the instant case for use of a firearm “while 

committing malicious wounding,” in violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. The indictment did not 

indicate that he had previously been convicted of use of a firearm in the commission of a felony. 

The Commonwealth offered no evidence during the guilt phase of appellant’s trial to 

show he had a previous conviction under Code § 18.2-53.1. Nor did the trial court instruct the 

jury that appellant was being tried for a second or subsequent violation of Code § 18.2-53.1. 

After deliberating, the jury found appellant guilty as charged in the indictment. 

During the sentencing phase of trial, the Commonwealth introduced, and the trial court 

admitted into evidence without objection, a certified copy of the order of appellant’s 1988 

conviction under Code § 18.2-53.1. Over appellant’s objection, the trial court gave the jury a 

sentencing verdict form that stated: “We, the jury, having found the defendant guilty of use of a 

firearm in the commission of a felony; to-wit: malicious wounding, fix his punishment at 

imprisonment for five (5) years.” The court gave the jury no other instruction concerning the 

firearm charge. Making no finding that appellant was a second or subsequent offender under 

Code § 18.2-53.1, the jury fixed appellant’s sentence at five years, as instructed. 

Thereafter, the trial court sentenced appellant in accordance with the jury’s 

recommendation, and this appeal followed. 
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II. ANALYSIS 

Appellant contends the trial court erred at sentencing by instructing the jury to impose a 

sentence of five years. He claims that, because that sentence constituted the punishment for a 

second or subsequent conviction under Code § 18.2-53.1, the indictment had to specifically 

notify him that he was being charged under the statute as a second or subsequent offender. He 

also claims that, because his prior conviction for use of a firearm was an element of the offense 

for which he was sentenced under Code § 18.2-53.1, the Commonwealth had to prove that prior 

conviction during the guilt phase of trial. He concludes that, because the indictment did not 

notify him of the offense for which he was sentenced and because the Commonwealth failed 

during the guilt phase to prove he had previously been convicted under Code § 18.2-53.1, the 

verdict form instructing the jury to sentence him to five, rather than three, years was erroneous 

and should not have been given to the jury. 

 Code § 18.2-53.1, in relevant part, provides: 

It shall be unlawful for any person to use or attempt to use 

any pistol, rifle, or other firearm or display such weapon in a 

threatening manner while committing or attempting to commit . . . 

malicious wounding . . . . Violation of this section shall constitute 

a separate and distinct felony and any person found guilty thereof 

shall be sentenced to a mandatory minimum term of imprisonment 

of three years for a first conviction, and to a mandatory minimum 

term of five years for a second or subsequent conviction under the 

provisions of this section. 

(Emphasis added.) 

Code § 18.2-53.1 is a “specific recidivist” statute. Batts v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 

1, 12, 515 S.E.2d 307, 313 (1999). “[T]he purpose of the statute is to deter violent criminal 

conduct rather than to reform . . . .” Ansell v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 759, 763, 250 S.E.2d 

760, 762 (1979). To achieve this purpose, Code § 18.2-53.1 “imposes additional punishment for 

a subsequent conviction for the same offense.” Stubblefield v. Commonwealth, 10 Va. App. 
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343, 347, 392 S.E.2d 197, 198 (1990) (emphasis omitted). Specific recidivist “statutes may by 

their language require that the indictment state that the offense charged is a second or subsequent 

offense. No such requirement, however, is mandated by [Code] § 18.2-53.1.” Ansell, 219 Va. at 

762, 250 S.E.2d at 762 (citation omitted). 

In promulgating the principle above, the Supreme Court, in Ansell, addressed whether the 

enhanced punishment portion of Code § 18.2-53.1 was applicable to three separate offenses that 

were committed on the same day and tried together. Id. at 760, 250 S.E.2d at 761. There, the 

defendant pled guilty to three indictments for use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, in 

violation of Code § 18.2-53.1, and was found guilty of all three offenses. Id. at 760-61, 250 

S.E.2d at 761. Although the defendant had no previous conviction under the statute, he was 

sentenced as a first-time offender for the first offense, and as a second and subsequent offender 

for the remaining offenses. Id. at 761, 250 S.E.2d at 761. Under such factual circumstances, the 

indictments could not recite that the defendant was being tried as a second or subsequent 

offender. Nonetheless, the Supreme Court affirmed the sentences on appeal, concluding that the 

enhanced punishment provision of Code § 18.2-53.1 was applicable and that the sentences were 

consistent with the statute’s underlying deterrent purpose. Id. at 763, 250 S.E.2d at 763. 

 Similarly, in Stubblefield, we affirmed the defendant’s conviction as a second or 

subsequent offender under Code § 18.2-53.1 where the indictment did not recite that the 

defendant was being charged as such an offender. 10 Va. App. at 346, 392 S.E.2d at 198. There, 

the defendant, who had no previous convictions under the statute at the time of the indictment, 

was charged as a first-time offender. Id. at 345, 392 S.E.2d at 197. One month after the 

indictment was issued, the defendant was convicted in an unrelated case of violating Code 

§ 18.2-53.1. Id. at 346, 392 S.E.2d at 198. He filed a motion for a bill of particulars on the 

aforementioned indictment, to which the Commonwealth responded, “Having been previously 
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convicted of using a firearm during the commission of robbery, the defendant [violated Code 

§ 18.2-53.1].” Id. The defendant argued that the indictment and bill of particulars failed to 

notify him that he was being charged as a second or subsequent offender. The trial court rejected 

the argument and convicted him as such an offender. In affirming the conviction, we declared 

that “Ansell makes clear that Code § 18.2-53.1 has no requirement of prior notice to the 

defendant.” Id. at 348, 392 S.E.2d at 199. 

 Read together, Ansell and Stubblefield clearly establish that an indictment alleging an 

offense under Code § 18.2-53.1 need not recite language notifying a defendant that he is being 

charged as a second or subsequent offender. The essential purpose of the statute, deterrence 

through punishment, is achieved despite the lack of such a recitation. Although we recognize 

that appellant, unlike the defendants in Ansell and Stubblefield, had a previous conviction at the 

time of the indictment, this distinction alone does not warrant any prerequisite of notice 

inconsistent with those decisions. Accordingly, we conclude that language in the indictment 

notifying appellant that he was being tried as a second or subsequent offender was not required. 

We further conclude that appellant’s argument that the Commonwealth was required to 

prove his previous conviction under Code § 18.2-53.1 during the guilt phase of trial is also 

without merit. In Miller v. Commonwealth, 22 Va. App. 497, 471 S.E.2d 780 (1996), we 

reviewed a sentence imposed upon a defendant who had been convicted as a second or 

subsequent offender, pursuant to Code § 18.2-53.1. There, the defendant was tried and convicted 

as a first-time offender of violating Code § 18.2-53.1.2

 Id. at 499, 471 S.E.2d at 781. During the 

guilt phase of trial, the Commonwealth presented no evidence to prove the defendant had been 

previously convicted of violating the statute. However, at sentencing, the Commonwealth 

 2

 The facts of Miller permit the reasonable inference that the indictment against the 

defendant recited no language informing him that he was being charged as a second or 

subsequent offender under Code § 18.2-53.1. 
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introduced evidence to prove that, four days prior to the guilt phase, the defendant had been 

convicted under the statute in an adjoining locality. Id. at 500, 471 S.E.2d at 781. The trial court 

accepted the Commonwealth’s evidence and sentenced the defendant as a second or subsequent 

offender. Id. at 498-99, 471 S.E.2d at 780-81. 

On appeal, we affirmed the sentence in Miller, explaining that, 

because Code § 18.2-53.1 is “aimed at punishment of specific 

behavior, not reform,” Stubblefield, 10 Va. App. at 347, 392 

S.E.2d at 198, we hold that the relevant inquiry under Code 

§ 18.2-53.1 is whether, at the time of sentencing, a conviction 

entered is a “second or subsequent conviction.” 

Here, the defendant had been previously convicted . . . of 

violating Code § 18.2-53.1 at the time of sentencing for the 

charged offense. Therefore, the charged offense was a “second or 

subsequent conviction,” and the trial court did not err by 

sentencing the defendant as a “recidivist.” 

Id. at 502, 471 S.E.2d at 782 (first emphasis omitted). 

It is clear, therefore, that, contrary to appellant’s claim, the Commonwealth need not 

prove a defendant’s prior use of a firearm conviction during the guilt phase of trial. Rather, as in 

Miller, the Commonwealth is permitted to introduce evidence at sentencing to prove that 

conviction. 

Here, appellant had been previously convicted of violating Code § 18.2-53.1 at the time 

of sentencing for the instant offense. Presenting a certified copy of an order proving that 

conviction, the Commonwealth permissibly established at sentencing that the instant offense was 

appellant’s second or subsequent use of a firearm conviction. 

 Although we conclude that appellant’s arguments are without merit, we note that, as the 

Commonwealth acknowledges, the sentencing phase of trial was not wholly without error, in that 

there was no finding made by the jury at sentencing that appellant’s conviction for use of a 

firearm was a second or subsequent conviction. Such a finding should have been made in order 
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for appellant to be sentenced to the mandatory minimum term of five years under Code 

§ 18.2-53.1. 

That error, however, was harmless. At the time of sentencing, appellant’s previous 

conviction under Code § 18.2-53.1 already existed. The Commonwealth had presented, and the 

trial court had received into evidence, a certified copy of an order proving that previous 

conviction. Appellant raised no challenge, either here or at sentencing, to the validity of his 

previous conviction or the order presented in support thereof. We conclude, therefore, that the 

error at sentencing—the trial court’s use of a penalty phase verdict form that precluded the jury 

from making a finding that appellant’s conviction for use of a firearm was a second or 

subsequent conviction—was harmless. See Phoung v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 457, 

465-66, 424 S.E.2d 712, 717 (1992) (holding that an error in a jury instruction is harmless where 

“[t]he outcome would have been the same had the instruction been correct”); Neder v. United 

States, 527 U.S. 1, 17 (1999) (“[W]here a reviewing court concludes beyond a reasonable doubt 

that the omitted element was uncontested and supported by overwhelming evidence, such that 

the jury verdict would have been the same absent the error, the erroneous instruction is properly 

found to be harmless.”). 

III. CONCLUSION 

For these reasons, we affirm appellant’s sentence. 

Affirmed.