### IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON ,

Respondent ,
v. JEREMY JOSEPH ALVAREZ ,

Appellant

. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. 35567

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ORDER WITHDRAW ING OPINION

THE COURT on its own motion finds that the opinion filed September 17, 2019, should be withdrawn. THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED, the opinion filed September 17 , 2019 , is hereby withdrawn and a new opinion shall be filed hereafter

. FOR THE COURT:

_______________________________________ Lawrence

- Berrey, C.J. Chief Judge 

### FILED SEPTEMBER 19 , 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division IIIIN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v. JEREMY JOSEPH ALVAREZ,

Appellant. )

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. 35567

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UN PUBLISHED OPINION

L AWRENCE

- B ERREY , C. J.

— A jury found Jeremy Alvarez guilty of one cou n t of second degree rape of a child and acquitted him of another. He appeals and asserts three arguments for rev ersal of his conviction. In a statement of a dditional g rounds for review , he asserts over 20 grounds for rever sal. We reject his arguments. Alvarez also requests that we order the trial court to strike several community custody conditions and to strike the $200 criminal filing fee . We partly agree and direct the trial court to strike some of the contested commun ity custody conditions and the criminal filing fee

. 

### FILED OCTOBER 29 , 2019 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals, Division IIINo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

2 FACTS Alvarez , unable to find a place to live , moved in with his father (Mr. Alvarez), his father’s fiancé (Ms. Porter), and her daughter ( J.P

. ) . Alvarez was 26, and J.P. was 13. Several days after he moved in, Alvarez came to J.P.’s room around midnight and asked if she wanted to watch a movie. J.P. agreed because she was not sleeping well. They sat on the couch in the living room. Alvarez asked to sit closer to J.P., but she refused. Alvarez sc ooted over anyway. J.P. later claimed that Alvarez touched her breast and vaginal areas

. After a while, J.P. w ent upstairs to her bedroom. Fifteen minutes later, Alvarez came upstairs and entered her bedroom . Alvarez bega n rubbing lotion on J.P.’s fee t and then her legs . A lvarez ke pt moving fu rther up J.P.’s legs until he touched her vagina. Alvarez then inserted his fingers and used his tongue on J.P.’s vagina. Eventually, J.P. asked him to stop and leave, which he did. The entire event last ed abo ut an hour and one

half. J.P. went to school the next day and reported the incident to her counselor, Lisa Ulrich. Officer Jory Parish, a resource officer at Hanford High School, received a call from Lisa Ulrich. While interviewing J.P., Officer Parish l earned th e incident occurred in Pasco, so she contacted Pasco police.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

3 City of Pasco P olice O fficer Michael Nelson re sponded . After speaking with Officer Parish, Officer Nelson spoke with J.P. J.P. generally reported that she had engaged in a sexual act with an individual named Jeremy. After that, Officer Nelson drove to Ms. Porter’s employment to inform her what J.P. reported. While there, Officer Nelson also spoke with Mr. Alvarez on the telephone, who was out of town

. Mr. Alvarez asked Officer Nelso n to make sure that his son was out of the home when he returned later that day . Officer Nelson drove to the home , told Alvarez about J.P.’s accusation, and told Alvarez that his father had directed him to leave the home. Alvarez left

. Later that evenin g, J.P. and Ms. Porter returned home

. Ms. Porter collected the pants, underwear, and bra J.P. wore the night before. The underwear was in the laundry basket . One item in the basket, a towel, had been previously used by Alvarez . Detective
Jesus Romero c ollected J.P.’s clothing from Ms. Porter

. L ater, Mari Murstig, a child forensic interviewer, met with and interviewed J.P. The State charged Alvarez with one count of rape of a child in the second degree. After unsuccessful plea negotiations, the State added a second charge of rape of a child in the second degree. At trial, the State’s first witness was Officer Nelson. He testified that when he met with Alvarez at the house, Alvarez appeared to have just awakened

. The State askedNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

4 Officer Nelson whethe r he told Alvarez about J.P.’s allegation, and how Alvarez reacted. Alvarez objected, and requested a sidebar

. Alvarez argued that th e question called for improper testimony because the testimony would comment on Alvarez’s right to remain silent . The Sta te clarified that it was only eliciting testimony about Alvarez’s facial expression, not about his silence or his right to remain silent. The trial court agreed , and allowed the testimony. Officer Nelson testified that when he told Alvarez of J.P.’s alle gation, Alvarez “ had no expression whatsoever on his face

. . . . No shock or anything like that.” 2 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 345. 1
The State next called Ms. Murstig. She testified that she reviewed Officer Nelson’s report before she interviewed J.P. When the State asked Ms. Murstig whether
J .P.’s disclosures to her were consistent with Officer Nelson’s report, Alvarez objected on
t he basis of hearsay, that it called for improper opinion testimony, and that it would not be helpful to the trier of fact. He did not argue that the opinion would violate his right to a jury trial. The trial court overruled Alvarez’s objection s and allowed the testimony. Ms. Murstig testified that J.P.’s disclosures in the interview with her were consistent with
J.P. ’s disclosures to Officer Nelson.

1 During closing arguments, the Stat e did not repeat this testimony nor did it refer to this testimony in any way.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

5 The State also called J.P. She testified about the downstairs and the upstairs incidents. Her testimony about the downstairs incident was inconsistent

. She originally testified that Alvarez touched her breasts and her vagina over her clothing as they watched a movie

. The State later show ed her a videotape of a prior interview she had given. After this, J.P. testified that during the movie, Alvarez had touch ed her underneath her clothes and had inserted a finger inside her vagina. Kaylene Folks, a forensic scientist with the Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory, tested J.P.’s underwear recovered from the laundry basket. She testified that the inside crotch area tested positive both for human saliva and human male DNA. 2 She explained that the saliva found on the inside crotch of the underwear was deposited wet

. This made it highly improbable that the saliva could have been transferred from Alvarez’s discarded towel in the laundry basket. She also testified that the body fluid found on the inside crotch of J.P.’s underwear could only have been saliva. She explained she used the Phadebas test, which shows a positive result only if the substance tested has a high concentration of the enzyme amylase. Saliva has an amylase concentration about 1,000 times higher than other bodily

2 Deoxyribonucleic acid.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

6 fluids. And although body fluids other than saliva contain amylase, “they are in

. . . concentrations much lower than those having saliva [and] wouldn’t be dete cte d by this Phadebas test.” 3 RP at 524. The jury found Alvarez not guilty of the downstairs charge, but guilty of the upstairs charge. At sentencing, the trial court imposed a sentence of 110 months and entered multiple community custody conditions

. Alvarez timely appealed. ANALYSIS
A. T ESTIMONY ABOUT A LVAREZ ’ S REACTION Alvarez contends the State improperly elicited testimony on his prearrest silence, violating his constitutional right. The State first argues that demeanor

— lack of surprise or shock

— is not silence. The Sta te fails to cite authority to support its argument. Demeanor is not always silence. Anger or embarrassment do not denote silence. But a lack of emotion is sufficiently similar to silence that any difference is without a distinction. We reject the State ’s first argument. The State next argues that the United States Supreme Court has recently clarified that the right to remain silent does not arise , prearrest, until one invokes it. And becauseNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

7 state and federal constitutional provisions against self

- in crimination are co extensive , to the extent prior Washington decisions are inconsistent, those decisions no longer are good law. In response to this, Alvarez urges this court to perform a Gunwall 3 analysis ; that is,
to analyze the issue under independent Washington State constitutional p rinciples. We decline to do so. Prior authority from our high court constrains our conclusion that the state and federal constitutional provisions on this issue are co extensive

. When a claim is asserted under both the Wa shington Constitution and the United States Constitution, the first inquiry is whether the asserted right is more broadly protected under the state constitution rather than its federal counterpart. State v. Earls , 116 Wn.2d 364, 374, 805 P.2d 211 (1991). Washington courts have long held that the protections o f article I, section 9, are “co extensive with, not broader than, the protection of the Fifth Amendment [to the United States Constitution] .” Id. at 37 4

- 7 5 (citing State v.
Moore , 79 Wn.2d 51, 57, 483 P.2d 630 (1971). Because the Washington Constitution does not provide broader protections, a Gunwall analysis is unnecessary, and we begin

o ur analysis with federal law. Id.

3 State v. Gunwall , 106 Wn.2d 54, 720 P.2d 808 (1986).No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

8 The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, generally prohibits the State from commenting about the defendant’s failure to speak. State v. Easter , 130 Wn.2d 228, 238

- 39, 922 P.2d 1285 (1996). However, the United States Supreme Court has recently addressed t he difference between prearrest and postarrest silence in Salinas v. Texas , 570 U.S. 178, 133 S. Ct. 2174, 186 L. Ed. 2d 376 (2013).
In Salinas , the defendant agreed to speak with officers about a murder investigation, but when the officers questioned the defendant on whether the shell casings from the crime scene would match the defendant’s firearm, the defendant “ ‘ [l]ooked down at the floor, shuffled his feet, bit his bottom lip, cl[e]nched his hands in his lap, [and] began to tighten up. ’ ” Id. at 182. Eventually, more evidence led to the defendant’s
arrest. Id. At trial, the defendant did not testify. Id. However, the State used the defendant’s reaction to the officer’s interview question about the shell casings as evidence of the defendant’s guilt

. Id. In a plurality decision, the Court found that, unless a defendant expressly invokes the privilege, the State can use a defendant’s prearrest silence as evidence of guilt and it would not violate the Fifth Amendment. Id. at 186; see also State v. Terry , 181 Wn. App. 880, 888, 328 P.3d 932 (2014); State v. Magana , 197 Wn. App. 189, 195, 389 P.3d 654No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

9 (2016), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Johnson , 4 Wn. App. 2d 352, 421 P.3d
969 , review denied , 192 Wn .2d 1003, 340 P.3d 260 (2018) . Therefore, because the defendant did not invoke the privilege and there was no evidence that the defendant was deprived of the ability to voluntarily invoke the privilege under the circumstances, “the prosecution’s use of his noncustodial silence did not violate the Fifth Amendment.” Salinas , 5 70 U.S. at 1 86. A two

- j ustice concurrence would have concluded that the Fifth Amendment right to remain silent does not arise prior to an arrest. Id. at 191

- 93 (Thomas, J., Scalia, J. concurring). Here, we are concerned wi th prearrest silence . The testimony was short: after Officer Nelson informed Alvarez of J.P.’s allegations, Alvarez had no shock or other expression on his face. Alvarez was not under arrest, he was not prevented from invoking his right to remain silent, and he did not invoke this right. Under Salinas , five j ustices would conclude that the State was entitled to present testimony about Alvarez’s prearrest
silence

. See Magana , 197 Wn. App. at 195 (following the Salinas plurality)

. Alvarez argues that Sa linas was a plurality decision and is , thus , not controlling precedent. We have difficulty with this argument, given that the result we reach here is consistent with how five United States Supreme Court j ustices would rule.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

10 W ere we to conclude that such t estimony was improper, this author, but not a majority, would conclude that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable d oubt. As noted previously, the substance found on the inside crotch of J.P.’s underwear was definitely saliva, and because the saliva w as deposited wet on the underwear, it was highly improbable that it could have been transferred from Alvarez’s discarded towel.
T he only plausible explanation is that Alvarez performed oral sex on J.P. 4 Had the trial court excluded Officer Nelson’s comme nt that Alvarez showed no reaction to J.P.’ s accusation, scientific evidence of Alvarez’s guilt was insurmountable.
B. E XPERT TESTIMONY ABOU T THE VICTIM ’ S CONSISTENT STATEME NTS A lvarez contends the trial court erred by overruling his objection to Ms. Murstig’s opinion that J.P.’s statements to her were c onsistent with J.P.’s earlier statements to an officer

. He argues this error is both evidentiary and constitutional.

4 Both concurring judges believe a jury could reasonably find that the saliva was deposited on the inside crotch of J.P.’s underwear by someone spitting, perhaps accidentally while talking. This author disagr ees. First, Alvarez argued this, and the jury rejected his argument. Second, a trained officer or technician would not have spit on the underwear. Even while testifying, the technician was careful enough not to hold the underwear near her mouth while sh e spoke. Third, the location of the saliva

— inside crotch

— strongly corroborates J.P.’s testimony and strongly contradicts accidental spitting . Finally, if Alvarez believed that someone intentionally spit on J.P.’s underwear, he would have so argued. He d id not.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

11

1. Evidentiary error Alvarez argues that Ms. Murstig’s opinion was inadmissible under ER 702 because it was not helpful to the trier of fact and because a lay person c ould determine whether
t wo statements are consistent. We agree , but conclude that the error was harmless

. A trial court’s decision to admit expert testimony is review ed for an abuse of discretion. State v. Kirkman , 159 Wn.2d 918, 927, 155 P.3d 125 (2007). “An abuse of discretion occurs only when the decision of the court is ‘manifestly unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons. ’” Stat e v. McCormick , 166 Wn.2d 689, 706, 213 P.3d 32 (2009) (quoting State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker , 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971)). Generally, testimony about the veracity of witnesses is inappropriate opinion testimony. See State v. Quaale , 182 Wn. 2d 191, 200, 340 P.3d 213 (2014). A lay opinion is admissible if it is rationally based on the witness’s perception, helpful to the determination of a fact in issue, and not based o n specialized knowledge. ER 701 . Ms. Murstig’s opinion that J.P.’s state ments to Officer Nelson were consistent with J.P.’s statements to her was an opinion not based on Ms. Murstig’s specialized knowledge. It , therefore , was an improper expert opinion

.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

12 But the improper admission of her opinion was harmless error

. The jury did not believe Ms. Murstig that J.P.’s stor ies were consistent. It acquitted Alvarez on the downstairs charge, the charge that depended on J.P.’s credibility. The jury found Alvarez guilty only on the charge that did not depend on J.P.’s credibili ty, the upstairs charge. That charge was supported by forensic evidence , evidence that Alvarez could not credibly dispute.
2. Constitutional error not reviewable Alvarez argues that Ms. Murstig’s opinion was inadmissible under the Washington Constituti on art icle I, sections 21 and 22 , and the U nited S tates Const itution amend ment VI because it violated his constitutional right to a jury trial. But Alvarez did not raise this issue at the trial court. The general rule is that appellate courts will not cons ider an issue raised for the first time on review. Kirkman , 159 Wn.2d at 926. However, a claim of error may be raised for the first time on appeal if it is a manifest error affectin g a constitutional right. RAP 2.5(a)(3); In re Dependency of M.S.R. , 174 Wn.2d 1, 11, 271 P.3d 234 (2012). To meet RAP 2.5(a)(3)’s requirements, an appellant must demonstrate (1) the error is truly of constitutional magnitude, and (2) the error is manifest. Kirkman , 159 W n.2d at 926

.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

13 In analyzing the asserted constitutional interest, we do not assume the alleged error is of constitutional magnitude. State v. Scott , 110 Wn.2d 682, 687, 757 P.2d 492 (1988). The claim must be one of truly constitutional magnitude. We look to the asserted claim and assess whether, if correct, it implicates a constitutional interest as compared to another form of trial error. Id. at 689

- 91. After determining the error is of constitutional magnitude, we determine whether the error was manifest. To determine whether manifest error was commi tted , there must be a plausible showing by the appellant that the asserted error had practical and identifiable consequences in the trial of the case. State v. O’Hara , 167 Wn.2d 91, 99, 217 P.3d 756 (2009). RAP 2.5(a)(3) serves as a “gatekeeping function .” State v. Lamar , 180 Wn.2d 576, 583, 327 P.3d 46 (2014). The “gatekeeping function” of the rule is different from the analysis of reviewing the claimed error. Id. “The requirements under RAP 2.5(a)(3) should not be confused with the requirements for establishing an actual violation of a constitutional right or for establishing lack of prejudice under a harmless error analysis if a violation of a constitutional right has occurred.” Id. With th ese standard s in mind we first determine whether Alvarez’s claim is truly of constitutional magnitude

. Generally, no witness in a criminal trial may o ffer testimonyNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

14 in the form of an opinion regarding the veracity of the defendant. Kirkman , 159 Wn.2d at 927

. Similarly, no witness in a criminal trial may offer a n opinion on the veracity of a witness. Quaale , 182 Wn.2d at 200. Such opinions violate the defendant’s constitutional right to a jury trial, which includes the independent determination of the facts by the jury. Kirkman , 159 Wn.2d at 927. Here , Alvarez claims the trial court erred in allowing Ms.
Mur s tig to offer an opinion on the veracity of J.P., who testified at trial. We conclude that Alvarez ’s claim is truly of constitutional magnitude.
But not all opinions touching on a witness’s veracity quali fy as manifest error.

“ ‘ Manifest error’ requires a nearly explicit statement by the witness that the witness believed the accusing victim.” Kirkman , 159 Wn.2d at 936. This heightened standard is consistent with precedent holding that the manifest error exception is narrow. Id

. Here, Ms. Murstig did not testify that she believe d J.P. Instead, she testified that J.P.’s statements to her were consistent with J.P.’s statements to an officer. This is insufficient to constitute manifest error. C. J UDICIAL C OMMENTS ON THE EVIDE NCE Alvarez contends the trial court commented on the evidence three separate times. Alvarez did not object to any of the court’s purported comments ; however, a judicial comment on the evidence is an error of constitutional magnitude that can be raised for theNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

15 first time on appeal. State v. Sivins , 138 Wn. App. 52, 59, 155 P.3d 982 (2007); RAP 2.5 (a)(3)

. Article IV, section 16 of the Washington Constitution states that “[j]udges shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fac t, nor comment thereon, but shall declare the law.” In other words, judges are prohibited from commenting on the evidence.
W ASH
. C ONST . art. IV, § 16; State v. Levy , 156 Wn.2d 709, 721, 132 P.3d 1076 (2006). “[A]ny remark that has the potential effect o f suggesting that the jury need not consider an element of an offense could qualify as judicial comment.” Levy , 156 Wn.2d at 721. “It is sufficient if a judge’s personal feelings about a case are merely implied.” Sivins , 138 Wn. App. at 58. This import ant constitutional principle serves to protect the jury from being unduly influenced by the court’s opinion on the evidence or credibility. Id. Washington courts use a two

- step analysis to determine whether reversal is required due to a judicial comment on the evidence. Levy , 156 Wn.2d at 723. To ascertain whether a court’s conduct or remarks rise to a comment on the evidence, courts examine the facts and circumstances of the case. Sivins , 138 Wn. App. at 58. If there was a judicial comment, it is “p resumed to be prejudicial, and the burden is on the State to show that the defendant was not prejudiced, unless the record affirmatively shows that no prejudice could have resulted.” Levy , 156 Wn.2d at 723.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

16 Court told a juror during voir dire the victim w as 12 or 13 Alvarez’s first contention is that the court told a person, who ultimately became 1 of the 12 jurors, that it believed the victim was 12 or 13 years old. During jury selection , the juror advised the court her sister had been sexually assaulted as a teenager. The court inquired whether the juror could be fair and impartial, and noted its belief that the purported victim was 12 or 13. The trial court should not have expressed its personal belief of the victim’s age , but should have told the juror that the State contends the victim was 12 or 13. Th e trial court’s comment was technically improper . W e are nevertheless satisfied th at t he
comment could not have resulted in prejudice . Here, both J.P. and her mother testified that J.P. was 13 at the time of the purported offense s . Alvarez did not rebut this testimony in any way. Alvarez cites State v. Jackman , 156 Wn.2d 736, 132 P.3d 136 (2006) for the proposition that a trial court’s instruction as to the age of the victim is a comment on the evidence that requires reversal and retrial. Jackman is distinguishable.
In Jackman , the State charged the defendant with three counts of sexual exploitation of a minor, three counts of communication with a minor for immoral
purposes , four counts of fur nishing alcohol to a minor, and one count of patronizing aNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

17 juvenile prostitute. Id. at 740. The victims testified at trial and gave their dates of birth to support the State’s contention that they were all minors at the time of the purported crimes

. Id. at 740 , 74 2

- 4 3. The trial court instructed the jury, and 11 of the 12 to

- convict instructions contained the victims ’ dates of birth consistent with the ir trial testimon ies

. Id. at 742. The defendant did not object to the se instructions, and he was conv icted on all
counts. Id. at 741. On appeal, the defendant argued that the 11 instructions were improper judicial comments on the evidence. The Supreme Court agreed. Id. at 744. The Supreme Court then concl uded that the State could not prove that the i mproper comments resulted in no prejudice. Id. at 745. In so concluding, the court noted that two of the victims admitted at trial they had lied to the defendant about their ages, and the jury could have found that these and the other victims lied at tri al about their ages. Id. at 744

n. 7 , 745

. In contrast here, t he jury could not have found J.P.’s age to be anything other than
13. The trial court’s isolated comment during voir dire that it thought the victim was 12 or 13 was de minimis, compared to J ackman , where the trial court reiterated dates of birth on 11 of the 12 to

- convict instructions. Court read charging document with J.P.’s date of birthNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

18 Alvarez’s second contention asserts the court commented on the evidence by reading the charging docume nt to the jury, which contained J.P.’s date of birth. The trial
court read the charging document, and thereafter added : The first amended information in this case is only an accusation against the defendant . . . . Y ou are not to consider the filing of t he . . . information or its contents as proof of the matters charged. It is your duty to determine the facts in this case from the evidence produced in court.
2 RP at 207. An accurate summary of the a ccusations , together with an appropriate explanatio n that the summary is not evidence, does not constitute a judicial comment on the evidence

. Sivins , 138 Wn. App. at 61. Jury instruction contained Alvarez’s date of birth Alvarez’s final contention argues the court commented on the evidence because
the jury instructions contained his date of birth. The cover page of the court’s amended
instructions contain ed Alvarez’s date of birth. The cover page was not read to the jury, and Alvarez’s date of birth under his name is hardly noticeable. Even had the jury noticed it , the court ’s instructions contained an admonition for the jury to consider only evidence that was admitted through testimony or exhibits and to disregard any possible comments on the evidence by the court. We presume the jury followed thes e instructions.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

19 Here , Mr. Alvarez testified to his son’s age . His testimony was not contested. To obtain a conviction, the State was not required to prove Alvarez’s age . It was only required to prove that Alvarez was more than 36 months older than 13

- y ear - old J.P. T he jury could see that Alvarez

— physically very large

— was an adult . For these reasons, we conclude that the State has established that no prejudice could have resulted from the appearance of Alvarez’s date of birth on the cover page to the c ourt’s instructions

. C UMULATIVE ERROR Alvarez contends the trial court erred multiple times and if these errors, alone, do not warrant reversal, the errors cumulatively warrant reversal. Cumulative error claims

are constitutional issues, which an appell ate court reviews de novo. State v. Clark , 187 Wn.2d 641, 649, 389 P.3d 462 (2017). To receive relief based on the cumulative error doctrine a “defendant must show that while multiple trial errors, ‘standing alone, might not be of sufficient gravity to c onstitute grounds for a new trial, the combined effect of the accumulation of errors most certainly requires a new trial. ’” Id. (quoting State v. Coe , 101 Wn.2d 772, 789, 68 4 P.2d 668 (1984)). When there are no errors or the errors have little to no effe ct on the trial’s outcome, the cumulative error doctrine does not apply. State v. Greiff

, 141 Wn.2d 910, 929, 10 P.3d 390 (2000).No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

20 Here, the trial court erred when it allowed Ms. Murstig to testify that J.P.’s statements to Officer Nelson were consistent with J.P.’s statements to her. But t his clearly was not prejudicial because the jury’s verdicts showed the jury did not believe Ms. Murstig. The trial court also erred by twice commenting on the evidence. But both of these comments were very minor. We are persuaded that these minor errors had no effect on the outcome of the trial. The jury convicted Alvarez based on solid forensic evidence, evidence for which Alvarez had no credible alternative explanation. C OMMUNITY CUSTODY CON DITIONS Alvarez ch allenges seven of his community custody conditions. The State first responds that Alvarez cannot challenge the community custody conditions because he had an opportunit y to collaboratively draft them but did not participate, and he did not object to them at the trial court. We disagree with the State’s initial argument. An unlawful sentence may be challenged for the first time on appeal. State v. Ford , 137 Wn.2d 472, 477, 973 P.2d 452 (1999). Defendants may generally challenge community custody condit ions that are contrary to statutory authority for the first time on appeal. State v. Bahl , 164 Wn.2d 739, 745, 193 P.3d 678 (2008). We review community custody conditions for an abuse of discretion. State v. Irwin , 191 Wn. App. 644, 652, 364 P.3d 830 (2 015). “An abuse of discretion occurs only when the decision of the court isNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

21 ‘manifestly unreasonable, or exercised on untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons. ’” McCormick , 166 Wn.2d at 706 (quoting Carroll , 79 Wn.2d at 26). The abuse of discretion s tandard applies when this court is reviewing a crime

- related condition

. Irwin , 191 Wn. App. at 656

. Generally, courts may impose crime

- related conditions on a defendant during their time in com munity custody. RCW 9.94A.505(9 ),

. 703(3)(f). A “‘ [c]rime

- related prohibition’ . . . prohibit[s] conduct that directly relates to the circumstances of the crime for which the offender has been convicted

. . . . ” RCW 9.94A

. 030(10). “‘ Directly related’ includes conditions that are ‘ reasonably related ’ to the cri me.” Irwin , 191 Wn. App. at 656 (quoting State v. Kinzl e , 181 Wn. App. 774, 785, 326 P.3d 870 (2014)). Conditions 4 & 5: Consuming or unlawfully possessing controlled substances Alvarez argues conditions 4 and 5 are not crime related and are unconstitut ionally vague. We agree in part. Condition 4 reads: “not consume controlled substances except pursuant to lawfully issued prescriptions.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 121. Alvarez’s contention that this condition is not related to his crime of conviction is unpersuasive. This condition is a waivable condition under RCW 9.94A.703(2)(c). A waivable condition does not have toNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

22 be crime related in order to be imposed. In re Pers. Restraint of Brettel l , 6 Wn. App. 2d 161, 173, 43 0 P.3d 677 (2018). Alvarez arg ues in the alterative that condition 4 is unconstitutionally vague because it is unclear whether it includes marijuana and, if it does, how it interacts with Washington’s legalization of marijuana coupled with the differing jurisdictions in which marijuana remains illegal. We also find this argument unpersuasive. The abuse of discretion standard applies when this court is reviewing a community custody condition for vagueness. Irwin , 191 Wn. App. at 652. The due process clause contained in the Fourteent h Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 3 of the Washington Constitution require that laws not be vague. Magana , 197 Wn. App. at 200. The protections against vagueness extend to community custody conditions because they can s ubject a person to incarceration. State v. Sanchez Valencia , 169 Wn.2d 782 , 791

- 92 , 239 P.3d 1059 (2010)

. A conditi on is not vague if it (1) provides ordinary people with fair warning of the
pr o scribed conduct, and (2) has standar ds that are definite enou gh to “ ‘ protect against arbitrary enforcement. ’” Magana , 197 Wn. App. at 200

- 01 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Bahl , 164 Wn.2d at 753).No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

23 Condition 4 is not unconstitutionally vague. Under federal law, marijuana is a schedule I controlled su bstance. 21 U.S.C. § 812(c) (10 ) , (17). Washington law defines “controlled substance” as a substance included in schedule I under federal law. Former RCW 69.50.101(d) (2015) . Therefore, it is clear, marijuana remains a “controlled substance” under Washi ngton law. As Alvarez notes, a health care professional cannot write a prescription for marijuana, but only issue valid documentation authorizing the medical use of ma rijuana. RCW 69.51A.030(2)(b ); see generally RCW 69.50.308. Because a person cannot ob tain a prescription for marijuana, the sentencing condition allowing the use of controlled substances with a lawfully issued prescription does not apply to marijuana. The condition provides fair warning to Alvarez and its terms are adequately defined to p revent arbitrary enforcement. Magana , 197 Wn. App. at 200

- 01. Alvarez also contends condition 5 is not crime related and is unconstitutionally vague. Condition 5 reads: “not unlawfully possess controlled substances while in community custody.” CP at 1 21. This condition is not a mandatory or waivable condition under RCW 9.94A.703(1)

- (2). Thus, it is a discretionary condition under RCW 9.94A.703(3)(f) and it must be crime related in order to be imposed. The State presented no evidence that consuming or possessing controlled substances was in any way related to the crime for which Alvarez was convicted. TheNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

24 State argues that Alvarez has a history of drug abuse, drug addiction, and drug related convictions. While this may be true, community custody c onditions must be “relate [ d ] to the circumstances of the crime for which the offender has been convicted .” RCW 9.94A.030(10) (emphasis added). “‘ Directly related’ includes conditions that are ‘reasonably related’ to the crime.” Irwin , 191 Wn. App. at 65 6 (quoting Kinzle , 181 Wn. App. at 785). The State’s argument revolves around Alvarez’s history, not the specific facts related to this conviction. Because there is no evidence that any type of controlled substance was related to the conviction at hand, community custody condition 5 is not crime related. 5
Conditions 12 & 13: Advise [Department of Corrections ( DOC )] of sexual partners and disclose sexual history to sexual partners Alvarez argues conditions 12 and 13, which require Alvarez to advise the D OC of current sexual partners and to disclose his sexual criminal history to sexual partners are not crime related and violate the First Amendment. We disagree with both contentions. Because Alvarez was convicted of rape of a child, conditions requiring him to disclose sexual relationships to DOC and inform sexual partners of his status are crime related.
See In re Pers. Restraint of Tillman , No. 51181

- 9

- II, slip op. at 1 (Wash. Ct. App. June 5,

5 Alvarez’s argument that condition 5 is also unconstitutionally vague is moot.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

25 2018) (unpublished) http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/D 2%2051181

- 9

- II%20Unpublished%20Opinion.pdf

. 6 Alvarez’s First Amendment contentions also fail. An offender’s freedom may be limited when the restriction is “‘ reasonably necessary to accomplish the essential needs of the state and public order. ’” State v . Riley , 121 Wn.2d 22, 37

- 38, 846 P.2d 1365 (1993) (quoting Malone v. United States , 502 F.2d 554, 556 (9th Cir. 1974)). Alvarez’s conditions do not limit his freedom of association; it merely affects his privacy. See In re Pers. Restraint of Waggy , 111 Wn. App. 511, 518, 45 P.3d 1103 (2002). The Washington Supreme Court has recognized the State has a legitimate interest in informing the public about “potentially dangerous individuals.” In re Pers. Restraint of Meyer , 142 Wn.2d 608, 620

- 21, 16 P.3d 563 (2001). The conditions requiring Alvarez to disclose sexual partners to DOC and to disclose his history to sexual partners are conditions reasonably necessary to accomplish the essential needs of the state and public order. Riley , 121 Wn.2d at 37

- 38.

6 Under GR 14.1, unpublished opinions have no precedential value, but may be cited as nonbinding authorities and accorded such persuasive value as the court deem s appropriate.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

26 Additional condition 4: Contact with minor children under 18 including biological children Alvarez argues additional condition 4 should contain an exception for his own biological children. Alvarez presently has no biological children. But because we a re remanding to strike some conditions, it is proper to direct the trial court to amend this condition to permit an exception for Alvarez’s own children, should he later have any. Alvarez also argues the restriction to all minors over 16 and under 18 i s not crime related because his crime was against a child under 16. We disagree. Prevention of harm to children is a compelling state interest. See, e.g. , In re Dependency of C.B. , 79 Wn. App. 686, 690, 904 P.2d 1171 (1995). Restricting access to mino rs under 18 is reasonably related to the crime. Alvarez preyed on, and took advantage of, a minor under 18. The trial court concluded that minors under the age of 18 should be protected from Alvarez, and the condition is reasonably related to Alvarez’s

c onviction. Additional condition 5: Polygraph testing Alvarez argues additional condition 5 should be struck or modified to limit polygraphs to compliance with his other community custody conditions. We agree. Polygraphs may be utilized to monitor compli ance with community custody conditions. State v. Combs , 102 Wn. App. 949, 952, 10 P.3d 1101 (2000). The testingNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

27 should be limited, however, to monitor compliance with other community custody conditions, and not used “as a fishing expedition to discover e vidence of other crimes, past or present.” Id. at 953. Because the condition is not limited in this fashion, we remand for the court to add language limiting the scope of the polygraph testing. Additional condition 6: Search of electronic devices by DO C Alvarez argues additional condition 6 allows unfettered access to any electronic device Alvarez possesses and is in violation of Alvarez’s article I, section 7 right against searches and seizures. We agree and remand to strike this condition. To deter mine whether a pre enforcement challenge to a community custody condition is ripe for review, the court examines “‘ if the issues raised are primarily legal, do not require further factual development, and the challenged action is final. ’” Sanchez Valencia , 169 Wn.2d at 786 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Bahl , 164 Wn.2d at 751). Then, the court also considers the hardship imposed on the petitioner if the challenged condition is not reviewed on appeal. Id. Here, the community custody condition is a final action, Alvarez’s challenge raises a legal issue and no further factual development is required. See State v. Cates , 183 Wn.2d 531, 354 P.3d 832 (2015).
In Cates , the defendant was convicted of two counts of first degree rape of a child

an d two counts of first degree child molestation. Id . at 5 32. Among other communityNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

28 custody conditions, the court entered a provision that read: “ ‘ Yo u must consent to [Department of Corrections] home visits to monitor your compliance with supervision.
Home visits include access for the purposes of visual inspection of all areas of the residence in which you live or have exclusive/joint control/access, to also include computers which you have access to. ’ ” 7 Id. at 5 33 (alteration in original) . The defendant challenged this condition on appeal, arguing it violated the Washington Constitution because it authorized searches not based on probable cause. Id. The Supreme Court upheld the condition, finding it was not ripe for review. The court recognized that, as written, the condition did not authorize any searches, and the inspections were limited to monitor the defendant’s compliance with supervision. Id. at 535. It further reasoned that “[s]ome future misapplication of the community custody condition might violate article I, section 7, but that ‘depends on the particular circumstances of the attempted enforcement. ’” Id. (quoting Sanchez Valencia , 169 Wn.2d at 789). The court held that the State must attempt to enforce the provision before review would be appropriate. Id. Alvarez’s condition is different from the condition in Cates . Here, the condition requires Alvarez to “[a]llow a full search of [his] cell phone/computer or other electronic

7 This condition is similar to Alvare z’s condition 8.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

29 device as directed by DOC staff.” CP at 174. Unlike Cates , this condition does in fact allow searches. This condition is not limited to monitor compliance with supervision; it is unlimited. Finally, the condition is not required to be based on probable cause

— the DOC may search, and Alvarez must consent, at any t ime for any reason. Therefore, the condition violates article I, section 7 on its face and should be str u ck. 8 In sum, condition 5 must be struck because it is not crime related and , thus , the court exceeded its authority. Additional condition 6 must al so be struck because it is in violation of the Washington Constitution, article I, section 7. Finally, additional condition 5 is remanded for the court to limit polygraph testing to monitor Alvarez’s compliance with other community custody conditions. C RIMINAL FILING FEE Alvarez asks this court to strike his $200 criminal filing fee pursuant to the holding
in State v. Ramirez , 191 Wn.2d 732, 426 P.3d 714 (2018). House Bill 1783, which became effective June 7, 2018, prohibits trial courts from imposing d iscretionary legal financial obligations (LFOs) on defendants who are indigent at the time of sentencing. L AWS OF 2018, ch. 269, § 6(3); Ramirez , 191 Wn.2d at 738,

8 Alvarez also challenges this condition as not being crime related. We agree and would require the condition to be str u ck for this reason also. Alvarez’s crime did not involve any use of electronics, and the condition is not limited to ensure compliance withNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

30 747. This change to the criminal filing fee statute is now codified in RCW 36.18.020(2)(h) . As held in Ramirez , these changes to the criminal filing fee statute apply prospectively to cases pending direct appeal prior to June 7, 2018. Ramirez , 191 Wn.2d at 747. Accordingly, the change in law applies to Alvarez’s case. Because Alvarez is
ind igent, the criminal filing fee must be struck pursuant to Ramirez

. S TATEMENT OF A DDITIONAL GROUNDS FOR R EVIEW (SAG) Alvarez filed an original and a supplemental SAG, which contain at least 2 0 arguments why his conviction should be reversed. We organize h is arguments by subject
matter and consolidate the m for brevity. SAG Ground 1: J URY SELECTION 1A. Jury selection: Jurors 8 and 14 Alvarez contends that j uror s 8 and 14 had the same name , which likely caused a conflict. Jurors 8 and 14 had different na m es. 1B. Jury selection: Juror 10 Alvarez contends that juror 10 was improperly left on the panel. He argues that j uror 10 had an appointment on the afternoon of deliberations that likely caused the jury to rush deliberations. This is a bare assertion . Juror 10 had an appointment

— but juror 10

his other conditions.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

31 stated it could be changed. There is no evidence that juror 10 did not change the appointment and rushed deliberations. 1C. Jury selection: Jurors 25 and 26 Alvarez contends jurors 25 and 26 participated in v oir dire after they were struck. Also, juror 25 learned J.P.’s age during voir dire. He asserts that t his tainted the jury. There is no record of juror 25 participating in voir dire after being struck. Although juror 25 learned the age of J.P. during i ndividual voir dire, juror 25 was struck for cause. Thus, that knowledge had no impact on the case. Juror 26 was struck for cause during individual voir dire. For some reason, juror 26 returned for general voir dire. Juror 26 answered a question about prior jury service and how prior service on a hung jury was frustrating. Counsel recognized the mistake and excused juror 26. We reject Alvarez’s contentions that one comment about being on a hung jury tainted the rest of the jury pool. 1D. Jury select ion: Not screened for conflicts with Ashley Lucas or Jeffrey Porteous Alvarez contends the potential jurors were not screened for conflicts with two witnesses

. He asserts t his could have created a conflict in the jury and denied him a fair trial by an im

partial jury. Alvarez has not included admissible facts to show that this failure to screen actually resulted in conflicts. Because his argument relies on factsNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

32 outside the record, the a ppropriate course of relief is through a personal restraint petition

. State v. McFarland , 127 Wn.2d 322, 335, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995). SAG Ground 2: J URY INSTRUCTIONS 2A. Ju ry instructions: Instruction 6 Alvarez contends the court erred and read jury instruction 6 that was previously removed . Instruction 6 was the defin ition of “sexual contact” under RCW 9A.44.010(2). The parties had previously agreed to remove the instruction before the court read the instructions to the jury, but the instruction acc identally remained in the jury packet. The court read it to the jury. At a sidebar, the parties agreed it should have been removed and agreed for the court to re

- read the instruction to the jury to notify them which instruction would be removed. The second time through the instructio n , the court said “sexual act”
instead of “sexual contact.” Alvarez claims this misstep requires reversal. The court, per agreement of the parties, removed instruction 6. The court’s mistake in reading it to the jury, then re

- reading and saying “sexual act” instead of “sexual contact” was ha rmless. The instruction was removed.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

33 2B. Jury instructions: Erroneous Petrich 9 instruction Alvarez contends jury instruction 10 did not contain the required elements. Jury instruction 10 was not the element instruction. The elements were included in instruction 8. S AG Ground 3: D ETECTIVE R OMERO ’ S TESTIMONY 3A. Detective Romero ’s testimony : Statements about flight risk Alvarez contends Detective Romero’s statements about arresting Alvarez because he was unemployed and a flight risk were prejudi cial and robbed Alvarez of a fair trial. Alvarez’s counsel objected at trial, and the court sustained the objection and instructed the jury to disregard the testimony. The law presumes this remedy was effective. State v.
Swan , 114 Wn.2d 613, 661

- 64, 790 P.2d 610 (1990). Essentially, Alvarez argues the trial court should have declared a mistrial sua sponte. An appellant who does not request a remedy forfeits that claim. “ ‘ Counsel may not remain silent, speculating upon a favorable verdict, and then, w hen it is adverse, use the claimed misconduct as a life preserver on a motion for a new trial or on appeal. ’ ”

9 State v. Petrich , 101 Wn.2d 566, 572, 683 P.2d 173 (1984), overruled in part on other grounds by State v. Kitchen , 110 Wn.2d 403, 406 n.1, 756 P.2d 10 5 (1988), abrogated in part on other grounds by In re Pers. Restraint of Stockwell , 179 Wn.2d 588, 316 P.3d 1007 (2014).No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

34 State v. Russell , 125 Wn.2d 24, 93, 882 P.2d 747 (1994) ( quoting Jones v. Hogan , 56 Wn.2d 23, 27, 351 P.2d 153 (1960) ). 3B. Detective Romero ’s testimony: Scope of testimony Alvarez argues the State was able to question Detective Romero outside the scope of his impeachment testimony of Alvarez’s two witnesses. We review the trial court’s decision to admit testimony for an abuse of discretion. S tate v. Demery , 144 Wn.2d 753, 758, 30 P.3d 1278 (2001). The State’s redirect of Detective Romero was proper responsive testimony to Alvarez’s witnesses who testified to impeach the credibility of J.P. Detective Romero’s testimony was limited to rehabili tating the witness, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing it. SAG Ground 4: C HARGING DOCUMENT Alvarez argues the charging document did not contain the essential elements needed for a conviction

— they were constitutionally deficient. The charging document merely stated “sexual intercourse , ” which can be found and accomplished in many different ways. Alvarez argues t his ambiguity did not put him on notice of the “means” by which sexual intercourse was accomplished thus making the cha rging document deficient.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

35 A defendant may challenge the sufficiency of the charging document for the first time on appeal, but the court liberally construes the document in favor of validity. State v. Kjorsvik , 117 Wn.2d 93, 105

- 06, 812 P.2d 86 (1991). The court will look at (1) whether the necessary facts appear in any form or can be found by fair construction, and if so (2) whether the defendant suffered actual prejudice as a result of the vague or ambiguous language. Id. The basis of Alvarez’s c ontention is that the information did not define “sexual intercourse.” The definition of sexual intercourse is not a statutory element and not necessary to include in the charging document. Therefore, the charging document was sufficient. Similar langua ge has been upheld. See State v. Botello

- Garcia , No. 46355

- 5

- II, slip op. at 5

- 6 (Wash. Ct. App. Apr. 26, 201 6) (unpublished), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/46355

- 5.16.pdf; 10 CP at 161. We conclude that
t he charging document alleged and defined th e offense with sufficient certainty to give Alvarez notice of the crime.

10 Under GR 14.1, unpublished opinions have no precedential value, but may be cited as nonbinding authorities and accorded such persuas ive value as the court deems appropriate.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

36 SAG Ground 5: M OTION IN LIMINE Alvarez argues the court erred by granting a motion in limine to exclude character evidence of J.P. J.P.’s actions of sneaking a dress into school , changing into it, taking pictures in it, then changing back out of it, should have been admitted to show J.P.’s untruthfulness and deceitfulness. Alvarez also argues t he trial court erroneously excluded character evidence about J.P.’s prior discipline p roblems at school and home. The trial court reserved ruling on the motion in limine about J.P.’s actions with the dress, but otherwise excluded other character evidence. A trial court’s ruling on a motion in limine is reviewed for an abuse of discretion

. State v. Powell , 126 Wn.2d 244, 258, 893 P.2d 615 (1995); State v. Munguia , 107 Wn. App. 328, 335, 26 P.3d 1017 (2001). Generally, character evidence is not admissible “for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particular occasion. ” ER 404(a). Other wrongs or acts are also inadmissible for that purpose. ER 404(b). Alvarez does not argue that an exception applies to J.P.’s discipline history; therefore, we reject his contention

. T he trial court did not abuse its discretion in ex cluding that evidence. The court revisited the reserved motion in limine during trial. Alvarez’s counsel was able to question J.P. about the dress she showed Alvarez after the rape. CounselNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

37 conceded not to elicit other testimony about prior inciden ts w ith the dress. Because the court did not rule on this, the court could not have abused its discretion. SAG Ground 6: M R
. P ORTEOUS ’ S TESTIMONY Alvarez argues the trial court erred by allowing the State to examine Mr. Porteous outside the scope of redir ect during recross. Whether a line of questioning on cross

examination is properly within the scope of direct examination is within the trial court’s discretion. State v. McDaniel , 83 Wn. App. 179, 184, 920 P.2d 1218 (1996) . The trial court properly exe rcised its discretion to allow the Stat e to examine Mr. Porteous on

re cross. Initially, Alvarez called Mr. Porteous as a witness and questioned him about the interview with J.P. Mr. Porteous testified to statements J.P. did not make in her interview that seemed to contradict her trial testimony. The State cross

- examined Mr. Porteous about that interview. Specifically, the State elicited testimony that Mr. Porteous was not asking the questions to J.P., and Alvarez’s counsel may have done a poor job posin g the right questions to J.P. On redirect, Alvarez asked more questions about the interview to explain some of Mr. Porteous’s responses to the State’s c ross - examination. The State

re crossed and asked for a description of the room where the interview took place. Alvarez objected, arguing the question was outside the scope of redirect. The trial courtNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

38 overruled, and the State was able to briefly question Mr. Porteous about the interview room, the hallway to the room, and who was in the room during the int erview. This

re cross was within the scope of redirect. Alvarez questioned Mr. Porteous about the interview, and the State’s questions were directly related to the interview. SAG Ground 7: DNA EVIDENCE Alvarez argues the DNA evidence was unreliable and insuff icient because it did not come from a n untainted source. He argues the under wear was gathered by J.P.’s
mother and w as initially located in a hamper with other clothes, including a towel that could have contained his DNA. At trial, Alvarez did no t seek to exclude the evidence as unreliable. We conclude he has waived his right to review on this issue. State v. Guloy , 104 Wn.2d 412, 422, 705 P.2d 1182 (1985); see also State v. Blake , 172 Wn. App. 515, 530, 298 P.3d 769 (2012). Because Alvarez also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, he admits the truth of all the State’s evidence. State v. Cardenas

- Flores , 189 Wn.2d 243, 265, 401 P.3d 19 (2017). “Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty verdict if any rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, could find the elements of the charged crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. “[A]ll reasonable inferences from theNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

39 evidence must be drawn in favor of the State and interpreted most strongly against” Alv arez. State v. Salinas , 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). To find Alvarez guilty of rape of a child in the second degree, the jury had to find that Alvarez had “sexual intercourse with another who is at least twelve years old but less
than fourt een years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least thirty

- six months older than the victim.” RCW 9A.44.076(1). “Sexual intercourse” means “any act of sexual contact between persons involving the sex organs of one person
and the mouth or anus of another.” RCW 9A.44.010(1)(c). “ ‘ Sexual contact ’ means any touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of a person done for the purpose of gratifying sexual desire of either party or a third party.” RCW 9A.44.010(2). Here, view ing all of the State’s evidence as true, there was sufficient evidence to convict Alvarez of rape of a child in the second degree. J.P. was 13 at the time of the rape. Alvarez was 26. J.P. was not married to Alvarez. J.P. testified that while upstairs, Alvarez put one to three fingers inside of her vagina. Then, Alvarez used his tongue on J.P.’s vagina. While this occurred, Alvarez was “pulling on himself.” 3 RP at 452. It i s clear the elements were met, and a rational jury could have found Alvarez guilty. The State’s forensic expert testified she found saliva and male DNA on the inside crotch of the underwear worn by J.P. during the purported offenses. J.P. testified thatNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

40 Alvar ez performed oral sex on her. Alvarez offered no credible alternative explanation for the presence of saliva and male DNA on the inside crotch of J.P.’s underwear. There was sufficient evidence to sustain his conviction. SAG Ground 8: J.P.’ S TESTIMONY Alvarez argues J.P.’s testimony was insufficient for conviction. J.P .’s story and allegations changed multiple times. He argues t he court err ed by allowing this testimony. He further argues, even a fter the court learned J.P. recanted, it still sentenced hi m despite the perjured testimony. As stated earlier, t o find Alvare z guilty of rape of a child in the second degree, the jury had to find that Alvarez had “sexual intercourse with another who is at least twelve years old but less than fourteen years old and not married to the perpetrator and the perpetrator is at least th irty

- six months older than the victim.” RCW 9A.44.076(1). Here, there was sufficient evidence to convict Alvarez of rape of a child in the second degree. J.P. was 13 at the time of the rape. Alvarez was 2 6 . J.P. was not married to Alvarez. J.P. test ified that while upstairs, Alvarez put one to three fingers inside her vagina. Then, Alvarez used his tongue on J.P.’s vagina. While this occurred, Alva rez was “pulling on himself.” 3 RP at 452 . It i s clear the elements were met, and a rational jury co uld have found Alvarez guilty.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

41 Alvarez did not object to the admission of J.P.’s testimony. Therefore, he waived his right to review on this issue. Guloy , 104 Wn.2d at 422; see also Blake , 172 Wn. App. at 530. Alvarez argues that because he is seeking a recantation, and J.P.’s mother met with Alvarez’s counsel after trial, this means J.P. recanted her allegations. There is no evidence of an actual recantation beyond Alvarez’s accusations. When claims depend on evidence outside the record, those claims are properly raised through a personal restraint petition. McFarland , 127 Wn.2d at 335. SAG Ground 9: I NEFFECTIVE ASSISTANC E OF COUNSEL Each defendant has the right to receive effective assistance of counsel. Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668, 686, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). Effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of law and fact that we review de novo. Id. at 698. We apply a two

- pronged test to determine whether counsel provided effective assistance: (1) whether co unsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) whether that deficient performance prejudiced the defendant to an extent that changed the result of the trial

. Id. at 687. We can address the second prong initially “[i]f it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiv eness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice.” Id. at 697.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

42 9A. Ineffective assistance of counsel: Not filing motions Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney did not file a motion to suppress the D NA evidence, a motion to exclude J.P.’s testimony, a motion to dismiss due to insufficient evidence, a motion to dismiss for an insufficient charging document, and a motion for retrial after J.P.’s recantation. To show prejudice for counsel’s failure to m ake a motion, a defendant must show the motion likely would have been granted. In re Pers. Restraint of Davis , 152 Wn.2d 647, 711, 101 P.3d 1 (2004). Alvarez’s motion to exclude J.P.’s testimony or the DNA evidence would likely not have been granted. A lvarez merely asserts J.P.’s testimony is inconsistent and unreliable. However, evidence is relevant and, therefore, a dmissible when it has any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more proba ble or less probable than it would be without the evidence. ER 401, 402. This threshold is very low. State v. Briejer , 172 Wn. App. 209, 225

- 26, 289 P.3d 698 (2012). Alvarez’s arguments go more to the weight of this evidence, which is properly explored on cross - examinatio n and determined by the jury. Alvarez’s motion to dismiss due to insufficient evidence would likely not have been granted. There was evidence presented that Alvarez touched J.P.’s sexual parts forNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

43 the purpose of gratifying sexual des ire and that J.P. was between 12 and 14 years old, not married to Alvarez, and Alvarez was more than 36 months older than J.P. See RCW 9A.44.076(1). Alvarez’s motion to dismiss due to an insufficient charging document would likely not have been granted. As stated earlier, the charging document contained the necessary elements. Alvarez does not show his motion for retrial would have been granted. There is no evidence of an actual recantation beyond Alvarez’s accusations. Because Alvarez cannot show an y of his proposed motions would likely have been granted, his claims of ineffective assistance of counsel fail. See Davis , 152 Wn.2d at 711. 9B. Ineffective assistance of counsel: Not objecting to amended information Alvarez argues he received ineffectiv e assistance of counsel because his attorney did not object to the State’s amended information. The mere filing of additional charges after a defendant refuses a guilty plea is not sufficient for a finding of prosecutorial vindictiveness. State v. Korum , 157 Wn.2d 614, 629, 141 P.3d 13 (2006). 9C. Ineffective assistance of counsel: Not objecting t o community custody conditions Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney did not object to community custody conditio ns. Alvarez does not show how this allegedNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

44 error would have changed the result of the trial. Strickland , 466 U.S. at 687. Moreover, his community custody conditions have been addressed on appeal. 9D. Ineffective assistance of cou nsel: Not presenting evidence Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to present the audio recording and video recording of J.P.’s interviews. Alvarez contends the video and recordings would have shown J.P.’s inconsistent state ments. Alvarez’s counsel accomplished this by examining Mr. Porteous, Detective Romero, and J.P. at length about the interviews. Playing the lengthy interview video and recording would have been time consuming, and it was a legitimate strategic tactic no t to present those to the jury. 9E. Ineffective assistance of counsel: Not objecting to the exclusion of J.P.’s character evidence Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to object to the court excluding evidence of J.P.’s character of past school and familial discipline. Even if Alvarez’s counsel objected to the court excluding certain evidence about J.P.’s character, the objection would likely have been overruled. Alvarez
asserts the information shoul d have been admitted to show J.P.’s deceitfulness, flirtatiousness, and that she lied about the rape. Generally, character evidence is not admissible “for the purpose of proving action in conformity therewith on a particularNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

45 occasion.” ER 404(a). Other wrongs or acts are also inadmissible for that purpose. ER 404(b). Therefore, his argument fails. 9F. Ineffective assistance of counsel: Jury Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney did not screen potential j urors for a conflict with Ms. Lucas or Mr. Porteous, he failed to remove juror 11 instead of juror 10, and he failed to remove juror 13. Alvarez does not show how these alleged errors would have changed the result of the trial. Strickland , 466 U.S. at 68 7. Alvarez does not show the jury panel had an actual conflict with Ms. Lucas
or Mr. Porteous. As noted before, Alvarez asserts that because juror 10 had an appointment on the afternoon of deliberations , it likely caused the jury to rush deliberations. This is a bare assertion. Juror 10 had an appoin tment

— but juror 10 stated it could be changed. There is no evidence that juror 10 did not change the appointment and rushed deliberations. Juror 11 had an actual conflict to leave town during deliberation s. It was a legitimate strategy to remove juror 11 instead of 10. Alvarez does not show how not removing juror 13 would have changed the result of the trial just because juror 13 learned J.P.’s age during voir dire. Strickland , 466 U.S. at 687. J.P.’s age was uncontested at trial.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

46 9G. Ineffective assistanc e of counsel: Trial objections Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to object to J.P. being referred to as “victim,” Officer Nelson’s hearsay test imony, and Officer Nelson’s Miranda 11 testimony. Alvarez generally alleges that his counsel and multiple witnesses referred to J.P. as “victim.” This does not show how an objection and sustained ruling on that characterization of J.P. would have changed h is conviction. Strickland , 466 U.S. at 687. Officer Nelson’s testimony about what Mr. Alvarez instructed him to tell Alvarez may have been hearsay, but Alvarez fails to show how the outcome of the trial would have been different if Officer Nelson’s testi mony was objected to and sustained. Strickland , 466 U.S. at 687

. Alvarez does not show how an objection and sustained ruling on Officer Nelson’s Miranda testimony would have changed his conviction. Strickland , 466 U.S. at 687. 9H. Ineffective assista nce of counsel: Right to testify Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney intimidated him and advised him not to testify. There is no evidence that Alvarez’s counsel intimidated him not to testify. Alvarez went on record to confirm he did not want

11 Miranda v. Arizona , 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

47 to testify. If Alvarez’s claim depends on evidence outside the record, that claim is properly raised through a personal restraint petition. McFarland , 127 Wn.2d at 335. 9I. Ineffective assistance of counsel: Jury instr uctions Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to object or correct jury instructions 10 and 13. Alvarez argues the court erred by striking a certain part of jury instruction 13. However, Alvarez goes on to say this prevented the jury from considering the State’s questions to Mr. Porteous as part of the record. Striking the State’s leading questions from the record was a legitimate trial tactic. As noted earlier, jury instruction 10 was not the require d element instruction. The elements were included in instruction 8. 9J. Ineffective assist ance of counsel: Witness list Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to file a witness list. Alvarez does not s how how this would have changed his conviction. Strickland , 466 U.S. at 687. 9K. Ineffective assistance of co unsel: Mental health capacity Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney did not object to his mental he alth capacity. Alvarez does not explain why counsel shouldNo. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

48 have objected to Alvarez being found competent. Because we are unable to determine the nature of the claimed error, we will not review it. If Alvarez’s claim depends on evidence
outside the reco rd, that claim is properly raised through a personal restraint petition. McFarland , 127 Wn.2d at 335. 9L. Ineffective assistance of counsel: Sentencing Alvarez argues he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to object to the State’s comment at sentencing, failed to correct the State’s characterization of the crime, failed to object or correct the State’s sentencing memorandum, and failed to argue for an exceptional mitigated sentence. Counsel’s failure to object to the State’s comment at sentencing that “ [ Alvarez ] continue [ s ] to molest” is harmless. RP (Aug. 25, 2017) at 9. Likewise, counsel’s failure to object to the State’s comment that Alvarez’s history of sexual abuse occurs usually while watching movies with the v ictim was harmless. Finally, the State characterized Alvarez’s crime as taking place over a couple hours in multiple rooms. Alvarez argues this is incorrect as he was only convicted of conduct that took place in the upstairs bedroom, and J.P.’s testimony was that it lasted an hour and one

- half, not a couple hours. Alvarez cannot show with likelihood that any of these comments changed the sentence he received.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

49 Counsel was not ineffective for failing to argue for an exceptional mitigated sentence. Alvare z’s counsel argued for the low end of the sentencing range. The court was very mindful of the victim in this case and how this rape will affect her for the rest of her life. The court reasoned that the low end of the range was inappropriate considering
t he crime and the victim. On the other hand, the court believed the high end of the range was also not necessary. Therefore, the court imposed 110 months. Alvarez cannot show with substantial likelihood that if his counsel would have argued for an except ional mitigated sentence that he would have received it

— considering his counsel argued for the low end range an d Alvarez did not receive a low end range sentence. 9M. Ineffective assistance of c ounsel: Limiting instructions Alvarez argues he received in effective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to propose a limiting instruction for officers ’ report s, Detective Romero’s testimony and J.P.’s testimony. The “officer s’ reports” were not admitted into evidence. There were only six
exhibits admitted into evidence

— J.P.’s underwear and five photographs of the house, stairway, loft, and J.P.’s bedroom. Therefore, Alvarez’s counsel could not limit their admissibility because they were not admitted to the jury. His argument that the officers ’No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

50 r eference to their reports was improper also fails. An officer may reference their report to refresh their recollection. ER 612. Detective Romero’s testimony was not limited to impeachment testimony. Detective Romero was called as a witness in the Stat e’s case

- in

- chief. He gave more than impeachment testimony. A limiting instruction was unsuitable with his testimony. J.P.’s testimony was also not limited to impeachment testimony. She testified to the details of the rape. A limiting instruction was simply inconsistent with the testimony she gave. SAG Ground 10: P ROSECUTORIAL MISCOND UCT To prevail on a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, Alvarez must establish “‘ that the prosecutor’s conduct was both improper and prejudicial in the context of th e entire record and the circumstances at trial. ’” State v. Thorgerson , 172 Wn.2d 438, 442, 258 P.3d 43 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting State v. Magers , 164 Wn.2d 174, 191, 189 P.3d 126 (2008)). Prejudice requires a showing of substanti al likelihood that the prosecutor’s misconduct affected the jury’s verdict. Id. at 443. A failure to object to an improper remark waives review of the error unless it “‘ is so flagrant and ill intentioned that it causes an enduring and resulting prejudice that could not have been neutralized by an admonition to the jury. ’” Id. (quoting Russell , 125 Wn.2d at 86).No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

51 10A. Prosecutorial mis conduct: Insufficient evidence Alvarez contends the State charged without sufficient evidence and should have waited until the DNA results were done. “Prosecutors are given broad discretion in determining what charges to bring and when to file them.” City of Kennewick v.
Fountain , 116 Wn.2d 189, 194, 802 P.2d 1371 (1991). Alvarez has not shown any abuse of that discre tion. 10 B. Prosecutorial misconduct: Amended information was vindictiv e and against double jeopardy Alvarez contends the State’s amended information was prosecutorial misconduct because it was vindictive and it violated double jeopardy principles. In his amended SAG, 12 Alvarez also argues the State’s actions to stack an additional count after he refused a plea deal is inconsistent with the legislature’s directives in RCW 9.94A.411. Prosecutorial vindictiveness is the filing of additional or more s erious charges in response to a defendant’s exercise of a constitutional or procedural right. Korum , 157 Wn.2d at 627. An action is only vindictive if it is designed to punish or penalize the defendant. Id. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, chapter 9. 94A RCW, provides guidelines to prosecutors

— they do not constitute an enforceable right. See

12 This amended SAG was filed on May 28, 2019 , and Alvarez only asserted a new argument under this issue.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

52 RCW 9.94A.401. A prosecutor should not overcharge a defendant in order to obtain a guilty plea, RCW 9.94A.411(2)(a)(i), (ii), but on the other hand, a prosecuto r may charge other offenses if it significantly enhances its case. RCW 9.94A

. 411(2)(a)(i)(A). Alvarez argues that the State was vindictive when it filed an additional count after he refused a plea deal. “[T]he mere filing of additional charges and the consequent increase in sentence . . . cannot support a presumption of vindictiveness . . . .” Korum , 157 Wn.2d at 634. Alvarez has not alleged facts beyond the mere filing of an additional
count ; therefore , his vindictiveness claim fails. This holding is consistent with precedent.
See Korum , 157 Wn.2d 614 (finding no vindictiveness where State filed 16 additional felony charges after defendant withdrew guilty plea); United States v. Goodwin , 457 U.S. 368, 102 S. Ct. 2485, 73 L. Ed. 2d 74 (1982) (finding no prosecutorial vindictiveness where the United States Attorney obtained a felony indictment and conviction after defendant refused misdemeanor plea deal); Bordenkircher v. Hayes , 434 U.S. 357, 98 S. Ct. 663, 54 L. Ed. 2d 604 (1978) (finding no prosecuto rial vindictiveness where prosecutor sought a habitual criminal indictment and defendant received life in priso n after defendant rejected five

- year sentence in exchange for his guilty plea). Here, the prosecutor was free to file an additional count after Alvarez rejected the plea deal. The initial charge did not set a ceiling on Alvarez’s potential criminal liability.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

53 Double jeopardy means a defendant cannot be prosecuted for the same offense after being acquitted, be prosecuted for the same offense af ter being convicted, or receive multiple punishments for the same offense. State v. Villanueva

- Gonzalez , 180 Wn.2d 975, 980, 329 P.3d 78 (2014). Alvarez did not “receive multiple punishments for the same offense.” He was only convicted of one count. 1 0C. Prosecutorial misc onduct: J.P.’s false testimony Alvarez contends the State coached J.P. into giving false testimony. There is no evidence of this in the record. If this claim depends on evidence outside the record, that claim is properly raised t hrough a personal restraint petition. McFarland , 127 Wn.2d at 335. 10D. Prosecutorial misconduct: Alvarez’s right not to testify Alvarez contends the State improperly commented on his failure to testify. We find this comment was not improper. This comment was during jury voir dire , and the prosecutor asked a potential juror if the juror would hold it against a defendant if the defendant did not testify. The prosecutor also added it was a defendant’s right not to testify. This is a proper question to uncover possible jury bias.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

54 10E. Prosecut orial misconduct: Speedy trial Alvarez contends the State used his right to a speedy trial against him by making comments about DNA evidence and testing during voir dire. However, most of the
statements occurred at a sidebar with Alvarez’s counsel and the court. The only questions posed by the State to the jury pool were whether the jury needed DNA evidence to convict, whether the jury would hold it against the State if DNA evidence was not tested, and whether the ju ry believed forensic testing occurs at the same speed in real life as it does on television. Alvarez objected to these questions, and the court instructed the State to go to a different line of questioning. Alvarez does not show prosecutori al misconduct, if any, about his right to a speedy trial. These were not flagrant or ill

- intentioned
statements. 10F. Prosecutorial misconduct: Sentencing Alvarez contends the State proceeded with sentencing after knowledge of J.P.’s recantation. T here is no evidence of an actual recantation beyond Alvarez’s accusations. When claims depend on evidence outside the record, those claims are properly raised through a personal restraint petition. McFarland , 127 Wn.2d at 335.No. 35567

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State v. Alvarez

55 SAG Ground 11: O FFENDER SCORE Alvarez argues his offender score was miscalculated because it included a prior juvenile conviction. Alvarez has a conviction for child molesta tion in the first degree in 2005 . Child molestation in the first degree is a class A felony. RCW 9A.44.0 83. Under RCW 9.94A.525(2)(a), prior class A and felony sex convictions are always included in the offender score. Consistent with RCW 9.94A.525(17), because Alvarez’s current conviction wa s for a sex offense, any prior adult or juvenile sex convictions counted as three points toward his offender score. Therefore, his offender score was correct. SAG Ground 12: C UMULATIVE ERROR A lvarez argues the aforementioned errors, cumulatively, deprived him of a fair trial and warrant reversal. Under RAP 10.10, t he court will only review issues raised in

a n SAG that are not duplicative of the briefing. Alvarez’s counsel already raised cumulative error in briefing. Because there are no errors with any of the additional issues raised in Alvarez’s SAG, his argument fails.No. 35567-5-III State v. Alvarez

Affirmed, but remand to strike some community custody conditions and the
criminal filing fee.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 2.06.040. 

# L,.,,_

... '\..r, <.. l.

- \) 'vv-\-J I (, • ~. Lawrence-Berrey, C.J. r

56No. 35567-5-III SIDDOWAY, J. (concurring)-! part ways with the lead opinion on the harmless

error analysis. I believe that Officer Michael Nelson's testimony that Alvarez showed no surprise upon being told of J.P. 's allegation would have been significant to jurors. And
the DNA 1 evidence was subject to credible challenge, given the concession of the State's expert that she could not eliminate the possibility that what tested positive as saliva could
have been another bodily fluid, she could not say that it was from a male, she found both
female and male DNA, and that if not carefully handled and stored, evidence can easily
be contaminated with third party DNA. When asked during her testimony to remove the
underwear from its evidence bag to show the jury where she had taken a sample, she explained that she would try not to speak over it "because I don't want to contaminate it
with my own saliva or any other DNA," and "people spit when they talk." 3 Report of Proceedings at 522, 527. If it was error to admit Officer Nelson's testimony about
Alvarez's reaction, it was not harmless.
As for Mari Murstig's testimony about the consistency of J.P.'s statements, I agree that the error in admitting it was harmless-not because the DNA evidence could not credibly be challenged, but because jurors were likely to rely on their own assessment of
the consistency of J.P.'s statements rather than on Ms. Murstig's assessment. 

# Z)dAtV%)~ Siddoway, J.

1 Deoxyribonucleic acid.No. 35567-5-111

FEARING J. ( concurring) - I concur in the court's affirmation of the conviction of Jeremy Alvarez for one count of second degree rape of a child. I agree with all of the
lead opinion's rulings except the ruling that would hold harmless the introduction of evidence of Jeremy Alvarez's expression when confronted by a law enforcement officer, assuming the evidence to be inadmissible. Sound reason exists to apply the state and federal constitutions' privilege against self-incrimination to an accused's silence in response to a law enforcement officer's accusation of a crime before an arrest of the accused. An accused holds no obligation to respond to questions asked by a law enforcement officer. The law enforcement officer could delay an arrest in order to question the accused in order to employ for a conviction
any silence in face of an accusation. Allowing the introduction of evidence of such silence conflicts with the principle that the State may not comment on the accused's silence or failure to testify at trial. Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 610 n.2, 6~3, 85 S. Ct. 1229, 14 L. Ed. 2d 106 (1965). Still, because of Washington Supreme Court and United States Supreme Court precedent, a higher court would need to modify the law inNo. 35567-5-111 State v. Alvarez

order to apply the constitutional right against self-incrimination to prearrest silence. Salinas v. Texas, 570 U.S. 178, 133 S. Ct. 2174, 186 L. Ed. 2d 376 (2013) (plurality opinion); State v. Earls, 116 Wn.2d 364, 375, 805 P.2d 211 (1991); State v. Moore, 79 Wn.2d 51, 57,483 P.2d 630 (1971).
The State sought to introduce evidence of Jeremy Alvarez's reaction, when faced with an accusation, to show consciousness of guilt. Aside from the constitutional question, I question the relevance of silence as tending to prove guilt and further question the probative value of evidence of silence when compared to its prejudicial impact. This questioning increases under circumstances when the State does not introduce evidence of
the accused's failure to verbally respond to an accusation, but introduces testimony of facial expressions. One's facial expressions remain subject to subjective interpretations of the viewer. No matter the response of an accused to an accusation, law enforcement
may interpret the response as evidence of guilt. If the accused, instead of remaining
silent or staring blankly, denies the accusation with a look of surprise, law enforcement
may interpret the response as protesting too much.
In United States v. Hale, 422 U.S. 171, 95 S. Ct. 2133, 45 L. Ed. 2d 99 (1975), the nation's high Court held that ~n accused's silence during a police interrogation lacked a significant probative value so that any questioning during trial in an attempt to impeach

2No. 35567-5-III State v. Alvarez

his alibi carried with it an intolerably prejudicial impact. The Supreme Court thereby
affirmed the Court of Appeals' reversal of William Hale's conviction for robbery and grant of a new trial.
In United States v. Hale, the United States Supreme Court addressed the situation
of silence after an arrest and the delivery of Miranda warnings. Nevertheless, the reasoning applies to employment of silence or facial expressions as evidence under other
circumstances. The Court observed that, in most circumstances, silence is so ambiguous
that it is of little probative force. A variety of reasons may influence the accused's
decision to remain mute. Under emotional and confusing circumstances, a suspect may
not hear or fully understand the question or may have felt no need to reply. The accused
may simply react with silence in response to the hostile and perhaps unfamiliar atmosphere when confronted by an accusatory law enforcement officer. Moreover,
evidence of silence holds a significant potential for prejudice. The jury may assign much

more weight to the accused's previous silence than warranted. Permitting the defendant

to explain the reasons for his silence will unlikely overcome the strong negative inference
that the jury draws from the fact that the suspect remained silent when accused. During trial, Jeremy Alvarez sought exclusion of the law enforcement's testimony

to Alvarez's reaction following the accusation on relevance and undue prejudice grounds.

3No. 35567-5-III State v. Alvarez
Nevertheless, Alvarez does not assign error on appeal to the introduction of evidence of
his facial expressions or silence on such grounds.
I agree with my concurring sister that, if we held the silence or facial expressions
of Jeremy Alvarez to be inadmissible evidence, the testimony would not be harmless. 

# j;_ .~ Fearing, J.~ '

4