# Patent

## Title
Variable frequency drive and methods for filter capacitor fault detection

## Abstract

Variable frequency motor drives and control techniques are presented in which filter capacitor faults are detected by measuring filter neutral node current and/or voltages and detecting changes in the fundamental frequency component of the measured neutral condition at the fundamental frequency of the input power and/or based on input current unbalance.

## Background
BACKGROUND
The present disclosure relates generally to variable frequency electrical power conversion systems and more particularly to variable frequency drives (VFDs) and techniques for detecting faults in drive filter capacitors. Motor drives are electric power conversion systems that convert input power from a line-side source to a different form to provide controlled drive currents to the windings of an electric motor, where the output frequency is variable. VFDs typically include a passive or active rectifier with AC input power being rectified to create DC link power in an intermediate DC circuit. The intermediate DC power is fed to an output inverter which creates a variable frequency single or multi-phase AC output driving a motor load at a controlled speed and torque. VFDs often include filter circuits at the input and/or load output, including filter capacitors. Failure or other fault conditions in the filter capacitors can adversely affect the drive operation, and previous systems employed pressure relays to detect change in pressure inside the capacitor, or monitoring of three phase capacitor currents to detect capacitor failures. However, such techniques require extra components and increase the size, cost, and complexity of motor drives. Thus, there is a need for improved variable frequency drives by which the adverse effects of filter capacitor failure can be avoided or mitigated by detecting capacitor fault conditions without adding to the system cost and size.
SUMMARY
Various aspects of the present disclosure are now summarized to facilitate a basic understanding of the disclosure, wherein this summary is not an extensive overview of the disclosure, and is intended neither to identify certain elements of the disclosure, nor to delineate the scope thereof. Rather, the primary purpose of this summary is to present some concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form prior to the more detailed description that is presented hereinafter. The present disclosure provides for measurement of capacitor neutral voltage and/or current and use of the change in fundamental frequency component of this neutral characteristic to detect failure in the filter capacitor. The disclosure finds utility in detecting faults in input and/or output filter capacitors for current source converters and voltage source converter type VFDs, and certain embodiments utilize feedback information used in general motor drive control by which the advantages of early fault detection can be facilitated without addition of extra sensing equipment.
In accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure, a variable frequency drive is provided, which includes a rectifier, an intermediate DC circuit, an inverter, and one or more filter circuits having filter capacitors coupled to a neutral node. The rectifier can be active or passive, and includes an input receiving AC electrical input power and a DC output providing rectified DC electrical power to the intermediate DC circuit. The inverter includes an AC output with a plurality of AC output nodes for supplying power to a load, and an inverter switching network with switching devices individually coupled between one of the DC current paths of the intermediate DC circuit and one of the AC output nodes. The inverter switches are operated to selectively couple a corresponding DC current path with the corresponding AC output node according to a corresponding inverter switching control signal to provide variable frequency AC electrical power to the load. A control system provides the inverter switching control signals to cause the inverter to selectively convert DC current from the intermediate DC circuit to provide AC electrical power to the AC output according to one or more setpoint signals or values. A feedback circuit senses a condition of the neutral node, such as neutral current or neutral voltage in certain embodiments, and provides one or more neutral feedback signals based on the sensed neutral condition(s).
A capacitor fault detection circuit receives the feedback and extracts a measured fundamental frequency component from the neutral feedback signal or value at a fundamental frequency of the AC electrical input power. In certain embodiments, the capacitor fault detection circuit performs digital filtering and/or fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the neutral feedback signal or value to extract the measured fundamental frequency component. The fault detection circuit determines whether or not a fault condition is suspected in one or more of the filter capacitors based at least in part on the measured fundamental frequency component. In certain embodiments, the fault detection circuit determines a fundamental component change value by subtracting the measured fundamental frequency component from a no-fault fundamental frequency component value, and determines whether a fault is suspected based at least partially on the fundamental component change value. In certain embodiments, the fault detection circuit compares the fundamental component change value to a threshold value and to determine that a fault condition is suspected if the fundamental component change value exceeds the threshold. In certain embodiments, moreover, the capacitor fault detection circuit makes the fault suspicion determination based at least in part on one or more input current unbalance values associated with the AC electrical input power.
In accordance with further aspects of the disclosure, a method is provided for detecting filter capacitor faults in a variable frequency drive. The method includes measuring condition(s) of a neutral node coupled to a plurality of filter capacitors of at least one filter circuit of a variable frequency drive, such as current, voltage, etc., and extracting a measured fundamental frequency component from the measured neutral condition at a fundamental frequency of AC electrical input power provided to the drive. The method further includes determining whether a fault condition is suspected in one or more filter capacitors based at least in part on the measured fundamental frequency component. In certain embodiments, the method includes subtracting the measured fundamental component from a no-fault fundamental frequency component value to determine a fundamental component change value, and determining whether a fault condition is suspected based at least partially on the fundamental component change value, such as by comparing the fundamental component change value to a threshold value, and determining that a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the filter capacitors if the fundamental component change value is greater that the threshold value. In other embodiments, the method may include determining whether a fault condition is suspected based at least partially on an input current unbalance value or values associated with the AC electrical input power.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The following description and drawings set forth certain illustrative implementations of the disclosure in detail, which are indicative of several exemplary ways in which the various principles of the disclosure may be carried out. The illustrated examples, however, are not exhaustive of the many possible embodiments of the disclosure. Other objects, advantages and novel features of the disclosure will be set forth in the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary current source converter variable frequency motor drive with a capacitor fault detection component according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 2-4 are schematic diagrams illustrating several exemplary filter capacitor configurations for VFDs;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are schematic diagrams illustrating exemplary neutral current and neutral voltage sensing circuits;
FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating change in a fundamental frequency component of a neutral-to-ground voltage in a VFD;
FIGS. 8 and 9 are composite time domain and frequency domain graphs illustrating change in a fundamental frequency component of a neutral-to-ground voltage in a VFD; and
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating an exemplary method for operating a VFD motor drive in accordance with further aspects of the disclosure;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary voltage source converter variable frequency motor drive with a capacitor fault detection component according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure; and
FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating change in current unbalance as a function of motor current in a D2D VFD.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the figures, several embodiments or implementations are hereinafter described in conjunction with the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to refer to like elements throughout, and wherein the various features are not necessarily drawn to scale. The disclosure involves protecting the AC filter capacitors in variable frequency drives by detecting current or voltage unbalance in the fundamental frequency component (e.g., 60 Hz or 50 Hz for Europe), such as by comparing measured neutral fundamental component with a no-fault fundamental component value. The inventors have appreciated that unlike utility type power converters, variable frequency motor drives provide output voltages and currents at a variety of frequencies, due to the variable frequency nature of the output as well as the switching operation of the inverter and active rectifiers. Simple measurement of neutral voltages or currents in these drives does not allow reliable identification of fault conditions, since the neutral signals have a variety of distinct frequency components that change during operation. For example, in certain embodiments of the presently disclosed techniques, a 60 Hz fundamental frequency component of the capacitor neutral voltage/current is extracted from a signal which also includes a 180 Hz component and high frequency components. The detection of suspected capacitor fault conditions can then be indicated to a user or automatic remedial actions can be taken for controlled shutdown or other safe operation of the VFD. This facilitates early detection to minimize the occurrence of capacitor failures. The disclosed systems and techniques, moreover, can be implemented using sensed values also used for motor drive control, and thus no extra parts are needed. The disclosed concepts may also be used for harmonic filters in power conversion equipment.
Referring initially to FIG. 1, a power conversion system 100 is shown, having a capacitor fault detection component 144c in accordance with certain aspects of the disclosure. The drive 110 includes an exemplary three-phase AC voltage source 111 providing input power to a variable frequency motor drive (VFD) 110 that converts the input power to drive a motor load 120 coupled to a converter output 114. The drive 110 in this embodiment is a current source converter (CSC) type, with an input 112 connected to the AC power source 111 (FIG. 11 below illustrates a voltage source converter embodiment). While these examples are illustrated as having a three phase input 112, other embodiments may provide a single phase AC input or may include a multiphase input adapted to receive three or more input phases.
The CSC drive 110 in FIG. 1 provides variable frequency, variable amplitude single or multiphase AC output power at output terminals 114 to drive an AC motor load 120, which has three phase windings in the illustrated example. The output 114 in other embodiments may provide a single phase AC output or may be of any number of phases. The motor drive 110 includes both input filter capacitors Ci in the input circuit 112, as well as output filter capacitors Cm. The input filter capacitors Ci are coupled between corresponding input phase lines A, B, and C and an input neutral node NI. Output capacitors Cm are individually coupled between a corresponding output phase line U, V, and W and an output neutral node NO. Certain embodiments may omit either of the input or output filter capacitor sets. The input and output neutral nodes NI, NO may be floating in certain embodiments, or one or both of the neutrals NI, NO may be coupled to the ground of the input power source or to another ground. In still other possible embodiments, the neutrals NI, NO may be coupled to one another without reference to any system ground.
The drive 110 includes a rectifier 110a receiving the AC input power from the source 111 via an input 112, as well as an intermediate DC circuit 150 with a DC link choke having upper and lower windings WA and WB coupled between the rectifier 110a and an output inverter 110b. In certain embodiments, the DC link could be a simple DC link inductor or a common mode choke as in the illustrated example. The illustrated drive 110, moreover, provides input filtering including inductors Li in each input phase and input filter capacitors Ci coupled between the input lines A, B, C, and the input neutral node NI. The rectifier 110a in the embodiment of FIG. 1 is a current source rectifier (CSR) coupled with a current source inverter (CSI) 110b by the intermediate DC circuit 150, and one or more isolation components (e.g., transformers, not shown) may optionally be included in the drive 110. The output 114 provides output electrical power to the motor load 120 via lines U, V, and W, and includes a filter circuit 113 with the output capacitors Cm coupled between the load 120 and the output neutral node NO.
The rectifier 110a in certain embodiments may be a passive rectifier with rectifier diodes. In the illustrated embodiment, the rectifier 110a is an active switching rectifier with switching devices S1-S6 coupled between the input 112 and the DC circuit 150 and operates according to a plurality of rectifier switching control signals 142a provided by a rectifier control component 144a of a switch control system 140. In operation, the AC input power is switched by the rectifier switches S1-S6 to create an intermediate DC bus current Idc in the intermediate circuit 150. The inverter 110b includes switching devices S7-S12 coupled between the DC circuit 150 and lines U, V, and W of the output 114. The inverter switches S7-S12 are operated according to corresponding switching control signals from an inverter control component 144b of the switch control system 140 to selectively convert DC power from the DC circuit 150 to provide the AC output power to drive the motor load 120. The DC link choke or inductor links the switches of the rectifier 110a and the inverter 110b, and provides forward and return current paths therebetween. The first winding WA in a forward or positive DC path of the link choke has a first end A1 connected to the upper rectifier switches S1-S3 and a second end A2 coupled with the upper inverter switches S7-S9, and the second winding WB in a negative or return DC path has a first end B1 coupled to the lower rectifier switches S4-S6 and a second end B2 coupled to the lower inverter switches S10-S12.
The rectifier and inverter switching devices S1-S12 may be any suitable controllable electrical switch types (e.g., IGCTs, GTOs, thyristors, IGBTs, etc.) that are controlled according to any suitable type or form of switching scheme or schemes, such as phase control, pulse width modulation, etc., in open or closed-loop fashion. In certain embodiments, the switching devices S7-S12 of the inverter 110b are forced commutated devices including without limitation SGCTs, IGBTs or GTOs, and the switching devices S1-S6 of the rectifier 110a can be force commutated devices such as those mentioned above as well as line commutated devices such as Thyristors. In this regard, Thyristor devices could used for the inverter switching devices S7-S12 in the form of forced commutated devices with extra circuitry added to the device triggering circuit thereof.
The rectifier 110a and the inverter 110b operate under control of a switch control system 140 comprised of one or more processors and associated memory as well as I/O circuits including driver circuitry for generating switching control signals 142 to selectively actuate the switching devices, although separate switching control systems may be employed, for example, with interconnections and information sharing to facilitate the coordinated operation of the rectifier 110a and the inverter 110b. The switch control system 140 in these embodiments includes an inverter control component 144b providing the inverter switching control signals 142b to cause the inverter 110b to selectively convert DC current from the DC circuit 150 to provide AC electrical power to the AC output 114 according to one or more setpoints 141, such as desired motor speed, torque, etc. The switch control system 140 and the components 144 thereof can be implemented as any suitable hardware, processor-executed software, processor-executed firmware, programmable logic, or combinations thereof, operative as any suitable controller or regulator by which the motor 120 is controlled according to one or more desired profile(s) or setpoint(s) in open or closed-loop fashion.
In operation, moreover, a rectifier control component 144a of the controller 140 provides the rectifier switching control signals 142a to convert AC electrical input power to provide a regulated DC current Idc to the DC circuit 150. In doing so, the rectifier controller 144a may employ one or more feedback signals or values 118a, such as a measured DC current value from the rectifier 110a representing the actual DC current Idc. The DC link current provided by the rectifier 110a thus provides input current for conversion by the inverter 110b, where the exemplary inverter control 144b provides a desired DC link current signal or value as a setpoint to the rectifier controller 144a. In this manner, the rectifier 110a provides the DC current required by the inverter 110b, and the rectifier controller 144a may also implement other control functions such as power factor correction, while the inverter controller 144b performs the necessary motor control operation of the drive 110.
The drive 110 also includes a feedback system 118 operatively coupled with the input 112, the rectifier 110a, the DC circuit 150, the inverter 110b, the output filter circuit 113, and the output 114. The feedback system 118 includes one or more sensing elements operative to provide one or more feedback signals and/or values 118a indicative of electrical conditions at the input 112, the rectifier 110a, the intermediate DC circuit 150, the inverter 110b, the output filter 113, and/or at the output 114. The switch control system 140 may be provided with one or more setpoints or desired values 141 and one or more feedback signals or values 118a from the feedback system 118 by which one or more closed loop motor drive control goals are achieved in normal operation.
Feedback signals or values for the control functions can be based on signals and/or values 118a from the feedback system 118, measured input values (e.g., line voltages, currents, etc.), and other information, data, etc., which may be in any suitable form such as an electrical signal, digital data, etc., and which may be received from any suitable source, such as an external network, switches, a user interface associated with the system 100, or other suitable source(s). The feedback circuit 118 provides feedback signal(s) or value(s) to the controller 140 from at least one of the rectifier 110a, the DC circuit 150, and the inverter 110b, including measured motor speed values through appropriate tachometers or other sensors, and/or sensed values from which motor speed, torque, current, and/or voltage, etc. may be determined by the controller 140. In this regard, sensorless motor speed feedback values may be generated internally by the controller 140 via suitable motor models based on the feedback signals or values 118a even for systems having no direct motor speed measurement sensors.
In the illustrated embodiments, moreover, the feedback circuit 118 also provides one or more feedback signals or values 118a to the capacitor fault detection component of the controller 140 based on a sensed condition of one or both of the neutral nodes N, and/or NO. In various embodiments, feedback conditions are sensed at either or both of the neutral nodes N, and/or NO, and at either or both of these nodes, such neutral feedback signal or value 118a can be based on a sensed voltage of the neutral node NI, NO and/or a sensed current of the neutral node NI, NO.
Referring also to FIGS. 2-6, FIGS. 2-4 show several exemplary filter capacitor configurations in which filter capacitors Ci, Cm can be connected to a neutral node NI, NO, whether alone or in combination with other filtering components, such as inductances L, L1, L2 in FIGS. 2 and 3. Moreover, as shown in FIG. 4, the filter capacitances Ci, Cm can individually be implemented as two or more capacitor devices. In addition, any suitable neutral node condition sensing configurations and sensor apparatus may be used, examples of which are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The feedback circuitry 118 in FIG. 5 includes an exemplary sensor for sensing the voltage of the neutral node NI, NO with respect to ground. FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary sensor of the feedback system 118 operative to sense current in the neutral node NI, NO.
Referring also to FIGS. 7-9, a graph 151 in FIG. 7 illustrates a curve 152 showing change in a fundamental frequency component of a neutral-to-ground voltage in a variable frequency motor drive as a function of current. FIGS. 8 and 9 are composite time domain and frequency domain graphs 160, 162, 170, and 172 showing the change in a 60 Hz fundamental frequency component of a neutral-to-ground voltage in the drive for normal (no-fault) and faulted filter capacitor situations. A no-fault condition is shown in FIG. 8, where graph 160 depicts a time domain neutral-to-ground voltage waveform having a variety of different frequency components, and graph 162 shows a corresponding frequency domain plot of the different frequency components, including a fundamental component at 60 Hz (for a 60 Hz input power source frequency). FIG. 9 illustrates corresponding time and frequency domain graphs 170 and 172 for the neutral-to-ground voltage when a fault condition occurs in one or more input and/or output filter capacitors Ci, Cm. In this example, it is seen that the fundamental 60 Hz component in the graph 172 of FIG. 9 is higher than in the graph 162 of FIG. 8.
Table 1 below includes several exemplary neutral-to-ground voltage fundamental frequency component values FCNO-FAULT and FCMEASURED (e.g., at 60 Hz) for both no-fault and capacitor fault conditions, at different motor output current levels for each of four exemplary variable frequency drive 110 configurations (direct to drive (D2D) with neutral grounded, D2D with neutral floating, Dc link grounded, and Dc link floating):












TABLE 1








Fundamental
Fundamental





component
component




FCNO-FAULT of
FCMEASURED of
Current




Vn-g line side
Vn-g line
unbalance



Amps
no-fault
post-fault
(%)




















D2D
61
0
927
16.78%


grounded
160
0
803
7.50%



215
0
535
4.61%



625
0
256
2.65%



630
0
177
2.50%


D2D
61
0
185
16.12%


floating
160
0
146
8.42%



215
0
95
4.79%



625
0
57
3.19%



630
0
39
3.00%


DC link
61
0
917
15.80%


grounded
160
0
876
9.63%



215
0
455
4.32%



625
0
258
3.73%


DC link
61
2.38
922
15.70%


floating
160
30.8
664
9.40%



215
26
376
4.51%



625
25.7
257
3.69%









As seen in the above Table 1, the no-fault value of the neutral-to-ground voltage fundamental frequency component FCNO-FAULT may be zero or may have a non-zero value, and the fault condition causes a discernable change in the measured fundamental frequency component FCMEASURED.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 10, the capacitor fault detection component 144c (FIG. 1) uses this concept to detect whether a capacitor fault is suspected in the drive 110. The capacitor fault detection circuit 144c in certain embodiments is implemented as part of the switch control system 140, but can be a separate processor-based system operatively associated with the drive 110 so as to receive at least one neutral feedback signal or value 118a from the feedback circuit 118. The fault detection component 144c in one embodiment operates generally according to an exemplary fault detection method 200 in FIG. 10. While the method 200 is illustrated and described below in the form of a series of acts or events, it will be appreciated that the various methods of the disclosure are not limited by the illustrated ordering of such acts or events. In this regard, except as specifically provided hereinafter, some acts or events may occur in different order and/or concurrently with other acts or events apart from those illustrated and described herein in accordance with the disclosure. It is further noted that not all illustrated steps may be required to implement a process or method in accordance with the present disclosure, and one or more such acts may be combined. The illustrated methods and other methods of the disclosure may be implemented in hardware, processor-executed software, or combinations thereof, in order to provide the VFD capacitor fault detection functionality described herein, and may be employed in any power conversion system including but not limited to the above illustrated systems.
At 202 in FIG. 10, the feedback system 118 measures the neutral current and/or neutral voltage (e.g., neutral-to-ground voltage in one example) of one or both of the neutral nodes NI, NO. At 204, capacitor fault detection circuit 144c extracts a measured fundamental frequency component FCMEASURED from the neutral feedback signal(s) or value(s) 118a at a fundamental frequency of the AC electrical input power. In certain embodiments, the fundamental frequency component extraction at 204 includes performing digital filtering on the neutral feedback signal(s) or value(s) 118a. In certain embodiments, moreover, the capacitor fault detection circuit 144c may perform a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on one or more neutral feedback signal(s) or value(s) 118a at 204 to extract the measured fundamental frequency component FCMEASURED.
At 206 and 208, the capacitor fault detection circuit 144c determines whether a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the filter capacitors Ci, Cm based at least partially on the measured fundamental frequency component FCMEASURED by any suitable technique. In one embodiment, the fault detection circuit 144c determines a fundamental component change value ΔFC at 206 by subtracting the measured fundamental frequency component FCMEASURED from a no-fault fundamental frequency component value FCNO-FAULT (e.g., using a corresponding table as shown above, which may be stored in memory of the controller 140). The fault detection circuit 144c in this example compares the fundamental component change value ΔFC to a threshold value TH at 208 and determines that a fault condition is suspected (YES at 208) in at least one of the filter capacitors Ci, Cm if the fundamental component change value ΔFC is greater that the threshold value TH. In one example, a threshold TH can be established at a suitable value less than the difference between the fault condition FCMEASURED values and the no-fault fundamental frequency component values FCNO-FAULT from the table above, and then used in detecting capacitor faults. If no fault is detected (NO at 208), the process repeats at 202-208 to continue monitoring the capacitor status. If a fault is detected, moreover, the fault detection circuit 144c in certain embodiments may signal detection of a fault at 210, for example, as a signal or message to the controller 140 or external system (not shown), and the fault detection circuit 144c and/or the controller 140 may thereupon shut the drive down or take other preprogrammed remedial action at 212.
In accordance with further aspects of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer readable medium is provided, such as a computer memory, a memory within a power converter control system (e.g., switch control system 140 in FIGS. 1 and 11 above, a CD-ROM, floppy disk, flash drive, database, server, computer, etc.) which has computer executable instructions for performing the process steps of FIG. 10.
Referring also to FIG. 11, the fault detection circuit 144c and the above techniques can be implemented in voltage source converter (VSC) type variable frequency drives 110a, which operate generally as described above, with the intermediate DC link circuit 150 including one or more link capacitors CDC instead of a link choke. In this example, moreover, the input filter circuit 112 includes LCL type filters (e.g., similar to FIG. 3 above) for each line with two inductors Li1 and Li2 in each line, and the output filter circuit 113 includes output inductors Lo connected in each output phase line in an LC filter configuration (e.g., FIG. 2).
Referring also to FIG. 12, a graph 180 illustrates a curve 182 showing percent current unbalance fault suspicion threshold values as a function of motor current in a D2D VFD. In accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosure, the capacitor fault detection circuit 144c or other component of the switch control system 140 monitors the VFD line currents from the input source 111, for example, based on one or more feedback signals 118a from the feedback system 118. The control system 140 calculates at least one input current unbalance value, for example, a percentage calculated according to all the monitored input phase line currents. The capacitor fault detection circuit 144c in certain embodiments determines whether a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the input filter capacitors Ci at least partially based on the input current unbalance value(s). In certain embodiments, the fault suspicion determination is based on both the measured fundamental frequency component FCMEASURED and the input current unbalance value(s). In other embodiments, either of these considerations can be used by the fault detection circuit 144c to determine whether a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the input filter capacitors Ci, for example by any suitable technique. In other embodiments, any or all of the measured neutral voltage(s) and/or current(s), the measured fundamental frequency component FCMEASURED, and/or the input current unbalance value(s) can be used to determine whether a capacitor fault condition is suspected. As shown in the right-most column of Table 1 above, for instance, the fault detection circuit 144c compares the sensed unbalance (e.g., percentage in one example) to the fault unbalance threshold value (e.g., corresponding value of curve 182 in FIG. 12 or the value from Table 1, using interpolation as needed). In such embodiments, if the sensed current unbalance value exceeds the threshold, the fault detection circuit 144c determines that a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the input filter capacitors Ci. In this regard, under normal conditions, the unbalance will generally be zero, and when an input capacitor fault occurs, the unbalance level changes, and this change can be used by the controller 140 to detect a suspected capacitor failure.
The above examples are merely illustrative of several possible embodiments of various aspects of the present disclosure, wherein equivalent alterations and/or modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon reading and understanding this specification and the annexed drawings. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components (assemblies, devices, systems, circuits, and the like), the terms (including a reference to a “means”) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component, such as hardware, processor-executed software, or combinations thereof, which performs the specified function of the described component (i.e., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure which performs the function in the illustrated implementations of the disclosure. In addition, although a particular feature of the disclosure may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular application. Also, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in the detailed description and/or in the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising”.

## Claims

1. A variable frequency drive for powering a load, comprising:
a rectifier comprising an AC input having a plurality of AC input nodes to receive AC electrical input power, a DC output with first and second DC output nodes, and a rectifier network coupled between the AC input nodes and the DC output nodes and providing rectified DC electrical power at the DC output nodes;
an intermediate DC circuit comprising first and second DC current paths and at least one electrical storage component;
an inverter comprising an AC output with a plurality of AC output nodes for supplying power to a load, and an inverter switching network comprising a plurality of inverter switching devices individually coupled between one of the DC current paths of the intermediate DC circuit and one of the AC output nodes, the inverter switching devices individually operable to selectively electrically couple the corresponding DC current path with the corresponding AC output node according to a corresponding inverter switching control signal to provide variable frequency AC electrical power to the load;
at least one filter circuit comprising a plurality of filter capacitors coupled to a neutral node;
a feedback circuit providing at least one neutral feedback signal or value based on a sensed condition of the neutral node;
a control system, with an inverter control component operative to provide the inverter switching control signals to cause the inverter to selectively convert DC current from the intermediate DC circuit to provide AC electrical power to the AC output according to at least one setpoint signal or value; and
a capacitor fault detection circuit receiving the at least one neutral feedback signal or value from the feedback circuit and operative to extract a measured fundamental frequency component from the at least one neutral feedback signal or value at a fundamental frequency of the AC electrical input power, and to determine whether a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the filter capacitors based at least partially on the measured fundamental frequency component.

2. The variable frequency drive of claim 1, where the capacitor fault detection circuit is operative to determine a fundamental component change value by subtracting the measured fundamental frequency component from a no-fault fundamental frequency component value and to determine whether a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the filter capacitors based at least partially on the fundamental component change value.

3. The variable frequency drive of claim 2, where the capacitor fault detection circuit is operative to compare the fundamental component change value to a threshold value and to determine that a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the filter capacitors if the fundamental component change value is greater that the threshold value.

4. The variable frequency drive of claim 3, where the capacitor fault detection circuit is operative to perform digital filtering on the at least one neutral feedback signal or value to extract the measured fundamental frequency component from the at least one neutral feedback signal or value at the fundamental frequency of the AC electrical input power.

5. The variable frequency drive of claim 3, where the capacitor fault detection circuit is operative to perform a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the at least one neutral feedback signal or value to extract the measured fundamental frequency component from the at least one neutral feedback signal or value at the fundamental frequency of the AC electrical input power.

6. The variable frequency drive of claim 2, where the capacitor fault detection circuit is operative to perform digital filtering on the at least one neutral feedback signal or value to extract the measured fundamental frequency component from the at least one neutral feedback signal or value at the fundamental frequency of the AC electrical input power.

7. The variable frequency drive of claim 2, where the capacitor fault detection circuit is operative to perform a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the at least one neutral feedback signal or value to extract the measured fundamental frequency component from the at least one neutral feedback signal or value at the fundamental frequency of the AC electrical input power.

8. The variable frequency drive of claim 2, where the feedback circuit is operative to provide at least one neutral feedback signal or value based on a sensed voltage of the neutral node.

9. The variable frequency drive of claim 8, where the feedback circuit is operative to provide at least one neutral feedback signal or value based on a sensed current of the neutral node.

10. The variable frequency drive of claim 2, where the feedback circuit is operative to provide at least one neutral feedback signal or value based on a sensed current of the neutral node.

11. The variable frequency drive of claim 2, where the at least one filter circuit includes an input filter circuit comprising a plurality of input filter capacitors coupled to an input neutral node.

12. The variable frequency drive of claim 11, where the at least one filter circuit includes an output filter circuit comprising a plurality of output filter capacitors coupled to an output neutral node.

13. The variable frequency drive of claim 2, where the at least one filter circuit includes an output filter circuit comprising a plurality of output filter capacitors coupled to an output neutral node.

14. The variable frequency drive of claim 1, where the capacitor fault detection circuit is operative to perform digital filtering on the at least one neutral feedback signal or value to extract the measured fundamental frequency component from the at least one neutral feedback signal or value at the fundamental frequency of the AC electrical input power.

15. The variable frequency drive of claim 1, where the capacitor fault detection circuit is operative to perform a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the at least one neutral feedback signal or value to extract the measured fundamental frequency component from the at least one neutral feedback signal or value at the fundamental frequency of the AC electrical input power.

16. The variable frequency drive of claim 1, where the feedback circuit is operative to provide at least one neutral feedback signal or value based on a sensed voltage of the neutral node.

17. The variable frequency drive of claim 1, where the feedback circuit is operative to provide at least one neutral feedback signal or value based on a sensed current of the neutral node.

18. The variable frequency drive of claim 1, where the at least one filter circuit includes an input filter circuit comprising a plurality of input filter capacitors coupled to an input neutral node.

19. The variable frequency drive of claim 1, where the at least one filter circuit includes an output filter circuit comprising a plurality of output filter capacitors coupled to an output neutral node.

20. The variable frequency drive of claim 1, where the rectifier, the intermediate DC circuit, and the inverter form a current source converter.

21. The variable frequency drive of claim 20, where the rectifier is an active rectifier comprising a rectifier switching network including a plurality of rectifier switching devices individually coupled between one of the AC input nodes and one of the first and second DC output nodes, the rectifier switching devices individually operable to selectively couple the AC input node with the corresponding DC output node according to a corresponding rectifier switching control signal; and where the switch control system comprises a rectifier control component operative to provide the rectifier switching control signals to convert AC electrical input power to provide regulated DC power to the intermediate DC circuit.

22. The variable frequency drive of claim 1, where the rectifier is an active rectifier comprising a rectifier switching network including a plurality of rectifier switching devices individually coupled between one of the AC input nodes and one of the first and second DC output nodes, the rectifier switching devices individually operable to selectively couple the AC input node with the corresponding DC output node according to a corresponding rectifier switching control signal; and where the switch control system comprises a rectifier control component operative to provide the rectifier switching control signals to convert AC electrical input power to provide regulated DC power to the intermediate DC circuit.

23. The variable frequency drive of claim 1, where the capacitor fault detection circuit is operative to determine whether a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the filter capacitors based at least partially on at least one input current unbalance value associated with the AC electrical input power.

24. A method for detecting filter capacitor faults in a variable frequency drive, the method comprising:
measuring at least one condition of a neutral node coupled to a plurality of filter capacitors of at least one filter circuit of a variable frequency drive;
extracting a measured fundamental frequency component from the at least one measured neutral condition at a fundamental frequency of AC electrical input power provided to the variable frequency drive; and
determining whether a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the filter capacitors based at least partially on the measured fundamental frequency component.

25. The method of claim 24, where determining whether a fault condition is suspected comprises:
subtracting the measured fundamental frequency component from a no-fault fundamental frequency component value to determine a fundamental component change value; and
determining whether a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the filter capacitors based at least partially on the fundamental component change value.

26. The method of claim 25, where determining whether a fault condition is suspected comprises:
comparing the fundamental component change value to a threshold value; and
determining that a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the filter capacitors if the fundamental component change value is greater that the threshold value.

27. The method of claim 24, where determining whether a fault condition is suspected comprises determining whether a fault condition is suspected based at least partially on an input current unbalance value or values associated with the AC electrical input power.

28. A non-transitory computer readable medium with computer executable instructions for detecting filter capacitor faults in a variable frequency drive, the computer readable medium comprising computer executable instructions for:
measuring at least one condition of a neutral node coupled to a plurality of filter capacitors of at least one filter circuit of a variable frequency drive;
extracting a measured fundamental frequency component from the at least one measured neutral condition at a fundamental frequency of AC electrical input power provided to the variable frequency drive; and
determining whether a fault condition is suspected in at least one of the filter capacitors based at least partially on the measured fundamental frequency component.