FILED 

 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 10/29/98 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

 [PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 97-3140

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 94-50372/LAC

SAMMY D. BARNES, and

RAY C. DUNLIN, et al.

Plaintiffs,

versus

JOHN H. DALTON, Secretary, Department of the Navy 

Defendant-Appellee.

MARK EVAN FREDERICK 

Appellant.

_______________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

_______________________

(October 29, 1998)

Before TJOFLAT, EDMONDSON and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

CARNES, Circuit Judge:
In the underlying case which gives rise to this appeal, the plaintiffs

asserted claims that they, and a class of persons they purported to represent,

were discriminated against by the defendant on the basis of their race. The

district court granted summary judgment for the defendant on both the plaintiffs’

individual and class claims. Following the entry of judgment for the defendant,

he moved to sanction plaintiffs’ counsel, Mark Evan Frederick and Sadie

Stewart, under 28 U.S.C. § 1927 and the court’s inherent power. The district

court granted defendant’s motion in part, awarding the defendant $70,620.20 as

sanctions against Frederick. After a rehearing on that issue, the court reduced

the award against Frederick to $10,000.00. He appeals from that decision. We

affirm.

Frederick filed this suit in November of 1994. The complaint alleged that

the plaintiffs and a putative class had been the victims of a pattern and practice

of racial discrimination and/or facially neutral practices which had an adverse

impact on black workers. Additionally, the complaint specifically alleged that

the plaintiffs had exhausted their administrative remedies. The defendant moved

to dismiss the suit contending, among other things, that the plaintiffs had failed

to exhaust their administrative remedies. In May of 1995, the district court

dismissed the suit on other grounds, finding that none of the named plaintiffs
3

had alleged any injury in fact and that service of process had never been

perfected upon the defendant to begin with. 

 Frederick filed an amended complaint on behalf of the plaintiffs later that

month. The amended complaint included the same allegations contained in the

initial complaint, but added disparate treatment claims on behalf of the named

plaintiffs. However, Frederick again failed to properly serve the defendant who

again moved to dismiss the complaint. In response, Frederick filed a motion for

a default judgment to which the defendant was forced to respond. Because

service had not been perfected upon the defendant, the court denied the motion

for default. Instead of dismissing the amended complaint, the district court gave

the plaintiffs additional time to perfect service upon the defendant. Frederick

filed a second amended complaint in August of 1995, and apparently perfected

service upon the defendant within the requisite period. The second amended

complaint was substantially identical to the first.

In October of 1995, the defendant moved for summary judgment on both

the plaintiffs’ individual claims and the class claims. To refute the plaintiffs’

pattern and practice and disparate impact claims, the defendant was forced to

hire an expert, Dr. Mary Dunn Baker, to perform a statistical analysis of the
4

racial composition of defendant’s workforce and to provide testimony. Shortly

after the defendant moved for summary judgment, Frederick withdrew as

counsel for the plaintiffs and Stewart was retained in his place. In July of 1996,

the district court granted summary judgment for the defendant on the class

claims, finding that (1) no class representative had a cognizable claim; (2) at no

time had a motion to certify the class been filed; and (3) in each of the

complaints the plaintiffs had failed to comply with local rule 23.1 which

required them to set forth detailed allegations of fact demonstrating that the

prerequisites to the maintenance of a class action (e.g., numerosity,

commonality, typicality, and adequacy) had been met. Then, in August of 1996,

the court granted summary judgment to the defendant on the plaintiffs’

individual claims, finding that none of them had timely exhausted their

administrative remedies. 

Following the entry of summary judgment, the defendant moved the

district court to sanction Frederick and Stewart in the amount of $70,620.20, that

amount being the cost to the defendant of Dr. Baker’s services and testimony.

The court noted that it was not clear whether it could award expert witness fees

as a sanction under 28 U.S.C. § 1927, but that it could do so under its inherent
5

power if plaintiffs’ counsel had acted in bad faith. The court found that the

following constituted bad faith conduct: (1) repeatedly filing a complaint

containing claims which plaintiffs’ counsel knew or should have known was

time-barred; (2) the repeated failure to perfect service upon the defendant

coupled with the filing and pursuit of a motion for default in spite of the

knowledge that service had not been perfected; (3) repeatedly filing a complaint

which did not comply with local rule 23.1; and (4) repeatedly filing a complaint

containing claims of pattern and practice and disparate impact racial

discrimination without any evidence to support such theories of recovery. 

With respect to the amount of sanctions sought by the defendant, the

district court found that: “Defendant incurred the fees and costs for Dr. Baker’s

declaration only because Plaintiffs, through Mr. Frederick, filed frivolous

allegations of adverse impact and a pattern and practice of discrimination which

were time-barred and/or had no basis in fact.” The court found that the bad faith

conduct which caused the defendant to incur those costs was attributable to

Frederick alone. Therefore, the court awarded the defendant $70,620.20 in

sanctions against Frederick. After a rehearing during which Frederick produced
6

his financial records for in-camera inspection, the court reduced the sanction to

$10,000.00.

We review a district court’s decision to impose sanctions under its

inherent power for an abuse of discretion. See Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501

U.S. 32, 55, 111 S. Ct. 2123, 2138 (1991). The key to unlocking a court’s

inherent power is a finding of bad faith. See In re Mroz, 65 F.3d 1567, 1575

(11th Cir. 1995). “A finding of bad faith is warranted where an attorney

knowingly or recklessly raises a frivolous argument, or argues a meritorious

claim for the purpose of harassing an opponent. A party also demonstrates bad

faith by delaying or disrupting the litigation or hampering enforcement of a court

order.” Primus Automotive Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Batarse, 115 F.3d 644, 649 (9th

Cir. 1997) (internal quotation and citation omitted).

As noted above, the district court found that a number of Frederick’s

actions in this case demonstrated bad faith. On appeal, he argues that none of

the cited conduct supports the district court’s finding. Specifically, Frederick

argues (1) that he had a good faith belief that the plaintiffs’ claims were not

time-barred under a continuing violation theory and/or that the plaintiffs’ claims

should have been construed as claims for relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, which
7

does not have an exhaustion of administrative remedies requirement, and (2) that

a 1993 EEOC report finding a manifest imbalance of minorities in high grade

positions in defendant’s workforce coupled with over twenty complaints of

racial discrimination from defendant’s employees provided Frederick with a

good-faith basis for pursuing the disparate impact and pattern and practice

claims. He does not, however, provide an explanation for his decision to pursue

a default judgment against the defendant in spite of the fact that he had not

properly served the defendant. Nor does he explain his repeated failure to

comply with local rule 23.1.

Our review of the record convinces us that Frederick handled this case in

an unprofessional manner. It is clear that throughout his involvement in this

case, Frederick frequently failed to follow the local and federal rules. We focus

our attention, however, on the allegedly frivolous disparate impact and pattern

and practice claims. Frederick’s pursuit of those claims caused the defendant

to incur the expenses to which the district court tied its award of sanctions.

Therefore, unless the district court abused its discretion by finding that

Frederick’s pursuit of those claims demonstrated bad faith, the award of

sanctions is due to be affirmed.
8

If particularly egregious, the pursuit of a claim without reasonable inquiry

into the underlying facts can be the basis for a finding of bad faith. See Mroz,

65 F.3d at 1576. The district court’s explanation of its finding that Frederick

had no basis in fact for repeatedly asserting the disparate impact and pattern and

practice claims was as follows:

[T]he court must conclude from Ms. Stewart’s failure to adduce any

evidence in opposition to Defendant’s summary judgment motions

that neither of Plaintiffs’ counsel ever had such evidence. Because

Mr. Frederick’s response to the [motion for sanctions] contains no

showing to the contrary, there is no weight to his argument that he

cannot be liable because he filed the lawsuit in good faith upon

information from his clients and withdrew prior to discovery.

Frederick argues that such deductive reasoning is improper. If Frederick had not

been given an independent opportunity to demonstrate that he had a reasonable

basis in fact for asserting the claims in question, we might agree. However,

Frederick was given such an opportunity but he failed to make any “showing to

the contrary.” Frederick has pointed to nothing in the record that was before the

district court which convinces us that the court’s conclusion was an abuse of

discretion. 

Frederick also contends that it was not within the power of the district

court to award the defendant Dr. Baker’s expert witness fees as a sanction. We
9

disagree. In Chambers, the Supreme Court stated: “Because of their very

potency, inherent powers must be exercised with restraint and discretion. A

primary aspect of that discretion is the ability to fashion an appropriate sanction

for conduct which abuses the judicial process.” 501 U.S. at 44-45, 111 S. Ct.

at 1232-33 (internal citation omitted) (emphasis added). See also Amsted Indus.

Inc. v. Buckeye Steel Castings Co., 23 F.3d 374, 377-78 (Fed. Cir. 1994)

(recognizing that under certain circumstances a court can award expert witness

fees as a sanction pursuant to its inherent power). Where, as here, the district

court fashions a sanction which is a direct response to the harm that the bad faith

conduct of the attorney causes, it is clearly acting within its discretion. 

For the foregoing reasons, the order of the district court awarding

sanctions in the amount of $10,000.00 against Mark Evan Frederick is

AFFIRMED.