2003 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

6-23-2003

Gross v. St Paul Fire

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 02-3177

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Recommended Citation

"Gross v. St Paul Fire" (2003). 2003 Decisions. Paper 442.

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NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

 

No. 02-3177

 

SHELDON GROSS; DEBORAH GROSS;

DURABLE GM PRODUCTS, INC.; FINCORE

INDUSTRIES, INC.; 999361 ONTARIO, INC.

Appellants

v.

ST. PAUL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE CO.;

BRECKLES INSURANCE BROKERS LIMITED

 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil Action No. 01-cv-01903)

District Judge: Honorable Berle M. Schiller

 

Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

April 24, 2003

Before: SCIRICA*, Chief Judge, AMBRO and GARTH, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: June 23, 2003)

 

OPINION

 

 

* Judge Scirica began his term as Chief Judge on May 4, 2003.
2

AMBRO, Circuit Judge

In this appeal we consider the interpretation of an insurance contract. We affirm

the District Court’s conclusion that the terms of the contract between Fincore Industries,

Inc. (“Fincore”) and St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company (“St. Paul”)

unambiguously limit Fincore’s right to recovery to $2.6 million and that St. Paul is

therefore entitled to summary judgment in its favor. 

1. Facts and Procedural History

Sheldon Gross is the Chief Executive Officer of Fincore, a Canadian corporation

that provides specialized paint services. In May 1997, Gross approached Breckles

Insurance Brokers (“Breckles”) in search of business insurance for Fincore. Breckles

negotiated a one-year policy for Fincore with St. Paul beginning June 18, 1997. The

business interruption coverage in the policy provided “for loss of gross profits and extra

expense because of the suspension of your operations.” The policy’s Limits of Coverage

provision stated that “[t]he most [St. Paul will] pay for loss in any event is the limit

shown in the Coverage Summary.” The Coverage Summary limit was $2.6 million. The

business indemnity period was defined by the policy as “the length of time that: begins

with the date of direct physical loss due to a covered cause of loss at the covered location,

when the gross profit of [the] business is reduced; and ends not later than 12 months

thereafter.”

Fincore renewed its policy with St. Paul in 1999, adding an endorsement that
3

increased its business profits indemnity period from 12 to 24 months. St. Paul required

Fincore to complete a Loss of Profits Worksheet. Sid Persaud, Fincore’s Chief Financial

Officer, completed that worksheet and provided the form to Breckles. Persaud testified at

his deposition that he told Breckles that Fincore wanted $2.6 million in coverage for each

of the two years in the business indemnity period. St. Paul denies that this request was

made, or if it was, that it knew of the request. The policy noted that the “Business Income

– Profits Indemnity Period is: 24 months” and the business interruption premium

increased from $4,700 to $6,632. Fincore renewed the policy, under the same terms, for

June 1999-June 2000.

In April 2000, Fincore suffered losses as a result of a fire at its Ontario, Canada

plant. Over the next twenty-four months, Fincore lost over $5.2 million as a result of the

interruption in business, largely from lost business contracts and lost rental monies. 

Fincore made a claim to St. Paul for $5.2 million, as under its reading of the policy it was

entitled to $2.6 million in business interruption loss coverage for each of the two years in

the business indemnity period. St. Paul paid Fincore only $2.6 million, as it claimed the

policy capped coverage at that amount for the entire two-year period. 

Fincore, Gross and other named insureds under the policy (hereinafter “plaintiffs”)

sued St. Paul to recover the $2.6 million in unpaid coverage to which they argued they

were entitled. Upon the order of the District Court, plaintiffs and St. Paul filed crossmotions for summary judgment. The District Court granted St. Paul’s motion for
 

1We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

 

2

“As indicated above, though, even if I did consider the application of Pennsylvania

law, this result would have been the same.” See District Court Op. at 8, reproduced in

Appellant Fincore’s brief at App. Vol. I at 10.

 

3We note in passing that the District Court considered Fincore’s choice-of-law

argument waived. We leave for another day further discussion whether the failure to raise

a choice-of-law issue before the District Court results in waiver of that issue before this

Court. Compare Parkway Baking Co., Inc. v. Freihofer Baking Co., 255 F.2d 641, 646

(3d Cir. 1958) with Nealy v. Club Med Mgmt. Servs., 63 F.3d 166, 180 n.10 (3d Cir.

1995) (en banc). 

4

summary judgment and dismissed the case. This appeal followed.1 

As we have instructed on other occasions, it is not Hoyle for the District Court to

enter an order that grants summary judgment and dismisses the complaint. See, e.g.,

Cheminor Drugs, Ltd. v. Ethyl Corp., 168 F.3d 119, 121 n.2 (3d Cir. 1999). Therefore,

we have reviewed the District Court’s order as a grant of summary judgment rather than

as a grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. 

2. Discussion

Plaintiffs argue that the District Court made various errors when ruling on the

cross-motions for summary judgment. The Court concluded that Pennsylvania choice of

law rules required it to apply the law of Canada to interpret the contract. Plaintiffs

contend that this was error and that Pennsylvania law should have been applied. We are

in agreement with the parties and with the District Court2 that both Canadian and

Pennsylvania law are substantively the same. That being so, we need not address any

argument relating to choice of law.3
5

Plaintiffs’ main contention, of course, is that the District Court should have

interpreted the contract to mean that Fincore is entitled to $2.6 million in business

interruption coverage per year. As plaintiffs note, if a provision is ambiguous, that

provision is interpreted to “giv[e] effect to the reasonable expectations of the parties.” 

Reid Crowther & Partners Ltd., [1993] S.C.R. 252. In addition, the contra proferentem

doctrine provides that an ambiguous provision is to be construed against the drafting party

– here the insurer. Id. Plaintiffs argue that the District Court erred in not applying these

principles to the insurance contract in this case and, had it done so, it would have

concluded that Fincore was entitled to $5.2 million from St. Paul. 

These principles of contract interpretation apply only if the terms of the contract

are ambiguous. The reasonable expectations of an insured are immaterial if the policy

limitations are plain; extrinsic evidence becomes meaningful only if the contract terms are

ambiguous. Id. The District Court concluded that the relevant contract provisions were

not ambiguous, and therefore that extrinsic evidence was irrelevant. We agree. As the

District Court noted, Fincore’s policy “unambiguously caps lost business income

coverage at $2.6 million.” The “Limits of Coverage” provision of the contract states that

the most St. Paul will “pay for loss in any one event is the limit shown in the coverage

summary.” The Coverage Summary explicitly caps business income profits at $2.6

million for the term of the policy. 

As further argument, plaintiffs point out that the policy and the other documents
6

they deem relevant demonstrate that Fincore, when renewing its policy, increased the

indemnity period from a 12-month term to a 24-month term. As defined in the policy, the

indemnity period is the period during which the insured can accrue compensable lost

income. The amendment to the indemnity period does not alter the coverage limit set

forth in the Coverage Summary, either explicitly or implicitly. That amendment means

that, if as a result of the fire, Fincore suffered damages of $1.2 million during the first 12

months after the fire and $1.4 million during the second 12 months after the fire, under

the original indemnity period Fincore would be entitled to recover only $1.2 million. 

Under the new indemnity period, Fincore would be entitled to recover the entire $2.6

million. The amendment does not mean, however, that Fincore is entitled to $5.2

million. Absent an amendment to the Coverage Summary, we cannot avoid the

conclusion that the language of the policy unambiguously limits Fincore’s recovery for

business interruption as a result of any one event to $2.6 million. 

Nor are we persuaded by an “examination of external signs and objective indicia”

to conclude that the language of the policy is ambiguous despite its apparent clarity. 

Northbrook Ins. Co. v. Kuljian Corp., 690 F.2d 368, 372 n.5 (3d Cir. 1982). 

 We agree with the District Court that a reasonable insured would not expect this contract

to commit to $5.2 in lost business income coverage. As the District Court persuasively

reasoned, the only party to whom Fincore even argues it indicated any desire for
 

4Breckles was an independent broker with whom Fincore dealt. Fincore had amended

its complaint on November 28, 2001 to add Breckles as a defendant, though it was

subsequently dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction. But both parties subsequently

stipulated that Fincore would not pursue its claim against St. Paul – a claim that was

based on the theory that Breckles was St. Paul’s agent – and in exchange St. Paul

dismissed its cross-claim against Breckles. See Supp. App. at 366. 

7

increasing the coverage limits is Breckles.4 Further, the worksheet that plaintiffs argue

provides proof of their desire for increased coverage shows only that they wished to

extend the period during which they could accrue losses, not that they wished to extend

the maximum amount recoverable. 

* * *

Because we conclude that the insurance policy unambiguously caps coverage for

Fincore at $2.6 million, we affirm the decision of the District Court to grant summary

judgment to St. Paul.

 

TO THE CLERK:

Please file the foregoing Opinion.

By the Court,

 /s/ Thomas L. Ambro 

 Circuit Judge