Filed 9/9/24 Zuo v. Select CAL Physical Therapy CA6

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

WENQIAN ZUO,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

SELECT CAL PHYSICAL THERAPY, 

P.C.,

Defendant and Respondent.

 H051913

 (Santa Clara County

 Super. Ct. No. 23CV411810)

Wenqian Zuo, representing herself, appeals from a judgment of dismissal after an 

order sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend. In her complaint, Zuo alleged that 

physical therapy treatments and exercises she received from Select CAL Physical 

Therapy, P.C., doing business as Select Physical Therapy (Select), to treat a frozen 

shoulder caused nerve and muscle injury. Select demurred, and the trial court sustained 

the demurrer with leave to amend. Zuo amended her complaint, and Select again 

demurred. The trial court sustained Select’s demurrer of the amended complaint without 

further leave to amend, ruling that the statute of limitations for medical malpractice

(Code Civ. Proc., § 340.5)1 barred Zuo’s sole cause of action.

For the reasons set forth below, we affirm the judgment.

1 Unspecified statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
2

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

A. Allegations in the Complaint and Amended Complaint2

Zuo’s complaint and amended complaint alleged that in December 2018 she 

worked in a factory and suffered a work-related shoulder injury, leading to a frozen left 

shoulder. She has not been employed since her injury. 

In May 2019, Zuo had surgery on her left shoulder. Zuo alleged that she had only 

the following injuries prior to commencing physical therapy: “a torn supraspinator 

muscle, inflammation on both [d]eltoid and [s]upraspinatus, [and] a depressed sub-

[c]rominal space.” Prior to undergoing physical therapy, Zuo felt weakness in her left 

arm and shoulder and pain on her left side when turning while lying down. 

Zuo had two physical therapy sessions with Select in June 2019. She alleged that, 

although physical therapy was “pretty effective” and helped release her frozen shoulder, 

“[o]ne of [the] physical therapy exercises caused strong pain.” Zuo alleged that she only 

did “light housework” after leaving her job at the factory and receiving physical therapy. 

Zuo believed that the physical therapy “damage[d]” her deltoid muscle and the back of 

her left shoulder. She alleged that, even though she “knew the torn [d]eltoid was from 

[p]hysical [t]herapy before,” it was difficult for her to ascertain the additional damage 

“caused” by physical therapy. 

2 Our summary of the facts is drawn from the allegations in Zuo’s complaint filed 

on March 6, 2023, and her amended complaint filed on July 26, 2023. “In reviewing a 

ruling sustaining a demurrer without leave to amend, we assume the truth of the properly 

pleaded factual allegations and the matters properly subject to judicial notice.” 

(Committee for Sound Water & Land Development v. City of Seaside (2022) 79 

Cal.App.5th 389, 393–394.) We do not, however, assume the truth of “ ‘ “contentions, 

deductions or conclusions of fact or law.” ’ ” (Evans v. City of Berkeley (2006) 38 

Cal.4th 1, 6.) The record indicates that the trial court took judicial notice of Zuo’s 

answers to form interrogatories. However, this document does not appear in the record 

before us, and we do not rely on it.
3

Zuo alleged that in early 2022 she began to feel back and neck strain, which led 

her to undergo an X-ray in February3and an MRI in May. She alleged the May 2022 

MRI showed unspecified damage to her deltoid and her “back of shoulder muscle.” 

B. Procedural Background

On March 6, 2023, Zuo filed a complaint against Select and submitted a letter to 

the trial court seeking the court’s assistance. The court treated her filing as a complaint 

alleging medical malpractice. In her complaint, Zuo alleged that one of the physical 

therapy exercises she did in 2019 caused “strong pain” in her deltoid muscles and “back 

of shoulder muscle” and that those muscles “gradually die[d].” To explain her delay in 

filing the complaint, she stated that she had been waiting for the result of a worker’s 

compensation claim because she hoped worker’s compensation would pay for “most of” 

or “all” of her expenses related to her shoulder injuries. She noted that her employer and 

insurance were “still refus[ing] to compensate” her “[a]fter more than 3 years[’] effort.” 

Select demurred, asserting that Zuo’s complaint was time-barred because it had 

been more than three years since she received the physical therapy treatments she 

claimed caused her injuries (§ 340.5). Zuo did not file an opposition to Select’s 

demurrer. The trial court sustained the demurrer but granted Zuo leave to amend her 

complaint. 

Zuo timely filed an amended complaint. She alleged that she had had physical 

therapy in June 2019 and, although she found the treatments effective for addressing her 

frozen shoulder, they caused damage to her deltoid muscles and to the back of her left 

shoulder. Although she acknowledged that she “knew the torn [d]eltoid was from 

[p]hysical [t]herapy before,” she alleged that she did not file her complaint until 2023 

because she “did not realize” the extent of her injuries until she received X-ray and MRI

3

In her appellate brief, Zuo asserts that the February 2022 X-ray showed she had 

dead pectoralis minor nerves. Zuo’s complaint does not contain this information.
4

results in February and May 2022 and thereafter conducted “intense study” on the 

Internet. 

Select again demurred. Select asserted the amended complaint was barred by the 

statute of limitations (§ 340.5), failed to state a cause of action (§ 430.10, subd. (e)), and 

was uncertain (§ 430.10, subd. (f)). Select requested the trial court sustain the demurrer 

without leave to amend because Zuo “demonstrated an inability to properly amend her 

[c]omplaint.” 

Zuo filed an opposition to the demurrer, a subsequent letter, and two additional 

filings. Zuo argued that the statute of limitations should not be calculated from June 

2019 because, although she knew physical therapy had caused a torn deltoid, she was not 

aware until later that it had caused further damage, namely, a torn supraspinatus muscle 

and a tilted shoulder blade. Due to preexisting pain in her shoulder, she assumed that the 

pain she experienced was the result of the injury she sustained at work and not because of

physical therapy. She stated that she did not understand the medical imaging results at 

that time and suggested that her doctors either did not explain the results to her or did not 

provide explanations sufficient for her to understand the results. Zuo claimed that she 

only deduced that physical therapy caused her injury after conducting “intense study [on 

the] [I]nternet” and acknowledged that expert analysis is required to determine whether 

physical therapy by Select in fact caused her injuries.

On December 13, 2023, the trial court issued a written order sustaining Select’s 

demurrer without leave to amend. The court determined that, based on the allegations in 

her amended complaint, Zuo suffered her injuries during physical therapy in June 2019. 

The court based its conclusion on Zuo’s “repeated[] state[ments] that she suffered 

extreme pain during the exercises,” which it characterized as “the moment [Zuo] 

discover[ed] the harm caused by the alleged negligence.” The court decided that, under 

case authority such as Hills v. Aronsohn (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 753 (Hills), Garabet v. 

Superior Court (2007) 151 Cal.App.4th 1538 (Garabet), and McNall v. Summers (1994) 
5

25 Cal.App.4th 1300 (McNall), the statute of limitations “is not measured from when 

[Zuo] began to think it was the physical therapy that caused the pain, but when she first 

experienced that pain in June 2019.” The court found that the statute of limitations had 

run on Zuo’s claim of medical malpractice. (§ 340.5.) The court sustained the demurrer 

without leave to amend because “[l]eave to amend should not be granted when the 

pleadings show that the action is barred by the statute of limitations.” (Save Lafayette 

Trees v. City of Lafayette (2019) 32 Cal.App.5th 148, 154 (Save Lafayette Trees).) On 

January 19, 2024, the court entered a judgment dismissing Zuo’s action without 

prejudice. Zuo timely appealed the judgment.4

II. DISCUSSION

We understand Zuo to contend on appeal that the trial court erred in sustaining 

Select’s demurrer because the statute of limitations for medical malpractice had not run 

when she filed her amended complaint. She argues that her cause of action is not timebarred because she did not discover (1) the cause of her torn supraspinatus muscle until 

August 2023; (2) the injury to her pectoralis minor nerve until she saw the results of a 

February 2022 X-ray; and (3) her torn serratus muscle until 2023, which she asserts all 

fall within the three-year statute of limitations for medical malpractice claims. Zuo does 

not contend the trial court erred in denying her leave to further amend her complaint. 

Select counters that Zuo’s 2023 amended complaint is time-barred because she 

asserted that she felt pain during and after physical therapy in June 2019 and that those 

treatments caused her injuries. Select also reiterates its claims on demurrer that her 

amended complaint is deficient on the grounds that it does not state a cause of action and 

is uncertain. In addition, Select challenges Zuo’s citations to medical records that do not 

4 On January 24, 2024, Zuo filed a motion to vacate the trial court’s judgment, 

which the trial court subsequently denied. Zuo does not appeal the trial court’s order 

denying her motion to vacate.
6

appear in the appellate record and contends that Zuo’s claims on appeal are forfeited due 

to the absence of citations to the record in her briefing. 

In reply, Zuo concedes that a cause of action based on her torn deltoid muscle is 

time-barred. However, she maintains the cause of action based on her other injuries was 

timely filed. She also contends that “[a]ll the medical evidence[] [she] referenced [] in 

[her] opening brief” had been “mentioned before the trial court” and is “not new medical 

evidence.” 

A. Applicable Law

1. Medical Malpractice and Statute of Limitations

“ ‘The elements of a cause of action for medical malpractice are: (1) a duty to use 

such skill, prudence, and diligence as other members of the profession commonly possess 

and exercise; (2) a breach of the duty; (3) a proximate causal connection between the 

negligent conduct and the injury; and (4) resulting loss or damage.’ ” (Lattimore v. 

Dickey (2015) 239 Cal.App.4th 959, 968.)

In a cause of action for medical malpractice, the statute of limitations is “three 

years after the date of injury or one year after the plaintiff discovers, or through the use of 

reasonable diligence should have discovered, the injury, whichever occurs first. In no 

event shall the time for commencement of legal action exceed three years unless tolled 

for any of the following: (1) upon proof of fraud, (2) intentional concealment, or (3) the 

presence of a foreign body, which has no therapeutic or diagnostic purpose or effect, in 

the person of the injured person.” (§ 340.5.) 

Injury is “ ‘ “damage which has clearly surfaced and is noticeable.” ’ ” (Garabet, 

supra, 151 Cal.App.4th at p. 1550.) “Once the damaging effect of the alleged wrongful 

act is apparent, the statute [of limitations] is activated. This event may occur even 

without the knowledge that negligence was the cause of the injury.” (Hills, supra, 152 

Cal.App.3d at p. 762, fn. omitted.)
7

“The three-year limitations period of section 340.5 provides an outer limit which 

terminates all malpractice liability and it commences to run when the patient is aware of 

the physical manifestation of her injury without regard to awareness of the negligent 

cause.” (Hills, supra, 152 Cal.App.3d at p. 760.) Although the one-year from discovery 

rule could “delay accrual of a cause of action, a potential plaintiff who suspects that an 

injury has been wrongfully caused must conduct a reasonable investigation of all 

potential causes of that injury.” (Fox v. Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc. (2005) 35 Cal.4th 

797, 808 (Fox).) “ ‘The applicable principle has been expressed as follows: “when the 

plaintiff has notice or information of circumstances to put a reasonable person on inquiry, 

or has the opportunity to obtain knowledge from sources open to his investigation . . . the 

statute commences to run.” ’ ” (Enfield v. Hunt (1984) 162 Cal.App.3d 302, 308

(Enfield).) 

A medical malpractice cause of action is not timely if only one of the limitations 

requirements is met because the statute “requires that the action be brought within the 

limitation which ‘occurs first.’ ” (Hills, supra, 152 Cal.App.3d at p. 758.) “To make it 

even more evident that a plaintiff must satisfy the requirements of both provisions, the 

statute further provides that ‘[i]n no event shall the time for commencement of legal 

action exceed three years.’ ” (Ibid.; Moore v. State Bd. of Control (2003) 112 

Cal.App.4th 371, 382.) Thus, even if the discovery rule delays accrual of a cause of 

action, section 340.5 “provides that the time for commencing an action shall ‘[i]n no 

event’ exceed three years unless ‘tolled’ on proof of fraud, intentional concealment, or 

the presence of a ‘foreign body’ in the injured person without therapeutic or diagnostic 

purpose.” (Russell v. Stanford University Hospital (1997) 15 Cal.4th 783, 785.)

2. Standard of Review and Principles of Appellate Review

We review de novo an order sustaining a demurrer. (Dominguez v. Bonta (2022) 

87 Cal.App.5th 389, 398.) When the trial court sustains a demurrer to an amended 

complaint, the appellate court may properly consider factual allegations in the prior 
8

complaints, but “ ‘ “[a] plaintiff may not discard factual allegations of a prior complaint, 

or avoid them by contradictory averments, in a superseding, amended pleading.” ’ ” 

(People ex rel. Gallegos v. Pacific Lumber Co. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 950, 957

(Gallegos).)

“ ‘A demurrer based on a statute of limitations will not lie where the action may 

be, but is not necessarily, barred. [Citation.] In order for the bar of the statute of 

limitations to be raised by demurrer, the defect must clearly and affirmatively appear on 

the face of the complaint; it is not enough that the complaint shows that the action may be 

barred.’ ” (Geneva Towers Ltd. Partnership v. City of San Francisco (2003) 29 Cal.4th 

769, 781 (Geneva); see also Guardian North Bay, Inc. v. Superior Court (2001) 94 

Cal.App.4th 963, 971–972.)

Moreover, “it is a fundamental principle of appellate procedure that a trial court 

judgment is ordinarily presumed to be correct and the burden is on an appellant to 

demonstrate, on the basis of the record presented to the appellate court, that the trial court 

committed an error that justifies reversal of the judgment.” (Jameson v. Desta (2018) 5 

Cal.5th 594, 608–609, citing Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d 557, 564.)

“To demonstrate error, appellant must present meaningful legal analysis supported 

by citations to authority and citations to facts in the record that support the claim of 

error.” (In re S.C. (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th 396, 408.) When an appellant asserts a point 

on appeal “ ‘but fails to support it with reasoned argument and citations to authority’ ” 

(Nelson v. Avondale Homeowners Assn. (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 857, 862) or fails to 

support it with appropriate record citations (In re Marriage of Fink (1979) 25 Cal.3d 877, 

887 (Fink); Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(C)),5this court may treat the point as 

forfeited. We are not required to search the record for error ourselves (Nwosu v. Uba

(2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 1229, 1246), and “[w]e are not bound to develop appellants’ 

5 Unspecified rule references are to the California Rules of Court.
9

arguments for them.” (In re Marriage of Falcone & Fyke (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 814, 

830 (Falcone & Fyke).) 

Appellate courts “generally do not take judicial notice of evidence not presented to 

the trial court. Rather, normally ‘when reviewing the correctness of a trial court’s 

judgment, an appellate court will consider only matters which were part of the record at 

the time the judgment was entered.’ ” (Vons Companies, Inc. v. Seabest Foods, Inc.

(1996) 14 Cal.4th 434, 444, fn. 3; USLIFE Savings & Loan Assn. v. National Surety 

Corp. (1981) 115 Cal.App.3d 336, 343 [“Facts, events, documents or other matters urged

by a party which are not admitted into evidence cannot be included in the record on 

appeal. They are outside the scope of review.”].) 

Self-represented litigants are subject to the same rules as litigants who are 

represented by legal counsel. (Rappleyea v. Campbell (1994) 8 Cal.4th 975, 984–985; 

Falcone & Fyke, supra, 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 830.) 

B. Analysis

1. Noncompliant Briefing

Zuo fails to support with citations to evidence in the record most of the factual 

assertions in her briefing. Her brief therefore does not comply with appellate court rules, 

which require parties to “[s]upport any reference to a matter in the record by a citation to 

the volume and page number of the record where the matter appears.” (Rule 

8.204(a)(1)(C); see also Fink, supra, 25 Cal.3d at p. 887.)

Zuo does occasionally cite to medical records (including X-rays and MRI images 

and doctors’, surgeon’s, and physical therapists’ notes) to support her claims regarding 

her injuries, and she asserts she “mentioned” this medical evidence before the trial court. 

Nonetheless, the record does not indicate that the trial court saw, admitted, or took 

judicial notice of any of the cited medical records. In addition, these medical records are 

not in the record before us. “[A] party’s brief cannot make arguments that rely on facts 

either outside the record or improperly included within it; statements in the briefs based 
10

on such matter are disregarded by an appellate court.” (Glassman v. Safeco Ins. Co. of 

America (2023) 90 Cal.App.5th 1281, 1310.)

Nevertheless, given that the parties have briefed the issues before us, we exercise 

our discretion to disregard Zuo’s noncompliance with the appellate briefing rules. (Rule 

8.204(e)(2)(C).) We will address the merits of whether Zuo’s complaint is barred by the 

statute of limitations but will not consider statements in Zuo’s briefs not supported by 

facts properly included the record.

2. Statute of Limitations

To avoid being time-barred by the statute of limitations, Zuo was required to bring 

her cause of action for medical malpractice “on the earlier date of three years after [her] 

injury or one year after [she] discovered the injury.”6 (Filosa v. Alagappan (2020) 59 

Cal.App.5th 772, 778 (Filosa).)

“An injury manifests,” and the three-year limitations period starts, “when damage 

is ‘evidenced in some significant fashion; when the damage has clearly surfaced and is 

noticeable.’ ” (Filosa, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at p. 779.) “For purposes of the one-year 

period, discovery of the injury means the plaintiff has discovered ‘both his or her injury 

and its negligent cause.’ ” (Ibid., italics added.) In such a situation, the plaintiff “ ‘need 

not be aware of either the specific facts or the actual negligent cause of the injury. 

[Citation.] If the plaintiff has notice or information of circumstances that would put a 

reasonable person on inquiry notice, the limitation period is activated.’ ” (Ibid., italics 

added.)

Although Zuo concedes that the statute of limitations has run on a cause of action 

based on her torn deltoid, she argues that she did not discover the torn supraspinatus 

muscle until she viewed the October 2020 MRI results or the dead pectoralis minor nerve 

until she viewed the February 2022 X-ray results. In addition, she felt her shoulder blade 

6 Zuo does not contend that any of the tolling provisions in section 340.5 apply 

here.
11

had tilted (it is not clear from the record when she discovered this injury), but she did not 

discover the torn serratus muscle resulting from the tilted shoulder blade until 2023. She 

further argues that she did not discover until August 2023 that the torn supraspinatus 

muscle was caused by physical therapy. She thus contends that her complaint was timely 

because it was filed within one to three years of her discovery of these injuries in X-ray 

and MRI images and within one year of her discovery of the cause of these injuries. 

Nevertheless, at least one of these contentions is based on medical records—the August 

2023 MRI—that postdate Zuo’s amended complaint and several others are based on 

medical records that are not in the record. Moreover, Zuo’s complaint and amended 

complaint did not contain any of this information.

Regardless, it is apparent from the face of the complaint and amended complaint, 

as well as the record before us, that Zuo experienced pain and was aware of injury to her 

left shoulder area during and following physical therapy in June 2019. She was unaware 

only of the specific impacted nerves and muscles (other than her deltoid) and the precise 

type of injury sustained (e.g., tear, nerve damage). Zuo expressly stated that she felt pain 

during physical therapy at Select in June 2019 and knew that she suffered a deltoid injury 

as a result. “That is sufficient to trigger the three-year period provided for in section 

340.5.” (McNall, supra, 25 Cal.App.4th at p. 1310.)

In addition, the pain Zuo experienced while doing the physical therapy exercises 

put her on notice that something was wrong and deserving of further inquiry. (See 

Enfield, supra, 162 Cal.App.3d at p. 308.) The statute of limitations requires she then 

“conduct a reasonable investigation of all potential causes of that injury.” (Fox, supra, 

35 Cal.4th at p. 808; Hills, supra, 152 Cal.App.3d at p. 760.)

Indeed, Zuo’s subsequent actions—seeking further X-rays and MRIs and 

conducting Internet research—show that she was concerned about the pain she continued 

to suffer. But there is nothing in her complaint and amended complaint to suggest that 

she took such further steps until almost three years after physical therapy, when she 
12

underwent an X-ray in February 2022 and an MRI in May 2022.7“[T]here is no medical 

evidence before the court establishing that a determination of malpractice could not have 

been made sooner.” (Enfield, supra, 162 Cal.App.3d at p. 309.)

Zuo also stated in her original complaint that she delayed bringing the cause of 

action because she had been waiting for the result of her worker’s compensation claim 

and had hoped her former employer and/or the insurance company would cover the costs 

associated with her injuries. Because they “still refuse[d] to compensate” her “[a]fter 

more than [three] years[’] effort,” she brought the medical malpractice cause of action 

against Select. Although Zuo later claimed in her amended complaint that her delay in 

filing was because she did not discover until 2022 that physical therapy caused further 

injuries (and not because of the lack of workers’ compensation), she “ ‘ “may not discard 

factual allegations of a prior complaint,” ’ ” or avoid her earlier assertion by making 

“ ‘ “contradictory averments [] in a superseding, amended pleading.” ’ ” (Gallegos, 

supra, 158 Cal.App.4th at p. 957.)

Ultimately, “[i]rrespective of the one-year provision of section 340.5, its threeyear provision ‘provides an outer limit which terminates all malpractice liability and it 

commences to run when the patient is aware of the physical manifestations of her injury 

without regard to awareness of the negligent cause.’ ” (Artal v. Allen (2003) 111 

Cal.App.4th 273, 282.) Thus, even if Zuo had brought her action within one year of 

reasonable discovery, the fact that she did not “ ‘ “ ‘discover’ the negligent cause of her 

injury until more than three years after she first experience[d] harm from the injury” ’ ” 

means that her medical malpractice cause of action is nevertheless time-barred because 

she brought it after the three-year limitation had passed. (McNall, supra, 25 Cal.App.4th 

at p. 1308; Hills, supra, 152 Cal.App.3d at p. 758.)

7 Nor does the record suggest that she took any further steps until over six months 

after physical therapy, when she first underwent a further MRI scan in February 2020. 
13

Although we are sympathetic to Zuo’s description of ongoing pain for which she 

has not received compensation, it is clear from the face of the amended complaint that 

she suffered appreciable harm during and after physical therapy in June 2019. (See

Geneva, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 781.) Thus, her cause of action for medical malpractice is 

time-barred because the statute of limitations has run.8 (Filosa, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at 

p. 779.)

Zuo does not make any assertion that she could amend her complaint to “cure[]” 

the “defect” that renders her cause of action time-barred, nor do we believe she could do 

so without impermissibly making “ ‘ “contradictory averments.” ’ ” (Gallegos, supra, 

158 Cal.App.4th at p. 957.) Further, where a cause of action is time-barred pursuant to 

the applicable statute of limitations, it is not proper to grant leave to amend. (Save 

Lafayette Trees, supra, 32 Cal.App.5th at p. 154.) 

We decide the trial court did not err in sustaining the demurrer without leave to 

amend.

III. DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. In the interests of justice, the parties shall bear their 

own costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(5).)

8 Because we determine that Zuo’s action is time-barred, we need not address 

Select’s claims that her complaint fails to state a cause of action and is uncertain.
______________________________________

Danner, J.

WE CONCUR:

____________________________________

Bamattre-Manoukian, Acting P. J.

____________________________________

Wilson, J.

H051913

Zuo v. Select Cal Physical Therapy, P.C.