Filed 2/6/14 In re I.R. CA2/1 

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS 

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT 

DIVISION ONE 

In re I.R. et al. Persons Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law. 

 B250809 

 (Los Angeles County 

 Super. Ct. No. CK78139) 

LOS ANGELES COUNTY 

DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND 

FAMILY SERVICES, 

 Plaintiff and Respondent, 

 v. 

F.N., 

 Defendant and Appellant. 

 APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County. Carlos E. 

Vasquez, Judge. Affirmed. 

 Joseph T. Tavano, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant. 

 James F. Krattli, County Counsel, James M. Owens, Assistant County Counsel, 

and Sarah Vesecky, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent. 

____________________________ 
 2

The juvenile court adjudged minors I.R., born in 2006, and C.R., born in 2008, 

dependents of the court under Welfare and Institutions Code section 300, subdivision (b) 

(failure to protect).1 F.N. (Mother) appeals from the court’s order summarily denying 

without a hearing her third section 388 petition for modification of the court’s orders 

removing the minors from her care, placing them with family members, and terminating 

family reunification service. In her third section 388 petition, Mother requested that the 

minors be returned to her care or in the alternative that family reunification services be 

continued to allow her to continue to progress and reunify with the minors. 

Mother contends that the juvenile court erred in summarily denying without a 

hearing her third section 388 petition for modification because she presented prima facie 

evidence of changed circumstances and that the proposed change of order would promote 

the best interests of the minors. Because Mother showed, at best, changing rather than 

changed circumstances, and failed to show that the proposed change of order would 

promote the best interests of the minors, we conclude that the court did not abuse its 

discretion when it summarily denied her section 388 petition. E.R. (Father) is not a party 

to this appeal. We affirm the order of the court. 

BACKGROUND 

A. The section 300, subdivision (b) petition 

On July 14, 2009, police officers referred the family to the Department of Children 

and Family Services (DCFS) after arresting Mother for “cruelty” to the minors. Mother 

told the police that she had slapped the minors’ faces because Father was having affairs 

with maternal grandmother and maternal aunt S.N. She said “she did not want any 

children and only had the children because . . . [F]ather wanted children.” Mother did not 

appear to be mentally stable. 

The minors were detained from Mother and Father on July 15, 2009, and placed 

with S.N. and her husband A.N. On July 20, 2009, DCFS filed a section 300 petition, 

seeking to adjudge the minors dependent children of the juvenile court. Paragraph b-1 of 

1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code. 
 3

the petition concerned altercations between Father and Mother. As amended and 

sustained, paragraph b-1 alleged under section 300, subdivision (b) that Mother and 

Father had a history of engaging in verbal and physical altercations, including Father 

striking Mother on the face, resulting in Mother’s need for medical attention and Father 

being convicted of “inflicting injury to [M]other.” The domestic violence between 

Mother and Father placed the minors at risk of harm. 

Paragraph b-2 of the petition concerned Mother’s physical abuse of the minors in 

July 2009. As amended and sustained, paragraph b-2 alleged under section 300, 

subdivision (b) that on July 14, 2009, Mother inappropriately physically disciplined the 

minors by slapping their faces, inflicting redness. Mother’s conduct placed the minors at 

risk of harm. 

Paragraph b-3 of the petition concerned Father’s substance abuse. As amended 

and sustained, paragraph b-3 alleged under section 300, subdivision (b) that Father had an 

unresolved history of substance abuse, including use of methamphetamine, which 

periodically limited his ability to provide regular care for the minors, thereby placing 

them at risk of harm. 

The report presented by DCFS on July 20, 2009, in preparation for the detention 

hearing contained the following information. Mother told DCFS the following on 

July 15, 2009, at a team decision-making meeting (TDM). “Last month,” she argued 

with Father, accusing him of having an affair with maternal grandmother. When Father 

left home after the argument, Mother slapped the minors’ faces “out of anger.” When 

Father learned Mother had slapped the minors, he grabbed her face and told her that if 

she ever hurt the minors, he would call the police. On one occasion, after Father hit 

Mother in the eye, he was arrested by the police. Father has been high on crystal 

methamphetamine in the presence of the minors, but stopped using drugs two or three 

months earlier. Mother thought everyone was against her and out to get her. Mother 

wanted to buy a lie detector machine. 

Father told DCFS the following on July 14, 2009. Father believed Mother was 

depressed. “[T]wo months ago,” Father and Mother had become involved in a verbal 
 4

dispute. Father pushed, but not did hit, Mother’s face. Father left the family home for a 

few days. When he returned home, I.R. told him Mother had slapped him in the face. 

Previously, Father had been arrested for domestic violence for giving Mother a black eye 

and subsequently completed a domestic violence program. At the TDM, Father stated 

that at times he had been high on crystal methamphetamine while in the presence of the 

children. Both Mother and Father stated at the TDM that they argued in the presence of 

the minors. 

Maternal grandmother reported at the TDM on July 15, 2009, that Mother “has 

always had anger problems because [Mother] is always arguing with everyone.” She 

thought Mother had a mental health problem, partly because Mother believed that 

maternal grandmother was having a sexual relationship with Father, which was untrue. 

On July 14, 2009, S.N. told DCFS that Mother was suffering from postpartum 

depression; Mother believed Father was having an affair with maternal grandmother; 

Father had hit Mother; and Father had anger management and drug problems. 

A.N. reported at the TDM on July 15, 2009, that he noticed Mother had been 

acting aggressively toward maternal grandmother and maternal cousins for the past few 

months. 

Maternal cousin Yvette N. reported at the TDM on July 15, 2009, that Mother 

argued with everyone; believed everyone was out to get her; made statements that did not 

make sense; and once stood in the middle of an alley, “yelling and raising her arms and 

saying that she looks good and everyone is jealous of her.” She did not believe the 

minors were safe with Mother and Father. 

On July 20, 2009, the juvenile court detained the minors from Mother’s and 

Father’s care and ordered them placed with maternal aunt S.N. and her husband A.N. 

The report presented by DCFS on August 14, 2009, in preparation for the 

jurisdiction and dispositional hearing contained the following information. On August 5, 

2009, when DCFS interviewed Mother, she presented with a flat affect and answered 

questions very slowly with a low, calm voice. She stated that she had not sought prenatal 
 5

care because she was “too busy.” She stated that Father had yelled at her and thrown 

things around the house and that he had hit her in the face about three times. 

On August 5, 2009, Father told DCFS the following. He noticed a change in 

Mother after she gave birth to I.R. Father believed she was depressed and needed 

psychological assistance. When Father returned home after his fight with Mother, I.R. 

told him that Mother had hit him and Father noticed that I.R.’s and C.R.’s cheeks were 

red. Mother told Father that Father should treat her “good” if he wanted her to treat the 

minors “right.” Father told Mother that if she ever hurt the minors again he would call 

the police. Father started using crystal methamphetamine around 1999, on a weekly to 

monthly basis, and had last used drugs in 2008. 

DCFS interviewed S.N. on an undesignated date. She reported the following. She 

did not believe the minors were safe in Mother’s and Father’s care. After the minors 

were placed with S.N., Mother acted “strange” during visits. On August 5, 2009, Mother 

kept repeating the phrase, “‘Everything given to you is good.’” Mother “did not interact 

a lot” with the minors during visits and spent most of the time applying makeup or sitting 

by herself. The minors did not want to play with Mother but wanted to play with Father. 

Once, when Mother attempted to change C.R.’s diaper, C.R. began crying uncontrollably. 

On another occasion, Mother wiped C.R. very roughly when she had a diaper rash. After 

that, S.N. would not allow Mother to change C.R.’s diapers. 

DCFS submitted a report to the juvenile court dated October 2, 2009. It stated that 

in August 2009, maternal grandmother and S.N. had reported to the police and DCFS that 

Mother had called maternal grandmother, accused her of sleeping with Father, and said, 

“‘I am going to beat you up with a baseball bat until you are dead, when all of this is 

over.’” Maternal grandmother did not know why Mother would say these things to her 

and believed Mother had been under the influence of a controlled substance. Both 

maternal grandmother and S.N. were concerned that Mother would carry out her threats 

and harm them or the minors. 
 6

B. The jurisdictional and dispositional hearing 

On October 2, 2009, a jurisdictional and dispositional hearing was held. The 

juvenile court sustained the section 300 petition as amended, removed the minors from 

Mother’s and Father’s custody, declared the minors dependents of the court, and ordered 

DCFS to provide Mother and Father with family reunification services. Mother and 

Father were ordered to have monitored visits. Mother was ordered to complete parenting 

and anger management programs and to participate in individual counseling, addressing 

issues of domestic violence. Father was also ordered into programs. The minors were 

placed with S.N. and A.N. 

C. Mother’s instability continues 

 In April 2010, Mother was found guilty of violating Penal Code section 273a, 

subdivision (b) (willful injury to child) based on the slapping incident alleged in the 

section 300 petition, placed on summary probation, and ordered to complete a 52-week 

parenting program, a child abuse program, and a domestic violence program. Mother 

completed all three. 

However, Mother continued to demonstrate instability. Relatives reported on 

December 13, 2010, that Mother was being hospitalized and placed on a psychiatric hold 

for approximately 10 days after displaying “unstable mental health.” Later, it was 

determined that Mother was hospitalized from December 14, 2010, to December 22, 

2010. Relatives stated Mother wanted to take the minors to the beach at late hours; 

Mother made false accusations; Mother displayed poor insight and paranoia; Mother 

looked at relatives with a prolonged, “non-blinking,” intimidating stare; and Mother 

demonstrated poor ability to care for the minors. Mother’s maternal great-aunt, Maria N., 

with whom the minors had been re-placed, told DCFS that Mother was not taking her 

medication; had been psychologically unstable for the past two weeks; had tried to attack 

maternal grandmother; seemed to want to attack Maria N.; and accused relatives of 

posting naked pictures of her on the Internet. Mother denied the reports of her relatives. 

On January 13, 2011, relatives met with DCFS and reported that they suspected 

Mother was not taking the medication prescribed to her after her hospitalization. One 
 7

family member made a reference to “‘schizophrenia.’” DCFS was unable to assess 

Mother’s mental health because Mother refused to release the records of her 

hospitalization to DCFS and refused to state what medications she had been prescribed. 

Meanwhile, the minors were bonded to Maria N., well adjusted, developmentally on 

target, and in good health. 

On March 7, 2011, the juvenile court terminated the order requiring DCFS to 

place the minors outside Mother’s and Father’s care, and ordered the minors placed in the 

home of Mother on the condition Mother reside in Maria and Jorge N.’s home with the 

minors. 

On August 23, 2011, Mother’s therapist reported that Mother had been consistent 

with her therapy sessions and demonstrated interest in parenting. On August 23, 2011, 

the minors’ therapist reported that during conjoint sessions, Mother had difficulty in 

engaging and responding to the minors’ needs and emotional state. 

In February 2012, Mother’s therapist reported to DCFS that Mother was not 

always receptive to therapy, appeared to not “‘want to be here,’” was not always 

coherent, and was difficult to engage and inconsistent in her disclosures. Subsequently, 

Mother refused intensive services and did not follow through with referrals and 

instructions. Meanwhile, Mother had resumed her relationship with Father, who had 

tested positive for methamphetamine. 

Mother’s treating psychiatrist, Dr. Elizabeth Zaleski from LAC–U.S.C. Medical 

Center, reported on February 24, 2012, that Mother attended her appointments regularly, 

“has endorsed ongoing improvement to remission of her symptoms, and has reported a 

good level of functioning, as per her report of attending school full-time as well as taking 

care of her children.” Dr. Zaleski reported that Mother’s diagnosis was psychotic 

disorder, not otherwise specified, and adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct. 

Mother was prescribed two medications and “has been adhering to her medications and to 

the treatment plan as agreed upon with this physician.” 

On March 5, 2012, DCFS reported that Mother did not sleep in Maria N.’s home 

and maternal grandmother, who also resided in Maria N.’s home, provided primary care 
 8

to the minors. DCFS reported that Mother “escalates and appears impulsive, erratic, 

aggressive, verbally abusive, very suspicious with fragment thought; at times incoherent, 

and has been physically aggressive to other adults in the caregiver’s home.” Mother had 

pulled maternal grandmother’s hair and pushed Maria N. Maria N. and maternal 

grandmother stated that they no longer wanted Mother to live in their home. DCFS 

reported that during a TDM in February 2012, Mother insulted her relatives; used vulgar 

language; motioned with her open hand over Jorge N.’s nose; was out of control; and 

“appeared with difficulty to grasp concepts related to child safety and her role as the 

parent.” Security guards were required to escort the relatives to the parking lot from the 

meeting in order to protect them from Mother. Relatives expressed fear of Mother and 

stated they did not believe Mother could manage the minors, who would be unsafe in her 

care. DCFS stated “it is believed that [Mother] may not have been taking her medication 

consistently.” 

On April 16, 2012, Mother explained to DCFS that she had lost control at the 

TDM because, “[My] mother couldn’t guide me and I don’t understand why you would 

give my kids to her. They (parental relatives) didn’t support me emotionally and my 

mother didn’t support me or guide me the way a mother is supposed to. They are only 

interested in harming me. I would ignore them but they kept on getting involved in my 

life only to cause me harm. If they didn’t support me then how are they going to raise my 

kids?” Mother constantly repeated herself and asked the DCFS caseworker 10 times if 

she was taking notes. 

D. The section 342 petition 

On April 6, 2012, a previously filed section 342 petition having been dismissed, 

DCFS filed a section 342 petition. Under section 342, “In any case in which a minor has 

been found to be a person described by Section 300 and the petitioner alleges new facts 

or circumstances, other than those under which the original petition was sustained, 

sufficient to state that the minor is a person described in Section 300, the petitioner shall 

file a subsequent petition.” This section 342 petition was different from the previous one 
 9

in that the previous one was based on the “slapping” incident and other things, whereas 

the April 6, 2012 petition was based on Mother’s mental health and emotional problems. 

As amended and sustained, paragraph b-3 of the section 342 petition alleged that 

Mother had a history of mental and emotional problems. She was placed on a psychiatric 

hold on December 14, 2010, diagnosed with psychotic disorder not otherwise specified, 

and prescribed medication. Mother continued to display erratic and aggressive behavior 

toward family members, including pushing and yelling at maternal great-aunt Maria N. 

Other allegations made pursuant to section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b) were dismissed. 

On April 24, 2012, the juvenile court sustained the section 342 petition; terminated 

family reunification services; terminated the order placing the minors at the home of 

Mother; ordered DCFS to place the minors outside the care of Mother and Father; 

ordered Mother’s and Father’s visits to be monitored; and set a section 366.26 hearing to 

terminate parental rights and place the children permanently. 

E. The section 388 petitions

Subsequently, Mother filed three section 388 petitions, requesting that the minors 

be returned to her care or in the alternative that family reunification services be continued 

with the objective of allowing Mother to continue to progress and reunify with the 

minors. The juvenile court denied Mother’s three section 388 petitions. The events 

leading up to the court’s denial of the section 388 petitions are as follows. 

Mother filed the first section 388 petition on August 24, 2012, contending that 

circumstances had changed because she had addressed the case issues; her psychiatrist 

had changed her prescriptions; she had been responding very well to the new 

prescriptions; she had continued individual counseling; and she was learning about tools 

to deal with her mental health on a daily basis. Attached to the petition was a letter dated 

August 21, 2012, from Mother’s treating then-current psychiatrist, Dr. Mirza Baig, from 

LAC–USC Adult Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic, which stated that Mother had previously 

suffered from symptoms, including hallucinations, paranoid ideation, and “ideas of 

reference,” but that her symptoms had improved significantly, she reported no acute 
 10

psychiatric symptoms and was undergoing continued assessment and treatment at the 

clinic. 

The August 24, 2012 section 388 petition argued it was in the best interests of the 

minors to be placed in Mother’s custody because she had been visiting the minors 

consistently; the minors enjoyed their time with Mother; the most permanent placement 

was in Mother’s custody; and it was always in the best interests of the minors to place 

them in the most permanent placement. Mother requested the minors be returned to her 

care or in the alternative that family reunification services be continued, including 

unmonitored overnight visits. 

In connection with Mother’s August 24, 2012 petition, DCFS reported that Mother 

had difficulty engaging with I.R. during visits and when Mother pressured him for 

attention, he would cry. Mother’s counseling program had reported to DCFS that Mother 

had been terminated from the program on June 18, 2012, because she used 

“‘inappropriate’” language toward her therapist; was “‘highly resistant to identify goals; 

demonstrated no insight toward areas that need work.’” Mother had failed to follow 

program guidelines and conform to expected behavior, was resistant to establishing 

treatment goals regarding her relationship problems, and had demonstrated a lack of 

progress despite participating in individual counseling from March 2, 2010. Mother told 

her therapist she did not need therapy and only attended because she was required to do 

so by a court order. Mother’s therapist recommended that Mother seek comprehensive 

mental health services. 

Mother sought therapy elsewhere. The therapist at the new agency stated on 

August 15, 2012, that Mother “seems willing to make the necessary changes to be able to 

be reunified with her children,” but subsequently reported Mother demonstrated erratic 

behaviors, verbal altercations, poor sense of boundaries, fragmented thought process, 

verbal escalations, and an intense stare. The therapist reported that Mother “‘looked at 

me like she was going to kill me . . . I was afraid . . . she looked angry’” and that the 

agency might refer Mother out for more comprehensive services. 
 11

In a letter dated October 29, 2012, Mother’s treating psychiatrist, Dr. Baig, opined 

that Mother’s “psychotic symptoms have improved significantly, and resolved 

approximately 1–2 years ago from today’s date, 10/23/12. At this time, the patient is 

reporting no psychotic or acute psychiatric symptoms. . . . The current plan of care is to 

continue antipsychotic medication.” 

After hearing argument, the juvenile court denied Mother’s first section 388 

petition, concluding that she had not demonstrated either a change in circumstances or 

that the best interests of the minors would be promoted by the proposed change of order. 

The court noted that the original petition had been filed on July 20, 2009, three years 

previously. The court also continued the section 366.26 hearing to terminate parental 

rights in order to give DCFS time to complete an adoption home study, noting that 

neither Mother nor Father had provided the court with any evidence that termination of 

parental rights would be detrimental to the minors. 

Mother filed a second section 388 petition on February 26, 2013, contending that 

circumstances had changed because she had completed a job readiness training program; 

she had been treated at the Adult Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic at LAC–USC; and she had 

not experienced any setbacks for at least one year. The petition attached a letter from 

Mother’s treating psychiatrist, Dr. Baig, dated January 9, 2013, stating that Mother had 

regularly attended appointments; Mother had not had any known psychotic episodes for 

at least one year; antipsychotic treatment had been discontinued because Mother was 

stable and lacked symptoms; but there was concern for recurrence of symptoms which 

would be monitored during future appointments. A month later, Dr. Baig reported that 

Mother’s current diagnosis included schizophrenia, residual type. She reported, “The 

treatment recommendations include administration of antipsychotic medication in 

addition to supportive therapy. At the current time [Mother] refuses to undergo 

psychotropic treatment.” The treatment plan included encouragement of psychotropic 

use, regular follow-up appointments to monitor for active symptoms of psychosis, and 

psychosocial interventions as indicated. 
 12

The February 26, 2013 section 388 petition argued it was in the best interests of 

the minors to be placed in Mother’s custody because she had been visiting the minors 

consistently; the minors enjoyed their time with Mother; and the most permanent 

placement was in Mother’s custody. Mother requested the minors be returned to her care 

or in the alternative that family reunification services be continued, including 

unmonitored overnight visits. 

In connection with Mother’s February 26, 2013 petition, DCFS reported that in 

January 2013, Mother had to be escorted out of a meeting at a DCFS office because she 

was “difficult to engage.” In February 2013, Father told DCFS that at Mother’s 

insistence, Father had made inaccurate statements “‘as a witness.’” Maternal grandfather 

reported on April 2, 2013, that Mother had engaged in a verbal altercation with him. 

Maria N. reported that Mother had difficulty engaging with I.R. during visits; had 

unrealistic expectations for the minors; and could not sustain their attention. On 

October 24, 2012, Mother had enrolled in individual therapy with an agency that reported 

to DCFS on March 28, 2013 that it had become difficult to ascertain whether Mother was 

benefiting from her treatment because she denied responsibility for the case issues and 

demonstrated continuous emotional instability. The agency reported that Mother blamed 

others; relentlessly criticized “Case Authorities for not seeing the Case issues her way”; 

and did not want to take responsibility for the removal of the minors. The agency 

recommended Mother undergo an evaluation by a doctor under Evidence Code section 

730, which permits the trial court to appoint an expert to investigate, issue a report, and 

testify as an expert. 

On April 9, 2013, after hearing argument, the juvenile court denied Mother’s 

second section 388 petition, concluding that Mother failed to demonstrate either a change 

in circumstances or that the best interests of the minors would be promoted by the 

proposed change of order. The court stated that Mother had not provided DCFS with 

substantial proof of participation in or completion of her programs and had not addressed 

her mental health needs. 
 13

Mother filed her third section 388 petition on August 6, 2013, the same day that 

the section 366.26 hearing for termination of parental rights was scheduled to occur. The 

August 6, 2013 section 388 petition is the one at issue here. Mother contended that 

circumstances had changed because she continued to visit the minors, help them with 

their homework, and maintain employment. Mother attached a letter dated July 29, 2013, 

from a counselor at West Advisory Christian Counseling Center that stated that Mother 

was attending individual counseling sessions twice a week and that Mother had addressed 

case-related issues, such as domestic violence, physical abuse, anger management, 

emotional abuse, child abuse, child neglect, child endangerment, self-esteem issues, 

parenting, and other life skill techniques. The letter advised that Mother admitted to past 

negative behavior toward family members; Mother self-reported that she was using new 

learned techniques on a daily basis as coping mechanisms; and Mother stated she missed 

the minors and wished to provide for them. The letter noted that Mother seemed 

respectful and sincere; attended church; worked part time; and had started a paralegal 

internship. The letter indicated that Mother self-reported that she was taking her 

prescription medications on a daily basis, understood the importance of taking her 

medications, and that Mother’s therapist had not observed anything to make her think 

Mother would pose a risk to the minors. It recommended Mother continue with 

individual counseling to continue developing a clear understanding of family dynamics. 

The letter did not indicate how long Mother had been attending the program. 

The August 6, 2013 section 388 petition argued it was in the best interests of the 

minors to be placed in Mother’s custody because she had been visiting the minors 

consistently; it was best to keep siblings together in a permanent plan; and the most 

permanent placement was in Mother’s custody. Mother again requested the minors be 

returned to her care or in the alternative that family reunification services be continued to 

allow Mother to progress and reunify with the minors. 

In connection with Mother’s August 6, 2013 petition, DCFS stated that Mother 

was consistent with monitored visits. No major issues had been reported, but Mother 

continued to have difficulty engaging with I.R.; had unrealistic expectations for the 
 14

minors; and was unable to sustain their attention. At the time of the report, Mother had 

not contacted her caseworker and DCFS had not received any information regarding 

Mother’s compliance with treatment recommendations made in February 2013 by 

Mother’s treating psychiatrist, Dr. Baig. 

DCFS argued that the third section 388 petition was not timely and that because 

the section 366.26 hearing originally had been set in September 2012 and continued, the 

section 388 petition was “not really relevant at this point.” The minors’ counsel joined 

with DCFS, urging that the section 388 petition indicated at best that Mother was 

“making progress, not that the circumstances are completely changed and that it doesn’t 

allege why the children would be better situated in the home of . . . [M]other.” Mother’s 

counsel requested a hearing to address Mother’s progress and letters from Mother’s 

current counselor. The juvenile court concluded that the petition did not make a prima 

facie showing of a change in circumstances or a showing that the modification would be 

in the best interests of the minors and denied the petition without a hearing. 

F. The section 366.26 hearing 

The juvenile court conducted the section 366.26 hearing immediately after it 

summarily denied Mother’s third section 388 petition. DCFS reported that maternal 

great-aunt Maria N. and her husband Jorge N. wanted to adopt the minors and an 

adoption home study had been completed pending final administrative approval. After 

ordering Mother removed from the courtroom for engaging in disruptive behavior, raising 

her voice, and failing to comply with the court’s request to keep her voice down, the 

court terminated parental rights and freed the minors for adoption. Mother appealed. 

DISCUSSION 

The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in summarily denying Mother’s third 

section 388 petition 

Mother contends that she presented prima facie evidence to support an evidentiary 

hearing on her third section 388 petition and therefore the juvenile court’s summary 

denial of the August 6, 2013 petition was an abuse of discretion. We disagree. 
 15

Section 388, subdivision (a)(1) states in pertinent part: “Any parent or other 

person having an interest in a child who is a dependent child of the juvenile court . . . 

may, upon grounds of change of circumstance or new evidence, petition the court in the 

same action in which the child was found to be a dependent child of the juvenile court . . . 

for a hearing to change, modify, or set aside any order of court previously made or to 

terminate the jurisdiction of the court. The petition shall . . . set forth in concise language 

any change of circumstance or new evidence that is alleged to require the change of order 

or termination of jurisdiction.” Section 388, subdivision (d) provides: “If it appears that 

the best interests of the child . . . may be promoted by the proposed change of order, . . . 

the court shall order that a hearing be held and shall give prior notice . . . .” 

“[I]f the liberally construed allegations of the petition do not make a prima facie 

showing of changed circumstances and that the proposed change would promote the best 

interests of the child, the court need not order a hearing on the petition.” (In re Zachary 

G. (1999) 77 Cal.App.4th 799, 806.) “The prima facie requirement is not met unless the 

facts alleged, if supported by evidence given credit at the hearing, would sustain a 

favorable decision on the petition.” (Ibid.) We review the juvenile court’s order for 

abuse of discretion. (In re Casey D. (1999) 70 Cal.App.4th 38, 47.) Changed, not 

changing, circumstances must be demonstrated. (Ibid.) 

We conclude the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion by summarily denying 

Mother’s third section 388 petition without a hearing. Our review of Mother’s third 

section 388 petition, which was made on the same day as the scheduled section 366.26 

hearing, shows that she made general, conclusory allegations which failed to establish a 

prima facie showing of changed circumstances or that the proposed change of order 

would promote the best interests of the minors. (In re Edward H. (1996) 43 Cal.App.4th 

584, 593.) 

A. Changed circumstances 

Mother’s allegations that she continued to visit the minors, help them with their 

homework, and maintain employment simply are not evidence of changed circumstances. 

Nor is the letter dated July 29, 2013, from a therapist, which Mother claimed shows her 
 16

“successful and positive participation in counseling, as well as the therapist’s opinion 

[Mother] no longer posed a risk to her children.” Taken in the context of Mother’s long 

erratic history, they are only indications of a possible short-term improvement, which 

might or might not become sustained in the future. 

We disagree with Mother’s argument that the July 2013 letter “added much more 

than presented in her previous section 388 petition.” While Mother quotes extensively 

from the therapist’s letter, our examination of the letter shows that, at most, Mother’s 

treatment was in progress and had not been completed. The therapist’s letter did not 

indicate when Mother started the counseling program, but it seems likely that the sessions 

began only after the second section 388 petition had been denied in April 2013. 

Although the therapist opined that Mother seemed sincere, self-reported compliance with 

psychotropic medication, admitted to past negative behavior, and had attended counseling 

sessions twice a week, the therapist recommended that Mother “continue with individual 

counseling to continue developing a clear understanding of the family dynamics.” 

Further, the therapist did not affirmatively state that Mother no longer posed a risk to the 

minors, but stated only that she had not observed anything “during counseling sessions” 

that would make her think Mother would pose a risk to her children. 

Unfortunately, Mother has a long history of initially being compliant with 

counseling and addressing case issues; receiving positive reports and being compliant 

with psychotropic medications; then becoming angry, violent, inconsistent about 

disclosures, difficult to engage, and resistant to counseling and noncompliant with 

psychotropic medications. Mother had stated to one therapist that the only reason she 

was in counseling was because she was required by court order to do so. After initial 

cooperative behavior, Mother had intimidated a program administrator by “look[ing] at 

[her] like she was going to kill [her].” 

Even though Mother had self-reported to the current therapist that she was in 

compliance with her psychotropic medication, the therapist did not verify that 

information with Mother’s psychiatrist. In addition, Mother did not submit updated 

information from her psychiatrist, who had stated in February 2013 that Mother’s 
 17

diagnosis included schizophrenia and that she refused to undergo psychotropic treatment. 

Regrettably, Mother’s chronic, longstanding mental and emotional issues could only have 

been found to be resolved or mitigated after sustained and substantial success in 

treatment. Her third section 388 petition fell far short of this mark and did not add 

materially to the information that the juvenile court had before it at the April 2013 

hearing and the previous hearing on October 29, 2012. 

Nor are we convinced otherwise by Mother’s citation to In re Hashem H. (1996) 

45 Cal.App.4th 1791, where the appellate court reversed the juvenile court’s order 

denying the mother’s two section 388 petitions without a hearing. In that case, the 

appellate court held that the mother had made a prima facie showing of changed 

circumstances by establishing that her mental and emotional problems had been 

successfully resolved through therapy. There the mother had regularly and consistently 

participated in therapy for 18 months; maintained full-time employment; had a stable 

religious affiliation; had attached a letter from her therapist recommending that the minor 

be returned to her custody, describing in detail how the mother had worked on problem 

solving and parenting issues; had participated in successful weekly and overnight visits; 

had a network of friends who would assist her; and could provide a stable, predictable, 

and secure environment for the minor on a full-time basis. (Id. at pp. 1798, 1799.) 

The showing made by the mother in In re Hashem H. was far more extensive than 

Mother’s showing here. There the mother was able to demonstrate “that she had 

overcome her problems through conscientious and successful individual and conjoint 

counseling over a lengthy period of time; that she maintained a consistent relationship 

with her son, including weekly visitation; and that she filed written section 388 petitions 

before the date set for the section 366.26 hearing setting out these changed 

circumstances.” (In re Hashem H., supra, 45 Cal.App.4th at p. 1800.) In contrast, here 

Mother has offered a bare scintilla of proof of changing, not changed, circumstances. (In 

re Baby Boy L. (1994) 24 Cal.App.4th 596, 610 [mere prima facie showing of changing 

circumstances insufficient to justify hearing on section 388 petition after two years of 
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removal].) The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in finding Mother failed to 

make a prima facie showing of changed circumstances. 

B. Best interests of the minors 

Mother was also required to make a prima facie showing that the best interests of 

the minors would be promoted by placing them in her custody. We determine that the 

juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in concluding that she did not make such a 

prima facie showing. “[U]p until the time the section 366.26 hearing is set, the parent’s 

interest in reunification is given precedence over the child’s need for stability and 

permanency.” (In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 310.) However, after termination 

of reunification services, it is presumed that continued care is in the best interests of the 

child. (Ibid.) In her third section 388 petition, Mother merely reiterated the conclusory 

language from her first and second section 388 petitions that she had been visiting the 

minors consistently; it was best to keep siblings together in a permanent plan; and the 

most permanent placement was in Mother’s custody. 

At the time of the third section 388 petition, C.R. and I.R. had been removed from 

Mother’s care for most of their lives, after an unsuccessful attempt to place the minors in 

Mother’s care in 2011. Although Mother sometimes behaved properly on her visits with 

the minors, more often she was disengaged, rough in manner, and unable to interact 

properly with them. The latest report indicated that Mother had difficulty engaging with 

I.R., had unrealistic expectations of the minors, and could not sustain their attention. 

Even though Mother had over three years to reunify with them, she had never assumed a 

parental role to them after they had been removed from her care. Rather, maternal 

grandmother provided primary care for the minors. By the time of the section 366.26 

hearing, which had been continued from September 2012, the best interests of the minors, 

rather than reunification with the minors, had become the focus of the proceedings. The 

minors were thriving under the loving and supportive care of maternal great-aunt Maria 

N. and Jorge N., who wished to adopt them. Moreover, because the minors are to be 

placed with relatives, it is unlikely that the minors will be deprived absolutely of a 

relationship with Mother. We conclude that Mother did not show how the minors’ best 
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interests would be served by depriving them of a permanent, stable home in exchange for 

an uncertain future. 

Mother did not establish a prima facie showing of both a change of circumstances 

and that a change of order would be in the best interests of the minors. Accordingly, we 

conclude that the juvenile court did not err by denying Mother a hearing on her third 

section 388 petition. We need not address Mother’s contention that if we reverse the 

order denying her third section 388 petition, we must reverse the order terminating her 

parental rights. 

DISPOSITION 

The juvenile court’s August 6, 2013 order denying F.N.’s Welfare and Institutions 

Code section 388 petition is affirmed. 

 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED. 

 MILLER, J.*

We concur: 

ROTHSCHILD, Acting P. J. 

JOHNSON, J. 

* Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant 

to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.