[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 17-15083

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 9:17-cv-80360-DMM

THERESA PUSSINEN, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

TARGET CORPORATION, 

a foreign corporation, 

 Defendant - Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

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(May 16, 2018)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, NEWSOM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Theresa Pussinen appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in 

favor of Target Corporation on her negligence claim under Florida state law. 

Pussinen sustained personal injuries when she slipped and fell on a liquid 

substance while shopping at one of Target’s stores. After her lawsuit was removed 

to federal court based on diversity jurisdiction, the district court granted summary 

judgment to Target. On appeal, Pussinen challenges the court’s ruling that she 

failed to present the required evidence that Target had constructive knowledge of 

the slippery substance on the floor. After careful review, we agree with the district 

court and therefore affirm.

I

We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, 

construing the evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of Pussinen, 

the non-moving party. Carlson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc., 787 F.3d 

1313, 1317 (11th Cir. 2015). Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no 

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 

Pussinen’s negligence claim arises under Florida law, which is the 

substantive law that we apply in this diversity case. Carlson, 787 F.3d at 1326. In 

Florida, a person who “slips and falls on a transitory foreign substance in a 

business establishment ... must prove that the business establishment had actual or 

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constructive knowledge of the dangerous condition and should have taken action to 

remedy it.” Fla. Stat. § 768.0755(1).

Pussinen does not claim—and the evidence does not show—that Target had 

actual knowledge of the liquid substance on which she slipped. Thus, to prove her 

claim, Pussinen needed to prove that Target had constructive knowledge. Under 

Section 768.0755, “[c]onstructive knowledge may be proven by circumstantial 

evidence showing that: (a) The dangerous condition existed for such a length of 

time that, in the exercise of ordinary care, the business establishment should have 

known of the condition; or (b) The condition occurred with regularity and was 

therefore foreseeable.” Id. § 768.0755(1)(a)–(b). Pussinen relies on both prongs.

A

The first question is whether circumstantial evidence “give[s] rise to an 

inference that the foreign substance had been on the floor for a sufficient length of 

time to charge the store owner with constructive knowledge of its presence.” 

Montgomery v. Fla. Jitney Jungle Stores, Inc., 281 So. 2d 302, 306 (Fla. 1973). 

Circumstantial evidence of the passage of time may include “dirt, scuffing, or 

tracks in a substance.” Woods v. Winn Dixie Stores, Inc., 621 So. 2d 710, 711 (Fla. 

Dist. Ct. App. 1993). “[T]he mere presence of [a substance] on the floor is not 

enough to establish constructive notice.” Delgado v. Laundromax, Inc., 65 So. 3d 

1087, 1090 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2011).

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In the light most favorable to Pussinen, the evidence showed that on 

December 19, 2014, she slipped and fell on a liquid substance that was on the floor 

of a main aisle near the toy department in a Super Target store. She did not see the 

substance before slipping in it, and she concedes that the liquid was clear and had 

no track or dirt marks in it. Joshua Stevens, an employee working nearby, heard 

Pussinen fall and came to help. He later testified that Target is usually busy during 

the holidays and that the store was “short-staffed” that night. He further testified 

that he had not walked the aisle where Pussinen fell for at least 15 minutes before 

her fall. 

Those facts are not disputed, but the parties disagree about what permissible 

inferences may be drawn from them. Although Florida law provides the 

substantive rule of decision in this diversity case, we must decide the propriety of 

summary judgment “in accordance with the federal standards fixed in Rule 56[]” 

of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Lighting Fixture & Elec. Supply Co. v. 

Cont’l Ins. Co., 420 F.2d 1211, 1213 (5th Cir. 1969).1 An inference must be 

“reasonable” to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Daniels v. Twin Oaks 

Nursing Home, 692 F.2d 1321, 1326 (11th Cir. 1982). A reasonable inference is 

one that a “reasonable and fair-minded [person] in the exercise of impartial 

judgment might draw from the evidence.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 

 1 This Court adopted as binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions handed down before 

October 1, 1981. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc).

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Reasonable inferences may rest in part on conjecture, “for an inference by 

definition is at least partially conjectural.” Id. But a jury cannot be “allowed to 

engage in a degree of speculation and conjecture that renders its finding a guess or 

mere possibility.” Id. “Such an inference is infirm because it is not based on the 

evidence.” Id.

Pussinen cites the following “circumstantial evidence,” which she argues 

permits the inference that the liquid was on the floor for such a length of time that 

Target had constructive knowledge of its existence: (1) that the Super Target store 

contained a grocery section and café section that sold beverages for consumption 

in the store; (2) that the fall happened in the “toy department during the holiday 

season where children of all ages frequent with drinks and/or bottles”; (3) that the 

store was “short-staffed” that night; (4) that there was no video surveillance of the 

area of the fall; (5) that the “Leader on Duty” at the store that night “had no idea 

when someone had last walked that area”; (6) that Stevens testified that he had not 

walked by the area where Pussinen fell in the 15 minutes before the fall; and (7) 

that it was “uncertain whether there were markings in the water as Ms. Pussinen’s 

clothing soaked up most of the water.” Br. of Appellant at 21. 

We conclude that Pussinen’s evidence is not enough for a reasonable jury to

infer that the clear liquid substance “had been on the floor for a sufficient length of 

time to charge the store owner with constructive knowledge of its presence.” 

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Montgomery, 281 So. 2d at 306. Pussinen concedes that she “does not know how 

long the water [was] on the floor before she fell.” Br. of Appellant at 21. The only 

evidence she has presented regarding timing is the testimony of one employee—

Stevens—who testified that the last time he walked through the area where 

Pussinen fell was “more than fifteen minutes” before the fall. 

But a jury could not reasonably infer that the liquid was on the floor for 

more than fifteen minutes based solely on Stevens’ testimony. Pussinen does not 

contend that Stevens was the only employee working in the store that night, or 

even that he was the only employee working in that area of the store. Thus, that 

Stevens didn’t walk by the area of the fall in the 15 minutes before the incident

doesn’t mean that another employee didn’t. It therefore would be pure speculation 

for a jury to conclude, based solely on Stevens’ testimony, that no Target employee 

had inspected the area for more than 15 minutes, or that the liquid was on the floor 

for more than fifteen minutes before Pussinen’s fall. Cf. Miller v. Big C Trading, 

Inc., 641 So. 2d 911, 912 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1994) (“[T]he fact [that] there was no 

inspection for a given length of time in [and of] itself provides no proof that the 

[hazard] was actually there for a sufficient period to place a landowner on 

reasonable notice of its existence.”) (citation omitted).

Moreover, as the district court noted, “[e]veryone, including [Pussinen] 

testified that the liquid was clear and had no track or dirt marks in it.” 

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Accordingly, there were no signs of age that could support the inference that the 

liquid had been on the floor for such a length of time that Target should have 

known about it. In sum, the record lacks any evidence from which a reasonable 

jury could conclude that the liquid had been on the floor for a period long enough 

to charge Target with constructive knowledge.

B

The second question is whether circumstantial evidence gives rise to the 

inference that the “condition occurred with regularity and was therefore 

foreseeable.” Fla. Stat. § 768.0755(1)(b). Pussinen asserts, conclusorily, that it 

was “foreseeable that substances or items would appear on the floor in the 

particular area where [she] fell” for three reasons: (1) “Target knew that liquids, 

items, or substances would be found on the floor of the toy department during the 

holiday season”; (2) “a substance on the floor adjacent to toy department shelving, 

is undoubtedly a regular occurrence when the toy department is frequented by 

children of all ages, strollers, etc., during the holiday season”; and (3) “this was a 

Super Target which contained a grocery department as well as a café with 

beverages to purchase before or after shopping.” Br. of Appellant at 25. But that

string of assumptions does not satisfy Pussinen’s burden to present evidence that 

the condition leading to her fall “occurred with regularity.” We therefore agree 

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with the district court that Pussinen has not met her burden of proving constructive 

notice based on a regularly occurring condition.

II

For the reasons stated above, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment in favor of Target.

AFFIRMED.

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