05-6875-pr

Belot v. Burge

1

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

3 August Term, 2006

4 (Argued: April 11, 2007 Decided: June 20, 2007) 

5 

6 Docket No. 05-6875-pr

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8 JEAN M. BELOT, JR., 

9 Petitioner-Appellant,

10 -v.-

11 JOHN W. BURGE,

12 Respondent-Appellee.

13 

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16

17

18 Before: WINTER, LEVAL, and CABRANES, Circuit Judges.

19 Petitioner appeals from the denial of his petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C.

20 § 2254, seeking to overturn his New York State conviction for Criminal Possession of a Weapon in

21 the Third Degree. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Pauley,

22 J.) denied the petition as untimely. Petitioner argues that the district court should have excused the

23 lateness by equitable tolling. We affirm the judgment of the district court. 

24 BRIAN SHEPPARD, New Hyde Park, NY, for

25 Petitioner-Appellant.
2

1 BRIDGET RAHILLY STELLER, Chief Assistant

2 District Attorney of Dutchess County (William V.

3 Grady, District Attorney, on the brief), Poughkeepsie,

4 NY, for Respondent-Appellee.

5 LEVAL, Circuit Judge:

6 Petitioner Jean M. Belot appeals from the denial by the United States District Court for

7 the Southern District of New York (Pauley, J.), of his petition for writ of habeas corpus, seeking

8 to set aside his New York State conviction for Criminal Possession of a Weapon in the Third

9 Degree. The district court, following the recommendation of Magistrate Judge Michael H.

10 Dolinger, found that the petition was two days late and thus dismissed it as time-barred. See

11 Belot v. Burge, No. 03-civ-1478 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 19, 2005). Belot does not deny that his petition

12 was late, but argues that the district court should have given him the benefit of equitable tolling. 

13 We affirm the judgment of the district court.

14 BACKGROUND

15 Belot was indicted in the Supreme Court of New York for second-degree murder and

16 criminal possession of a weapon in the second and third degrees. The jury found him guilty of

17 criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, and not guilty on the other counts. The

18 court sentenced Belot, as a persistent violent felony offender, to an indeterminate prison term of

19 twenty years to life. 

20 After Belot was unsuccessful in his direct appeal, he filed a motion under New York

21 Criminal Procedure Law § 440.10 to vacate his judgment on March 30, 2001. That same day he

22 executed his first petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. On July 30, 2001, Belot moved to withdraw
1

 Judge Fox’s order stated the following:

11/1/99 New York Court of Appeals denies leave to appeal.

1/30/00 90 days to seek certiorari from U.S. Supreme Court lapses; oneyear limitation commences. Acosta v. Artuz, 221 F.3d 117, 120 (2d

Cir. 2000). 

8/23/00 Petitioner files coram nobis application in Appellate Division to

raise claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel; 206 days

have elapsed; tolling begins. Clark v. Stinson, 214 F.3d 315, 319

(2d Cir. 2000).

1/29/01 Appellate Division denies coram nobis application; tolling ends.

3/30/01 Petitioner notarizes § 440.10 application to the state trial court; 60

days have elapsed; tolling begins.

4/10/01 Petitioner’s habeas petition is received in this court . . . .

Conclusion: Total elapsed time is 266 days, which means that petitioner

has 99 days in which to file his new petition following the exhaustion of state

remedies.

Petitioner is hereby alerted to what should be obvious. To eliminate a

challenge to the new petition’s timeliness, Petitioner should commence the new

suit in this Court by insuring that the papers arrive at this Court prior to the

expiration of the 99-day time period.

Belot v. Walker, No. 01-civ-3433, at *3-4 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 8, 2002) (footnote omitted).

3

1 the petition in order to exhaust remedies in the State courts. Magistrate Judge Mark D. Fox

2 issued an order dismissing the petition without prejudice. See Belot v. Walker, No. 01-civ-3433

3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 8, 2002). In that order, Judge Fox provided a chronology of relevant dates and

4 events to help Belot calculate how many days remained before expiration of his one-year

5 limitation period under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”),

Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214.16 See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1) (“A 1-year period of limitation

7 shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the

8 judgment of a State court.”). The order advised Belot that “[t]otal elapsed time is 266 days,
4

1 which means that petitioner has 99 days in which to file his new petition following the

2 exhaustion of state remedies.” Belot, No. 01-civ-3433, at *3. Belot replied by letter: “Petitioner

3 takes notice of the total elapsed time of 266 days, which the Court considerately totaled for the

4 petitioner. Petitioner is informed that he has 99 days in which to file the petition once state

5 remedies are exhausted.” 

6 After Magistrate Judge Fox issued his order, Belot’s § 440.10 application remained

7 pending in state court, further tolling the limitation period for the filing of the federal petition. In

8 a decision and order dated June 23, 2002, the County Court of Dutchess County denied the §

9 440.10 motion. The New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Judicial

10 Department denied Belot’s application for leave to appeal the denial on September 18, 2002. At

11 that point, his limitation period began again to run. According to Magistrate Judge Fox’s

12 calculation, Belot had until December 27, 2002, to file his petition. He filed his petition on

13 January 2, 2003. When he filed his new petition, it was assigned to Magistrate Judge Michael H.

14 Dolinger. Magistrate Judge Dolinger disagreed with Magistrate Judge Fox’s calculation. Under

15 Magistrate Judge Dolinger’s calculation, Belot had until December 31, 2002, to file his petition. 

16 Thus under either calculation, Belot’s petition was untimely. 

17 Belot does not dispute that his petition was untimely. He argues instead that he should be

18 excused under the doctrine of equitable tolling because the Auburn Correctional Facility, where

19 he was incarcerated at the time of his filing, was under a lockdown from December 17, 2002, to

20 December 23, 2002, and as a result, he was denied access to the law library. He claims he was

21 therefore unable to complete the final version of his petition. Because he believed his petition
2

 This was confirmed by a letter written by a Law Library Officer: 

A check of our records show[s] that Inmate Belot was granted Special

Access to the Law Library during the month of December, 2002, but that Access

was delayed due to a security shut-down of the entire facility operations.

As per Facility Policy and Procedure, an inmate is granted Special Access

for periods of five (5) days upon each request. That Access did not begin until

December 27, 2002, when facility operations returned to normal.

After the facility was reopened, Inmate Belot was then scheduled for

Special Access from December 28, 2002 through January 4, 2003.

 

5

1 was due by December 27, 2002, Belot had requested and been granted Special Access to the

2 prison law library for several days in December, permitting him to use the library for longer

3 hours than otherwise would have been the case. As a result of the lockdown, however, Belot

alleges that his access to the library was very substantially diminished until December 28, 2002.24

5 Believing that he would not be able to meet his December 27, 2002 deadline, Belot wrote a letter

6 to the Pro Se Clerk of the district court on December 26, 2002, saying that his petition would be

7 delayed due to the lockdown and asking for an extension. The court never acted on this request. 

8 As noted, he filed his petition on January 2, 2003. 

9 Magistrate Judge Fox rejected Belot’s claim of entitlement to equitable tolling. See Belot

10 v. Burge, No. 03-civ-1478 (S.D.N.Y. Jul. 14, 2005). The magistrate judge gave two grounds. 

11 First, lockdowns were sufficiently routine that they did not qualify as an “extraordinary

12 circumstance” necessary to justify equitable tolling; and second, notwithstanding the lockdown,

13 Belot could have filed “an unpolished – but timely – petition,” id. at *19, and, in any event,
6

1 knowing that he had approximately 99 days from the conclusion of his collateral appeal to file his

2 petition, Belot should not have waited so long to work on his petition. Accordingly, the

3 magistrate judge recommended the dismissal of the petition as time-barred, and the district court

4 ruled accordingly. 

5 DISCUSSION

6 We have held that “in rare and exceptional circumstances a petitioner may invoke the

7 courts’ power to equitably toll the limitations period.” Doe v. Menefee, 391 F.3d 147, 159 (2d

8 Cir. 2004) (quotation marks omitted). “To qualify for such treatment, the petitioner must

9 establish that extraordinary circumstances prevented him from filing his petition on time, and

10 that he acted with reasonable diligence throughout the period he seeks to toll.” Id. (quotation

11 marks omitted).

12 A threshold question is what standard of review we should apply when reviewing a

13 district court’s denial of equitable tolling as to a petition under the Antiterrorism and Effective

14 Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), Pub. L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214. In Baldayaque v.

15 United States, 338 F.3d 145 (2d Cir. 2003), we reviewed the district court’s finding of fact for

16 clear error and applied de novo review to the district court’s analysis of a controlling legal

17 question. Id. at 151. That case, however, did not involve our circumstances, where the district

18 court denied equitable tolling not as a matter of law, but as an exercise of its discretion. We

19 decide this as a matter of first impression in our Circuit.

20 Other circuits are divided on the applicable standard of review for equitable tolling

21 determinations under AEDPA of questions other than findings of fact. Some circuits have held
3

 In Brinson, the court explained its reason for finding de novo review to be the

appropriate standard:

First, a District Court does not have any comparative advantage in deciding whether

particular circumstances are extraordinary enough to warrant the application of the

doctrine. Second, reversal of a District Court's ruling on this issue will not lead to a retrial

or any other comparably burdensome proceedings. Third, de novo review leads to greater

uniformity in the application of the doctrine and better serves the goal of ensuring that the

doctrine is indeed used “sparingly” and is not employed to upset the strong concern for

finality embodied in 28 U.S.C. § 2254.

Brinson, 398 F.3d at 231.

7

1 that when the facts are undisputed, the district court’s decision on equitable tolling is reviewed de

2 novo. See Brinson v. Vaughn, 398 F.3d 225, 231 (3d Cir. 2005) (Alito, J.) (noting but not

3 holding that “we are inclined to believe that where, as here, the relevant facts are not disputed, a

4 District Court’s decision on the question whether a case is sufficiently ‘extraordinary’ to justify

equitable tolling should be reviewed de novo.”);35 Wade v. Battle, 379 F.3d 1254, 1264 n.11 (11th

6 Cir. 2004) (“We review de novo a district court’s decision on equitable tolling.”); Dunlap v.

7 United States, 250 F.3d 1001, 1007 n.2 (6th Cir. 2001) (“In this Circuit, we hold that where the

8 facts are undisputed or the district court rules as a matter of law that equitable tolling is

9 unavailable, we apply the de novo standard of review to a district court’s refusal to apply the

10 doctrine of equitable tolling; in all other cases, we apply the abuse of discretion standard.”

11 (emphasis added)); Miles v. Prunty, 187 F.3d 1104, 1105 (9th Cir. 1999) (“[W]here, as here, the

12 facts are undisputed as to the question of equitable tolling, we review de novo . . . .”). 

13 Other circuits have held that the district court’s decision on equitable tolling is reviewed

14 for an abuse of discretion. See Cordle v. Guarino, 428 F.3d 46, 47 (1st Cir. 2005) (“We review
8

1 the district court’s decision regarding equitable tolling in this habeas case for abuse of

2 discretion.”); Burger v. Scott, 317 F.3d 1133, 1138 (10th Cir. 2003) (“[W]e review the district

3 court’s decision on equitable tolling of the limitation period for an abuse of discretion.”). 

4 Several Circuits, however, take a third approach and provide for de novo review when the district

5 court denies equitable tolling as a matter of law, and abuse of discretion in other circumstances

6 where the court’s decision is based on exercise of discretion. See Rouse v. Lee, 339 F.3d 238,

7 248 (4th Cir. 2003) (“[W]here the relevant facts are undisputed and the district court denied

8 equitable tolling as a matter of law, we review the district court’s decision de novo. In all other

9 circumstances, we review the denial of equitable tolling for an abuse of discretion.” (emphasis

10 added)); United States v. Saro, 252 F.3d 449, 455 n.9 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (“We have examined

11 whether the court was ‘correct,’ rather than whether it ‘abused its discretion,’ because we employ

12 de novo review when a district court holds - as the court appears to have done here - that the facts

13 cannot justify equitable tolling as a matter of law.”); Molo v. Johnson, 207 F.3d 773, 775 (5th

14 Cir. 2000) (reviewing a district court’s denial of equitable tolling for abuse of discretion but

15 noting that de novo review applies where district court denies equitable tolling as a matter of

16 law); cf. Jihad v. Hvass, 267 F.3d 803, 806 n.3 (8th Cir. 2001) (ruling that in a case where the

17 district court denied equitable tolling as a matter of law, “we have reviewed its ruling de novo.”). 

18 We believe that the appropriate standard of review depends on the aspect of the decision

19 which is under review. A rule of law that gives the court discretion to grant an equitable

20 exception in extraordinary circumstances seems almost inherently to invite the court’s discretion

21 in applying these standards. The balancing of factors involved in determining what result is
9

1 equitable and the appraisal of whether the circumstances are sufficiently extraordinary seem to

2 contemplate that in the same set of facts, different results could be acceptable. In such

3 circumstances, courts often say that appellate review is for “abuse of discretion.” See, e.g.,

4 Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union, 542 U.S. 656, 664 (2004) (“This Court, like other

5 appellate courts, has always applied the abuse of discretion standard on review of a preliminary

6 injunction.”) (internal citations omitted); Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. American

7 Broadcasting Cos., 501 F.2d 894, 897 (2d Cir. 1974) (“[W]hile another judge might have arrived

8 at a different result, we cannot say that this result constitutes an abuse of the wide discretion

9 normally accorded a district court on the issue of preliminary relief.”). But that label in a way

10 obscures more than it reveals. The operative review standard in the end will depend on what

11 aspect of the lower court’s decision is challenged. If a district court denies equitable tolling on

12 the belief that the decision was compelled by law, that the governing legal standards would not

13 permit equitable tolling in the circumstances – that aspect of the decision should be reviewed de

14 novo. If the decision to deny tolling was premised on an incorrect or inaccurate view of what the

15 law requires, the decision should not stand. Courts generally in such circumstances state that

16 application of an incorrect standard of law is an “abuse of discretion.” See, e.g., Koon v. United

17 States, 518 U.S. 81, 100 (1996) (“A district court by definition abuses its discretion when it

18 makes an error of law.”). Considering a second aspect, if the decision to deny tolling was

19 premised on a factual finding, the factual finding should be reviewed for clear error. Finally, if

20 the court has understood the governing law correctly, and has based its decision on findings of

21 fact which were supported by the evidence, but the challenge is addressed to whether the court’s
4

 The Supreme Court in Koon also said “[t]hat a departure decision, in an occasional case,

may call for a legal determination does not mean, as a consequence, that parts of the review must

be labeled de novo while other parts are labeled an abuse of discretion.” Koon, 518 U.S. at 100. 

Since the Court also held that “[a] district court by definition abuses its discretion when it makes

an error of law,” id., we do not believe that the Court meant that issues of law are addressed other

than de novo, just that in recognizing the different aspects of a decision, the overall standard of

review is for “abuse of discretion.”

10

1 decision is one of those within the range of possible permissible decisions, then appellate review

2 will be, not only in name, but also in operation, for abuse of discretion. The reviewing court will

3 recognize that in theory the lower court has numerous options open to it and its decision must be

4 sustained unless the particular facts and circumstances are such as to make the particular decision

5 an abuse of discretion. See Zervos v. Verizon N.Y. Inc., 252 F.3d 163, 169 (2d Cir. 2001). These

6 three distinct potential aspects of a decision and the concomitant types of review are collected

7 under the label “abuse of discretion.” See, e.g., Koon, 518 U.S. at 100 (“The abuse-of-discretion

8 standard includes review to determine that the discretion was not guided by erroneous legal

conclusions.”).49

10 Our holding today is consistent with our precedent in Baldayaque. In that case, the

11 district court ruled as a matter of law that Second Circuit precedent precluded it from applying

12 equitable tolling where the “extraordinary circumstances” claimed were a result of malfeasance

13 by the petitioner’s attorney. Baldayaque, 338 F.3d at 151. We ruled that, where the district court

14 denies equitable tolling as a matter of law, the denial should be reviewed de novo. Id. 

15 In this case, the magistrate judge’s recommendation, which the district court adopted, was

16 based on two grounds – one of which was discretionary, the other arguably a matter of law. The

17 discretionary ground was that the petitioner ought reasonably to have begun his preparation
11

1 earlier and filed “an unpolished – but timely – petition” rather than “wait[] to file his [more

2 polished] petition until the week that the deadline expired.” Belot v. Burge, No. 03-civ-1478, at

3 *19 (S.D.N.Y. Jul. 14, 2005). The court’s other reason was that temporary lockdowns are

4 sufficiently routine that they do not, as a matter of law, justify a finding of an “extraordinary

5 circumstance,” which is a necessary predicate for equitable tolling. Id. at *17.

6 We review the discretionary ground for abuse of discretion and find that this decision was

7 within the district court’s reasonable discretionary parameters. We recognize that in Valverde v.

8 Stinson, 224 F.3d 129 (2d Cir. 2000), our court said in dictum that the petitioner was not

9 ineligible for equitable tolling “simply because he waited until late in the limitations period to

10 file his habeas petition.” Id. at 136. We went on to say that “[a] petitioner should not be faulted .

11 . . for failing to file early or to take other extraordinary precautions early in the limitations period

12 against what are, by definition, rare and exceptional circumstances that occur later in that

13 period.” Id. We understand this to mean that the petitioner was not ineligible, as a matter of

14 law, for equitable tolling because the petitioner waited until late in the limitations period. It did

15 not mean that a district court may never take such timing into consideration. It was not error for

16 the district court to make a discretionary assessment that Belot ought to have started his

17 preparation earlier and filed an unpolished petition within the allotted time, rather than wait to

18 file until after the deadline had expired. 

19 Because we believe this first ground was within the court's reasonable discretion, we do

20 not reach the district court's alternative ground that a prison lockdown could not qualify as an

21 extraordinary circumstance warranting equitable tolling.
12

1 CONCLUSION

2 The judgment of the district court is hereby affirmed.