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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549



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FORM 10-K/A

Amendment No. 1



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|x | Annual Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the
|- | ----------------------------------------------------

| | Securities Exchange Act of 1934
| | -------------------------------

For the fiscal
year ended December 31, 2005



| ̈ | Transition Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the
|- | --------------------------------------------------------

| | Securities Exchange Act of 1934
| | -------------------------------

Commission File
Number: 000-50715



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TRANSMERIDIAN EXPLORATION INCORPORATED

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



|                                                              |  |                                    
|------------------------------------------------------------- |  | -----------------------------------
|Delaware                                                      |  | 76-0644935                         
|(State or other jurisdictionof incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. EmployerIdentification No.)
|                                                              | 
|397 N. Sam Houston Pkwy E., Suite 300 Houston, Texas          |  | 77060                              
|(Address of principal executive offices)                      |  | (Zip Code)                         

Registrants telephone number, including area code: (281) 999-9091

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:



|                                          |  |                                         
|----------------------------------------- |  | ----------------------------------------
|Title of each class                       |  | Name of each exchangeon which
registered
|Common Stock, $0.0006 par value per share |  | American Stock Exchange                 



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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None



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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities
Act.    Yes ̈No  þ

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the
Act.    Yes ̈No  þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90
days.    Yes  þ    No ̈

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained,
to the best of registrants knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ̈

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated
filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of accelerated filer and large accelerated filer in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



|                         |  |                     |  |                       
|------------------------ |  | ------------------- |  | ----------------------
|Large accelerated filer ̈ |  | Accelerated filer þ |  | Non-accelerated filer ̈

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the
Act).    Yes ̈No  þ

The aggregate market value of the common stock of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $119.9 million on
June 30, 2005 based upon the closing sale price of common stock on such date of $2.12 per share on the American Stock Exchange. As of May 25, 2006, the registrant had 90,612,752 shares of common stock issued and outstanding.



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EXPLANATORY NOTE: This Amendment No. 1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Transmeridian
Exploration Incorporated for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 is being filed to respond to comments received by the Company from the Commissions Staff with respect to the Companys disclosures under Item 1A (Risk Factors) and Item
9A (Controls and Procedures). Pursuant to Rule 12b-15 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Amendment No. 1 sets forth the complete text of Items 1A and 9A and also includes new certifications pursuant to Rules
13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) and Rules 13a-14(b)/15d-14(b) under the Exchange Act. This Amendment No. 1 also updates certain information set forth under Item 1A (Risk Factors), and reflects other nonsubstantive changes to the disclosures under Item 1A (Risk
Factors), of the Companys originally-filed Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005.

TABLE OF CONTENTS



|              |  |                                         |  |     
|------------- |  | --------------------------------------- |  | ----
|              |  |                                         |  | Page
|PART I        |  | 1                                      
|              |  |                                        
|Item 1A.      |  | Risk Factors                            |  | 1   
|              | 
|PART II       |  | 8                                      
|              |  |                                        
|Item 9A.      |  | Controls and Procedures                 |  | 8   
|              | 
|PART IV       |  | 11                                     
|              |  |                                        
|Item 15.      |  | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules |  | 11  
|              | 
|Exhibit Index |  | E-1                                    



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PART I



|Item 1A. | Risk Factors
|-------- | ------------

We have a history of losses.

We have a history of losses. We incurred net losses of $5.7 million, $3.8 million and $20.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2003, 2004 and
2005, respectively, and a net loss of $12.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2006. Our results of operations in the future will depend on many factors, but largely on our ability to execute our exploration and development program and
successfully market our current and future production. Our failure to achieve profitability in the future could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital and, accordingly, our ability to grow our business.

Our exploration and development activities may not result in economic quantities of oil and gas.

Our success is dependent on finding, developing and producing economic quantities of oil and gas. Our drilling operations may not be successful in
finding, developing and producing economic quantities of oil and gas. In addition, we may not be able to sustain production from wells that initially produce.

The seismic data and other technologies we use do not allow us to know conclusively prior to drilling a well that oil or gas is present or may be produced economically. The cost of drilling, completing and operating a
well is often uncertain, and cost factors can adversely affect the economics of a project. In addition, technological difficulties encountered in well completion or following the establishment of production may result in reduced or ceased production
from a well.

Our efforts will be unprofitable if we drill dry holes or wells that are productive but do not produce enough reserves to
return a profit after drilling, operating and other costs. Further, our drilling operations may be curtailed, delayed or canceled, or subject to higher costs as a result of a variety of factors, including:



| |  |  | unexpected drilling conditions;
| | - |  | -------------------------------



| |  |  | high pressure or irregularities in geological formations;
| | - |  | ---------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | equipment failures or accidents;
| | - |  | --------------------------------



| |  |  | adverse weather conditions, such as winter snowstorms; and
| | - |  | ----------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | increases in the cost of, or shortages or delays in the availability of, drilling rigs, equipment and qualified personnel.
| | - |  | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oil and gas operations can be hazardous and may expose us to environmental liabilities.

We are subject to the operating risks normally associated with the exploration, development and production of oil and gas, including well blowouts,
cratering and explosions, pipe failure, fires, geological formations with abnormal pressures, uncontrollable flows of oil, natural gas, brine or well fluids, and other environmental hazards and risks. Moreover, our drilling operations involve risks
from high pressures in geological formations and from mechanical difficulties such as stuck pipe, collapsed casing and separated cable. If any of these risks occurs, we could sustain substantial losses as a result of:



| |  |  | injury or loss of life;
| | - |  | -----------------------



| |  |  | severe damage to or destruction of property, natural resources or equipment;
| | - |  | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | pollution or other environmental damage;
| | - |  | ----------------------------------------



| |  |  | environmental clean-up responsibilities;
| | - |  | ----------------------------------------



| |  |  | regulatory investigations and penalties;
| | - |  | ----------------------------------------



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| |  |  | delays in our operations or curtailment of our production; and
| | - |  | --------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | suspension of our operations.
| | - |  | -----------------------------

Because in many cases
insurance coverage for these risks is either not available or is not available at premium levels that are economically feasible and justify its purchase, we maintain very limited insurance coverage. As a result, the insurance coverage we maintain
may not fully compensate us, or compensate us at all, if we incur losses as a result of these risks. Moreover, in the future we may not be able to maintain all or even part of our current insurance coverage at premium levels that justify its
purchase.

In addition, as an owner and operator of oil and gas properties, we are subject to various laws and regulations relating to the
discharge of materials into, and the protection of, the environment. These laws and regulations may impose liability on us for the cost of environmental cleanup resulting from our operations and could further subject us to liability for
environmental damages.

The actual quantities of, and future net revenues from, our proved reserves may prove to be lower than we have estimated.

The information included herein contains estimates of our proved reserves and the estimated future net revenues from our proved
reserves. These estimates are based upon various assumptions, including assumptions required by the SEC relating to oil and gas prices, drilling and operating expenses, capital expenditures, taxes and availability of funds. The process of estimating
oil and gas reserves is complex. The process involves significant decisions and assumptions in the evaluation of available geological, geophysical, engineering and economic data for each reservoir. Therefore, these estimates are inherently
imprecise.

We engage an independent petroleum engineering firm to review our estimates of our proved reserves. During 2005, 2004 and 2003,
their review covered 100% of the reserve value. Estimates of our proved reserves are made using available geological and reservoir data, as well as production performance data. These estimates are reviewed annually and revised, either upward or
downward, as warranted by additional performance data. Actual future production, oil and gas prices, revenues, taxes, development expenditures, operating expenses and quantities of recoverable oil and gas reserves most likely will vary from these
estimates. Such variations may be significant and could materially affect the estimated quantities of, and future net revenues from, our proved reserves. In addition, we may adjust estimates of our proved reserves to reflect production history,
results of exploration and development drilling, prevailing oil and gas prices and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our properties may also be susceptible to hydrocarbon drainage from production by operators on adjacent
properties. In addition, our reserves are contained in carbonate reservoirs, and there is a larger uncertainty inherent in carbonate reservoirs as compared to sandstone reservoirs.

At December 31, 2005, approximately 95% of our estimated proved reserves (by volume) were undeveloped. Recovery of undeveloped reserves requires
significant capital expenditures and successful drilling operations. These reserve estimates include the assumption that we will make significant capital expenditures to develop the reserves. You should be aware that our estimates of such costs may
not be accurate, development may not occur as scheduled and our results may not be as estimated.

You should not assume that the present
values referred to in the information included herein represent the current market value of our estimated reserves. In accordance with SEC requirements, the estimates of present values are based on prices and costs as of the date of the estimates.
Actual future prices and costs may be materially higher or lower than the prices and costs as of the date of the estimates. There are currently no economic markets for our natural gas production and our gas reserves have been given no value in the
future net cash flow data included herein.

The timing of both the production from our properties and the expenses we incur from the
development and production of our properties will affect both the timing of the actual future net cash flows from our proved



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reserves and their present value. In addition, the 10% discount factor, which is required by the SEC to be used in calculating discounted future net cash
flows for reporting purposes, is not necessarily the most accurate discount factor. The effective interest rate at various times and the risks associated with our business or the oil and gas industry in general will affect the accuracy of the 10%
discount factor.

If oil and gas prices decrease or our exploration efforts are unsuccessful, we may be required to write down the capitalized cost of
individual oil and gas properties.

A writedown of the capitalized cost of individual oil and gas properties could occur when oil and
gas prices are low or if we have substantial downward adjustments to our estimated proved oil and gas reserves, increases in our estimates of development costs or nonproductive exploratory drilling results.

We use the successful efforts accounting method. All property acquisition costs and costs of exploratory and development wells are capitalized when
incurred, pending the determination of whether proved reserves are discovered. If proved reserves are not discovered with an exploratory well, the costs of drilling the well are expensed. All geological and geophysical costs on exploratory prospects
are expensed as incurred.

The capitalized costs of our oil and gas properties, on a field-by-field basis, may exceed the estimated
undiscounted future net cash flows of that field. If so, we record impairment charges to reduce the capitalized costs of each such field to our estimate of the fields fair market value. Unproved properties are evaluated at the lower of cost or
fair market value. These types of charges will reduce our earnings and stockholders equity.

We assess our properties for impairment
periodically, based on future estimates of proved reserves, oil and gas prices, production rates and operating, development and reclamation costs based on operating budget forecasts. Once incurred, an impairment charge cannot be reversed at a later
date even if we experience increases in the price of oil or gas, or both, or increases in the amount of our estimated proved reserves.

All of our
operations are conducted in areas with inherent international and governmental risks.

We are subject to risks inherent in international
operations, including adverse governmental actions, political risks, expropriation of assets and the risk of civil unrest or war. Our oil and gas properties are located in Kazakhstan, which until 1990 was part of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan retains
many of the laws and customs from the former Soviet Union, but has developed and is continuing to develop its own legal, regulatory and financial systems. As the political and regulatory environment changes, we may face uncertainty about the
interpretation of the agreements to which we are party and, in the event of dispute, we may have limited recourse within the legal and political system.

We have not finalized a long-term production contract with the government of Kazakhstan and our current exploration contract is scheduled to expire in 2007.

We currently produce and sell oil pursuant to an exploration contract with the government of Kazakhstan which expires in April 2007. Under our exploration
contract and the Law of Petroleum, we hold the exclusive right to negotiate and execute a production contract with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) in the event of a commercial discovery in the license area, and the
government is required to conduct these negotiations. In December 2004, the State Committee on Reserves (SCR) approved commercial reserves for development and exploitation in the South Alibek Field. On this basis, the MEMR granted us the
exclusive right to execute a long-term production contract in June 2005. We concluded negotiations of the final commercial and legal terms of the contract in September 2005, when the working group of the MEMR formally approved the draft production
contract. The final draft was then circulated to the relevant governmental ministries and committees for their formal acceptance prior to contract execution. In the course of this process, several of these governmental bodies requested additional
changes to the contract, most of which we successfully negotiated and included in the written contract.



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As of May 22, 2006, approval of one remaining government ministry was still pending. Once this final
approval is obtained, the production contract will need to be signed by the prime minister, at which time it will be effective. We believe that this approval will be obtained and the production contract signed during the first half of 2006. However,
there can be no assurance that we will be successful in finalizing the production contract by such time or at all. If we are unable to finalize the production contract in a timely manner or at all, our business, financial condition and results of
operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Our business and results of operations depend on our ability to transport our production to
viable markets and on the price at which we can sell our production.

Our future success depends on our ability to transport and market
our production either within Kazakhstan or through export to other markets. Our ability to sell our production and, in turn, our revenues could be materially and adversely affected by issues which are outside our control relating to the crude oil
transportation infrastructure both within and outside Kazakhstan. The exportation of oil from Kazakhstan depends on access to transportation routes, primarily pipeline systems, which can have limited available capacity and are subject to other
restrictions.

We currently export our oil by rail. The rail terminal is accessed by truck from our field facilities. Our future plans
include the shipment of oil by pipeline, which is the preferred and most cost effective method to sell crude oil production into the export market. We expect the implementation of our plans to result in higher realized prices for our crude oil than
our current marketing arrangements, but we cannot be assured that we will be successful in implementing our plans. Unless we obtain access to pipelines to transfer our crude oil out of Kazakhstan, the prices at which we sell our crude oil may remain
well below world market prices.

Oil prices are volatile. A decline in prices could adversely affect our financial position, results of operations, cash
flows, access to capital and ability to grow.

Our revenues, results of operations and future growth depend primarily upon the prices we
receive for the oil we sell. Historically, the markets for oil have been volatile and they are likely to continue to be volatile. Wide fluctuations in worldwide oil prices may result from relatively minor changes in the supply of and demand for oil,
market uncertainty and other factors that are beyond our control, including:



| |  |  | worldwide supplies of oil and gas;
| | - |  | ----------------------------------



| |  |  | weather conditions;
| | - |  | -------------------



| |  |  | the level of consumer demand;
| | - |  | -----------------------------



| |  |  | the price and availability of alternative fuels;
| | - |  | ------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | governmental regulations and taxes;
| | - |  | -----------------------------------



| |  |  | the ability of the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to agree to, and maintain, oil price and production controls;
| | - |  | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | political instability or armed conflict in oil-producing regions; and
| | - |  | ---------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | the overall economic environment.
| | - |  | ---------------------------------

These factors and the
volatility of the energy markets make it extremely difficult to predict future oil price movements with any degree of certainty. Declines in oil prices would not only reduce our revenues, but could reduce the amount of oil that we can produce
economically and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our substantial
indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition.

We have substantial debt, namely our senior secured notes due 2010, and,
in turn, substantial debt service requirements. Our ability to make payments on our senior secured notes due 2010 and any future indebtedness we may incur depends on our ability to generate sufficient cash flow. We cannot assure you that:



| |  |  | our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service our indebtedness;
| | - |  | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



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| |  |  | future borrowings or proceeds from equity issuances will be available in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our indebtedness on or before the maturity date of such
indebtedness; or
| | - |  | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.
| | - |  | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Factors beyond our control may affect our ability to service our indebtedness. These factors include those discussed in this Risk Factors
section.

If, in the future, we cannot generate sufficient cash flow from our operations to meet our debt service obligations, we may need
to refinance our debt, obtain additional financing, issue equity or sell assets, which we may not be able to do on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, and which we may be prohibited from doing under the terms of our indebtedness. We cannot
assure you that our business will generate cash flow, or that we will be able to obtain funding, sufficient to satisfy our debt service obligations. Our inability to generate cash flow or obtain funding sufficient to satisfy our debt service
obligations could materially and adversely affect our financial condition.

Covenants in the indenture governing our senior secured notes due 2010
impose significant restrictions on us.

The indenture governing our senior secured notes due 2010 contains a number of covenants
imposing significant restrictions on us. The restrictions these covenants place on us include restrictions on our repurchase of, and payment of dividends on, our capital stock and limitations on our ability to incur additional indebtedness, make
investments, engage in transactions with affiliates, sell assets and create liens on our assets. These restrictions may affect our ability to operate our business and may limit our ability to take advantage of potential business opportunities as
they arise and, in turn, may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Significant capital
expenditures are required to execute our development program.

Our development and production activities, including our exploration
contract with the government of Kazakhstan, require us to make substantial capital expenditures. Historically, we have funded our capital expenditure requirements through a combination of cash flows from operations, borrowings under bank credit
facilities, private placements of our common stock, preferred stock and debt securities and borrowings from our affiliates. Our cash flows from operations are subject to a number of variables, such as the level of production from our existing wells,
the prices of oil, and our success in developing and producing our reserves. If our revenues were to decrease as a result of lower oil prices or decreased production, and our access to capital were limited, we may not be able to meet our capital
expenditure requirements, which could, in turn, materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Competition in our industry is intense, and many of our competitors in the Kazakhstan region have greater financial and other resources than we do.

We operate in the highly competitive areas of oil exploration, development and production. We face intense competition from both major and other independent oil and natural gas companies in seeking to acquire:



| |  |  | desirable producing properties or new leases for future exploration; and
| | - |  | ------------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | the equipment and expertise necessary to develop and operate our properties.
| | - |  | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Many of our competitors have financial and other resources substantially greater than ours and, moreover, some of them are fully integrated oil companies with operations in the exploration, development, production,
pipeline transportation, refining and marketing sectors of the oil and gas industry. These companies may be able to pay more for development prospects and productive oil and natural gas properties and may be able to define, evaluate, bid for and
purchase a greater number of properties and prospects than our financial or human resources permit.



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In addition, our ability to develop and exploit our oil and natural gas properties and to acquire
additional properties in the future will depend upon our ability to successfully conduct operations, evaluate and select suitable properties and successfully consummate transactions, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so.

Compliance with governmental regulations could be costly.

Our operations are subject to various levels of government controls and regulations in the United States and in Kazakhstan, including environmental controls and regulations. It is not possible for us to separately
calculate the costs of compliance with these controls and regulations, as such costs are an integral part of our operations.

In
Kazakhstan, legislation affecting the oil and gas industry is under constant review for amendment or expansion. Pursuant to such legislation, various governmental departments and agencies have issued extensive rules and regulations which affect the
oil and gas industry, some of which carry substantial penalties for failure to comply. These laws and regulations can have a significant impact on the oil and gas industry by increasing the cost of doing business and, consequentially, can adversely
affect our results of operations. Inasmuch as new legislation affecting the industry is commonplace and existing laws and regulations are frequently amended or reinterpreted, we are unable to predict the future cost or impact of complying with such
laws and regulations.

The loss of key personnel could have an adverse effect on our business.

Our success is dependent on the performance of our senior management and key technical personnel. The loss of our chief executive officer or other key
employees could have a material and adverse effect on our business. We do not currently have employment or non-compete agreements in place with any of our senior management or key employees. In addition, we do not carry life insurance covering any
of our senior management or key employees.

We have reported a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not remedied,
could adversely affect our ability to meet reporting obligations and provide timely and accurate financial statements.

In connection
with our managements assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, we concluded that, as of December 31, 2005, we did not maintain effective internal control over our
financial reporting due to a material weakness resulting from lack of a sufficient number of accounting staff with experience in public company SEC reporting and technical expertise to enable us to maintain adequate controls over our financial
accounting and reporting processes regarding the accounting for non-routine and non-systematic transactions. This control deficiency resulted in us recording certain accounting adjustments prior to the issuance of our consolidated financial
statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005.

A material weakness is a control deficiency, or a combination of control
deficiencies, that results in more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement in our annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected. Our managements assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control
over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005 was audited by UHY Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp CPAs, LLP, which expressed an unqualified opinion on managements assessment and an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of our
internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005.

We have taken, and are currently taking, steps to remedy this
material weakness. The steps taken since late 2005 include, among others, (i) our appointment of a new chief accounting officer, (ii) our appointment of a new general counsel, (iii) our retention of an outside consulting firm to
assist us in the evaluation and testing of our internal control system, (iv) our retention of an outside accounting firm to assist us in the preparation of complex tax calculations and disclosures and to prepare tax records and returns and
(v) our recent hiring of an additional



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certified public accountant who will assist with the preparation of required SEC disclosures and with our internal financial reporting. For further
information, see Item 9A, Controls and ProceduresCorporate Disclosure ControlsChanges in Internal Controls.

Although we believe we will address the material weakness with the remedial measures we have implemented and are currently implementing, these measures may not remedy the material weakness reported and, as a result, we may not be able to
implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in the future. In addition, additional deficiencies in our internal controls may be discovered in the future.

Any failure to remedy the reported material weakness or to implement new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could
harm our operating results, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. Any such failure also could affect the ability of our management to certify that our internal controls
are effective when it provides an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, and could affect the results of our independent registered public accounting firms attestation report regarding our managements assessment.
Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.



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PART II

Item 9A.    
Controls and Procedures

Corporate Disclosure Controls

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our internal controls over
financial reporting pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. In the course of this evaluation, our management considered the material weakness in our internal
control over financial reporting discussed below. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as a result of the material weakness discussed below, our disclosure controls and procedures as of
December 31, 2005 were not effective in ensuring that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the
rules and forms of the SEC. To address the material weakness, we performed additional analysis and other post-closing procedures in an effort to ensure our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report have been prepared in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Accordingly, management believes that the financial statements included in this report fairly present in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows
for the periods presented.

Managements Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as that term is defined in Exchange Act
Rule 13a-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external purposes in
accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Our control environment is the foundation for our system of internal control over financial reporting and is an integral part of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and our Code of
Ethics for the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer, which sets the tone of our company. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the
maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect our transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of our financial
statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance
regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on our financial statements.

In order to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our management conducted an
assessment, including testing, based on the criteria set forth in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO Framework). Because of its inherent
limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of
changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the
participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and, based on that assessment, identified a material
weakness. A material weakness is a control deficiency, or a combination of control deficiencies, that results in more than a remote likelihood that a



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material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected. The material weakness was our lack of a sufficient
number of accounting staff with experience in public company SEC reporting and technical expertise to enable us to maintain adequate controls over our financial accounting and reporting processes regarding the accounting for non-routine and
non-systematic transactions. This control deficiency resulted in us recording certain adjustments prior to the issuance of our consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005. Because of the material weakness, our
management has concluded that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005 based on criteria set forth in the COSO Framework.

Changes in Internal Controls

To
address the issues associated with the material weakness, management has been implementing and will continue to implement changes that are both organizational and process-focused to improve the control environment. The changes made since late 2005
include, among others:



| |  |  | we appointed a new Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer, effective September 2005;
| | - |  | -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | we appointed a new Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary in January 2006;
| | - |  | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | we retained an outside consulting firm in the fourth quarter of 2005 to assist us in the evaluation and testing of our internal control system and to identify improvement
opportunities related to our accounting and financial reporting processes in order to streamline and improve the efficiency of these processes;
| | - |  | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | we retained an outside accounting firm in the first quarter of 2006 to assist us in the preparation of complex tax calculations and disclosures related to our public filings and to
prepare tax records and returns; and
| | - |  | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | we have hired an additional certified public accountant, who will join the company in June 2006, to assist with the preparation of required SEC disclosures and with our internal
financial reporting requirements.
| | - |  | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

These organizational and process changes have improved our internal controls environment
and increased the likelihood of our identifying non-routine and non-systematic transactions. We will continue our efforts to improve our control environment and to focus on:



| |  |  | improving our organizational structure to help achieve the proper number of, and quality of our, accounting and finance personnel;
| | - |  | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | refining our period-end financial reporting processes to improve the quality and timeliness of our financial information; and
| | - |  | -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



| |  |  | improving our processes and systems to help ensure that our financial reporting, operational and business requirements are met in a timely manner.
| | - |  | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Except as described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the most recent fiscal
quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

UHY
Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp CPAs, LLP has issued an audit report on our managements assessment of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005 that follows.



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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders

Transmeridian Exploration
Incorporated and Subsidiaries

Houston, Texas

We have audited managements assessment, included in the accompanying Managements Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting appearing in Item 9A, that Transmeridian Exploration Incorporated and subsidiaries (
 the Company) did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, because of the effect of the material weakness identified in managements assessment and described below, based on criteria
established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). The Companys management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control
over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on managements assessment and an opinion on the effectiveness of the Companys
internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public
Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating managements assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other
procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A
companys internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles. A companys internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the
transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and
that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized
acquisition, use, or disposition of the companys assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of
its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because
of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

A material weakness is a
control deficiency, or combination of control deficiencies, that results in more than a remote likelihood that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected. A material weakness was
identified and included in managements assessment, related to inadequate controls over the financial accounting and reporting process regarding the accounting for non-routine type transactions and activities. The Companys lack of
adequate accounting resources, in terms of size and technical expertise, was the underlying cause of this material weakness. As a result of this material weakness, the Company recorded certain adjustments prior to the issuance of its consolidated
financial statements. Additionally, this material weakness could result in a material misstatement to the Companys annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. This material weakness was
considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2005 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report dated March 16, 2006 on those consolidated financial statements.



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##### Table of Contents

In our opinion, managements assessment that Transmeridian Exploration Incorporated and subsidiaries
did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, is fairly stated, in all material respects, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Frameworkissued by COSO. Also, in our
opinion, because of the effect of the material weakness described above on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, Transmeridian Exploration Incorporated and subsidiaries has not maintained effective internal control over
financial reporting as of December 31, 2005, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Frameworkissued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheet of Transmeridian Exploration Incorporated and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2005, and
the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders equity, and cash flows for the year then ended, and our report dated March 16, 2006 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

/s/ UHY MANN FRANKFORT STEIN & LIPP CPAs, LLP

Houston, Texas

March 16, 2006

PART IV



|Item 15. | Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules
|-------- | ---------------------------------------

(a)(3), (b) Exhibits. Reference is made to the
Exhibit Index beginning on page E-1 hereof.



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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



TRANSMERIDIAN EXPLORATION INCORPORATED/S/    EARL W.
MCNIELEarl W. McNiel Vice President and Chief Financial Officer


Date: May 26, 2006



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EXHIBIT INDEX



|              |  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
|------------- |  | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|ExhibitNumber |  | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
|3.1           |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (filed as Exhibit 3.1(b) to the Companys Registration Statement on Form SB-2 filed with the Commission as of March 15, 2001 and
incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
|              | 
|3.2           |  | Bylaws (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to the Companys Registration Statement on Form SB-2 filed with the Commission as of March 15, 2001 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
|              | 
|3.3           |  | Certificate of Designations, Rights and Preferences of Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated November
12, 2004 and filed with the Commission on November 15, 2004 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                                                                                         
|              | 
|4.1           |  | Indenture, dated as of December 12, 2005, by and among the Company, Transmeridian Exploration Inc., TMEI Operating, Inc., Transmeridian (Kazakhstan) Incorporated and The Bank of New York, as
Trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 16, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                                            
|              | 
|4.2           |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of December 22, 2005, by and among the Company, Transmeridian Exploration Inc., TMEI Operating, Inc., Transmeridian (Kazakhstan) Incorporated, JSC Caspi
Neft TME, Bramex Management, Inc. and The Bank of New York, as Trustee (filed as Exhibit 4.5 to the Companys Registration Statement on Form S-3 filed with the Commission on March 13, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                
|              | 
|4.3           |  | Form of Senior Secured Note due 2010 (included as part of Exhibit 4.1)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
|              | 
|4.4           |  | Form of Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2005, by and among the Company, Transmeridian Exploration Inc., TMEI Operating, Inc., Transmeridian (Kazakhstan) Incorporated
and each of the purchasers party thereto (filed as Exhibit 4.3 to the Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 16, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                            
|              | 
|4.5           |  | Form of Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2005, by and among the Company, Transmeridian Exploration Inc., TMEI Operating, Inc., Transmeridian (Kazakhstan) Incorporated and each of
the purchasers party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 16, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                      
|              | 
|10.1          |  | Share Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated as of October 14, 2005, by and between Transmeridian Exploration Inc. and Seeria Alliance Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Companys Annual
Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                                          
|              | 
|10.2          |  | Deed of Amendment, by and between Transmeridian Exploration Inc. and Seeria Alliance Ltd., dated as of December 12, 2005, relating to the Share Sale and Purchase Agreement, dated as of
October 14, 2005, by and between Transmeridian Exploration Inc. and Seeria Alliance Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006
and incorporated by reference herein)
|              | 
|10.3          |  | Escrow Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2005, by and between Transmeridian Exploration Inc. and The Bank of New York, as Escrow Agent and Trustee (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the
Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 16, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                                                                                             
|              | 
|10.4          |  | Pledge Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2005, by and between Transmeridian Exploration Incorporated and The Bank of New York, as Collateral Agent and Trustee (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the
Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 16, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                                                                                 
|              | 
|10.5          |  | Pledge Agreement, dated as of December 22, 2005, by and between Transmeridian Exploration Inc. and The Bank of New York, as Collateral Agent and Trustee (filed as Exhibit 10.5 to the
Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                         



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##### Table of Contents

|              |  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
|------------- |  | -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|ExhibitNumber |  | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
|10.6          |  | Warrant Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2005, by and between the Company and The Bank of New York, as Warrant Agent (including form of Warrant Certificate) (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the
Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated December 16, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                    
|              | 
|10.7          |  | Purchase Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2005, by and between Transmeridian Exploration Inc. and Kornerstone Investment Group, Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10.7 to the Companys Annual
Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)                                           
|              | 
|10.8          |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of December 12, 2005, by and between the Company and Kornerstone Investment Group, Ltd. (filed as Exhibit 10.8 to the Companys Annual Report
on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                   
|              | 
|10.9          |  | Conditional Share Transfer Agreement, dated as of January 3, 2006, by and among Transmeridian Exploration Inc., Bramex Management, Inc. and JSC TuranAlem Securities (filed as Exhibit 10.9 to
the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)              
|              | 
|10.10         |  | Share Encumbrance and Pledge Agreement, dated as of January 3, 2006, by and among Transmeridian Exploration Inc., Bramex Management, Inc. and TuranAlem Securities JSC (filed as Exhibit 10.10
to the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)           
|              | 
|10.11         |  | Securities Agency Agreement, dated as of January 3, 2006, by and among Transmeridian Exploration Inc., Bramex Management, Inc., JSC TuranAlem Securities and The Bank of New York (filed as
Exhibit 10.11 to the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)
|              | 
|10.12         |  | Agreement for Brokerage Services, dated as of January 23, 2006, by and between Transmeridian Exploration Inc. and VISOR Investment Solutions Joint Stock Company (filed as Exhibit
10.12 to the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)               
|              | 
|10.13         |  | Agreement for Brokerage Services, dated as of January 23, 2006, by and between Bramex Management, Inc. and VISOR Investment Solutions Joint Stock Company (filed as Exhibit 10.13
to the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)                      
|              | 
|10.14         |  | Form of Convertible Promissory Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 30, 2005, by and among the Company and each of the investors party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the
Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 6, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                 
|              | 
|10.15         |  | Form of Investor Rights Agreement, dated as of August 30, 2005, by and among the Company and each of the investors party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Companys Current Report on
Form 8-K dated September 6, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                  
|              | 
|10.16         |  | Form of Convertible Promissory Note, dated as of August 30, 2005 (filed as Exhibit 10.3 to the Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 6, 2005 and incorporated by reference
herein)                                                                                                                                                                                  
|              | 
|10.17         |  | Form of Warrant, dated as of August 30, 2005 (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated September 6, 2005 and incorporated by reference
herein)                                                                                                                                                                                                       
|              | 
|10.18         |  | Form of Subscription Agreement and Investment Representation, by and between the Company and each of the investors party thereto (relating to the Companys July 2005 private placement
under Regulation S of common stock) (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 4, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein)                          



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##### Table of Contents

|              |  |                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
|------------- |  | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|ExhibitNumber |  | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
|10.19         |  | Investor Rights Agreement, dated as of November 12, 2004, by and among the Company and each of the purchasers party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Companys Current Report on Form
8-K dated November 15, 2004 and incorporated by reference herein)                                 
|              | 
|10.20         |  | Preferred Stock and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated as of November 12, 2004, by and among the Company and each of the purchasers party thereto (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Companys
Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 15, 2004 and incorporated by reference herein)            
|              | 
|10.21         |  | Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant (filed as Exhibit 4.2 to the Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 15, 2004 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                                                                                        
|              | 
|10.22         |  | Amended and Restated 2003 Stock Compensation Plan of the Company (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Companys Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with
the Commission on July 20, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein)                                
|              | 
|10.23         |  | 2001 Incentive Stock Option Plan of the Company (filed as Exhibit 4.1 to the Companys Registration Statement on Form S-8 filed with the Commission on May 28, 2003 and incorporated by
reference herein)                                                                                    
|              | 
|10.24         |  | Exploration Contract, dated as of March 7, 2000, with respect to the South Alibek Field (filed as Exhibit 10.2 to the Companys Registration Statement on Form SB-2 filed with the
Commission on May 15, 2001 and incorporated by reference herein)                                          
|              | 
|10.25         |  | License 1557 from the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan with respect to the South Alibek Field, dated as of April 29, 1999 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to the Companys Registration
Statement on Form SB-2 filed with the Commission on May 15, 2001 and incorporated by reference herein)
|              | 
|14.1          |  | Code of Ethics for the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer (filed as Exhibit 14 to the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year
ended December 31, 2004 and incorporated by reference herein)                                      
|              | 
|16.1          |  | Letter from John A. Braden & Co., P.C., dated October 25, 2005, to the Office of the Chief Accountant, Securities and Exchange Commission (filed as Exhibit 16.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the
Companys Current Report on Form 8-K dated October 25, 2005 and incorporated by reference herein) 
|              | 
|21.1          |  | Subsidiaries of the Company (filed as Exhibit 21.1 to the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on March 16, 2006 and
incorporated by reference herein)                                                                 
|              | 
|23.1          |  | Consent of UHY Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp CPAs, LLP (filed as Exhibit 23.1 to the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the
Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)                                        
|              | 
|23.2          |  | Consent of John A. Braden & Company, P.C. (filed as Exhibit 23.2 to the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with the Commission on
March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)                                                   
|              | 
|23.3          |  | Consent of Ryder Scott Company (independent reserve engineers) (filed as Exhibit 23.3 to the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 filed with
the Commission on March 16, 2006 and incorporated by reference herein)                              
|              | 
|31.1         |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
|              | 
|31.2         |  | Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
|              | 
|32.1         |  | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
|              | 
|32.2         |  | Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

---

| | Filed herewith.
|- | ---------------



E-3