SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-3737-15T3

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

DAWN M. MILKOSKY,

Defendant-Appellant,

___________________________________

Submitted May 23, 2017 – Decided

Before Judges Fisher and Vernoia.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New 

Jersey, Law Division, Morris County, Municipal 

Appeal No. 15-049.

Michael A. Grasso, attorney for appellant 

(Christopher J. Grenda, on the briefs).

Fredric M. Knapp, Morris County Prosecutor,

attorney for respondent (Paula Jordao,

Assistant Prosecutor, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

Following the denial of defendant Dawn M. Milkosky's motion 

to suppress the results of a blood alcohol test, she entered a 

conditional plea of guilty to driving while intoxicated (DWI),

N.J.S.A. 39:4-50, in the Kinnelon Municipal Court. See R. 7:5-

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court."

Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the 

parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R.1:36-3.

June 8, 2017
2 A-3737-15T3

2(c)(2); State v. Greeley, 178 N.J. 38, 50-51 (2003). She appealed,

and the Law Division, after conducting a de novo hearing, entered 

an order denying her suppression motion. Defendant appeals the 

court's order. We affirm.

I.

The evidence presented at the suppression hearing showed that 

at about 6:15 p.m. on April 16, 2015, defendant was involved in a 

single vehicle accident. Defendant's vehicle was overturned and 

there was a small fire in the front of the vehicle. Defendant was 

unconscious and, secured by her seatbelt, she hung upside down in 

the driver's seat. Kinnelon police officers, who were dispatched 

to the scene, pulled defendant from the vehicle just prior to it 

being engulfed in flames. 

Defendant remained unconscious and had a faint pulse. The 

officers administered first aid and detected an odor of alcohol 

coming from defendant. Within fifteen to twenty minutes of the 

accident, defendant was transported by helicopter to Morristown 

Memorial Hospital. 

The road where the accident occurred was closed for several 

hours. The local fire department and members of the sheriff's 

department also responded.

Kinnelon police detective Patrick McDonnell was on duty. He 

was assigned to block-off the road where the accident occurred and 
3 A-3737-15T3

direct traffic. At some point, McDonnell was dispatched to the 

hospital to obtain a sample of defendant's blood. 

McDonnell testified at the suppression hearing that defendant

was conscious when he met with her at the hospital. McDonnell

introduced himself as a detective with the Kinnelon police

department. He asked defendant for her name, date of birth, social

security number, and address, and she provided the information.

Defendant did not remember how the crash occurred or how she had

arrived at the hospital. She inquired about her vehicle, and

McDonnell said it was most likely destroyed by fire.

McDonnell testified that defendant explained that at the time

of the accident, she was driving to a friend's house. She asked

McDonnell to notify her friend about the accident, and provided

McDonnell with her friend's name, address, and phone number. The

information defendant provided was accurate; at some point,

McDonnell called and spoke to the friend.

During McDonnell's conversation with defendant, he again

informed her that he was a Kinnelon police detective. He asked if

she would consent to provide a blood sample, and informed her she

had the option of saying yes or no. In response, defendant said

"yes" and lifted up her arm toward McDonnell. He provided defendant

with a consent form, which she signed with a "squiggly line" above

the signature line.
4 A-3737-15T3

According to McDonnell, defendant's blood was drawn at 8:30

p.m. McDonnell did not believe he had time to obtain a warrant

because the police had "very little manpower and it would take too

long." He testified he would have had to call the prosecutor's

office to obtain a warrant. He did not attempt to obtain a warrant

because, he "had [defendant's] consent and . . . time had passed

and it would have taken a very long time to get the warrant [based

on his] past experiences."

Dr. Gooberman, an internist, testified that defendant

sustained a head injury, and had short-term memory loss. He

testified defendant was given fluids upon her arrival at the

hospital, but was not given any "mood altering drugs."

1

Defendant was charged with driving while intoxicated,

N.J.S.A. 39:4-50, and other motor vehicle offenses. She filed a 

motion to suppress the results of the blood test, claiming the 

warrantless blood draw violated her right to be free from 

unreasonable searches and seizures under the United States and New 

Jersey Constitutions. The municipal judge denied defendant's 

 

1 Gooberman also testified short-term memory loss "impacts the

ability to give [] consent." However, he did not provide any

support for his conclusion, and the court ruled Gooberman was

qualified to testify only as a general medical doctor, and could

not testify whether defendant "was of sound mind while rendering

her consent." The judge's ruling is not challenged on appeal and,

as such, we do not address it.
5 A-3737-15T3

motion to suppress. Defendant entered a conditional plea of guilty 

to driving while intoxicated, and the remaining charges were

dismissed. 

Defendant appealed to the Law Division. The court found

defendant consented to the blood draw, and the warrantless blood

draw was otherwise constitutional under the exigent circumstances

exception to the warrant requirement. The Law Division entered an 

order denying defendant's suppression motion. This appeal 

followed.

On appeal, defendant makes the following arguments:

POINT I

THE WARRANTLESS BLOOD DRAW WAS NOT OBTAINED 

THROUGH CONSENT AND THE STATE CANNOT OVERCOME 

THE WARRANT REQUIREMENT THROUGH EXIGENCY [].

POINT II

EXCLUSION OF [DEFENDANT'S] BLOOD TEST RESULTS 

IS REQUIRED BECAUSE THE BLOOD DRAW WAS NOT 

DONE WITHIN A REASONABLE TIME OF HER OPERATION 

OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE (Raised Below, However,

Not Addressed in Lower Rulings).

II.

In our review of the Law Division's decision on a municipal 

appeal, "[w]e review the action of the Law Division, not the 

municipal court." State v. Robertson, 438 N.J. Super. 47, 64 (App. 

Div. 2014), certif. granted, 221 N.J. 287 (2015). "Unlike the Law 

Division, which conducts a trial de novo on the record, Rule 3:32-
6 A-3737-15T3

8(a), we do not independently assess the evidence." State v. 

Gibson, 429 N.J. Super. 456, 463 (App. Div. 2013), rev'd on other 

grounds, 219 N.J. 227 (2014). We consider "whether the findings 

made could reasonably have been reached on sufficient credible 

evidence present in the record." State v. Stas, 212 N.J. 37, 49 

(2012) (quoting State v. Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 471 (1999)). 

However, we owe "no such deference . . . to the Law Division or 

the municipal court with respect to legal determinations or 

conclusions reached on the basis of the facts." Ibid.; see also

State v. Handy, 206 N.J. 39, 45 (2011) ("appellate review of legal 

determinations is plenary"). 

Defendant contends the court erred because there was 

insufficient evidence supporting its determination she consented 

to the blood draw. Defendant argues the "indisputable facts 

indicate that [she] was suffering from a lack of lucidity that 

prevented her from having the ability to legally provide consent."

We disagree.

The United States and New Jersey Constitutions guarantee 

"[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,

papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures."

U.S. Const. amend. IV; N.J. Const. art. I, ¶ 7. "As the United

States Supreme Court has recognized, 'a "compelled intrusio[n]

into the body for blood to be analyzed for alcohol content" must
7 A-3737-15T3

be deemed a Fourth Amendment search.'" State v. Adkins, 221 N.J.

300, 309 (2015) (quoting Skinner v. Ry. Labor Execs. Ass'n, 489

U.S. 602, 616, 109 S. Ct. 1402, 1412, 103 L. Ed. 2d 639, 659

(1989)).

"Any warrantless search is prima facie invalid, and the 

invalidity may be overcome only if the search falls within one of 

the specific exceptions created by the United States Supreme 

Court." State v. Hill, 115 N.J. 169, 173 (1989). The State has the 

burden of proving the existence of an exception by a preponderance 

of the evidence. State v. Amelio, 197 N.J. 207, 211 (2008), cert. 

denied, 556 U.S. 1237, 129 S. Ct. 2402, 173 L. Ed. 2d 1297 (2009).

"Federal and New Jersey courts recognize the consent to search 

exception to the warrant requirement." State v. Lamb, 218 N.J.

300, 315 (2014). "It is, of course, fundamental that consent to

search must be voluntary." State v. Chapman, 332 N.J. Super. 452,

466 (App. Div. 2000). "To determine whether a person voluntarily

consented to a search, the focus of the analysis is 'whether a

person has knowingly waived [the] right to refuse to consent to

the search.'" Lamb, supra, 218 N.J. at 315 (quoting State v.

Domicz, 188 N.J. 285, 308 (2006)). In addition, "under the New

Jersey Constitution, a consent to search is valid only if the

person giving consent has knowledge of [the] right to refuse."

Chapman, supra, 332 N.J. Super. at 466. "The State has the burden
8 A-3737-15T3

of proving consent was given freely and voluntarily." Lamb, supra,

218 N.J. at 315.

Here, defendant contends the evidence requires the conclusion

that, due to injuries sustained in the accident, she was incapable

of providing voluntary consent to the requested blood draw. We

find no support in the record for defendant's contention and are

satisfied the record amply supports the court's determination that

defendant voluntarily and knowingly consented to the blood draw.

She spoke coherently with the officer, correctly provided detailed

and accurate information, explained what she had been doing prior

to the accident, and expressed concern about her vehicle. She

responded affirmatively to McDonnell's request for the blood draw,

signed the consent form, and extended her arm towards the officer.

See Birchfield v. North Dakota, __ U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 2160, 2185,

195 L. Ed. 2d 560, 588 (2016) ("It is well established that a

search is reasonable when the subject consents . . . and that

sometimes consent to a search need not be express but may be fairly

inferred from context.") (citations omitted).

Moreover, there was no evidence demonstrating that any injury

sustained by defendant actually interfered with her ability to

understand her rights, or knowingly and voluntarily waive them.

Gooberman testified defendant sustained a moderate sized left

super orbital subcutaneous hematoma, but offered no opinion that
9 A-3737-15T3

the injury affected defendant's ability to provide consent.

Gooberman testified plaintiff suffered short-term memory loss that

"impact[ed] . . . the ability to give . . . consent." He did not,

however, testify the injury rendered her unable to provide knowing

and voluntary consent to McDonnell's blood draw request.

We therefore discern no basis in the record to reverse the

court's finding that, despite defendant suffering some injury in

the accident, she knowingly and voluntarily consented to the blood

draw. See State v. Warmbrun, 277 N.J. Super. 51, 64 (App. Div. 

1994) (finding the defendant voluntarily waived his Miranda2 rights 

where "although defendant was very intoxicated, he was capable of

communicating and . . . was responsive in answering questions and

could answer correctly questions such as his name, age, etc."),

certif. denied, 140 N.J. 277 (1995).3

Defendant also argues the court erred by denying the 

suppression motion because the blood draw did not take place within 

a reasonable time. We find insufficient merit in the argument to 

 

2 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 

694 (1966).

3 Because we are convinced the court correctly determined that 

defendant knowingly and voluntarily consented to the blood draw,

it is unnecessary to consider defendant's argument the court erred 

by finding the blood draw was lawful under the exigent 

circumstances exception to the warrant requirement.
10 A-3737-15T3

warrant discussion in a written opinion, R. 2:11-3(e)(2), other

to note the following.

Defendant relies on State v. Tischio, 107 N.J. 504, 506 

(1987), app. dism., 484 U.S. 1038, 108 S. Ct. 768, 98 L. Ed. 2d 

855 (1988), where the Court determined that a defendant may be 

convicted of driving while intoxicated under N.J.S.A. 39:4-50 when 

a chemical breath test "is administered within a reasonable time 

after the defendant was actually driving [the] vehicle" shows a 

blood alcohol level exceeding the statutory limit.4 See also State

v. Marquez, 202 N.J. 485, 511 (2010) ("[B]ecause breath sample 

evidence 'is evanescent and may disappear in a few hours,' police 

must administer the breathalyzer test within a reasonable time 

after the arrest in order to obtain an accurate reading") (quoting 

State v. Widmaier, 157 N.J. 475, 487 (1999)). 

In State v. Dannemiller, 229 N.J. Super. 187, 190 (App. Div. 

1988), we observed that the Tischio Court's concern about the 

"invasion of [a defendant's] rights by prolonged detention" was 

the "primary reason for requiring the administration of [alcohol 

breath] tests within a reasonable time of operation or arrest as 

 

4 The majority opinion in Tischio also concluded that alcohol 

breath tests administered during an investigation in a driving 

while intoxicated case "must be taken 'within a reasonable time'

after the arrest." Tischio, supra, 107 N.J. at 521. Defendant was 

not under arrest at the time of the blood draw at issue here.
11 A-3737-15T3

no scientific basis for the requirement has been demonstrated."

We determined that in assessing whether there was unreasonable 

delay, "[e]ach case must . . . be examined . . . to determine 

whether the motorist's rights have been violated by undue delay."

Ibid. 

In Dannemiller, we further determined the court properly 

rejected the defendant's claim there was a violation of Tischio's 

"unreasonable time principle" because he failed to show "prejudice 

or reason to doubt the accuracy of the" chemical breath tests, and 

failed to make any "claim of prolonged detention or of any 

intervening imbibing of an alcoholic beverage, illness, or 

untoward event which might affect his condition." Ibid. For the 

same reason, we reject defendant's claim here. Defendant was 

promptly removed from the accident scene and taken to the hospital 

for medical reasons, was never detained by police prior to the 

blood draw, and there is no evidence that, during the two hour and 

fifteen minutes that elapsed from the occurrence of the accident 

to the blood draw, there was an intervening incident that might 

have affected defendant's condition. Defendant does not claim she 

suffered any prejudice as a result of the purported delay and 

there is no evidence showing the delay affected the accuracy of 

the blood tests. 
12 A-3737-15T3

Moreover, given the nature of the accident, the need to 

transport defendant to a medical facility and all of the attendant 

circumstances, the two-hour-and-fifteen-minute delay in obtaining 

the blood draw was not unreasonable. See State v. Samarel, 231 N.J.

Super. 134, 142-43 (App. Div. 1989) (finding defendant failed to 

show there was an unreasonable delay in administering chemical 

breath tests where they were administered almost three-and-a-half 

hours after a motor vehicle accident). 

Affirmed.