United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Argued December 11, 2012

Decided December 20, 2012

Before

WILLIAM J. BAUER, Circuit Judge

ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS , Circuit Judge

DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 12‐1505

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

DWAYNE E. WILLIAMS,

Defendant‐Appellant.

Appeal from the

United States District Court for the

Northern District of Illinois,

Eastern Division.

No. 08 CR 530

Ronald A. Guzmán,

Judge.

O R D E R

Dwayne Williams challenges his 125‐month prison sentence for possession of heroin.

He argues that the district court permitted the government to violate his plea agreement by

presenting evidence at his sentencing hearing beyond the facts stipulated in the agreement.

At that hearing the government introduced testimony from one of Williams’s drug

suppliers that substantially increased the amount of drugs attributed to him. We conclude

that the court did not err in allowing the evidence because the government never agreed to

limit the evidence of relevant conduct presented at sentencing to that stipulated in the plea

agreement.

Williams pleaded guilty to possession of heroin with intent to distribute,

see 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He admitted to purchasing 500 grams of heroin, selling most of it,

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with

Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
No. 12‐1505 Page 2

and storing the rest in the trunk of his car for later sale. He also admitted that he hid crack

cocaine in the same trunk and had sold more than 600 grams of cocaine to an informant. In

a written plea agreement, the parties agreed that based on then‐known facts, he was

accountable for the equivalent of between 400 and 700 kilograms of marijuana, yielding a

base offense level of 28. The parties also reserved the right to dispute a 2‐level increase

based on the government’s contention that Williams possessed a firearm in connection with

his offense. And the government agreed to recommend up to a 3‐level reduction for

Williams’s acceptance of responsibility. With these adjustments in mind, the parties

anticipated an adjusted offense level of 27, which combined with Williams’s zero criminal‐

history points would provisionally result in a guidelines range of 70 to 87 months’

imprisonment.

Both parties agreed that the guidelines calculations were “preliminary in nature.”

Williams also acknowledged that the calculations were “non‐binding predictions upon

which neither party is entitled to rely,” that they were based on “facts now known to the

government,” and that after “further review of the facts,” the government may conclude

that different or additional guidelines provisions applied. The parties remained free to

recommend whatever sentence they deemed appropriate, and either party could correct

errors in applying any of the guidelines by stipulation or by statement to the Probation

Office or the district court.

Four months later, when the government submitted its version of the offense to the

probation office, it revised its calculations. It stated that based on an upcoming cooperation

agreement with one of Williams’s suppliers Emmeterio Gutierrez, it intended to present

evidence at sentencing of additional drug quantities attributable to Williams. Then, a few

days before the scheduled sentencing hearing, the government estimated in its sentencing

memorandum that this new evidence would raise the amount of cocaine attributable to

Williams to the equivalent of 19,000 kilograms of marijuana. By raising the attribution of

marijuana from 700 to 19,000 kilograms of marijuana, the government’s calculations

increased his base offense level from 28 to 36. Williams complained that this evidence

should not be considered because it constituted an unfair surprise. He emphasized that the

government knew about Gutierrez’s evidentiary proffer as long as two years before it

reached its plea agreements with Williams and Gutierrez. He also insisted that the new

evidence was not sufficiently credible or relevant to his offense.

At the sentencing hearing held five months later, the government called Gutierrez to

testify to additional drug quantities. Williams renewed his objection to the testimony as

irrelevant. He also argued that if the government had believed Gutierrez when, two years

earlier, he first proffered his account of the larger amount of drugs attributable to Williams,

it should have indicted Williams for those quantities then.
No. 12‐1505 Page 3

The district court overruled Williams’s objections because, the court reasoned, the

government could not fully rely on Gutierrez’s testimony until after it had reached its

cooperation agreement with him. The court further found Gutierrez’s testimony credible

and that Williams could not argue unfair surprise because he knew about the events to

which Gutierrez testified. The court calculated a guidelines range of 108 to 135 months’

imprisonment and sentenced Williams to 125 months.

The sole issue on appeal is whether the government breached its plea agreement

with Williams by having Gutierrez testify to additional relevant conduct beyond the facts

discussed in the plea agreement. Because the agreement states that Williams was

responsible for at most the equivalent of 700 kilograms of marijuana, yielding a base offense

level of 28, Williams contends that the government could not present further evidence

yielding a higher base offense level.

As a preliminary matter, the parties debate whether Williams forfeited this

contention by failing to object in the district court that the government had breached the

plea agreement. “Forfeiture occurs when a defendant negligently fails to assert a right in a

timely fashion.” United States v. Brodie, 507 F.3d 527, 530 (7th Cir. 2007). An objection to a

particular guidelines calculation does not necessarily preserve for appeal a claim that, by

proposing the calculation, the government breached a plea agreement. See Puckett v. United

States, 556 U.S. 129, 133 (2009) (distinguishing defendant’s preserved argument that he

should receive a reduction for acceptance of responsibility from an unpreserved argument

that the government had breached their plea agreement by opposing the reduction); United

States v. Winters, 695 F.3d 686, 689 (7th Cir. 2012) (finding defendant had not objected to

alleged breach of plea agreement where he only objected to application of career‐offender

status that raised his base offense level above agreed level).

Williams maintains that he adequately preserved his contention, but he is mistaken.

Although Williams did twice object to the government’s attempt to introduce further

evidence of relevant conduct, the government is correct that he never contended that the

government’s proffer breached its plea agreement. In fact, Williams never even mentioned

any particular provisions of the agreement, let alone maintained that a provision was

breached. Rather, he complained only that the evidence should be precluded because it

should have been produced earlier and was not credible. True, Williams’s sentencing

memorandum cites United States v. Artley, 489 F.3d 813 (7th Cir. 2007)—a decision that

addresses the alleged breach of a plea agreement; he cited it again at the sentencing hearing.

But Williams’s reliance on Artley was insufficient to preserve the alleged error because he

cited only that decision’s discussion of the reasonableness of the defendants’ sentences.
No. 12‐1505 Page 4

See 489 F.3d at 824. Williams therefore forfeited this argument, so we review it only for plain

error. Puckett, 556 U.S. at 143; Winters, 695 F.3d at 689; Artley, 489 F.3d at 824.

But even if we were to give the matter plenary review, our conclusion would be the

same: The district court acted properly because the government did not breach its plea

agreement. Williams correctly observes that the government is strictly bound to fulfill any

promise offered in consideration of a guilty plea. See Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262

(1971); United States v. OʹDoherty, 643 F.3d 209, 217 (7th Cir. 2011). We interpret the terms of

a plea agreement “according to the parties’ reasonable expectations,” construe any

ambiguities against the government, and hold the government to the literal terms of the

plea agreement construed as a whole. O’Doherty, 643 F.3d at 217 (citing United States v.

Monroe, 580 F.3d 552, 556 (7th Cir. 2009); United States v. Woods, 581 F.3d 531, 534 (7th Cir.

2009)); United States v. Schilling, 142 F.3d 388, 395 (7th Cir. 1998).

Williams could not, however, have reasonably expected the government to be bound

by the agreement’s calculations of a base offense level of 28 given the other terms of the

agreement. See O’Doherty, 643 F.3d at 217–18; Schilling, 142 F.3d at 396; United States v.

Billington, 844 F.2d 445, 450 (7th Cir. 1988). Williams acknowledged that the agreement’s

calculations were “preliminary in nature,” that they were “non‐binding predictions upon

which neither party is entitled to rely,” and that the government could change its

recommended range based on “further review of the facts.” Emphasizing its provisional

nature, the agreement also states that the calculated guidelines range was “based on the

facts now known to the government,” thereby connoting that a different range might be

calculated if additional facts arose. And the agreement further alerted Williams that the

government was not limited to the relevant conduct that Williams admitted because it also

provides that the government would “fully apprise” the district court about Williams’s

conduct related to the charges against him, as it did in its presentencing submissions. Under

these provisions, the government was free to provide additional evidence of relevant

conduct. See O’Doherty, 643 F.3d at 217–18 (concluding that the government was not limited

to the relevant conduct recounted in a plea agreement containing nearly identical terms to

Williams’s).

Williams responds that because the plea agreement was based on “facts now known

to the government” and the government had “known” about Gutierrez’s proffer two years

earlier, the government could not base additional relevant conduct on that proffer. But

because he bears the burden of proving breach, Puckett, 556 U.S. at 141; Artley, 489 F.3d at

824, Williams must show that the government had enough confidence in Gutierrez’s earlier

assertions to constitute “facts now known” to it. The district court found no evidence that

the government treated those earlier assertions as “facts,” and nothing in the record

suggests that its finding was clearly erroneous. See United States v. Diaz, 922 F.2d 998, 1007
No. 12‐1505 Page 5

(2d Cir. 1990) (affirming as not clearly erroneous district court’s finding that government

did not have earlier knowledge of misconduct, even if it had “suspicions”). To the contrary,

the record suggests a lack of confidence because, as Williams agrees, the government did not

indict Williams for the additional conduct back when it first learned of it.

Williams next relies on United States v. Dewitt, 366 F.3d 667 (8th Cir. 2004), and

United States v. Tobon‐Hernandez, 845 F.2d 277 (11th Cir. 1988), to argue that the plea

agreement barred further evidence of relevant conduct, but both cases are distinguishable.

The government in Dewitt and Tobon‐Hernandez stipulated to specific drug quantities for

which the defendant was responsible. See Dewitt, 366 F.3d at 668; Tobon‐Hernandez, 845 F.2d

at 278. By contrast, the government here only agreed to “preliminary” calculations and drug

quantities based on Williams’s admitted conduct. Moreover, the plea agreements in Dewitt

and Tobon‐Hernandez do not appear to have contained the provisions found in the plea

agreement here that negate the reasonable expectation that the government would be bound

by specific offense quantities or offense levels. See O’Doherty, 643 F.3d at 218.

Finally, Williams argues that if the government wanted to reserve the right to

present evidence of additional relevant conduct, it should have negotiated the right

expressly, just as the parties reserved the right to dispute the firearm enhancement. But the

government did reserve the right to present additional evidence when Williams agreed that

the base offense calculation of 28 was “preliminary,” subject to change based on “further

review of the facts,” and “non‐binding.” Williams replies that if those terms give the

government the freedom to seek a higher base offense level, they render the parties’

reservation about the firearm enhancement superfluous. But the firearm reservation simply

shows that the parties were already engaged in a contest about that enhancement. It did not

prohibit the parties from disputing other issues.

Because the district court did not err, plainly or otherwise, in admitting the evidence

of additional relevant conduct, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.