J-A14009-24 

 

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37 

OPULENT WATCHES, INC. 

 v. 

JEREME WARNER 

 Appellant 

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF 

 PENNSYLVANIA 

 No. 2046 EDA 2023 

Appeal from the Judgment Dated August 9, 2023 

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at 

No(s): 201200676 

BEFORE: LAZARUS, P.J., STABILE, J., and LANE, J. 

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, P.J.: FILED AUGUST 20, 2024

 Jereme Warner appeals from the judgment1 entered in the Court of 

Common Pleas of Philadelphia County on the verdict and attorney’s fees 

____________________________________________ 

1

 Warner filed his notice of appeal on July 31, 2023, well before the trial court 

ruled on his post-trial motion or entered final judgment on the verdict. 

Nevertheless, Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5) provides that “[a] notice of appeal filed 

after the announcement of a determination[,] but before the entry of an 

appealable order shall be treated as filed after such entry and on the day 

thereof.” Pa.R.A.P. 905(a)(5). Consequently, we consider Warner’s notice of 

appeal to be filed on August 9, 2023, the day that judgment was entered 

against him. 

Additionally, as we discuss infra, “Opulent Watches LLC” is the incorrect name 

for the appellee. The trial court, at the time of trial, granted an oral motion 

to correct the trial court docket to reflect appellee’s correct name, “Opulent 

Watches, Inc.” See N.T. Trial, 6/28/23, at 146-48 (trial court allowing name 

change pursuant to Pa.R.Civ.P. 1033(a) and (b)). However, this change was 

not formalized until July 25, 2023, when the trial court filed an order directing 

the docket be changed. See Order, 7/25/23. The trial court’s written order 

occurred after this Court had already docketed Warner’s notice of appeal. 

(Footnote Continued Next Page) 
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imposed against him in the amount of $50,895.00. After careful review, we 

affirm. 

The trial court summarized the factual history of this case as follows: 

[Jonathan Yedwabnik] started Opulent Watches, Inc.[,] in the 

early 2000’s and operated [it] as an online boutique retailer 

specializing in authentic new and pre-owned luxury jewelry and 

watches by brands such as Cartier, Chanel, Van Cleef, and 

Audemars Piguet. [Yedwabnik] regularly dealt in merchandise 

valued in excess of $100,000[.00]. In 2008, [Yedwabnik] began 

selling on eBay and maintained a 100% positive feedback rating. 

Yedwabnik testified[, at trial,] that he had been in the high-end 

jewelry business for a long time and had extensive knowledge and 

experience in determining whether a piece of jewelry was 

authentic. He further testified that if he ever had any doubt as to 

a piece’s authenticity, his practice would be to take it directly to 

the manufacturer and receive documentation from them. 

Yedwabnik [testified that his] business was built entirely on trust 

and that selling a fake watch or piece of jewelry would damage 

his reputation and destroy his business. 

Yedwabnik testified that he typically obtained his inventory 

directly from manufacturers or from trade shows and dealers, and 

that each item was authenticated before it was listed on his 

company website. He stated that he had security measures in 

place for doing business online, including sending purchased items 

only to the billing address attached to the credit card, recording 

the packaging of every shipment via an overhead 4k high 

resolution camera, and shipping by way of FedEx overnight with 

signature confirmation required. 

Yedwabnik stated that customers typically contacted him for 

additional photos or to ask questions regarding availability before 

purchasing an item from his website. [He] testified that on 

October 23, 2018, [Warner] purchased[,] from [the Opulent 

Watches] website[,] an Audemars Piguet rose gold rubber clad 

____________________________________________ 

We have corrected the caption to reflect that Warner appeals from the August 

9, 2023 judgment, and that appellee’s correct name is “Opulent Watches, Inc.” 
J-A14009-24 

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watch with a gray dial, serial number F86262, without contacting 

[Yedwabnik] first for any additional information. After 

[Yedwabnik] received notice of the online sale, [Yedwabnik] 

emailed [Warner, requesting verification that Warner had made 

the purchase, but Yedwabnik] did not receive a response. 

[Yedwabnik] emailed [Warner] again, informing him that the 

transaction would be cancelled if he did not reply. [Warner] finally 

replied and sent [Yedwabnik] the requested photograph of 

[Warner] holding his driver’s license up to his face. On October 

25, 2018, [Yedwabnik] emailed [Warner] and asked if he would 

be home the next morning to receive the watch via overnight 

FedEx delivery, signature required. [Warner] replied via email, “I 

will be available.” [Yedwabnik] testified that he packaged the 

watch with the instruction manual and warranty booklet. The 

packaging process was recorded by the motion-activated 4k HD 

camera mounted overhead in his business, and the resulting video 

showed the watch’s serial number, the watch itself, and the 

accompanying paperwork. [Yedwabnik] stated that the boxes he 

had on hand were not the correct size for the watch, so he had to 

walk off camera to retrieve another box. When he returned, the 

video camera began recording again. [Yedwabnik] stated that the 

first video was saved as it was submitted to the credit card 

company after [Warner later-filed a] charge-back and the 

company requested proof of serial number. [Yedwabnik] 

explained that the subsequent video, showing him placing the 

packaged watch into the FedEx box[,] was deleted from the hard 

drive as part of a routine storage wipe. [Yedwabnik] stated that 

this portion of the video was not downloaded and saved because 

the credit card company did not request it and by the time the 

instant litigation commenced, [the video] had already been 

deleted. 

[Yedwabnik] testified that he received confirmation from FedEx 

that the watch was delivered to [Warner] before 10:30 a.m. on 

Friday, October 26, 2018[,] and that the package was signed for 

by “J. Jereme.” Later that same day, [Yedwabnik] received an 

email from [Warner,] which stated, “I received my shipment from 

FedEx. But if I recall correctly, the listing on your website said 

box and papers were included with the watch and I do not have 

any papers or documentation that came with the watch. Only a 

watch and a watch box.” [Warner] further wrote in his email, “I 

don’t seem to be able to access the listing anymore from your 

website. And when I click on the invoice or my orders tab, it only 

states the watch name and the price[, and] that I purchased the 
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watch, without any details.” [Yedwabnik] testified that this was 

false[,] as he maintained listings for all of his inventory on his 

website, whether the item was in stock or had been sold, for 

search engine optimization. [Yedwabnik] stated that [Warner] 

complained in his email that the watch looked “very different” 

from [a] watch that he tried on in Las Vegas and that [Warner] 

intended to fly [to Las Vegas] to have the watch inspected. 

[Yedwabnik] stated that [Warner] did not attach any photos to his 

email and that [Yedwabnik] was unaware that [Warner] had tried 

on any similar watches prior to [the instant] purchase. 

[Yedwabnik] testified that he replied to [Warner]’s email and told 

him the paperwork was beneath the watch box and that this was 

indeed the rubber clad model. [Warner] quickly replied that he 

would check the box when he returned home but that he had only 

seen “the watch box, some plastic bubble wrap, and a book about 

Audemars[’] watch movement. [There was n]o warranty card, 

invoice, appraisal, or serial registration.” On November 5, 2018, 

[Warner] emailed [Yedwabnik] again, stating[,] “I have returned 

home, and I took a look at the box. There is just one booklet 

which doesn’t mention anything at all about the registration or 

warranty or documentation. I have attached the picture for your 

viewing. If you could try to locate that for me, that would be 

preferable. Perhaps I can go to Las Vegas boutique and see if 

they can get me a new copy[] and take a look at it.” [Yedwabnik] 

examined the photo sen[t] by [Warner] and [saw] both booklets 

[] underneath the watch box as it was flush with the sides, 

meaning both included booklets were underneath. [Yedwabnik] 

replied to [Warner]’s email and offered to send a “certificate of 

appraisal/insurance document” for insurance purposes. 

[Yedwabnik] also sent photos of the watch box with the two 

booklets underneath that he had taken prior to shipping the 

watch. [Warner] responded . . . that he had compared the photos 

and that he did not believe they matched. [Warner] then asked 

[Yedwabnik] to contact FedEx to see if there was a “mix-up.” 

[Yedwabnik] became suspicious that [Warner] was “running a 

scam on us and trying to steal the merchandise.” 

[Yedwabnik] testified that he emailed [Warner] the appraisal 

report and a recommended insured value of the watch. [Warner] 

replied on November 7, 2018, “The [reference] numbers do not 

add up on your document that was sent to me. Was this done by 

a gemologist?” [Yedwabnik] replied that all numbers matched and 

sent [Warner] photos of the back of the watch and the booklet 
J-A14009-24 

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which both included the serial number F86262. [Warner] 

responded that he was out of town and had “dropped off the watch 

at Audemars in Las Vegas for my rep to take a look at it for me, 

since these numbers from your pictures did not match those of 

the watch.” [Yedwabnik] testified that he did not believe [Warner] 

had dropped the watch off at an Audemars Piguet store because 

the representatives at the stores are not “salespeople” but are 

well-educated as to the history and significance of their watches 

and their job is to educate clientele, not sell watches. [Yedwabnik] 

further added that if the watch had been fake, there would have 

been no need to “drop it off” as the store representative would 

have known immediately. 

[Yedwabnik] testified that [Warner] later sent him photos of the 

watch he allegedly had examined by the Audemars Piguet 

representative. [The watch in these photos was not the watch 

that Yedwabnik had packaged and sent to Warner. Yedwabnik 

stated that] the watch in the photographs was fake, [because] the 

“seven and five [were] cut out . . . the watch does not have a gray 

dial,” and it said “quartz” instead of “automatic.” In addition, the 

watch in the photograph had a fictitious serial number. 

[Yedwabnik] testified that [Warner] emailed him again, asking 

him to contact FedEx to see if the package had been tampered 

with, and stating “I will be in contact once I have the results back 

from Audemars.” [Yedwabnik replied], explaining that the 

packaging and shipment of the watch had been recorded by video 

and that if [Warner] had any issues with legitimacy, he should 

have brought this up immediately upon receipt. [Warner] replied 

that he had contacted [Yedwabnik] immediately upon receiving 

the watch and that he believed he had “been very clear on the 

issues that I have had with my order in my correspondence.” 

[Yedwabnik] then responded as follows: 

Hi [Warner], your initial contact was stating that you had 

only allegedly received one booklet. When we reviewed the 

video, both of the booklets were placed in a box. You had 

then requested documentation for insurance, which we had 

sent over. There is no way FedEx had known the contents 

of the parcel. Also, the FedEx label attached is a sticker 

created by us which cannot be altered. If there was any 

evidence of FedEx tampering with the package, it would 

have been visible to you when you received the watch. 

Since that was not stated at the beginning, they will not look 
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into it. We have all the emails as well. And the watch you 

[] purchased is the watch you [] received. Furthermore, we 

took photos of the watch and have all our shipments 

recorded. 

[N.T. Trial, 6/28/23, at] 108-[]14. 

[Warner] did not respond to this correspondence. Instead, on 

January 3, 2019, [Yedwabnik] received [the above-mentioned] 

“charge-back” from [Warner]’s credit card processing company, 

in the amount of $29,995[.00], with the reason given as 

“counterfeit merchandise.” [Yedwabnik] disputed this chargeback and [Warner’s] credit card company found in [Yedwabnik]’s 

favor. 

On January 4, 2019, [Yedwabnik] instructed his attorney to 

contact [Warner and] request[] that he return [the] merchandise 

or pay the amount in full. [Warner] did not respond to the 

attorney’s email. [Yedwabnik] then went to his local police 

department in Lower Southampton and filed a police report. He 

also contacted the police in Tempe, Arizona[,] where [Warner] 

resided, who told him that this was a civil matter. 

On February 25, 2019, [Warner] initiated a second charge-back 

procedure, this time claiming “product not received.” This time, 

the credit card company sided with [Warner] and refunded him 

$29,995[.00]. [Warner did not return the watch to Yedwabnik.] 

* * * 

 [] Warner [] testified that he purchased a watch from [Opulent 

Watches’] website on October 23, 2018[,] for approximately 

$30,000[.00]. He stated that on October 26, 2018, he returned 

home and there was a FedEx package on his front step. [Warner] 

stated that the package contained a watch and one “thick 

booklet.” He testified that he had bought luxury watches before, 

including another Audemars Piguet. [Warner] admitted that[,] 

during his deposition, he stated originally that he had never 

bought an Audemars Piguet watch before, but then remembered 

that he had purchased one for his father. After being shown his 

own photograph wearing an Audemars Piguet watch, [Warner] 

then recalled that he had, in fact, purchased an Audemars Piguet 

watch for his father, but then decided to keep it for himself. 

[Warner] stated that he did not have any documentation 
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regarding his prior purchase of an Audemars Piguet watch and 

that he no longer owned the watch in the photo [because] he had 

traded it in for a Phillip Patek Nautilus watch. 

[Warner] testified that he was not home when the [instant] watch 

was delivered, even though he had told [Yedwabnik] that he would 

be available before 10:30 a.m., because he did not believe that 

being available meant that he actually had to be at home. He 

stated that he likely was flying a plane that morning because he 

was trying to get his pilot’s license. After being shown his flight 

logbook, which did not indicate any flight hours on October 26, 

2018, [Warner] admitted he was not flying that day[,] but claimed 

he was not at home. He testified that he did not know why he did 

not send [Yedwabnik] a photograph of the serial number on the 

back of the watch and ask why the numbers did not match. 

[Warner] could not remember if he ever sent [Yedwabnik] a 

photograph of the watch he received. He further testified that 

when he saw the word “quartz” on the watch, even though he had 

expected an automatic watch, he did not think much of it and just 

assumed this was an older model. [Warner] stated that on or 

before November 8, 2018, he took the watch to the Audemars 

Piguet showroom in Las Vegas. He stated that he could not recall 

what the showroom representatives told him, but believed that 

they told him to send it to the manufacturer. [Warner] testified 

that he did remember sending [Yedwabnik] an email informing 

him that [Warner] planned to issue a charge-back for the price of 

the watch, but he could not locate this particular email[.] 

[Warner] then admitted that perhaps the email never got sent. 

[Warner] denied ever receiving an email from [Yedwabnik]’s 

attorney requesting that he return the watch. 

* * * 

[Warner] testified that after he sent the watch to the Audemars 

Piguet manufacturer, he received an email stating that the watch 

was counterfeit and that it would be destroyed. [Warner] testified 

that the watch he received from [Yedwabnik] was counterfeit and 

denied switching the authentic watch with a fake. 

Trial Court Opinion, 11/3/23, at 5-12 (some citations omitted). 

 On December 14, 2020, Yedwabnik filed a complaint in Philadelphia 

County against Warner alleging fraud, conversion, and unjust enrichment. On 
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February 6, 2021, Warner filed preliminary objections, which the trial court2

denied on March 9, 2021. On March 25, 2021, Warner filed a motion for 

reconsideration. On March 30, 2021, the trial court granted Warner’s motion 

for reconsideration and dismissed, with prejudice, Yedwabnik’s claims of fraud 

and unjust enrichment. 

 On April 15, 2021, Warner filed an answer to Yedwabnik’s complaint, as 

well as new matter and counterclaims. Warner alleged breach of contract and 

violation of the Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Law (UTPCPL). 

On July 2, 2021, Yedwabnik filed preliminary objections to Warner’s 

counterclaims. On August 17, 2021, the trial court sustained Yedwabnik’s 

preliminary objections and dismissed both of Warner’s counterclaims without 

prejudice. 

 On September 14, 2021, Warner filed an amended counterclaim against 

Yedwabnik, alleging a violation of the “catchall provision” of the UTPCPL. On 

October 14, 2021, the trial court dismissed Warner’s amended counterclaim 

with prejudice and sanctioned Warner $2,000.00 pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 

2503(7) and (9), based on his conduct. See Trial Court Opinion, 11/3/23, at 

2-3 n.1, n.2 (summarizing procedure and explaining Warner’s behavior was 

found to be vexatious, dilatory, or otherwise in bad faith). 

____________________________________________ 

2

 We note that this case was heard by several different Court of Common Pleas 

judges throughout its pendency. We refer to all of them, collectively, as the 

“trial court.” 
J-A14009-24 

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 On October 17, 2021, Warner filed a motion for judgment on the 

pleadings and, on October 18, 2021, Warner filed a motion for reconsideration 

of the dismissal of his amended counterclaim. On November 10, 2021, the 

trial court denied Warner’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. On the 

same day, the trial court entered an order granting-in-part, Warner’s motion 

for reconsideration and withdrew the sanctions. 

 On November 23, 2021, Warner filed a motion for reconsideration of the 

order denying his motion for judgment on the pleadings. On December 14, 

2021, the trial court denied that motion and awarded Yedwabnik $3,000.00 in 

attorney’s fees. On January 13, 2022, Warner filed a notice of appeal to this 

Court. On February 1, 2022, Warner filed an emergency motion to stay 

proceedings pending the outcome of his appeal, which the trial court denied 

on the same day, “having determined that no emergency basis existed for the 

relief requested.” Order, 2/1/22. On February 15, 2022, Warner filed a 

motion for extraordinary relief, requesting a 60-day extension to the discovery 

period due to Warner’s work schedule, as well as sanctions against Yedwabnik. 

On March 7, 2022, the trial court denied Warner’s motion for extraordinary 

relief, but on March 8, 2022, the trial court entered a separate order granting 

Warner’s request to extend discovery by 60 days. On May 5, 2022, this Court 

quashed Warner’s interlocutory appeal. 

 On June 6, 2022, Warner filed a motion for summary judgment, which 

argued, inter alia, that Opulent Watches LLC was not the name of Opulent 

Watches, Inc. On July 7, 2022, Yedwabnik filed a response, in which he 
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indicated that the “LLC” was a typographical error, and that Opulent Watches 

has always been the same entity from which Warner purchased the Audemars 

Piguet watch. Additionally, Yedwabnik, in his response, requested to amend 

the docket to reflect the correct name, Opulent Watches, Inc. On August 16, 

2022, Warner filed a motion for extraordinary relief, requesting a trial date 

certain due to his professional commitments as a pilot. On September 14, 

2022, the trial court granted Warner’s motion for extraordinary relief, and 

ruled that Warner could request a trial date certain upon good cause shown. 

 On November 18, 2022, the trial court denied Warner’s motion for 

summary judgment. Warner filed an amended answer on November 28, 

2022. On March 3, 2023, the trial court overruled Warner’s preliminary 

objections, sustained Yedwabnik’s preliminary objections, and struck Warner’s 

demand for a jury trial. On April 3, 2023, Warner filed a motion to reconsider, 

which the trial court denied on April 14, 2023. 

 Ultimately, the parties proceeded to a non-jury trial on June 28, 2023. 

During trial, Warner again raised the Rule 1033 issue and argued that Opulent 

Watches LLC did not exist. Yedwabnik again replied that the “LLC” was a 

typographical error and made an oral motion to amend the docket name to 

“Opulent Watches, Inc,” which the trial court granted. Following trial, on June 

29, 2023, the trial court found Yedwabnik was credible, Warner was not 

credible, and ruled in favor of Yedwabnik in the amount of $30,895.00 plus 

reasonable attorneys’ fees. Both parties filed submissions regarding the 

amount of reasonable attorneys’ fees. On July 25, 2023, the trial court 
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determined that reasonable attorneys’ fees amounted to $20,000.00. That 

same day, pursuant to Yedwabnik’s oral motion to amend the caption, the trial 

court ordered that the docket be amended to reflect that the correct name for 

Opulent Watches is “Opulent Watches, Inc.” instead of “Opulent Watches LLC.” 

See Order, 7/25/23. 

 On July 28, 2023, Warner filed a timely post-trial motion,3 which the 

trial court denied on August 9, 2023. Warner filed a timely notice of appeal 

and a court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained 

of on appeal. Warner now raises the following issues for our review: 

[1.] Did [the] trial court err in sustaining a demurrer on 

[Warner]’s counterclaim under [the UTPCPL] and iss[ing] 

sanctions for filing a counterclaim, both rulings set forth on 

December 14, 2021? 

[2.] Did [the] trial court err in refusing to grant [Warner]’s motion 

for non-suit at trial, when [Opulent Watches] admitted that the 

entity which brought the case, Opulent Watches LLC[,] does not 

exist, [and] allow[ed] appellee to change the name and 

organizational structure from Opulent Watches LLC to Opulent 

Watches[,] Inc[.,] issuing an order to the effect 26 days after trial? 

[3.] Did [the] trial court abuse [its] discretion in overlooking at 

least two instances of [Opulent Watches] lying about: [] being in 

____________________________________________ 

3

 Warner titled his motion as a “Motion to Preserve Issues for Appeal.” In his 

motion, Warner requested the trial court to reconsider its judgment, order a 

new trial, or order a nonsuit, which are forms of relief only available in motions 

filed pursuant to Pa.R.Civ.P. 227.1, pertaining to post-trial motions. See 

Pa.R.Civ.P. 227.1(a); see also Gemini Equipment Co. v. Pennsy Supply, 

Inc., 595 A.2d 1211, 1214 (Pa. Super. 1991) (court has discretion to treat 

motion for reconsideration as post-trial motion where it is intended to function 

as such). Accordingly, we conclude that Warner’s motion is properly construed 

as a post-trial motion. 
J-A14009-24 

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possession of a video which proves [its] case beyond any 

reasonable doubt and [] having possession and control over 

[Warner]’s purchase funds of $29,995[.00] in the months of 

October, November, and December of 2018? 

[4.] Did the trial court err as a matter of law in awarding 

attorneys’ fees to [Opulent Watches], pursuant to a clause in the 

agreement that allows fees and costs only to “the prevailing 

party?” 

Brief for Appellant, at 5-6 (unnecessary capitalization omitted). 

 In his first claim, Warner contends that the trial court erred by 

sustaining Yedwabnik’s preliminary objections to Warner’s UTPCPL claim. See

Brief for Appellant, at 12-14. Warner argues that this case hinged on the 

credibility and competing narratives of the parties. See id. Warner asserts 

that the trial court’s dismissal of his UTPCPL claim at the pleading stage 

constituted an abuse of discretion and an error of law. See id. at 14. Warner 

additionally contends that the trial court erred in granting $2,000.00 in 

sanctions to Yedwabnik. See id.

Warner has waived this claim because he failed to include it in his posttrial motion and in his Rule 1925(b) concise statement. See Pa.R.Civ.P. 

227.1(b)(2) (“Grounds not specific [in the post-trial motion] are deemed 

waived[.]”); Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii) (“Issues not included in the 

[s]tatement and/or not raised in accordance with the provisions of this 

paragraph (b)(4) are waived.”). Moreover, Warner’s brief on this claim falls 

woefully short of our appellate briefing requirements. Warner cites to no 

relevant caselaw, rules, or anything in the record to support his claim. See 

Pa.R.A.P. 2119(b) (requiring citation to authorities); id. at (c) (requiring 
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citation to record). For these reasons, we conclude that Warner has waived 

this claim for our review.4

In his second claim, Warner argues that the trial court erred in allowing 

Opulent Watches LLC to change its name, mid-trial, to Opulent Watches, Inc. 

See Brief for Appellant, at 14-19. Warner contends that the trial court’s order 

granting judgment in favor of “Opulent Watches” must be a legal nullity 

because Opulent Watches LLC is a non-existent entity. See id. Additionally, 

Warner contends that the statute of limitations, plus 90 days, had already 

expired and, pursuant to Pa.R.Civ.P. 1033(b), the trial court committed an 

error of law by allowing Opulent Watches to correct its name. See Brief for 

Appellant, at 14-19. We disagree. 

It is well-settled that the trial court “enjoys ‘broad discretion’ to grant 

or deny a petition to amend” pleadings. The Brickman Grp., Ltd v. CGU 

Ins. Co., 865 A.2d 918, 926 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citation omitted); see 

General Mach. Corp. v. Feldman, 507 A.2d 831, 834 (Pa. Super. 1986) 

(noting Rule 1033 is completely subject to trial court’s discretion). We, 

therefore, adhere to an abuse of discretion standard in reviewing a trial court’s 

order granting or denying a petition to amend. See id.

____________________________________________ 

4

 Furthermore, regarding Warner’s $2,000.00 sanctions claim, we can only 

surmise that he is referencing the October 14, 2021, order that imposed 

sanctions in the amount of $2,000.00. However, as we noted supra, the trial 

court, on November 10, 2021, withdrew those sanctions. See Order, 

11/10/21; see also Trial Court Opinion, 11/3/23, at 3. Consequently, even 

if that issue was preserved for our review, we are unable to discern how 

Warner would have been prejudiced by a sanctions order that was withdrawn. 
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Rule 1033 provides: 

(a) A party, either by filed consent of the adverse party or by leave 

of court, may at any time change the form of action, add a person 

as a party, correct the name of a party, or otherwise amend the 

pleading. The amended pleading may aver transactions or 

occurrences which have happened before or after the filing of the 

original pleading, even though they give rise to a new cause of 

action or defense. An amendment may be made to conform the 

pleading to the evidence offered or admitted. 

(b) An amendment correcting the name of a party against whom 

a claim has been asserted in the original pleading relates back to 

the date of the commencement of the action if, within 90 days 

after the period provided by law for commencing the action, the 

party received notice of the institution of the action such that it 

will not be prejudiced in maintaining a defense on the merits and 

the party knew or should have known that the action would have 

been brought against the party but for a mistake concerning the 

identity of the proper party. 

Pa.R.Civ.P. 1033(a)-(b). 

 It is “beyond peradventure that leave to amend pleadings has 

traditionally been liberally granted in this jurisdiction.” Biglan v. Biglan, 479 

A.2d 1021, 1025 (Pa. Super. 1984) (citations omitted); see Pa.R.Civ.P. 126 

(providing “rules shall be liberally applied to secure the just, speedy, and 

inexpensive determination of every action or proceeding to which they are 

applicable”). “As can be seen from the clear language of Rule 1033, no limit

is imposed on the time when an amendment may be made.” Thom v. CDM 

Auto Sales, 221 A.3d 681, 684-85 (Pa. Super. 2019) (emphasis added). 

Thus, “[p]leadings may be amended at the discretion of the trial court after 

pleadings are closed, while a motion for judgment on the pleadings is pending, 

at trial, after judgment, or [even] after an award has been made and 
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an appeal taken therefrom.” See Biglan, 479 A.2d at 1025-26 (emphasis 

added) (citing Sheppard v. First Pennsylvania Banking & Tr. Co., 184 

A.2d 309, 311 (Pa. Super. 1962)); see also Keller v. R.C. Keller Motor Co., 

124 A.2d 105, 106 (Pa. Super. 1956) (noting pleadings may be amended at 

any stage of proceedings); Trabue v. Walsh, 177 A. 815, 816 (Pa. 1935) 

(“Pleadings may be amended at any stage of the case.”) (emphasis added). 

 This Court explained in Biglan that “[t]he fundamental purpose of this 

rule is to prevent cases from turning on purely technical defects. . . . 

[H]ypertechnicality and formalism in pleading are contrary to [the] modern 

practice of allowing free amendment in order to promote resolution of cases 

on their merits.” Biglan, 479 A.2d at 1026 (citations omitted). Nonetheless, 

a trial court may deny amendment of pleadings if there is resulting prejudice 

or surprise to the adverse party. See id. “[P]rejudice, in turn, must be more 

than a mere detriment to the other party because any amendment requested 

certainly will be designed to strengthen the legal position of the amending 

party and correspondingly weaken the position of the adverse party.” 

MacGregor v. Madiq Inc., 576 A.2d 1123, 1126 (Pa. Super. 1990) (citation 

omitted). 

 The explanatory comment to Rule 1033(b) permits a plaintiff to “correct” 

the name of a party to “relate back” to before the expiration of the statute of 

limitations. See Pa.R.Civ.P. 1033(b) Cmt.; see also Fick v. Barbon, 237 
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A.3d 496 (Pa. Super. 2020) (Table).5 However, neither Rule 1033(b) nor its 

comment permit or contemplate a plaintiff adding or substituting another 

party after the statute of limitations has expired. See Pa.R.Civ.P. 1033(b) 

Cmt. Furthermore, the Explanatory Comment states that Rule 1033(b) is 

“consistent with existing case law and codifies current practice” and that “[t]he 

interests of justice are served by a rule of civil procedure permitting a party 

to correct a complaint that provides an incorrect name of a party when there 

is no prejudice to the party brought in by the amendment.” Id. 

 Regarding applicable caselaw, this Court has previously explained: 

A plaintiff may not add a new defendant after the applicable 

statute of limitations has expired. Hoare v. Bell Tel. Co. of Pa., 

500 A.2d 1112 (Pa. 1985); Zercher v. Coca-Cola USA, 651 A.2d 

1133 (Pa. Super. 1994). Thus, in cases where the statute of 

limitations has expired and a party seeks to amend its pleading to 

correct the name of [a] party, the issue is whether the proposed 

amendment adds a new party to the litigation or merely corrects 

a party name. Jacob’s Air Cond. v. Assoc. Heating, 531 A.2d 

494, 496 (Pa. Super. 1987). “If an amendment constitutes a 

simple correcting of the name of a party, it should be allowed, 

Wicker v. Esposito, 457 A.2d 1260 (Pa. 1983), but if the 

amendment in effect adds a new party, it should be prohibited. 

Cianchetti v. Kaylen, 361 A.2d 842 (Pa. Super. 1976).” Jacob’s 

Air Cond.[,] supra . . . . If the proper party was sued but under 

the wrong designation the correction will be allowed. However, 

where the wrong party was sued and the amendment is designed 

to substitute another, distinct party, it will be disallowed. 

Hamilton v. Bechtel, 657 A.2d 93 (Pa. Super. 1995). 

Ferraro v. McCarthy-Pascuzzo, 777 A.2d 1128, 1132-33 (Pa. Super. 2001) 

(emphasis added) (some citations omitted, some citations modified). Thus, 

____________________________________________ 

5

 Unpublished decisions of this Court filed after May 1, 2019 may be considered 

for their persuasive value. See Pa.R.A.P. 126. 
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the caselaw is well-settled: “where the wrong party was sued and the 

amendment is designed to substitute another, distinct party, it will be 

disallowed.” Id. at 1133. However, “if the amendment constitutes a simple 

correcting of the name of a party, it should be allowed.” See id. (citing 

Wicker, 457 A.2d 1260) (emphasis added). 

 After reviewing the record, we agree with the sound reasoning of the 

trial court and conclude that the record supports its determinations. See Trial 

Court Opinion, 11/3/23, at 10, 13-16. In addition, we conclude that despite 

Warner’s contentions, Rule 1033(b) does not apply to the instant name 

change, as paragraph (b) only applies to “amendment[s] correcting the name 

of a party against whom a claim has been asserted in the original 

pleading[.]” Pa.R.Civ.P. 1033(b) (emphasis added). Here, Opulent Watches, 

the plaintiff, brought a cause of action against Warner, the defendant. Thus, 

the original pleading was brought against Warner, and paragraph (b) does 

not apply to Opulent Watches’ request to change its own name from “Opulent 

Watches LLC” to “Opulent Watches, Inc.”6 See id.

____________________________________________ 

6

 We are aware that this Court in Thom stated that “under the current 

language of Rule 1033[(b)], pleadings may not be amended to correct a 

party’s name if more than 90 days have passed since the expiration of the 

statute of limitations.” Thom, 221 A.3d at 685 (emphasis added). Although 

Thom is a precedential decision of this Court, the quoted statement is nonbinding dicta. 

In Thom, this Court analyzed the applicability of Rule 1033(a), which was 

before it, but went on to opine about the applicability of part (b) although not 

raised by the parties or the facts of the matter. See id. at 684-87. We, 

therefore, conclude that the statement relative to part (b) is dicta and we are 

not bound by it, nor do the facts herein compel a different analysis. 
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Moreover, even if Rule 1033(b) did apply, the record supports the trial 

court’s finding that “Opulent Watches LLC” was a mere typographical error. 

Importantly, in granting Yedwabnik’s Rule 1033 motion, the trial court did not 

substitute the plaintiff for another party, but rather corrected a simple 

typographical error that did not change the parties whatsoever. See id; 

see also Wicker, supra. Furthermore, because Rule 1033(b) was intended 

to codify the existing caselaw, and not abrogate it, we conclude that the name 

correction from “LLC” to “Inc.” did not violate Rule 1033(b). See Rule 1033(b) 

Cmt.; see also Ferraro, supra. In reaching our conclusion, we emphasize 

that the instant name correction was not “bringing in a new party” or 

substituting a party, but rather correcting a typographical error in the 

plaintiff’s party name. As recognized by the trial court, while the case 

proceeded initially under “Opulent Watches LLC,” the plaintiff, Yedwabnik, his 

witnesses, and discovery, remained the same throughout the life of the case. 

See Trial Court Opinion, 11/3/23, at 13-16. When the trial court permitted 

the caption to be corrected to “Opulent Watches, Inc.” the testifying plaintiff, 

witnesses, and discovery still remained the same. See id. Consequently, the 

trial court did not abuse its discretion or commit an error of law. Accordingly, 

Warner is not entitled to relief on this claim. 

 In his third claim, Warner argues that the trial court erred in finding 

Yedwabnik credible. See Brief for Appellant, at 19-25. Warner contends that 

the trial court “overlooked” various alleged inconsistencies and lies in 

Yedwabnik’s testimony. See id. Warner asserts that Yedwabnik should have 
J-A14009-24 

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been found to be incredible because he was unable to recall from where he 

purchased the watch and provided inconsistent testimony regarding whether 

he had “control” of Warner’s funds after the sale of the watch. See id.

A challenge to the credibility of witnesses goes to the weight of the 

evidence. See Berg v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 235 A.3d 1223, 1257 

(Pa. 2020). We adhere to the following standard of review: 

Appellate review of a weight claim is a review of the [trial court’s] 

exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question of whether 

the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Because the trial 

judge has had the opportunity to hear and see the evidence 

presented, an appellate court will give the gravest consideration 

to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial judge when 

reviewing a trial court’s determination that the verdict is [or is 

not] against the weight of the evidence. One of the least 

assailable reasons for granting or denying a new trial is the lower 

court’s conviction that the verdict was or was not against the 

weight of the evidence and that a new trial should be granted in 

the interest of justice. 

In re Estate of Smaling, 80 A.3d 485, 490 (Pa. Super. 2013) (en banc) 

(citation omitted). “The fact[-]finder is free to believe all, part, or none of the 

evidence to determine the credibility of the witnesses.” Samuel Bassett v. 

Kia Motors Am., Inc., 34 A.3d 1, 39 (Pa. 2011). The trial court may award 

a new trial “only when the [] verdict is so contrary to the evidence as to shock 

one’s sense of justice.” Haan v. Wells, 103 A.3d 60, 69 (Pa. Super. 2014) 

(citation omitted). “In determining whether this standard has been met, 

appellate review is limited to whether the trial judge’s discretion was properly 

exercised, and relief will only be granted where the facts and inferences of 

record disclose a palpable abuse of discretion.” Id. (citation omitted). When 
J-A14009-24 

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a fact-finder’s verdict is “so opposed to the demonstrative facts that[,] looking 

at the verdict, the mind stands baffled, the intellect searches in vain for cause 

and effect, and reason rebels against the bizarre and erratic conclusion, it can 

be said that the verdict is shocking.” Id. (citation omitted). “[O]ne of the 

least assailable reasons for granting or denying a new trial is the [trial] court’s 

conviction that the verdict was or was not against the weight of the evidence.” 

Armbruster v. Horowitz, 813 A.2d 698, 703 (Pa. 2002) (citation, quotation 

marks, and brackets omitted). 

The trial court addressed Warner’s weight claim as follows: 

Contrary to [Warner]’s assertion, [Yedwabnik] never testified to 

having a video that did not exist. The record shows Yedwabnik 

testified at trial regarding the motion-activated high definition 4K 

video camera that was installed over his workspace and recorded 

him packaging merchandise for shipment. He explained that the 

camera recorded him preparing the watch for shipment, with the 

serial number and accompanying documentation visible. He then 

had to step off camera to retrieve a larger box; the camera 

stopped recording when he left and then resumed recording when 

he returned with the box. Yedwabnik stated that the footage from 

the packaging portion of the video had been preserved because it 

was submitted to the credit card company during the charge-back 

investigation in order to verify the serial number [of the watch]. 

He further stated that the second [] video[,] where he placed the 

packaged watch into the FedEx box[,] had been destroyed as part 

of the routine deletion process to reuse storage space on the 

server. He testified that this portion of the video was not 

maintained because it was not needed for the charge-back 

investigation and he did not anticipate needing it in the future. 

This [c]ourt, after listening to Yedwabnik testify and observing his 

demeanor on the stand, found his explanation to be credible. 

* * * 

As stated above, this [c]ourt, sitting as fact-finder, carefully 

listened to the testimony, observed the demeanor of each witness, 
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viewed the proffered exhibits, including pictures of the fake watch 

provided by [Warner] as compared to pictures of the real watch, 

which contained a registered serial number, provided by 

[Yedwabnik], and found [Yedwabnik]’s testimony and evidence to 

be credible and found [Warner]’s to be incredible. 

Trial Court Opinion, 11/3/23, at 25-26. 

 Upon review of the record, we discern no abuse of the trial court’s 

discretion. See Haan, supra. We emphasize that the trial court, sitting as 

the fact-finder, is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence when 

determining a witness’s credibility. See Samuel-Bassett, supra. 

Accordingly, Warner is entitled to no relief on this claim. 

In his fourth claim,7 Warner argues that the trial court committed an 

error of law in awarding attorney’s fees to Yedwabnik, pursuant to the terms 

and conditions on the Opulent Watches website. See Brief for Appellant, at 

26-29. Warner contends that to be awarded attorney’s fees, under those 

terms and conditions, Yedwabnik was required to be the “prevailing party.” 

See id. Warner asserts that although Yedwabnik may have prevailed on one 

claim, Warner prevailed on two out of three originally filed claims. See id. at 

____________________________________________ 

7

 We observe that Warner has included five separate and distinct claims in the 

argument section of his brief, but only four in the statement of questions 

involved section of his brief in violation of our appellate rules. See Pa.R.A.P. 

2116(a) (claims not contained in statement of questions involved will not be 

considered). Consequently, we determine that Warner has waived his 

“conversion claim” for our review. See Brief for Appellant, at 25-26; Pa.R.A.P. 

2116(a). Additionally, we address his “attorney’s fees” claim as his fourth 

claim, as it was so named in his statement of questions involved. See Brief 

for Appellant, at 5-6. 
J-A14009-24 

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28. Warner posits that he, not Yedwabnik, is the “prevailing party.” See id.

at 28-29. 

In addressing this issue, we are mindful that the interpretation of a 

contract is a question of law, and our standard of review is plenary. Flanagan 

v. Fidelity Bank, 652 A.2d 930, 932 (Pa. Super. 1995). “Under the American 

Rule, applicable in Pennsylvania, a litigant cannot recover counsel fees from 

an adverse party unless there is express statutory authorization, a clear 

agreement of the parties, or some other established exception.” 

Trizechahn Gateway LLC v. Titus, 976 A.2d 474, 482-83 (Pa. 2009) 

(emphasis added). “[A]greements entered into at arms length are generally 

enforced according to their terms to allow parties the benefit of their 

bargains.” Vinculum, Inc. v. Goli Technologies, LLC, 310 A.3d 231, 244 

(Pa. 2024) (citation omitted). “Inadequacy of price, improvidence, surprise, 

and mere hardship, none of these, nor all combined, furnish an adequate 

reason for a judicial recession of a contract.” Snow v. Corsica Constr. Co., 

Inc., 329 A.2d 887, 889 (Pa. 1974) (quotation omitted). “Nor can a court 

alter the terms of a contract under the guise of construction . . . whether in 

wisdom or folly, expressly agreed.” Vinculum, supra (quotation and citation 

omitted). 

In Profit Wize Marketing v. Wiest, 812 A.2d 1270 (Pa. Super. 2002), 

this Court considered that the term “prevail” means “to gain ascendancy 

through strength or superiority: TRIUMPH.” Id. at 1275 (quoting Merriam 

Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 7th Ed. At 924). Further, Black’s Law 
J-A14009-24 

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Dictionary has defined “prevail” as “to obtain the relief sought in an action; to 

win a lawsuit[.]” Id. (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th Ed. at 1206). After 

considering these definitions, this Court concluded “the noun, [‘]prevailing 

party,[’] is commonly defined as [‘]a party in whose favor a judgment is 

rendered, regardless of the amount of damages awarded.[’]” Id. at 

1275-76 (emphasis added). 

Instantly, the Opulent Watches website provided the following terms 

and conditions, which the trial court found were included in the parties’ 

contract for the sale and purchase of the watch: 

By visiting our site and/or purchasing something from us, you 

engage in our service and agree to be bound by the following 

terms and conditions. . . . The parties agree that this agreement 

will be construed an enforced pursuant to the laws of the 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Jurisdiction of all disputes shall 

be in Philadelphia County. The prevailing party shall be 

entitled to all costs and collection[] of attorney’s fees. 

N.T. Trial, 6/28/23, at 229 (emphasis added). 

Warner has never disputed that he agreed to the above terms.8 See 

Trial Court Opinion, 11/3/23, at 20. Additionally, the terms make clear that 

attorney’s fees would be awarded to the “prevailing party” for any and all 

disputes. Indeed, there is no provision limiting attorney’s fees to only specific 

causes of action. 

We conclude that the trial court properly found Yedwabnik to be the 

prevailing party. Indeed, the trial court found Yedwabnik to be credible and 

____________________________________________ 

8

 Moreover, Warner does not dispute, and has not disputed, that these terms 

and conditions were part of the sales contract for his purchase of the watch. 
J-A14009-24 

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ruled in his favor at trial and entered judgment accordingly. See Trial Court 

Opinion, 11/3/23, at 19. Furthermore, the court entered judgment against

Warner at trial, and, thus, he could not be the prevailing party. See id. 

Consequently, Yedwabnik was the prevailing party as contemplated by our 

case law, and the trial court did not err in awarding him attorney’s fees. See

Profit Wize Marketing, supra. 

Based upon the foregoing, we conclude that the trial court did not err 

as a matter of law or abuse its discretion, and we affirm the judgment. 

 Judgment affirmed. 

 Lane, J., Joins the Memorandum. 

 Stabile, J., Concurs in the result. 

Date: 8/20/2024