IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2005-CA-02328-SCT

MALIKAH GLOVER, BY AND THROUGH HER

PARENTS AND NEXT OF KIN, GREGUICK

GLOVER AND SANDRA GLOVER

v.

JACKSON STATE UNIVERSITY

ON MOTION FOR REHEARING

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 09/23/2005

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. BOBBY BURT DELAUGHTER

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ROBERT FARLEY WILKINS 

BARRY W. HOWARD 

JENNIFER PAIGE WILKINS

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: BARRY DOUGLAS HASSELL

MICHAEL WAYNE BAXTER 

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY

DISPOSITION: REVERSED AND REMANDED - 12/06/2007

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 08/30/2007

MANDATE ISSUED:

EN BANC.

DICKINSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. The motion for rehearing is denied. The original opinions are withdrawn, and these

opinions are substituted therefor.

¶2. This fourteen-year-old case has a curious and interesting history which will not end

with today’s decision. The matter presented for review is a summary judgment granted to

Jackson State University (“JSU”) in a suit for damages caused to a fourteen-year-old girl who
 The trial court characterized this violence as “adolescent horseplay.” This descriptive term

1

seems hardly consistent with the court’s duty – when considering a summary judgment motion – to

view the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.

2

was raped by two fifteen-year-old boys on JSU’s campus. The issue presented and briefed

by the parties is whether JSU bears any legal responsibility for the rapes.

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

¶3. The National Youth Sports Program (“NYSP”) was established in 1969 for the

purpose of providing sports programs for economically disadvantaged children across the

United States. The NYSP operates under the auspices of the National Collegiate Athletic

Association to administer federal funding and provide guidelines to 160 institutions of higher

education which, in turn, host and operate the programs.

¶4. For several years up to and including 1993, JSU hosted, staffed, and operated a NYSP

program on its campus. JSU employee L. V. Donnell served as Activity Director of the 1993

NYSP program at JSU. Lohorace Cannada and Chris Chase, both fifteen years old, had

participated in the program at JSU for several years. Both boys had been involved in

numerous fights on the NYSP bus and on the JSU campus. In 1992, Cannada was expelled 1

from the NYSP program because of his fighting. Chase also had been involved in numerous

fights, prompting the staff to threaten to expel him from the program.

¶5. The NYSP bus was leased to JSU by C.H. Epps, and was driven by the driver for the

NYSP program, Douglas Luster, who picked up the children each day. Luster also worked

in the NYSP program on the JSU campus as a Senior Aide. Luster testified that he was

aware of the two boys’ violent history. He also testified that his most important job was to

supervise the children in the NYSP program. JSU had instructed that, once the children got
Cannada is one of the two boys who later pleaded guilty to raping Glover on the Friday 2

following the incident in the boys’ bathroom, leading to this lawsuit.

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on the bus, he was responsible for delivering the children to JSU, and that the program was

responsible for the children from the time they boarded the bus.

¶6. On Monday, June 14, 1993, the children were assembled in the Athletic and Assembly

Center (“AAC”) on the JSU campus. One of the boys approached Luster to inform him that

a girl was in the boys’ restroom. Luster went to the hallway outside the restroom and found

fourteen-year-old Malikah Glover and another girl standing outside the boys’ restroom.

When both girls denied being in the boys’ restroom, Luster ordered everyone to clear the

hallway, but conducted no further investigation, even though the boy who had reported the

incident continued to insist that the girls were not telling the truth. Cannada was later to 2

testify that he and Glover had, in fact, been in the boys’ bathroom having sex on that

occasion.

¶7. Cannada testified that, at around 7:00 a.m. on the morning of Friday, June 18, 1993,

the bus (with Luster driving) picked him up in front of his house to take him to the program.

Chase and Glover were on the bus. Cannada stood next to Luster, and they talked as he

drove the bus to the JSU campus. In addition to Luster’s knowledge that both Cannada and

Chase had a violent history, the record also reflects that, during the ten months preceding the

rape, sixty-three crimes were reported to have occurred on the JSU campus, twenty-one of

which were violent crimes and four of which were rape and sexual battery.

¶8. According to Cannada, Luster arrived on campus with the children around 7:30 a.m.

and dropped them off at the AAC building, where the boys’ restroom incident had occurred
See Glover I, 755 So. 2d at 404-05. 3

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on the previous Monday. However, upon learning that he had dropped the children off at the

wrong building, he told them to get back on the bus. Luster did not notice that Glover,

Cannada, and Chase did not get back on the bus. Leaving the three children behind

unattended and unsupervised, Luster drove away, taking the other children to the old gym,

where the children were supposed to be. Soon thereafter, Cannada and Chase took Glover

into a building and raped her. After Glover reported the rape, Cannada and Chase were

arrested, and both boys pleaded guilty.

¶9. Notwithstanding that its own bus driver had left the three children on campus,

unattended and unsupervised, JSU informed parents by letter dated June 21, 1993, (three

days after the rape occurred) that they should not drop off their children on the JSU campus

before 10:30 a.m. because JSU had no supervision or security prior to that time.

Furthermore, the NCAA informed JSU by letter dated June 28, 1993, that it was in violation

of federal guidelines with respect to proper staffing of the NYSP program at JSU.

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶10. The procedural history of this case was set forth in meticulous detail seven years ago

in Presiding Justice Waller’s majority opinion in Glover v. Jackson State Univ., 755 So. 2d

395 (Miss. 2000) (“Glover I”). Glover filed suit against numerous defendants, including

Epps, Luster, and JSU. All the defendants have been dismissed by summary judgment and

collateral estoppel, with the exception of JSU, and this Court reversed the summary 3

judgment granted to JSU, and remanded to the trial court 
5

for a determination of the liability of JSU, such liability being contingent upon

whether JSU had in effect a policy of liability insurance which would cover a

tort suit for Glover’s injuries.

Id. at 404-05. In reaching its conclusion, the Glover I majority noted that Glover’s injuries

occurred on June 18, 1993, prior to the waiver of sovereign immunity for the

state and its political subdivisions. The Tort Claims Act took effect in April,

1993, but immunity was not waived for the state until July 1, 1993. Therefore,

this case is governed by Gressett v. Newton Separate Mun. Sch. Dist., 697 So.

2d 444 (Miss. 1997). In Gressett, this Court held that a school district was

immune from suit in a tort that arose after the April 1993 date of the

Mississippi Tort Claims Act, but before immunity was waived for the state’s

political subdivisions on October 1, 1993. Id. at 446.

However, our holding in Gressett is tempered by the recent decision in

Lincoln County Sch. Dist. v. Doe, 749 So. 2d 943 (Miss. 1999), where we

held that, pursuant to § 11-46-16(2) of the Tort Claims Act, a governmental

entity which has in effect a policy of liability insurance which covers the tort

sued upon will waive immunity to the extent of the liability coverage.

755 So. 2d at 400.

¶11. In briefing Glover I, JSU did not deny that a policy of liability insurance was in force,

but rather argued that the policy “was not provided for or approved by the Board of Trustees

of State Institutions of Higher Learning,” but that it “was provided by the National Youth

Sports Program as part of the agreement between it and JSU.” Id. at 401. This Court

rejected JSU’s argument, finding that such approval was not required for the waiver of

immunity provided under Section 11-46-16(2) of the Mississippi Code. Id. The Glover I

Court then pointed out that “the issue of whether the insurance policy in dispute would cover

Glover’s injuries was not addressed by the trial court and, therefore, [was] not properly

before this Court . . . .” Id. Thus, we remanded “to the trial court for such a determination.”

Id.
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¶12. With respect to the suit against Luster and Epps, the Glover I majority noted:

Before Glover’s third complaint was filed, Epps’ liability insurance carrier,

National Fire & Marine Insurance Company, filed a declaratory judgment

action (Civil Action No. 3:96cv176BN) in the United States District Court for

the Southern District of Mississippi, Jackson Division, against Epps d/b/a Ace

Rental Service, Luster and Glover. National Fire claimed that its policy did

not provide coverage to Epps for the payment or defense of Glover’s claims

in state court. United States District Judge William H. Barbour, Jr., granted

National Fire’s motion for summary judgment, ruling that National Fire was

not liable to Glover and had no duty to defend Epps and Luster in the state

actions. Judge Barbour stated, “Glover has submitted no evidence that the bus

driver could have foreseen that the male students on the bus would rape Glover

when he transported the youths to the wrong location. In the present case, the

Court finds that no jury could reasonably find that the intervening criminal act

was foreseeable.” National Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Epps, et al., No.

3:96cv176BN (S.D.Miss.), aff’d mem., 127 F.3d 35 (5 Cir. 1997). After the th

federal court made the ruling, Epps and Luster added res judicata and/or

collateral estoppel claims to their motions for summary judgment pending in

state court. Judge Hilburn granted all the defendants’ motions for summary

judgment, from which ruling Glover appeals. Judge Hilburn denied the motion

to change the dismissal of the consolidated cases to one with prejudice and/or

award attorney fees, from which ruling defendants appeal. The cases were

consolidated on appeal to this Court.

Glover I, 755 So. 2d at 397-98. Because of the federal court’s decision, the Glover I

majority held that this Court was collaterally estopped from allowing the case to go to trial

against Epps and Luster.

¶13. The remand in Glover I was handed down on January 27, 2000. We are not told what

transpired over the next five years, but on July 8, 2005, JSU filed a new motion for summary

judgment which failed to address this Court’s instruction in Glover I regarding liability

insurance coverage. JSU’s motion presented to the trial court deals with only the issues of

proximate cause and foreseeability.
At the hearing on JSU’s summary judgment motion, JSU’s counsel correctly informed the 4

trial court that this Court remanded the case on the issue of immunity and “whether or not the

insurance kept them in.” Having made this statement, however, JSU’s counsel made no further

reference to the issue. Glover’s counsel told the trial court that the case was sent back by the

Supreme Court to be tried on the issue of liability, with no mention of the required determination

of insurance coverage.

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¶14. We find it curious that, seven years after the remand opinion was handed down, the

single issue this Court presented in Glover I for determination (“whether the insurance policy

in dispute would cover Glover’s injuries”) remains unaddressed. This is particularly so 4

since the opinion in Glover I was attached to JSU’s motion for summary judgment.

¶15. The trial court granted summary judgment to JSU, holding that (1) Glover’s injuries

were not foreseeable; (2) JSU was not the proximate cause of Glover’s injuries; and (3) the

boys’ actions were superceding, intervening causes, thereby releasing JSU from liability for

its negligence. On appeal, Glover asserts only one error: that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment for JSU.

¶16. Although we are today (for reasons unrelated to liability insurance) reversing the trial

court’s grant of summary judgment on the issues presented, and remanding this matter for

trial, the issue of whether Glover’s injuries were covered under the liability insurance policy,

so as to waive its immunity, remains unresolved. As clearly indicated by this Court’s

decision in Glover I, should it be determined that Glover’s injuries were not covered by the

policy, this appeal – including the judicial resources at the trial and appellate levels and the

attorney fees expended – was pointless and unnecessary.
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ANALYSIS

¶17. The only issue presented is whether the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment to JSU. Thus, we begin our analysis with a review of the rules which govern

summary judgment and a discussion of the standard for reversal of a trial court’s grant of

summary judgment.

I.

¶18. Whatever doubt exists as to the appropriate application of summary judgment in a

particular case, the necessity for (and wisdom of) a rule allowing early resolution of meritless

cases is almost universally admitted. Summary judgment in Mississippi is governed by Rule

56 of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure, which clearly and unambiguously provides

that summary judgment “shall be rendered forthwith . . . [if] there is no genuine issue as to

any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”

Miss. R. Civ. P. 56(c) (emphasis added). In Simmons v. Thompson Machine of

Mississippi., Inc., this Court held:

Of importance here is the language of the rule authorizing summary judgment

“where there is no genuine issue of material fact.” The presence of fact issues

in the record does not per se entitle a party to avoid summary judgment. The

court must be convinced that the factual issue is a material one, one that

matters in an outcome determinative sense . . . the existence of a hundred

contested issues of fact will not thwart summary judgment where there is no

genuine dispute regarding the material issues of fact.

Simmons, 631 So. 2d 798, 801 (Miss.1994) (emphasis omitted) (citing Shaw v. Burchfield,

481 So. 2d 247, 252 (Miss. 1985)).

¶19. If one is to faithfully apply the Rule’s requirements to a particular case, the

inescapable conclusion follows that the court must grant summary judgment unless – as to
We often hear parties argue that summary judgment should be defeated where there is a 5

genuine issue as to an important fact. This is not so. There may exist many important factual issues,

the resolution of which will not determine the prevailing party. A genuine issue as to a material fact

is one which, absent its resolution at trial in favor of the non-moving party, will result in a judgment

for the moving party. See Simmons, 631 So. 2d at 801.

Although Rule 56(c) provides that such record evidence may include the “pleadings,

6

depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with . . . affidavits,” a party

defending summary judgment “may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his [or her]

pleadings.” Miss. R. Civ. P. 56(e).

Ordinarily the “finder of fact” would be a jury but, as is true in this case, the trial judge, in 7

addition to applying the law, often sits as the fact-finder. All cases filed under the Mississippi Tort

Claims Act must be tried to a judge without a jury. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-13(1) (Rev. 2002).

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each material issue of disputed fact raised by the moving party – the record demonstrates 5 6

at least the minimum quantum of evidence sufficient to justify a determination in favor of the

non-moving party by a reasonable juror.

¶20. It is not enough to say (as many do) that summary judgment should be denied because

evidence will, or might, be developed later in discovery – or at trial. It also is not enough to

say that summary judgment should be granted because the evidence is slim and unpersuasive.

¶21. Thus, in today’s appeal, we look only to learn whether, as to each issue raised by JSU,

there exists a factual question to be determined by the finder of fact. Because the trial judge 7

who granted summary judgment will also sit as the finder of fact, it is important to

distinguish the trial judge’s duty in reviewing the summary judgment motion from his duty

as the trier of fact.

¶22. Pursuant to an Order of this Court, Rule 56 went into effect in substantially its current

form on January 1, 1981. Two years later, writing for a unanimous Court at its “first

opportunity to consider the office of the motion for summary judgment under Rule 56 . . . ,”

Justice Robertson provided an excellent and often-cited analysis. Brown v. Credit Center,
10

Inc., 444 So. 2d 358, 360 (Miss. 1983). “The argument that there exists no genuine triable

issue of material fact is the functional equivalent of a request for a peremptory instruction.”

Id. at 362. The trial judge must review the matters properly presented “in the light most

favorable to the party against whom the motion has been made.” Id. Furthermore, courts

must be sensitive to the notion that summary judgment may never be granted

in derogation of a party’s constitutional right to trial by jury. Miss. Const. art.

3, § 31 (1890). On the other hand, there is no violation of the right of trial by

jury when judgment is entered summarily in cases where there is no genuine

issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law. There is no right to trial by jury in such cases.

Id. Furthermore, “[w]hen doubt exists whether there is a fact issue, the non-moving party

gets its benefit.” Id. And finally, the Brown Court cited with approval a “leading

commentary on Federal Rule 56:”

If there is to be error at the trial level it should be in denying summary

judgment and in favor of a full live trial. And the problem of overcrowded

calendars is not to be solved by summary disposition of issues of fact fairly

presented in an action. 6 Moore’s Federal Practice § 56-15[1-2] p. 56-435

(1982).

Id. at 363.

¶23. In granting summary judgment to JSU, the trial court correctly held that “[t]he central

question before the [trial court] at this stage of the proceedings is whether the plaintiff has

brought forward any fact or evidence upon which the trier of fact could legitimately find that

her alleged rape was foreseeable by JSU officials.” It is firmly established in our

jurisprudence that we review de novo a trial court’s grant of summary judgment. See e.g.

Nygaard v. Getty Oil Co., 918 So. 2d 1237, 1240 (Miss. 2005); Leffler v. Sharp, 891 So. 2d

152, 156 (Miss. 2004).
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II.

¶24. In order to fully apply the standard of review in this case, we begin by clearly

defining the issues JSU raised with the trial court in its Motion for Summary Judgment

(“Motion”). This will set the parameters for the search for material issues of triable fact.

¶25. In its Motion, JSU stated: “In order to survive summary judgment and succeed on her

claim, the plaintiff must show that the acts of the assailants were foreseeable and the alleged

negligence of the defendant proximately caused the plaintiff’s injuries.” JSU then stated that

“the defendant’s conduct must then cause the loss, by natural and continuous sequence,

unbroken by any intervening causes.” Stated differently, JSU claims it was entitled to

summary judgment because (1) Glover’s injuries were not foreseeable; (2) JSU’s alleged

negligence was not the proximate cause of Glover’s injuries; and (3) the criminal acts of

Chase and Cannada were superceding, intervening causes of Glover’s injuries, thereby

absolving JSU of any responsibility.

¶26. JSU did not argue in its Motion that it was entitled to summary judgment on the issues

of (1) whether it was negligent; (2) whether it is vicariously liable for the negligence of its

bus driver, Doug Luster; or (3) whether Glover suffered damages when she was raped by

Cannada and Chase. And although JSU does dispute Glover’s contention that Luster left the

children at the wrong location, all three children testified otherwise, requiring this Court (for

purposes of summary judgment) to accept as true the children’s version.
It is noteworthy that the issue before the federal court was not the liability of Luster or Epps,

8

but rather whether Epps’s insurance policy required the insurance company to provide Epps a

defense to the suit.

An employee’s knowledge is imputed to his employer. 30 C.J.S. Employer-Employee § 211 9

(1992); see also Restatement (Third) of Agency § 5.03 (2006) (Illustration 5-7); Southport Little

League v. Vaughan, 734 N.E.2d 261, 275 (Ind. 2000) (holding that employees of Little League had

sufficient knowledge, imputed to the organization, to raise red flags about child molestation by

volunteer); Bourgois v. Montana-Dakota Utils. Co., 466 N.W.2d 813, 817 (acknowledging that

“corporations know facts because those facts are in the minds of corporate officers or agents”) (N.D.

1991); Sulik v. Central Valley Farms, 521 P.2d 144, 828 (Id. 1974) (concluding that, if employee

was in fact an agent of farm corporation, then his knowledge would be imputed to corporation).

12

¶27. On motion for rehearing, JSU reminds us that, in Glover I, this Court held itself bound

by the federal court’s ruling, that is, that the rape was unforeseeable to Luster. JSU argues 8

that we are now bound by both collateral estoppel and the “law of the case,” which prohibits

us from finding that Glover’s rape was foreseeable to Luster. As will be discussed later,

whether or not Luster should have foreseen a rape is not the issue before us. Rather, we are

required to determine whether a fact-question exists as to JSU’s negligence.

¶28. In analyzing this summary judgment appeal, we are bound to accept that Luster knew

that the boys had a propensity toward illegal behavior, and that the campus was a dangerous

place to leave children unattended. For purposes of analyzing the grant of summary

judgment, we must accept that Luster was acting within the course and scope of his

employment at JSU. Consequently, we must accept, for summary judgment purposes, that

JSU possessed the same knowledge as Luster. It now falls upon us to analyze whether JSU’s

knowledge (both direct and imputed), coupled with its conduct, creates a triable issue of fact 9

as to Glover’s claims against JSU. Because of their intertwined and dependent relationship,

proximate cause and foreseeability will be discussed together.
 For a discussion of this Court’s various applications and interpretations of proximate 10

cause, see Appendix A, hereto.

 The test is slightly different in cases where a plaintiff’s injuries are brought about by the 11

negligence of more than one tortfeasor. In such cases, the test is whether the negligence of a

13

III.

¶29. No citation of authority is necessary for the proposition that, to recover for injuries

in a negligence claim, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant was negligent, and that such

negligence was the proximate cause, or a proximate contributory cause, of the injuries. The

legal definition of negligence is fairly simple, universally applied, and likewise needs no

citation of authority. Negligence is doing what a reasonable, prudent person would not do,

or failing to do what a reasonable, prudent person would do, under substantially similar

circumstances. The simplicity of this definition of negligence obscures the complexity of the

concept of proximate cause.

¶30. Upon careful review of our precedent, which has applied numerous proximate cause

analyses to various factual settings, we find the law of proximate cause requires some

clarification.10

¶31. For a particular damage to be recoverable in a negligence action, the plaintiff must

show that the damage was proximately caused by the negligence. In order for an act of

negligence to proximately cause the damage, the fact finder must find that the negligence was

both the cause in fact and legal cause of the damage. Dobbs, The Law of Torts, § 180 at 443

(2000).

¶32. A defendant’s negligence is the cause in fact of a plaintiff’s damage where the fact

finder concludes that, but for the defendant’s negligence, the injury would not have 11
particular tortfeasor was a substantial factor in bringing about the harm. Dobbs, The Law of Torts,

§ 171 at 415. 

14

occurred. Stated differently, the cause in fact of an injury is “that cause which, in natural and

continuous sequence unbroken by any efficient intervening cause, produces the injury and

without which the injury would not have occurred.” Gulledge v. Shaw, 880 So. 2d 288, 293

(Miss. 2004).

¶33. A defendant’s negligence which is found to be the cause in fact of a plaintiff’s damage

will also be the legal cause of that damage, provided the damage is the type, or within the

classification, of damage the negligent actor should reasonably expect (or foresee) to result

from the negligent act. Dobbs, The Law of Torts, § 180 at 443.

¶34. We recently considered the issue of proximate cause where a bus driver, delivering

an elderly lady to a day-care center, assisted the lady off the bus, but left her unattended in

the parking lot. City of Jackson v. Estate of Stewart Ex. Rel Womack, 908 So. 2d 703

(Miss. 2005) She fell, hitting her head on the pavement, and later suffered a stroke. Id. at

706-07. The plaintiff presented expert testimony that the defendant’s negligence was the

cause-in-fact of the stroke, which in turn, caused the lady to suffer pneumonia and urinary

tract infections. However, we made it clear that the defendant’s negligence must not only

be the cause in fact of these injuries and damages, but also the legal cause, that is, the

damages must also have been a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendant’s

negligence. We defined the issue presented as “whether a stroke is the type of damage which

reasonably should be anticipated (or foreseen before the fact) as a result of negligently

allowing an elderly person to fall in a parking lot.” Id. at 713, Smith v. United States, 284
15

F. Supp 259 (S.D. Miss. 1967) (citing Donald v. Amoco Prod. Co., 735 So. 2d 161 (Miss.

1999); Williams, 183 Miss. 723, 185 So. 234 (1938)). 

¶35. The plaintiff’s expert testified that the fall could have caused the stroke, and the

stroke, in turn, could have caused the lady to suffer pneumonia and urinary tract infections.

City of Jackson, 908 So. 2d at 713. The plaintiff argued that, because some injury should

have been anticipated as a result of the negligent act of allowing the lady to fall, the

defendant was liable for all damages caused, regardless of whether they were foreseeable.

Unpersuaded by this argument, this Court stated:

Although [plaintiff’s expert] offered a great deal of testimony concerning

whether the fall . . . caused the stroke, and whether the stroke caused [the

lady’s] other numerous maladies, he offered no testimony which sheds light

on the question of whether stroke was a foreseeable risk or expected

consequence of the fall.

Id. at 714.

¶36. On the other hand, the defendant’s expert, directly addressing the foreseeability of the

stroke, testified:

It would be extremely uncommon, almost unheard of for a minor fall to cause

a stroke . . . any minor head trauma should not cause a stroke . . . . I am saying

that head trauma per se is not really cause for strokes. It’s not a precipitating

factor for strokes, you know.

Id. at 714-14. Therefore, the issue was not whether the fall caused the stroke, or whether the

defendant reasonably could have foreseen that some type of damage would occur as a result

of the fall. Rather, the issue was whether stroke was within the type or category of damages

reasonably caused by trauma to the head. We stated:

In order to recover damages related to the stroke . . . the Estate must show

more than negligent conduct which resulted in damages; it must show not only
16

that the stroke resulted from the fall and that the fall resulted from a

defendant’s negligence, but also that a stroke is a reasonably foreseeable

consequence of the alleged negligent act. That is, the estate must show that

where one negligently allows a person like [the plaintiff] to fall, stroke is a

type of damage that is reasonably probable to occur.

Id. at 712 (emphasis added). In holding there could be no recovery for damages related to

the stroke, we stated:

It should certainly be anticipated that negligently allowing an elderly person

to fall in a parking lot could lead to many kinds of injuries including a broken

arm, cuts, bruises, or even concussion. The exact injury need not be expected,

anticipated or even contemplated. But those are injuries brought about by

trauma. A stroke is not an injury but rather a medical condition which

(according to [defendant’s] unrebutted testimony) is not an anticipated result

of trauma.

Id. at 715.

¶37. We reiterate today that, in satisfying the requirement of foreseeability, a plaintiff is

not required to prove that the exact injury sustained by the plaintiff was foreseeable; rather,

it is enough to show that the plaintiff’s injuries and damages fall within a particular kind or

class of injury or harm which reasonably could be expected to flow from the defendant’s

negligence. Id.; see also Gulledge, 880 So. 2d at 293.

¶38. To illustrate, one who negligently drives an automobile reasonably should foresee that

his or her negligence could be expected to cause certain kinds or categories of damages.

Such categories would of course include (among others) traumatic injury, medical bills, lost

wages, and pain and suffering. And in order to recover a particular damage (such as

compensation for a broken leg or reimbursement for an MRI), the plaintiff will not be

required to prove the tortfeasor actually contemplated that his or her negligence would lead

to a broken leg or an MRI. To the contrary, the plaintiff will be allowed to recover for all
17

injuries and damages reasonably expected to result from automobile accidents. However,

if the accident also caused the plaintiff to miss a flight to London and, consequently, miss

attending an auction and a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to purchase a rare piece of art, the

negligent automobile driver ordinarily would not be liable for such unforeseeable damages.

This is so because they are not included within the type or category of damages a tortfeasor

ordinarily should expect or foresee would result from careless driving.

¶39. This leads us to three questions: (1) whether JSU should have foreseen that its

negligence reasonably could be expected to lead to some type or category of injury and

damage and, if so, (2) whether the injuries and damages suffered by Glover were within that

type or category and, if so, (3) whether JSU’s negligence must be disregarded because of an

intervening, superseding cause. Addressing these questions will require a closer look at the

facts surrounding JSU’s negligent act. It bears repeating that, in rendering its decision today,

this Court is required to view all evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.

III.

¶40. On the day the rapes occurred, JSU knew that both Chase and Cannada had violent

tendencies. Cannada had been expelled from the program in a previous year for fighting.

JSU also knew of the accusations that Glover had been inside the boys’ rest room, suggesting

some kind of sexual activity. A reasonable fact-finder could certainly conclude that, had JSU

conducted a thorough investigation, it would have learned that Glover had been in the

restroom having sex with Cannada.
We again point out that twenty-one of these reported crimes were violent, and four were 12

reports of rape and sexual battery.

18

¶41. We are of the opinion that – given JSU’s knowledge of both the boys’ violent

tendencies, coupled with the sixty-three crimes which were reported to have occurred on 12

the JSU campus during the three months prior to the rape – a fact-finder could find that JSU

failed to provide adequate supervision and security on its premises. In addition, we find that

a reasonable fact-finder could conclude that, because of inadequate security and supervision,

JSU should have foreseen that some harm could come to Glover, and that the type of harm

was sexual activity and/or violence. As discussed before, although the specific harm of

forcible rape may not have been contemplated by JSU, rape is nonetheless both a violent and

sexual act; and our law requires only that the defendant foresee that some violent act or

impermissible sexual act might occur, not the particular violent or sexual act.

¶42. For these reasons, we find that the facts presented – when viewed in the light most

favorable to Glover’s case – could lead a reasonable juror to find that Glover’s injuries and

damages were a foreseeable consequence of JSU’s negligence. Thus, we further find that

summary judgment was inappropriate.

IV.

¶43. JSU’s argument that the rape was an intervening, superceding cause of Glover’s

damages has no merit. Our precedent clearly establishes that, where the intervening cause

of injury was foreseeable, it cannot supercede the liability of the defendant. See, e.g.,

Southland Mgmt. Co. v. Brown, 730 So. 2d 43 (Miss. 1998). Because a reasonable factfinder could conclude that JSU was fully aware that Chase and Cannada both had violent
19

tendencies, and that Glover had been in the boys’ restroom having sex with one of the boys

in the program, summary judgment based upon the doctrine of intervening, superceding

cause is inappropriate.

¶44. Accordingly, we hold that Glover has produced sufficient evidence to escape

summary judgment, and this matter is remanded for trial.

¶45. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

DIAZ, P.J., AND RANDOLPH, J., CONCUR. LAMAR, J., CONCURS IN

PART AND IN RESULT. WALLER, P.J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY WITH

SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED IN PART BY RANDOLPH, J. EASLEY,

J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY SMITH, C.J.,

AND CARLSON, J. GRAVES, J., NOT PARTICIPATING

APPENDIX

Proximate Cause – Mississippi Precedent

¶46. In reviewing this Court’s plentiful precedent on proximate cause, we are struck by the

numerous and sometimes facially inconsistent proclamations. One easily could argue this

Court’s definition of proximate cause in one case to establish the incorrectness of another.

This facial inconsistency appears to result from this Court’s reference in many prior cases

to only so much of the law of proximate cause as was necessary to decide the case then

pending before the Court.

¶47. For instance, in M & M Pipe and Pressure Vessel Fabricators, Inc. v. Roberts, 531

So. 2d 615 (Miss. 1988), this Court said:

In determining whether the actor’s negligence was the proximate cause of the

injury, it is not necessary that the actor should have foreseen the particular

injury that happened; it is enough that he [or she] could have foreseen that his

[or her] conduct could cause some injury.
20

Id. at 618 (citing Cumberland Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Woodham, 99 Miss. 318, 332, 54 So. 890,

891 (1911)). This language often is cited literally, and is argued to mean that, so long as a

defendant reasonably should foresee that his or her negligent conduct could cause some

injury, the defendant will be liable for any and all injury flowing from the negligence,

regardless of the type or category of those additional injuries, and regardless of how remote

or unforeseeable they may be.

¶48. However, in Mauney v. Gulf Refining Co., 193 Miss. 421, 9 So. 2d 780, 781 (1942),

this Court divided injuries resulting from negligent conduct into two classifications: those

which are reasonably foreseeable (for which a plaintiff may recover), and those which are

not reasonably foreseeable (for which a plaintiff may not recover). Specifically, the Mauney

Court held:

The settled law in this state may be summarized in the form of a diagram, as

follows: The area within which liability is imposed is that which is within the

circle of reasonable foreseeability using the original point at which the

negligent act was committed or became operative, and thence looking in every

direction as the semidiameters of the circle, and those injuries which from this

point could or should have been reasonably foreseen as something likely to

happen are within the field of liability, while those which, although

foreseeable, were foreseeable only as remote possibilities, those only slightly

probable, are beyond and not within the circle, – in all of which time, place

and circumstances play their respective and important parts.

Id. at 780-81. Thus, by excluding from recovery damages from injuries which are

“foreseeable only as remote possibilities,” Mauney calls into question the notion from M &

M Pipe, which, many argue, declares such damages are indeed recoverable.
We find little support for the Mauney Court’s distinction. Every dictionary consulted

13

yields similar definitions for an event which is “apt” to happen, “likely” to happen, and “probably”

will happen.

21

¶49. In reaching its decision, the Mauney Court attempted to reconcile what appears to be

conflicting language from Gulf Refining Co. v. Williams, 183 Miss. 723, 185 So. 234

(1938), by stating:

In [Williams], it was pointed out that in speaking of possible results as applied

to foreseeability it has not been meant to include only those more apt to

happen than not to happen, but embraces those which the negligent actor

should have foreseen as something likely to happen, although the likelihood

may not amount to a comparative probability . . . .

Mauney, 9 So. 2d at 781. Any fair reading of this language leads to the conclusion that, at

least from the Mauney Court’s perspective, the Williams Court did not equate the terms

“more apt to happen,” “likely to happen,” and “comparative probability.”13

¶50. To complicate matters, the Mauney Court gleaned from Williams still another test for

foreseeability, which states “that more than a remote possibility is necessary to fulfill the

requirements of the rule of liability, – that the likelihood which furnishes the essential

ligament between the negligence and the injury must be one of weight and moment.”

Mauney, 9 So. 2d at 781.

¶51. A more clear and concise analysis is found in Gulledge v. Shaw, 880 So. 2d 288

(Miss. 2004), which recognized and applied, in part, the Mauney approach. Chief Justice

Smith, speaking for the Gulledge Court, stated:

The fact that an injury rarely occurs, or has never happened, is insufficient to

protect the actor from a finding of negligence. If some injury is to be

anticipated, this Court will find liability even if the particular injury could not

be foreseen . . . . However, “[r]emote possibilities do not constitute negligence

from the judicial standpoint.” That is, we do not charge the actor with a
22

“prevision or anticipation which would include an unusual, improbable, or

extraordinary occurrence, although such happening is within the range of

possibilities.” (citing Mauney).

Id. at 293 (citations omitted, emphasis in original).

¶52. Thus, we are left to reconcile the language of M & M Pipe, which would allow

recovery for unforeseeable injuries (so long as some injury is foreseeable); the language of

Mauney, which precludes recovery not only for unforeseeable injuries, but also for injuries

which, although foreseeable, were remote possibilities; and the language of Williams, which

held that foreseeable damages are those which are likely to occur, although not necessarily

probable.

¶53. Then we must consider the considerable line of cases extending back to 1936, holding

that

[t[he proximate cause of an injury is that cause which, in natural and

continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient intervening cause, produced

the injury, and without which the result would not have occurred; or, as

otherwise stated, there must be an efficient causal connection between the

negligence complained of and the injury, and that connection must be a natural

and continuous sequence unbroken by any other cause.

Thompson v. Miss. Cent. R.R. Co., 175 Miss. 547, 166 So. 353-54 (1936). Thus, the

proximate-cause test announced in Thompson ignores the foreseeability inquiry altogether,

and looks only to the causal connection between the negligence and the injury.

¶54. To confuse matters even more, this Court has quoted with approval the following

provision from a legal treatise:

“If the actor’s conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about harm to another,

the fact that the actor neither foresaw nor should have foreseen the extent of

the harm or the manner in which it occurred does not prevent him from being

liable.” Section 435, Restatement, Law of Torts.
23

Matthews v. Thompson, 231 Miss. 258, 95 So. 2d 438, 448 (1957). This Restatement

analysis ignores both Manney’s foreseeability requirement and Thompson’s continuoussequence-and-causation test, and instead merely requires that the negligence be a “substantial

factor” in bringing about the damage. 

¶55. Finally, in Wyeth Laboratories, Inc. v. Fortenberry, this Court recognized that

proximate cause in a negligence claim requires proof that the defendant’s negligence was

both a cause in fact and a legal cause of the plaintiff’s injuries. Fortenberry, 530 So. 2d 688,

691 (Miss. 1988) However, the Fortenberry Court, approving the “but-for” approach to

proximate cause, required only a finding that the negligent act caused the damage (cause in

fact) and a finding that, but for the negligence, the damage wouldn’t have occurred. The

Fortenberry discussion of proximate cause includes no discussion of the requirement of

foreseeability. Id. 

¶56. These cases, and this Court’s current view of the requirements to show proximate

cause, are included in part III to this opinion.

WALLER, PRESIDING JUSTICE, CONCURRING:

¶57. I agree with the result reached by the plurality and similarly am puzzled that this

matter is back before the Court without any indication that the issue “whether JSU had in

effect a policy of liability insurance which would cover a tort suit for Glover's injuries” was

addressed below. Glover v. Jackson State Univ., 755 So. 2d 395, 405 (Miss. 2000). Unlike

the plurality, however, I see no need to connect Douglas Luster with Jackson State University

by an employer/employee relationship to find the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment to Jackson State. 
24

¶58. Jackson State University owes Glover, and anyone else entering the premises by

invitation, a duty of reasonable care to protect them from reasonably foreseeable injury at the

hands of others on its premises. Grisham v. John Q. Long V.F.W. Post, No. 4057, Inc., 519

So. 2d 413, 416-17 (Miss. 1988). Jackson State, by voluntarily hosting and staffing the

National Youth Sports Program, inviting minors like Glover to participate, supervising them,

and contracting with Ace Rental to transport participants to and from campus, assumed a

duty to perform these tasks in such a manner that participants like Glover would not suffer

loss due to its negligence. See Dr. Pepper Bottling Co. v. Bruner, 245 Miss. 276, 282, 148

So. 2d 199, 201 (1962). While the federal court may have decided the acts of Cannada and

Chase constituted intervening and superceding causes which precluded the assessment of

liability to Epps and Luster, it made no comment as to any other duties owed by the other

parties to this suit or causation. Our previous opinion left the matter of Jackson State’s

liability unresolved and, as the plurality accurately notes, the question of Jackson State’s

liability on summary judgment hinges upon whether Jackson State met its burden to

demonstrate no genuine issues of material fact exists as to causation. Plur. op. at ¶ 25.

¶59. I agree with the plurality that Jackson State did not meet this burden. There is enough

evidence in the record of criminal activity on the campus of Jackson State to make causation

a question for the court sitting as jury. Plur. op. at ¶ 41, 43. This evidence exists

independently of Luster’s knowledge, actions, or employment status. Therefore, I find this

relationship immaterial to the outcome reached by the plurality. I would avoid the error

alleged on rehearing by removing Luster from the causation equation altogether. 

RANDOLPH, J., JOINS THIS OPINION IN PART.
25

EASLEY, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶60. As I would affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Jackson

State University (JSU), I am compelled to write to address the plurality’s holding regarding

imputed knowledge and its reversal and remand to the trial court for trial.

¶61. The facts of this case involve the deplorable rape of a fourteen-year-old girl by two

fifteen-year-old boys. Both of these young men pleaded guilty to the crime of rape and

served five years in prison for their criminal behavior. This case, however, concerns only

the alleged civil liability of JSU. Glover sued JSU for failure to provide adequate security

and reasonably safe premises. While the facts surrounding the case are horrendous, JSU has

no liability for the intentional and unforeseeable, intervening criminal actions of these two

individuals. In addition, the imputed-knowledge analysis by the plurality expands liability

in Mississippi. There is no evidence that Doug Luster, a bus driver and program worker, had

any knowledge of any alleged sexual activity to impute to JSU. No deposition testimony

from any of the deponents stated that Luster knew about any alleged sexual activity occurring

in the boys’ bathroom two days prior to Glover’s rape. The plurality’s position as to Luster’s

knowledge is pure speculation and not based on the evidence.

¶62. Glover claimed that JSU failed to provide adequate security and reasonably safe

premises for her when she attended the National Youth Sports Program (NYSP) at the JSU

campus in 1993. She claimed that this negligence resulted in her rape by fellow NYSP

participants Lohorace Cannada and Christopher Chase.

¶63. In July 2005, JSU filed a motion for summary judgment in the Hinds County Circuit

Court. JSU’s motion alleged that Cannada’s and Chase’s criminal acts were unknown and
 Glover filed suit against NYSP and JSU in their individual capacities for her alleged

14

injuries. The NYSP program is a national program that administers federal funding to institutions

throughout the United States. Glover v. Jackson State University, 755 So. 2d 395, 400 (Glover I).

The sports program is for socio-economically disadvantaged children. Id. This Court in Glover I

affirmed the circuit court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of NYSP. Id. 

 In his deposition, Luster stated that he never let any of the children off the bus at the 15

incorrect locations on June 18. In addition, Luster never stated that he knew of Malikah allegedly

being in the boys’ bathroom having sex on the first day of the program. Luster stated that Malikah

denied being in the boys’ bathroom when he questioned her, even though another boy claimed

otherwise. Luster also never stated that there was an allegation that any of the children were having

sex in the bathroom. Luster investigated only whether Malikah was in the boys’ bathroom. 

26

unforeseeable to JSU. In addition, JSU argued that any alleged negligence by the university

was not the proximate cause of Glover’s injuries. In September 2005, the trial court granted

JSU’s motion for summary judgment. In the order, the trial court found that Glover’s rape

was not reasonably foreseeable, and the rape was due to the criminal acts of Cannada and

Chase. Glover appealed the ruling to this Court.

I.

¶64. In the summer of 1993, Glover participated in the NYSP program located at the

campus of JSU. Her complaint alleges that on June 18, 1993, Doug Luster, the bus driver, 14

picked up Glover and other NYSP participants including Cannada, Chase, and Antonio Pugh.

Luster dropped off Glover and the other participants at the Athletics and Assembly Center.

However, the NYSP program was being held that day at the T.B. Ellis Building. When it 15

was discovered that the NYSP program was being held in the T.B. Ellis Building, all of the

NYSP participants boarded the bus to the correct facility with the exception of Glover,

Cannada, Chase, and Pugh. Thereafter, Glover alleged that she was raped in the stairwell

by Cannada and Chase, and Pugh acted as their lookout person. Glover then told a campus
27

policeman about the rape. The Jackson Police Department arrested Cannada and Chase.

Both Cannada and Chase pleaded guilty to rape and were sentenced to prison.

II.

¶65. In Titus v. Williams, 844 So. 2d 459, 464 (Miss. 2003), this Court set forth the

standard of review for motions for summary judgment as follows:

The standard for reviewing the granting or the denying of summary judgment

is the same standard as is employed by the trial court under M.R.C.P. 56(c).

This Court conducts de novo review of orders granting or denying summary

judgment and examines all the evidentiary matters before it--admissions in

pleadings, answers to interrogatories, depositions, affidavits, etc. The

evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the party against whom

the motion has been made. If, in this view, the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law, summary judgment should forthwith be entered

in his favor. Otherwise, the motion should be denied. Issues of fact sufficient

to require denial of a motion for summary judgment obviously are present

where one party swears to one version of the matter in issue and another says

the opposite. In addition, the burden of demonstrating that no genuine issue

of fact exits is on the moving party. That is, the non-movant would be given

the benefit of the doubt. McCullough v. Cook, 679 So. 2d 627, 630 (Miss.

1996) (collecting authorities).

¶66. In Crain v. Cleveland Lodge 1532, Order of Moose, 641 So. 2d 1186, 1189 (Miss.

1994), this Court addressed whether a lodge was negligent for alleged failure to provide

security in its parking lot. This Court held:

To prove at trial that the Moose Lodge was negligent, Crain must show a) the

duty owed him by the Moose Lodge; b) a breach of that duty; c) damages; and

d) a causal connection between the breach and the damages, such that the

breach is the proximate cause of his injuries. Lyle v. Mladinich, 584 So. 2d

397, 398 (Miss. 1991). Grisham v. John Q. Long V.F.W. Post, No. 4057,

Inc., 519 So. 2d 413, 416 (Miss. 1988); Burnham v. Tabb, 508 So. 2d 1072

(Miss. 1987); Boyd v. Lynch, 493 So. 2d 1315 (Miss. 1987).

Id.
28

¶67. In Grisham, 519 So. 2d at 416, this Court considered the duty of the V.F.W., which

sold alcohol on its premises, to a patron from an assault by a third party. In the context of

the duty owed by a bar or tavern keeper, this Court held:

Numerous jurisdictions have considered the duty of a bar keeper or tavern

keeper to protect patrons from assaults, and in almost all of those decisions the

duty has been described as follows: the keeper of a bar or tavern, though not

an insurer of his guests' safety, has a duty to exercise reasonable care to protect

them from reasonably foreseeable injury at the hands of other patrons.

Annotation at 43 A.L.R. 4th 281 and cases collected therein. Authorities

indicate, however, that the owner can be liable only where he had cause to

anticipate the wrongful or negligent act of the unruly patron. C.J.S.

Negligence 63(118) and 63(127). The requisite "cause to anticipate" the

assault may arise from 1) actual or constructive knowledge of the assailant's

violent nature, or 2) actual or constructive knowledge that an atmosphere of

violence exists in the tavern.

Id. at 416-417 (emphasis added) (citations omitted); see also Corley v. Evans, 835 So. 2d 30,

38-39 (Miss. 2003). More recently, in Corley, this Court affirmed the two-prong test for

foreseeability when injury occurs as a result of a third party. Corley, 835 So. 2d at 38-39.

This Court held in Corley:

[There are] two ways to establish legal causation, or foreseeability, in cases of

assault by a third person. "The requisite 'cause to anticipate' the assault may

arise from (1) actual or constructive knowledge of the assailant's violent

nature, or (2) actual or constructive knowledge that an atmosphere of violence

exists [on the premises]. . ." Lyle, 584 So. 2d at 399 (quoting Grisham, 519

So. 2d 413 at 416). Evidence of the existence of an atmosphere of violence

may include "the overall pattern of criminal activity prior to the event in

question that occurred in the general vicinity of the defendant's business

premises, as well as the frequency of criminal activity on the premises." Lyle,

584 So. 2d at 399.

Id.

¶68. This Court also considers the issue of foreseeability in the context of proximate cause.

“The proximate cause of an injury is that cause which in natural and continuous sequence
29

unbroken by any efficient intervening cause produces the injury, and without which the result

would not have occurred.” Grisham, 519 So. 2d at 417; see also Titus, 844 So. 2d at 466.

In addition, this Court has held that proximate cause occurs “when the omission of a duty

contributes to cause the injury.” Id.

¶69. Here, Glover failed to demonstrate that JSU had (1) imputed knowledge from Luster

that Glover engaged in sexual activity with one of the assailants two days prior to her rape,

as the plurality suggests; (2) actual or constructive knowledge of the assailants’ violent

nature; or (3) actual or constructive knowledge that an atmosphere of violence existed on the

premises that was foreseeable and the proximate cause of Glover’s attack by the individuals.

Therefore, I would affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of JSU.

A. Luster’s Testimony.

¶70. The plurality holds in its summary judgment analysis that the Court must accept that

“JSU possessed the same knowledge as Luster” and determine “whether JSU’s knowledge

(both direct and imputed), coupled with its conduct, creates a triable issue of fact as to

Glover’s claim against JSU.” (Plurality op., ¶ 28). The record before the Court today reveals

that there was no evidence that Luster had knowledge of alleged sexual activity to impute to

JSU. 

¶71. In his deposition testimony, Luster revealed that he merely questioned Glover as to

whether she had been in the boys’ bathroom. The plurality holds that “JSU also knew of the

accusations that Glover had been inside the boys’ rest room, suggesting some kind of sexual

activity.” (Plurality op., ¶ 40) (emphasis added). With all due respect to my colleagues in

the plurality, I believe that the plurality has overstated the evidence. Luster’s own testimony,
30

which the plurality imputes to JSU, does not reveal that Luster had any knowledge at the time

he spoke to the children in the hallway of any activity that “suggest[ed] some kind of sexual

activity” occurring in the bathroom. Luster’s complete testimony on this issue was as

follows:

Q. Did you ever have to investigate any complaints concerning

[Glover’s] behavior?

A. Yes, I did.

Q. Would you please describe to me what that situation was?

A. On that Monday I believe it was, on that Monday we were - -

yeah, that Monday, we were in the Athletic & Assembly Center,

and a little boy came and said some girls - - well, a girl was in

the boys restroom. And my group was in basketball at that time,

so the lady that was in charge of basketball, I told her I needed

to go around here and find out what’s going on. Well, I said to

get these kids out of the hallway. That’s what I said. So I went

in the hallway, and there was [Glover]. So I went in the

hallway, and there was [Glover] standing at the boys bathroom.

And I questioned her. I said were you in the boys bathroom.

She said no. There was another little girl standing there with

her. I don’t recall who it was. I said were y’all in the boys

bathroom. They kept telling me no that they were not in the

boys bathroom. The little boy kept insisting that she was in the

boys bathroom. So I just said everybody get out of this hall.

Let’s go. Go back to your group. Everybody go to your group.

Clear the hallway. So I cleared that hallway around there by the

boys bathroom, and everyone went back to their particular

groups. 

Accordingly, Luster’s testimony reveals that at the time he questioned the children in the

hallway, there was no evidence of his knowledge of any alleged sexual activity to impute to

JSU. 
31

B. Violent Nature.

¶72. Glover argues that she provided enough evidence that JSU had actual knowledge of

Cannada’s and Chase’s propensity for violence. Glover cites to Cannada’s and Chase’s

deposition and affidavit evidence. Both of these young men acknowledged that they

participated in the program and had had several fights with other participants in past years.

¶73. In In re Minor Child, 941 So. 2d 820, 828 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), cert denied, 942 So.

2d 164 (Miss. 2006), the Court of Appeals upheld a premises-liability claim for the rape of

a young girl at an apartment complex based on the complex’s alleged knowledge of the

perpetrator’s violent nature.

¶74. Here, Glover’s case is easily distinguished from the factual situation in In re Minor

Child. Glover claims that JSU had actual knowledge of the two boys’ prior violent acts, i.e.

fighting, because the supervising adults knew of the fights. However, W.C. Gordon, the

program administrator, stated in an affidavit that he was not aware of the young men’s

violent propensities.

¶75. In In re Minor Child, the assailant, Tony Kelly, trespassed on the premises of

Federation Towers Apartments over the course of months and raped K.D. as many as six

times. In re Minor Child, 941 So. 2d at 824. K.D. asserted that the apartment management

knew of Kelly’s violent nature because James Gray, the night manager, heard K.D. call to

him and ask for help to no avail. Id. Gray claimed that K.D. did not call out to him. Id.

However, Gray did state that he narrowly missed witnessing a sexual encounter involving

K.D. Id. Gray claimed that he heard someone run away as he walked down a hallway and

saw K.D. adjusting her clothes. Id. at 824-25. The Court of Appeals reasoned that “it is
32

better to err on the side of denying summary judgment” and found that viewing the evidence

in the light most favorable to K.D., Federation Towers had actual or constructive knowledge

of Kelly’s violent nature after the first rape. Id. at 828. In other words, the Court of Appeals

found that Federation Towers did not have actual or constructive knowledge of Kelly’s

violent nature the first time that K.D. was raped, however, it had actual or constructive

knowledge at the times of the five subsequent rapes. Id.

¶76. Here, JSU had no actual or constructive knowledge of Cannada’s or Chase’s violent

tendencies toward rape. While there is conflicting evidence as to whether JSU knew of the

boys’ propensities to fight, there is no evidence of any prior acts of rape by them. Unlike In

re Minor Child, there was no allegation that any JSU employee saw any portion of Glover’s

rape. Also, in In re Minor Child, Kelly, a trespasser to the Federation Towers premises,

entered the property and committed the same violent act at least six times. Here, the boys

were participants in an athletic program over the course of a few years and committed rape

on only one occasion. Prior to this incident reported by Glover, JSU had no knowledge of

Cannada’s and Chase’s propensity to rape.

¶77. The circuit court found that the boys’ fighting amounted to “adolescent horseplay”

which was insufficient notice to JSU that the boys had a propensity to rape. More

specifically, the trial court stated:

While the plaintiff offers deposition testimony from the alleged assailants that

they had been previously disciplined in the program, their acts can best be

described as adolescent horseplay between 13 year old boys. Being on notice

that young teenage boys occasionally fight amongst themselves is hardly

notice of a propensity to rape. Without such knowledge, it is impossible for

JSU and its employees to forsee that a rape would occur in the event that these

youths were dropped off at the wrong location. Here, Glover’s alleged rape
33

was outside the circle of foreseeability and the trier of fact could not

reasonably find otherwise because the rape was the product of intervening

criminal acts of third parties.

(Emphasis added).

¶78. The violent act at issue before this Court is the rape of a young girl, not simple schoolboy antics. Adolescent fights are not uncommon actions for teenage boys. Rape, however,

has a heightened degree of violence that cannot reasonably be compared to adolescent

fighting by any measure. Fighting with other adolescents does not equate to a propensity for

violence or for raping another individual, and to find otherwise simply defies a reasonableforeseeability standard. Accordingly, Glover failed to demonstrate that JSU had active or

constructive knowledge of Cannada’s and Chase’s violent tendencies toward rape.

C. Atmosphere of Violence.

1. Foreseeability.

¶79. Glover argues that she presented sufficient evidence of violent crimes that occurred

at JSU prior to her rape, relying on Gatewood v. Sampson, 812 So. 2d 212 (Miss. 2002). In

Gatewood, Roy Sampson entered the parking lot of the Ellis Isle Exxon to buy gas and used

the pay telephone. He was shot by other individuals who entered the premises owned by

Gatewood. Gatewood, 812 So. 2d at 216. Sampson provided a list of crimes committed in

the vicinity of the gas station. Id. at 220. Here, Glover also introduced records of crimes

committed within the vicinity of JSU. Rape and sexual battery were among the reported

crimes on the JSU campus.

¶80. The trial court found that Glover’s evidence of an “atmosphere of violence” in the

vicinity of JSU was irrelevant. The trial court reasoned that no one from the neighboring
Titus was decided by this Court a year after Gatewood. If a party demonstrates an 16

atmosphere of violence, that, in and of itself, is not enough to establish liability without considering

foreseeability. This creates a situation where a party would always prevail despite other factors

because, unfortunately, no area is untouched by crime. Further, to find otherwise would create an

overly broad standard for liability. In Titus, this Court specifically required the consideration of

34

vicinity wandered onto the campus and raped Glover. Instead, the trial court found that the

rape was caused by other participants in the program. Further, the trial court found that “the

mere fact that JSU is situated in a high crime area does not alone serve to make the sexual

activity of Glover, Canada (sic), Chase or Pugh foreseeable.” Therefore, the trial court

clearly based its ruling on Glover’s failure to adequately demonstrate foreseeability. I agree

with the trial court’s reasoning in this case.

¶81. Glover’s case also is distinguishable from Gatewood based on the issue of

foreseeability. As stated above, Sampson entered the gas station to use its pay phone and buy

gas. Gatewood, 812 So. 2d at 216. As Sampson used the telephone, a carload of people

drove onto the site, and one person exited the vehicle. Id. Later, this person shoved

Sampson, and the two men fought over a gun carried by the other man. Id. During this

scuffle, Sampson was shot in the back of the head, and the other man was shot and killed by

the other occupants in the car. Id. Here, Glover’s assailants, Cannada and Chase, were

participants in the NYSP program and not some unknown, random rapists who entered the

JSU campus from the nearby vicinity.

¶82. In addition, this Court in Titus and Crain, as well as the Court of Appeals in Martin

v. Rankin Circle Apartments, 941 So. 2d 854 (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), acknowledged the

atmosphere of violence, yet decided the cases on the issue of foreseeability of the injury and

looked to situations of intervening causes. This Court clearly has stressed the importance 16
foreseeability when there is an argument of an atmosphere of violence. Titus, 844 So. 2d at 466.

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of foreseeability as the linchpin of an injury, along with proximate cause, notwithstanding

a potential showing of actual or constructive knowledge of an assailant’s violent nature or

an atmosphere of violence. See Crain, 641 So. 2d at 1192; Grisham, 519 So. 2d at 417.

¶83. In Corley, this Court held that “[w]e said in Grisham, 519 So. 2d at 416, that a tavern

keeper can only be held liable where he had ‘cause to anticipate the wrongful or negligent

act of [an] unruly patron.’" Corley, 835 So. 2d at 38. Furthermore, in Crain, this Court

refused to impose a strict-liability standard on owners for injuries suffered as a result of

criminal acts by third parties on their premises. Crain, 641 So. 2d at 1191; see also Corley,

835 So. 2d at 41; Martin, 941 So. 2d at 864.

¶84. In Crain, this Court again considered evidence of an atmosphere of violence and

found that the plaintiff, Crain, failed to demonstrate foreseeability and proximate cause for

the criminal acts of a third party. Crain, 641 So. 2d at 1192. As Crain exited his car in the

lodge parking lot, he suffered significant head injuries from an unknown assailant. Id. at

1187. There was evidence of two crimes committed on the lodge premises within the two

years prior to Crain’s injury and numerous crimes within the vicinity within sixty months

prior to Crain’s attack; however, only eleven crimes involved assaults, robberies, and other

violent crimes. Id. at 1192. This Court found that this evidence was not enough to foresee

Crain’s assault. Id. This Court’s analysis, however, went even further. Giving Crain the

benefit of doubt, the Court assumed that even if Crain adequately demonstrated the

foreseeability of his assault, he still failed to show proximate cause. Id. This Court held that
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Crain failed to show that inadequate lighting in the lodge parking lot was the proximate cause

of his attack and injuries. Id. Therefore, the Court granted summary judgment in favor of

the lodge. Id.

¶85. The fact that JSU is located in a high-crime area does not satisfy the foreseeability

requirement alone. Cannada and Chase were participants in the NYSP program, not

unknown criminal rapists who wandered onto the JSU campus from the nearby vicinity and

committed the crime. Cannada and Chase were part of the insular NYSP program and not

part of a general population within the JSU area. Accordingly, I find that Glover failed to

demonstrate foreseeability.

B. Proximate Cause and Intervening Causes.

¶86. This Court also has considered intervening causes. In O'Cain v. Harvey Freeman &

Sons, Inc., 603 So. 2d 824, 830 (Miss. 1991), this Court addressed the issue of intervening

criminal acts and held:

As a general rule of thumb, criminal acts can be intervening causes which

break the causal connection with the defendant's negligent act, if the criminal

act is not within the realm of reasonable foreseeability. Touche Ross v.

Commercial Union Ins., 514 So. 2d 315, 324 (Miss. 1987); Robinson v.

Howard Brothers of Jackson, Miss., 372 So. 2d 1074, 1076 (Miss. 1979).

¶87. Furthermore, in Titus, a decision handed down after the Gatewood case, this Court

acknowledged that the owner knew of an atmosphere of violence on the premises and failed

to make the area safer. Titus, 844 So. 2d at 466. However, this Court found that the

plaintiffs failed to establish that Titus’s death was proximately caused by the Flash Store or

Williams, the owner. Id. at 464. Titus was shot and killed by a third party on the Flash Store

premises. Id. The previous owners had employed a security guard to protect the premises.
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Id. This Court found that Titus’s actions of confronting a known, dangerous person who

possessed a gun was an intervening cause. Id. Therefore, the Flash Store’s and Williams’s

knowledge of the atmosphere of violence was inconsequential, as Titus caused and

contributed to his own demise. Id.

¶88. In Martin, Patrick Smith was shot and killed on the premises of the Rankin Circle

Apartments by a third party. Martin, 941 So. 2d at 856. Evidence was presented showing

that the apartment manager was aware of dangerous conditions at the complex. Id. at 857-

58. The Court of Appeals’ analysis considered the atmosphere of violence at the complex,

but it found that the shooter’s appearance at the complex was an intervening cause. Id. at

864. The Court of Appeals found that the apartment complex, at most, “‘furnished the

condition’ in which the shooting occurred but did not ‘put in motion’ the shooting itself.”

Id. (citing Titus, 844 So. 2d at 466).

¶89. Furthermore, Glover’s case has a long history before this Court and the federal courts.

See Glover I, 755 So. 2d 395; National Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Epps, et al., No.

3:96cv176BN (S.D. Miss.), aff'd mem., 127 F.3d 35 (5th Cir. 1997). All defendants, except

JSU, have been determined to have no liability to Glover by either this Court or the federal

courts.

¶90. In Glover I, this Court set forth the history of a federal court case initiated by the

insurance carrier of the bus company that drove the children to the NYSP program. This

Court found:

Epps' liability insurance carrier, National Fire & Marine Insurance Company,

filed a declaratory judgment action (Civil Action No. 3:96cv176BN) in the

United States District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi, Jackson
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Division, against Epps d/b/a Ace Rental Service, Luster and Glover. National

Fire claimed that its policy did not provide coverage to Epps for the payment

or defense of Glover's claims in state court. United States District Judge

William H. Barbour, Jr., granted National Fire's motion for summary

judgment, ruling that National Fire was not liable to Glover and had no

duty to defend Epps and Luster in the state actions. Judge Barbour

stated, "Glover has submitted no evidence that the bus driver could have

foreseen that the male students on the bus would rape Glover when he

transported the youths to the wrong location. In the present case, the

Court finds that no jury could reasonably find that the intervening

criminal act was foreseeable." National Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Epps, et

al., No. 3:96cv176BN (S.D. Miss.), aff'd mem., 127 F.3d 35 (5th Cir. 1997).

After the federal court made its ruling, Epps and Luster added res judicata

and/or collateral estoppel claims to their motions for summary judgment

pending in state court. Judge Hilburn granted all the defendants' motions for

summary judgment, from which ruling Glover appeals.

Glover I, 755 So. 2d at 397 (emphasis added).

¶91. In the federal district court declaratory judgment action, Judge William H. Barbour,

Jr. found that National Fire, the insurance carrier for the bus, had no duty to defend the bus

company, C.H. Epps (formerly Ace Rental), or the bus driver, Douglas Luster, and no

liability to Glover since Glover failed to prove that the bus driver could have foreseen the

boys would rape Glover, and no jury could reasonably find that the intervening criminal act

was foreseeable. Glover I, 755 So. 2d at 397. This Court in Glover I held that Glover was

collaterally estopped from pursing her claim against Epps and Luster based on the federal

action, and the trial court did not err by granting summary judgment to Epps and Luster. Id.

at 400. In addition, in Glover I, this Court also held that the trial court did not err by granting

summary judgment in favor of NYSP. Id. This Court stated: “[f]unding a program, without

more, does not create sufficient ownership or control to establish either a duty to supervise

or a corresponding liability for failure to supervise.” Id.
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¶92. Accordingly, the intervening criminal act of rape was a third-party act for which JSU

had no liability. The intervening criminal acts of the boys were the proximate cause and the

intervening cause of her injuries.

III.

¶93. Here, like Crain, Glover failed to show that the rape was foreseeable by JSU. Here,

a bus driver simply dropped off the NYSP participants at the incorrect location. Also, there

was no evidence that any NYSP participants engaged in criminal sexual behavior prior to

Glover’s rape. It was not foreseeable that the two boys, also participants in the NYSP

program with Glover, would commit the criminal act of rape. See Crane, 641 So. 2d at 1192

(no showing of a causal link between better lighting in the parking area and the injury

suffered by Crain at the hands of his assailant); see also Grisham, 519 So. 2d at 417 (no

showing that better lighting would have prevented an assault by one ex-wife on another exwife).

¶94. Further, the act of rape was a third-party act for which JSU had no liability. The

intervening criminal acts of the boys were the proximate cause of her injuries. See Titus, 844

So. 2d at 466 (Titus’s confrontation of a known, weapon-carrying person which resulted in

his death was an intervening cause); Holliday v. Pizza Inn, Inc., 659 So. 2d 860, 866 (Miss.

1995) (no evidence that Pizza Inn proximately caused Holliday’s injuries because the

stabbing of Holliday by Smith was an intervening cause); Martin, 941 So. 2d at 864 (the

appearance of Campbell at the apartment was an intervening cause of Smith’s death).

¶95. The criminal acts of these two boys were not foreseeable, and the acts were not only

an intervening cause of Glover’s injuries; they were the sole proximate cause of her injuries.
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In Grisham, this Court held that the proximate cause of an injury is the “cause which in

natural and continuous sequence unbroken by any efficient intervening cause produces the

injury, and without which the result could not have occurred.” Grisham, 519 So. 2d at 417.

¶96. Accordingly, Glover failed to prove that JSU had either (1) actual or constructive

knowledge of the assailants’ violent nature or (2) actual or constructive knowledge that an

atmosphere of violence existed on the premises that was foreseeable and the proximate cause

of Glover’s attack by the two boys.

IV.

¶97. For the reasons stated above, I would affirm the judgment of the Circuit Court of the

First Judicial District of Hinds County, Mississippi.

SMITH, C.J., AND CARLSON, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.