1

Filed 6/16/16 In re M.H. CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re M.H., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY 

CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

B.F.,

Defendant and Appellant.

E065016

(Super.Ct.No. J252655)

OPINION

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Lynn M. Poncin, 

Judge. Reversed with directions.

Jasmine J. Turner-Bond, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant 

and Appellant.

Jean-Rene Basle, County Counsel, and Danielle E. Wuchenich, Deputy County 

Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
2

B.F., the mother of M., appeals an order terminating parental rights. The child’s 

father, K.H. (father), is a not a party to the appeal.1 Mother contends that the court erred 

by failing to apply the beneficial parent-child relationship exception to the statutory 

preference for adoption as the child’s permanent plan; that it failed to make sufficient 

inquiry into M.’s possible status as an Indian child, as defined in the Indian Child 

Welfare Act of 1978, or ICWA (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.); and that adequate notice was 

not provided to the pertinent tribes or authorities as required by ICWA.

We conclude that the court failed to comply with the ICWA inquiry and notice 

requirements, and we will conditionally reverse the judgment for the limited purpose of 

complying with ICWA.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY2

M. was detained at the age of three months, when his parents were arrested for 

possession of methamphetamine. Mother’s sister had filed a missing person report after 

mother told her that father had threatened to kill her and the baby. The sheriff’s 

department found the family in a motel in Victorville. Mother had bruises, but denied 

any domestic violence. Both parents were on felony probation. A probation search 

showed that both mother and father had methamphetamine on them and that there was 

 

1 Mother was married to another man when M. was born. However, father stated 

that he was present at M.’s birth, that his name was on the birth certificate, that he had 

signed a voluntary declaration of paternity, and had held the child out to be his own. The 

court ultimately found father to be the presumed father.

2 Because of the limited issues raised in this appeal, a relatively brief history 

suffices.
3

methamphetamine inside the motel room. M. appeared to be “reasonably alert and 

healthy, not malnourished,” and the drugs were not within his reach.

The San Bernardino County Children and Family Services (CFS) filed a petition 

pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 300,

3 alleging that mother and father 

had failed to protect M., in that they both had a substance abuse problems that interfered 

with their ability to provide adequate and appropriate care, supervision and provisions for 

the child, and placed him at risk of harm and/or neglect. It also alleged that the parents 

engaged in domestic violence in M.’s presence, putting him at risk for harm and/or 

neglect. (§ 300, subd, (b).) The petition also alleged that the parents were incarcerated 

and failed to provide for M. (§ 300, subd. (g).)

At the detention hearing on January 7, 2014, mother was present but father was 

not. The court ordered M. detained in a foster home and ordered visitation and drug 

testing for mother. Mother denied any Indian heritage, but informed the court that father 

did have Indian heritage. At a second detention hearing on January 9, 2014, which father 

did attend, the court ordered visitation for father as well. Father stated that he had Indian 

ancestry on his father’s side of the family, but that he did not have any other information. 

He stated that he was going to research the matter and would obtain information from his 

mother. He gave his mother’s name and date of birth and stated that she worked for the 

 

3 All statutory citations refer to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
4

state department in Washington, D.C. The court ordered him to complete form ICWA020 (parental notification of Indian status) and to provide any additional information as 

quickly as possible.

After the parents were released from custody, a first amended petition was filed. It 

eliminated the section 300, subdivision (g), and domestic violence allegations, and added 

an allegation that the parents had failed to provide a safe home, in that the parents used 

drugs in the home, drug paraphernalia was present in the home, and that the condition of 

the home posed a health and safety hazard. (§ 300, subd. (b).)

On January 13, 2014, father filed his form ICWA-020, stating that he had or might 

have Indian ancestry and was or might be a member of or eligible for membership in a 

federally recognized Indian tribe. He stated that his Indian ancestry was through his 

paternal grandmother. He stated that he did not know what tribe he might be affiliated 

with.4

At the uncontested jurisdiction and disposition hearing on February 20, 2014, the 

court found that M. came within section 300, subdivision (b). The court ordered him 

removed from the parents’ custody and placed in a foster home, and ordered reunification 

services and supervised visitation for both parents. The court granted father’s motion for 

presumed father status.

 

4 We discuss father’s assertion of possible Indian ancestry in more detail in the 

legal analysis section, below.
5

At the six-month status review hearing on August 20, 2014, the court found that 

mother was “doing well” in her reunification plan and had made substantial progress in 

alleviating the causes which necessitated placement, but that father had not participated 

in any services and had made only minimal progress. Mother offered to provide evidence 

that she was no longer residing with father. Both parents visited regularly and visitation 

was going well, although mother could not progress to unsupervised overnight visits as 

long as father remained in the home. The court ordered both parents to participate in 

their reunification plans and ordered continued supervised visitation for both parents. 

The court authorized CFS to facilitate unsupervised visits for mother “when appropriate,” 

but informed mother that no unauthorized individual, including father, could be present 

during unsupervised visits. The court further informed mother that if M. could not be 

returned to her care by the 12-month status review hearing, parental rights might be 

terminated.

By the 12-month status review hearing on February 19, 2015, CFS recommended 

terminating reunification services. Despite having been ordered to participate in services, 

father had not begun doing so until December 2014 or January 2015. Mother, despite her 

earlier progress in her reunification plan, had lapsed. She did not attend a scheduled 

intake meeting in August 2014 for the general counseling ordered by the court, and did 

not request a new referral until January 2015. She was terminated from her substance 

abuse program because she did not comply with aftercare attendance requirements. 

When asked why she did not comply, she said she had been ill. When asked for a 

doctor’s verification, mother submitted a form showing a visit to an emergency room
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with portions of it, including the date, obliterated. She also failed to take ordered random 

drug tests on three dates; however, all of the tests she had taken were negative. She was 

told when she was discharged from the aftercare program that she was required to attend 

at least three “NA/AA meetings per week” and submit attendance sheets. She did not do 

so. Moreover, although she reported that she was no longer living with father, she had 

not provided any evidence of that. In light of those facts, CFS believed that returning M. 

to the parents would create a substantial risk of detriment to his physical and/or emotional 

well-being.

After a contested hearing, the court found that the parents’ progress had been 

minimal and that despite the evidence presented at the hearing that both parents were 

participating in reunification services, there was not a substantial probability that M. 

could be returned to the parents within the statutory time limits. It terminated 

reunification services and set a permanency hearing pursuant to section 366.26.

At the section 366.26 hearing calendared for June 18, 2015, CFS informed the 

court that M. was adoptable and that the foster parents with whom he had lived since the 

inception of the dependency wanted to adopt him. However, paternal relatives in 

Maryland had also expressed an interest in adopting M., and the Interstate Compact for 

Placement of Children (ICPC) process for assessing their suitability had not been 

completed. CFS requested a continuance of 120 days; the court granted it. On October 

16, 2015, the hearing was continued again to allow authorities in Maryland to complete 

the ICPC process.
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At the continued hearing on December 14, 2015, father presented no evidence, but 

argued that the relatives in Maryland should still be considered as a placement for M., 

even though the ICPC process had still not been completed. Mother testified about the 

quality of her visits with M., which had continued throughout the dependency. She 

described his happy response when he would see her and the activities they engaged in. 

She testified that in addition to reading to him and playing with him, she fed him lunch, 

assisted with his toilet training and disciplined him with time-outs as necessary. She 

acknowledged that she had never progressed to unsupervised visits. M. called her 

“momma” and called his foster mother “mommy.” She testified that at the end of visits, 

M. would say, “Bye” and “I love you.” However, although he sometimes used to cry at 

the end of visits, he did not anymore. On the contrary, he was happy to leave with his 

foster mother. M. never said he wanted to go home with mother. She believed that 

termination of parental rights might affect M., however, because “he does know who 

I am.”

The juvenile court concluded that mother did not meet her burden with respect to 

the beneficial parent-child relationship exception to the statutory preference for adoption 

because she did not provide evidence that she occupied a parental role in M.’s life. The 

court terminated parental rights and referred M. for adoptive placement.

Mother filed a timely notice of appeal.
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LEGAL ANALYSIS

1.

MOTHER DID NOT MEET THE BURDEN OF PROOF WITH RESPECT TO THE 

BENEFICIAL PARENTAL RELATIONSHIP EXCEPTION

Mother contends that the juvenile court should have found that the beneficial 

parental relationship exception to the statutory preference for adoption applied, and that 

the order terminating parental rights must be reversed.

“Adoption must be selected as the permanent plan for an adoptable child and 

parental rights terminated unless the court finds ‘a compelling reason for determining that 

termination would be detrimental to the child due to one or more of the following 

circumstances: [¶] (i) The parents have maintained regular visitation and contact with 

the child and the child would benefit from continuing the relationship. . . .’ (§ 366.26, 

subd. (c)(1)(B)[(i)].)” (In re Bailey J. (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1314 (Bailey J.).) 

Under these provisions, “the court must order adoption and its necessary consequence, 

termination of parental rights, unless one of the specified circumstances provides a 

compelling reason for finding that termination of parental rights would be detrimental to 

the child. The specified statutory circumstances . . . ‘must be considered in view of the 

legislative preference for adoption when reunification efforts have failed.’” (In re 

Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 53, italics added (Celine R.).) “‘Adoption is the 

Legislature’s first choice because it gives the child the best chance at [a full] emotional 

commitment from a responsible caretaker.’” (Ibid.)
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The parent has the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence that 

a statutory exception to adoption applies. (Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 1314.) 

The parent must show both that a beneficial parental relationship exists and that severing 

that relationship would result in great harm to the child. (Id. at pp. 1314-1315.) A 

juvenile court’s finding that the beneficial parental relationship exception does not apply 

is reviewed in part under the substantial evidence standard and in part for abuse of 

discretion: The factual finding, i.e., whether a beneficial parental relationship exists, is 

reviewed for substantial evidence, while the court’s determination that the relationship 

does or does not constitute a “compelling reason” (Celine R., supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 53) 

for finding that termination of parental rights would be detrimental is reviewed for abuse 

of discretion. (Bailey J., at pp. 1314-1315.)

Mother argues that “compelling” evidence supports the conclusion that a 

beneficial parental relationship existed. However, since it is the parent who bears the 

burden of producing evidence of the existence of a beneficial parental relationship, it is 

not enough that the evidence supported such a finding; the question on appeal is whether 

the evidence compels such a finding as a matter of law. (Bailey J., supra, 189 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1314; In re I.W. (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 1517, 1528.) As the court in 

In re I.W. discussed, the substantial evidence rule is typically implicated when a 

defendant contends that the plaintiff succeeded at trial in spite of insufficient evidence. 

When, however, the trier of fact has expressly or implicitly concluded that the party with 

the burden of proof did not carry the burden and that party appeals, “it is misleading to 

characterize the failure-of-proof issue as whether substantial evidence supports the 
10

judgment. This follows because such a characterization is conceptually one that allows 

an attack on (1) the evidence supporting the party who had no burden of proof, and 

(2) the trier of fact’s unassailable conclusion that the party with the burden did not prove 

one or more elements of the case [citations]. [¶] Thus, where the issue on appeal turns 

on a failure of proof at trial, the question for a reviewing court becomes whether the 

evidence compels a finding in favor of the appellant as a matter of law. [Citations.] 

Specifically, the question becomes whether the [parent’s] evidence was 

(1) ‘uncontradicted and unimpeached’ and (2) ‘of such a character and weight as to leave 

no room for a judicial determination that it was insufficient to support a finding [in the 

parent’s favor].’ [Citation.]” (In re I.W., at p. 1528.) Accordingly, unless the undisputed 

facts established the existence of a beneficial relationship as a matter of law, a substantial 

evidence challenge to this component of the juvenile court’s determination cannot 

succeed. (Bailey J., at p. 1314.)

Here, it was undisputed that mother satisfied the visitation prong of the exception

because she visited M. consistently, even after reunification was terminated, and the 

visitation monitor reported that the visits went well. Accordingly, we need not address 

that prong. As to the beneficial nature of the relationship, however, mother merely 

recites the holdings of several cases in which a parent was found to have a beneficial 

relationship with the child. She does not attempt to show how the evidence in this case 

was similar. Rather, she contends only that the evidence showed the following: 

(1) Mother “showed a renewed sense of purpose” after termination of reunification 

services by attending parenting classes, her continued substance abuse treatment and drug 
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testing, and by substantially completing her case plan; (2) mother ended her relationship 

with father; and (3) M. enjoyed visits with mother, during which mother acted in a 

parental role by providing food, assisting him with toilet training and disciplining him 

when necessary. This evidence does not compel the conclusion that mother’s 

relationship with M. was of such benefit to M. that termination of parental rights would 

be detrimental to him. (Celine R., supra, 31 Cal.4th at p. 53.) Accordingly, mother failed 

to meet her burden under section 366.26, subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i). (Bailey J., supra, 189 

Cal.App.4th at p. 1314.)

Moreover, even if we assume that a parental relationship exists which is of some 

benefit to the child, the ultimate question we must decide is whether the juvenile court 

abused its discretion by failing to find that termination of parental rights would be so 

detrimental to M. as to overcome the strong legislative preference for adoption. That 

decision is entrusted to the sound discretion of the juvenile court. (Bailey J., supra, 189 

Cal.App.4th at pp. 1314-1315.) The court must “determine the importance of the 

relationship in terms of the detrimental impact that its severance can be expected to have 

on the child and to weigh that against the benefit to the child of adoption.” (Id. at 

p. 1315.) We cannot find an abuse of discretion unless the juvenile court exceeded the 

bounds of reason. (In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295, 318-319.) “‘“When two or 

more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the facts, the reviewing court has no 

authority to substitute its decision for that of the trial court.”’” (Id. at p. 319.)

Here, the evidence mother cites is simply that she had an established parental bond 

with M. when he was removed from her custody, and that she had maintained the bond 
12

with consistent and positive visitation throughout the dependency. There were no 

negative events during visits: mother played with M., fed him, assisted with his toilet

training and disciplined him appropriately when it was called for. M. called her 

“momma” and was pleased to see her. A termination order is not subject to reversal 

merely because there is “‘some measure of benefit’ in continued contact between parent 

and child,” however. (In re Jason J. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 922, 937; see In re C.F.

(2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 549, 557-559.) Rather, there must be evidence that the 

relationship “promotes the well-being of the child to such a degree as to outweigh the 

well-being the child would gain in a permanent home with new, adoptive parents” and 

that severance of the relationship “would deprive the child of a substantial, positive 

emotional attachment such that the child would be greatly harmed.” (In re Autumn H. 

(1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 575.) Here, there simply is no such evidence. M. was 

removed from his parents’ custody at three months of age, and never again spent any time 

in their home. Even though M. appeared to have some bond with mother and called her 

“momma,” it is not clear that he actually understood that she was his mother. He called 

his foster mother “mommy” and was always happy to go home with her when a visit 

ended. He did not cry or ask to go home with mother. Most importantly, there was no 

evidence whatsoever that M. would suffer great detriment if parental rights were 

terminated. Consequently, we cannot say it was an abuse of discretion to fail to apply the 

exception to him.
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2.

CONDITIONAL REVERSAL FOR ICWA COMPLIANCE IS REQUIRED

Mother asserts that the juvenile court erroneously found that M. is not an Indian 

child within the meaning of ICWA because CFS failed to comply with the ICWA inquiry 

and noticing requirements. She contends that the notices sent to the Indian tribes did not 

contain available pertinent information, and that the record fails to show that CFS 

complied with its mandatory duty to investigate and to provide all available information 

concerning M.’s Indian ancestry.

5 CFS concedes that the notices were incomplete. We 

agree.

“ICWA protects the interests of Indian children and promotes the stability and 

security of Indian tribes by establishing minimum standards for, and permitting tribal 

participation in, dependency actions. [Citations.] If there is reason to believe a child that 

is the subject of a dependency proceeding is an Indian child, ICWA requires that the 

child’s Indian tribe be notified of the proceeding and its right to intervene. [Citations.]” 

(In re A.G. (2012) 204 Cal.App.4th 1390, 1396.) The court and the social services 

agency have “reason to know” that a child may be an Indian child if anyone having an 

interest in the child provides information suggesting that the child is a member of a tribe 

or eligible for membership in a tribe. (§ 224.3, subd. (b)(1).)

 

5 Neither parent challenged the sufficiency of the notice in the trial court. This 

does not, however, forfeit appellate review. (In re B.R. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 773, 

779.) Moreover, although mother is not the parent with possible Indian heritage, she has 

standing to raise the issue of ICWA compliance. (Id. at pp. 779-780.)
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“‘Notice is a key component of the congressional goal to protect and preserve 

Indian tribes and Indian families. Notice ensures the tribe will be afforded the 

opportunity to assert its rights under [ICWA] irrespective of the position of the parents, 

Indian custodian or state agencies. Specifically, the tribe has the right to obtain 

jurisdiction over the proceedings by transfer to the tribal court or may intervene in the 

state court proceedings. Without notice, these important rights granted by [ICWA] would 

become meaningless.’ [Citation.]” (In re A.G., supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 1396.) 

“Accordingly, federal and state law require that the notice sent to the potentially 

concerned tribes include ‘available information about the maternal and paternal 

grandparents and great-grandparents, including maiden, married and former names or 

aliases; birthdates; place of birth and death; current and former addresses; tribal 

enrollment numbers; and other identifying data.’ [Citations.] To fulfill its responsibility, 

the Agency has an affirmative and continuing duty to inquire about, and if possible 

obtain, this information. [Citations.] Thus, a social worker who knows or has reason to 

know the child is Indian ‘is required to make further inquiry regarding the possible Indian 

status of the child, and to do so as soon as practicable, by interviewing the parents, Indian 

custodian, and extended family members to gather the information required in 

paragraph (5) of subdivision (a) of Section 224.2 . . . .’ (§ 224.3, subd. (c).) That 

information ‘shall include’ ‘[a]ll names known of the Indian child’s biological parents, 

grandparents, and great-grandparents, or Indian custodians, including maiden, married 

and former names or aliases, as well as their current and former addresses, birthdates, 
15

places of birth and death, tribal enrollment numbers, and any other identifying 

information, if known.’ (§ 224.2, subd. (a)(5)(C).)” (In re A.G., at pp. 1396-1397.)

Here, father’s ICWA-020 form stated merely that he may have Indian ancestry in 

an unknown tribe and that the relationship existed through his paternal grandmother, 

whom he did not identify. However, at the detention hearing on January 9, 2014, father

had informed the court, in the presence of the social worker, that the relationship was 

through his biological father, but that he did not know his biological father’s name and 

would have to ask his mother. He stated his mother’s name, date of birth and that she 

works for the state department in Washington, D.C. Nevertheless, the notices CFS sent 

out did not contain that information, and there is no indication in the record that CFS 

contacted father’s mother to obtain additional information. Despite the absence of 

available information in the notices sent by CFS, on April 18, 2014, the court found that 

notice had been provided in accordance with ICWA and that ICWA does not apply.

Because of their critical importance, ICWA’s notice requirements are strictly 

construed. (In re A.G., supra, 204 Cal.App.4th at p. 1397.) If the record reflects that the 

social services agency failed to inquire of the parent or available relatives to obtain as 

much information as possible, a reviewing court may reverse the order terminating 

parental rights and direct the trial court to order the social services agency to comply with 

its duties of inquiry and notice under ICWA. (Id. at pp. 1393-1394, 1397.) Because CFS 

failed in its duty to inquire into father’s Indian ancestry and to provide all available 

information to the relevant Indian tribes, we will reverse the judgment terminating 

parental rights and remand the case for further proceedings, as stated below.
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DISPOSITION

The judgment terminating parental rights is reversed, and the case is remanded to 

the juvenile court with directions to order the San Bernardino County Children and 

Family Services to comply with the inquiry and notice requirements of ICWA. If, after 

proper notice, the juvenile court finds that M. is an Indian child as defined by ICWA, the 

court shall proceed in conformity with all provisions of ICWA. If, on the other hand, the 

court finds after proper notice that M. is not an Indian child, the judgment terminating 

parental rights shall be reinstated.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

McKINSTER

Acting P. J.

We concur:

MILLER

J.

CODRINGTON

J.