TSD-2b



## Processing of 2002 Anth ropogenic Emissions: OTC Regional and Urban 12km Base Year Simulation

Bureau of Air Quality Analysis and Research Division of Air Resources New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Albany, NY 12233

March 19, 2007Overview All emissions processing for the re vised 2002 OTC regional and urban 12 km base case simulations was performed with SMOKE2.1 compiled on a Red Hat 9.0 Linux operating system with the Portland group fo rtran compiler version 5.1. The emissions processing was performed on a month-by-m onth and RPO-by-RPO basis, i.e. SMOKE processing was performed for each month fo r each of the RPOs (MANE-VU, VISTAS, CENRAP, MRPO) individually as well as for Canada. For each month/RPO combination, a separate SMOKE ASSIGNS file was created, and the length of the episode in each of these ASSIGNS files was set to the entire m onth. Also, as discussed in Section 3, there was no difference between “episode-averag e” temperatures and “monthly-average” temperatures for the Mobile6 simulations that used the option of te mperature averaging.

This document is structured as follows: A listing of all emission inventories is given in Section 2, organized by RPO and source category. Section 3 discusses the Mobile6 processing approach employed for the different RPOs, while Section 4 describes the processing of biogenic emissions w ith BEIS3.12. Finally, Sections 5 through7 describe the temporal allocation, speciati on, and spatial allocation of the emissions inventories, respectively.
1. Emission Inventories

1.1 MANE-VU Version 3 of the MANE_VU inventory wa s utilized to generate CMAQ-ready emissions. This emissions inventory data we re obtained from the MANEVU archive in April 2006.
1.1.1 Area Sources

• Files: MANEVU_AREA_SMOKE_INPUT_ ANNUAL_SUMMERDAY_040606.txt and MANEVU_AREA_SMOKE_INP UT_ANNUAL_WINTERDAY_040606.txt prepared by PECHAN, downloaded from ftp.marama.org (username mane-vu, password exchange)

• Fugitive dust correction: This was applied as county-specific correction factors for SCC’s listed at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/e mch/invent/index.html#dust ; the correction factor file gcntl.xportfrac. txt was obtained from EPA’s CAIR NODA ftp site http://www.airmodelingftp.com (password protected).; this adjustment was performed using the SMOKE programs cntlmat and grwinven to generate an adjusted IDA inventory file used for subsequent SMOKE processing
1.1.2 Nonroad Sources

• File: MANEVU_NRD2002_SMOKE_030306 prepared by PECHAN; downloaded from ftp.marama.org (username mane-vu, password exchange)

21.1.3 Mobile Sources

• VMT/Speed: MANEVU_2002_mbinv_02022006_addCT.txt prepared by PECHAN and NESCAUM; downloaded from http://bronze.nescaum .org/Private/junghun/MANEVU/onroad_ver3_update/MANEVU_V3_update.tar
1.1.4 Point Sources

• Files: MANEVU_Point_SMOKE_INPUT_ ANNUAL_SUMMERDAY_041006.txt and MANEVU_Point_SMOKE_INPUT _ANNUAL_WINTERDAY_041006.txt prepared by PECHAN were downloaded from ftp.marama.org (username manevu, password exchange)

• Fugitive dust correction: This was applied as county-specific correction factors for SCC’s listed at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/e mch/invent/index.html#dust ; the correction factor file gcntl.xportfrac. txt was obtained from EPA’s CAIR NODA ftp site http://www.airmodelingftp.com (password protected).; this adjustment was performed using the SMOKE programs cntlmat and grwinven to generate an adjusted IDA inventory file used for subsequent SMOKE processing

• Corrected the omission of 2,100 tons/year VOC emissions from several point sources in NJ. NJDEP provided updated IDA files on June 30 that were used for modeling.
1.2 CENRAP The inventory data were obtained from the CENRAP ftp site in March 2006 and reflect version BaseB of the CENRAP inventory.
1.2.1 Area Sources

• Files:
o CENRAP_AREA_SMOKE_INPUT_ANN_STATES_081705.txt
o CENRAP_AREA_MISC_SMOKE _INPUT_ANN_STATE_071905.txt
o CENRAP_AREA_BURNING_SMOKE_INPUT_ANN_TX_ NELI_071905.txt
o CENRAP_AREA_MISC_SMOKE _INPUT_NH3_MONTH_{MMM} _072805.txt where {MMM} is JAN, FEB, ... DEC
o CENRAP_AREA_SMOKE_INPUT_NH3_MONTH_{MMM} _071905.txt where {MMM} is JAN, FEB, ... DEC

• Fugitive dust correction: This was applied as county-specific correction factors for SCC’s listed at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/e mch/invent/index.html#dust ; the correction factor file gcntl.xportfrac. txt was obtained from EPA’s CAIR NODA ftp site http://www.airmodelingftp.com (password protected).; this adjustment was performed using the SMOKE programs cntlmat and grwinven to generate an adjusted IDA inventory file used for subsequent SMOKE processing

• Note about area and nonroad source SMOKE processing for the CENRAP region: All area source inventories (both annual and month-specific) were processed in

3one step through SMOKE. SMK_AVEDAY_ YN was set to N, so seasonal profiles were used to apportion the annua l inventories numbers by month. This setting was also used for the nonroad pr ocessing performed in a separate step. This was necessary since the month-specifi c files had zero in their ‘average-day’ column and the annual tota l column reflects the “mont hly emissions as annual totals” as per header line. Therefore, seasonal profiles are used to apportion both the annual and month-specific f iles. As described below, we utilized the temporal profiles and cross-reference files gene rated by CENRAP. However, we did not verify that this approach indeed lead s to the intended monthly allocation of ammonia and nonroad emissions.

1.2.2 Nonroad Sources

• Files:
o CENRAP_NONROAD_SMOKE _INPUT_ANN_071305.txt
o CENRAP_NONROAD_SMOKE_I NPUT_MONTH_{MMM}_071305.txt where {MMM} is JAN, FEB, ... DEC
1.2.3 Mobile Sources

• VMT/Speed files:
o mbinv02_vmt_cenrap_ce.ida
o mbinv02_vmt_cenrap_no.ida
o mbinv02_vmt_cenrap_so.ida
o mbinv02_vmt_cenrap_we.ida
1.2.4 Point Sources

• File: CENRAP_POINT_SMOKE_INPUT_ANNUAL_DAILY_072505.txt

• Fugitive dust correction: This was applied as county-specific correction factors for SCC’s listed at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/e mch/invent/index.html#dust ; the correction factor file gcntl.xportfrac. txt was obtained from EPA’s CAIR NODA ftp site http://www.airmodelingftp.com (password protected).; this adjustment was performed using the SMOKE programs cntlmat and grwinven to generate an adjusted IDA inventory file used for subsequent SMOKE processing.
1.3 VISTAS

All VISTAS emission files were obtained fr om the Alpine Geophysics ftp site. They reflect version BaseG of the VISTAS invent ory with the exception of fire emissions which reflect BaseF and BaseD. These file s were downloaded between February and August, 2006.
1.3.1 Area Sources

• Files:

4o arinv_vistas_2002g_2453922_w_pmfac.txt
o ida_ar_fire_2002_vistaonly_basef.ida

• Note: the header lines of these files i ndicate that the fugitive dust correction was already applied, so no further correction was performed.
1.3.2 Nonroad Sources

• Files:
o nrinv_vistas_2002g_2453908.txt
o marinv_vistas_2002g_2453972.txt
1.3.3 Mobile Sources

• VMT/Speed file: mbinv_vistas_02g_vmt_12jun06.txt
1.3.4 Point Sources

• Files:
o Annual:

 egu_ptinv_vistas_2002 typ_baseg_2453909.txt

 negu_ptinv_vistas_2002typ_baseg_2453909.txt

 ptinv_fires_{MM}_typ.vistas.ida where {MM} is 01, 02, 03, etc. depending on the month; these annual point fire files were generated as part of the VIST AS BaseD inventory and were obtained in January 2005
o Hour-specific:

 pthour_2002typ_baseg_{MMM}_28jun2006.ems where {MMM} is jan, feb, mar, etc.

 pthour_fires_{MM}_typ.vistas.ida where {MM} is 01, 02, 03, etc. depending on the month; these hourly point fire files were generated as part of the VIST AS BaseD inventory and were obtained in January 2005

• Note: No fugitive dust correction was performed for these files.
1.4 MRPO MRPO emissions for SMOKE modeling were generated by Alpine Geophysics through a contract from MARAMA to convert the MRPO BaseK inventor y from NIF to IDA format. The files were downloaded from the MARAMA ftp site ftp.marama.org (username mane-vu, password exchange) between April and June 2006.
1.4.1 Area Sources

• Files:
o Annual:

 arinv_mar_mrpok_2002_27apr2006.txt

 arinv_other_mrpok_2002_20jun2006.txt
o Month-specific:

5 arinv_nh3_2002_mrpok_{mmm}_3may2006.txt where {mmm} is jan, feb, etc.

 dustinv_2002_mrpok_{mmm}_23may2006.t xt where {mmm} is jan, feb, etc.

• Fugitive dust correction: This correction was performed only to the arinv_other_mrpok_2002_20jun2006.txt file using county-specific correction factors for SCC’s listed at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/invent/index.html#dust ; the correction factor file gcntl.xportfrac.txt was obtained from EPA’s CAIR NODA ftp site http://www.airmodelingftp.com (password protected).; this adjustment was performed using the SMOKE programs cn tlmat and grwinven to generate an adjusted IDA inventory file used for subsequent SMOKE processing.

• Note about area source SMOKE processi ng: SMOKE processing was performed separately for the annual and month-specific files. For the annual inventory processing, SMK_AVEDAY_YN was set to N, so seasonal profiles were used to apportion the annual inventories numb ers by month. For the month-specific inventory processing, this variable was set to Y so that no seasonal profiles would be applied and the inventory numbers in the ‘average day’ column would be used. To save a SMOKE processing ste p, the annual “marine” inventory “arinv_mar_mrpok_2002_27apr2006.txt” was pro cessed together with the annual “other area source” inventory “arinv_other_mrpok_2002_20jun2006.txt” even though it technically is part of the nonroad inventory.
1.4.2 Nonroad Sources

• Files: nrinv_2002_mrpok_{mmm}_3may2006.txt where {mmm} is jan, feb, etc.
1.4.3 Mobile Sources

• VMT/Speed file: mbinv_mrpo_02f_vmt_02may06.txt
1.4.4 Point Sources

• Files: ptinv_egu_negu_2002_mrpok_1may2006.txt

• Fugitive dust correction: This correction was performed only to the arinv_other_mrpok_2002_20jun2006.txt file using county-specific correction factors for SCC’s listed at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/invent/index.html#dust ; the correction factor file gcntl.xportfrac.txt was obtained from EPA’s CAIR NODA ftp site http://www.airmodelingftp.com (password protected).; this adjustment was performed using the SMOKE programs cn tlmat and grwinven to generate an adjusted IDA inventory file used for subsequent SMOKE processing.

61.5 Canada

1.5.1 Area Sources

• File: AS2000_SMOKEready.txt obtained from ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/canada_2000inventory

• Fugitive dust correction: We applied “d ivide-by-four” correction for SCC’s listed at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/invent/index.html#dust ; this adjustment wasperformed outside SMOKE with in-house Fortran programs. No county/provincespecific correction factors were available for Canada
1.5.2 Nonroad Sources

• File: NONROAD2000_SMOKEready.txt obtained from ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/canada_2000inventory
1.5.3 Mobile Sources

• File: MOBILE2000_SMOKEready.txt obtained from ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/canada_2000inventory

• Fugitive dust correction: applied “divid e-by-four” correction for SCC’s listed at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/invent/index.html#dust ; this adjustment was performed outside of SMOKE with in-house Fortran programs. No county/province-specific correction fa ctors were available for Canada.

1.5.4 Point Sources There has long been difficulty in obtai ning an up-to-date Canadian criteria emissions inventory for point sources. This is due largely to confidentiality rights afforded to Canadian facilities. Thus far, the most recent invent ory of Canadian point sources is rooted in the 1985 NAPAP data and is close to two decades old. Because there are a number of high emitting indus trial facilities in southern Canada it is of particular importance to have a reasonably accurate i nventory of these sources especially when modeling air quality over the Northeast and Midw est United States. Toward this end, an effort was made to obtain more recent Canadian point source data and incorporate it into an inventory database, which could then be used for the 2002 OTC air quality modeling. Perhaps the most accurate and publicly accessible source of Canadian pollutant data is now available from the National Po llutant Release Inventory (NPRI) database. This database contains 268 substances. Faci lities that manufacture, process or otherwise use one of these substances and that meet re porting thresholds are required to report these emissions to Environment Canada on an annua l basis. The NPRI data are available at Environment Canada’s website and can be found at the link http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/npri/npri_home_e.cfm . The page hosts an on-line search engine where one can locate emissions by pollutant or location. In addition, the entire database is available for download as an MS Access or Excel file. The NPRI database contains

7numerous pages with a rather comprehensive lis t of information. Detailed information is available about each facility, including lo cation, activity and annual emissions. In addition, facilities having stacks with a height of 50 meters or more are required to report stack parameters. Unfortunately, one of the limitations of th e NPRI database for modeling purposes is that the data are only available at the facility level. Emissions models require process level information, so in order to use this data , a few generalizations had to be made. Each facility has a Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code associated with it; however, emissions models require Source Classifica tion Codes (SCC’s). SCC’s are of critical importance as the emissions models use thes e codes for assignment of temporal and speciation profiles. SIC codes describe the ge neral activity of a facility while SCC codes describe specific processes taking place at each facility. While no direct relationship exists between these two codes, a general al beit subjective associa tion can be made. For the purposes of creating a model-ready inventory file it was necessary to obtain the whole NPRI database. After merging all the necessary components from the NPRI database required in the SMOKE inventory file, the SIC code from each facility was examined and assigned an SCC code. In most cases, only a SCC3 level code was assigned with confidence. While this is admittedly a less than desirable process, it does allow for the use of the most recent emissions from the NPRI database to be used in modeling. Furthermore, having some level of SCC associated with these emissions will ensure that they will be assigned a temporal and speciation profile by the model, other than the default. Once the model-ready inve ntory file was devel oped, it was processed through SMOKE.
2. Mobile6 Processing

2.1 MANE-VU

2.1.1 Mobile6 input files

• Month-specific input files were prep ared by PECHAN and NESCAUM and were downloaded from http://bronze.ne scaum.org/Private/junghun/MANEVU/onroad_ver3_update/MANEVU_V3_update.tar

• Added the line “REBUILD EFFECTS :0.10” to each file before the SCENARIO record to override the Mob ile6 default setting of 0.9 (90%) for the “chip reflash” effectiveness
2.1.2 SMOKE/Mobile6 auxiliary files

• SMOKE/Mobile6 auxiliary files were pr epared by PECHAN and NESCAUM and were downloaded from http://bronz e.nescaum.org/Private/junghun/MANEVU/onroad_ver3_update/MANEVU_V3_update.tar

82.1.3 Temperature averaging

• Following the setting in the MANEVU_2002_mvref.txt files, the following procedures were used by SMOKE for tem poral and spatial temperature averaging in the calculation of emission factors:
o Spatial averaging: temperatures were averaged over all counties that share a common reference county (i.e. Mobile6 input file)
o Temporal averaging for May – Se ptember emissions processing: no temporal averaging was used, i.e. day- specific temperatures were used to calculate emission factors for each day.
o Temporal averaging for non-summer -months emissions processing: Temporal averaging over the duration of the episode (i.e. the entire month, see introduction) was used, i.e. monthl y average temperatures were used to calculate the emission factors.
2.2 CENRAP

2.2.1 Mobile6 input files

• Mobile6 input files for the CENRAP regi on for January and July were contained in the files central_M6_{MMM}.zip, north_M6_{MMM}.zip, south_M6_{MMM}.zip, west_M6_{MMM}.zip where {MMM} is either jan or jul. July input files were used for Ap ril – September processing, while January input files were used for the remaining months

• All files were downloaded from th e CENRAP ftp site in March 2006.
2.2.2 SMOKE/Mobile6 auxiliary files

• SMOKE/Mobile6 auxiliary files were cont ained in the files central_M6_RD.zip, north_M6_RD.zip, south_M6_RD.zip, and west_M6_RD.zip. The SMOKE MCREF, MVREF, and MCODES files were contained in the file MOBILESMOKE_Inputs.zip. The MCREF and MVREF files were combined for the different regions (“centra l”, “east”, “west”, “north”)

• All files were downloaded from th e CENRAP ftp site in March 2006.
2.2.3 Temperature averaging

• The following procedures were used by SMOKE for temporal and spatial temperature averaging in the calculati on of emission factor s according to the setting in the mvref files:
o Spatial averaging: no spatial aver aging of temperatures, i.e. the temperatures for the reference county is used to calculate emission factors for all counties that share this refe rence county (i.e. M obile6 input file)
o Temporal averaging: Temporal averag ing over the duration of the episode (i.e. the entire month, see introductio n) was used, i.e. monthly average temperatures were used to calculate the emission factors.

92.3 VISTAS

2.3.1 Mobile6 input files

• Month-specific Mobile6 input files were obtained from the Alpine Geophysics ftp site in July 2006. They reflect vers ion BaseG of the VISTAS inventory.
2.3.2 SMOKE/Mobile6 auxiliary files

• SMOKE/Mobile6 auxiliary files utilized were obtained from the Alpine Geophysics ftp site in July 2006. They re flect version BaseG of the VISTAS inventory.
2.3.3 Temperature averaging

• The following procedures were used by SMOKE for the temporal and spatial temperature averaging in the calculati on of emission factor s according to the setting in the mvref_baseg.36k.ag.txt file:
o Spatial averaging: temperatures aver aged over all counties that share a common reference county (i.e. Mobile6 input file)
o Temporal averaging: Temporal averag ing over the duration of the episode (i.e. the entire month, see introductio n) was used, i.e. monthly average temperatures were used to calculate the emission factors.
2.4 MRPO

2.4.1 Mobile6 input files

• Month-specific Mobile6 input files for SMOKE modeling were generated by Alpine Geophysics through a contract from MARAMA. They are based on version BaseK of the MRPO inventory. The files were downloaded from the MARAMA ftp site ftp.marama.org (username mane-vu, password exchange) in May 2006.
2.4.2 SMOKE/Mobile6 auxiliary files

• SMOKE/Mobile6 auxiliary files for SMOKE modeling were gene rated by Alpine Geophysics through a contract from MA RAMA. They are based on version BaseK of the MRPO inventory. The file s were downloaded from the MARAMA ftp site ftp.marama.org (username mane-vu, password exchange) in May 2006.
2.4.3 Temperature averaging

• The following procedures were used by SMOKE for the temporal and spatial temperature averaging in the calculati on of emission factor s according to the setting in the mvreg_mrpo_basek.txt file:
o Spatial averaging: temperatures aver aged over all counties that share a common reference county (i.e. Mobile6 input file)

10o Temporal averaging: Temporal averag ing over the duration of the episode (i.e. the entire month, see introductio n) was used, i.e. monthly average temperatures were used to calculate the emission factors.
3. Biogenic Emission Processing Hourly gridded biogenic emissions for the 12 km and 36 km modeling domains were calculated by BEIS3.12 through SMOKE, using MCIP-processed MM5 fields for temperature (“TA”, layer-1 temperature), so lar radiation (“RGRND” ), surface pressure (“PRES”), and precipitation (“RN” and “RC”). A ‘seasonal switch’ file was generated by the SMOKE utility metscan to determine whether winter or summer emission factors should be used for any given grid cell on a ny given day. Winter emission factors are used from January 1 st through the date of the last frost and again from the data of the first frost in fall through December 31 st . Summer emission factors are used for the time period in between. This calculation is perfor med separately for each grid cell.
4. Temporal Allocation

4.1 MANE-VU

4.1.1 Area and nonroad sources

• Generated as part of the MANE-VU version 1 inventory

• amptpro.m3.us+can.manevu.030205.txt

• amptref.m3.manevu.012405.txt

• downloaded from ftp.marama.org (username mane-vu, password exchange) in January 2005
4.1.2 Mobile sources

• MANEVU_2002_mtpro_02022006_addCT.txt

• MANEVU_2002_mtref_02022006_addCT.txt

• prepared by PECHAN and NESCAUM and downloaded from http://bronze.nescaum .org/Private/junghun/MANEVU/onroad_ver3_update/MANEVU_V3_update.tar
4.1.3 Point Sources

• Based on the same files as for the M ANE-VU area and nonroad temporal files listed above, but added the CEM-based 2002 state-specific temporal profiles and cross-references for EGU sources for th e MANE-VU states that were generated by VISTAS for their BaseD modeli ng and obtained in February 2005.

• No CEM-based hour-specific EGU emissions were utilized
4.2 CENRAP The following temporal profiles and cross-reference files were used:

11• Area and nonroad sources:
o amptpro.m3.us+can.cenrap.010605_incl_nrd.txt
o amptref.m3.cenrap.010605_add_nh3_and_nrd.txt

• Mobile sources:
o mtpro.cenrap.v3.txt
o mtref.cenrap.v3.txt

• Point sources:
o ptpro.{QQ}.cenrap_egus_cem.00-03avg.121205.txt where {QQ} is Q1 for January/February/March, Q2 for April/May/June, etc.
o ptref.{QQ}.cenrap_egus_cem.00-03avg.121205.txt where {QQ} is Q1 for January/February/March, Q2 for April/May/June, etc.

• All files were downloaded from th e CENRAP ftp site in March 2006.
4.3 VISTAS The following month-specific temporal profil es and cross-reference files were used:

• Area and nonroad sources:
o atpro_vistas_basef_15jul05.txt
o atref_vistas_basef_15jul05.txt

• Mobile sources:
o mtpro_vistas_basef_04jul05.txt
o mtref_us_can_vistas_basef_04jul05.txt

• Point sources:
o ptpro_typ_{MMM}_vistasg_28jun2006.txt where {MMM} is jan, feb, mar, etc.
o ptref_typ_vistas_baseg_28jun2006.txt

• These files were obtained from the Alpine Geophysics ftp site. They reflect version BaseG of the VISTAS inventory fo r the point source allocation files and version BaseF for the area, nonroad, and mobile source allocation files. These files were downloaded between February and July, 2006.
4.4 MRPO The following month-specific temporal profiles and cross-reference files were used for all source categories:

• amptpro_typ_us_can_{MMM}_vistas_27nov04.txt where {MMM} is jan, feb, mar, etc.

• amptref_2002_us_can_vistas_17dec04.txt

• These files were obtained from VISTAS in January 2005 and reflect their BaseD modeling. No updated temporal profiles or cross-reference files were developed for use with the MRPO BaseK inventory.
4.5 Canada For Canada, the SMOKE2.1 default temporal profiles and cross-reference files (amptpro.m3.us+can.txt and amptref.m3.us+can.txt) were utilized.

125. Speciation The same speciation profiles (gspro.c maq.cb4p25.txt) and cross-references (gsref.cmaq.cb4p25.txt) were utilized for all re gions and all source ca tegories. Different versions of these files were obtained (SMOKE2.1 default, EPA-CAIR modeling, VISTAS, CENRAP and MANE-VU) and compar ed. After comparing the creation dates and header lines of these files, it was determined that the EPA-CAIR and MANE-VU files had the most recent updates, and conseque ntly the final speciation profile and crossreference files used for all regions and source categories was based on the EPA-CAIR files with the addition of MANE-VU specific updates.
6. Spatial Allocation

6.1 U.S. The spatial surrogates for the 12km domain we re extracted from the national grid 12km U.S. gridding surrogates pos ted at EPA’s website at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ emch/spatial/newsurrogate.html The gridding cross-references were also obtained from this website, but for the processing of MANE-VU area source emi ssions, MANE-VU specific cross-reference entries posted on the MARAMA ftp site were added.

6.2 Canada The spatial surrogates for Canadian emissions for the 12km domain were extracted from the national grid 12km Canadian gridding surrogates posted at EPA’s website at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ emch/spatial/newsurrogate.html The gridding cross-references were also obtained from this website.

Reference: Pechan: (2006) Technical Support do cument for 2002 MANE-VU SIP Modeling inventories, version 3. Prepared by E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. 3622 Lyckan Parkway, Suite 2005, Durham, NC 27707.

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