1

Filed 7/19/13 In re Jonathan H. CA1/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

In re JONATHAN H., a Person Coming 

Under the Juvenile Court Law.

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

JONATHAN H.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 A135972

 (Contra Costa County 

 Super. Ct. No. J1101623) 

A supplemental juvenile wardship petition pursuant to Welfare and Institutions 

Code section 602 alleged defendant had committed a number of crimes, including 

conspiracy to commit a robbery (Pen. Code, § 182, subd. (a)(1))1 and petty theft (§§ 484, 

488). The juvenile court denied defendant‘s motion to suppress his confession to the 

police. At the conclusion of the jurisdictional hearing, the court found true seven 

allegations of petty theft and one allegation of conspiracy to rob. 

On appeal, defendant contends that the juvenile court erred when it denied his 

motion to exclude his confession to the police because, according to defendant, his 

confession was coerced and his waiver of his rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona 

(1966) 384 U.S. 436 (Miranda) was not voluntary. He also maintains that substantial 

evidence did not support his convictions and that the juvenile court lacked subject matter 

 

1 All further unspecified code sections refer to the Penal Code. 
2

jurisdiction over three of the petty theft convictions. We conclude that substantial 

evidence did not support the true findings on two of the counts of petty theft but 

otherwise affirm the jurisdictional and dispositional orders. 

BACKGROUND

On May 3, 2012, a supplemental juvenile wardship petition pursuant to Welfare 

and Institutions Code section 602 was filed alleging that defendant had committed in 

count 1, felony conspiracy to rob (§ 182, subd. (a)(1)); in count 2, felony grand theft 

(§ 487, subd. (a)); in counts 3 through 11, misdemeanor petty theft (§§ 484, 488); in 

count 12, misdemeanor resisting a peace officer (§ 148, subd. (a)(1)); and in count 13, the 

unlawful possession of a switchblade knife (§ 653k). 

The juvenile court held a contested jurisdictional hearing on June 7, 2011. The 

evidence at the hearing was that a man was seated in his car in the parking lot across from 

In-Shape, a health club, shortly before 4:00 a.m. on November 15, 2011, when he spotted 

two youths in hooded sweatshirts walking in the parking lot. The man observed the boys 

stand behind a car belonging to the manager of the health club. The boys retreated 

through the parking lot when another person approached the gym. The man in the car did 

not see the faces of the two youths. 

The police were called and Officer Mike Yaeger arrived at the health club parking 

lot at 4:08 a.m. Two other officers also responded and they told Yaeger that they had 

discovered two youths behind the ―car wash or gas station,‖ which was about 100 feet 

from the health club parking lot. Yaeger walked to where the youths were being 

detained. The youths were defendant and Taylor E. Yaeger found what appeared to be a 

handgun and a ski mask in the nearby shrubbery. A further search of the shrubs disclosed 

a Halloween mask of President Barak Obama and an 8-inch carving knife. A closer 

inspection of the gun revealed that it was an altered rubber Airsoft B.B. gun. The officers 

searched the boys and found nothing on them. None of the witnesses at the health club 

was able to identify the youths. 

The officers arrested defendant, who was 14 years old at the time. Defendant was 

in the police station from the time of his arrest at 4:20 a.m., and was interviewed by 
3

Detective Peter Folena at 9:03 a.m. Folena was told that defendant had been arrested for 

a curfew violation and that defendant had been stopped at the health club early that 

morning. Folena read defendant his Miranda rights. Defendant agreed to speak. 

Folena‘s interrogation of defendant in the police station lasted 30 to 45 minutes. 

Folena did not believe that defendant had eaten anything between the time of his arrest 

and the interrogation. Folena ended the interview at the station and then, after further 

questioning while in the car, drove defendant to a fast-food restaurant to have something 

to eat. The car interview ended at noon or 12:30 p.m. 

After the trial court denied defendant‘s motion to suppress his statements to 

Folena at the police station, Folena testified that defendant told him he received a phone 

call from his friend Taylor during the evening of November 14, 2011; they agreed to 

meet. Defendant snuck out of the house and took his mask of President Obama with him. 

He met Taylor and Taylor gave him the choice of taking the kitchen knife or an Airsoft 

B.B. gun; defendant took the B.B. gun. 

During the interview, Folena told defendant that he had already talked to Taylor 

and that he needed defendant to be honest. Folena told defendant that he knew that he 

had robbed or attempted to rob some individuals and to break into some vehicles. 

Defendant responded, ―Oh, yeah.‖ 

Defendant then told Folena that he and Taylor went to a grocery store to steal 

food. He reported that they hid in the bushes at the rear of the store. They saw an older 

woman and, while wearing their masks, they followed her to her home. She, however, 

entered her home and eluded them. They were going to rob another person in the parking 

lot of the grocery store but their plans were thwarted when an ―employee walked by and 

spooked them.‖ 

The boys walked about a mile to a gas station near the health club, In-Shape. 

They intended to rob individuals, but were unsuccessful. Defendant estimated that they 

attempted to rob five persons but, for various reasons, failed. Defendant said they were 

going to rob a female they spotted in the parking lot at In-Shape but they saw the police 

car enter the parking lot and, thus, they hid in the bushes. 
4

Defendant mentioned that he had broken into a grey Honda Civic or Accord 

earlier in the evening and had stolen a lighter and some cigarettes. Defendant claimed 

that he had burglarized so many cars since the summer of 2011 that he had lost count; he 

broke into them to get money. 

Folena took defendant in his vehicle to get lunch and to question him further. 

While driving around the City of Brentwood (Brentwood), defendant showed Folena the 

cars that he had burglarized. Folena testified during voir dire that defendant did not 

appear tired when he was driving him around. 

As Folena drove around Brentwood, defendant pointed out the following cars as 

vehicles that he had burglarized: A grey Honda Accord, a silver 2003 BMW, a blue 

Toyota Tundra, a Dodge Magnum, a Jeep, a Dodge Durango, and a white sedan. 

Meredith Nahm lived on the street where defendant identified the grey Honda Accord as 

being a car he burglarized. She stated that her locked Honda had not been burglarized 

but her unlocked Hyundai Santa Fe had been. Lynnette Torrez lived where defendant 

identified the BMW that he burglarized. She stated that, in 2011 or early in 2012, her 

unlocked Yukon was burglarized, but her locked BMW was not burglarized. Eric Yunck 

resided on the street where the blue Toyota Tundra was located, and he testified that in 

2011 his Tundra was burglarized and the backseat television sets had been stolen. James 

Brandt testified that when he lived on the street where defendant identified the Dodge 

Magnum, a pack of cigarettes and a cigarette lighter were taken from his Ford Flex in 

July or August 2011. John Hemenes lived on the street where defendant identified the 

Jeep that he burglarized, and he asserted that in July 2011, a chrome grenade gear shift 

knob was removed from his son‘s Jeep; change was taken from two other vehicles he 

owned. Joy Scholtz confirmed that in July or August 2011, money was stolen from the 

ashtray of her Dodge Durango, and that she lived on the street where defendant indicated 

he had burglarized a Dodge Durango. Steven Padgett lived on the street where defendant 

identified the white sedan that he had burglarized. Padgett testified that during July or 

August 2011, his white-topped Suzuki Sidekick was burglarized, and a garage door 

opener, prescription medication, and a stereo faceplate were stolen. 
5

Folena admitted that car burglaries are common in the area where he had driven 

defendant. 

At the conclusion of a jurisdictional hearing, the juvenile court sustained the 

petition as to seven of the petty theft allegations (counts 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, and 11), and the 

allegation of conspiracy to rob (count 1). The court granted the People‘s motion to 

dismiss the other counts. 

On June 21, 2012, at the dispositional hearing, the juvenile court continued 

defendant as a ward of the court, removed him from the custody of his parents, and 

ordered him placed at the Orin Allen Youth Rehabilitation Facility. 

Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal. 

DISCUSSION

I. Voluntariness of Defendant’s Confession

A. The Law and Standard of Review

Defendant contends the juvenile court erred in denying his motion to suppress his 

confession. He maintains that his confession was coerced and not voluntary and these 

same law enforcement techniques made his waiver of his Miranda rights involuntary. 

Defendant asserts the error requires reversal because it was not harmless beyond a 

reasonable doubt under Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24, and thus violated 

his constitutional federal and state rights to due process. 

―A suspect, having been advised of his Miranda rights, may waive them  ̳provided 

the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently.‘ [Citation.]‖ (In re Norman 

H. (1976) 64 Cal.App.3d 997, 1001.) ―In general, a confession is the defendant‘s 

declaration of his or her intentional participation in a criminal act. [Citations.] A 

confession constitutes an acknowledgement of guilt of the crime charged. [Citations.]‖ 

(In re Shawn D. (1993) 20 Cal.App.4th 200, 208.) 

However, ―  ̳[i]t long has been held that the due process clause of the Fourteenth 

Amendment to the United States Constitution makes inadmissible any involuntary

statement obtained by a law enforcement officer from a criminal suspect by coercion. 

[Citations.] A statement is involuntary [citation] when, among other circumstances, it 
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―was  ̳ ―extracted by any sort of threats . . . , [or] obtained by any direct or implied 

promises, however slight . . . .‖ ‘ ‖ [Citations.] Voluntariness does not turn on any one 

fact, no matter how apparently significant, but rather on the ―totality of [the] 

circumstances.‖ [Citations.]‘ [Citation.]‖ (People v. Leonard (2007) 40 Cal.4th 1370, 

1402.)

―  ̳The prosecution has the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the 

evidence that a defendant‘s confession was voluntarily made.‘ ‖ (People v. Williams 

(2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 436.) ―The test for determining whether a confession is voluntary 

is whether the questioned suspect‘s  ̳will was overborne at the time he confessed.‘ 

[Citation]‖ (People v. Cruz (2008) 44 Cal.4th 636, 669; see also Schneckloth v. 

Bustamonte (1973) 412 U.S. 218, 226.) ―  ̳A finding of coercive police activity is a 

prerequisite to a finding that a confession was involuntary under the federal and state 

Constitutions. [Citation.]‘ ‖ (Cruz, at p. 669.) In determining whether a minor‘s 

confession is voluntary, we consider a number of factors including: the characteristics of 

the minor, including his or her maturity, education, physical condition, mental health, 

emotional state, and prior experience with the criminal justice system; and the 

circumstances of the questioning, including the location, length and continuity of the 

interrogation and any police coercion, threats, promises of leniency, lies or deception. 

(People v. Boyette (2002) 29 Cal.4th 381, 411; In re Shawn D., supra, 20 Cal.App.4th at 

p. 209.) ―Threats, promises, confinement, lack of food or sleep, are all likely to have a 

more coercive effect on a child than on an adult.‖ (In re Aven S. (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 

69, 75.) 

―  ̳In assessing allegedly coercive police tactics, ―[t]he courts have prohibited only 

those psychological ploys which, under all the circumstances, are so coercive that they 

tend to produce a statement that is both involuntary and unreliable.‖ [Citation.]‘ 

[Citation.] [¶] A confession is not involuntary unless the coercive police conduct and the 

defendant‘s statement are causally related. [Citations.]‖ (People v. Williams, supra, 49 

Cal.4th at p. 436.) 
7

―We review independently a trial court‘s determinations as to whether coercive 

police activity was present and whether the statement was voluntary. [Citation.] We 

review the trial court‘s findings as to the circumstances surrounding the confession, 

including the characteristics of the accused and the details of the interrogation, for 

substantial evidence. [Citation.]  ̳[T]o the extent the facts conflict, we accept the version 

favorable to the People if supported by substantial evidence.‘ [Citation.]‖ (People v. 

Guerra (2006) 37 Cal.4th 1067, 1093.) 

B. Defendant’s Confession and Waiver of Miranda Rights Were Voluntary

Defendant maintains that his statements in the police station and in the police car 

were coerced. His confession was coerced, according to defendant, because he is a 

juvenile and was in the police station for five hours before he was questioned. During 

that period he did not have the opportunity to call his parents, an attorney, or another 

adult and had nothing to eat. He was questioned for an additional one to two hours while 

in the police car. These same factors, defendant maintains, invalidated his waiver of his 

Miranda rights.

The record establishes that defendant was arrested shortly after 4:00 a.m. and then 

questioned for 30 to 45 minutes just after 9:00 a.m. The record contains no evidence 

related to the reason for the delay. The second interview in the police car started after 

10:00 a.m. and lasted until noon or 12:30. Thus, Folena interviewed defendant for a total 

of three to four hours after defendant had been in custody for five hours.

Based on the totality of the circumstances, and not one particular fact, we 

conclude that defendant‘s admissions were voluntary. Defendant emphasizes that he was 

young and had limited intelligence as evidenced by his poor grades in school. (See 

Gallegos v. Colorado (1962) 370 U.S. 49, 54 [confession involuntary where 14-year-old 

was held incommunicado for five days]; J.D.B. v. North Carolina (2011) ___ U.S. ___ 

[131 S.Ct. 2394, 2401-2403] [a juvenile‘s age plays a role in determining whether a 

juvenile understands he is free to leave when interrogated by police].) 

Although defendant‘s youth is a factor, his age did not preclude him from 

understanding and being capable of waiving his rights. (In re Charles P. (1982) 134 
8

Cal.App.3d 768, 772.) A determination regarding the voluntariness of a confession does 

not ―turn[] on the presence or absence of a single controlling criterion . . . .‖ 

(Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, supra, 412 U.S. at p. 226.) The court must carefully 

scrutinize all of the surrounding circumstances. (Ibid.) Here, defendant was young, but 

his extensive involvement with the criminal system, including more than 10 arrests 

before his current arrest on April 18, 2012, indicated that his Miranda waiver was 

knowing and voluntary. (People v. Lewis (2001) 26 Cal.4th 334, 384.) 

Furthermore, there is no evidence that defendant‘s mental condition made it 

difficult for him to understand the meaning and effect of his confession.2 Defendant was 

14 years old and in the ninth grade. Although the record establishes that he was failing 

many of his classes at the time of his arrest and had disciplinary problems as well as a 

high level of truancy, the record does not show that his intelligence is below normal. 

After his detention on April 18, 2012, defendant earned grades of two C‘s, two B‘s, and 

one A during the third quarter of his school year, and grades of two B‘s and three A‘s 

during the fourth quarter of his school year. Thus, the record shows that defendant‘s 

intellectual development is average or above average. Additionally, the record 

establishes that he has no health issues and was not taking any prescribed medication. 

Defendant complains that he was not fed, had to wait five hours in the police 

station, and was not permitted to call an attorney, his parents, or another adult. (See 

Haley v. Ohio (1948) 332 U.S. 596, 604 (Haley).) Moreover, he was then taken in the 

police car and questioned further for a total interrogation of three to four hours. 

We disagree that the circumstances of the interrogation showed coercion. Only 

one detective questioned defendant, and the initial questioning took only about 45 

minutes. The questioning in the car was longer, but this questioning for an additional two 

or two and one-half hours was not unduly long; defendant points to no evidence 

indicating that he was fatigued. (Cf. People v. Alfieri (1979) 95 Cal.App.3d 533, 537, 

 

2 Defendant does not argue that he did not understand his Miranda rights, but 

argues that his waiver was involuntary for the same reasons that his confession was 

involuntary. 
9

545 [confession of a 17-year-old youth with borderline intelligence and subsequently 

psychiatrically diagnosed as highly suggestible after being in custody for 36 hours and 

interrogated for 20 hours was involuntary].) Folena did not threaten defendant and there 

were no express or implied promises that would make defendant think that, if he 

confessed, he would receive more beneficial treatment. Folena did not lie to defendant. 

The record contains no evidence of any intimidating behavior by Folena. Defendant did 

not eat until noon, but there was no evidence that defendant was hungry earlier or asked 

for food. Folena testified that defendant did not appear fatigued when he was in the car. 

The present case differs significantly from the cases cited by defendant. (Haley,

supra, 332 U.S. 596; Crane v. Kentucky (1986) 476 U.S. 683 (Crane).) In Haley, the 

United States Supreme Court held that a 15-year-old‘s confession was not voluntary 

when he had been questioned for five straight hours––from midnight to 5:00 a.m.––by 

five or six officers working in relays and was not advised of his right to remain silent or 

the right to an attorney until after he confessed. (Haley, at pp. 598, 600-601.) After his 

confession, he was not permitted to see an attorney for three days and his mother for five 

days. (Id. at p. 598.) In contrast, here, the interrogation was by a single officer and did 

not last five hours; rather defendant had to wait five hours until he was interrogated. 

Additionally, defendant was provided his Miranda rights at the very beginning of his 

interrogation. 

Crane, supra, 476 U.S. 683, another case cited by defendant with almost no 

analysis, is also unavailing. The present case is not legally or factually similar to Crane. 

In Crane, a 16-year-old defendant testified at a pretrial motion to suppress that he had 

been detained in a windowless room for a protracted period of time, that he had been 

surrounded by as many as six police officers during the interrogation, that he had 

repeatedly requested and been denied permission to telephone his mother, and that he had 

been badgered into making a false confession. (Id. at p. 691.) At trial, the court would 

not permit the defendant to present evidence about the duration and physical 

circumstances of the confession, ruling that the evidence was relevant only to the legal 

issue of voluntariness. (Id. at p. 686.) The United States Supreme Court held that the 
10

trial court erred in excluding ―testimony about the environment in which the police 

secured his confession‖ as this evidence was related to the reliability of the confession 

and could be an integral part of the defense. (Id. at p. 691.)

In the present case, unlike the situation in Crane, supra, 476 U.S. 683, the court 

heard the evidence regarding the circumstances of defendant‘s confession. Furthermore, 

as already discussed, the record does not contain evidence of coercion. There is no 

evidence that defendant asked to call anyone and only one officer, not multiple officers, 

interrogated him. Furthermore, his actual interrogation was not for a protracted period of 

time.

Defendant complains that he was not able to call his parents, another adult, or his 

attorney. Defendant did not request to speak to an attorney. The record also lacks any 

evidence indicating that he ever asked to speak to his parents or that an officer told him 

that he could not speak to his parents.3 In any event, courts have declined to impose a 

requirement that police advise minors of a right to speak with parents or to have a parent 

present during questioning. (In re Aven S., supra, 1 Cal.App.4th at p. 76; In re John S. 

(1988) 199 Cal.App.3d 441, 445-446.)

Defendant cites no evidence in the record suggesting that the wait in the police 

station caused him stress or that the delay was unreasonable, unnecessary, or for the 

purpose of overcoming his free will. (See, e.g., United States v. Valenzuela-Espinoza 

(9th Cir. 2012) 697 F.3d 742, 745, 751-752 [under the federal presentment rule, 

defendant must be brought before a magistrate within six hours of arrest and confessions 

in violation of this rule must be suppressed if the delay was unreasonable].) Nothing in 

the record indicates that defendant suffered any adverse impact as a result of this wait. 

 

3 In his reply brief, defendant argues that the police were required to notify his 

parents about his detention and to inform him of his right to call them under Welfare and 

Institutions Code section 627. The record is silent as to whether the officers complied 

with Welfare and Institutions Code section 627. Even if the officers did not notify 

defendant‘s parents as required by this statute, California law, as defendant 

acknowledges, does not allow suppression of the confession as a remedy for violation of 

this statute. (See People v. Lessie (2010) 47 Cal.4th 1152, 1169.) 
11

There is no evidence that defendant was emotionally distraught, anxious, mentally 

fatigued, or physically fatigued during the interview. Nothing in the record suggests that 

defendant‘s will was overborne and there is no evidence that Folena was aggressive or 

domineering. 

Accordingly, we conclude that the juvenile court did not err in finding that the 

prosecution demonstrated by a preponderance of the evidence that defendant‘s confession 

and waiver of his Miranda rights were voluntary.

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence

A. Standard of Review

Defendant argues that insufficient evidence supported the juvenile court‘s findings 

that he conspired to commit robbery. He also asserts that insufficient evidence supported 

six of the seven petty theft allegations that the juvenile court found were true. 

The standard of proof in juvenile court proceedings involving criminal activity is 

the same as in adult criminal trials. (People v. Nguyen (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1007, 1022.) 

The People must prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the minor committed the offenses 

alleged in the Welfare and Institutions Code section 602 petition. (Nguyen, at p. 1022.)

―In reviewing a claim for sufficiency of the evidence, we must determine whether, 

after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier 

of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime or special circumstance 

beyond a reasonable doubt. We review the entire record in the light most favorable to the 

judgment below to determine whether it discloses sufficient evidence—that is, evidence 

that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value—supporting the decision, and not whether 

the evidence proves guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. [Citation.] We neither reweigh the 

evidence nor reevaluate the credibility of witnesses. [Citation.] We presume in support 

of the judgment the existence of every fact the jury [or trier of fact] reasonably could 

deduce from the evidence. [Citation.] If the circumstances reasonably justify the 

findings made by the trier of fact, reversal of the judgment is not warranted simply 

because the circumstances might also reasonably be reconciled with a contrary finding. 

[Citation.]‖ (People v. Jennings (2010) 50 Cal.4th 616, 638-639.) 
12

B. Conspiracy to Commit Robbery

―Conspiracy is an inchoate crime. [Citation.] It does not require the commission 

of the substantive offense that is the object of the conspiracy. [Citation.]  ̳As an inchoate 

crime, conspiracy fixes the point of legal intervention at [the time of] agreement to 

commit a crime,‘ and  ̳thus reaches further back into preparatory conduct than 

attempt . . . .‘ ‖ (People v. Swain (1996) 12 Cal.4th 593, 599-600.) 

―The crime of conspiracy is defined in the Penal Code as  ̳two or more persons 

conspir[ing]‘  ̳[t]o commit any crime,‘ together with proof of the commission of an overt 

act  ̳by one or more of the parties to such agreement‘ in furtherance thereof. (. . . §§ 182, 

subd. (a)(1), 184.)  ̳Conspiracy is a ―specific intent‖ crime. . . . The specific intent 

required divides logically into two elements: (a) the intent to agree, or conspire, and (b) 

the intent to commit the offense which is the object of the conspiracy. . . . To sustain a 

conviction for conspiracy to commit a particular offense, the prosecution must show not 

only that the conspirators intended to agree but also that they intended to commit the 

elements of that offense.‘ [Citation.]‖ (People v. Swain, supra, 12 Cal.4th at p. 600, 

italics omitted.) 

The target offense in the present case is robbery. ―The elements of robbery are (1) 

a taking of personal property, (2) from the person or immediate presence of another, (3) 

through the use of force or fear, (4) with an intent to permanently deprive the owner of 

his property.‖ (People v. Kelley (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d 1358, 1366.)

Defendant maintains that the juvenile court should not have found that he 

conspired to rob because the evidence did not establish that he had the specific intent to 

commit robbery. He maintains that no witness identified him and his admissions showed 

that he changed his mind about robbing any person before attempting any robbery. He 

asserts that his conduct demonstrated that he and his friend really did not intend to rob 

anyone. 

Contrary to defendant‘s argument, sufficient evidence established conspiracy to 

commit robbery. The prosecution did not have to prove attempt (see, e.g., People v. 

Swain, supra, 12 Cal.4th at pp. 599-600), as defendant seems to suggest. ―  ̳[C]onspiracy 
13

may be proved through circumstantial evidence inferred from the conduct, relationship, 

interests, and activities of the alleged conspirators before and during the alleged 

conspiracy.‘ ‖ (People v. Gonzalez (2004) 116 Cal.App.4th 1405, 1417, disapproved on 

other grounds in People v. Arias (2008) 45 Cal.4th 169, 182.) The conduct of defendant 

and Taylor supported the inference that defendant and Taylor conspired to rob individuals 

outside the grocery store and in the parking lots of the gas station and health club. 

Defendant and Taylor had masks, a B.B. gun, and a knife, and hid in the bushes at the 

rear of the grocery store. They did not actually rob any person, not, as defendant asserts, 

because they had changed their minds about committing a robbery, but because they were 

unsuccessful or an event or person temporarily thwarted their attempts. They changed 

their minds about robbing a particular individual, but they never abandoned their plans to 

rob someone. They were unsuccessful in robbing an older woman at the grocery store 

because she was able to get into her residence before they were able to rob her and they 

decided not to rob another person in the parking lot of the grocery store because an 

―employee walked by and spooked them.‖ At that point, they did not cast aside their 

desire to rob someone; rather, they went to the parking lot of In-Shape in search of a 

victim to rob. They were deterred and remained hidden in the bushes only because they 

saw a police car enter the parking lot. 

―Withdrawal from a conspiracy requires  ̳an affirmative and bona fide rejection or 

repudiation of the conspiracy, communicated to the coconspirators. [Citations.]‘ ‖ 

(People v. Sconce (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 693, 701, quoting People v. Crosby (1962) 58 

Cal.2d 713, 730-731.) Here, defendant and Taylor never disavowed their plans to rob a 

person. 

As already noted, on appeal all inferences are drawn in favor of the judgment. 

(People v. Rodriguez (1999) 20 Cal.4th 1, 11.) The evidence in the record establishes 

that defendant and Taylor had masks to conceal their identities and had a B.B. gun and 

knife. Based on their mutual agreement they intended to rob people, and orchestrated 

their plan for doing so. They did not actually attempt to rob any person, not because they 
14

abandoned their plan to rob someone, but because an event or situation deterred or scared 

them from robbing the targeted individual. 

C. Petty Theft

The juvenile court found that defendant committed seven counts of petty theft. 

The elements of petty theft are the following: ―(1) the defendant took possession of 

personal property owned by someone else; (2) the defendant did so without the owner‘s 

consent; (3) when the defendant took the property, he or she intended to deprive the 

owner of it permanently; and (4) the defendant moved the property, even a small 

distance, and kept it for any period of time, however brief.‖ (People v. Catley (2007) 148 

Cal.App.4th 500, 505.) 

Defendant challenges the juvenile court‘s findings of petty theft on counts 3, 5, 8, 

9, 10, and 11; he does not challenge the finding of petty theft on count 4.

Defendant argues that the record contains no evidence that he burglarized Torrez‘s 

white Yukon (count 3). Defendant never admitted to breaking into a white Yukon, and 

the items reported missing did not match the items defendant stated that he took.

Defendant told Folena that he burglarized a silver BMW on Madrone Place in 

Brentwood. He told Folena that he stole ―some Hot Cheetos, sour patch kids, and 

cigarettes.‖ Torrez testified that she lived on Madrone Place and owned a BMW. She, 

however, stated that her BMW was not burglarized. Her unlocked Yukon was 

burglarized in late 2011 or early 2012, and a DVD player, TV screens, and loose change 

were removed. 

We agree that this evidence was insufficient to support an inference that defendant 

stole the electronic equipment and cash from the white Yukon. The record does not 

contain evidence ―that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value‖ from which ―a 

reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.‖ 

(People v. Stanley (1995) 10 Cal.4th 764, 792-793.) Defendant‘s statements to Folena 

about the burglary of the BMW on Madrone Place did not match Torrez‘s testimony that 

her white Yukon had been burglarized. 
15

Defendant also challenges the finding on count 10 that he burglarized the blue 

Toyota Tundra that belonged to Yunck. Folena drove defendant on Surrey Way in 

Brentwood, and defendant told him that he removed small televisions that were mounted 

on the rear of the headrests in the Toyota Tundra. Yunck testified that his black Tundra 

had been parked in the driveway of his residence on Surrey Way in 2011 when it was 

burglarized. He explained that several televisions for a car were taken out of the vehicle, 

as well as cables. 

Defendant argues that the evidence regarding the burglary of the Toyota Tundra 

was insufficient because of the discrepancy in the color of the car and the vagueness 

regarding the time of the theft. We conclude that the evidence regarding count 10 was 

sufficient. Defendant admitted removing the televisions from the vehicle and may not 

have remembered also removing cables. Defendant identified the make of the vehicle. 

Given that defendant said he burglarized cars in the early-morning hours the juvenile 

court could infer that defendant was unable to distinguish between a blue and black 

vehicle in the darkness. Solid, credible evidence linked defendant to the burglary as he 

admitted removing portable television sets from a Toyota Tundra parked on Surrey Way 

and the owner confirmed that during the period defendant admitted he was burglarizing 

vehicles, his Toyota Tundra parked on Surrey Way was burglarized and portable 

televisions, among other smaller items, were removed.

The juvenile court found that defendant burglarized the Hyundai Santa Fe owned 

by Nahm (count 5). Defendant contends that the evidence did not support this finding as 

he did not claim to have burglarized a Hyundai Santa Fe, and the record contained no 

evidence connecting him to that crime.

The record indicates that defendant identified a grey Honda Accord that was 

parked on Woodsong Lane as a vehicle that he burglarized. He could not remember 

whether he removed anything from the vehicle. Nahm, who lived on Woodsong Lane, 

testified that she owned a grey Honda Accord, but it had not been burglarized. Her 

Hyundai Santa Fe was burglarized and a navigator system, sunglasses, and a sunglass 

case had been removed. 
16

We agree the record lacks reasonable and credible evidence that defendant 

burglarized the Hyundai Santa Fe. The People argue that defendant was simply mistaken 

that he burglarized the Honda, but had actually burglarized the Hyundai. The mere fact 

that defendant was burglarizing cars on Woodsong Lane in 2011 is not sufficient 

evidence to prove that he burglarized the Hyundai Santa Fe when there is no reliable 

evidence connecting him to the burglary of that vehicle.

The juvenile court found that defendant burglarized a Dodge Magnum that 

belonged to Brandt (count 8). Folena testified that defendant told him that he removed 

$70, cigarettes, and a lighter from a Dodge Magnum on Sarah Street. Brandt testified 

that he lived on Sarah Street and that a pack of cigarettes, a cigarette lighter, and $60 in a 

white envelope, as well as possibly other loose dollar bills in the center console were 

removed from his Ford Flex. Defendant admits that the address of the burglarized car 

and the items removed from the car matched the statements he made to Folena, but he 

claims the evidence was insufficient because he said he burglarized a Dodge Magnum

and Brandt stated that his Ford Flex was burglarized in July or August 2011. 

We conclude that the evidence supported a finding of petty theft on count 8. 

Defendant may not have remembered the make of the vehicle correctly, but he recalled 

that he removed specific items from a vehicle on Sarah Street. Brandt‘s testimony 

adequately matched defendant‘s testimony to provide sufficient, credible evidence in 

support of the trial court‘s finding.

Defendant also challenges the finding that he burglarized the Suzuki Sidekick that 

belonged to Padgett (count 9). Defendant told Folena that he burglarized a white sedan 

on Rosegate Drive and that he removed pills and a garage door opener. Padgett testified 

that he lived on Rosegate Drive and that a garage door remote, prescription medication, 

and a faceplate for a stereo were removed from his white-topped Suzuki Sidekick in July 

or August 2011. Here, Padgett‘s testimony that he lived on Rosegate Drive and that 

someone had removed prescription drugs and a garage door opener from his white-topped 

vehicle was sufficient to connect defendant to the burglary since defendant admitted 

taking these items from a white vehicle on Rosegate Drive.
17

Finally, defendant contends the record contains insufficient evidence to support 

the finding that he burglarized a Dodge Durango owned by Scholtz (count 11). Folena 

drove defendant by a particular residence on Gristmill Drive and defendant stated that he 

removed $2.00 in coins from a Dodge Durango at that address. Scholtz confirmed that 

she lived at the residence on Gristmill and that she owned a Dodge Durango. She stated 

that change was removed from the ashtray in her Dodge Durango and items were taken 

from her two other vehicles. 

Defendant maintains that because he said nothing about removing items from 

Scholtz‘s other two vehicles, the evidence was insufficient to show that he removed 

money from the Durango. We disagree. Defendant admitted removing money from a 

Dodge Durango parked at a particular address and the owner of the vehicle and resident 

of that address testified that money was taken from her Dodge Durango. This evidence 

was sufficient to support the juvenile court‘s finding that the allegation in count 11 was 

true.

Accordingly, we strike the findings of petty theft as to counts 3 and 5, and affirm 

the true findings of petty theft as to counts 4, 8, 9, 10, and 11. 

III. Jurisdiction

Defendant argues that the juvenile court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over 

counts 3, 5, and 9, and claims that the record does not contain evidence that the burglaries 

occurred in the State of California. (See People v. Thomas (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1276, 

1283.) As discussed above, we are striking the true findings for counts 3 and 5; thus, we 

need to address this argument only as to count 9.

Defendant argues that a lack of jurisdiction renders the judgment void, but venue 

―does not implicate the trial court‘s fundamental jurisdiction‖ and venue is not an 

element of crime. (See People v. Posey (2004) 32 Cal.4th 193, 206-208) In any event, 

defendant‘s argument lacks merit. Defendant admitted removing items from a white 

sedan parked at Rosegate Drive in Brentwood. This evidence was sufficient to establish 

that defendant committed the petty theft in count 9 in California. 
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DISPOSITION

The true findings as to the petty theft in counts 3 and 5 in the juvenile court‘s 

jurisdictional order are stricken. The jurisdictional order is otherwise affirmed. The 

dispositional order is affirmed. 

_________________________

Haerle, J.

We concur:

_________________________

Kline, P.J.

_________________________

Richman, J.