# Patent

## Title
Redox-stable anode

## Abstract

The present invention provides a method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of: forming an anode support layer; applying an anode layer on the anode support layer; applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and sintering the obtained structure; wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, NiO and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof. According to the invention, a combination of nickel coarsening prevention due to specific Ni-particle growth inhibitors, and, at the same time, a strengthening of the ceramic structure of the anode support layer and/or the anode layer is achieved.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This patent application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2006/000813, filed 31 Jan. 2006, which claims foreign priority to Denmark Patent Application No. PA 2005 00143, filed 31 Jan. 2005, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Priority to each application is hereby claimed.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) comprising an anode that is able to withstand redox cycling, and to a method to produce said solid oxide fuel cell.
BACKGROUND ART
Generally, solid oxide fuel cells operate at high temperatures in the range of about 750° C. to 1000° C. These high temperatures are challenging to the materials employed, and are of particular concern with regard to the stability of the anode structures. For fuel oxidation, the so far preferred anode material comprises metallic nickel. Nickel is also preferred for hydrocarbon fuel since it is a good catalyst for hydrocarbon reformation.
Nickel oxide cermet structures have been suggested as anode materials for SOFCs for a number of years. Ni-cermet anodes usually have a 3-phase structure formed by nickel particles, ceramic particles (typically yttria stabilised zirconia, YSZ) and pores which are formed during the manufacturing process. The ceramic component of the cermet provides the necessary mechanical strength of the structure. Each of the components of the 3-phase structure furthermore forms a continuous path throughout the entire anode structure so as to provide transportation of electrons, oxide ions and gas, respectively.
However, the suggested anodes do not withstand repeated redox cycling during operation for a longer time without mechanical failure, resulting in the degradation of the electrical cell performance. The degradation is initiated by a coarsening of the nickel particles that takes place by grain growth during operation. If the fuel gas flow is lost during operation, the nickel particles will be oxidised to NiO electrochemically or by air that may penetrate into the anode compartment. The volume increase that is associated with the Ni oxidation causes disruption and crack formation in the ceramic backbone and the electrolyte because there are always volumes in which the porosity is too small to accommodate the resulting volume expansion.
T. Klemmensoe, Charissa Chung, Peter Halvor Larsen and Mogens Mogensen demonstrated in the article “The mechanism behind redox instability of SOFC anodes” that the redox stability of the anode in small and medium scale SOFCs is considered important for safety reasons. The technological aim has been reported to be 5-20 cycles per year during the life time of the cell. The commercial life of 5 years thus equals to a total of 25-100 cycles. However, in the prevalent anode supported design, oxidation of the anode is known to be detrimental for the cell performance. The degradation of redox cycling is believed to be related to bulk expansion of the anode, yet the mechanism behind the process has not previously been investigated. It was further demonstrated that a high strength, as achieved by using zirconia with 3 mole yttria instead of 8 mole, decreased the expansion during oxidation of a Ni—YSZ cermet structure. The article was published in SOFC IX, S. C. Singhal and J. Mitzusaki, eds. PV 2005-07, The Elecrtrochemical Society Proceedings Series, Pennington, N.J., 2005.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,099,985 discloses an SOFC comprising an anode which is fabricated from ceria mixed with a nickel oxide/magnesium oxide material to stabilize the nickel against coarsening during high temperature SOFC operation. MgO advantageously forms a single phase with NiO, while showing limited solubility in zirconia and ceria.
However, while the addition of MgO reduces the coarsening of nickel particles to a certain extend, at the same time the difference of the thermal expansion coefficient of the anode layer and electrolyte layer is increased, thereby weakening the overall mechanical stability of the SOFC, especially during heating/cooling cycles.
US-A1-2003/0165726 relates to a structured body for an anode suitable for fuel cells, comprising a structure formed by macro-pores and an electrode material having two reticular systems which intergage. The first system is made of a ceramic material, such as zirconium oxide stabilized with yttrium (YSZ), aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, doped cerium oxide, magnesium oxide, and/or a spinel compound. The second system contains metals, for example Ni derived from NiO, to bring about electrical conductivity, and may further contain MgO as an inhibitor of grain growth. In order to obtain an anode structure, the particles of a ceramic material (e.g. YSZ) and of a metal oxide are put into sufficiently fine form for the formation of the reticular systems by grinding and classification. A homogeneous mixture in the form of a slurry is formed from the particles, the pore forming materials and a liquid. The slurry is cast to form a layer. The slurry is cast in an absorbent mould so that some of the liquid is removed from it. At the same time, a marginal zone arises in which a lack of pore forming materials is present, resulting in an inhomogeneous structure.
However, in US-A1-2003/0165726 an inhomogeneous structure is obtained in which two reticular systems intergage. Thus, the first reticular system comprises a ceramic material and other oxides, and the second reticular system comprises nickel oxide and MgO as a grain growth inhibitor. The oxides comprised in the first system do not interact with the nickel oxide of the second system during the sintering, contrary to the composition forming the anode support layer and/or anode layer of the present invention.
US-A1-2003/0235752 relates to a fuel cell assembly comprising nickel-based anodes. To prevent repeated anode oxidation, oxygen getter devices containing oxygen-gettering materials such as nickel foam, a nickel wire or a nickel mesh, are provided in the fuel passageways leading to and from the anodes. Oxidation of the oxygen-gettering materials is readily reversed through reduction by fuel when the assembly is restarted.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,048,636 discloses an electrode for a fuel cell which has a porous self-supporting layer and another layer with catalytic properties disposed on the self-supporting layer. Said self-supporting layer consists of a cermet comprising Al2O3 or TiO2, to which nickel is admixed (This relates only to a cell support and does not contain any ionic conducting material (Zirconia or Ceria).
WO-A1-2004/013925 relates to a material suitable for use in a solid oxide fuel cell, especially an anode thereof, comprising an optionally doped double perovskite oxide material, and further discloses a SOFC comprising said material.
US-A1-2003/0035989 relates to a SOFC which comprises a solid electrolyte comprised of an electronic insulator which allows transfer of anions, a ceramic metal composite anode and a cathode. In order to overcome the problems associated with the presence of complex organic sulphur compounds in a hydrocarbon fuel stream for use in a fuel cell without increasing fuel-processing complexity, a porous copper cermet or copper-nickel-alloy cermet is provided by obtaining a sintered nickel cermet, leaching at least a part of the nickel, thereby increasing the porosity of the cermet, and adding Cu back into the pore structure.
WO-A2-2004/030130 relates to a high temperature fuel cell system comprising an anode channel, an anode inlet and an anode outlet, a first anode channel portion proximal to the anode inlet, a second anode channel portion proximal to the anode outlet, and a gas separation means operable to enrich a first gas component of an anode exhaust gas exiting the anode outlet to produce a first product gas enriched in the first gas component. The first anode channel portion comprises an anode material that is resistant to carbon deposition and active for direct oxidation of hydrogen, and at least one hydrocarbon fuel or mixtures thereof. The second anode channel portion comprises an anode material that is catalytically active for steam reforming of at least one hydrocarbon.
However, while most of the suggested anode structures for a SOFC do not prevent coarsening of nickel particles at all, the proposed addition of MgO for coarsening prevention disadvantageously destabilizes the SOFC due to an increase of the thermal expansion coefficient differential between the anode and electrolyte layer.
OBJECT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
In view of the prior art, it is the object of the present invention to provide a solid oxide fuel cell comprising an anode with improved tolerance towards redox cycling, and a method of producing said solid oxide fuel cell.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Said object is achieved by a method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of:

    
    
        forming an anode support layer;
        applying an anode layer on the anode support layer;
        applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and
        sintering the obtained structure;
        wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, NiO and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof.
    
    


Said object is further achieved by a solid oxide fuel cell comprising:

    
    
        an anode support layer;
        an anode layer;
        an electrolyte layer; and
        a cathode layer,
        wherein at least the anode support layer and/or anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, NiO and at least one oxide which is selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof.
    
    


Said object is also achieved by a method of producing a SOFC cell comprising a redox stable SOFC anode and an anode support, characterised by the following processing steps:

    
    
        tape-casting of an anode support layer;
        spray painting of an anode layer on the anode support layer;
        spray painting of an electrolyte layer on the anode layer;
        sintering of the three-layered structure;
        spray painting of an active cathode on the sintered three-layered structure;
        sintering the cathode.
    
    


Said object is finally achieved by a method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of:

    
    
        forming an anode support layer;
        applying an anode layer on the anode support layer;
        applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and
        sintering the obtained structure;
        impregnating at least the anode support layer with a composition comprising a at least one oxide or precursor thereof which is selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof;
        wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity.
    
    


Preferred embodiments are set forth in the subclaims.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The method according to the present invention comprising the steps of:

    
    
        forming an anode support layer;
        applying an anode layer on the anode support layer;
        applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and
        sintering the obtained structure;
        wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, NiO and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof.
    
    


Advantageously, the ceramic electrolyte based anode microstructures, i.e. Ni-zirconia, Ni-ceria, or any other metal oxide with oxygen ion or proton conductivity, for example. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3-δ, SrCe(Yb)O3-δ, BaZr(Y)O3-δ or the like, which have the property of being able to withstand redox cycling better than hitherto known anodes, are obtained by a combination of a stabilisation of nickel-surfaces to prevent coarsening and an enhanced mechanical strength of the ceramic backbone.
The present invention primarily concerns a combination of: a) a modification of the Ni-cermet structure that impedes the surface diffusion of Ni on Ni surfaces and prevents the movement of Ni grain boundaries, and b) an enhancement of the mechanical strength by controlling the sintering process by the use of sintering additives and a reduction of the TEC mismatch between the anode and electrolyte by the addition of low TEC oxides.
The surface passivation of Ni-surfaces is achieved by the composition comprising at least one additional oxide that is stable both under SOFC anode and cathode conditions, e.g. Al2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the at least one oxide of the composition is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof, more preferable from the group consisting of Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof. Most preferred are TiO2 and Cr2O3.
If, for example, TiO2 or Cr2O3 is used, NiTi2O4 and NiCr2O4 are formed in the anode respectively anode support layer during the sintering step. A redox stable microstructure is created during the initial reduction of the anode composition, leaving a percolating Ni structure with randomly distributed fine TiO2 particles (on average about 1 micrometer). The TiO2 particles will further decrease the Ni grain growth during operation of the cell. Similarly, the reduction of NiCr2O4 in the anode support will result in a partly surface coverage of the Ni particles and thereby stabilize the structure.
The addition of the oxides furthermore preferably results in a decrease of the thermal extension coefficient of the anode respectively anode support layer, which in turn strengthens the overall mechanical stability of the layers and the resulting cell. Preferred oxides therefore are Cr2O3, TiO2, Al2O3, and Sc2O3.
The amount of NiO in the composition is preferably in the range of about 45 to 75 weight %, based on the total weight of the composition, and more preferred in the range of from about 50 to 65 wt %.
The amount of doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity in the composition is preferably in the range of about 25 to 55 weight %, based on the total weight of the composition, and more preferred in the range of from 40 to 45 wt %.
As a preferred material, Zr1-xMxO2-δ, may be used, which M=Sc, Ce, Ga or combinations thereof. Y may also be included. X is in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.3. Also preferred Ce1-xMxO2-δ, M=Ca, Sm, Gd, Y and/or any Ln element, or combinations thereof. X is in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.3.
The amount of the at least one oxide in the composition is preferably in the range of about 1 to 25 weight %, based on the total weight of the composition, and more preferred in the range of from about 2 to 10 wt %.
In a further preferred embodiment, the composition additionally comprises an oxide selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, CO3O4, Mn3O4, B2O3, CuO, ZnO, Fe3O4, MoO3, WO3, Ga2O3, and mixtures thereof. The amount thereof the composition is preferably in the range of about 0.1 to 5 weight %, based on the total weight of the composition, and more preferred in the range of from 0.2 to 2 wt %. The additional oxides are used as sintering aids to facilitate the reaction during the sintering step.
Pore formers may be added to the composition in order to obtain a porous anode support and/or anode layer. The porosity of the layer can be designed by the respective amount of pore formers, depending on the desired application.
In the method of the present invention, the anode support layer formed in the first step may be preferably formed by tape-casting. However, other methods well known to the skilled person may be used as well.
After the formation of the anode support layer, the anode layer is applied thereon, preferably by spray painting. Next, the electrolyte layer is applied on the anode layer, also preferably by spray painting.
The so formed multi-layer structure, comprising the anode support layer, the anode layer and the electrolyte layer, is dried and then sintered. Preferred sintering temperatures are form about 900 to about 1500° C., more preferred form about 1000 to about 1400° C.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the method comprises the additional step of applying a cathode layer on the above-described sintered structure, for example by spray-painting. In a final step, the multi-layer structure, including the cathode layer, is then sintered to obtain a solid oxide fuel cell.
The thickness of the anode support layer is preferably in the range of from about 300 to 700 μm. The thickness of the anode layer is preferably in the range of from about 10 to 40 μm. Furthermore, the thickness of the electrolyte layer is preferably in the range of from about 10 to 40 μm. Moreover, the thickness of the cathode layer is preferably in the range of from about 10 to 30 μm.
The present invention also provides a method of producing a SOFC cell comprising a redox stable SOFC anode and an anode support, characterised by the following processing steps:

    
    
        tape-casting of an anode support layer;
        spray painting of an anode layer on the anode support layer;
        spray painting of an electrolyte layer on the anode layer;
        sintering of the three-layered structure;
        spray painting of an active cathode on the sintered three-layered structure;
        sintering the cathode.
    
    


The preferred embodiments described further above with regard to the specific layers and composition thereof of course also apply to this method of the present invention.
The present invention furthermore provides a method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of:

    
    
        forming an anode support layer;
        applying an anode layer on the anode support layer;
        applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and
        sintering the obtained structure;
        impregnating at least the anode support layer with a composition comprising a at least one oxide or precursor thereof which is selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof;
        wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia and/or doped ceria.
    
    


Preferably, the at least one oxide or precursor thereof is selected from the group consisting of TiO2, Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof. More preferred, the at least one oxide or precursor thereof is selected from the group consisting of Cr2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof.
The oxide precursor may preferably be a metal salt which is soluble in aqueous or organic solvents, such as metal sulfates, nitrates or the like. Metal salts comprising organic anions may be used as well.
After sintering, the multi-structure may preferably be impregnated with (Sr,La)ZrO3 or another SrO and La2O3 source, such as (La,Sr)(Cr,V)O3. In this case, the following reaction takes place during the reduction of the anode: H2+NiTiO3+(SrLa)ZrO3═Ni+(SrLa)TiO3+ZrO2+H2O(g). The so provided (SrLa)TiO3 provides catalytic activity as well as electronic conductivity.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the method comprises the additional step of applying a cathode layer on the above-described sintered structure after impregnation, for example by spray-painting. In a final step, the multi-layer structure, including the cathode layer, is then sintered to obtain a solid oxide fuel cell.
The present invention moreover provides a solid oxide fuel cell comprising:

    
    
        an anode support layer;
        an anode layer;
        an electrolyte layer; and
        a cathode layer,

wherein at least the anode support layer and/or anode layer comprises a composition as described above.

    
    


Prior to operation the anode is activated by reduction of NiO particles. During said reduction, the additional oxides will either partly cover the Ni surfaces (e.g. Cr2O3), or will be present as discrete particles in close contact with the nickel structure (e.g. TiO2). In both cases Ni grain growth is impeded and the Ni structure is thus stabilized.
The transformation of NiO to Ni upon reduction implies a volume reduction of about 25% of the nickel phase. For spherical particles this corresponds to a radius reduction of 9%. The YSZ-phase however remains unaffected by the reduction process. The stability of the YSZ network is believed to cause the stable dimensions during the first reduction.
According to the invention, a combination of nickel coarsening prevention due to specific Ni-particle growth inhibitors, and, at the same time, a strengthening of the ceramic structure of the anode support layer and/or the anode layer is achieved. Coarsening of the Nickel structure will thus be limited, resulting in improved redox stability of the microstructures, which in return improves the robustness of the SOFC system as a whole. Further, the degradation of the electrical performance is limited, also contributing to a prolonged lifetime of the solid oxide fuel cell.
The invention will now be illustrated by means of the following examples. Alternative embodiments and examples exist without departing from the scope of the present invention.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
A SOFC cell comprising a redox stable SOFC anode and anode support structure was obtained via the following processing steps:

    1. tape-casting an anode support layer;
    2. spray painting an active anode layer on the anode support layer;
    3. spray painting an electrolyte layer on the anode layer;
    4. sintering of the 3-layered structure;
    5. spray painting an active cathode on the sintered 3-layered structure; and
    6. sintering of the cathode.


A slurry for the anode support was made by dispersing powders of NiO and 3-mole yttria stabilized zirconia in a weight ratio within the range of 55 weight % NiO and with an addition of 5 weight % Cr2O3. A binder was added after dispersion and the slurry tape-cast. The dried thickness of the tape was about 500 μm.
The slurry for the active anode comprised NiO and 8-mole yttria stabilized zirconia in a weight ratio within the range of 53 weight % NiO and with an addition of 7 weight % TiO2. This slurry was manufactured similarly to the anode support slurry. After spray painting of an about 15 μm thick layer and drying, an 8-mole yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte with a thickness of around 10 μm was deposited onto the anode layer. The package was sintered in air at 1300° C. The cathode layer was subsequently deposited by spray painting and the cell was sintered according to the composition.
During sintering of the anode and electrolyte, NiTi2O4 and NiCr2O4 were formed in the anode structure and anode support, respectively. The redox stable microstructure was created during the initial reduction of the anode leaving a percolating Ni structure with randomly distributed fine TiO2 particles ( ̃1 μm). The TiO2 particles decreased the Ni grain growth during operation. Similarly the reduction of NiCr2O4 in the anode support resulted in a partly surface coverage of the Ni particles and thereby stabilized the structure.
The obtained SOFC comprised an anode with an improved redox stability. Furthermore, the cell exhibited a higher mechanical strength due to a better match of TEC of the respective layers.
Example 2
Same method as in Example 1, but with the slurry comprising pre-reacted NiTiO3 before processing.
Example 3
Same method as in Example 1, but with the slurry comprising pre-reacted NiCr2O4 before processing.
Example 4
Same method as Example 1, but with the slurry comprising a mixture of TiO2 and Cr2O3 to control the coverage of the nickel surfaces.
Example 5
Same method as Example 1, but with the slurry comprising Sc2O3 as the added oxide.
Examples 6
Same method as Example 1, but without the addition of surface passivating oxides. After the sintering of the multi-layer structure comprising the anode support, the anode and the electrolyte, the nickel surface passivation is achieved by impregnation with a slurry comprising Cr2O3 into the anode structure.
Example 7
Same method as Example 1, but without the addition of surface passivating oxides. After the sintering of the multi-layer structure comprising the anode support, the anode and the electrolyte, the nickel surface passivation is achieved by impregnation with a slurry comprising TiO2 into the anode structure.
Example 8
Same method as Example 1, but without the addition of surface passivating oxides. After the sintering of the multi-layer structure comprising the anode support, the anode and the electrolyte, the nickel surface passivation is achieved by impregnation with (Sr,La)ZrO3.
Example 9
Same method as Example 1, but with the addition of NiTiO3 along with an equal molar amount of SrZrO3. During sintering, the following reaction took place. NiTiO3+(SrLa)ZrO3=NiO+(SrLa)TiO3+ZrO2.
Example 10
Same method as Example 1, but with the addition of Al2O3 as a sintering additive.
Example 11
Same method as Example 1, but with doped ceria instead of zirconia.
The present invention further provides in embodiments:

    (1) a method of producing a SOFC cell comprising a redox stable SOFC anode and an anode support structure, characterised by the following processing steps:
    
        tape-casting of an anode support;
        spray painting of an anode structure on the anode support;
        spray painting of an electrolyte on the anode structure;
        sintering of the three-layered structure;
        spray painting of an active cathode on the sintered three-layered structure;
        sintering the cathode.
    
    
    (2) a method according to (1), wherein a redox stable SOFC anode and anode support structure is provided in which passivation of the Ni structure is combined with a high strength of the ceramic backbone.
    (3) a method according to (1), wherein a slurry for the anode support is made by dispersing powders NiO and 3-mole yttria stabilized zirconia, preferably in a weight ratio within the range of 45-75 weight % NiO and with an addition of oxides which are stable under SOFC anode conditions, e.g. Cr2O3, TiO2, Al2O3, Sc2O3, VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, CaO, Bi2O3, LnOx (or mixtures or compounds thereof).
    (4) a method according to (1) wherein sintering additives are added, such as Al2O3, CO3O4, Mn3O4, B2O3, CuO, ZnO, V2O5, Cr2O3, Fe3O4, MoO3, WO3, Ga2O3 or combinations thereof.
    (5) a method according to at least one of (1) to (4) wherein NiO is reduced prior to activation of the anode.


It should be further apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail of the invention as shown and described above may be made. It is intended that such changes be included within the spirit and scope of the claims appended hereto.

## Claims

1. A method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of:
forming a structure by a method comprising
applying an anode layer on an anode support layer; and
applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer;

sintering the structure;
wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, NiO and at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of VOx, TaOx, MnOx, NbOx, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of applying a cathode layer on the sintered structure.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of NiO in the composition is in the range of about 45 to 75 wt %, based on the total weight of the composition.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition additionally comprises an oxide selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, Co3O4, Mn3O4, B2O3, CuO, ZnO, Fe3O4, MoO3, WO3, Ga2O3, and mixtures thereof.

5. A solid oxide fuel cell comprising:
an anode support layer;
an anode layer;
an electrolyte layer; and
a cathode layer;
wherein at least the anode support layer and/or anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, NiO and at least one oxide which is selected from the group consisting of VOx, TaOx, MnOx,NbOx, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof.

6. The method of claim 1 further comprising the following processing steps:
forming a three-layered structure by a method comprising
tape-casting of an anode support layer;
spray painting of redox stable anode layer on the anode support layer; and
spray painting of an electrolyte layer on the anode layer;

sintering of the three-layered structure;
spray painting of an active cathode on the sintered three-layered structure;
sintering the cathode.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the composition further comprises an oxide selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, Co3O4, Mn3O4, B2O3, CuO, ZnO, Fe3O4, MoO3, WO3, Ga2O3, and mixtures thereof.

8. A method of producing a solid oxide fuel cell, comprising the steps of:
forming a structure by a method comprising
applying an anode layer on an anode support layer;
applying an electrolyte layer on the anode layer; and
sintering the obtained structure;

impregnating at least the anode support layer with a composition comprising at least one oxide or precursor thereof which is selected from the group consisting of VOx, TaOx, MnO,x NbOx, Bi2O3, LnOx, MgCr2O4, MgTiO3, CaAl2O4, LaAlO3, YbCrO3, ErCrO4, NiTiO3, NiCr2O4, and mixtures thereof;
wherein the anode support layer and/or the anode layer comprises a composition comprising doped zirconia, doped ceria and/or a metal oxide with an oxygen ion or proton conductivity, and NiO.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of applying a cathode layer on the sintered structure.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the oxide precursor is a metal salt which is soluble in aqueous or organic solvents.