IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 20-0085

Filed July 21, 2021

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

JOSHUA G. CHAPALONIS,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cass County, Jeffrey L. Larson, 

Judge.

A defendant appeals his seven convictions for sexual abuse in the second 

degree. AFFIRMED.

Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, and Shellie L. Knipfer, Assistant 

Appellate Defender, for appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Tyler J. Buller, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Tabor and Ahlers, JJ.
2

TABOR, Judge.

Joshua Chapalonis confided to a substance-abuse counselor that he had 

suicidal thoughts and “touched somebody in his sleep,” thinking it was his 

girlfriend. He disclosed he was worried about going to prison. He also expressed 

concern that his girlfriend would find out he was unfaithful and his infidelities might

have led to a pregnancy. Believing Chapalonis may have abused a child in his 

household, the counselor reported his statements to authorities. Chapalonis now 

complains the district court allowed the counselor to share privileged 

communications with the jury without a proper waiver. See Iowa Code § 622.10(1), 

(2) (2020). He also objects to testimony from a forensic interviewer as vouching 

for the veracity of the alleged victim. On these two bases, he asks us to reverse 

his seven convictions for sexual abuse in the second degree and order a new trial. 

We decline to grant a new trial on either basis. First, any confidential information 

reported by the counselor was subject to disclosure under Iowa Code section 

232.74. Plus, the counselor’s testimony was cumulative to other information in the 

record and harmless. Second, the district court did not abuse its discretion in 

allowing the forensic interviewer to address the phenomenon of delayed reporting. 

And Chapalonis failed to preserve his other objections to her expert testimony. So 

we affirm.

I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

Chapalonis moved in with Nicole and her three children in April 2014. At 

first he was helpful around the house and interacted well with the children. But he 

soon became abusive, beating Nicole in front of her daughter and two sons. Then 

in January 2019, Nicole learned from the Iowa Department of Human Services
3

(DHS) that Chapalonis “confessed to having some kind of interaction” with her 

daughter, M.A.

That “confession” came in revelations to Amanda Smith, his 

substance-abuse counselor, that “he had touched somebody in his sleep.” 

Chapalonis told Smith that he “didn’t mean to do it” and “thought it was Nicole.” 

Smith “asked if the children were okay” because she knew they lived in the home 

with him. Chapalonis “didn’t want to answer that question” and “thought that he 

would go to prison.” Smith also recalled “[h]e was worried that his significant other

would find out that he was cheating on her and that the individual he was cheating 

on her with was pregnant.” Of immediate concern to Smith, Chapalonis had taken 

a syringe of insulin from Nicole, who was diabetic, and threatened to kill himself. 

At Smith’s urging, Chapalonis called Nicole to discuss his suicidal thoughts. 

Chapalonis later told Nicole that her daughter “got in bed with him and that he 

touched her breasts.” 

After those disclosures, Smith felt compelled to contact authorities about a 

possible case of child sexual abuse. In turn, the DHS contacted Nicole to set up 

a safety plan. In response, Nicole asked M.A. if Chapalonis touched her. At first

she said “no.” But soon, M.A. started to cry and said “yes.” M.A. eventually told 

her mother that Chapalonis “had her pregnancy tested twice.” As a reward for the 

negative test results, Chapalonis bought the child a treat at McDonald’s. Nicole 

later found the McFlurry cup under the family’s front deck and the discarded 

pregnancy kits near the neighborhood baseball diamonds. 

After talking to her mother, ten-year-old M.A. had a forensic interview with 

Amy Cirian at Project Harmony. M.A. said Chapalonis started sexually abusing 
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her at age seven. Based on M.A.’s recollections, the State charged Chapalonis 

with eight counts of sexual abuse in the second degree, class “B” felonies, in 

violation of Iowa Code sections 709.1(3) and 709.3(1)(b)(2).

Before his jury trial, Chapalonis moved in limine, asking the court to prevent 

the State from introducing, among other things, “any testimony regarding alleged 

statements [he] made during confidential communications with any professional.” 

The court reserved ruling on that point. In the same order, the court denied the 

defense request to prevent the State from offering expert testimony about delayed 

disclosure as it relates to the credibility of child witnesses. The court explained 

that type of testimony was appropriate “as long as [it was] non-specific to the facts 

of this case or that specific witness.” In its written ruling, the court advised counsel 

“that at any time the parties may ask the Court to reconsider any portion of their 

motion in limine.”

At trial, the State offered testimony from Smith and Cirian, as well as M.A., 

M.A.’s brother, Nicole, and other witnesses. M.A. detailed many sex acts 

perpetrated by Chapalonis, including contact between his penis and her vagina, 

his hand and her vagina, his penis and her mouth, and his penis and her anus. At 

the close of the State’s case, the district court granted the motion for judgment of 

acquittal on one of the eight counts. The jury returned guilty verdicts on the other 

seven offenses. The court sentenced Chapalonis to consecutive prison terms on 

the first two counts and concurrent terms on his remaining convictions, for an

indeterminate fifty-year term. Chapalonis now appeals.
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II. Analysis

A. Privileged Communications 

Chapalonis contends the district court wrongly admitted portions of Smith’s 

testimony, which conveyed confidential communications protected by Iowa Code 

section 622.10(1). Because his contention involves statutory interpretation, we 

review for legal error. See State v. Richmond, 590 N.W.2d 33, 34 (Iowa 1999).

The burden rests with Chapalonis to prove his communications with his substanceabuse counselor were privileged. See id. at 35.

Under section 622.10(1), a mental health professional,

who obtains information by reason of the person’s 

employment, . . . shall not be allowed, in giving testimony, to disclose 

any confidential communication properly entrusted to the person in 

the person’s professional capacity, and necessary and proper to 

enable the person to discharge the functions of the person’s office 

according to the usual course of practice or discipline.

Chapalonis claims Smith disclosed to the jury two sets of statements that 

were privileged under this section.1 First, he points to his refusal to answer for fear 

of going to prison when Smith asked whom he touched and “whether the children 

were okay.” Second, he identifies the counselor’s testimony that he was afraid 

Nicole would find out that he was “cheating on her” and the person with whom he 

was cheating might be pregnant.

Responding to those claims, the State “assumes without conceding” that 

the statements at issue were confidential and entrusted to Smith in her 

professional capacity. But the State argues the statements were not privileged 

 

1 Chapalonis acknowledges that his statements to the counselor about his suicidal 

thoughts and that he had “touched somebody in his sleep” were not privileged 

because he waived confidentiality by sharing that information with Nicole.
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because the information received was not “necessary and proper” to allow Smith 

to discharge her duties as a substance-abuse counselor. The State asserts: 

“sexually abusing a child and potentially getting her pregnant is logically divorced 

from substance-abuse counseling.” On the contrary, Chapalonis insists “Smith 

needed to get to the source of Chapalonis’s problems in order to try to counsel him 

to a better mental state.”

We do not believe the privilege should be viewed as narrowly as the State 

asserts. See State v. More, 382 N.W.2d 718, 722 (Iowa Ct. App. 1985) (rejecting 

State’s position that information obtained by psychiatrist at hospital should not be 

privileged if defendant was not admitted for mental-health treatment). For the most 

part, we liberally construe statutes creating privileges. In re A.M., 856 N.W.2d 365, 

373 (Iowa 2014). We do so here because the purpose of section 622.10 is “to 

promote free and full communication” between the patient and the counselor. 

State v. Deases, 518 N.W.2d 784, 787 (Iowa 1994). Smith testified that as part of 

her employment she deals with “individuals at various levels of recovery” and it’s 

not unusual that they are “experiencing distress” when interacting with her. In that 

context, it would be necessary and proper for her to learn from patients any

sources of distress that could impede their recovery. On this record, the 

challenged testimony was privileged under section 622.10(1).

As an alternative argument, the State contends any counselor–patient 

privilege was “abrogated” by the mandatory reporter statute.

2

 See Iowa Code 

 

2 The county attorney advanced a similar argument at trial. And while the transcript 

is not explicit on this point, it appears the district court embraced this ground in 

allowing Smith’s testimony. Yet Chapalonis did not address this argument in his 

appellant’s brief and did not file a reply brief.
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§ 232.69(1). The State asserts the legislature “eliminated the privilege for 

mandatory reports” under section 232.74. But Smith was not a mandatory reporter 

of child abuse when counseling Chapalonis. See Iowa Code § 232.69(1)(a), (b).3 

Instead, Smith’s permissive report of suspected abuse fell under section 232.69(2). 

That said, the legislature did not limit the privilege exception in this chapter

to mandatory reporters. See State v. Cahill, 186 N.W.2d 587, 589 (Iowa 1971)

(“Anyone can make a report . . . . The definition of report for the purpose of this 

chapter is thus given the broadest possible meaning.”). Instead, section 232.74

provides an expansive exception for child-abuse reports:

Sections 622.9 and 622.10 and any other statute or rule of evidence 

which excludes or makes privileged the testimony of a husband or 

wife against the other or the testimony of a health practitioner or 

mental health professional as to confidential communications, do not 

apply to evidence regarding a child’s injuries or the cause of the 

injuries in any judicial proceeding, civil or criminal, resulting from a 

report pursuant to this chapter or relating to the subject matter of 

such a report.

Likewise, the language in section 232.74 referring to “evidence regarding a 

child’s injuries or the cause of the injuries” does not restrict its application here. In 

 

3 That statute provides: 

1. The classes of persons enumerated in this subsection shall 

make a report within twenty-four hours and as provided in section 

232.70, of cases of child abuse. . . .

a. Every health practitioner who in the scope of professional 

practice, examines, attends, or treats a child and who reasonably 

believes the child has been abused. . . .

b. Any of the following persons who, in the scope of 

professional practice or in their employment responsibilities, 

examines, attends, counsels, or treats a child and reasonably 

believes a child has suffered abuse:

. . . .

(6) An employee or operator of a substance abuse program 

or facility . . . .

Iowa Code § 232.69(1) (emphasis added).
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State v. Spaulding, 313 N.W.2d 878, 880 (Iowa 1981), the accused faced charges 

of third-degree sexual abuse for engaging in sex acts with his fifteen-year-old 

daughter. His wife testified at trial over his privilege objection. Id. at 880. 

Spaulding claimed on appeal the exception to marital privilege did not apply 

because the sexual-abuse charge did not involve a “child’s injuries” under the 

section. Id. Our supreme court rejected that argument because the statutory 

definition of child abuse included “harm or threatened harm occurring 

through . . . [t]he commission of any sexual abuse with or to a child as defined by 

chapter 709 . . . .” Id. (citing Iowa Code § 232.68 (1981)).4 Although the 

legislature has tinkered with the wording of section 232.68 since Spaulding, the 

definition of child abuse still includes “the commission of a sexual offense with or 

to a child pursuant to chapter 709.” Guided by Spaulding, we find Smith’s report 

of potential child abuse met the requirements for admission under section 232.74.

But even if the district court should have excluded those privileged 

communications under chapter 232, any error was harmless. “[W]here 

substantially the same evidence is in the record, erroneously admitted evidence 

will not be considered prejudicial.” State v. Sowder, 394 N.W.2d 368, 372 (Iowa 

1986). Echoing Smith’s revelations, M.A.’s mother testified Chapalonis told her 

“he did something really bad that he didn’t want to tell me about because he would 

end up in prison.” In that same vein, M.A.’s brother testified he once saw a 

pregnancy test in Chapalonis’s car and Chapalonis told him “it was for a girl that

 

4 We acknowledge Spaulding does not provide an in-depth analysis of its logic 

when mentioning the statutory definitions of child abuse. Nevertheless, we 

consider ourselves bound by its bottom line.
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he was cheating on my mom with.” Because Smith’s testimony was cumulative, it 

does not compel reversal of the jury’s verdicts. 

What’s more, M.A. provided detailed accounts of years of sexual abuse by 

Chapalonis. Her recollection that Chapalonis forced her to take home pregnancy 

tests was corroborated when her mother found used “Clearblue” test kits in the 

ditch where M.A. said Chapalonis had tossed them. Her mother also found a 

McFlurry cup under their deck where M.A. had thrown it after consuming the 

celebratory treat Chapalonis bought her for taking the pregnancy tests. More 

corroboration came from M.A.’s brother, who testified that he sometimes saw 

Chapalonis go into M.A.’s bedroom when their mother was not home. M.A.’s 

brother testified he once saw them lying together in bed and Chapalonis was 

“moving in.” Given the overwhelming evidence of Chapalonis’s guilt, the admission 

of any confidential communications was harmless error. See More, 382 N.W.2d 

at 723.

B. Expert Vouching 

As a second ground for reversal, Chapalonis claims forensic interviewer 

Cirian impermissibly vouched for M.A.’s credibility. He complains the court allowed 

Cirian to testify it was “very common for children to delay disclosures” of sexual 

abuse. He also highlights Cirian’s testimony that children did not always remember 

specific dates of the abuse, false reporting is rare, and children over the age of ten 

are no more susceptible to suggestion than adults. 

The State contends Chapalonis did not preserve error on these claims. The 

State recognizes Chapalonis objected to Cirian’s testimony on delayed reporting

in his motion in limine, which the district court denied. Still, the State contends the 
10

court left the door open to reconsideration of “any portion” of its limine ruling. See 

State v. Tangie, 616 N.W.2d 564, 568 (Iowa 2000) (“Ordinarily, error claimed in a 

court’s ruling on a motion in limine is waived unless a timely objection is made 

when the evidence is offered at trial.”). On the issue of delayed reporting, we 

disagree with the State. When Chapalonis renewed his objection before Cirian’s 

testimony, the court resolved the delayed-reporting challenge. That issue is 

preserved. The court’s promise to entertain further objections during Cirian’s 

testimony was limited to responses “considered hearsay or objectionable in some 

other way.” But we agree Chapalonis failed to preserve his other objections to 

Cirian’s expert testimony. They were not described in the motion in limine and not 

raised during her testimony. So we address only the challenge to Cirian’s 

testimony about victims’ delayed reporting of sexual abuse.

An expert is not allowed to comment—directly or indirectly—on another

witness’s credibility. State v. Dudley, 856 N.W.2d 668, 677 (Iowa 2014). 

Chapalonis contends the court should not have allowed Cirian to discuss the 

phenomenon of delayed reporting because it was an indirect comment on M.A.’s 

credibility. We review this evidentiary challenge for an abuse of discretion. Id. at

675.

Contrary to Chapalonis’s contention, the district court did not abuse its 

discretion in allowing Cirian to testify about why child victims may delay reporting 

their sexual abuse. See State v. Payton, 481 N.W.2d 325, 327 (Iowa 1992). Cirian

avoided referring directly to M.A., instead listing the many reasons child victims, in 

general, may be reluctant to disclose abuse. See Dudley, 856 N.W.2d at 676.

Cirian explained: 
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They may have been threatened. They may . . . not understand if it’s 

abuse. They may like that person. There’s a lot of reasons. A lot of 

times kids understand more than what we think they do. They 

understand who pays the bills, they understand relationships. 

There’s just a lot of reasons why they may not tell.

As it happens, some of those reasons applied to M.A.’s situation, but some did not.

For example, M.A. was not fond of Chapalonis and spent time at her grandmother’s 

house to avoid being around him. Likewise, Chapalonis was not the main 

breadwinner for the family, working less than M.A.’s mother. All in all, Cirian’s 

testimony did not connect M.A.’s experience to the expert’s general observations 

about delayed disclosure. See State v. Leedom, 938 N.W.2d 177, 193 (Iowa 

2020). In our view, Cirian’s testimony did not vouch for M.A.’s credibility. So we 

find no abuse of discretion by the district court.

AFFIRMED.