UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

NOALA FRITZ, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v.

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN, et al.,

Defendants.

Civil Action No. 15-456 (RDM)

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This matter is before the Court on Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie’s renewed motion for entry of 

default. Dkt. 108. As the Court explained in its prior opinion, Plaintiffs brought his action 

against Defendants the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 

(collectively, “Iran”), seeking compensatory and punitive damages for the injuries suffered as a 

result of “the abductions and murders of four U.S. soldiers serving in Iraq,” including, as 

relevant here, the October 2006 abduction, hostage-taking, and murder of Staff Sergeant Ahmed 

Al-Taie. Fritz v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 320 F. Supp. 3d 48, 55 (D.D.C. 2018) (“Fritz I”.). In 

Fritz I, the Court held that it has subject matter jurisdiction under the state-sponsored terrorism 

exception to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1605A, id. at 86, and that it has 

personal jurisdiction over both Defendants, id. at 89. The Court further held that Plaintiffs had 

established by a preponderance of the evidence that Iran provided material support to a network 

of Iraqi Shia militias known as Asaib Ahl Al-Haq (“AAH”) and that AAH used that support to

take Staff Sergeant Al-Taie hostage and to torture and kill him, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 2339A. Id. at 78–86. Based on these findings, the Court held that the estate of Staff Sergeant 
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Al-Taie and Staff Sergeant Al-Taie’s father, mother, and brother Hathal were all entitled to 

relief. Id. at 87.

The Court went on to explain, however, that it was not yet persuaded that Staff Sergeant 

Al-Taie’s brother Bashar was entitled to relief because he “is not a U.S. national” and therefore 

“is not entitled to relief under” the federal cause of action created in the statute, 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1605A(c),” and because he had failed “to establish that he is entitled to relief based on [his]

state law claims,” id. at 87, 91–92. Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie now renews his motion for the entry 

of default, relying solely on the claim that he is entitled to relief under District of Columbia law 

for Defendants’ intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”). Dkt. 108. For the reasons 

explained below, the Court agrees, and, accordingly, will grant Bashar Al-Taie’s renewed motion 

for entry of default and will enter an award of damages. 

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The Court has previously made extensive findings of fact regard Sergeant Al-Taie’s 

abduction, torture, and murder, all of which apply here with equal force. Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d 

at 57–75. The Court will briefly summarize only those facts relevant to the present motion.

Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie is the brother of Staff Sergeant Ahmed Al-Taie, a U.S. Service 

member who was abducted while deployed to Baghdad, held hostage, tortured, and ultimately 

murdered. See id. at 78–86. As relevant here, the Court previously found that (1) Iran provided 

AAH with “significant support—in the form of training, supplies, intelligence, and funding—as 

part of its larger strategy to destabilize Iraq and [to] drive the United States from the Middle 

East,” (2) “AAH held [Sergeant] Al-Taie hostage, brutally beat and murdered him,” and (3) 

AAH could “not have committed . . . th[o]se acts without Iran’s support.” Id. at 58. The Court 

further found that Iran’s role in these events was sufficient to support the Court’s subject matter 
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jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1605A(a), see id. at 86, and that, because “Plaintiffs accomplished 

service under 28 U.S.C. § 1608(a)(4) on Iran, the Court possesses personal jurisdiction over it, 

id. at 89. In addition to those findings, the Court concluded that the U.S. national plaintiffs had

“carried their burden of establishing a right to relief under the federal cause of action established 

in § 1605A.” Id. at 76. That conclusion, however, did not extend to Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie.

Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie is not a U.S. national and, as a result, cannot rely on the FSIA’s 

cause of action, which applies only to “a national of the United States,” “a member of the armed 

forces,” “an employee [or contractor] of the [U.S.] Government . . . acting within the scope of 

the employee’s employment,” or “the legal representative of ” any such person. 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1605A(c). But, as the Court explained in Fritz I, that does not fully resolve Bashar Al-Taie’s

claims. Under the “pass-through approach” foreign family members, like Bashar Al-Taie, may 

rely on state tort law to supply the requisite cause of action. See Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 89. 

That approach requires the court first to determine “which jurisdiction’s substantive law to 

apply,” Oveissi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 573 F.3d 835, 841 (D.C. Cir. 2009), and then to 

evaluate whether the plaintiff has offered “admissible evidence sufficient to substantiate the 

essential elements of [his] claim,” Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 76.

Following that approach, the Court applied D.C. choice-of-law principles and concluded 

that D.C. law applies to Bashar Al-Taie’s common law claims. See Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 

89–91. The Court further concluded, however, that Bashar had yet to establish that he was 

entitled to relief under D.C. law for any of his asserted state law claims, which included (1) 

wrongful death, (2) intentional infliction of emotional distress, (3) conspiracy, and (4) aiding and 

abetting. See id. at 91–92. As to his wrongful death claim, the Court noted that it was not aware 

of any authority that “permits a sibling to recover for wrongful death under D.C. law.” Id. at 91. 
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His claims for “conspiracy” and “aiding and abetting” were, likewise, unavailing because Bashar

had not identified, and the Court was not aware of, any authority that recognized an independent 

action for those claims. Id. Finally, as to his IIED claim, the Court noted that the D.C. Circuit 

had certified to the D.C. Court of Appeals the question whether “a claimant alleging emotional 

distress arising from a terrorist attack that killed or injured a family member” must “have been 

present at the scene of the attack in order to state an [IIED] claim,” and concluded that it would 

be premature to decide Bashar’s IIED claim “[u]ntil [after] the D.C. Court of Appeals answer[ed] 

that question.” Id. at 92 (quoting Owens v. Republic of Sudan, 864 F.3d 751, 809–10 (D.C. Cir. 

2017)). The Court, accordingly, denied without prejudice Bashar Al-Taie’s motion for entry of 

default. Id.

The month after the Court issued its opinion in Fritz I, the D.C. Court of Appeals

answered the question in Republic of Sudan v. Owens, 194 A.3d 38 (D.C. 2018), holding that 

D.C. law permits a plaintiff to bring an IIED claim for emotional distress arising from a terrorist 

attack that killed or injured a family member, even if the plaintiff was not present at the scene of 

the attack. Id. at 42–45. Relying on that decision, Bashar Al-Taie now moves for (1) the entry 

of a default judgment on liability against Iran, (2) an award of damages for the intentional 

infliction of emotional distress resulting from those acts, and (3) an award of punitive damages. 

Dkt. 108 at 1. 

II. ANALYSIS

To obtain a default judgment against Iran, Bashar “must (1) carry [his] burden of 

producing evidence sufficient to show that [his] claims fall within the state-sponsored terrorism 

exception to the FSIA,” (2) “establish that [D]efendants were served in accordance with the 

FSIA,” and (3) “establish [his] right to relief under federal or state law . . . by offering evidence 
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satisfactory to the court.” Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 57 (internal quotations and citations 

omitted). In Fritz I, the Court found that Bashar Al-Taie, like the other plaintiffs in the case, had 

satisfied the first and second of these requirements—that is, his claims fall within the statesponsored terrorism exception to the FSIA and Iran and the IRGC were served in accordance 

with the FSIA. See id. at 86, 89. Bashar Al-Taie failed to show, however, that he had satisfied 

the third requirement—that is, that a federal statute or an applicable common law tort affords 

him a right to relief. As the Court explained in Fritz I, D.C. law governs Bashar Al-Taie’s state 

law claims but he had “yet to establish . . . that [he] [was] entitled to recover under that body of

law.” Id. at 91. His renewed motion picks up where his previous motion left off. He now 

presses only his IIED claim and argues that he is entitled to relief because the D.C. Court of 

Appeals has now recognized that a plaintiff who suffers emotional distress due to a terrorist 

attack that killed a family member is entitled to relief, even if the plaintiff was not present at the 

terrorist attack. Dkt. 108 at 4, 9. 

A. IIED and D.C. Tort Law 

In Republic of Sudan v. Owens, 194 A.3d 38 (D.C. 2018), the D.C. Court of Appeals was 

asked to answer the following question certified to it by the D.C. Circuit:

Must a claimant alleging emotional distress arising from a terrorist attack that 

killed or injured a family member have been present at the scene of the attack in 

order to state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress?

Id. at 38. As a starting point, the D.C. Court of Appeals held that under D.C. law § 46(2)(a) of 

the Restatement (Second) of Torts “governs IIED claims where the plaintiff’s distress was 

caused by harm to a member of his or her immediate family member.” Id. at 41. Thus, “as a 

general matter, to recover for IIED [under D.C. law], a plaintiff whose emotional distress arises 
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from harm suffered by a member of his or her immediate family must be ‘present’ when the 

harm occurs and otherwise satisfy the rule established in . . . § 46(2)(a).” Id. at 42. 

But, as the court further explained, the general rule that an IIED claimant must be 

“present” when the harm occurs is subject to an important “caveat”: the presence requirement 

does not apply in “an IIED case where the defendant is a state sponsor of terrorism denied 

sovereign immunity by the FSIA.” Id. The D.C. Court of Appeals reasoned that the presence 

requirement was not necessary to “ward off disingenuous claims” or to provide “a judicially 

manageable standard that protects courts form a flood of IIED claims” in FSIA terrorism cases

because the same factors that “justify stripping foreign sovereigns of their immunity allay the 

concerns that the presence requirement was designed to address.” Id. at 42–43. As a result, if a 

plaintiff satisfies the requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 1605A, he is excused from the presence 

requirement and may establish an IIED claim by “satisfying the remaining elements of 

§ 46(2)(a)—that is, [he] must establish that the defendant engaged in ‘extreme and outrageous 

conduct’ and [that the defendant] ‘intentionally or recklessly’ caused the plaintiff[] ‘severe 

emotional distress’ by harming a member of the[] [plaintiff’s] ‘immediate family.’” Id. at 44.

B. Bashar Al-Taie’s IIED Claim

Bashar Al-Taie satisfies all the elements required to recover against Iran on his IIED 

claim. 

To start, the presence requirement does not apply to his IIED claim because he has 

already satisfied each of the requirements of the state-sponsored terrorism exception to the FSIA, 

28 U.S.C. § 1605A. See Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 78 (discussing the requirements for the 

FSIA’s state-sponsored terrorism exception and concluding that they are satisfied in this case). 

The only remaining question, then, is whether Bashar Al-Taie has offered evidence sufficient to 
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satisfy the remaining elements of the tort. The evidence must show that (1) Iran engaged in 

“extreme and outrageous conduct” that (2) “intentionally or recklessly” (3) caused him to suffer

severe emotional distress (4) by harming a member of his “immediate family.” Restatement 

(Second) of Torts § 46. 

The evidence already before the Court easily satisfies most of these elements. The 

immediate family member element is satisfied because “immediate family” encompasses 

siblings. See Murphy v. Islamic Rep. of Iran, 740 F. Supp. 2d 51, 75 (D.D.C. 2010). Likewise, 

the requirement that the conduct be “extreme and outrageous” is satisfied because “[a]cts of 

terrorism are by their very definition extreme and outrageous and intended to cause the highest 

degree of emotional distress.” Valore v. Islamic Rep. of Iran, 700 F. Supp. 2d 52, 79 (D.D.C. 

2010). That same conclusion applies when a foreign state, which has been designated as a “state 

sponsor of terrorism,” provides material support or resources used to effectuate an act of 

terrorism. See, e.g., Estate of Heiser v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 466 F. Supp. 2d 229, 298 

(D.D.C. 2006) (holding that Iran’s “conduct in facilitating, financing, and providing material 

support to bring about this attack was intentional, extreme, and outrageous”). 

On the facts of this case, moreover, the Court has no difficulty finding that Iran’s conduct 

was “beyond all possible bounds of decency” and thus “extreme and outrageous.” Bernstein v. 

Fernandez, 649 A.2d 1064, 1075 (D.C. 1991) (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46,

comment d.). As the Court previously explained, Iran actively provided material support to 

“AAH as part of a comprehensive campaign to deter the U.S. from maintaining a presence in the 

Middle East by terrorizing and intimidating coalition forces.” Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 86. 

That conduct allowed AAH to hold Sergeant Al-Taie hostage, to torture him, and, ultimately to 

murder him. The conduct was, by any measure, “atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized 
8

community,” Bernstein, 649 A.2d at 1075 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46, cmt. d).

The Court is also persuaded that Iran acted “intentionally or recklessly.” As explained in greater 

detail in Fritz I, the evidence shows that Iran acted “in deliberate disregard of a high degree of 

probability,” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46, cmt. d, that its conduct would result in 

emotional distress to the immediate family members of the victims of the acts of terror that their 

support helped to accomplish—including Bashar, see Fritz I, 320 F. Supp. 3d at 86 (concluding 

that “Plaintiffs’ injuries were ‘reasonably foreseeable or anticipated as a natural consequence’ of 

Iran’s support to AAH”). 

This leaves only the question whether Bashar Al-Taie suffered severe emotional distress. 

Under D.C. law, “‘mental anguish’ and ‘stress’ [does] not rise to the level of ‘severe emotional 

distress’ required” to establish an IIED claim. Futrell v. Dep’t of Labor Fed. Credit Union, 816 

A.2d 793, 808 (D.C. 2003) (citing Sere v. Group Hospitalization, Inc., 443 A.2d 33, 37 (D.C. 

1982)). Rather, the conduct must “cause the plaintiff emotional upset of so acute a nature that 

harmful physical consequences might be not unlikely to result.” Sere, 443 A.2d at 37 (quoting 

Clark v. Associated Retail Credit Men, 105 F.2d 62, 65 (D.C. 1939)). Bashar Al-Taie has 

offered no evidence that he has suffered any “physical consequences” of his emotional trauma, 

but the Court finds that the emotional impact of years of uncertainty about the fate of his brother, 

only to learn that he had been tortured and brutally murdered, is both “severe” and the type of 

trauma that is “not unlikely to result” in “harmful physical consequences.”

The evidence Bashar Al-Taie offers falls into two buckets. First, he offers compelling 

evidence that he shared a very close relationship to his brother. He has offered, for example, 

deposition testimony that he and his brother were “close [in] age” and, as children, “used to play 

together,” go “to school together,” and engaged in “hobbies . . . together.” Dkt. 80-9 at 5 
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(Bashar Dep. 10:7-8, 11:7–13.). He and his brother “used to drive together with [their] parents 

and swim together, play together, do everything together . . . [a]ll the time . . . together,” Dkt. 80-

9 at 9 (Bashar Dep. 28:14–18). As a teenager, Bashar Al-Taie “used to go” watch his brother’s 

band practice. Id. at 7 (Bashar Dep. 18:7–8). Staff Sergeant Al-Taie was also close to Bashar

Al-Taie’s children; “they used to love their uncle too much because [he let them] do whatever 

they want to do, [even if] they want[ed] to mess the room and all.” Id. at 9 (Bashar Dep. 26:18–

22). Later, when Ahmed Al-Taie joined the army, he called “like every week[,] twice probably.” 

Id. at 6 (Bashar Dep. 16:17–18). 

Second, Bashar Al-Taie offers evidence that the loss of his brother had a terrible impact 

on his family. He attests, for instance, that after his brother’s death his father “[couldn’t] sleep 

for two to three days,” id. at 8 (Bashar Dep. 24:15–17), and that both his parents now have a 

“bunch of pills”—antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications—that “they have to take every 

day,” id. (Bashar Dep. 25:12–13). This testimony is consistent with the deposition testimony of

their father, Kousay Al-Taie, and mother, Nawal Al-Taie. Both attest, for example, that since 

their son’s abduction and death they have suffered from anxiety, depression, and high-blood 

pressure, that Nawal Al-Taie has also developed diabetes despite having no family history of 

diabetes, and that Nawal and Kousay Al-Taie have been on antidepressants and sleeping 

medication. See Dkt. 80-6 at 8 (Kousay Dep. 22:1–23:21) (describing physical manifestations of 

the emotional distress Kousay and Nawal suffered); accord Dkt. 80-7 at 7 (Nawal Dep. 19:17–

20:4) (sleeplessness); id. at 8–9 (Nawal Dep. 25:15–26:2) (high-blood pressure, diabetes, sleep 

medication); id. at 9 (Nawal Dep. 26:15–24) (depression and antidepressants); id. (Nawal Dep. 

29:4–15) (ongoing need for medication).
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Although there is no evidence that Bashar Al-Taie suffered “physical” harm as a result of 

his emotional distress, the Court finds that he suffered the type of devastating—indeed, 

crushing—emotional trauma that falls within the scope of the tort of IIED. Iran’s conduct in 

supporting AAH’s terrorist activity—including the torture and murder of a son and brother—was 

“sufficiently extreme and outrageous” to support Bashar Al-Taie’s claim for relief. See, e.g.,

Homan v. Goyal, 711 A.2d 812, 821 (D.C. 1998) (holding that a plaintiff could establish severe 

emotional distress even absent evidence of bodily harm). 

C. Damages

The final question is the measure of damages. Bashar seeks “$5,000,000 in solatium 

damages” and “an award of punitive damages in an equal amount [the Court awarded] to . . . his 

brother, [Plaintiff] Hathal.” Dkt. 108 at 13. As explained below, the Court concludes that 

Bashar is entitled to an award of compensatory damages, prejudgment interest, and punitive 

damages akin to what the Court has awarded to Hashal Al-Taie, Ahmed’s other brother. 

A foreign state that that is not entitled to immunity under the FSIA “shall be liable in the 

same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances.” 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1606. In the context of Bashar Al-Taie’s claim, that means that he is entitled to the types of 

relief that a court may award an IIED claimant under D.C. law. He has not, however, provided 

any briefing on the types of damages available under D.C. law and merely asserts that he entitled 

to solatium and punitive damages. Dkt. 108 at 14–15. The Court, moreover, is unaware of any 

decisions from the D.C. Court of Appeals regarding the appropriate relief for an IIED claimant in 

an FSIA terrorism case. Courts in this jurisdiction, however, have long treated § 1605A(c) 

solatium claims as “indistinguishable from . . . IIED claim[s]” and have looked to precedents 

“awarding damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress” in assessing FSIA solatium 
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claims. Valore, 700 F. Supp. 2d at 85; see also Estate of Hirshfeld v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 

330 F. Supp. 3d 107, 140–41 (D.D.C. 2018). The converse is equally apt, and the Court will, 

accordingly, look to FSIA precedent in considering the proper measure of damages in this 

terrorism-related IIED case.

In the typical FSIA terrorism case, solatium damages are awarded to the victim’s family 

members “based on multiple factors—including ‘evidence establishing an especially close 

relationship between the plaintiff and decedent,’ ‘medical proof of severe pain, grief or suffering 

on behalf of the claimant,’ and the particular ‘circumstances surrounding the terrorist attack 

which made the suffering particularly more acute or agonizing.’” Fritz v. Islamic Republic of 

Iran, No. 5-cv-456, 2018 WL 5046229, at *23 (D.D.C. Aug. 13, 2018), report and 

recommendation adopted as modified, 324 F. Supp. 3d 54 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Oveissi, 768 

F. Supp. 2d at 26–27). Here, Bashar Al-Taie has offered compelling evidence concerning his 

close relationship to Ahmed Al-Taie and the extreme pain that Bashar suffered as a result of 

Ahmed’s abduction, torture, and murder. Based on that evidence, the Court finds that, like the 

others Al-Taie Plaintiffs, Bashar experienced “extreme suffering” as he “waited for over five 

years to learn the fate” of his brother. Fritz, 2018 WL 5046229, at *23. The Court, accordingly, 

concludes that it is appropriate to award Bashar Al-Taie $4.5 million in compensatory damages, 

which is equal to the amount of solatium damages awarded to Plaintiff Hathal Al-Taie. See id. 

Likewise, the Court concludes that it is appropriate to award Bashar Al-Taie prejudgment 

interest on that award utilizing the same methodology used to calculate the Hathal’s award, 
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which results in an award of $ 3,240,000.1 See id. at *24 (“It is within the Court’s discretion to 

award prejudgment interest from the date of the attack until the date of final judgment”).

Bashar also seeks, and the Court will award, “punitive damages in an equal amount to 

that of his brother, Hathal.” Dkt. 108 at 14. Under D.C. law, the intentional infliction of 

emotional “provide[s] an appropriate basis for an award of punitive damages” because “it is by 

definition willful and outrageous conduct which society finds intolerable, and seeks to deter.” 

Sere, 443 A.2d at 37–38. Moreover, as the Court has previously explained, despite the D.C. 

Circuit’s holding that “a plaintiff proceeding under either state or federal law cannot recover 

punitive damages for conduct occurring prior to the enactment of § 1605A,” Owens, 864 F.3d at 

818, the Al-Taie Plaintiffs, including Bashar Al-Taie, may recover punitive damages because 

Ahmad Al-Taie “was not murdered until sometime between February 2009 and February 2011, 

well after the enactment of the 2008 NDAA,” Dkt. 93 at 15. Given that D.C. law and the FSIA 

permit Bashar to obtain punitive damages and given that the Court has previously concluded that 

punitive damages is warranted in this case, it will award Bashar Al-Taie punitive damages in an 

amount equal to the amount awarded Hathal. That is, Bashar Al-Taie is awarded $7,826,831 in 

punitive damages.2 

 

1

 As in Fritz I, the Court has calculated the prejudgment interest as the average prime rate in 

each year from the date of the attack, October 23, 2006, to April 2020. See Dkt. 93 at 14 & n.2. 

Here, that results in a multiplier of 1.72. 

2

 This figure was calculated by first determining Hathal Al-Taie’s portion of the compensatory 

damages awarded to the estate and family of Al-Taie. To do so, the Court divided the total 

amount of compensatory damages awarded to Hathal Al-Taie ($7,224,887) by the sum of 

compensatory damages awarded to the Estate of Ahmed Al-Taie, Kousay Al-Taie, Nawal AlTaie, and Hathal Al-Taie ($51,604,488). The Court then multiplied that figure (0.14) by the total 

amount of punitive damages awarded to Estate of Ahmed Al-Taie, Kousay Al-Taie, Nawal AlTaie, and Hathal Al-Taie ($55,903,936). See Fritz v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 324 F. Supp. 3d 

54, 66 (D.D.C. 2018) (holding that “the award of punitive damages will be apportioned among 

the estate and family of Al-Taie relative to their individual compensatory awards” (internal 

quotations and citations omitted)).
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CONCLUSION 

For the reasons explained above, the Court will grant Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie’s motion 

for default judgment, Dkt. 108, will enter default judgments against Defendants the Islamic 

Republic of Iran and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps with respect to the intentional 

infliction of emotional distress claim brought by Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie, and will award 

damages to Plaintiff Bashar Al-Taie as described above. 

A separate order will issue.

/s/ Randolph D. Moss 

RANDOLPH D. MOSS 

United States District Judge

Date: April 10, 2020