S594 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE January 15, 2009 

For his many decades of service, Senator Stevens has received and accepted 

numerous honors—including having 

the Anchorage International Airport 

named after him. 

Back in 1993, when I first arrived in 

the U.S. Senate, I was one of only 

seven female Senators, and if the Senate was a men’s club, then the Appropriations Committee was its inner 

sanctum. 

There was not a single woman on the 

Defense Appropriations Subcommittee, 

but that is where I wanted to serve. 

I explained to Senator Stevens—who 

was then the ranking member of the 

committee—that Texas has more Army 

soldiers than any other State, more Air 

Force airmen and women stationed in 

Texas than any other State, and our 

defense industry builds everything 

from fighter aircraft to Army trucks to 

artillery systems to sophisticated electronics equipment for the Pentagon. 

Therefore, I hoped to be able to serve 

on that committee. 

After some careful thought, Senator 

Stevens agreed, and welcomed me to 

the Committee. 

Senator Stevens has been known to 

show dramatic performances on the 

Senate floor, keeping wandering eyes 

focused on the urgent issues that need 

to be addressed. 

One day, during a mark-up in the 

Senate Appropriations Committee, 

Senator Stevens, who chaired the committee at the time, grew very animated 

and laid down the law. 

When a frustrated senior Senator 

told Senator Stevens that ‘‘there was 

no reason to lose your temper,’’ Senator Stevens glared back and responded, ‘‘I never lose my temper. I always know exactly where I left it.’’ 

Senator Stevens acknowledges his 

quick temper; but those who know him 

see the other side—a compassionate 

heart. 

I will never forget when a group of 

protestors gathered outside of the Appropriations Committee conference to 

demand increased funding for breast 

cancer research. 

One particularly agitated advocate 

got in Senator Stevens’ face and said, 

‘‘If men were dying of breast cancer, 

you wouldn’t think twice about increasing the funding.’’ 

Needless to say, those words made 

quite an impact on Senator Stevens, 

but probably not what this advocate 

anticipated. 

When Senator Stevens walked back 

into the conference, he repeated the 

charge and then looked around at his 

mostly male colleagues. 

He knew that at least 6 of them suffered from prostate cancer. 

He also noticed that the bill they 

were considering didn’t fund prostate 

cancer research. 

But thanks to the excellent suggestion of the woman in the hallway, he 

became an advocate for breast cancer 

research and prostate cancer research. 

Senator Stevens became a leader on 

these issues. 

He has been a champion of a strong 

national defense and of the men and 

women who serve in the military. 

I wish him and his family the best. 

f 

CRISIS IN GAZA 

Mr. COBURN. Mr. President, when 

President Obama is sworn into office 

next week, he will inherit an extremely 

complex and challenging crisis in the 

Middle East. Since Israel commenced 

military operations in Gaza to defend 

its citizens against rocket attacks 

more than 1,000 have died in Gaza, 

many of them civilians, while 13 

Israelis have died. In spite of this carnage, Hamas refuses to surrender and 

continues to fire rockets into Israel. 

No clear resolution is in sight. 

As a practicing physician, I find this 

conflict heartbreaking. Israelis live in 

constant fear that a rocket attack will 

snuff out an innocent life. Families in 

Israel go to bed at night wondering if a 

rocket will slam into their home. At 

the same time, Palestinians have nowhere to run from a terrorist organization that uses its own civilians as 

human shields. 

While we all mourn the loss of innocent life, the world must recognize that 

Hamas deliberately created a situation 

in which Israel was forced to respond 

as any sovereign nation would while 

under attack. Israel, and every nation, 

has the right to self-defense. 

What makes Hamas’s actions particularly abhorrent and barbaric is the 

fact that they are making decisions, I 

believe, based on a perverse political 

calculation. While publically condemning Israel, Hamas’s leaders and 

sympathizers in Iran and elsewhere privately welcome the suffering of the 

Palestinian people as a political opportunity. Hamas knows better than anyone that virtually every area of the 

densely populated Gaza strip is a civilian area. In Gaza, refugees have no 

place to seek refuge. The terrible unintended consequences and loss of civilian life we’ve seen in Gaza is part of 

Hamas’s design and goal. 

The United States and the next administration can play an important 

role in preventing Hamas from achieving its goals. What many on both sides 

long for is not just the cessation of violence but a real, lasting and durable 

peace. Some believe this is impossible, 

but it is in the interest of all sides to 

work toward this goal. 

I trust President-elect Obama will 

avoid the false choice between 

unapologetically defending Israel’s security and creating hope and opportunity for people on both sides of the 

conflict who want the same degree of 

freedom, peace and opportunity for 

themselves and their children. As 

Israel’s most important ally, the 

United States should never waver in 

our commitment to Israel’s security. 

The strength of that assurance is itself 

one of our most important contributions in the region because it creates 

the security and stability that are a 

prerequisite for meaningful negotiations. 

At the same time, we enhance security in the region by assuring Palestinians in Gaza with our words and actions that they are not forgotten and 

that we hear their calls for peace and 

an end to violence. I’ve delivered 4,000 

babies and I grieve with the pregnant 

women in Gaza who are being turned 

away at hospitals because their own 

leaders have held their lives and the 

lives of their children in contempt. The 

next administration can legitimize and 

support those mothers’ pleas for peace 

while condemning and marginalizing 

Hamas’s tactics of terror. 

I believe President-elect Obama has 

the judgment and temperament to not 

only maintain our vital support of 

Israel, but to also create hope in the 

region and help Palestinians embrace 

alternatives to Hamas’s brand of violence and despair. He will have my 

prayers and support and I hope he can 

have the prayers and support of the 

American people as he confronts this 

difficult challenge. 

f 

IDAHOANS SPEAK OUT ON HIGH 

ENERGY PRICES 

Mr. CRAPO. Mr. President, in midJune, I asked Idahoans to share with 

me how high energy prices are affecting their lives, and they responded by 

the hundreds. The stories, numbering 

well over 1,200, are heartbreaking and 

touching. While energy prices have 

dropped in recent weeks, the concerns 

expressed remain very relevant. To respect the efforts of those who took the 

opportunity to share their thoughts, I 

am submitting every e-mail sent to me 

through an address set up specifically 

for this purpose to the CONGRESSIONAL

RECORD. This is not an issue that will 

be easily resolved, but it is one that deserves immediate and serious attention, and Idahoans deserve to be heard. 

Their stories not only detail their 

struggles to meet everyday expenses 

but also have suggestions and recommendations as to what Congress can 

do now to tackle this problem and find 

solutions that last beyond today. I ask 

unanimous consent to have today’s letters printed in the RECORD. 

There being no objection, the material was ordered to be printed in the 

RECORD, as follows: 

Well, gas prices have a direct impact on 

my driving habits. I have been trying to use 

the public bus at least twice a week to get to 

work. It takes me about 35 minutes more 

each way, but if I plan my after work errands 

needing a car for one day, then I can bank 

that extra time for the bus ride. I’m lucky to 

live in Boise where there is some type of public transportation. My husband works the 

night shift in Meridian, so he is forced to use 

the car. The cost of food is a shocker, but 

again, fuel costs have contributed to that 

also. There are more of the basic and less of 

the goodies at the checkout. I do not think 

our family will be flying anytime soon, and 

if we vacation somewhere besides home, it 

will still be within a short day’s drive. All in 

all, I worry more about those families who 

were barely surviving before, what will become of them now? 


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January 15, 2009 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE S595 

I think it is important to give tax breaks 

to companies, small or large, who want to 

develop alternative energy technologies. 

There are a great number of really smart 

people out there, I saw a man who could burn 

salt water and create enough energy to light 

a bulb. And how about the farmer who did 

something to his engine (in his garage workshop) to get 80 MPG. It is especially important to keep this technology and the subsequent jobs it brings here in the United 

States. If congress won’t address these issues 

in a timely way, countless other countries 

will once again, get the jobs. And continue 

to give taxpayers incentives through tax 

breaks for purchasing fuel efficient cars, energy saving appliances, solar heating, etc. 

My family would purchase these products, 

but the cost is often prohibitive. There are 

hungry buyers just waiting and the cost will 

come down as more products are sold. It just 

needs a jumpstart with federal funding, then 

it will take off on its own. Do not do anything to lessen the impact of gas prices. Only 

with higher prices will habits change and 

new technologies emerge. The lesson is hard, 

but the end result will be worth it. Get rid of 

government supported Ethanol—it takes as 

much energy to make the stuff compared to 

what it saves. 

And, let us build those super fast trains to 

at least run along the cities on the Eastern 

and Western coasts. Again, more jobs building trains, maintaining equipment, contributing to a better economy. We can either 

spend tax money on more roads for more gas 

eating cars or supplementing energy efficient systems, good for the environment, the 

economy and the pocketbook. 

We took Amtrak from Portland to Seattle, 

it was $29, but again it took 3 hours! What if 

it took 45 minutes? There were many business people on board, I think more people 

would be willing to use this type of transportation if it was timely. Time is money these 

days. And please give more money to small 

urban cities like Boise to develop light rail 

systems. The intercounty van ridership from 

Caldwell and Nampa to Boise has become so 

popular. ValleyBUS is adding more vans to 

the routes. A light rail system would work in 

the Boise Valley. And replace the aging 

buses. In the month I have ridden the bus, I 

have experienced at least two breakdowns. 

The buses are purchased used and these are 

so old, parts are very hard to come by. And 

allow some drilling and mining, I heard it 

will be 7–10 years before a domestic supply 

will be available, so it will not be the cure 

some think it will be. Do not allow exemptions which were originally for farm vehicles 

to be expanded to include cars with a like 

build, like Hummers. That is cheating. Make 

the car companies raise the MPG even higher. I read that China has tougher rules for 

gas mileage than we do. And, the American 

people are going to have to make hard 

choices. Cheap fuel is never going to happen 

again, at least not for years. We ignored the 

warnings during the Carter years, when gas 

prices were high; we need to change our 

enormous appetites for oversized everything, 

from cars to houses to McDonalds. We would 

all be better off to bike, walk and move to 

smaller houses where families actually live 

in the ‘‘living’’ room and see each other. I 

grew up with one car for our entire family! 

Could that happen in American society 

today? I doubt it. Maybe it is time we Americans face the consequences of our greed. It 

could be a humbling lesson, something we 

might just need. 

And, to pay for all this? Get out of Iraq and 

rebuild the United States of America. You 

cannot make a democracy with just an election. Our own great country functioned without a strong federal government or President 

for some 10 years after defeating the British. 

I think it was luck we became the greatest 

democracy ever, but lots of hard work to 

stay that way. Is Iraq able and willing to do 

the hard work? I do not think it is possible. 

We destroyed the stability in the Middle 

East and now it is a worse mess for our meddling. Do not allow another son or daughter 

or sister or brother or husband or wife to be 

killed, let them come home. 

DONNA LAM, Boise. 

Hello Senator Mike Crapo, I am a 29 year 

old, single woman that is trying to do things 

right. I have owned my home for four years 

and have worked in dialysis for 51⁄2 years. I 

have not gone grocery shopping in two 

months. I am getting where my payments 

are getting later and later. I do not know 

how people are surviving. The cost of gas, 

groceries, and everyday living keeps going 

up, but the income that we bring home does 

not change. I go to work and come home, I 

do not do anything above and beyond because I am afraid of losing everything that I 

have worked so hard for. I am afraid that if 

something is not done soon, that I am going 

to start loosing everything I have worked 

for. I used to spend about $30.00 for gas a 

week now it is almost $70.00. I live in Emmett in the city limits and the water is horrible, so I have to buy water just to drink (it 

turned my cat dish black). I have complained 

to the city but it is going on 1 year of having 

to buy water. Everything cost, what are the 

citizens expose to do? 

Thank you for your time, 

ALYSSA QUENZER. 

This is in response to your request for citizens to ‘‘share your energy stories.’’ 

Here are some of the results I am observing, of gas being more expensive: Traffic is 

(slightly) down on the overcrowded roads in 

and around Boise. People are getting rid of 

their gas-guzzlers and getting more economical modes of transportation. People are making more responsible transportation choices. 

(Dare I say it? Might they even consider carpooling, or utilizing public transportation?) 

Air pollution is down. There is some real 

market-driven innovation going on, in the 

automotive world. 

In other words, the results of higher fuel 

prices are not all negative! Please think long 

and hard before getting the government 

more involved! (In the past, it has not always had the desired effect.) 

If you could figure out some way to give 

the freight industry some relief, that would 

be a good thing. But let the free market run 

its course with regards to personal transportation, I say. If our economy is based on 

every citizen 16 and over having a private 

motor vehicle and unlimited access to cheap 

fuel . . . it is a house of cards. 

Like everybody else, we in my family are 

affected by rising fuel prices, and are needing to be more responsible with our transportation. Is that a bad thing? 

(Full disclosure: I’ve been a dedicated user 

of bicycle transportation since 1986. Gas was 

97 cents back then. It makes even more sense 

in 2008 for my fellow citizens to seriously 

consider their own transportation choices, 

than it did back in 1986.) 

Thanks for your attention. 

STEVE HULME, 4TH-GENERATION

TAXPAYING IDAHO CITIZEN, Boise. 

My biggest concern is the lack of balance 

with the cost of living and the working 

wages. Cost of living is increasing faster 

than employers/corporations are able (or 

willing) to keep up with. I am very worried 

about the near future. With two kids to 

raise, trying to keep them involved in sports 

and other extra-curricular activities is becoming more of a challenge. I do not want to 

be forced to make a decision of gas in the car 

to get my kids to and from or my children’s 

well-being. 

What Americans want are politicians who 

do what they say they will do. Not empty 

promises to get into office. At what cost does 

it come? Our children, our future. 

Why do these power companies continue to 

get approvals for price increases? Who is benefiting from this? If the Government doesn’t 

think we are in a recession now, just wait, it 

is just around the corner. I know for my family as well as many other families, spending 

is no longer frivolous, let us-treat-ourselvesfor-our-hard-work spending, it is thought 

through heavily. We have no choice. 

With the wealth of our country, there 

should not be the amount of homeless (or 

soon-to-be) people due to lack of money/resources to keep a roof over their heads and 

food on the table. I am ashamed at the direction our country has taken. Now I see it only 

getting worse. 

I was visiting with a fellow co-worker 

today who helps feed those not necessarily 

homeless but left with little to no money left 

after paying bills at the end of the month for 

food. She collects food like a shelter, from 

local businesses, then disburses the food accordingly. In just two weeks time, the number of people she serves/helps went from 92 to 

120. Unfortunately she was unable to help 

them all, not enough food due to a decrease 

in donations. 

Something has got to give and it should no 

longer be the American people/families! Instead, we need to be at the receiving end. 

Help our own in this country to survive. 

A VERY CONCERNED MOM. 

Good day Mike, my story is: I am a 50 year 

old disabled woman; my income is social security of 671.00 plus an arrears child support 

order from 1992 in which I receive 201.00 a 

month in 50.34 weekly payments. I am almost over the limit for Idaho Medicaid and 

am what is called the QM plan. I have no 

dental and no vision. Part D helps with prescriptions and Medicare pays some. I am eligible for about 10.00 in food stamps which I 

do not collect because at my last recertification, I just could not justify the gas and 

time for the 10.00 that really is not that helpful. It has been a very cold winter; my energy cost in the trailer I own and only pay 

lot rent for [cheap housing], have made my 

life very hard; I have had to choose between 

power and food for months since October to 

be exact, my electric and gas have been between 250.00 & 300.00, finally my energy due 

on the 20th of June is 107.00, last year it was 

65.00 or so this time of year. I have a 20 year 

old daughter that lives at home and goes to 

LCSC full time thank you Lord for grants 

and loans. I cannot remember the last time 

I went to the grocery store and bought food, 

we live out of food banks and milk has become a luxury, from Walmart. Our 2 dogs’ 

food comes from the humane society. My car 

is always on empty; 2.5 gallons of gas is 10.00. 

Please help us up the food stamp limit; disabled people should not have to worry about 

food, how about a fixed amount for disabled 

people comparable to their income, lower energy prices, fixed prices for energy to heat 

disabled people’s homes. I do not mind paying my own power but up to or over 1⁄2 of my 

monthly income. Help. Thank You: 

DEB. 

As a solution to today’s obscene fuel 

prices, a lot of people talk about expanding 

domestic production. What nobody realizes is 

that the same people who would be drilling 

for and producing this oil are the same people who are currently holding us up at the 

pump. Think about it: If Chevron/Texaco can 

sell us gasoline at $4.00 a gallon, does it 


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S596 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE January 15, 2009 

make sense for them to invest millions 

(probably billions) of dollars in the exploration and production of increased oil supplies so in order to sell us gasoline at $2.50 a 

gallon? Spend money to reduce profits? If 

Ford were selling all the new F-150 pickups 

they could produce for $30,000 each, would 

they spend billions to expand their assembly 

line so they could sell 25 percent more trucks 

for $22,500 each? Of course not, they would 

keep the price at $30,000 and enjoy the increased profits. And the oil companies will 

do the same thing. Increasing oil supplies 

will only give the big oil companies more oil 

to sell at $120 a barrel and will not drive the 

price at the pump down one bit. 

There’s no competition in the oil industry, 

the regulating bodies have allowed too many 

mergers resulting in a few super-companies 

that are all in bed together. The only way 

you could make an idea like dramatically 

expanding domestic production work is if 

you started a completely new, independent 

company to find and extract the new oil, 

then build new refineries to turn it into a usable product, then build an entirely new distribution infrastructure to get the product 

to the consumers. That would cost trillions 

of dollars and it will never happen. 

Gasoline costs $4.00 a gallon because we are 

still buying it at $4.00 a gallon. That is the 

simple truth. Our country’s entire infrastructure depends on gas and diesel engines 

in cars, trucks, planes, and ships to get products and people from Point A to Point B. 

And I will be the first one to admit, I am not 

prepared to quit driving my car, so I am as 

much a part of the problem as anyone. But 

short of a federal cap on consumer gasoline 

and diesel fuel prices, competition and reduced demand are the only things that will 

drive down the price of retail gasoline. Until 

that happens, we are just hosed. 

CARL BLOOMQUIST, Nampa. 

First I would like to thank you for taking 

the time to listen to the people on this subject. 

Our brief story: 6 months ago we had two 

cars and a truck. We could not afford to 

drive the truck any longer so we sold it and 

paid off one of our cars. That helped for a 

while but the gas prices kept creeping up. I 

work downtown and we are fortunate enough 

to live close to a bus route. Now I pay $36.00 

for a monthly Valley Ride pass and I ride the 

bus every day. That takes an additional hour 

of time a day but now we save close to $100.00 

a month in gas by doing that. But the gas 

prices are still climbing and might reach 

$5.00 per gallon. Now we have two cars and 

one sits in the driveway. So now we are 

thinking seriously about selling the car that 

is paid off and paying down the loan on the 

other car. I am also thinking seriously of 

buying a bicycle and gearing up to commute 

on a bicycle to work. This will help me get 

in shape as well as help keep the environment clean. 

So . . . In a matter of a few months we 

went from three vehicles down to (most likely) one vehicle and riding bicycles. We are 

sick and tired of the prices (fuel and food) 

continuing to creep up and refuse to put up 

with it anymore. 

We want to make a trip to Bend Oregon to 

visit our grandchildren but we cannot afford 

to do that this month. We will have to save 

another $100 and do that at the end of next 

month. We all work too hard to ‘‘try’’ and 

make ends meet to have to make decisions 

between gasoline and grandchildren. 

So maybe someone will hear our story and 

something can be done about this. 

Thank you again for listening. 

MICHAEL VISCETTO. 

I strongly disagree with your stand on the 

climate change bill that recently was defeated in filibuster action recently. I was 

very disappointed in your vote. These are 

measures that need to be made for our environment, and for our economy. 

Trying to open federal wildlife reserves to 

more drilling is not the answer. There is not 

enough oil there to make a difference in the 

world price of oil and gas. (And I say this as 

someone who owns lots of stock in oil, gas, 

and oil service industry companies.) We instead need to focus on making alternative, 

non-CO2 emitting fuels. I do agree with your 

support for nuclear energy, solar and wind 

power. With the coming development of electric powered vehicles, these will greatly decrease the use of gasoline, which is the best 

way to bring about a price drop—which will 

make a climate change bill that much more 

important. 

MITCH LONG, Boise. 

Not sure where to begin. It is very hard for 

us to live right now with both the cost of 

fuel rising, and the cost of food rising. My 

husband served this country for 22 years in 

the Military until he became injured, and 

was unable to do his duties anymore as a 

military man. He went back to school, 

thanks to the VA, and is now a board certified respiratory therapist. He is still looking for a job at this point and time. I have 

faith he will find one soon because we live 

payday to payday, and there are times when 

we do not have enough to pay the bills we 

have because I went to the store, or put gas 

in my car. So I also have to make a choice 

as to put gas in the car, or go to the grocery 

store. But you have to have gas in the car to 

get to the store. Living off of potatoes, and 

macaroni cheese is getting old. And every 

where you look there are commercials telling you to eat right. How can a person eat 

right when you can’t afford the food in the 

first place? Plus with all of my doctor bills 

and the amount of medication I am on does 

not help either. I struggle everyday wondering what am I going to feed my family 

today, and I wonder what is really going to 

happen to us. 

TAMMY. 

Rather than a story I would like to offer a 

suggestion. My suggestion is that Congress 

should put in place requirements for oil companies to begin placing hydrogen fueling options at their stations nationwide. Consumers should be offered incentives for purchasing H cell cars. Oil needs to be used as a 

lubricant not a pollutant. 

Thank you for your efforts. 

f 

CATHY JONES. 

ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS 

TRIBUTE TO CARTER INDUSTRIES, 

INCORPORATED 

∑ Mr. BUNNING. Mr. President, today I 

pay tribute to Carter Industries for 

their recent accomplishment. 

Carter Industries was recently 

awarded the Defense Logistics Agency’s, DLA, Business Alliance Award for 

Outstanding Readiness Support in the 

Historically Underutilized Business 

Zone Small Business Category. This 

agency provides logistics support for 

our military as well as other nonmilitary agencies. Carter Industries 

plays a very important role in the 

DLA’s ability to provide clothing to 

our men and women serving domestically and abroad. Specifically, they 

provide coveralls for flyers and combat 

vehicle crewmen, which protect them 

from fire related injuries. Since 1996, 

they have manufactured military 

clothing in a timely fashion have consistently been dependable for our military. Located in Olive Hill, KY, in the 

eastern part of my State, Carter Industries also provides valuable jobs for 

Kentuckians in their efforts to support 

our men and women in uniform. 

I now ask my colleagues to join me 

in congratulating Carter Industries for 

their recent achievement and commitment to our military. They deserve 

proper recognition for their service to 

our great Nation.

f 

∑ 

TRIBUTE TO DR. ROBERT J. 

SMITHDAS 

∑ Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President, I rise 

to pay tribute to an inspirational New 

Yorker, Dr. Robert J. Smithdas, on the 

occasion of his retirement as Director 

of Community Education at the Helen 

Keller National Center for Deaf-Blind 

Youths and Adults, HKNC, in Sands 

Point, LI. 

At the age of four, Dr. Robert J. 

Smithdas contracted meningitis, which 

resulted in the total loss of his vision 

and, over a short period of time, the 

total loss of his hearing. After graduating Perkins School for the Blind in 

Watertown, MA, in 1945, he was accepted for training at the Industrial Home 

for the Blind, IHB, located in Brooklyn, NY, and received a fellowship to 

attend St. John’s University in New 

York. He received his BA degree cum 

laude in 1950, and 3 years later became 

the first person who is deaf-blind to 

earn a master’s degree, receiving this 

distinction at New York University 

where he specialized in vocational 

guidance and rehabilitation for people 

with disabilities. Dr. Smithdas is also 

the recipient of four honorary Doctoral 

degrees from: Gallaudet University, 

Western Michigan University, Mount 

Aloysius College and, his alma mater, 

St. John’s. 

Dr. Smithdas continued his work 

with important and significant contributions in the field of rehabilitation, 

having successively occupied important management positions at the IHB, 

including that of associate director of 

services for the deaf-blind in charge of 

overall client services. 

Along with Helen Keller and Peter 

Salmon, Dr. Smithdas played a vital 

role in the development of legislation 

enacted as part of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act. The act authorized 

the establishment of the Helen Keller 

National Center, which is operated by 

Helen Keller Services for the Blind 

under an agreement with the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation 

Services. 

A true ‘‘Renaissance man,’’ Dr. 

Smithdas’ numerous national awards 

include being named the Poetry Society of America’s ‘‘Poet of the Year,’’ 

1960–61, ‘‘The Handicapped American of 

the Year,’’ 1965, by the President’s 


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