2023 IL App (1st) 200448-U

No. 1-20-0448 

Second Division

June 27, 2023

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

____________________________________________________________________________ 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

____________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF 

ILLINOIS,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

 

 v. 

JOSEPH PETTIS, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

) Cook County.

) 

) 

) No. 03 CR 25466-01 

) 

) Honorable 

) Timothy Joyce 

) Judge, Presiding.

) 

____________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE COBBS delivered the judgment of the court.

Presiding Justice Fitzgerald Smith and Justice Ellis concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶ 1 Held: We affirm the circuit court’s denial of defendant’s petition for certificate of 

innocence where, although defendant was found innocent of the AUUW charge, 

his unsentenced conviction for UUWF stands, and the statute does not allow for a 

partial certificate of innocence. We remand for any additional relief available as a 

result of the court’s vacatur of the AUUW conviction. 

¶ 2 Following a bench trial, defendant-appellant Joseph Pettis was found guilty of two counts 

of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon (AUUW) and two counts of unlawful use of a weapon by 
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a felon (UUWF) and sentenced to four years’ imprisonment. Fifteen years later, defendant filed a 

petition for postjudgment relief, asserting that his AUUW conviction should be vacated because 

the Illinois Supreme Court found the applicable statutory provision unconstitutional in People v. 

Aguilar, 2013 IL 112116. The circuit court granted defendant relief under section 2-1401 of the 

Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2018)) and vacated his AUUW 

conviction pursuant to Aguilar. Defendant subsequently filed a petition for a certificate of 

innocence (COI) pursuant to section 2-702 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-702 (West 2018)), which 

the circuit court denied. Defendant, proceeding pro se, appeals from that denial. For the reasons 

that follow, we affirm and remand.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 Defendant was charged by information with two counts of AUUW (720 ILCS 5/24-

1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A); 5/24-1.6(a)(2), (a)(3)(A) (West 2002)) and two counts of UUWF (720 ILCS 

5/24-1.1(a) (West 2002)). As relevant here, we specifically note that the counts of AUUW were 

brought under different sections of the AUUW statute. Defendant waived his right to a jury trial, 

and a bench trial was held on July 14, 2004. The evidence presented at trial was as follows.

¶ 5 On November 2, 2003, at approximately 9:45 p.m., Chicago police officer James Shields 

and two other officers were in a marked squad car, patrolling near 620 North Hamlin Avenue. 

Officer Shields was in the front passenger seat of the car. As the car was traveling southbound, he 

observed defendant walking alone northbound on Hamlin Avenue. From about 25 feet away, he 

observed defendant reach into his waistband, pull out a “blue-steel snubbed handgun,” place the 

weapon in the left inside jacket pocket, and snap the letter jacket closed. Officer Shields testified 

that the streetlights on Hamlin Avenue were working that night.
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¶ 6 The officers stopped the car and approached defendant. Officer Shields detained defendant 

immediately. As he was securing him, defendant stated to Officer Shields that “there was no reason 

to search, that he had a handgun, a pistol, in his jacket pocket.” A “small, snub-nose colt detective 

special 38-caliber handgun” was recovered. The handgun was loaded. Defendant was placed in the 

backseat of the squad car and transported to the police station. While in the car, Officer Shields 

informed defendant of his Miranda rights and defendant stated that he had purchased the gun for 

$40 from a “hype,” which is a “street term for a drug user,” and he was carrying it for his personal 

protection. 

¶ 7 The parties stipulated that defendant had a prior felony conviction.

¶ 8 Defendant moved for a directed finding, which the circuit court denied.

¶ 9 Defendant testified that on November 3, 2003, at approximately 9:45 p.m., he was walking 

southbound on the 600 block of Hamlin Avenue on the way to his girlfriend’s house when an 

unmarked “gray Crown Victoria” police car pulled up behind him on the street and stopped directly 

next to him. Two police officers in plainclothes stepped out of the police car and called him over 

to them, using his first name, “Joe.” He testified that Officer Shields searched him but did not 

recover anything from his person. The officers handcuffed defendant, put him in the backseat of 

the police car, and took him to the police station. While in the car, the officers asked defendant for 

information about homicides that had occurred in the area, and defendant responded that he did 

not know anything. He denied making any statements about having a gun. 

¶ 10 On August 19, 2004, the circuit court found defendant guilty of the charged offenses. 

Defendant filed a motion for a new trial, which was denied. The circuit court sentenced defendant 

to four years’ imprisonment on count 1 for the offense of AUUW. Defendant did not pursue a 

direct appeal.
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¶ 11 In 2013, the Illinois Supreme Court decided Aguilar, 2013 IL 112116, which invalidated a 

portion of the AUUW statute prohibiting the unlawful use of a weapon. See also People v. Burns, 

2015 IL 117387, ¶ 25 (clarifying that section 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A) of the AUUW statute is 

facially unconstitutional “without limitation”).

¶ 12 On October 22, 2019, defendant filed a “Petition for Post-Judgement Relief,” wherein he 

cited to Burns and argued that his AUUW conviction was void because the Illinois Supreme Court 

found the applicable statutory provision facially unconstitutional. He thus requested “an order 

vacating and expunging the judgement of conviction and sentence.” 

¶ 13 On November 6, 2019, the circuit court granted defendant relief under section 2-1401 and, 

and “per Aguilar,” vacated his AUUW conviction, which the court referred to as “count 1.” 

¶ 14 On December 3, 2019, defendant filed a “Petition for Certificate of Innocence,” claiming 

that he was entitled to a COI because the crime for which he was convicted was not a crime as the 

Illinois Supreme Court had found the applicable statute for that crime unconstitutional.

¶ 15 On January 16, 2020, the circuit court orally denied defendant’s COI petition. On the 

record, the court stated the following:

“On Joseph Pettis, Mr. Pettis previously had his so-called [Aguilar/Burns] 

conviction in Count 1 vacated pursuant to Section 2-1401 back in November of 2019 by 

this court.

The order was entered to that effect, sent to the Illinois Department of Corrections[,] 

where Mr. Pettis is being held on some other unrelated matter. He has now filed under this 

case number a petition for a Certificate of Innocence claiming that he’s entitled to such 

certificate by virtue of the fact that Aguilar rendered one of the counts in this case, or Burns

rendered one of the counts in this case unconstitutional. He is incorrect in that regard. His 
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petition for a Certificate of Innocence is otherwise insufficient to warrant him relief. His 

petition is denied. The court will enter a one page written order.”

¶ 16 Defendant filed a motion for reconsideration of his petition, which the circuit court denied.

¶ 17 This timely appeal followed.

¶ 18 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 19 Defendant’s main claim on appeal is that the circuit court erred in denying his request for 

a COI. To that end, he asserts that his conviction and sentence for the offense of AUUW “must be 

voided” based on the Illinois Supreme Court’s holdings in Burns, 2015 IL 117387, and Aguilar, 

2013 IL 112116, that the statutory provision underlying his AUUW conviction was facially 

unconstitutional. For support, defendant cites to People v. McClinton, 2018 IL App (3d) 160648.

¶ 20 In response, the State argues that, despite the vacatur of defendant’s AUUW conviction, 

he still remains convicted of the other charges in the information and he failed to show that he is 

innocent of all of the offenses. 

¶ 21 Initially, we do not disagree that defendant is innocent of count 1 of the indictment, which 

was the offense of AUUW brought under subsection 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(A), where that subsection 

was declared facially unconstitutional and therefore void ab initio. See In re N.G., 2018 IL 121939, 

¶ 50 (stating that any conviction based on a void ab initio statute should be treated as if the law 

had never been passed and never existed); see also People v. Smith, 2021 IL App (1st) 200984, ¶ 

24 (AUUW under the void statutory provision is “not a crime.”). However, defendant fails to 

acknowledge that in this case he was charged with four offenses and the circuit court found him 

guilty of all charged offenses following the bench trial. The court then appears to have merged the 

counts together and sentenced defendant on count 1. Under the circumstances before us, the merger 

has no effect on the findings of guilt as to the other offenses. This court has held that when a 
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sentenced conviction is vacated, the merger of the unsentenced convictions “fails” and a final 

judgment and sentence should be entered on one of the valid unsentenced convictions. People v. 

Simon, 101 Ill. App. 3d 89, 101 (1981) (citing People v. Zazzetti, 69 Ill. App. 3d 588, 593 (1979)); 

see also People v. Akins, 2014 IL App (1st) 093418-B, ¶ 16 (finding that the merger of unsentenced 

convictions is “no longer in effect” when the sentenced conviction is vacated). In fact, in Aguilar, 

our supreme court reversed the defendant’s AUUW conviction, remanded the action to the circuit 

court “for imposition of sentence” on the unsentenced unlawful possession of a firearm conviction, 

and instructed that “[t]he sentence imposed [for that conviction] shall not exceed the sentence 

imposed on the AUUW conviction.” 2013 IL 112116, ¶ 30.1 Given the court’s mandate in Aguilar, 

we are inclined to agree with the panel in Smith, which stated that “[n]either the merger of counts 

nor the vacating of a conviction under the one-act, one-crime doctrine negates a guilty finding.” 

2021 IL App (1st) 200984, ¶ 28. As such, despite count 1 being vacated, there remain three 

offenses for which defendant was found guilty, namely AUUW brought under section 24-1.6(a)(2), 

(a)(3)(A), and two counts of UUWF. However, because AUUW under section 24-1.6(a)(2), 

(a)(3)(A), was expressly found facially unconstitutional in People v. Mosley, 2015 IL 115872, ¶ 

25, based on the reasoning of Aguilar, going forward we confine our analysis to the two counts of 

UUWF.

1 A petition for a certificate of innocence is collateral to criminal proceedings and is civil in 

nature. See People v. Terrell, 2022 IL App (1st) 192184, ¶ 40; see also 735 ILCS 5/2-702(j) (“The 

decision to grant or deny a certificate of innocence shall be binding only with respect to claims filed in the 

Court of Claims and shall not have a res judicata effect on any other proceedings.”). We note that, when 

the circuit court vacated defendant’s conviction for AUUW pursuant to Aguilar, no final judgment and 

sentence was then entered on the outstanding UUWF charge. See People v. Calvillo, 2022 IL App (1st) 

200886, ¶ 21 (stating that when an AUUW conviction is vacated, “leaving in its stead an unsentenced 

constitutionally valid finding of guilt on a different charge, the proper course is to remand for sentencing 

on the constitutionally valid count”). Given that the matter before us is a collateral civil proceeding, we

believe remand to be the proper course of action. 
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¶ 22 The singular question before this court then is whether the COI statute allows for a 

petitioner to obtain a COI where only one of the offenses with which he was charged and of which 

he was found guilty has been vacated pursuant to Aguilar. The answer may be found in this court’s 

recent decision in People v. Moore, 2020 IL App. (1st) 190435, which we discuss in greater detail 

later in this disposition. First, as did the court on Moore, we set out the guiding principles which 

govern our review.

¶ 23 Generally, we review the grant or denial of a COI for an abuse of discretion (see Rudy v. 

People, 2013 IL App (1st) 113449, ¶ 11); however, where, as here, the issue involves the 

interpretation of a statute, our review is de novo (see People v. Simon, 2017 IL App (1st) 152173, 

¶ 20).

¶ 24 A reviewing court’s primary goal in construing a statute is to ascertain and give effect to 

the legislature’s intent. People v. Palmer, 2021 IL 125621, ¶ 53. The best indicator of the 

legislature’s intent is the language of the statutory provision. People v. Fields, 2011 IL App (1st) 

100169, ¶ 18. The statute should be considered as a whole and the words used should be given 

their plain and ordinary meaning. Palmer, 2021 IL 125621, ¶ 53. In interpreting a statute, no part 

should be disregarded or rendered superfluous (People v. Warner, 2022 IL App (1st) 210260, ¶ 

13), and we must presume that “the legislature did not intend absurd, inconvenient, or unjust 

results” (Palmer, 2021 IL 125621, ¶ 53).

¶ 25 With these principles of interpretation in mind, we turn to the statutory framework for the 

issuance of COIs.

¶ 26 Clearly set out in the statute’s statement of legislative intent, the purpose of obtaining a 

COI is to provide the wrongly incarcerated with an avenue to obtain monetary relief in the Court 

of Claims against the State. 735 ILCS 5/2-702(a) (West 2018); see also Warner, 2022 IL App (1st) 
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210260, ¶ 32 (stating that the statute’s aim is to “benefit men and women that have been falsely 

incarcerated through no fault of their own”). Subsection (b) defines who may petition for a COI. 

See 735 ILCS 5/2-702(b) (West 2018). Subsection (c) and (d) specify the necessary contents of 

the COI petition. See id. § 2-702(c), (d). 

¶ 27 The statute then sets forth the requirements to obtain a certificate of innocence under 

section 2-702(g) of the Code. See id. § 2-702(g). A petitioner must prove by a preponderance of 

the evidence that:

“(1) the petitioner was convicted of one or more felonies by the State of Illinois and 

subsequently sentenced to a term of imprisonment, and has served all or any part of the 

sentence;

(2)(A) the judgment of conviction was reversed or vacated, and the indictment or 

information dismissed or, if a new trial was ordered, either the petitioner was found not 

guilty at the new trial or the petitioner was not retried and the indictment or information 

dismissed; or (B) the statute, or application thereof, on which the indictment or information 

was based violated the Constitution of the United States or the State of Illinois;

(3) the petitioner is innocent of the offenses charged in the indictment or 

information or his or her acts or omissions charged in the indictment or information did not 

constitute a felony or misdemeanor against the State; and 

(4) the petitioner did not by his or her own conduct voluntarily cause or bring about 

his or her conviction.” 735 ILCS 5/2-702(g)(1)-(4) (West 2018).

¶ 28 Finally, subsection (h) provides: “If the court finds that the petitioner is entitled to a 

judgment, it shall enter a certificate of innocence finding that the petitioner was innocent of all 

offenses for which he or she was incarcerated.” 735 ILCS 5/2-702(h) (West 2018). 
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¶ 29 We now turn our attention to Moore, the reasoning and analysis with which we concur. In 

Moore, following a bench trial, the petitioner was convicted of four offenses: being an armed 

habitual criminal (AHC), robbery, UUWF, and aggravated fleeing of a peace officer. 2020 IL App 

(1st) 190435, ¶ 6. Because one of the predicate felonies for the offense of AHC was a 2004 

conviction for AUUW, the petitioner’s conviction for AHC was later vacated pursuant to Aguilar, 

2013 IL 112116. Id. ¶¶ 6, 8. The petitioner sought a COI as to the AHC count. Id. ¶ 9. The circuit 

court granted a “partial” COI as to the vacated AHC conviction only. Id. The State appealed and 

the circuit court stayed its order pending disposition of the appeal. Id.

¶ 30 On appeal, this court reversed and held that “[s]ection 2-702 does not permit the issuance 

of a COI unless the petitioner is deemed innocent of all charges in the indictment for which the 

petitioner was convicted.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶ 3. In so concluding, the court examined the 

pertinent parts of the COI statute which we include here. 

¶ 31 Looking at subsection (g), the court stated that the second element “strongly suggests that 

a petitioner must be innocent of all offenses charged in the indictment, not just some.” (Emphasis 

in original.) Id. ¶ 24. The court found that paragraphs (2)(A) and (2)(B) did not apply to the 

defendant, and we come to the same conclusion here.

¶ 32 Paragraph (2)(A), which provides “the judgment of conviction was reversed or vacated, 

and the indictment or information dismissed[,]” does not apply because the charges for UUWF 

have not been vacated and thus, the indictment has not been dismissed. The Moore court also 

pointed out that the inclusion of the phrase, “and the indictment or information dismissed[,]” 

suggests that the legislature intended the statute to apply “only to situations where all the charges 

leading to *** incarceration were legally invalid[.]” (Emphases original.) Id. ¶ 26. 
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¶ 33 Paragraph (2)(B), which provides “the statute, or application thereof, on which the 

indictment or information was based violated the Constitution of the United States or the State of 

Illinois[,]” does not apply because the indictment here was based on multiple statutes, including a 

different statute for the two counts of UUWF. This is in contrast to the language of paragraph 

(2)(B), which “speaks of a singular ‘statute *** on which the indictment or information was based.’ 

” Id. ¶ 28 (quoting 735 ILCS 5/2-702(g)(2)(B) (West 2018)). Thus, the second element of 

subsection (g) cannot be satisfied by only one of the counts of the indictment against defendant 

being vacated. See id. 

¶ 34 The third element requires that “the petitioner is innocent of the offenses charged in the 

indictment or information or his or her acts or omissions charged in the indictment or information 

did not constitute a felony or misdemeanor against the State[.]” (Emphases added.) 735 ILCS 5/2-

702(g)(3) (West 2018). The Moore court found that the legislature’s use of the plural, as opposed 

to the singular, indicates that a partial COI cannot be obtained. See Moore, 2020 IL App (1st) 

190435, ¶¶ 29-30. 

¶ 35 The Moore court then stated that subsection (h) plainly does not provide authority for a 

judge to issue a COI where the petitioner has been found innocent of only some of the offenses 

that led to imprisonment. Id. ¶ 31. The subsection clearly provides that the court should issue a 

COI where it finds that “the petitioner was innocent of all offenses for which he or she was 

incarcerated.” (Emphases added.) 735 ILCS 5/2-702(h) (West 2018). This same language is also 

included in subsection (b), stating that the requisite petition should request a COI “finding that the 

petitioner was innocent of all offenses for which he or she was incarcerated.” (Emphases added.) 

Id. § 2-702(b). The court concluded that the effect of these subsections is that there is no statutory 
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authority for a petitioner to request, or for a court to issue, “a finding of innocence on some, but 

not all, offenses that led to incarceration.” Moore, 2020 IL App (1st) 190435, ¶¶ 31-33. 

¶ 36 Based on its interpretation of the COI statute, the Moore court held that section 2-702 does 

not authorize a COI where the petitioner was correctly incarcerated based on at least one 

conviction, regardless of the petitioner’s improper incarceration based on another vacated 

conviction. 

¶ 37 Applying Moore’s interpretation to the instant case, we must conclude that the invalid, and 

subsequently vacated, conviction for AUUW does not entitle defendant to a COI where he was 

charged and found guilty of two other offenses. Certainly, defendant’s sentence of four years’ 

imprisonment was pursuant to the now-vacated AUUW conviction; however, as stated, the vacatur 

of the sentenced conviction negates the merger and the unsentenced convictions, and their 

accompanying findings of guilt, stand. As such, defendant would need to prove his innocence for 

those remaining unsentenced convictions to be eligible for a COI. 

¶ 38 Before the circuit court and before this court, defendant solely contends that he is innocent 

as to count 1 of AUUW because the statutory provision was rendered unconstitutional pursuant to 

Aguilar. He does not set forth any allegations showing that he is innocent of the other counts for 

which he was charged and of which he was found guilty. Because he did not provide the court with 

any pleading, evidence, or argument as to his innocence as to the other offenses, we must find that

defendant has not shown his innocence as to all of his offenses for which he was properly 

incarcerated and is not entitled to a COI. See Smith, 2021 IL App (1st) 200984, ¶ 33 (finding that 

the defendant, whose AHC conviction was vacated because it was predicated on a prior AUUW 

conviction, was not entitled to a COI because he was found guilty of three other offenses).
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¶ 39 We also find People v. McClinton, 2018 IL App (3d) 160648, upon which defendant relies, 

inapposite here. There, the defendant was found guilty of AUUW under the now-void statutory 

provision. Id. ¶ 5. On direct appeal, this court reversed her conviction for AUUW based on Aguilar. 

Id. ¶ 6. Although she was charged with other offenses, the State nol-prossed the remaining charges 

following her direct appeal. Id. She was later denied a COI because she “was, and is not, innocent 

of this offense on its facts” regardless of the statute being declared unconstitutional and the State 

moving to nol-pross her other charges. Id. ¶ 7. The Third District of this court vacated the circuit 

court’s order and remanded for entry of an order awarding the defendant a COI. Id. ¶ 22. In so 

ruling, the court recognized that the petitioner did not “intentionally cause or bring about her 

conviction” where the statute that criminalized her actions was void ab initio. Id. ¶ 21. Although 

the defendant in McClinton was charged with other offenses, those were nol-prossed by the State 

and were not considered by the court in determining that the defendant was entitled to a COI.2 In 

contrast, defendant here was found guilty of multiple other offenses, in addition to the one count 

of AUUW that was later vacated under Aguilar. 

¶ 40 Accordingly, we conclude that the circuit court properly denied petitioner’s request for a 

COI. 

¶ 41 Defendant also claims that he was denied due process because the circuit court did not 

issue a written order with factual findings when it denied his request for a certificate of innocence. 

2 We note that there appears to be some debate within the First District of the appellate court as to 

whether a petitioner must prove their innocence as to nol-prossed charges to obtain a COI under section 

2-702. Compare Smith, 2021 IL App (1st) 200984, ¶ 31 (stating that the nol-prossed charges in McClinton

were “irrelevant” to the defendant’s right to a COI because there were no findings of guilt as to any of 

those charges), with Warner, 2022 IL App (1st) 210260, ¶ 42 (“[T]o obtain a COI, petitioner was required 

to show his innocence as to the offenses charged in the information including those that were nol-prossed 

pursuant to the negotiated plea agreement.”). That issue is not before us in this case and, thus, we express 

no opinion on the matter.
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He further asserts that “the circuit court’s failure to issue a written finding of fact and/or addressing 

the relevant authority of [McClinton] raises serious concerns of the appearance of bias” by the 

circuit court judge.

¶ 42 Here, the circuit court orally issued its ruling on the record, stating the following:

“He has now filed under this case number a petition for a Certificate of Innocence 

claiming that he’s entitled to such certificate by virtue of the fact that Aguilar rendered one 

of the counts in this case, or Burns rendered one of the counts in this case unconstitutional. 

He is incorrect in that regard. His petition for a Certificate of Innocence is otherwise 

insufficient to warrant him relief. His petition is denied. The court will enter a one page 

written order.” 

A written order was also in the record stating that the petition was denied.

¶ 43 We reject defendant’s argument where there is nothing in the COI statute requiring the 

circuit court to enter a written order containing findings of fact and conclusions of law. Defendant 

does not direct this court to any particular rule or statutory provision mandating a written order 

with findings of fact and he does not cite to any cases to support his argument. Moreover, our 

review was de novo and defendant cannot show that prejudice resulted from the circuit court’s lack 

of written factual findings. See also In re Rita P., 2014 IL 115798, ¶ 51 (“[A]lthough factual 

findings may provide an explanation or reason for the trial court’s decision, it is the correctness of 

the court’s ruling, and not the correctness of its reasoning, that is under review.”).

¶ 44 In regards to defendant’s claim of judicial bias, we find nothing in the record to support his 

allegations. It is presumed that trial judges are impartial, and only the most extreme circumstances 

warrant disqualifying a judge due to judicial bias. People v. Jackson, 205 Ill. 2d 247, 276 (2001). 

For a defendant to demonstrate bias or prejudice on the part of the circuit court, “the record must 
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show that there was active personal animosity, hostility, ill will or distrust toward the defendant 

and, absent such a showing, a court will not conclude that there was actual prejudice which 

prevented or interfered with a fair hearing.” People v. Johnson, 199 Ill. App. 3d 798, 806 (1990).

¶ 45 Defendant’s only allegation of judicial bias is that the judge should have entered a written 

order with “factual or legal reasoning” for the denial and addressed the case he cited to in his 

petition. For support, he cites to Gacho v. Wills, 986 F.3d 1067, 1068 (7th Cir. 2021), which 

involved a Cook County trial court judge who was sent to federal prison for “soliciting cash for 

acquittals” for years and there was evidence that the judge had been bribed in relation to a 

codefendant. A comparison can hardly be made to the case before us. Merely because the court 

did not explain its reasoning for denying the petition does not give rise to any suggestion of judicial 

bias. See also Eychaner v. Gross, 202 Ill. 2d 228, 280 (2002) (“A judge’s rulings alone almost 

never constitute a valid basis for a claim of judicial bias or partiality.”). 

¶ 46 He next argues that he was denied due process when the Office of the State Appellate 

Defender (OSAD) refused to represent him on appeal. We outright reject this contention as OSAD 

is not statutorily authorized to represent defendants in civil matters. According to the State 

Appellate Defender Act, “[t]he State Appellate Defender shall represent indigent persons on appeal 

in criminal and delinquent minor proceedings, when appointed to do so by a court under a Supreme 

Court Rule or law of this State” (725 ILCS 105/10(a) (West 2018)), and proceedings under the 

certificate of innocence statute are civil in nature. People v. Terrell, 2022 IL App (1st) 192184, ¶ 

40. Additionally, nothing in the COI statute extends the powers of OSAD to represent indigent 

petitioners in these proceedings. For that reason, defendant’s argument is meritless.

¶ 47 In sum, the circuit court properly denied defendant’s petition for a COI and there was no 

violation of defendant’s due process rights. 
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¶ 48 Before concluding, we briefly return to Moore to determine the appropriate action going 

forward. There, the court recognized that where a defendant is convicted of two offenses, one 

validly and one wrongly, a defendant could serve more time in prison than he otherwise would 

“either because he received a greater sentence for the invalid conviction or because the sentences 

ran consecutively, not concurrently.” Moore, 2020 IL App (1st) 190435, ¶ 39. In Moore, the 

petitioner was sentenced to 15 years for the later-vacated AHC, 10 years for robbery, and 6 years 

for aggravated fleeing, with the sentences running concurrently. Id. ¶ 40. The court acknowledged 

that the petitioner spent more time in prison than he should have but nonetheless concluded that 

section 2-702 did not provide a remedy in that particular circumstance. Id. ¶¶ 41-42. Nonetheless, 

the court stated that the petitioner was not foreclosed from seeking redress in the Court of Claims 

for his time spent wrongly incarcerated or to receive an expungement of his conviction, despite 

the lack of a COI, and thus, the court reversed and remanded “in the event petitioner may seek any 

such additional remedy or relief.” Id. ¶¶ 43-45. 

¶ 49 Here, defendant was sentenced to four years’ imprisonment for the now-vacated offense of 

AUUW, which was a class 2 felony with a sentencing range of three to seven years. He was also 

found guilty of UUWF, which was class 3 felony with a sentencing range of two to ten years. (720 

ILCS 5/24-1.1(e) (West 2002)). As such, it is not clear that defendant wrongfully spent additional 

time in prison based on the now-vacated AUUW. Nonetheless, we follow Moore’s lead and, in 

addition to our remand for purposes of entry of final judgment and sentence on defendant’s UUWF 

charge, we remand in the event defendant wishes either to seek expungement of the now-vacated

AUUW conviction or, if available, other redress related to that charge in particular. 

¶ 50 III. CONCLUSION
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¶ 51 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court, and, consistent with our 

findings, the cause is remanded for additional proceedings. 

¶ 52 Affirmed and remanded.