FIL ED U.S. COURT OF APPEAL S EL EVENTHCI RCUI T APRI L20, 2009 THOMAS K. KAH

N CL ERK [DO N OT PUBLISH] IN THE UN ITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELE VENTH CIRCUIT

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ No. 0 8- 14 16 4 Non -Arg um en t Ca le nd ar

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Age nc y No. A9 8- 87 0- 62 4 SO HON KWEE, Pet it io ne r, ve rs us U.S. ATTO RNEY GENERAL, Res po nd en t.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Pet it io n fo r Rev ie w of aDeci si on of t he Bo ardof I m

m ig rat io n Ap pe al s

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ (Ap ril 20 , 20 09 ) Befo re BARKETT, MARCUS an d ANDERSON, Ci rcu itJu dg es . PER CURI AM: So HonKwee, a n at iv e an d c it iz enof I nd on es ia , see ks rev ie w of the Bo ardof

Im m ig rat io n Ap pe al s’s (“ BIA”) ord er aff irming th e Imm ig rat io n J ud ge ’s (“ IJ ”) de ni al of a sylum . Kwee so ug htasylu m all eg in g tha t s he su ffer edpa stpe rs ecu ti on an d h as a well -fo un de d fe ar o f fu tu re p ers ecu ti on by Ind on es ia ’s Mu sl im m ajor ity ba se d upo n h er s ta tu s as aneth ni c Ch in es e Ch ris ti an . The IJde ni edhe r reque st co nc lu di ng th atsh e h adno t es tabl is he d p as t p ers ecu ti on an d a ls o tha t s he fai le d t o sh ow a n ex us be twee n h er re li gi ou s b el ie fs an d h er fe ar o f fu tu re p ers ecu ti on . Whe n the BIA is su es a de ci si on , we rev ie w on ly tha t d eci si on , exc ep t t o the ex te ntth atth e BIA ex pr es sl y ad op ts th e IJ ’s dec is io n. Al Najjar v. Ash cro ft, 2 57 F.3 d 1 26 2, 1 28 4 (1 1t h C ir. 2 00 1) . Here, th e BIA ad op te d the IJ’s d eci si on witho ut a se pa rat e o pi ni on , th us we rev ie w th e IJ ’s dec is io n. To the ex te ntth atth e IJ ’s dec is io n was ba se d o n aleg al de te rm in at io n, o ur rev ie w is de no vo . Nrekav. U.S. Att ’y Gen., 4 08 F.3d13 61 , 13 68 (11 thCir . 20 05 ). The IJ ’s factua l d et erm in at io ns are re vi ewedun de r th e subs tant ia l ev id en ce te st , andwe wil l af

firm th e IJ ’s dec is io n “ if i t i s s up po rte d b y reas on ab le , subs tant ia l, an d p ro ba ti ve ev id en ce o n the reco rdco ns id eredas awho le .” De San ta m ari a v . U.S. Att’y Gen., 5 25 F.3d99 9, 1 00 6 (1 1t h C ir. 2 00 8) (qu ot at io n om itte d) . W e wil l n otrev ers e a fac tu al de te rm in at io n u nl es s the reco rd s co m pe ls a co nt rary con cl us io n. Id . An al ie n wh o arri ve s i n o r is pre se ntinth e Uni te d S tate s m ay ap pl y for 2as y lu m . See INA § 20 8( a)(1 ), 8 U.S.C. § 11 58 (a)( 1) . To be eli gi bl e fo r as y lu m ,

th e ap pl ic an t m

us t p ro ve th atsh e is a “ refu ge e” wi th inth e m ean in g o f th e INA. INA § 2 08 (b )(1 )(A); 8 U.S.C. § 11 58 (b )(1 )(A). A refu ge e is de fin edas: an y pe rs on who is ou ts id e an y co un try of s uc h p ers on ’s nat io na li ty or, inth e cas e o f a p ers on ha vi ng no na ti on al ity , is ou ts id e an y co un try in whi chsu chpe rs on las t h ab itua ll y res id ed , andwho is un ab le or un wil li ng to return t o, an d i s u nabl e o r un wil li ng to av ai l h im se lf o r he rs el f of th e p ro te ct io n o f, th atco un try becaus e o f pe rs ecu ti on or a well -fo un de d fe ar o f pe rs ecu ti on on acco un t o f rac e, rel ig io n, na ti on al ity , m em

be rs hi p i n aparti cu lar so ci al gro up , or p ol it ic al op in io n. INA § 1 01 (a)( 42 )(A); 8 U.S.C. § 11 01 (a)( 42 )(A). To e st ab li sh refu ge e st atus , th e ap pl ic an t m

us t s ho w, with sp eci fic an d c red ib le ev id en ce, ei th er p as t p ers ecu ti on ora “ well -fo un de d fe ar” o f fu ture p ers ecu ti on on acco un t o f rac e, rel ig io n, na ti on al ity , m em

be rs hi p i n aparti cu lar so ci al gro up , or p ol it ic al op in io n. 8 C.F.R. § 2 08 .13 (b ); S an ch ez J im en ez v . U.S. Att’y Gen., 4 92 F.3d12 23 , 12 32 (11 th Cir . 20 07 ). “ [A]n ap pl ic an t ca n e st ab li sh eli gi bi li ty for as y lu m as l on g a s h e can sh ow th atth e p ers ecu ti on is , at l eas t i n p art , m ot iv at edby a pro te ct edgro un d.” San ch ez Ji m en ez, 4 92 F.3dat 1 23 2 (quo ta ti on om it te d) (em ph as is inori gi na l); see als o 8 U.S.C. §1 15 8( b) (1 )(B) (i) (requi rin g i n p os t-R EAL ID Act cas es th atth e cl ai m ed pr ot ect edgro un d “ was or wi ll be at l eas t o ne cen tra l re as on forpe rs ecu ti ng th e ap pl ic an t” ). A sh owi ng of p as t p ers ecu ti on crea te s a p res um pt io n o f a

3well -fo un de d fe ar o f fu tu re p ers ecu ti on . Sep ul ve dav. U.S. Att ’y Gen., 4 01 F.3d 12 26 , 12 31 (11 th Cir . 20 05 ). If anap pl ic an t fa il s t o e st ab li sh pa stpe rs ecu ti on , he c anpro ve eli gi bi li ty for as y lu m by sho win g (1 ) a s ub

jecti ve ly genui ne an d o bjec ti ve ly reaso nabl e fear of pe rs ecu ti on th atis (2) on acco un t o f a p ro te ct edgro un d. 8 C.F.R. § 2 08 .13 (b )(2 )(i ); De San ta m ari a, 52 5 F .3dat 1 00 7. Th e subjec ti ve co m po ne nt canbe sat is fie d b y

th e ap pl ic an t’s cr ed ib le tes ti m on y th atsh e g enui ne ly fears pe rs ecu ti on . De San tam ari a, 52 5 F .3dat 1 00 7. Th e o bjec ti ve pro ng canbe sa ti sf ie d b y est ab li sh in g tha t the ap pl ic an t h as a go odreas on to fearfutur e pe rs ecu ti on . Id. Upo n re vi ew of

th e rec or d, we co nc lu de th atKwee ha s n otsh ownth atth e in ci de nt s wh ic h s he all eg es co ns ti tu te pa stpe rs ecu ti on , e.g. b ei ng ina gr oup o f pe op le who were p ul le d o ff o f publ ic trans po rta ti on by Mus li m s, b ei ng runou t o f he r pa st or ’s ho m e, an d re cei vi ng th reat en in g p ho ne cal ls , were “ on acco un t o f” h er rel ig io us be li efs or e th ni ci ty. As t o the ph on e cal ls an d the in ci de ntat h er p as to r’s ho us e, sh e was un ab le to id en ti fy who th e p erp etrat or s wer e o r why the y tar ge te d he r. Kwee al so tes ti fie d tha t M us li m s trie d t o p rev en t h er n ei gh bo rs fro m us in g publ ic tra ns po rta ti on , bu t thi s ap pl ie d t o b ot h C hr is ti an s an d M us li m s. Thus , eve n were we t o c on cl ud e th atth es e in ci de nt s co ns ti tu te pa stpe rs ecu ti on , whi chwe 4ne edno t d o, Kwee h as no t p res en te d e vi de nc e li nk in g the m to a pr ot ect edgro un d. Lik ewis e, we co nc lu de th atsh e h as no t s ho wn a wel l-f ou nd edfearof f

utur e pe rs ecu ti on on acco un t o f he r rel ig io us be li efs . PETI TI ON DENI ED.

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