IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

March 24, 2009 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. WILEY RATHBONE

 Appeal from the Circuit Court for Cocke County

No. 9966 Ben W. Hooper, II, Judge

No. E2008-00403-CCA-MR3-CD - Filed September 21, 2009

The Defendant, Wiley Rathbone, was convicted by a jury in Cocke County Circuit Court of three

counts of aggravated assault, Class C felonies, and one count of domestic assault, a Class A

misdemeanor. The trial court imposed sentences of five years for each aggravated assault offense

and eleven months and twenty-nine days for the domestic assault offense, ordering all sentences to

be served concurrently except for one aggravated assault sentence which is to be served

consecutively and on probation, for a total effective sentence of five years incarceration followed

by five years probation. In this appeal as of right, he contends (1) that the State’s comments before

the jury denied him a fair trial, (2) that the evidence is insufficient to support his convictions, and

(3) that the trial court imposed an excessive sentence both in length and manner of service.

Following our review, we affirm the convictions but remand the case for reconsideration of the

lengths of the sentences and imposition of consecutive sentences. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court are Affirmed in

Part and Reversed in Part; Case Remanded. 

D. KELLY THOMAS,JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOSEPH M. TIPTON, P.J., and

JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., J., joined.

Edward C. Miller, District Public Defender; and Keith E. Haas, Assistant District Public Defender,

attorneys for appellant, Wiley Rathbone.

Robert E. Cooper,Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Deshea Dulany, Assistant Attorney General;

James B. Dunn, District Attorney General; and Amanda Inman Lowe, Assistant District Attorney

General, attorneys for appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

The offenses arose from a July 9, 2006, altercation among the Defendant, his girlfriend,

Tammy Holt, her sister, Ralphene Ball, and the sisters’ mother, Irene Williams. The Cocke County

grand jury indicted the Defendant for three counts of aggravated assault, one with respect to each
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victim, and an additional count of domestic assault related to Ms. Holt. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-

13-111. The aggravated assault counts related to Ms. Ball and Ms. Holt both alleged the use of a

deadly weapon, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-102(a)(1)(B), while the aggravated assault count

related to Ms. Williams alleged that the victim suffered serious bodily injury. See Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 39-13-102(a)(1)(A). 

Cocke County Sheriff’s Department Lieutenant Ron Rice testified that he responded to the

call of a domestic disturbance on June 9, 2006. Upon his arrival, he encountered three females who

came toward him “kind of screaming hysterical-like accusations towards [the Defendant].” He

immediately noticed that the women had injuries and asked if they wanted him to call an ambulance,

but the women refused medical assistance at that time. Through his investigation, Lieutenant Rice

learned that the women were Irene Williams, Ralphene Ball, and Tammy Holt. He noted that Ms.

Williams had a cut above her right eye and considerable bruising to her left hand. Ms. Ball suffered

“a large gash on the top of her head” and told Lieutenant Rice that the Defendant hit her with a

baseball bat. Ms. Holt had bruises to her face, eyes, and nose. He also noticed the Defendant at the

scene and that the Defendant was covered with pepper spray. The Defendant gave Lieutenant Rice

the following account of the altercation that morning:

He told me that his girlfriend, Tammy Holt, was on pills. She was wanting

some more pills or something. He couldn’t sleep, and they had gotten in an

argument. And he then – she started towards the bedroom and he went – he told that

he hit her. I asked him if he hit any of them, and he said yes. He said that he hit her.

Then her mother, Ms. Williamson (sic), she got involved in some way, and he

advised that he had taken – they had went to the back bedroom and he had pinned

them both on the bed himself.

. . . . 

He told me that later on Ralphene came down, or Ms. Ball came down there, he

didn’t know what she was going to be up to, and he went out to the car and got a bat

to protect himself. 

. . . . 

[Ms. Ball] started towards him with the spray and she sprayed him and he

started swingly wildly.

Based upon the Defendant’s account of the incident, Lieutenant Rice arrested the Defendant for

domestic assault. 

Lieutenant Rice and other officers recovered a small baseball bat from inside the front door

of the residence. He also stated that Ms. Ball gave them a can of pepper spray. He recalled that a

child was present when he arrived at the scene and that Steven Ball, Ms. Ball’s son, arrived “a little

later” after he and the officers “had everything under control.” He also recalled that the house was
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not “in that big of a disarray” but that pepper spray “was dripping off the walls of the front entrance

to the door.” 

The Defendant gave a statement once in custody at the jail. He indicated that Ms. Holt and

he argued about her drug use and that her mother involved herself in the argument and “wanted to

fight [him].” Both his girlfriend and her mother threatened him, and he ran to the back bedroom.

The Defendant told authorities that he “had to fight both of them off.” According to the Defendant,

his girlfriend’s sister arrived thirty to forty-five minutes later and sprayed him with pepper spray.

He stated he hit Ms. Ball with a baseball bat because he was “fearing for [his] safety.” He also

admitted to hitting Ms. Holt and Ms. Williams with his fist but claimed it was also out of fear for

his safety. 

Lieutenant Rice testified on cross-examination that the effects of pepper spray can be

debilitating. He also acknowledged that pepper spray could be used in an offensive or defensive

manner. He also acknowledged that “it’s fair to say [that the Defendant] had quite a bit [of pepper

spray] on him.” Lieutenant Rice admitted that in his closing conversation with the 911 center, he

may have commented that one of the females might be charged with assault. He claimed that “if one

was charged possibly it would have been Ms. Ball because she’s the one that had the spray.”

However, he also stated that the use of the baseball bat was more aggressive so “it seemed more

feasible to charge [the Defendant].” On redirect, he elaborated regarding his charging decision and

stated that Ms. Ball “had sustained quite a bit of injuries so I didn’t consider her as being the primary

aggressor in the case.” 

Tammy Holt testified that at the time of the incident she was living with her mother and her

great-niece. She recalled that the Defendant also “stayed with [them]” at the residence while the two

were dating. She testified that early in the morning on June 9, 2006, she woke up to go to the

bathroom. When she returned to bed, the Defendant told her she woke him up so she told him she

would go to the couch. As she began to leave the bedroom, the Defendant started hitting her in her

chest. The Defendant followed her to the couch and started “cussing [her] and stuff” while still

hitting her. Ms. Holt’s mother came into the living room where she and the Defendant then “started

fussing and going on.” Ms. Holt ran to the bedroom, grabbed the telephone, and locked herself in

the bathroom so she could call the police.

Ms. Holt testified that the Defendant kicked in the bathroom door and started beating her in

the face. She stated that while the Defendant beat her, her mother was trying to get him to stop and

the Defendant would “reach around [her] and he would hit Mother.” Ms. Holt stated that “I grabbed

my mother and [threw] her down on the bed and I jumped down on top of her and had her up under

me trying to shield her because . . . I didn’t want him to beat[] her.” The Defendant continued to

beat both women with his fists. Ms. Holt recalled that the Defendant wore a horseshoe ring on his

left hand. Ms. Holt’s great-niece, Hannah Ball, telephoned her grandmother, Ralphene Ball, for

help. 

Ms. Holt recalled that the Defendant finally stopped when her mother told him, “‘Wiley, quit.

You’re going to kill us, you’re going to kill us. How would you like for your daughter . . . to see

somebody beating you?’” – referring to the fact that Hannah was witnessing the entire incident.

Both women went to the kitchen where Ms. Holt began treating her mother’s wounds. She recalled
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that her mother was bleeding. The women went to the couch, and Hannah came out from her

bedroom. The Defendant ordered all three to stay on the couch and threatened Ms. Holt that he

would hurt her if she did not “sit [her] ass back down on the couch and not move.” 

Ms. Holt testified that as they sat on the couch, the telephone continued to ring because Ms.

Ball was calling. The Defendant had both telephones but refused to answer. When Ms. Ball arrived

at the residence, Ms. Holt, her mother, and Hannah were still sitting on the couch. The Defendant

had the front door locked. The Defendant opened the door after Ms. Ball knocked several times.

Ms. Holt followed Ms. Ball to the kitchen where she told her to “call the law.” Ms. Ball used her

cellular telephone to call the police and her son (and Hannah’s father), Steven Ball. When Ms. Ball

returned to the living room, one of the women asked if she had called the police, and she announced

that she did and that her son was also on his way. The Defendant told the women, “‘I don’t take

threats too G.D. easy’” and went to his car, returning with a bat. Ms. Ball told the Defendant that

he should hope the police arrive before her son. The Defendant started toward her with the bat in

his hand, and they “scuffled” until she sprayed him with the pepper spray. At some point, Ms. Ball

tripped over some carpeting and fell. The Defendant then “hit[] her good.” Ms. Holt stated that she

tried to grab his arm but that he was wet from the pepper spray and hit her with the bat. When the

police arrived, the Defendant went to the kitchen and began washing hisface. The women and child

walked out on the porch. Ms. Holt testified that she felt safe once the police arrived. She stated that

she suffered “a broken nose, broken eyebrow, and a ruptured neck” as a result of the altercation.

Photographs admitted at trial documented these injuries as well as bruises to her arm from being hit

with the bat. Ms. Holt testified that her mother’s injuries were more severe than hers and that her

mother still suffers from some memory loss as a result of the beating. 

On cross-examination, Ms. Holt testified that the Defendant had undergone emergency

quintuple bypass surgery in August 2005, ten months prior to the offenses. She also acknowledged

that the Defendant accused her of taking drugs on the morning of the altercation, but she denied that

she had taken anything. She testified that the Defendant called his own mother “and told her that

she needed to come down there . . . before he killed these bitches . . . . And I think he did call the law

but he gave them the wrong address.” When asked why she did not leave, Ms. Holt testified that she

was not free to leave because the Defendant “held [her] captive in [her] own home on the couch.”

Irene Williams, sixty-six years old at the time of trial, testified regarding the altercation with

the Defendant. Ms. Williams recalled that the argument between her daughter and the Defendant

had awakened her great-granddaughter, Hannah, so Ms. Williams approached the Defendant to tell

them to stop arguing. Her testimony about the altercation escalating was consistent with the

testimony of Ms. Holt. She also stated that Hannah stood in a bedroom doorway for much of the

incident and cried for the Defendant to stop beating the women. She recalled that Ms. Ball pepper

sprayed the Defendant as he returned through the front door after retrieving his bat. Ms. Williams

described injuries to the right side of her head that required stitches to her forehead and three staples

to the right side of her scalp. She also suffered a cracked bone in her wrist that required her to wear

a cast for about six weeks. Ms. Williams testified that as a result of the beating, she required surgery

followed by a two-week hospital stay. She also testified that the pain she felt as a result of her

injuries was horrible and that she continued to suffer from headaches. 
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On cross-examination, Ms. Williams denied that Ms. Ball told the Defendant he should hope

the police arrive before Mr. Ball. She recalled Ms. Ball telling the Defendant to leave before the

police or Mr. Ball arrived. She could not recall the police offering the women an ambulance and

stated that they would have taken one if it had been offered. She added that she was transferred from

Baptist Hospital in Cocke County to the University of Tennessee Hospital via ambulance later that

day. She also recalled that the Defendant’s mother arrived at the residence after the police and that

she collected the Defendant’s clothing and other belongings. 

Ralphene Ball testified that her granddaughter Hannah telephoned her at approximately 4:30

a.m. on June 9, 2006, and that she was crying hysterically because the Defendant and Ms. Holt were

fighting. Ms. Ball tried to telephone the home repeatedly to talk to an adult because she felt that

Hannah might be confusing fussing or arguing with fighting. When she was unable to reach anyone,

she began the twenty-five minute trip to her mother’s home. She knocked on the front door and the

Defendant let her in. Her mother, sister, and granddaughter were sitting on the couch. Hannah

immediately ran to Ms. Ball and they went into the kitchen. Ms. Ball testified that her sister

mouthed the words “Call the law” to her so she went outside and called the police. She also

telephoned her son to come pick up Hannah. When she returned and announced that she had called

the police, the Defendant left the porch and went to his car. When he returned with a bat, Ms. Ball

testified that she pepper sprayed him in the face. She stated that the Defendant struck her with the

bat several times on the right side of her head. Describing her injuries, she testified that she suffered

a three centimeter cut that exposed her skull. Ms. Ball testified that she repeatedly told the

Defendant that he needed to leave, but she denied making any threats about the police or her son.

The Defendant testified that Ms. Holt had woken him early in the morning of June 9, 2006,

by getting in and out of bed. Because they had recently argued about her taking Xanax, he again

accused her of taking pills, which she denied, and an argument ensued. The Defendant testified that

he was fearful that Ms. Holt would obtain a gun from the bedroom and also stated that Ms. Williams

threatened to “‘smash [him] right in the face.’” He recalled that he phoned his parents and asked for

help. He stated that he also called the police twice. The Defendant testified that Ms. Ball arrived

and came inside to speak with her mother and sister before going to her car for her pepper spray.

He stated that she returned and verbally threatened to pepper spray him. By this time, he had

retrieved the bat. The Defendant testified that he did not want to fight with anybody and that it was

dangerous for him to fight since his quintuple bypass surgery. He testified that he was “scared to

death” throughout the incident. He stated that he only used the bat to protect himself. 

On cross-examination, the Defendant admitted that he followed Ms. Holt to the bedroom,

despite his fear that she was obtaining a weapon. He also admitted that she never obtained a gun or

a knife but stated that she did have a telephone and that “[w]ell, a telephone can be a weapon.” He

also admitted that he never got into his car to leave, although he testified that he was in fear of his

safety. He explained that he could not leave the residence because everything that he owned was

there.

An audiotape recording of the telephone calls to the 911 center was played for the jury. The

recording reflects that three telephone calls were placed to 911 requesting law enforcement at the

residence. The first call was made by Ms. Ball who reported that the Defendant had beat up her
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sister and “punched [her] momma in the face.” Two subsequent calls were made by a male,

presumably the Defendant. The male voice gives the wrong address but the dispatcher corrects him

and assures him that someone is already on the way. The tape recording also reflects that one of the

officers at the scene discussed charging a female with assault following the initial investigation.

Iva Lee Rathbone, the Defendant’s mother, testified that the Defendant telephoned her in the

early hours of June 9 and asked her to come to Ms. Williams residence. She testified that the

Defendant told her that “they” were trying to kill him. Her son-in-law drove her for the twenty-five

minute trip to the residence. When she arrived, Lieutenant Rice told her that the Defendant was in

Rice’s squad car. She testified that the Defendant’s face, head, shoulders, and chest were covered

in pepper spray. Ms. Rathbone went inside the home to retrieve the Defendant’s clothes and

medicine. She testified that Ms. Holt and Ms. Ball were leaving in a vehicle as she approached the

home. She went inside to find Ms. Williams cleaning the house. She did not discuss the altercation

with Ms. Williams but asked her for a bag in which to collect the Defendant’s clothes. Ms.

Rathbone testified that Ms. Williams helped her collect the Defendant’s belongings and then left.

ANALYSIS

Sufficiency of the Evidence

As an initial argument, the Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support

his convictions for aggravated assault and domestic assault because he acted in self-defense when

attacked by the victims in his own home where he owed no duty to retreat. The State argues that 

the evidence supports the verdicts that the Defendant was the aggressor in the altercation.

Next, the Defendant contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for

the aggravated assault by use of a deadly weapon of Ms. Holt because the proof showed that he only

swung the baseball bat at Ms. Ball. He argues that Ms. Holt approached him while he was blinded

by the pepper spray that Ms. Ball had sprayed in his eyes and that any “swinging of the bat” directed

at her was inadvertent. He also argues that he only obtained the bat to protect himself from Ms. Ball

and her son, who had been called to the home. 

The Defendant also contends that the evidence is insufficient to support his conviction for

the aggravated assault with serious bodily injury of Ms. Williams because the evidence did not show

that Ms. Williams suffered serious bodily injury as a result of the altercation with the Defendant.

He claims that the evidence shows that the victim suffered only a few cuts and abrasions and that

injuries such as these do not rise to the level of serious bodily injury to support an aggravated assault

conviction. 

An appellate court’s standard of review when the defendant questions the sufficiency of the

evidence on appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond

a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979) (emphasis in original). The

appellate court does not reweigh the evidence; rather, it presumes that the jury has resolved all
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conflicts in the testimony and drawn all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the State.

See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835

(Tenn. 1978).

Questions regarding witness credibility, conflicts in testimony, and the weight and value to

be given to evidence were resolved by the jury. See State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn.

1997). A guilty verdict removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a presumption

of guilt, and on appeal the defendant has the burden of illustrating why the evidence is insufficient

to support the jury’s verdict. Id.; State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). This standard

applies to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination

of both direct and circumstantial evidence. State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1999).

The conviction for aggravated assault committed against Ms. Williams requires proof that

the Defendant intentionally or knowingly caused serious bodily injury to the victim. Tenn. Code

Ann. § 39-13-102(a)(1)(A). Serious bodily injury is defined as “bodily injury that involves a

substantial risk of death; protracted unconsciousness; extreme physical pain; protracted or obvious

disfigurement; or protracted loss or substantial impairment of a function of a bodily member, organ

or mental faculty.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-106(a)(34). The convictions for aggravated assault

committed against Ms. Ball and Ms. Holt require proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the

Defendant intentionally or knowingly caused the victims to reasonably fear imminent bodily injury

through the use or display of a deadly weapon. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-102(a)(1)(B). 

The proof in this case shows that in the early morning hours of June 9, 2006, the Defendant

began arguing with Ms. Holt. The argument quickly escalated into physical violence that also

involved Ms. Williams. The Defendant struck both women with his fists. Fearful for the women’s

safety, Hannah called her grandmother for help. Ms. Ball arrived to find both her sister and her

mother had suffered injuries from the beatings at the hands of the Defendant. After Ms. Ball called

the police and her son, the Defendant went outside to his car to obtain a ball bat. Ms. Ball peppersprayed the Defendant and in the ensuing fracas, Ms. Ball and Ms. Holt were struck with the ball bat.

Although he suffered the effects of the pepper spray, the Defendant reported no other injuries from

the altercation.

Relevant to the Defendant’s arguments regarding self-defense and the attack on Ms. Holt,

the jury chose to accredit the testimony of the victims that the Defendant was the aggressor during

the incident. Relevant to the aggravated assault of Ms. Williams, the victim testified that she

required surgery and a two-week hospital stay as a result of her injuries. She also stated that she

wore a cast on her hand for six weeks and that she still suffers some memory impairment and

residual pain from the injuries. The evidence supports the jury’s verdict that Ms. Williams suffered

serious bodily injury at the Defendant’s hands. Therefore, we conclude that there is sufficient

evidence to support the Defendant’s convictions in this case. 

Prosecutorial Misconduct
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The Defendant contends that the prosecutor made improper comments in front of the jury

regarding medical evidence that had been limited by the trial court’s pretrial rulings. He argues that

the State’s comments in response to his objections amounted to prosecutorial misconduct that denied

him a fair trial. The State asserts that the Defendant has failed to establish any prejudice resulting

from the comments of the prosecutor. 

When a defendant makes allegations of prosecutorial misconduct on appeal, this Court

reviews the record to see “whether such conduct could have affected the verdict to the prejudice of

the defendant.” State v. Smith, 803 S.W.2d 709, 710 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). In other words, it

will be reversible errorif the improper comments of the prosecutor were so improper or the argument

so inflammatory that it affected the verdict. See State v. Reid, 164 S.W.3d 286, 344 (Tenn. 2005);

Harrington v. State, 215 Tenn. 338, 385 S.W.2d 758, 759 (Tenn. 1965). This court must consider

the following five factors on appeal:

“(1) the conduct complained of viewed in context and in light of the facts and

circumstances of the case; (2) the curative measures undertaken by the Court and the

prosecution; (3) the intent of the prosecutor in making the improper statement; (4)

the cumulative effect of the improper conduct and any other errors in the record; and

(5) the relative strength or weakness of the case.”

State v. Buck, 670 S.W.2d 600, 609 (Tenn. 1984) (quoting Judge v. State, 539 S.W.2d 340, 344

(Tenn. Crim. App. 1976)); see also State v. Goltz, 111 S.W.3d 1, 5-6 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003). 

The record reflects that the trial court limited much of the medical records that documented

Ms. Williams’ injuries when the State chose not to present any expert testimony regarding the degree

of injuries and treatment for her injuries sustained in the altercation with the Defendant. During

direct examination, Ms. Williams described her injuries and stated that she was treated for a blood

clot and brain injury. The Defendant objected, and the trial court gave a curative instruction to the

jury to disregard the testimony. Later during direct examination, Ms. Williams testified that she was

treated for a broken hand. When the Defendant objected, the prosecutor commented that “I think

a person would know, Your Honor, whether their bone is cracked as opposed to a blood clot.” The

Defendant requested a mistrial. The trial court denied the motion for mistrial but once again gave

a curative instruction to disregard the testimony.

On cross-examination, the Defendant elicited testimony from Ms. Williams regarding her

being treated for cancer contemporaneously to the incident in an effort to show that some of her

symptoms were related to her cancer and not the injuries sustained in the assault. Because the trial

court had previously ruled that the State could not discuss on direct examination Ms. Williams’

treatment for cancer, the State objected and stated, “We’ve been over it continually what we are

supposed to address and what we’re not, Your Honor. If we’re going to get beat up about what

we’re not addressing because you’ve made a ruling [to exclude it], I object to that.”

The Defendant generally argues that both of the comments by the State amounted to

prosecutorial misconduct. Initially, we note that the Defendant objected rather inconsistently to

areas of testimony perceived to be elicited in violation of the trial court’s pretrial ruling. For
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example, Ms. Williams testified without objection to requiring three staples in her head, surgery, and

a cast on her hand as a result of the assault. Photographs of her injuries post-surgery were admitted

without objection as well; these photographs clearly depict that the victim suffered some head

trauma as a result of her injuries. Furthermore, we agree that the Defendant elicited a portion of the

objectionable testimony giving rise to the prosecutor’s comments. Under these circumstances, we

conclude that the Defendant has failed to establish prosecutorial misconduct in this case. 

 

Sentencing

As his final allegation of error, the Defendant contends that the trial court imposed an

excessive sentence in length and manner of service. Initially, the Defendant generally argues that

the trial court did not give proper consideration to alternative sentencing. The Defendant makes

another general argument that the trial court should not have imposed a sentence of five years, near

the maximum ofsix years. The Defendant does specifically argue that the trial court failed to make

appropriate findings regarding the imposition of consecutive sentences. In response, the State

contends that the trial court appropriately applied enhancement factors to support the imposition of

the five-year sentences but that the case should be remanded for appropriate findings regarding

consecutive sentencing. Following our review, we agree with the State.

An appellate court’s review of sentencing is de novo on the record with a presumption that

the trial court’s determinations are correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401(d). As the Sentencing

Commission Comments to this section note, on appeal the burden is on the Defendant to show that

the sentence is improper. This means that if the trial court followed the statutory sentencing

procedure, made findings of fact that are adequately supported in the record, and gave due

consideration and proper weight to the factors and principles that are relevant to sentencing under

the 1989 Sentencing Act, the court may not disturb the sentence even if a different result were

preferred. State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

However, “the presumption of correctness which accompanies the trial court’s action is

conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing

principles and all relevant facts and circumstances.” State v. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn.

1991). In this respect, for the purpose of meaningful appellate review,

[T]he trial court must place on the record its reasons for arriving at the final

sentencing decision, identify the mitigating and enhancement factors found, state the

specific facts supporting each enhancement factor found, and articulate how the

mitigating and enhancement factors have been evaluated and balanced in determining

the sentence. 

State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 599 (Tenn. 1994) (citation omitted); see Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-

210(e). 

Tennessee’s sentencing act provides:
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(c) The court shall impose a sentence within the range of punishment, determined by

whether the defendant is a mitigated, standard, persistent, career, or repeat violent

offender. In imposing a specific sentence within the range of punishment, the court

shall consider, but is not bound by, the following advisory sentencing guidelines:

(1) The minimum sentence within the range of punishment is the

sentence that should be imposed, because the general assembly set the

minimum length of sentence for each felony class to reflect the

relative seriousness of each criminal offense in the felony

classifications; and

(2) The sentence length within the range should be adjusted, as

appropriate, by the presence or absence of mitigating and

enhancement factors set out in §§ 40-35-113 and 40-35-114.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(c)(1)-(2). 

The weight to be afforded an enhancement or mitigating factor is left to the trial court’s

discretion so long as its use complies with the purposes and principles of the 1989 Sentencing Act

and the court’s findings are adequately supported by the record. Id. § (d)-(f); State v. Carter, 254

S.W.3d 335, 342-43 (Tenn. 2008). “An appellate court is therefore bound by a trial court’s decision

as to the length of the sentence imposed so long as it is imposed in a manner consistent with the

purposes and principles set out in . . . the Sentencing Act.” Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 346. Accordingly,

on appeal we may only review whether the enhancement and mitigating factors were supported by

the record and their application was not otherwise barred by statute. See id. 

In imposing a sentence, the trial court may only consider enhancement factors that are

“appropriate for the offense” and “not already . . . essential element[s] of the offense.” Tenn. Code

Ann. § 40-35-114. These limitations exclude enhancement factors “based on facts which are used

to prove the offense” or “[f]acts which establish the elements of the offense charged.” Jones, 883

S.W.2d at 601. Our supreme court has stated that “[t]he purpose of the limitations is to avoid

enhancing the length of sentences based on factors the legislature took into consideration when

establishing the range of punishment for the offense.” State v. Poole, 945 S.W.2d 93, 98 (Tenn.

1997); Jones, 883 S.W.2d at 601.

In conducting its de novo review, the appellate court must consider (1) the evidence, if any,

received at the trial and sentencing hearing, (2) the presentence report, (3) the principles of

sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives, (4) the nature and characteristics of the

criminal conduct, (5) any mitigating or statutory enhancement factors, (6) any statement that the

defendant made on his own behalf, (7) the defendant’s potential for rehabilitation or treatment, and

(8) any statistical information provided by the Administrative Office of the Courts as to sentencing

practices for similar offenses in Tennessee. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-102, -103, -210; see also

Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 168; State v. Moss, 727 S.W.2d 229, 236-37 (Tenn. 1986).
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The record reflects that the trial court enhanced the length of the defendant’s sentences based

upon his criminal history and the number of victims involved in the offenses. See Tenn. Code Ann.

§ 40-35-114(1) and (3). The trial court based the application of these factors, in part, upon the

defendant’s admitted repeated use of marijuana. The trial court did not mitigate the length of the

sentences based upon the defendant’s asserted health concerns, instead finding that the defendant

“appears to be, quite frankly, a healthy individual. Stout looking. Maybe all of his treatment is

keeping him in pretty good shape.” 

The record reflects that the trial court erred in its application of the sentencing factor

pertaining to multiple victims because the Defendant was convicted of separate offenses involving

each victim. State v. McKnight, 900 S.W.2d 36 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994)(when the defendant is

convicted separately of offenses involving each victim, the application of this factor is not

appropriate), app. denied (Tenn. 1995) . Under the revised sentencing act, this court may not review

the weight afforded the enhancing and mitigating factors provided the trial court followed the

principles of sentencing. Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 342-43. Furthermore, the Defendant’s history of

criminal convictions consists of only one prior conviction for assault that occurred in 2001.

However, the forty-seven year-old Defendant did admit to repeated marijuana use since the age of

twenty-four. Additionally, as will be discussed, the trial court failed to make appropriate findings

regarding consecutive sentencing necessitating the remand of this case for resentencing.

Accordingly, under these circumstances, we conclude that the cases should be remanded for a

reconsideration of the length of the Defendant’s sentences as well. 

Regarding the Defendant’s general assertion that the trial court failed to give proper

consideration to alternative sentencing in this case, we note that the trial court did impose a

probationary sentence of five years for one of the aggravated assault convictions. The trial court

considered the circumstances of the offenses in denying full probation, stating that 

[t]he use of rather extreme force by a fairly stout-looking male individual against

three rather small, and this may not be even be in the record, but the victims are not

big women by any stretch of the imagination. This was quite an assault on these

women that really didn’t have to take place at all.

Under these circumstances, we cannot conclude that the trial court erred in denying full probation

in this case.

 However, our review of the record also leads us to conclude that the trial court failed to

make the appropriate findings regarding consecutive sentences. Although the record reflects that the

State argued that the Defendant should be considered a dangerous offender warranting consecutive

sentences, see Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-115(b)(4), the trial court made no findings

regarding which statutory basis it relied upon in imposing the consecutive sentence in this case. See

State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933 (Tenn. 1995) (discussion of required findings for dangerous

offender). Therefore, we remand the case to the trial court for reconsideration of the sentencing

lengths and consecutive sentencing.
-12-

CONCLUSION

Upon consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgment ofthe trial court

is affirmed in part and reversed in part. Upon remand, the trial court shall reconsider the lengths of

the sentences and consecutive imposition of sentences consistent with this opinion.

___________________________________ 

D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE