1

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 11-2169

_____________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

v.

VINCENT K. GRAHAM,

 Appellant

________________

 

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

District Court No. 2-09-cr-00318-001

District Judge: The Honorable Lawrence F. Stengel

 

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

June 28, 2012

Before: SMITH and FISHER, Circuit Judges

and RAKOFF, Senior District Judge

(Filed: July 2, 2012 )

_____________________

 OPINION

_____________________

 

The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States Senior District Judge for the United States 

District Court, Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
2

SMITH, Circuit Judge.

Vincent Graham was convicted of — and sentenced for — various crimes related 

to a counterfeit check scheme. Graham appeals his conviction, arguing that the District 

Court erred in admitting certain evidence at his trial under Federal Rule of Evidence 

404(b), that much of the 404(b) evidence contained inadmissible hearsay, and that the 

government’s evidence as to an aggravated identity theft count was insufficient as a 

matter of law. Graham also appeals his sentence, arguing that the District Court erred in 

calculating his Guidelines Offense Level and failed to consider his alleged post-conduct 

rehabilitation. We conclude that there was no error and will affirm.1

I.

The Indictment alleged that, on more than 150 occasions, Graham purchased 

merchandise from certain retail stores using counterfeit checks.

2

 1 The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We 

have appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

 The Indictment further 

averred that although most of the routing numbers on the counterfeit checks corresponded 

to actual banks, the payors’ names and addresses were often fictitious and that Graham 

generally presented counterfeit driver’s licenses or other false identification documents in 

an effort to convince the retailers that the checks were valid. The retailers often 

transmitted information about these checks to Certegy Check Services (“Certegy”), a 

check verification company, which approved the counterfeit checks because they

2 The Indictment, however, alleged only 22 specific instances of Graham uttering 

counterfeit checks.
3

appeared to be facially valid. The Indictment alleged that, in total, Graham obtained 

more than $99,000 worth of merchandise from various retailers through this scheme. 

Although most of the payors named on the counterfeit checks were fictitious, one 

was a real person — Shayne Houston.3

 The Indictment alleged that on March 22, 2007, 

Graham used a means of identification bearing Shayne Houston’s name in furtherance of 

a wire fraud violation (i.e., Graham uttered both a check and identification bearing

Houston’s name and actual home address).

4

Prior to and during trial, Graham objected to the government’s offer of evidence 

that related to crimes and wrongs that, while allegedly committed by Graham, were not 

specifically alleged in the Indictment. This evidence included: approximately ten copies 

of Sam’s Club membership cards containing Graham’s picture with false names and 

related documents; several allegedly counterfeit checks uttered at Sam’s Club by 

person(s) using these membership cards; a chart containing information as to counterfeit 

checks that were allegedly uttered by Graham (the “Chart”), which included information 

about the 22 counterfeit checks specifically alleged in the Indictment and approximately 

150 additional counterfeit checks (this chart was compiled by Douglas Ritter, who was 

the investigating Secret Service Agent, from information provided by Certegy and other 

check verification companies); and letters from Certegy to Houston regarding five 

 

3 The Indictment refers to Shayne Houston by his initials, “S.H.”

4 The Indictment further charged Graham’s codefendant Anthony Gardner with uttering 

certain counterfeit checks and participating in the check counterfeiting conspiracy with 

Graham. Gardner pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement and was sentenced to 18 
4

counterfeit checks (collectively, this is the “Other Acts Evidence”). Graham moved in 

limine to exclude much of the Other Acts Evidence, arguing that the government did not 

disclose this information until a few days before the start of trial. The government 

countered that in August 2009 — more than a year prior to the start of Graham’s trial —

it produced the Sam’s Club documents and most of the underlying documentation 

supporting the Chart. The District Court denied Graham’s motion, concluding that the 

government produced the Other Acts Evidence in August 2009, sufficiently in advance of 

trial, and that it was admissible under Rule 404(b) because it was “competent and 

relevant evidence” that was offered to prove Graham’s “modus operandi” and was “not 

evidence of unrelated criminal conduct which would tend to simply show bad character.” 

133a. The District Court gave the jurors a limiting instruction regarding the Other Acts 

Evidence, directing them to consider this evidence only for the purposes of, inter alia, 

deciding whether Graham acted with a method of operation and not for whether Graham 

had a propensity to commit the alleged crimes. 772-73a.

In October 2010, a jury found Graham guilty of: wire fraud, in violation of 18 

U.S.C. § 1343 (Count 1); aggravated identity theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 1028A(a)(1) and (c)(5) (Count 2); uttering counterfeit checks, in violation of 18 U.S.C. 

§ 513 (Counts 3-22, 28 and 29); and conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 (Count 

23). The District Court sentenced Graham to 63 months as to each of Counts 1, 3-22, 28 

and 29, and 60 months as to Count 23, all to run concurrently. The Court further 

sentenced Graham to 24 months as to Count 2, to run consecutively, for a total term of 87 

 

months’ imprisonment and ordered to pay restitution in the amount of $5,697.62. 
5

months’ imprisonment.

5

II.

 Graham appealed his conviction and sentence. 

A.

We review a District Court’s decision to admit evidence of other acts under Rule

404(b) for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Butch, 256 F.3d 171, 175 (3d Cir. 

2001).

Rule 404(b) permits the introduction of evidence of other bad acts unless such 

evidence is offered solely to “prove the character of a person in order to show action in 

conformity therewith.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(b); United States v. Green, 617 F.3d 233, 244 

(3d Cir. 2010). The “threshold inquiry a court must make before admitting similar acts 

evidence under Rule 404(b) is whether that evidence is probative of a material issue other 

than character,” Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 686 (1988), such as intent, 

plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. Fed. R. Evid. 404(b); 

Green, 617 F.3d at 244. We apply a four-factor standard when determining the 

admissibility of evidence pursuant to Rule 404(b): (1) a proper evidentiary purpose; (2) 

relevance under Rule 402; (3) a weighing of the probative value of the evidence against 

any unfair prejudicial effect under Rule 403; and (4) whether a limiting instruction was 

given upon request by one of the parties. See Butch, 256 F.3d at 175-76 (citing United 

States v. Mastrangelo, 172 F.3d 288, 294 (3d Cir. 1999)). 

 5 The court also imposed the following criminal monetary penalties against Graham: an 

order of restitution in the amount of $112,731.28; a fine in the amount of $2,500.00; and 

an assessment in the amount of $2,500.00.
6

Here, the District Court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the Other Acts 

Evidence. This evidence was probative of, inter alia, Graham’s intent and plan as to the 

charged counterfeit check conduct. For example, the evidence that Graham created 

Sam’s Club memberships in the fictitious names of Herbert Adderly, Terrence Alston, 

Quincy Thomas, and Wayne Woods demonstrated that Graham was the most likely 

person to have uttered the counterfeit checks in the names of Adderly, Alston, Thomas, 

and Woods, as charged in Counts 4 and 17-22 of the Indictment. Thus, the government 

satisfied the first two prongs of the Rule 404(b) analysis. 

We are also not persuaded that the admission of the Other Acts Evidence unfairly 

prejudiced Graham. Evidence is unfairly prejudicial under Rule 403 only if it has “an 

undue tendency to suggest decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not 

necessarily, an emotional one.” Carter v. Hewitt, 617 F.2d 961, 972 (3d Cir. 1980)

(quotation marks omitted). The probative strength of the Other Acts Evidence is not a 

proper basis for exclusion under Rule 403. See id. Here, Graham has not demonstrated 

why the Other Acts Evidence would have an undue tendency to suggest that the jury 

decide on an improper basis. This is especially so given that the District Court, at 

Graham’s request, gave a limiting instruction regarding the proper use of the Other Acts 

Evidence. Thus, the government satisfied the final two prongs of the Rule 404(b) 

analysis. 

Accordingly, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the Other 

Acts Evidence under Rule 404(b). 
7

B.

We review a district court’s admission of alleged hearsay statements for abuse of 

discretion, but our review is plenary as to the district court’s interpretation of the Federal 

Rules of Evidence. See United States v. Riley, 621 F.3d 312, 337 (3d Cir. 2010); see also

United States v. Berrios, 676 F.3d 118, 125 (3d Cir. 2012). Federal Rule of Evidence 

801(c) defines hearsay as a statement that, other than one made by a declarant while 

testifying at trial, is offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.

Here, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in admitting certain statements 

that Graham alleges contain hearsay. First, the letters by Certegy to Houston requesting 

payment were not hearsay because they were offered to show the impact on Houston and 

demonstrate why he contacted the police to start an investigation, not for the truth of the 

matters asserted therein (i.e., that Houston owed money to Certegy). Similarly, the 

copies of the checks bearing Houston’s name, which were attached to the Certegy letters, 

were offered to demonstrate that they were not genuine checks uttered by Houston, and 

thus, were not offered to prove the truth of the matters asserted therein. Second, a 

testifying officer’s statement that, prior to arresting Graham, he was responding to a 

“check fraud in progress,” was not hearsay because it was offered to show the impact on 

the officer and why he was called to the scene. Third, the Chart was not offered to prove 

the truth of the matters asserted therein — that the listed payors uttered the checks — but 

instead to prove the opposite, that those checks were counterfeit and were uttered by 
8

somebody other than the listed payors.6

Accordingly, the District Court did not abuse its discretion.

C.

For insufficiency of evidence challenges, we must view the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the government and “sustain the verdict if any rational trier of fact 

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt,” but we 

may not weigh the evidence or determine the credibility of witnesses. United States v. 

Dent, 149 F.3d 180, 187 (3d Cir. 1998) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 

Graham argues that the government’s evidence was insufficient to establish a 

conviction for aggravated identity theft (Count 2) because a rational trier of fact could not 

find beyond a reasonable doubt that Graham knowingly possessed or used the 

identification of another person when he allegedly uttered the counterfeit check in

Houston’s name.

7

To prove that a defendant committed aggravated identity theft in violation of 18 

U.S.C. § 1028A, the government must demonstrate, inter alia, that the defendant 

“knowingly transfer[red], possess[ed], or use[d], without lawful authority, a means of 

 We are not persuaded. 

 6 Graham also asserts that a Delaware Police Bulletin, which contained pictures of 

Graham and statements such as “Fraudulent Check Scam,” was hearsay. However, the 

District Court sustained Graham’s hearsay objection to the bulletin, and the court, at 

Graham’s request, directed the government to redact all words from the document, 

leaving only the photographs. See 218-19a; SA84. Thus, Graham’s hearsay challenge to 

the bulletin is moot. 

7 At trial, the District Court denied Graham’s motion brought pursuant to Rule 29 for 

judgment of acquittal as to the aggravated identity theft charge.
9

identification of another person[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) (emphasis added).8

Here, Graham’s conviction for aggravated identity theft (Count 2) was supported 

by sufficient evidence. At trial, the government introduced a surveillance video from one 

of the merchant-victims that accepted a counterfeit check bearing Houston’s name and 

actual home address. The government asserts, and Graham has not disputed, that this 

video showed a customer — fitting Graham’s description — presenting the cashier with a 

check and an additional document that the cashier inspected and returned to the customer. 

Moreover, the check bore the handwritten notation “De #” followed by a series of seven 

numbers, which one could infer to be a Delaware driver’s license number (Houston has a 

Delaware address, though the record is silent as to whether he has a Delaware driver’s 

license, and if so, the number of the license). 39a. Based on the foregoing, a reasonable 

jury could infer that the customer in the video provided identification to the cashier

bearing Houston’s name and address in order to support the counterfeit check containing

the same information.

 

“[M]eans of identification,” is defined as “any name . . . that may be used, alone or in 

conjunction with any other information, to identify a specific individual, including . . . 

[an] address.” 18 U.S.C. § 1028(d)(7)(C).

9

 8 The government must also prove that the defendant used the identification of another in 

relation to an enumerated violation, such as wire fraud. See 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(c)(5). 

Graham has not challenged this aspect of his § 1028A conviction. 

 Thus, viewed in a light most favorable to the government, the 

 

9 We are not persuaded by the cases Graham cites in support of his proposition that a 

false driver’s license bearing the name and address of an actual person is not a “means of 

identification of another” under § 1028A. In United States v. Mitchell, a case cited by 

Graham, the Fourth Circuit determined that a false identification bearing a real person’s 
10

evidence supports the jury’s conclusion that Graham was the customer on the 

surveillance video, and that he presented both a counterfeit check bearing Houston’s 

name and a means of identification for Houston.

10

Accordingly, Graham’s conviction for aggravated identity theft (Count 2) was 

supported by sufficient evidence. 

 

D.

We review a sentencing court’s factual determinations as to the amount of loss 

suffered for plain error. See United States v. Napier, 273 F.3d 276, 278 (3d Cir. 2001). 

We review a sentencing court’s application of the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) 

for an abuse of discretion. See United States v. Jackson, 523 F.3d 234, 243 (3d Cir. 

2008); United States v. King, 454 F.3d 187, 194-96 (3d Cir. 2006). 

Contrary to Graham’s assertions, the District Court did not err by increasing his 

Guidelines Offense Level based on: (1) evidence presented at trial of purported 

uncharged loss amounts for victims that were not specifically identified in the Indictment;

 

name, by itself, did not satisfy § 1028A because it did not refer to a specific individual. 

518 F.3d 230, 235 (4th Cir. 2008). Here, unlike in Mitchell, Graham used both 

Houston’s name and address, thereby referring to a specific individual. 

Also, United States v. Hawes, another case cited by Graham, is inapposite because 

there the defendant never appropriated the identity of another. 523 F.3d 245, 251-52 (3d 

Cir. 2008). Instead, the defendant in Hawes, who was a financial advisor, misused his 

authority to access client accounts and change their addresses in order to steal from those 

accounts, and thus, we determined that the harm caused was theft of funds, not identity 

theft. See id. at 252. 

10 Graham also argues that there was insufficient evidence that he knew Houston was a 

real person when he uttered the check bearing Houston’s name and address. We are not 

persuaded because, drawing all inferences in favor of the government, a reasonable jury 

could infer Graham’s knowledge based on the fact that the check contained both 
11

and (2) a determination that there were more than four victims of his offense conduct. 

The District Court was required to consider all relevant conduct involved in the 

fraudulent scheme, not just the evidence regarding the specific counts of conviction. See

U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 1B1.3 (2011). At trial, the government presented, 

inter alia, the Chart listing the counterfeit checks that were allegedly uttered by Graham 

and testimony from an employee of Certegy who explained the common characteristics

shared by the checks listed in the Chart and why he believed those checks were uttered by 

the same individual (e.g., the counterfeit checks generally had the same routing number, 

the initial digits in the account numbers were typically the same, and the checks 

contained similar handwriting). Thus, the District Court did not abuse its discretion by 

determining — by a preponderance of the evidence, United States v. Grier, 475 F.3d 556, 

568 (3d Cir. 2007) (en banc) — that Graham’s counterfeit check conduct caused losses of 

approximately $110,000 and that there was a range of 39-40 victims. 892-83a. 

Moreover, contrary to Graham’s assertions, the record supports that, at sentencing,

the District Court considered Graham’s alleged post-conduct rehabilitation. In fact, the 

District Court expressly rejected Graham’s claim of post-conduct rehabilitation because 

he showed no remorse during his sentencing hearing and continued defrauding a car 

dealership after his arrest. 897-98a. Thus, the court did not err in sentencing Graham.

Accordingly, we will affirm.

 

Houston’s name and correct address.