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2020 IL App (5th) 190370-U 

NO. 5-19-0370 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

In re PATERNITY OF T.A.V., a Minor Child ) Appeal from the 

 ) Circuit Court of 

(Kristina M. Fillback, ) St. Clair County. 

 ) 

Petitioner-Appellee, ) 

 ) 

v. ) No. 14-F-637 

 ) 

Mario A. Austin-Verweij, ) Honorable 

 ) Patrick R. Foley, 

Respondent-Appellant). ) Judge, presiding. 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE MOORE delivered the judgment of the court. 

Justice Cates concurred in the judgment. 

Justice Barberis dissented.

 

 ORDER

¶ 1 Held: Judgment affirmed where circuit court’s decision regarding allocation of

 parenting time was not an abuse of discretion. 

¶ 2 The respondent, Mario Austin-Verweij, and the petitioner, Kristina Fillback, are the natural 

parents of a daughter, T.A.V., born September 19, 2012. On July 31, 2019, the circuit court entered 

a “Final Judgment as to Allocation of Parenting Time and Respondent’s Request for Relocation 

of the Minor Child.” The order, among other things, denied the respondent’s request to be 

designated as T.A.V.’s primary caretaker and relocate T.A.V. to the U.S. Virgin Islands (Virgin 

Islands) where he resides. The order went on to grant the petitioner the majority of parenting time, 

including T.A.V.’s primary residence, and determined that T.A.V. was to attend school in the 

NOTICE

This order was filed under 

Supreme Court Rule 23 and 

may not be cited as precedent 

by any party except in the 

limited circumstances allowed 

under Rule 23(e)(1).

NOTICE

Decision filed 02/25/20. The 

text of this decision may be 

changed or corrected prior to 

the filing of a Petition for 

Rehearing or the disposition of 

the same.
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Greater St. Louis Metropolitan area where T.A.V. had been residing with the petitioner and 

attending school. The respondent now brings this appeal arguing that the circuit court’s July 31, 

2019, order was made in error and should be reversed and remanded with instructions to enter an 

order providing that T.A.V. should attend school and reside in the Virgin Islands. 

¶ 3 This is an accelerated appeal under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 311(a) (eff. July 1, 2018) 

which requires that, except for good cause shown, the appellate court issue its decision within 150 

days of the filing of the notice of appeal. Accordingly, the decision in this case was due on January 

24, 2020. However, upon the respondent’s filing of a timely notice appeal on August 27, 2019, the 

petitioner filed a motion to dismiss appeal, or in the alternative, to stay the appeal. This court 

denied the petitioner’s motion on September 12, 2019. Additionally, due to motions for extensions 

of time filed by both parties and granted by this court, the briefing schedule was not complete until 

December 10, 2019. This case was immediately placed on the oral argument docket for January 

14, 2020, and we now issue our disposition. For the following reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s 

July 31, 2019, order. 

¶ 4 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 5 The petitioner and the respondent never married but are the natural parents of T.A.V., born 

on September 19, 2012. On July 9, 2014, the petitioner filed a petition for custody,

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 requesting a 

modification of the allocation of parenting time and responsibilities of the parties’ daughter. In 

that petition, the petitioner asserted that she was a resident of Illinois, the respondent was a resident 

of New York and the Virgin Islands, and T.A.V. had been born in Madison County, Illinois. 

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The petitioner’s “Petition for Custody and Other Relief” was filed in 2014 prior to the enactment 

of the updated Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Marriage Act) on January 1, 2016, which 

removed the terms “custody” and “visitation” and replaced said terminology with “allocation of parenting 

time and responsibility.” Thus, henceforth in this decision, the terms “custody” and “visitation” will be 

replaced with the proper terms under the new applicable law.
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¶ 6 On August 4, 2014, the respondent filed a special and limited appearance for the purpose 

of objection and motion to dismiss in St. Clair County, objecting to the court having personal 

jurisdiction over him as a resident of the Virgin Islands, and subject matter jurisdiction over the 

issues presented in the petitioner’s motion, claiming jurisdiction under the Virgin Island Code 

because the petitioner was an employee of the respondent’s company and filed taxes in the Virgin 

Islands. In that same filing, the respondent also contended that, after the family visited New York 

in February and March 2014, the petitioner visited her mother in Illinois with T.A.V., but she never 

returned to the Virgin Islands. The respondent contended that it was in T.A.V.’s best interest to 

live with him in the Virgin Islands where “she has family and stable support.” 

¶ 7 Two additional affidavits were filed regarding whether Illinois courts had proper 

jurisdiction to hear cases involving T.A.V. On September 16, 2014, the circuit court denied the 

respondent’s motion to dismiss and found that Illinois was T.A.V.’s home state for jurisdictional 

purposes. The court also determined that (1) the respondent, on a temporary basis, should have

parenting time one weekend per month with two weeks prior notice required; (2) the parties should 

arrange telephone and/or Skype visits; and (3) neither party should remove T.A.V. from the 

jurisdiction of the court, except to the St. Louis area. On October 9, 2014, the respondent filed a 

motion to reconsider, alleging that the petitioner had intentionally misled him regarding her 

intentions to return to the Virgin Islands when she repeatedly told him that she was only 

temporarily visiting family in Illinois to receive medical care. On February 6, 2015, after the filing 

of some additional motions unrelated to this appeal, the respondent filed an amended motion to 

reconsider the circuit court’s September 16, 2014, order addressing jurisdiction. 

¶ 8 On February 20, 2015, the circuit court held a hearing regarding the issue of subject matter 

jurisdiction. Following argument and permitted testimony, the court denied the respondent’s 
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motion to reconsider and again determined that Illinois was T.A.V.’s home state. Additionally, the 

court determined that the petitioner had not engaged in “unjustifiable conduct by returning to the 

State of Illinois such that this Court should decline jurisdiction pursuant to the UCCJEA.” The 

parties do not raise the issue of jurisdiction in this appeal. 

¶ 9 Following the circuit court’s initial order regarding parenting time and responsibilities, 

additional motions were filed challenging the court’s temporary allocation. Ultimately, on May 

15, 2015, the circuit court entered a joint parenting agreement, agreed to by both parties. The 

agreement established primary residence or “legal residence” for T.A.V. with the petitioner in 

Illinois and set forth the respondent’s parenting time with T.A.V. by listing specific time periods 

from June 2015 through September 2018. The agreement also contained the following relevant 

provision which set forth an expected time that the parties would modify their parenting schedule 

and choose a school for T.A.V.: 

 “The parties shall seek to agree by March 1, 2017 on whether the child will commence 

school based upon the child’s readiness in either the 2017-2018 school year or the 2018-

2019 school year, the location of the school the child will attend, and the parenting time 

schedule the [sic] to be effective when the child commences school. If the parties cannot 

agree as to the readiness of the child, the location of the school to be attended by the child, 

and the parenting time schedule, after mediation as set forth herein, the parties shall 

commence court review as to the location and school for the child and the parenting time 

schedule. Until modified by a court order, the parenting time schedule set forth herein 

remains in effect.” 

¶ 10 On February 17, 2017, the petitioner filed a motion to modify the joint parenting 

agreement, requesting T.A.V. attend preschool at Good Shepherd Lutheran School (GSLS) in 
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Collinsville, Illinois, for the 2017-18 school year. The petitioner also requested modification of 

the parties’ parenting time schedule since T.A.V. would attend school on a regular basis. 

¶ 11 On February 23, 2017, the respondent filed a motion to compel mediation or, in the 

alternative, modify parental responsibilities. The respondent asserted that, without response by the 

petitioner, he had attempted to discuss T.A.V.’s educational plan with her. The petitioner, 

however, enrolled T.A.V. at GSLS without agreement by him. Instead, the respondent alleged that 

the petitioner made the decision and then sent him a text message informing him on February 10, 

2017. As such, the respondent requested mediation regarding this issue, or in the alternative, for 

the court to award him residential parental status for T.A.V. to attend school in the Virgin Islands. 

In response, the petitioner filed a motion to strike the respondent’s motion to modify parental 

responsibilities, asserting that the respondent had failed to properly file a motion for relocation 

although his alternative prayer for relief in his motion requested residential parental status. The 

petitioner asserted that because the respondent did not have majority parenting time, he lacked 

standing to file such motion. She further denied his characterization of their exchange of 

information relating to T.A.V. attending GSLS. The circuit court then ordered the parties to 

participate in mediation. 

¶ 12 Following the completion of mediation, the respondent filed a motion on November 22, 

2017, to withdraw, as moot, his motion to compel mediation, or in the alternative, modify parental 

responsibilities, given that the court had ordered the parties to participate in mediation, and the 

parties had complied. He also filed an additional motion for a parenting time evaluation. On 

December 5, 2017, the circuit court denied the respondent’s motion for a parenting time evaluation, 

but granted his motion to withdraw, as moot, his motion to compel mediation, or in the alternative, 

modify parental responsibilities. That same day, the respondent filed a motion for removal of child 
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and modification of designation of custodian, requesting that if the court determined schooling 

was best in the Virgin Islands, that he be allotted the majority of parenting time, with leave to 

remove T.A.V. from Illinois to the Virgin Islands. 

¶ 13 On December 19, 2017, the petitioner filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the respondent 

lacked standing to seek removal, pursuant to section 609.2 of the Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/609.2 

(West 2016)), because he did not have the majority of parenting time, and that his motion instead 

constituted a motion to modify, pursuant to section 610.5 of the Marriage Act (id. § 610.5), which 

required him to plead and prove a change in circumstances that necessitated modification. 

¶ 14 On April 13, 2018, the respondent filed a renewed motion for a parenting time evaluation. 

The respondent asserted that the parties could not agree on schooling, primary residence, and 

parenting time to provide him with maximum involvement regarding the physical, mental, moral, 

and emotional well-being of T.A.V. 

¶ 15 On May 8, 2018, the respondent also filed a motion for a declaratory judgment requesting 

that the circuit court declare that the respondent could seek a modification of parental decisionmarking responsibility and parenting time. He asserted two grounds for such a declaration. First, 

that the joint parenting agreement of May 15, 2015, set forth an agreement by the parties for the 

circuit court to review T.A.V.’s schooling and for modification of the parenting schedule in light 

of where T.A.V. would attend school. In the alternative, he argued that a change in circumstances 

was present because of T.A.V.’s change in age (T.A.V. was only 32 months old when the agreed 

judgment was entered, but was now 6 years old), she had her father’s current partner and her two

half siblings living in the Virgin Islands, and she had spent a substantial amount of time in the 

Virgin Islands developing relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the respondent asserted 

that T.A.V. had been involved in the Virgin Islands community and had acclimated well to that 
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area. The respondent thus requested a modification of the allocation of parental responsibilities 

and parenting time for T.A.V. relevant to her attending school in the Virgin Islands. Shortly 

thereafter, on June 5, 2018, the court appointed Dr. Daniel Cuneo as a parenting time evaluator in 

the matter. 

¶ 16 On May 16, 2018, the circuit court held a hearing on the respondent’s motion for removal 

of child and modification of designation of custodian. On July 25, 2018, the circuit court entered 

an order in which it found that the joint parenting order and agreed order, effective May 15, 2015, 

were final orders. Thus, the circuit court concluded that modification was controlled under section 

610.5 of the Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/610.5 (West 2016)). As to count I of the respondent’s 

motion for declaratory judgment, the court determined that there was no agreement between the 

parties to review T.A.V.’s primary residence and denied said count. As to count II, the court 

determined that the respondent had “the burden to plead and prove that a change in circumstances 

has occurred since May 15, 2015, and that a modification is necessary to serve the minor child’s 

best interests.” The court also determined that the respondent lacked the standing required under 

section 609.2(b) of the Marriage Act to seek relocation of T.A.V. because he had not been allocated 

the majority of parenting time or equal parenting time when the motion was presented (id.

§ 609.2(b)). The court went on to state that it would address all the issues of modification of the 

parenting time schedule, the residence of the child, and relocation in one hearing. The court 

allowed the petitioner to enroll T.A.V. at GSLS, on a temporary basis, for the 2018-19 school year. 

A status hearing and final hearing date were set. 

¶ 17 On September 26, 2018, the circuit court awarded the respondent additional temporary 

parenting time in October, November, and December 2018, and ordered Dr. Cuneo to provide his 
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parenting time evaluation by November 1, 2018. All other provisions in the May 15, 2015, order 

remained in effect. 

¶ 18 On February 4, 2019, the respondent filed a motion to set temporary parenting time because 

the prior temporary parenting order had ended and no parenting time had been set by the circuit 

court. Moreover, the respondent asserted that the parties had been unable to agree on temporary 

parenting time. In response, the petitioner agreed with the respondent that the court needed to set 

temporary parenting time. 

¶ 19 On May 17, 2019, the circuit court entered an order awarding the respondent additional 

parenting time from June 5, 2019, until June 21, 2019. T.A.V. was to return to Illinois on June 17, 

2019, and remain in Illinois until the conclusion of the trial. A five-day trial, from June 17, 2019, 

to June 21, 2019, took place. The issues before the circuit court were parenting time, primary

residence, and school setting. The following relevant evidence was adduced at trial. 

¶ 20 The petitioner testified that she moved to the Virgin Islands in November 2009. Shortly 

thereafter, she met the respondent and the two began dating. They were engaged in January 2012 

and the engagement lasted for approximately two years. The parties never married. Their daughter, 

T.A.V., was born on September 19, 2012. Due to pregnancy complications, the petitioner delivered 

T.A.V. five weeks early in Maryville, Illinois. Two and a half weeks after T.A.V.’s birth, the 

parties drove to Virginia and then returned to the Virgin Islands. 

¶ 21 In January 2014, the petitioner moved back to Illinois with T.A.V. and has resided there 

ever since with her daughter. From January 2014 to July 2014, the respondent exercised his 

parenting time only one time during a week-long ski trip in March 2014. From September 2014 

until May 15, 2015, the respondent neither requested nor exercised any parenting time with T.A.V. 

After May 15, 2015, and the entry of the joint parenting agreement, the respondent exercised all 
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parenting time, except when prevented from doing so by two hurricanes that occurred in 2017 in 

the Virgin Islands. 

¶ 22 The petitioner is employed as a bartender two days a week in Illinois. When she is working, 

her mother, Pam, T.A.V.’s maternal grandmother, watches T.A.V. overnight. The petitioner 

indicated that she has looked for full-time employment but believed it would be too difficult to 

handle in conjunction with the pending legal proceedings. According to the petitioner, the 

respondent only “occasionally” called T.A.V., even though he was given 10 minutes per day to 

talk with her, and the petitioner often interacted with nannies employed by the respondent, when 

on phone calls or while using “FaceTime.” 

¶ 23 Since August 2018, when the May 15, 2015, joint parenting agreement delineating the 

parenting time schedule ended, the respondent had not exercised parenting time in Illinois, despite 

the petitioner asking him to visit multiple times. In December 2018, the petitioner requested that 

T.A.V. return to Illinois before the conclusion of the respondent’s parenting time so that T.A.V. 

could attend and participate in a Christmas concert at GSLS. The respondent complied with the 

petitioner’s request but did not attend the concert himself. A photograph was admitted into 

evidence showing the respondent and friends on a boat on Christmas Day drinking with no children 

around. Four photographs were admitted into evidence of T.A.V. on the respondent’s boat while 

not wearing a lifejacket, and one photograph of T.A.V., according to the petitioner, swimming 

nude in the respondent’s mother’s pool. The petitioner also indicated that, despite her request, the 

respondent did not send additional money for school tuition outside of regular monthly child 

support payments. The petitioner indicated that she consistently received child support payments 

from the respondent. 
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¶ 24 The petitioner testified that she chose GSLS even though she identified as a Buddhist and

the respondent was not Lutheran. She testified that she had different beliefs than what GSLS valued 

and taught its students. The petitioner then expressed concern about Rossman School in Creve 

Coeur, Missouri, a school she had only visited one time, given the significant daily travel time 

from Collinsville, Illinois, and the fact that no students near T.A.V.’s hometown attended that 

school. The petitioner admitted that she had never conferred with an educational specialist 

regarding schooling for T.A.V. 

¶ 25 The petitioner further testified that based on internet research and other people’s reviews, 

she was strongly opposed to T.A.V. attending Antilles School in the Virgin Islands because 

students there were not prepared to graduate from elite colleges. The petitioner agreed that she and 

the respondent had initially planned to raise T.A.V. in the Virgin Islands. Additionally, the 

petitioner acknowledged that, from a career standpoint, she had “fewer roadblocks” than the 

respondent to relocate. The petitioner also testified she has maintained friendships in the Virgin 

Islands and acknowledged that job opportunities with past employers could be possible. 

¶ 26 The petitioner stated that she was aware that the respondent had purchased a condo for her 

in the Virgin Islands, but she preferred to live near the St. Louis area. The petitioner acknowledged 

that children are well served by frequent access to both parents. She also acknowledged that if the 

court granted the respondent the majority of parenting time, she would be willing to move to the 

Virgin Islands to be close to her daughter. The petitioner stated that no economic factors, such as 

a car or home, would affect her decision to move to the Virgin Islands. The petitioner testified that 

she believed that the current situation best served T.A.V.’s interests. 

¶ 27 The respondent testified that he and the petitioner were engaged on January 1, 2012, and 

discovered that the petitioner was pregnant with T.A.V. in March 2012. The couple had planned 
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to reside in the Virgin Islands after T.A.V. was born. He pointed to their preparation in furnishing 

a nursery in the home they shared, establishing with a physician in the Virgin Islands, and receiving 

prenatal instruction from Linda Caiger at Antilles School as evidence of this intention. While in 

Illinois for her baby shower, however, T.A.V. was born five weeks early after the petitioner 

experienced medical complications. The couple stayed in Illinois for approximately 10 days after 

T.A.V.’s birth. They then drove to Virginia to visit family before they flew to the Virgin Islands. 

The couple lived together in the Virgin Islands until 2014. 

¶ 28 The respondent then testified that in January 2014, following a family trip to England, the 

couple had a “major argument.” As previously planned, the respondent returned to the Virgin 

Islands, and the petitioner traveled with T.A.V. to Illinois for a temporary visit with her family. 

While in Illinois, however, the petitioner developed medical issues and was hospitalized for two 

to three months. The respondent admitted that he never visited Illinois during this time. In fact, 

from January 2014 until July 2014, the respondent exercised one period of overnight parenting in 

March 2014 for a family ski trip. 

¶ 29 According to the respondent, during this time, there were discussions about T.A.V. 

returning to the Virgin Islands despite the couple not being engaged. With that thought in mind, 

the respondent purchased the petitioner a condo near his home. The respondent testified that this 

condo was still available for the petitioner should she choose to move to the Virgin Islands. The 

respondent further testified that the first he learned that the petitioner was not going to return to 

the Virgin Islands was when he was served with notice of a legal proceeding regarding parenting 

time and responsibilities while visiting T.A.V. in Illinois.

¶ 30 The respondent admitted that the circuit court entered a parenting time order, effective 

September 2014 until May 15, 2015, which allotted for him to have parenting time and that he did 
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not visit T.A.V. during that time, although he had visited his current partner, Masha, in New York 

on a regular basis. When asked why he failed to visit during the seven-month period, the 

respondent stated, “I was really confused actually *** I didn’t really know what happened here to 

be honest with you.” The respondent went on to state that he never received an explanation 

regarding the circuit court’s 2014 temporary parenting time order, and that the order “gave me 

long weekends like I lived next door.” 

¶ 31 Following the entry of the May 15, 2015, joint parenting agreement, the respondent only 

missed parenting time with T.A.V. during two hurricanes in 2017 that impacted the Virgin Islands. 

He claimed that although he requested makeup parenting time with T.A.V., the petitioner refused. 

The respondent testified that it took him nearly three days traveling every time he flew from the 

Virgin Islands to St. Louis, because of a required layover in New York. He further stated that the 

petitioner never met him halfway or offered to bring T.A.V. to the Virgin Islands to accommodate 

his schedule. Traveling to and from Illinois presented the respondent with a challenging situation 

because he ran several businesses and was forced to leave his other two children and partner at 

home. The respondent also spent time with T.A.V. in Illinois in a hotel room over long weekends, 

but he testified that he did not “feel like raising a child from a hotel room [wa]s an appropriate 

way of doing things.” 

¶ 32 Next, the respondent expressed concern about GSLS, especially since the petitioner 

enrolled T.A.V. without his consent. The respondent testified he was against T.A.V. attending 

GSLS because it was “ultra-religious,” teaching concepts such as creationism, opposition to gay 

marriage, “Jesus songs,” and an emphasis on praying three times a day. The respondent admitted 

that he never visited GSLS and did not pay the tuition. The respondent also testified regarding his 
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opposition to the Rossman School, another private school in the St. Louis Metropolitan area, for 

various reasons. 

¶ 33 The respondent instead believed Antilles School was the best fit for T.A.V. The respondent 

testified that he had attended Antilles School, which he believed was a close-knit community in 

the Virgin Islands that T.A.V. could attend with her two half siblings. T.A.V. had previously 

participated in an “interaction day,” where she visited the school and participated in school events, 

such as field day and a food fair. T.A.V. was already scheduled to attend Antilles School the 

following summer with her younger sister, Meja, for summer camp. The respondent testified that 

he learned T.A.V. had been enrolled at GSLS just one week before she started kindergarten, and 

in response, he enrolled T.A.V. at Antilles School and paid tuition to hold her seat. Although 

T.A.V. did not attend Antilles School, T.A.V. had a spot reserved for her for the upcoming school 

year. 

¶ 34 The respondent testified that believed it was in T.A.V.’s best interest for both him and the 

petitioner to “see [T.A.V.] basically weekly and alternate weekends and be a part of her life almost 

every week.” Although the respondent expressed his opinion that the petitioner had failed to 

compromise with respect to T.A.V.’s best interests, he believed he had adequately demonstrated 

his willingness to make decisions in T.A.V.’s best interest. Specifically, he testified that he had 

flown nearly “21 hours every time to get my daughter” because he believed T.A.V. needed “both 

parents.” The respondent expressed concern that T.A.V. would be compromised because she 

needed both parents and her two siblings. Specifically, the respondent testified that Meja, T.A.V.’s 

sister, and T.A.V. were inseparable. 

¶ 35 T.A.V. also had a great relationship with her grandparents, Oma, the respondent’s mother, 

and Barry, Oma’s life partner, who often saw and cared for the children. The respondent testified 
14 

that a typical workday finished at 5:30 p.m. and he arrived home for family dinner by 6:30 p.m. 

The respondent admitted that there were several photos of T.A.V. in a moving boat without a life 

jacket on, although he indicated she was a good swimmer and the boat rides were short in duration. 

¶ 36 Mariya Brueva (Masha), the respondent’s partner, testified that she and the respondent 

started dating in September 2014 while she was living in New York. Masha and the respondent 

lived in the Virgin Islands with their two children, Meja and Aiden. Masha indicated that she had 

a close relationship with the respondent’s family. She testified that Opa and Oma usually visited 

the Virgin Islands from Virginia at least once a month for a week or more at a time. According to 

Masha, Oma had a close relationship with her grandchildren, including T.A.V. Further, all three 

children, T.A.V., Meja, and Aiden, also adored their uncles Jeremy and Adrien, who they saw 

quite frequently and lived nearby. 

¶ 37 Masha described her relationship with T.A.V. as “[v]ery close,” claiming that “[s]he tells 

me all her secrets.” Masha stated that Meja and T.A.V. were inseparable, so when T.A.V. left the 

Virgin Islands, they called each other and used FaceTime to stay in touch. Masha testified that the 

siblings all loved each other and missed one another when T.A.V. was away. 

¶ 38 She confirmed that the respondent had employed a nanny for help on a limited basis, but 

that she cooked for the children. The couple, together, transport the children to their activities and 

school, take the children to doctors’ appointments, schedule their extracurricular activities, and put 

the children to bed at night. She confirmed that the respondent works Monday through Friday from 

9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., and he was normally present for breakfast and dinner with the children. 

¶ 39 Masha admitted that on one occasion while T.A.V. was visiting the Virgin Islands, Oma 

and Opa watched the children in Virginia while she and the respondent went on vacation with 

friends in the summer of 2016. In terms of traveling, she claimed that the respondent did not travel 
15 

often for work, only “[o]nce [or] twice a year,” and would be gone for a maximum of three or four 

days. Masha described the travel arrangements for parenting times as complicated, stating that the 

respondent usually traveled close to four days, two days each way, to pick up and drop off T.A.V. 

In her opinion, T.A.V. “spends more time in the hotels and her flights instead of spending time 

with her sister” and the rest of their family. 

¶ 40 Masha then described a period from January 2019 to April 2019 when the respondent did 

not see T.A.V. Masha stated that it was “painful after one month because [T.A.V.] was asking 

when she could come visit and we had no answer. So it was really awkward.” Masha described 

this situation as “emotionally and physically exhausting” and difficult to see Meja concerned about 

T.A.V. and constantly asking about her. 

¶ 41 Jeremy Austin, the respondent’s younger brother, testified that he lived approximately five 

minutes from the respondent in the Virgin Islands. He sees the respondent’s children a few times 

a month. Jeremy testified that he also went to Antilles School and then attended the University of 

Miami. Jeremy stated that he had a “[r]eally good” relationship with T.A.V. and that she had 

become more affectionate as she aged. Jeremy indicated that Meja and T.A.V. had a great 

relationship. Jeremy also indicated that their family lived within minutes of each other. Jeremy 

testified that the petitioner and T.A.V. moving to the Virgin Islands would offer the “best 

opportunity for [T.A.V.] to have both of her parents in her life on a consistent basis, and for her to 

not be traveling all the time, putting that stress on herself and on [respondent].” Specifically, 

Jeremy indicated that his family had seen T.A.V. far less the past year since she started 

kindergarten, which caused stress and frustration for the respondent. 

¶ 42 Adrien Austin, also the respondent’s brother, testified that he lived minutes from his 

brothers. Adrien attended Antilles School and then attended Emory University. Regarding Antilles 
16 

School, Adrien described it as a close community with much diversity and very dynamic field trips 

provided to the students. Adrien felt more than adequately prepared to graduate from Antilles 

School and attend college. He testified that 100% of his graduating class attended college, 

including Harvard, Penn, and Stanford. Adrien has a good relationship with T.A.V. and described 

T.A.V.’s relationship with the entire family as having “a lot of love and enthusiasm in all 

directions.” 

¶ 43 Inge Austin Verweij (Oma), the respondent’s mother, testified that she lives both in 

Virginia and the Virgin Islands. Oma stated that she travels quite frequently to the Virgin Islands 

to see all her grandchildren, especially when T.A.V. visits. Oma testified that it would be 

“impossible” for the respondent to move to Illinois because of his businesses, and she claimed the

petitioner “hated Illinois” based on past conversations. Oma claimed that before T.A.V. started 

kindergarten, she was able to see her more often. On two separate occasions, Oma picked up 

T.A.V. in St. Louis to reduce the travel time for the respondent and T.A.V. 

¶ 44 Oma testified that she sent all her sons to Antilles School. She also stated she believed the 

school is very diverse and provides a community where graduates are set up to attend college. Oma 

believed her relationship with T.A.V. was “very good,” that T.A.V. and her siblings adored each 

other, and that Masha provided comfort for her when T.A.V. was in the Virgin Islands. Oma 

described the respondent as a good father. Oma also testified that after the parenting schedule 

changed in 2019, it was very stressful on the respondent and the rest of the family when T.A.V. 

was absent for several months. When T.A.V. is missing, Oma described the family dynamic has 

“one empty spot.” She went on, “We all do our stuff together, but then this one girl is just missing.”

¶ 45 Kristine Krause, T.A.V.’s kindergarten teacher at GSLS, testified that T.A.V. was a great 

student who performed well on exams. Krause was familiar with the petitioner because the
17 

petitioner dropped off and picked up T.A.V. from school, attended and participated in field trips, 

school activities, and from parent teacher conference meetings. The petitioner had informed 

Krause that she shared T.A.V.’s report card with the respondent. 

¶ 46 Krause further testified to the specifics of GSLS’s core values. Specifically, students 

participated in religious learning or “Jesus time,” prayed three times a day, attended chapel 

services, and recited the pledge of allegiance to the Christian flag. An item provided on a student’s 

report card included whether the student attended mass or Sunday school each weekend. 

Additionally, Krause testified that GSLS teachings were taught from a Christian point of view, 

which subscribed to the doctrinal position of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, and believed 

in literal creationism, anti-homosexuality principles, and anti-abortion principles. 

¶ 47 John Mayhem, the principal at GSLS, testified that he met the petitioner prior to T.A.V. 

beginning school and informed her of the religious nature of the curriculum at GSLS. Mayhem 

testified that non-Christians do enroll and attended school at GSLS. Mayhem indicated that those 

children attend religion class and receive the same curriculum as all other students. 

¶ 48 Dr. Burdick, a clinical and educational psychologist, testified as an educational expert for 

the respondent. Dr. Burdick was hired to assess GSLS and Antilles School, but Rossman School, 

among others, were later added. Regarding GSLS, Dr. Burdick visited the school for 

approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes. When he spoke with Mr. Mayhem, Dr. Burdick was 

informed that “[the petitioner] wasn’t involved,” and that the respondent “was there at the 

beginning and that he wasn’t really there.” Dr. Burdick did not have an opportunity to meet with 

T.A.V. during his assessment. With respect to GSLS’s strengths as a school for T.A.V., Dr. 

Burdick indicated that “it was a uniform, structured religious school program that offered students 

a safe refuge.” The school’s instruction was “more or less direct instruction versus say cross 
18 

collaborative or project oriented.” Specific weaknesses included a potential lack of support for 

students with learning or behavioral issues. Additionally, a child who learned better with a projectoriented methodology could have trouble learning with the school’s direct approach. Furthermore, 

being non-Christian could be a weakness for those children and their families. 

¶ 49 Regarding Antilles School, Dr. Burdick visited for approximately 2 hours and 30 minutes. 

While at Antilles School, Dr. Burdick spoke with several individuals, from administrators to 

teachers, a school psychologist, and staff. In describing the school, he stated that there was “a lot 

of activity there. The school itself has—it’s very colorful. There’s a lot of project-oriented activity. 

*** There’s quite a lot of activity in terms of the theater and music.” The student population was 

ethnically diverse and would offer T.A.V. a school with much familiarity, given that the 

respondent, his brothers, and T.A.V.’s halfsibling attended or currently attend, which could benefit 

T.A.V. 

¶ 50 Antilles School uses a project orientation methodology, which helps bring together the 

students, with a cross collaborative approach between the classrooms. More specifically, Dr. 

Burdick stated the following: 

“Well, one thing that is unique about the Antilles School is that it’s part of a community. 

So that community is one where parents know each other, students know each other, 

families know each other. So in that way you’re a part of—you’re a cog in the wheel. So 

you’re a part of that community.” 

Dr. Burdick also noted that the teachers had been employed for 10 to 30 years, and the school 

experienced low turnover among staff and teachers. 

¶ 51 Dr. Burdick believed specific strengths of Antilles School included a very welcoming 

community, a mission focused on enrichment, and attention to promoting diversity within the 
19 

school’s population. Dr. Burdick believed the principles and teaching methodology at Antilles 

School helped facilitate “moral judgment,” “problem solving,” and “group belonging or 

membership.” Dr. Burdick also believed Antilles School “outpaces [GSLS] in providing a 

sequential integrated academic focus. *** It’s a manner in which they approach education that 

follows them through their grade development at that early stages.” Overall, Dr. Burdick opined 

that Antilles School would provide T.A.V. “the support and integrated studies within a community 

setting. Given the fact that she is already familiar with an international education academic piece, 

*** it would make the most sense.” 

¶ 52 Dr. Burdick also assessed Rossman School. He drove to the school, which took him 

approximately one hour from Collinsville, Illinois, without traffic or any significant weather. 

When discussing enrollment with an administrator during his visit, Dr. Burdick was informed that

the petitioner had visited the school one time but had not filed an application or paid a deposit to 

enroll T.A.V. Dr. Burdick described Rossman School as a “pressure cooker” for a child with a 

highly verbal skill set and a school where kids are “kind of like gunners.” Additionally, Dr. Burdick 

emphasized how important it was “for both parents to be present. It affects kids *** [presenting] 

a safe place to learn.”

¶ 53 Following the close of evidence, the circuit court made an oral ruling denying the 

respondent’s request for relocation of T.A.V. The circuit court went on to award the petitioner the 

majority of parenting time and to determine that T.A.V.’s primary residence would be with the 

petitioner. The court noted that the parties had joint decision-making responsibilities, so they were 

to come to an agreement on which school T.A.V. would attend in the Greater Metropolitan St. 

Louis area. 
20 

¶ 54 On July 31, 2019, the circuit court entered its written order. The court recognized that 

section 602.7(b) of the Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/602.7(b) (West 2016)) codified 17 factors a 

court should consider when determining the best interests of a minor child in allocating parenting 

time. The court, here, determined that factors 1 through 9 and factors 12 and 13 were relevant and 

applicable. 

¶ 55 The court found that factor one, the wishes of each parent seeking parenting time, favored 

the petitioner. While the petitioner requested the court order the child attend school in the Greater 

Metropolitan St. Louis area and the respondent receive parenting time during the summer and on 

holiday breaks, the respondent requested an equal splitting of parenting time in the Virgin Islands 

or a gradual parenting schedule that gave the petitioner the majority of parenting time with a 

transition to equal time for the parties. The circuit court, recognizing that it had no authority to 

order the petitioner to the Virgin Islands, found in favor of the petitioner’s wishes because an order 

in accordance with the respondent’s wishes would be “beyond the authority available to this court.”

¶ 56 Factor two, the wishes of the child, favored neither party because the court never appointed 

a guardian ad litem, and the only third party who met with T.A.V. was Dr. Cuneo, who the 

petitioner later withdrew as a witness prior to the close of evidence.

¶ 57 Factor three, the amount of time each parent spent performing caretaking functions within 

the last 24 months preceding the filing of any petition for allocation of parental responsibilities, 

favored the petitioner. The court noted that the petitioner had been T.A.V.’s primary caretaker and 

had a schedule “tailored around the minor child,” whereas the respondent had not provided such 

caretaking. Moreover, the court stated the following regarding the respondent’s work schedule: 

“[H]is work schedule prevents him from being present when the child is home from school. 

It prevents him from picking up the child from school. His work schedule requires him to 
21 

rely on Masha to provide the care for the child while he is at work. *** While [the 

petitioner] also relies on a third party, her mother, when working, this reliance is far less 

than [r]espondent’s reliance, simply because of the amount of available time each has to 

devote to the child. *** [T]he simple fact is [p]etitioner has the time available while 

[r]espondent does not.” 

¶ 58 Factor four, any prior agreement or course of conduct between the parties relating to 

caretaking functions with respect to the child, favored the petitioner because she had been the 

primary caretaker for the child from its birth to present and had primarily been responsible for 

scheduling and attending doctor, dentist, and medical appointments. Further, the court noted that, 

despite having available parenting time with T.A.V. from September 2014 to May 2015, the 

respondent only exercised overnight parenting time while in Disney World in October 2014. 

¶ 59 Factor five, the interaction and interrelationship of the child with his or her parents and 

siblings and with any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best interests, slightly 

favored the respondent. The petitioner’s mother, Pam, sees T.A.V. on a regular basis and her Aunt 

Linda visited with T.A.V. on a limited basis. Moreover, the petitioner has family close by and in 

other parts of the country. The respondent, however, has an extensive family in the Virgin Islands, 

which includes his partner, Masha, T.A.V.’s half siblings, Meja and Aiden, the respondent’s 

brothers, Jeremy and Adrien, and Oma and Opa, who visit often. 

¶ 60 Factor six, the child’s adjustment to his or her home, school, and community, slightly 

favored the petitioner because T.A.V. “appears to have adjusted quite well with the current 

arrangement” of her living in southern Illinois and attending GSLS. The court reached this 

determination because T.A.V. has friends at school, participates in GSLS activities, and appears 

to be a disciplined child. Although Dr. Burdick opined that Antilles School was a better fit, after 
22 

visiting GSLS, Rossman, and Antilles, the court stated it had difficulty accepting his opinion, “in 

large part due to the fact that he never met with the child.” Moreover, the court determined that 

Dr. Burdick’s “investigation, research and interviews were rushed *** [and] incomplete.” 

¶ 61 Factor seven, the mental and physical health of all individuals involved, was neutral for 

both parties. 

¶ 62 Factor eight, the child’s needs, was neutral because both parties were meeting the 

emotional and physical needs of T.A.V. when the child was in their respective care. 

¶ 63 Factor nine, the distance between the parties’ residences, the cost and difficulty of 

transporting the child, each parent’s and the child’s daily schedules, and the ability of the parents 

to cooperate in the arrangement, favored the petitioner. The court’s order recognized that the 

respondent’s travel time to and from Illinois was substantial, taking approximately three days to 

retrieve or drop off T.A.V. However, the court noted that “it would be the same if the majority of 

parenting time was awarded to [r]espondent.” The court determined that the petitioner’s schedule 

was more flexible than the respondent’s because he owns several businesses and works five days 

a week until 5 p.m. or 5:30 p.m. Further, both parents had demonstrated an ability to cooperate in 

the travel arrangements pertaining to parenting time, and the petitioner has consistently placed 

T.A.V.’s needs to see the respondent, besides the family ski trip in March 2019, above her own 

desires to be with T.A.V. 

¶ 64 Factor 12, the willingness and ability of each parent to place the needs of the child above 

his or her own needs, favored the petitioner. The circuit court stated that the respondent had failed 

to visit GSLS, except for one time when he was in the area for legal proceedings, did not attend 

T.A.V.’s Christmas concert, did not assist financially with paying school tuition, and lacked 

involvement with T.A.V.’s teacher, other than sending a few emails. The court opined that the 
23 

respondent’s lack of involvement was distance related, but also because he wanted T.A.V. to attend 

Antilles School. The court also determined that the respondent did not put T.A.V.’s needs above 

his own when he failed to visit Illinois in early 2014 while the petitioner was hospitalized, leaving 

T.A.V. in the care of her maternal grandmother. Additionally, the court determined that the 

petitioner was actively involved in T.A.V.’s school functions and extracurricular activities. 

¶ 65 Lastly, the court found that factor 13, the willingness and ability of each parent to facilitate 

and encourage a close and continuing relationship between the other parent and the child, was 

neutral between the parties. The court determined that each party facilitated and encouraged 

T.A.V. to have a strong relationship with one another. 

¶ 66 Based on the factors above, the court granted the petitioner’s motion to modify, awarding 

her the majority of parenting time and designating the petitioner’s home as T.A.V.’s primary 

residence. The court determined that T.A.V. would attend school in the Greater Metropolitan St. 

Louis area, directing the parties to make the school determination together. The respondent was 

awarded the entirety of the summer, beginning seven days after school ends and concluding seven 

days prior to school commencing, with the petitioner allowed parenting time during the summer 

for a period of five days in the Virgin Islands in 2019 only. The respondent was also awarded 

parenting time in the Greater St. Louis Metropolitan area at least 1 weekend per month with 72-

hour notice, every spring break and Easter break, and all 3-day weekends to be exercised in the 

Continental U.S. with a 7-day notice provided to the petitioner. The parties were to equally divide 

Christmas break between themselves. The court then denied the respondent’s petition for

relocation and designation as custodian and motion for declaratory judgment. The respondent filed 

a timely notice of appeal.
24 

¶ 67 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 68 1. Allocation of Parenting Time

¶ 69 The respondent on appeal raises the issue as to whether the circuit court erred in its 

determination regarding the allocation of parenting time between the parties. Specifically, the 

respondent claims that the circuit court erred when it determined that it was in the best interests of 

T.A.V. that the petitioner be awarded the majority of parenting time and then issued an order that 

T.A.V. continue to reside in southern Illinois and attend school in the Greater Metropolitan St. 

Louis area instead of finding in favor of the respondent. 

¶ 70 “Section 602.7 of the [Marriage] Act requires a court to allocate parenting time in 

accordance with the best interest of the child.” In re Marriage of Whitehead, 2018 IL App (5th) 

170380, ¶ 14. The circuit court in determining the best interests of the child for purposes of 

allocating parenting time must consider all relevant factors, including, without limitation, those 

listed in section 602.7(b). Section 602.7(b) lists the following nonexclusive factor list: 

 “(1) the wishes of each parent seeking parenting time; 

(2) the wishes of the child, taking into account the child’s maturity and ability to 

express reasoned and independent preferences as to parenting time; 

(3) the amount of time each parent spent performing caretaking functions with 

respect to the child in the 24 months preceding the filing of any petition for allocation of 

parental responsibilities or, if the child is under 2 years of age, since the child’s birth; 

(4) any prior agreement or course of conduct between the parents relating to 

caretaking functions with respect to the child; 

(5) the interaction and interrelationship of the child with his or her parents and 

siblings and with any other person who may significantly affect the child’s best interests;
25 

 (6) the child’s adjustment to his or her home, school, and community; 

 (7) the mental and physical health of all individuals involved; 

 (8) the child’s needs; 

(9) the distance between the parents’ residences, the cost and difficulty of 

transporting the child, each parent’s and the child’s daily schedules, and the ability of the 

parents to cooperate in the arrangement; 

 (10) whether a restriction on parenting time is appropriate; 

(11) the physical violence or threat of physical violence by the child’s parent 

directed against the child or other member of the child’s household; 

(12) the willingness and ability of each parent to place the needs of the child ahead 

of his or her own needs; 

(13) the willingness and ability of each parent to facilitate and encourage a close 

and continuing relationship between the other parent and the child; 

(14) the occurrence of abuse against the child or other member of the child’s 

household; 

(15) whether one of the parents is a convicted sex offender or lives with a convicted 

sex offender and, if so, the exact nature of the offense and what if any treatment the 

offender has successfully participated in; the parties are entitled to a hearing on the issues 

raised in this paragraph (15); 

(16) the terms of a parent’s military family-care plan that a parent must complete 

before deployment if a parent is a member of the United States Armed Forces who is being 

deployed; and 
26 

(17) any other factor that the court expressly finds to be relevant.” 750 ILCS 

5/602.7(b) (West 2016). 

¶ 71 “Because the trial court is in the best position to assess the credibility of witnesses and 

determine the child’s best interests, its decision regarding the allocation of parenting time must be 

accorded great deference.” In re Marriage of Whitehead, 2018 IL App (5th) 170380, ¶ 15 (citing 

In re Marriage of Debra N., 2013 IL App (1st) 122145, ¶ 45). A reviewing court “will not overturn 

the trial court’s decision unless the court abused its considerable discretion or its decision is against 

the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id. “A judgment is against the manifest weight of the 

evidence only if an opposite conclusion is apparent or if the findings appear unreasonable, 

arbitrary, or not based on the evidence.” Id. ¶ 21. 

¶ 72 In this matter, the respondent does not allege that the circuit court failed to apply the 

statutory best interest factors listed in section 602.7. Instead, the respondent argues that the circuit

court weighed the factors “in a way that disregarded and/or minimized the great preponderance of 

the evidence in support of [the respondents]’s position,” and thus, made a determination that was 

against the manifest weight of the evidence and must be reversed.

¶ 73 In reviewing the respondent’s allegations, we turn to the circuit court’s findings and the 

evidence presented at trial to determine if the evidence, in fact, suggests “an apparent opposite 

conclusion” than that found by the circuit court or that the findings appear to be “unreasonable, 

arbitrary or not based on the evidence.” In short, we find that the circuit court’s findings are not 

unreasonable or arbitrary and that an opposite conclusion is not apparent. 

¶ 74 First, we note that the circuit court’s July 31, 2019, order as to allocation of parenting time 

and the respondent’s request for relocation of the minor child is a thorough 46-page document that 

summarizes the evidence and the court’s findings, including its analysis of the best interests 
27 

factors, in significant detail. Again, the issue presented is not whether the circuit court considered 

the evidence, as clearly demonstrated by its final judgment order, but whether it did so properly. 

¶ 75 The evidence presented at trial demonstrated that the petitioner was the primary caregiver 

for T.A.V. from the time of her birth until the circuit court rendered its decision, including during 

the 24-month statutory period preceding this action. T.A.V.’s primary residence from the time of 

her birth until the court’s decision was in Illinois with the petitioner, apart from approximately 15 

months when the parties lived in the Virgin Islands following T.A.V.’s birth. Some of the 

petitioner’s family lives in Illinois which allows them to visit with T.A.V. The petitioner’s mother, 

Pam, lives just minutes away from the petitioner. Pam sees T.A.V. on a regular basis, caring for 

her two nights a week, and the two have a close relationship. Also, the petitioner’s aunt, Linda, 

lives nearby. Linda has cared for T.A.V. overnight on at least 3 occasions, picked T.A.V. up from 

school on 10 occasions, and dropped her off at school a “couple times.” Evidence demonstrated 

that T.A.V. is a well-adjusted child who is well-rounded and well-behaved. She has developed 

friendships at GSLS and has received good grades thus far. All of this has occurred while her 

primary residence has been in Illinois with the petitioner, with regular visits to the Virgin Islands

to visit the respondent. Additionally, the evidence showed the petitioner displayed a willingness 

and the ability to place the needs of the child ahead of her own needs as the petitioner is actively 

involved in the child’s school activities and takes care of the child when she is not working or the 

child is not with the respondent. Finally, the petitioner has more time to devote to the child as her 

work schedule is not as demanding as the respondent’s schedule and does not require travel.

¶ 76 While all the evidence above supports the circuit court’s final determination, we do 

acknowledge that other evidence weighed in favor of the respondent. Specifically, T.A.V.’s half

siblings reside in the Virgin Islands and the respondent has a close-knit family that resides there 
28 

as well. Further, the only expert testimony regarding the appropriateness of various schools for 

T.A.V. opined that Antilles School was the best fit out of those examined. 

¶ 77 The circuit court did find that the respondent clearly loved his daughter, met her physical 

and emotional needs, and that both parents worked to foster strong relationship between T.A.V. 

and the other parent. However, some additional evidence was presented by the petitioner, and 

considered by the circuit court, which weighed against the respondent. This includes a period 

between September 2014 and May 2015 in which the respondent did not exercise any parenting 

time with T.A.V., despite being awarded such time, other than a trip to Disney World in October 

2014 where the petitioner was also present. The respondent contends that the trial court’s 

consideration of this time period was improper because it occurred outside of the 24-month time 

period set forth in the best interests factors. However, the respondent fails to cite any case law 

which expressly prohibits a court from considering such activities beyond the 24-month period

noted in the Marriage Act. Contrary to the respondent’s argument, the plain language of section 

602.7(b) states that the circuit court is to “consider all relevant factors, including, without 

limitation,” the factors outlined in the Marriage Act. (Emphasis added.) 750 ILCS 5/602.7(b) 

(West 2016). Further, the final factor on the best interests list is “any other factor that the court 

expressly finds to be relevant.” Id. § 602.7(b)(17). It has long been the law in Illinois that a circuit

court has broad discretion to consider all information that may be relevant to the best interests 

factors when making its determination. In re Marriage of Petraitis, 263 Ill. App. 3d 1022, 1031 

(1993). Assuming, arguendo, it was improper for the circuit court to consider the September 2014 

through May 2015 time period, it resulted in harmless error because when examining only the 24 

months prior to the filing of the petition, the same conclusion is apparent because the petitioner
29 

was the primary caregiver during that time period. Thus, the circuit court still would have found 

that factor favored the petitioner. 

¶ 78 The petitioner also presented evidence that while T.A.V. was in the care of the respondent, 

his partner, Masha, cared for T.A.V. during the day while he was at work. Additionally, the 

petitioner testified that on occasion, a nanny or the respondent’s parents cared for T.A.V., 

including a specific instance where the respondent’s parents cared for T.A.V. while the respondent 

and his partner vacationed out of the country in the summer of 2016. The respondent disputes these

claims and argues that the circuit court held his employment against him when weighing this factor. 

We disagree. The circuit court did not fault the respondent for his employment, but properly 

considered the reality of the amount of time the respondent would have to care for the child and 

compared it to that of the petitioner. The court stated specifically, “[w]hile this [c]ourt understands 

and acknowledges that [r]espondent has to work, just as [p]etitioner does, the simple fact is 

[p]etitioner has the time available while [r]espondent does not.” 

¶ 79 As to the issues regarding conflicting testimony and evidence, “[an appeals court] will not 

second guess the trial judge’s determinations regarding credibility of witnesses.” In re Marriage 

of Petraitis, 263 Ill. App. 3d at 1035. Further, “[i]t is not the function of this court to reweigh the 

evidence or assess the credibility of testimony and set aside the trial court’s determination merely 

because a different conclusion could have been drawn from the evidence.” In re Marriage of 

Pfeiffer, 237 Ill. App. 3d 510, 513 (1992). Thus, the circuit court having considered the statutory 

factors in light of the evidence presented and having possessed a superior vantage point for 

evaluating the temperaments, personalities, capabilities, and credibility of the petitioner and the 

respondent decided that, while both parents are fit and proper to have parenting time, it is in 
30 

T.A.V.’s best interests that the petitioner be allocated the majority of parenting time. Considering 

all the above, the circuit court’s decision was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

¶ 80 2. Relocation of T.A.V. 

¶ 81 The respondent also argues that the statutory relocation factors outlined in section 609.2 of 

the Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/609.2 (West 2016)) overwhelmingly support a finding that T.A.V.’s 

relocation to the Virgin Islands was warranted. The best interests factors outlined under section 

609.2(g) overlap, in many respects, with those set forth in section 602.7(b). Based upon the indepth analysis performed by the circuit court, it appears that all the best interests factors in section 

609.2(g) were addressed, even though the respondent’s petition to relocate was untimely. 

Specifically, the respondent’s argument fails because section 609.2 has certain conditions 

precedent to the filing of a motion to relocate. The statute clearly states that a parent who petitions 

to relocate a child must have been allocated equal parenting time or a majority of parenting time 

in order to file a petition to relocate with the child. Id. § 609.2(b). 

¶ 82 The petitioner claimed respondent lacked “standing” to file such a petition, and in the 

circuit court’s July 25, 2018, order, the court agreed and found: 

“6. Respondent ultimately seeks permission to relocate the minor child to the 

Virgin Islands. That relocation is controlled by 750 ILCS 5/609.2. As to standing the statute 

provides as follows: (b) A parent who has been allocated a majority of parenting time or 

either parent who has been allocated equal parenting time may seek to relocate with a child.

 7. That respondent does not currently having [sic] standing to seek relocation, as 

defined by by [sic] Section 609.2. *** The Court shall consider the requirements of 

Sections 610.5 and 609.2 as they apply to the best interests standard of said sections ***.” 
31 

Importantly, we note that the conditions set forth in section 609.2 do not relate to whether 

respondent had “standing” to file the petition. Rather, the statute simply contains certain conditions 

precedent to the filing of the motion. Here, as the circuit court found and as was demonstrated by 

the allocation of parenting time listed in the May 15, 2015, joint parenting agreement, the 

respondent had never been allocated equal parenting time or a majority of parenting time and could 

not meet the statutory criteria for the filing of a petition to relocate the minor. The respondent’s 

only course of action was to file a motion to modify. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the 

circuit court’s ruling on this issue. 

¶ 83 3. Burden to Show Substantial Change in Circumstances 

¶ 84 The respondent’s final alleged circuit court error is that it improperly placed a burden on 

him to show a substantial change in circumstances prior to modification and this burden left him 

disadvantaged when the court considered the best interests factors. The respondent does not point 

to any specific ruling or aspect of the circuit court’s analysis; instead he merely references a July 

25, 2018, circuit court order in which the circuit court found that the parties had not agreed in the 

May 15, 2015, joint parenting agreement to a modification of T.A.V.’s parenting schedule or place 

of residency and also found “[t]hat the respondent has the burden to plead and prove that a change 

in circumstances has occurred since May 15, 2015, and that a modification is necessary to serve 

the minor child’s best interests.” However, despite the inclusion of this statement of the law by the 

circuit court, it appears based upon the court’s final judgment and its subsequent actions that the 

circuit court either found that the respondent had met that burden or that the parties had agreed to 

a modification.

¶ 85 Assuming, without deciding, that the circuit court was correct in its determination that the 

language contained in the May 15, 2015, joint parenting agreement did not constitute an agreement 
32 

to modify by the parties, it is apparent from the following facts: (1) there was no current parenting 

time schedule in place; (2) the most recent parenting schedule expired per the joint parenting 

agreement; (3) the parties lived a significant distance apart; and (4) both parties had pending 

motions to modify that the circuit court had no choice but to modify the parenting time schedule.

Further, the petitioner, in her brief, concedes that the respondent “did not need to demonstrate a 

substantial change in circumstances and that modification was necessary to serve [T.A.V.’s] best 

interests.” Also, the circuit court itself acknowledges as much in the very same July 25, 2018, 

order when the judge stated he “intend[ed] to address both the issues of modification of the 

parenting time schedule, the residence of the child and the relocation in one hearing.” 

¶ 86 Our supreme court in In re Marriage of Lasky, 176 Ill. 2d 75, 81 (1997), held: 

 “When, as here, both parties seek to terminate joint custody and stipulate that a change 

in circumstances has occurred, it is a given that a change in circumstances has occurred. 

At that juncture the court should move directly to consider what custody modification is in 

the child’s best interests.”

¶ 87 That is exactly what we find the circuit court did in this case. After the July 25, 2018, order 

was entered, a date was set for the final hearing and a trial occurred where the court considered all 

the evidence the parties wished to present. Then, as evidenced by the circuit court’s detailed final 

order, the court discussed the best interests factors and proceeded with its analysis of each one. If

the circuit court had placed a burden on the respondent to prove a substantial change in 

circumstances, the burden would have been discussed somewhere in the 46-page detailed final 

judgment order. Further, if the court did, in fact, place such a burden, it clearly felt that the 

respondent had met the burden considering the court considered all of the relevant best interests 
33 

factors and then actually modified the agreement, although not in the manner desired by the 

respondent. 

¶ 88 Ultimately, “the trial court is presumed to know the law and apply it properly.” People v. 

Howery, 178 Ill. 2d 1, 32 (1997). “However, when the record contains strong affirmative evidence 

to the contrary, that presumption is rebutted.” Id. Therefore, unless we have a record affirmatively 

showing the circuit court improperly applied the law, we must presume it knew and applied it 

properly. Thus, here, we find the circuit court did not place an unwarranted burden on the 

respondent and disadvantage him during its consideration of the best interests factors.

¶ 89 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 90 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the July 31, 2019, order of the circuit court of St. Clair 

County. 

¶ 91 Affirmed.

¶ 92 JUSTICE BARBERIS, dissenting: 

¶ 93 Respectfully, I dissent from the majority’s opinion. After carefully reviewing the record 

and considering the parties’ respective arguments, it is my opinion that the circuit court’s order 

was against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

¶ 94 The record supports that Mario and Kristina appear to be loving, concerned parents. 

Similarly, there is little to no testimony set forth that displays or implies disturbing conduct that 

would cause me to believe that one or both of the parents were unfit to parent the minor child, 

T.A.V. Instead, in departing from the majority’s opinion, I believe the best interest factors, 

contrary to the circuit’s court order, weighed more heavily in Mario’s favor for the following 

reasons. 
34 

¶ 95 First, Mario is a father who desperately desires to be actively involved in T.A.V.’s life. In 

fact, his testimony showed that he adequately demonstrated commitment to T.A.V., despite 

Kristina’s argument and the circuit court’s determination that Mario had failed, unlike Kristina, to 

place T.A.V.’s needs above his own. Based on an extensive review of the record, I disagree with 

the court’s assessment of factor 12. Rather, the relevant facts demonstrate that Kristina, 

unbeknownst to Mario, traveled to Illinois with their infant daughter in 2014, after T.A.V. had 

lived in St. Thomas for approximately 15 months following her birth. Kristina had no intention to 

return to St. Thomas, despite the couple’s discussions that T.A.V. would be raised in St. Thomas. 

¶ 96 Moreover, for years now, Mario has traveled nearly three days at a time to exercise his 

parenting time with T.A.V. in St. Thomas and/or hotel rooms in Illinois. Although the court 

believes Kristina has exemplified a great level of compromise, as evidenced by the court’s analysis 

under factor nine, testimony demonstrates that Kristina never met Mario halfway or offered to 

travel to St. Thomas to accommodate him, even though he works full time, owns several businesses 

and has two small children to care for in St. Thomas. 

¶ 97 Additionally, although the court acknowledged Mario’s substantial travel time and costs, 

the court reasoned that Kristina would be subjected to the same travel time if Mario was awarded 

majority parenting time. I disagree. First, Kristina testified that, after hearing the evidence at trial, 

she was “somewhat more willing to consider *** personally moving back to the Virgin Islands.” 

In fact, Kristina admitted in her testimony that she would move to the Virgin Islands if T.A.V. was 

court ordered. Kristina also acknowledged, and Mario’s testimony demonstrated, that Kristina 

would be provided a free condo, a car, and airline tickets to fly to and from Illinois if she moved 

to the Virgin Islands. Second, Kristina admitted that, in comparison to Mario, she had “fewer 

roadblocks *** from a career standpoint in terms of *** relocating.” Moreover, although Kristina 
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moved from St. Thomas to Illinois in 2014, she had maintained friendships on the island and 

acknowledged that job opportunities for past employers could be possible if she moved back. 

¶ 98 Second, the circuit court expressed concern under factor three regarding Mario’s work 

schedule. In particular, the court noted that his work “prevents him from being present when the 

child is home from school. It prevents him from picking up the child from school. His work 

schedule requires him to rely on Masha to provide the care for the child while he is at work.” Based 

on a review of the record, this is a misrepresentation of the facts. It appears from the court’s order 

that, because Mario is employed, he does not have availability to care for T.A.V. I take issue with 

the court’s determination for several reasons. 

¶ 99 First, T.A.V. is a first grader, thus, she attends school on a full-time basis. If she attended 

Antilles School, T.A.V. would be in school from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m., sometimes until 4 p.m. or 4:30 

p.m. for after school hours. According to Masha’s testimony, although Mario works Monday to 

Friday from 9 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., he was normally present for breakfast and dinner with the children. 

Moreover, both Masha and Mario consistently testified that Mario quite frequently met the 

children after school at a local restaurant he owned for French fries and milkshakes before his

work day ended at 5 p.m. or 5:30 p.m. Mario’s testimony, consistent with Masha, demonstrated 

that a typical day in their household consisted of the following: 

“We wake up in the morning. Usually, you know, I wake them up or go in with the girls. 

We come out, we have breakfast as a family. And then the girls will then go *** to school 

usually at that point if [T.A.V.]’s not there, and I would go to work. And then, you know, 

I’d meet them sometimes later over at the restaurant for milkshakes and French fries after 

they get out of school, or I meet them at home.” 
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¶ 100 Lastly, while the court looked at Mario’s employment as a hinderance to him providing 

adequate care and time to T.A.V., the court noted that, although Kristina relied on her mother, 

Pam, to watch T.A.V. while Kristina worked, “this reliance is far less than Respondent’s reliance.” 

Based on the court’s order, it is apparent that the court, again, failed to consider the substantial 

time Mario spent away from his career traveling in order to exercise his parenting time. 

Furthermore, I disagree that Kristina’s work schedule was “tailored around the child,” given that 

T.A.V. spent the night at her maternal grandmother’s home two nights a week while Kristina 

bartended. A review of all evidence demonstrates that both parents worked outside the home and, 

at times, had to rely on a family member to watch T.A.V. 

¶ 101 Third, in finding in favor of Kristina under factors three and four, the circuit court stated 

that Kristina had “provided the most consistent care for [T.A.V.] in her young life.” Although this 

is technically true, given the distance between T.A.V. and Mario, I believe this statement presumes 

Mario chose not to provide care for T.A.V. Instead, the record demonstrates that Kristina, 

unbeknownst to Mario, visited Illinois in 2014 with no intention to move back to St. Thomas with 

T.A.V. This scenario left Mario with little to no options. As indicated above, Mario has many more 

roadblocks—professionally and personally—that make a move to Illinois almost impossible. The 

testimony, however, undeniably demonstrates that if T.A.V. was court ordered to move to St. 

Thomas, Kristina would move with her, and Mario would provide her with a condo in a gated 

community, a car, and airline tickets for her to fly to and from St. Thomas. 

¶ 102 Fourth, Kristina acknowledged that T.A.V. would be well-served if she had both parents 

in her life. Kristina also admitted that T.A.V. did not have any blood-related cousins in Collinsville. 

Despite Kristina admitting that it was important for a child to have frequent access to both parents 

and a strong bond with siblings, like Kristina did with her own brother, Kristina believed the 
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current setup, which involved Mario traveling a substantial distance to see his daughter, was in 

T.A.V.’s best interest. I disagree. 

¶ 103 Ample testimony from Mario and his family members, which included his brothers, Masha, 

and Oma, indicated that T.A.V. had a very loving and extensive family in St. Thomas. Kristina, 

however, lived close to her mother, Pam, and Aunt Linda, who had watched T.A.V. on a very 

limited basis, specifically, three times while Kristina worked. Kristina also had family members 

scattered throughout Illinois who she saw roughly five to six times per year. Despite testimony 

indicating that T.A.V. was inseparable with her half-sister, Meja, and adored her younger brother, 

Aiden, the circuit court found that factor five, the interaction and interrelationship of the child with 

his or her parents and siblings and with any other person who may significantly affect the child’s 

best interests, “slightly favors Respondent.” Although the court acknowledged that the siblings 

had “forged a tight bond,” the court failed to highlight the testimony demonstrating separation 

issues that Mario and Meja had experienced and the confusion that T.A.V. had displayed between 

parenting time visits. 

¶ 104 Lastly, regarding schooling for T.A.V., Kristina stated that she was strongly opposed to 

T.A.V. attending Antilles School because the students were not prepared to graduate from elite 

colleges. Kristina testified that she came to this determination, not based on her own personal 

knowledge, but internet research and other individuals’ opinions, although she never specified who 

told her this information. Extensive testimony, however, demonstrated that Mario’s family had a 

strong family connection to Antilles School, and that Mario and his brothers had attended elite 

colleges after graduating from Antilles School. In fact, Adrien Austin, Mario’s brother, testified 

that 100% of his graduating class had attended college, including Harvard, Penn, and Stanford. 
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¶ 105 In finding slightly in favor of Kristina for factor six, the circuit court stated that T.A.V. 

“appears to have adjusted quite well with the current arrangement” because she had friends at 

school, took part in the Christmas concert, and was well-behaved. In making its determination, the 

court failed to acknowledge that Kristina did not present an educational counselor to testify in 

support of Good Shepherd. Regardless, the court discounted Dr. Burdick, who opined in his report 

and testified that Antilles School was a better school choice for T.A.V. than Good Shepherd, 

because he never met with T.A.V. during his assessment. 

¶ 106 Moreover, the court took issue with Dr. Burdick’s assessment that Rossman School was an 

inferior choice to Antilles School, noting that T.A.V. was “accustomed to traveling great distances 

for extended periods,” even though Rossman School was located over one hour from her home 

without traffic or inclement weather. The testimony, although ignored by the court, demonstrated 

that Antilles School was a loving community that Mario’s family had been personally involved 

with for a substantial number of years. Additionally, according to Dr. Burdick, Antilles School, 

which T.A.V. was already familiar with, presented an opportunity for her to receive a great 

education with her siblings in a diverse educational setting. 

¶ 107 Accordingly, after an extensive review of the record, I believe the circuit court’s decision 

was against the manifest weight of the evidence where the court determined that the factors heavily 

weighed in favor of Kristina and against Mario. Specifically, I believe the court’s order took into 

consideration Kristina’s best interests, not T.A.V., which should have been of paramount concern 

to the court in rendering its decision. As such, I believe the parties should be granted equal 

parenting time, and Mario’s motion for relocation should be granted.