# California Urban Water Agencies

455 Capitol Mall  Suite 705  Sacramento, CA 95814



# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation



# Project Report

A pril 2011

Report Prepared By:



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# Table of Contents

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# i 

# Contents

Executive Summary 1

1. Introduction and Project Background 1-1

1.1. Project Motivation and Background .............................................................................. 1-1

1.2. Water Treatment Evaluation Project Objective ............................................................. 1-2

1.3. Project Progress and Schedule .................................................................................... 1-3

1.4. Technical Memorandum Organizati on .......................................................................... 1-3



# 2. Regulatory Scenarios 2-1

2.1. Disinfection By products ................................................................................................ 2-3

2.2. Nitrogenous Organi c Compounds ................................................................................ 2-5

2.3. Disinfection Practi ces and View s .................................................................................. 2-6

2.3.1. Dissolved Mi nerals ........................................................................................ 2-6

2.4. Nutrients ..................................................................................................................... ... 2-6

2.4.1. Algal Toxins ................................................................................................... 2-7

2.4.2. Pathogens and I ndicators.............................................................................. 2-7



# 3. Historical and Projected Future Water Quality 3-1

3.1. Areas of Similar Source Water Qua lity ......................................................................... 3-1

3.2. Historical Wate r Qualit y ................................................................................................ 3-3

3.3. Predicted Future Water Quality Scenar ios ................................................................... 3-4



# 4. Virtual Water Treatm ent Plant Development 4-1

4.1. Approach ...................................................................................................................... . 4-1

4.2. Summary of Source Wa ter Area VW TPs ...................................................................... 4-9

4.3. VWTP Baseline Modeli ng Conditio ns ......................................................................... 4-10

4.3.1. Treatment Guidelines and Design Assump tions ......................................... 4-11

4.3.2. Baseline VWTPs ......................................................................................... 4-12



# 5. Identification of Treatment Triggers 5-1

5.1. Methods for Developing a Treatment Tr igger ............................................................... 5-1

5.2. THMs, HAAs, Bromate, and Chlori te ............................................................................ 5-1

5.3. Chlorate ....................................................................................................................... 5-12

5.4. Nitrosamines ............................................................................................................... 5- 13

5.5. Nutrients ..................................................................................................................... . 5-16

5.6. Microcystin .................................................................................................................. 5-17

5.7. Other Pathog ens ......................................................................................................... 5-19

5.8. Treatment Trigger Summary ....................................................................................... 5-19

# Table of Contents

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# ii 

# 6. Evaluation of Future Regulator y Compliance and Recommended VWTP

Upgrades 6-1

6.1. VWTP Performance with Cu rrent Regulat ions ............................................................. 6-1

6.2. VWTP Performance with Fu ture Regulat ions ............................................................... 6-1

6.2.1. Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario ........................................................... 6-1

6.2.2. Outer Boundary Future Re gulatory Scen ario ................................................ 6-2

6.3. Treatment Upgrades Need ed to Comply with Futu re Regulations ............................... 6-2

6.3.1. Plausible Future Regulatory Scenario ........................................................... 6-2

6.3.2. Outer Boundary Future Re gulatory Scen ario ................................................ 6-4

6.3.3. Summary of VWTP Upgrades ....................................................................... 6-4

6.4. Constituents of Concern that Could Not be Modeled ................................................. 6-10

6.4.1. Chlorate ....................................................................................................... 6-10

6.4.2. Nitrosamines ............................................................................................... 6-10

6.4.3. Microcystin .................................................................................................. 6-10

6.4.4. Nutrients and Algal Growth ......................................................................... 6-11

6.4.5. Pathogens ................................................................................................... 6-11

6.4.6. Taste and Od or ........................................................................................... 6-11



# 7. Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality Inputs and VWTP Modeling 7-1

8. Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades 8-1

8.1. Methodology and Assu mptions ..................................................................................... 8-1

8.2. Baseline VWTP Costs ................................................................................................... 8-2

8.3. Costs of Upgrades for Plausible Futu re Scenario......................................................... 8-4

8.4. Costs of Upgrade s for Outer Boundary Fu ture Scena rio .............................................. 8-6

8.5. Extrapolation of VWTP Costs to Regional Level .......................................................... 8-8



# 9. Summary 9-1

10. References 10-1



# List of Tables

Table 1-1. Priority Constituents of Concern for Central Valley Drin king Water Po licy ................. 1-2

Table 2-1: Regulat ory Scenarios ............................................................................................... ... 2-1

Table 2-2. Consumer Accept ance Contaminant Level ................................................................. 2-6

Table 2-3: Treatment of Pathogens ............................................................................................. . 2-8

Table 3-1. Representative Water Q uality Monitoring Locations ................................................... 3-3

Table 3-2: Historic al Water Quality ........................................................................................... .... 3-4

Table 3-3: Future Wate r Quality Sc enarios .................................................................................. 3- 5

Table 3-4: Adjustment of Modeled Future Water Q uality for Consistency with Historical Data ... 3-6

Table 4-1: WTPs Considered fo r CAA VWTP Deve lopment ........................................................ 4-3

Table 4-2: Step 1- Consider CAA WTPs t hat Treat More Than 70 % Delta Water ....................... 4-4

Table 4-3: Step 2- Consider CAA Treatment Trai ns that are Greater than 10% of the Total CAA

Source Water Area Treatment Capacity OR CAA WTPs Greate r than 20 mgd .......................... 4-6

# Table of Contents

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# iii Table 4-4: Step 3- Consider the unit treatment proc esses that are used at least twice in the CAA

source wate r area

............................................................................................................. ............ 4-7

Table 4-5: Step 4- Consolidate Rema ining CAA Treatment Trains ............................................. 4-8

Table 4-6. In itial VWTPs ...................................................................................................... ......... 4-9

Table 4-7: Se lected VW TPs ..................................................................................................... .. 4-10

Table 4-8: UW-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs ............................................................... 4-13

Table 4-9: CD-1 Baseline VW TP Inputs and Ou tputs ................................................................ 4-14

Table 4-10: CAA-1 Baseline VW TP Inputs and Outputs ............................................................ 4-15

Table 4-11: CAA-2 Baseline VW TP Inputs and Outputs ............................................................ 4-16

Table 4-12: CAAW-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs ....................................................... 4-17

Table 5-1: Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix Legend .............................................................. 5-2

Table 5-2: UW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluat ion Matrix (Current Regulations) ............................. 5-3

Table 5-3: UW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Futu re Regulations) ............... 5-4

Table 5-4: CD-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluat ion Matrix (Current Regulations) .............................. 5-5

Table 5-5: CD-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluati on Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) ................ 5-6

Table 5-6: CAA-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluat ion Matrix (Current Regulations) ........................... 5-7

Table 5-7: CAA-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Futu re Regulations) ............. 5-8

Table 5-8: CAA-2 Treatment Trigger Evaluat ion Matrix (Current Regulations) ........................... 5-9

Table 5-9: CAA-2 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Future Regulations) ........... 5-10

Table 5-10: CAAW-1 Treatment Trigger Eval uation Matrix (Current Regulation) ...................... 5-11

Table 5-11: CAAW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Plausible Futu re Regulations) ...... 5-12

Table 5-12: Reduction of NDMA Formati on with Free Chlorine Contact Ti me .......................... 5-15

Table 5-13: Reduction of NDMA Formation with Ozonation ...................................................... 5-16

Table 5-14: Chlorine CT Values for Reducing Microcystin Concentration to 1  g/L ................. 5-18

Table 5-15: Chlorine CT Values Achieved in Base line VWTPs ................................................. 5-18

Table 5-16: Summary of Treatment Trigger s for VWTPs (Current Regulations) ....................... 5-19

Table 5-17: Summary of Treatm ent Triggers for VWTPs (Plausib le Future Regulations) ......... 5-20

Table 6-1: VWTP Performance under Plaus ible Future Regula tory Scenario ............................. 6-2

Table 6-2: VWTP Upgrad es Needed to Meet Futu re Regulati ons ............................................... 6-4



# List of Figures

Figure ES-1-1: 5-Step Approa ch to VWTP Development ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3-1: Source Water Ar eas and Associat ed WTPs ............................................................. 3-2

Figure 4-1: 5-Step Approach to VWTP Deve lopment ................................................................ 4-2

Figure 4-2: Step 5- Select Treatment Capacitie s Representative of Remaining CAA Treatment

Trains ........................................................................................................................ .................... 4-9

Figure 4-3: EPAWTPM Proces s Train Screen Shot ................................................................. 4-11

Figure 4-4: UW-1 Baseline VWTP ............................................................................................ 4 -13

Figure 4-5: CD-1 Baseline VWTP ............................................................................................. 4-14

Figure 4-6: CAA- 1 Baseline VWTP .......................................................................................... 4- 15

Figure 4-7: CAA- 2 Baseline VWTP .......................................................................................... 4- 16

Figure 4-8: CAAW-1 Baseline VW TP ....................................................................................... 4-17

Figure 6-1: Process Schematic of UW-1 Future Treatment Upgr ades Needed .......................... 6-5

Figure 6-2: Process Schema tic of CD-1 Future Treatm ent Upgrades Needed .......................... 6-6

Figure 6-3: Process Schematic of CAA-1 Future Treatment Upgr ades Needed ........................ 6-7

Figure 6-4: Process Schematic of CAA-2 Future Treatment Upgr ades Needed ........................ 6-8

Figure 6-5: Process Schematic of CAAW-1 Future Treatment Up grades Needed ..................... 6-9

# Table of Contents

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# iv 

# Appendices

A. Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Project History

B. Technical Memorandum 1: Definition of Study Boundaries

C. Future Water Quality Scenarios Provided by the Work Group

D. Virtual Water Treatment Plant Selection

E. Baseline Virtual Water Treatment Plants in EPAWTPM

F. EPAWTM Inputs for VWTP Treatment Trigger Analysis

G. Cost Estimates for Future VWTP Upgrades

# Acronyms

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# v 

# Acronyms Used in the Report

CAA California Aqueduct Source Water Area

CAAW California Aqueduct West Branch Source Water Area

CCI Construction Cost Index

CD Central Delta Source Water Area

CDPH California Department of Public Health

Central Valley Water Board Central Valle y Regional Water Quality Control Board

CHAB Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Bloom

CCL3 Contaminant Candidate List 3

CUWA California Urban Water Agencies

Delta Sacramento- San Joaquin Delta

DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon

DON Dissolved Organic Carbon

DS Distribution System

EC Electrical Conductivity

EPAWTPM EPA Water Treatment Plant Model

EPDS Entry Point to the Distribution System

ENR Engineering News Record

FC Fecal Coliform

GAC Granular Activated Carbon

HAA Haloacetic Acids

LRAA Locational Running Annual Average

LT2ESWTR Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

MCL Maximum Contaminant Level

MGD Million gallons per day

NBA North Bay Aqueduct Source Water Area

NDMA N-nitrosodimethylamine

O&M Operation and Maintenance

PHG Public Health Goal

SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act

SWTR Surface Water Treatment Rule

TC Total Coliform

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

THM Total Trihalomethanes

TOC Total Organic Carbon

UCMR Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

UW Upper Watersheds Source Water Area

VWTP Virtual Water Treatment Plant

WHO World Health Organization

Work Group Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Work Group

WTP Water Treatment Plant

WRF Water Reclamation Facility

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 1 

# Executive Summary

The Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation project objective was to determine the effects

of changing regulatory environment under futu re water quality conditions at treatment

plants that utilize surface water from the Central Valley of California.

Study boundaries were defined by identifying ar eas of similar source water quality and

outlining existing water treatment practices in each source water area. Four source water

areas were identified:

 Upper Sacramento and Upper-Eastern San Joaquin Watersheds (Upper Watersheds)

 Central Delta including the Sout h Bay Aqueduct (Central Delta)

 California Aqueduct – Coastal and East Branches (CAA)

 California Aqueduct – West Branch (CAA-West)

Projections of future water quali ty for two of the four source water areas were reviewed.

It was found that the historical data (gen erally available from 1998 to 2008) did not

exactly match the projected future total orga nic carbon (TOC), bromide, and temperature

from a modeled sixteen year data set. To best interpret the modeled future water quality

results, the relative differences between vari ous future scenarios were used. It was found

that although the water quali ty slightly improved with respect to TOC in more

conservative future scenarios, a meaningful change to disinfection by-product (DBP)

modeling results was not observe d (i.e. modeled DBPs using hi storical water quality and

current virtual representative plants did not significantly differ from modeled DBPs using

projected future water quality and current virtua l representative plants). For this reason,

historical water quality was used for the four source water areas for the remainder of the

evaluation to analyze the effect of the projected future regulatory environment.

To represent existing treatment practices in each source water area, representative virtual

water treatment plants (VWTPs) were deve loped. The VWTPs do not exactly represent

any one WTP in the source water area but ar e a general representation of the treatment

plants in the source water area. Five VWTPs were developed to repr esent the four source

water areas. In general, three common treatment trains emerged:

 Conventional particulate rem oval with chlorine disinfec tion (primary and secondary)

 Conventional particulate re moval with ozone pre-oxidation, chlorine primary

disinfection, and secondary di sinfection with chloramines.

 Conventional particulate rem oval with chlorine primary disinfection and secondary

disinfection with chloramines.

# Executive Summary

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 2 

# Regulatory scenarios for the year 2030 we re developed from a group consensus of

technical experts and advisors , based on the team’s experience with the United States

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health

(CDPH), and on best professional judgment. Scenarios were divided into three

categories:

 Current - includes contaminants that are cu rrently regulated. Cost estimates were

developed for this scenario a nd it was used as a baseline.

 Plausible - includes contaminants that are c onsidered likely to be regulated in some

form.

 Outer Boundary- includes the same contam inants; however, the requirements could

be more stringent. This scenario was provide d to bracket the regulat ory possibilities.

The regulatory scenarios evaluation determined that it is plausible for the regulations

about chlorate, bromate, total trihalomet hane (THM4), haloacetic acids (HAA5 and

HAA9), N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), nitr ite, nitrate, algal toxins, and some

emerging pathogens could be modified or newly developed in the future:

 In an effort to reduce the cancer risk to 1×10 -4 

# or lower, the bromate maximum

contaminant level (MCL) could be reduced to 10  g/L, or 5 μ g/L (plausible), or lower

(1 to 4 μ g/L) (outer boundary).

 To limit variability and reduce possible repr oductive and acute human health effects,

it is plausible that the monitoring for TH M regulation will change to single sample

not to exceed; however, the numeri cal target could remain at 80  g/L. This could

include multiple samples collected instan taneously at a given location to average

results and avoid an unrepresentative sample or could include re-sampling in the case

of an outlier result. Intention is to obtain a sample that is representative of the quality

of the water in a particular location at a unique point in time. As an increasing

amount of health effects data become avai lable, regulations ma y be directed to

individual THM and HAA species to reduce associated health ri sks (outer boundary).

 To limit variability and reduce acute human health effects, it is plausible that the

monitoring for HAA5 regulation will change to single sample not to exceed;

however, the numerical targ et could remain at 60  g/L (plausible). As additional

human health effect data become available, regulations may be dire cted to individual

species (outer boundary).

 HAA9 is not currently regulated. Future re gulation is plausible at a level of 80  g/L

on a locational running annua l average (LRAA) basis. Although it is less likely,

HAA9 regulation may be changed to 80  g/L single sample not to exceed or

depending on available human health eff ects data on an individual species basis

(outer boundary).

# Executive Summary

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 3 

#  Iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs), including I-THMs and I-HAAs, were included in the outer

boundary. Despite some of the noted health effects of I-DBPs, it is anticipated that

THMs and HAAs will remain a surrogate fo r halogenated DBPs. More occurrence

and toxicology data are needed to justify a plausi ble regulation.

 It is plausible that the future regulation of NDMA will be in the 3 to 10 ng/L range as

a LRAA (plausible). Although less likel y, regulations requiring treatment for

dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) as a precursor similar to the TOC removal

requirements set forth in the Stage 1 DBP Ru le could be establis hed (outer boundary).

If the health effect data and occurrences jus tify individual regulations of various

nitrosamines species, regulation of i ndividual compounds c ould result (outer

boundary).

 Hydrazine regulation not plau sible. Although it is unlik ely, future regulation of

hydrazine at 10 ng/L single sample not to exceed could occur to reduce the cancer

risk level (outer boundary).

 Due to the increasing concer n over nitrogenous DBP forma tion, it is plausible that

chloramination may become a less preferre d disinfection method. As an increasing

number of studies indicate the adverse heal th effects associated with US disinfection

practices, chloramination may be prohibi ted in the future (outer boundary).

 It is likely total dissolved solids (TDS) will be monitored in the future, and the

regulation likely will not cha nge (plausible). With the increasing importance of water

recycling, TDS reductions may be necessary (outer boundary); however, it is unlikely

that a Safe Drinking Water Act (SDW A) regulation would require this.

 Chlorite and chlorate were included in the re gulatory scenarios. It is not expected

that the chlorite regulation will change. Du e to the toxicological effects of chlorate

similar to those of perchlorate, ch lorate regulation is plausible at 700  g/L.

 Nitrite and nitrate were included in the regulat ory scenarios. It is not expected for the

regulated concentration of these contaminates to change. It is plausible that the

monitoring location will be moved from the Entry Point to the Distribution System

(EPDS) to the distribution system (DS) to account increases in these contaminants

from ammonia nitrification.

 With increasing awareness and measurement of algal toxins worldwide, cyanotoxins

were included in the USEPA unregulated contaminant monitoring rule (UCMR) 3.

With potential data from the UCMR 3 and a growing body of toxicological data,

microcystin could be regulated at the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking

water guideline value of 1  g/L (plausible scenario).

 The third USEPA Contaminant Candidate List (CCL3) is evaluating several emerging

pathogens; however, none of these pathogens are more difficult to remove, oxidize, or

inactivate compared to the current microbial standards for Giardia , virus, and

Cryptosporidium

.

# Executive Summary

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4 

# Following the development of the future re gulatory scenarios a nd VWTPS, threshold

levels (i.e., treatment triggers) where the plau sible regulatory scenario creates the need

for capital or operational modifi cations to a treatment process, were determined. These

treatment triggers, were developed for curren t and plausible future regulations for each

VWTP. The treatment triggers can be used to determine the costs associated with

varying levels of water qu ality in the future.

All baseline VWTPs met current regulations at the 90 th 

# percentile water quality

conditions. Some general obser vations regarding the treatment triggers for the plausible

regulatory scenario w ith the VWTPs include:

 Bromide and TOC concentrations dictate the ability of VWTPs to comply with

current and plausible future THM and HAA regulations. A matrix of varying

bromide and TOC concentrations was deve loped for each VWTP for the purpose of

this evaluation.

 Chlorate is a common contaminant associ ated with hypochlorite solutions. WTPs

utilizing hypochlorite (on-si te generation or bulk) should consider: diluting the

solution upon delivery, storing the solution at lower temperatures, controlling the pH

of the stored solution between 11 and 13, and using fresh solution when possible.

 All VWTPs have sufficient chlori ne contact time to oxidize 10  g/L of microcystins

and some NDMA precursors.

 VWTPs utilizing pre-ozonation will also oxidi ze microcystins and NDMA precursors.

 It is uncertain whether NDMA treatment will be necessary because of the complexity

of NDMA formation and low plausible regu latory levels, even though oxidation of

NDMA precursor will occur.

 Nitrification will not likely form nitrate at levels approaching the MCL at the

representative VWTPs considered in th is study. VWTPs utilizing chloramines dose

ammonia at 0.6 mg/L, in which case ammonia will not be present at levels above the

0.8 mg/L as N treatment trigger and will not trigger the nitrite MCL violation.

 The CCL3 is evaluating several emergi ng pathogens; however, none of these

pathogens are more difficult to remove, oxidi ze, or inactivate compared to the current

microbial standards for Giardia , virus, and Cryptosporidium . For this reason, no

treatment triggers were deve loped for emerging pathogens.

The assumption that future water quality will remain equivalent to historical water quality

resulted in treatment upgrades being based on the ability of a VWTP to meet treatment

targets (80 percent of the MCL) in the plausi ble regulatory scenario, not changes in water

quality. Recommended treat ment upgrades included:

 UW-1 had two options:

 A- Utilize chloramines as secondary disinfectant, or

# Executive Summary

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5 

#  B- Install GAC contactors and continue to use free chlorine as a secondary

disinfectant.

 CD-1: include a reduction in ozone dos e and addition of UV disinfection.

 CAA-2: include a reduction in ozone dose and addition of UV disinfection.

For the outer boundary future regulatory scenario, upgrades will be needed for all

VWTPs. As the regulatory scenario for the outer boundary could not be defined more

specifically, an assumption is made that all plants will move away from ozone and

chloramines to avoid bromate and nitrogenous DB Ps. As a result it is assumed that in the

outer boundary all plants will implement the addition of GAC contactors and UV

disinfection.

The added cost of treatment upgrades to a VWTP was expanded to represent each source

water area by taking into account the area’s total regional treatment capacity. The

fraction of the total regional treatment capac ity that was represented by the VWTP was

calculated, and this fraction was then applied to the VWTP costs. For example, CD-1 has

40 mgd capacity in a source water area with a total treatment capacity of 284 mgd.

Dividing 284 mgd by 40 mgd gives a fraction of 7.1 to be applied to the cost estimate.

Multiplying 7.1 by the added capital cost of CD- 1, results in a total regional capital cost

to meet the plausible future scenario. A summary of the added costs for each source

water area is presented in Table ES-1. These costs are based on current treatment

capacity. Future treatment cap acity is likely to increase w ith increasing population, so

2030 costs are likely to be higher.

# Executive Summary

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6 Table ES-1:



# Regional Added Costs for Upgrades

VWTP VWTP

Design

Capacity

(mgd) Representative

Regional

Treatment

Capacity/

VWTP

Capacity Scenario Added Capital

Cost Added Annual

O&M Cost

($) ($/yr)

Upper Watersheds- 818 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

UW-1 100 8.18 Plausible $10 - $21M $0.3 - $0.6M

or



# $883 - $1893M $35.3 - $118.5M

Outer Boundary $1581 - $3387M $55.3 – 118.5M

Central Delta- 284 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

CD-1 40 7.1 Plausible $270 - $579M $6.2 - $13.4M

Outer Boundary $634 - $1359M $20.8 - $44.5M

CAA- 2201 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

CAA-1 40 3.86 Plausible* - -

Outer Boundary $345 - $739M $11.3 – $24.2M

CAA-2 500 6.78 Plausible $2699 - $5783M $110.0 - $235.8M

Outer Boundary $5226 – $11198M $286.2 - $613.3M

CAA-West - 836 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

CAAW-1 800 1.04 Plausible* - -

Outer Boundary $1288 - $2760M $76.3 – $163.5M

TOTAL Plausible $2978 - $6382M $116.6 - $249.8M

Or



# $3852 – $8254M $151.6 - $324.8M

Outer Boundary $9074 - $19443M $449.8 - $963.9M

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain.

All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.

Costs are representative of AACE Class 5 estimates. AAC E Class 5 estimates are planning level costs prepared based

on 0 to 2% of full project definition with accuracy ranges of -20% to -50% on the low side and +30% to +100% on the high

side. Accuracy range for cost estimates pres ented in this project are -30% to +50%.

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 1-1 

# 1. Introduction and Project Background

This section provides a brief project background and outlines the purpose and contents of

this report. Please refer to Appendix A for a detailed project history and timeline.



# 1.1. Project Motivation and Background

The surface water in the Centra l Valley has the potential to impact the water treatment

costs for more than 25 million Californians w ho receive a portion of their water from the

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Delta) and the tributaries to the Delta (CALFED Water

Quality Program, 2008). The tributaries to th e Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers that

originate in the Sierra Nevada Mountains generally have high quality water; however,

pollutants from a variety of sources (urban, industrial, agricultur al, and natural) can

degrade the quality of water as it flows to and downstream of the Delta, creating a

number of drinking water treatment challenges.

Currently, water quality regulati ons applicable to the Central Valley include MCLs issued

by the CDPH and a Water Quality Control Pl an (Basin Plan) for the Sacramento-San

Joaquin River Basins. The Basin Plan wa s developed by the Central Valley Regional

Water Quality Control Board (Central Valle y Water Board) and de signated beneficial

uses, including municipal and domestic wate r supply, for the Sacramento and San

Joaquin rivers and Delta. The Basin Plan also specifies numeric and narrative water

quality objectives and implementation strategies to protect designated beneficial uses.

Current plans and policies for Central Valle y surface waters do not contain numeric

quality objectives for several key drinking wa ter constituents of concern, including DBP

precursors and pathogens. For this reason, th e Central Valley Water Board is working

with stakeholders to develop a comprehe nsive Central Valley Dr inking Water Policy.

The Drinking Water Policy may be considered as a Basin Plan amendment in the future.

To provide the technical information needed for the development of the Drinking Water

Policy, a Central Valley Drinking Water Polic y Workgroup (Work Group), comprised of

interested stakeholders and t echnical experts (listed below) , was formed to develop and

implement a work plan.

 California Bay-Delta Authority

 CDPH

 Central Valley Regional Wa ter Quality Control Board

 Central Valley Clean Water Association

 State Water Resources Control Board

# Section 1

Introduction and Project Background

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 1-2 

#  Sacramento Regional Count y Sanitation District

 Northern California Water Association

 California Urban Water Agencies (CUWA)

 California Rice Commission

 USEPA

 California Department of Water Resources

 Sacramento Stormwater Quality Partnership

The work plan includes:

 An assessment of the ability to control sources of key drinking water constituents in

the Delta and is tributaries (sour ce water protection approach).

 An assessment of the ability to remove key drinking water constituents in water

treatment plants (water treatment approach).

 An analysis of the feasibili ty, costs, and risks associat ed with both approaches to

managing key drinking water constituen ts (source water protection and water

treatment).

This project addresses the water treatment approach for priority constituents. The

drinking water constituents considered to have the highest prio rity by the Work Group

include DBP precursors, dissolved minerals, nutrients, pathogens, and pathogen indicator

organisms (Table 1-1).

Table 1-1.



# Priority Constituents of Concern fo r Central Valley Drinking Water Policy

Constituent Class Source Water Cons tituents Treated Water Constituents

Disinfection

Byproduct Precursors TOC, DOC, bromide, alkalinity DBPs, THMs, HAAs, bromate

Dissolved Minerals TDS, electrical conductivity (EC), and

chloride TDS, EC, and chloride

Nutrients Nitrogen species (total, total Kjeldahl,

organic, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia)

Phosphorus species (total, dissolved) Impacts of algal growth:

taste and odor, algal toxins,

treatment challenges

Pathogens and

Indicator Organisms Giardia

, Cryptosporidium , total coliform,

fecal coliform, Enterococcus

, E.coli Giardia

, Cryptosporidium , total

coliform, fecal coliform,

Enterococcus

, E.coli

Source: Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Scope of Work



# 1.2. Water Treatment Evaluation Project Objective

The Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation project objective was to determine the effects

of future water quality changes at treatmen t plants that utilize surface water from the

Central Valley of California. Current, pl ausible future, and outer boundary regulations

were considered.

# Section 1

Introduction and Project Background

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 1-3 

# 1.3. Project Progress and Schedule

Task work was completed in two project phases:

Phase I

 Define Study Boundaries

 Develop and Describe a Representative VWTP for each Source Water Area

 Identify Threshold Values th at Trigger Treatment Changes

Phase II

 Evaluate VWTP Performance using Future Water Quality Scenarios

 Estimate VWTP Upgrades Needed to Meet Future Regulations

 Estimate Costs Associated with VWTP Upgrades



# 1.4. Technical Memorandum Organization

The purpose of this technical memorandum is to capture revisions to previously

completed work (Phase I) and to summarize the work completed as part of Phase II of the

project. This memorandum is organized into five sections:

 Section 1 provides an introduction to the pr oject, reviews the pr oject objectives and

work completed, and outlines of the technical memorandum organization.

 Section 2 describes the regulatory scenarios.

 Section 3 summarizes historical water quality and describes the future water quality

scenarios used for the analysis.

 Section 4 provides the approach used to develop VWTPs, an example VWTP

development for a source water area, a nd a summary of the selected VWTPs.

 Section 5 provides a description of the thre shold values that trigger the need for

treatment change.

 Section 6 models VWTP performance with future water quality and identifies the

upgrades needed to meet futu re regulatory scenarios.

 Section 7 provides a sensitivity analysis of the water quality data and WTP modeling.

 Section 8 provides cost estimates for the recommended future VWTP upgrades and

extrapolates costs to the regional level.

 Section 9 provides a summary of the evaluation and major findings.

 Section 10 summarizes references used in the report.

# THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 2-1 1



# 2. Regulatory Scenarios

Regulatory scenarios for the ye ar 2030 were developed in Phase I project work from a

group consensus of technical e xperts and advisors, based on the team’s experience with

the USEPA and CDPH, and on best professional judgment (Table 2-1). Scenarios were

divided into three categories:

 Current - includes contaminants that are currently regulated.

 Plausible - includes contaminants that are c onsidered likely to be regulated in some

form; this is regulatory scenario that will be used to evaluate potential WTP

modifications to estimate treatment costs.

 Outer Boundary- includes the same contam inants; however, the requirements could

be more stringent. This scenario will onl y be considered qua litatively in future

evaluations and are provided to brac ket the regulatory possibilities.

Table 2-1:



# Regulatory Scenarios

Constituent Regulatory Scenarios

Current Plausible 1 

# Outer Boundary 2



# Disinfection Byproduct Precursors

Organic Carbon

and Organic

Nitrogen Enhanced Coagulation Treatment

Technique under the Stage 1

D/DBP Rule Same as current Control TOC as a precursor

Control DON as a precursor

Disinfection Byproducts

Chlorite 1 mg/L (daily at EPDS, monthly in

DS) Same as current Same as current

Chlorate - 700  g/L (daily at EPDS,

monthly in DS) Same as plausible

Bromate 10  g/L(RAA) 5 or 10  g/L* 1 to 4  g/L*

THMs

THM4 80  g/L(LRAA) 80  g/L* Regulate individual species*

Iodinated

THMs - - Regulate iodinated THMs as

a group*

HAAs

HAA5 60  g/L(LRAA) 60  g/L* Individual levels for selected

species

HAA9 - 80  g/L(LRAA), additional

species to current

regulations 1. 80  g/L*

2. Individual levels for

selected species*

# Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 2-2 Constituent Regulatory Scenarios

Current Plausible 1 

# Outer Boundary 2



# Iodinated

HAAs - - Regulate as a group or

individual species*

Nitrogenous Organic Compounds

Nitrosamines 3 ng/L 3 

# Public Health Goal (PHG),

10 ng/L 3 

# Notification Level (NDMA) NDMA at 3 to 10

ng/L(LRAA) 4 

# Regulate select compounds*

Hydrazine - - 10 ng/L*

Disinfection Practices and Views

Chloramination Accepted technology Other technologies

preferred Technology prohibited

View of low to no

use of

disinfectants View generally not accepted in U.S Same as current View begins to be accepted

in U.S.

Dissolved Minerals

TDS 500 mg/L secondary MCL Same as current Reduction required to reduce

salinity load and recycled

water

Nutrients

Nitrite 1 mg/L (as N) at EPDS 1 mg/L (as N) in DS Same as plausible

Nitrate 10 mg/L(as N) at EPDS 10 mg/L (as N) in DS Regulation pending heath

data

Algal Toxins

Microcystin - 1  g/L WHO guideline Same as plausible

Anatoxin-a - - 3  g/L (suggested, Australia)

Saxitoxin - - 3  g/L (suggested, Australia)

Pathogens and Indicators

Total coliform

(TC), Fecal

coliform (FC),

and E. coli Monitoring based upon population.

TC triggers assessment and

corrective action. Failure to take

corrective action is considered a

treatment technique violation. A

violation of E. Coli MCL occurs

when routine and repeat TC

samples are positive and one is

also E. Coli positi ve. Failure to

take repeat sample after E. Coli

positive is also considered E. Coli

violation. A violation triggers public

notice. Same as current Same as current

Cryptosporidium 2-log removal credit (IESWTR 6 

# );

Additional inactivation needed

based on source water

concentration (LT2ESWTR) Same as current Additional 1-log

Giardia and

enteric viruses 3-log inactivation and/or removal of

Giardia cysts and 4-log inactivation

and/or removal of enteric viruses. Same as current Same as current

# Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 2-3 Constituent Regulatory Scenarios

Current Plausible 1 

# Outer Boundary 2



# CCL3 Pathogens

- Regulated, but less

challenging to

remove/inactivate than

SWTR and LT2ESWTR

standards Same as plausible

1 

# Scenario will be used in treatment selection and future costing.

2 

# Scenario will be discussed qualitatively, but not included in future costing.

3 

# CDPH regulation.

4 

# NDMA is considered by the regulatory agency as an indicator of other nitrosamines’ levels

5 

# Current regulation represents the proposed revisions to the Total Coliform Rule based on the 2008 Total Coliform

Rule/Distribution System Advisory Committee Agreement in Principle.

6 

# Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule ( 

# IESWTR)

*Single sample not to exceed. This could include multip le samples collected instantaneously a given location to average

results and avoid an unrepresentative sample or could include re-s ampling in the case of an outlier result. Intention is to

obtain a sample that is representative of the quality of t he water in a particular location at a unique point in time.



# 2.1. Disinfection Byproducts

Currently regulated DBPs include chlorite , bromate, THM4, and HAA5. There are a

number of reasons that the USEPA may cons ider modifying the current regulations for

these DBPs as well as regulating other DBPs:

 Cancer is not the only hea lth endpoint being detected in epidemiology studies; there

are new concerns about potential advers e reproduction and developmental effects

(Richardson 2005).

 New human exposure studies ar e including inhalation and derm al absorption routes of

exposure to DBPs in addition to ingestion, which is revealing increased cancer risks

(Richardson 2007).

 Brominated DBPs may be more carcinoge nic than their chlorinated analogs

(Richardson 2005, WHO 2000, Woo et al. 2002).

 Iodinated DBPs may be more carcinogenic th an their brominated analogs (Richardson

2005, Plewa et al. 2004, Woo et al. 2002)

Chlorite is currently regulated DBP of chlo rine dioxide and has an MCL of 1 mg/L.

Chlorite can also be formed as an intermed iate between hypochlorite and chlorate during

hypochlorite decomposition. The California pub lic health goal (PHG) for chlorite is

much lower than the MCL at 0.050 mg/L (O EHHA 2009). PHGs are developed based on

the latest toxicological information and refe rence the concentration at which no potential

adverse health effect will occur. PHGs, along with economic and technology factors, are

considered by CDPH in the development of MC Ls. In general, MCLs are set as close to

the PHG as economically feasible. Despite th e relatively low PHG for chlorite, economic

and technology factors make it unlikely that the current MCL regulation will change by

2030 but was added to include a ll currently regulated DBPs.

# Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 2-4 

# Chlorate is a contaminant produced during on- site generations of hypochlorite solutions,

the decomposition of hypochlorite, and as a chlo rine dioxide DBP. Th ere is not currently

a CDPH or USEPA MCL for chlorate. The state of California currently has set a

notification level of 0.8 mg /L for chlorate (CDPH 2007). The World Health

Organization (WHO) has set a pr ovisional guideline value of 700  g/L for chlorate

(WHO 2008). Chlorate exhibits the same mechanism of action on the thyroid as

perchlorate, albeit with lower potency (Synder 2009, USEP A 1999). Despite the lower

potency relative to perchlorate, chlorate o ccurrence in drinking waters is much higher

than perchlorate in drinking water. As in creasing health effect information becomes

available, chlorate could be regul ated at the WHO guideline of 700  g/L (plausible).

Bromate is currently regulated at 10  g/L, which corresponds to a cancer risk factor of

2×10 -4 

# (typically, the basis for MCLs is 10 -4 

# to 10 -6 

# ). It is anticipated that this MCL

could be reduced to 5  g/L (plausible) or lower (outer boundary) in an effort to reduce

the cancer risk to 1×10 -4 

# or lower. This risk has to be balanced with the fact that bromate

could be present in the common disinf ectant chemical, sodium hypochlorite.

THMs are regulated as a group (THM4) on a LRAA basis at 80  g/L under the Stage 2

DBP Rule (effective from 2012). Epidemiol ogical evidence has produced uncertain and

sometimes conflicting conclusions on the repr oductive effects of exposure to DBPs. For

example, an extensive literature review by Reif et al. 2000 found that evidence for an

increased risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth exists but is uncertain (Health

Canada 2006). A more recent study by American Water Works Research Foundation

(AwwaRF) found no association between THM exposure and pregnancy loss (Savitz et

al. 2005). More research is n eeded; however, due to the fact that contaminant levels can

significantly vary with th e LRAA calculation method, it is possible that the THM

regulation will change to single sample not to exceed 80  g/L to reduce va riability and

limit acute or reproductive health effects (plausible). A single sample not to exceed

requirement could include the collection of multiple samples instantaneously at a given

location to average results and avoid an unreprese ntative sample. In the case of an outlier

result, the regulation could in clude a requirement for re-sampling. The intention of a

single sample not to exceed condition is to obtain a sample that is representative of the

quality of the water in a particular location at a unique point in time. As an increasing

amount of health effects data becomes avai lable, regulations ma y be directed to

individual species to reduce associat ed health risks (outer boundary).

Similar to THMs, HAAs are regulated under th e Stage 2 DBP Rule as a group (HAA5) at

60  g/L on an LRAA basis. To limit variability and reduce acute human health effects,

HAA5 regulation will possibly change to a si ngle sample not to exceed (plausible).

Further, as additional human health effect data becomes available, regulations may be

directed to individual species (outer boundary). It is recogn ized that additional regulation

may be necessary to represent the entire group of HAAs that can be formed (HAA9).

# Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 2-5 

# HAA9 is not currently regulated ; however, it is possible that HAA9 will be regulated in

the future and could be regulat ed as a group at a level of 80  g/L LRAA (plausible).

Although it is less likely, HAA9 regu lation may be directed to 80  g/L single sample not

to exceed or depending on available human heal th affect data on an individual species

basis (outer boundary).

Iodinated DBPs including I-THMs and I-HAAs are not currently regulated. I-DBPs are

of increasing concern due to their occurrence in finished water systems that use

chloramines (Krasner et al. 2006) and increased human health ri sks relative to chlorinated

and brominated DBPs (Richardson 2005). Desp ite the increased health risks relative to

chlorinated and brominated DBPs, more occu rrence and toxicology data are needed for ITHMs and I-HAAs. In addition, THMs and HAAs are surrogates for halogenated DBPs,

including I-DBPs. If additional data become available, regulation of I-DBPs may be

possible as a group or as indi vidual species, which was desi gnated as the outer boundary

condition.



# 2.2. Nitrogenous Organic Compounds

Nitrogenous organic compounds, including nitrosamines, have been hypothesized to

account for the bladder cancer incidence noted in epidemiological st udies of chlorinated

water (Walse 2008, Mostafa 1999). NDMA is one nitrosamine that is both a DBP and

can be an industrial pollutant (i ndependent of disinfection). It is possible that the future

regulation of NDMA will be in the 3 to 10 ng/ L range as a LRAA (plausible). Although

less likely, regulations requiring treatment fo r dissolved organic ni trogen (as a precursor)

similar to the TOC removal requirements se t forth in the Stage 1 DBP Rule could be

established (outer boundary). If the health effect data and occurrences justify individual

regulations of various nitrosamines speci es, regulation of individual compounds could

result (outer boundary).

Hydrazine is a probable huma n carcinogen that can be formed through the reaction of

monochloramine and ammonia. Hydrazine is fo rmed as a result of the addition of these

chemicals, not due to source water quality. Additionally, hydrazine formation is not

detectable in drinking waters with pH lo wer than 9.0 (Najm 2007). For this reason,

regulation of hydrazine is not likely (plausib le). However, the cancer risk level for

hydrazine at 10 ng/L is 10-6, and this risk leve l is within the range typically captured by

an MCL. Although it is unlikely, plants usi ng lime softening or distribution system

conditions that result in pH excursions may create the need for future regulation of

hydrazine at 10 ng/L single sample not to exceed (outer boundary).

# Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 2-6 

# 2.3. Disinfection Practices and Views

With the increasing concern over DBPs, disinfection practices are increasingly

scrutinized. The benefits of the inactivation of pathogens must cont inuously be balanced

with the formation of compounds that adversel y affect human health. For this reason, it

is likely that chloramination may become the less preferred disinfection method,

specifically because of pote ntial nitrogenous DBP formati on (plausible). In some

countries outside of the United States, the prac tice of maintaining minimal or no residual

in the distribution is common. This viewpoint is not likely to be accepted in the United

States; however, as an increasing number of studies indicate the adverse health effects

associated with US disinfection practices, ch loramination may be prohi bited in the future

(outer boundary).

2.3.1. Dissolved Minerals

Dissolved minerals are becoming an increa singly important issu e in drinking water

treatment. Currently, USEPA and CDPH have established secondary MCLs for TDS.

The USEPA secondary MCL is 500 mg/L and is an unenforceable guid eline. CDPH has

established a secondary maximum contaminant level range for TDS. Secondary MCLs in

California are enforceable limits based on a consumer acceptance contaminant level;

however, the consumer acceptance contaminant level for TDS is not fixed (Table 2-2).

As salinity continues to increase, adverse a ffects on the treatment process and the ability

to recycle water may be experienced. It is likely TDS will be monitored in the future,

and the regulation likely will not change (plaus ible). With the increasing importance of

water recycling, TDS reductions may be neces sary (outer boundary); however, it is

unlikely that a SDWA regulati on would require this.

Table 2-2.



# Consumer Acceptance Contaminant Level

Constituent, Units Recommended 1 

# Uppe r 2 

# Short Term 3



# Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 500 1,000 1,500

Or

Specific Conductance, μS/cm 900 1,600 2,200

Chloride, mg/L 250 500 600

Sulfate, mg/L 250 500 600

Source: CDPH, 2008.

Notes:

(1) Constituent concentrations lower than the recomm ended contaminant level are desirable for a higher degree of

consumer acceptance.

(2) Constituent concentrati ons ranging to the Upper contaminant level ar e acceptable if it is neither reasonable nor

feasible to provide more suitable waters.

(3) Constituent concentrations ra nging to the short term contaminant level are acceptable only for existing

community water systems on a temporar y basis pending constructi on of treatment facilities or development of

acceptable new water sources.



# 2.4. Nutrients

Nitrite and nitrate are currently regulated at MCLs of 1 and 10 mg/L as N, respectively.

These regulations could be revise d as a part of EPA’s six-year review process in the next

# Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 2-7 

# few years. Although it was postulated that the MCLs will remain the same, it is plausible

that the regulation may move the monitoring location from EPDS to DS locations, to

account for contribution from nitrification (plaus ible). Although it is le ss likely, there is a

chance that the nitrate MCL could be lowere d if toxicological data emerges showing

health effects similar to perchlorate (outer boundary).

2.4.1. Algal Toxins

Algal toxins are toxins formed by cya nobacteria that dominate the freshwater

phytoplankton communities during periods of calm, stratified conditions (AwwaRF

2008). Algal toxins are of incr easing interest in the US a nd in other countries around the

worldbecause it has been observed that increas ed discharges of nutrients can lead to

increased algal blooms (and their toxins), whic h have been associated with an increased

incidence of fish kills, deaths of livestock and wildlife, and human illness and death

(Richardson 2007). The most common algal toxins are microcystins, anatoxins, and

saxitoxins. Others have recognized the need to regulate these toxi ns, and it is possible

that the US will follow. Th e World Health Organization (WHO) has a guideline value

for microcystin of 1  g/L, and it is possible that th is could become an MCL by 2030

(plausible). Anatoxin-a a nd saxitoxin do not have WHO guidelines; however, Australia

has a suggested limit for these toxins of 3  g/L. Although it is not likely, there is a

possibility that an MCL for anatoxin and saxi toxin could be established at the Australia

suggested limit of 3  g/L (outer boundary).

2.4.2. Pathogens and Indicators

Currently, 2-log removal of Cryptosporidium is required by the IESWTR with additional

inactivation required based on the bin classi fication outlined in the LT2ESWTR. These

requirements are not likely to change by 2030, so the plausible scenario for

Cryptosporidium inactivation will not require additional inactivation. However, future

changes in source water quality could change bin classificat ions, triggering additional

inactivation requirements. In the unli kely event that the requirements for

Cryptosporidium removal/inactivation are increase d to protect human health, it is

predicted that an additional 1-log removal/inac tivation will be required (outer boundary).

It is predicted that alt hough pathogens other than Cryptosporidium will be regulated;

none will be more challenging to remove or inactivate than Cryptosporidium. Table 2-3

summarizes a number of pathogens that could possibly be regulated by 2030 based on the

recommendations of expert panels from American Water Works Association (AWWA)

and USEPA. Many are pathogens on the CCL3. Also summarized in Table 2-3 are the

treatment requirements that may be necessary to remove or inactive these pathogens.

Based on this summary, it appears that the othe r pathogens that are lik ely to be regulated

will not be more difficult to remove or inactivate compared to Cryptosporidium.

# Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 2-8 Table 2-3:



# Treatment of Pathogens

Organism Free Chlorine Ozone UV

Caliciviruses Aggregated calicicivirus required CTs

greater than EPA Guidance Manual CT

values. Disspersed calicicivirus

required CTs less than EPA Guidance

Manual CT values. 2 

# <0.01 to 0.03 mg/L*min for 4-

log inactivation at a pH of 7

and 5° C. 28 

# 29 to 36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 3



# Campylobacter

jejuni Suseptible at doses effective for E. coli 4 

# NA 1 

# 4.6 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 5



# Entamoeba

histolytica Similar resistance to chlorine as Giardia

lamblia.6

Normal water treatment practices are

able to remove Entamoeba cysts. 7 

# NA 1 

# NA 1



# Escherichia coli

(0157) 4 log inactivation at CTs of

approximately 1.1 to 1.2 mg/L*min 8 

# . 2-

log inactivation at a CT of 0.119 mg/L*

min 9 

# 0.09 mg/L*min for 2-log

inactivation 9 

# 6 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 10



# Helicobacter

pylori 2-log CT of 0.299 mg/L*min 9 

# 0.24 mg/L*min for 2-log

inactivation 9 

# NR 1



# Hepatitis A virus CT table for SWTR are based on

Hepatitis A NR 1 

# 21 mJ/cm2 for 4-log inactivation

11



# Legionella

pneumophila 2 to 13.5 mg/L*min for 2-log inactivation

12 

# .5 to 1.5 mg/L*min for 2-log

inactivation at a pH of 7.2 and

25° C. 12 

# 9.4 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 13



# Naegleria fowleri 2-log CT of 6 and 31 mg/L*min at a pH

of 7.5 and 23°C for trophozoite and cyst

form, respectively. 29 

# NA 1 

# 63 mJ/cm2 for 2-log

inactivation 29



# Salmonella

enterica Salmonella spp. are sensitive to chlorine

and do not pose a risk when

conventional drinking water treatment is

applied. 14 

# NA 1 

# 7 to 10 mJ/cm2 for 4-log of

Salmonella spp. 10,15



# Shigella sonnei Shigella spp. are sensitive to chlorine

and do not pose a risk when

conventional drinking water treatment is

applied. 14 

# 0.9 to 1.4 mg/L*min for 1-log

inactivation at a pH of 7.2 and

25° C. 30 

# 8.2 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 16



# Vibrio cholerae Vegetative bacterium is widely known to

be sensitive to chlorination and does not

pose a risk when drinking water is

properly disinfected. 14 

# Can be inactivated by Ozone.

17 

# 2.9 to 21 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 18



# Mycobacterium

avium 51 to 204 mg/L*min for 3-log inactivation

at 23°C and a pH of 7. 19 

# 0.1 to 0.17 mg/L*min for 3-log

inactivation at a pH of 7 and

23° C. 19 

# NA 1



# Rotavirus 1.6 to 6.0 for 3-log inactivation at 4°C

with pHs from 6 to 8. 20 

# 0.6 to 3.2 mg/L*min for 3-log

inactivation with pHs from 6 to

8 at 4° C. 21 

# 36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation. 5



# Enteroviruses

(Coxsackieviruses

and Echoviruses) 0.14 to 33.66 mg/L*min for 2-log

inactivation for Co xsackieviruses and

0.24 to 49.0 for Echoviruses at pHs from

6 to 10 at 5°C. 22 

# 0.1 mg/L*min for 3-log

inactivation of unassociated

coxsackievirus. 1.5 mg/L*min

for 3-log inactivation of cell

associated coxsackievirus at

5 NTU. 23 

# 32.5 to 36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation of

Coxsackieviruses.

28 to 33 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation of Echoviruses. 24



# Adenovirus 0.16 to 0.75 mg/L*min for 4-log

inactivation at pHs from 6 to 8 and at 5°

C. 36.09 mg/L*min for 4-log inactivation

at pH of 8 and 15° C. 2 

# 0.07 to 0.6 mg/L*min for 4-log

inactivation at a pH of 7 and

5° C. 25 

# 100 to 124 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation with low pressure

UV lamps. 26,27



# Approximately 40 mJ/cm2 for 4-

log inactivation with medium

pressure UV lamps. 28



# Giardia 24 to 389 mg/L*min for 3-log inactivation

depending on temperature, chlorine

concentration, and pH. 32 

# 0.48 to 2.9 mg/L*min for 3-log

inactivation depending on

temperature. 32 

# 22 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation. 31



# Cryptosporidium Free chlorine is ineffective at

inactivating Cryptosporidium. 33 

# 4.7 to 72 mg/L*min for 3-log

inactivation depending on

temperature. 31 

# 22 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation. 31

# Section 2

Updated Regulatory Scenarios

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 2-9 1. NA = Not Available, results were not found during literature search. 2. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2003a., 3. Thurston-Enrique z et al.

2003b., 4. Blaser et al. 1986, 5. Wilson et al. 1992, 6. Jarroll et al. 1981, 7. Karanis 2006, 8. Rice et al. 2008, 9. Baker et al. 2002 , 10. Tosa

and Hirata 1999, 11. Wiedenmann et al. 1993, 12 Domingue et al 1998, 13 Oguma et al. 2004, 14 AWWA 2008., 15 Yaun et al 2003, 1 6

Chang et al. 1985 , 17. Burlson et al. 1975, 18. Hoyer 1998, 19 . Taylor et al. 2000, 20. Vaughn et al. 1986, 21. Vaughn et al. 1987, 22.

Engelbrecht et al. 1980, 23. Emerson et al. 1982, 24. Gerba et al. 2002, 25. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2005, 26. Meng and Gerba 1996, 27.

Ballester and Malley 2004, 28. Linden et al. 2007. 29. CAP 2008 . 30. Lezcano et al. 1999. 31. USEPA 2006. 32. USEPA 1991. 33. Venczel

et al. 1997

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# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 3-1 

# 3. Historical and Projected Future Water Quality

Understanding the source water quality fo r the existing Central Valley WTPs is

paramount when evaluating whether existing WT Ps will meet potential future regulations

and determining what treatment changes (i f any) may be necessary. Accordingly,

identifying areas that use Central Valley su rface water that have similar water quality will

simplify the necessary analyses. This sect ion presents the source water areas and the

associated water quality that was used in the analysis.



# 3.1. Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

The Work Group identified four geographical ar eas that utilize water from the Delta and

its tributaries, and have similar source water quality (similar levels of constituents of

concern):

 Upper Sacramento and Upper-Eastern San Joaquin Watersheds (Upper Watersheds)

 Central Delta including the Sout h Bay Aqueduct (Central Delta)

 California Aqueduct – Coastal and East Branches (CAA)

 California Aqueduct – West Branch (CAA-West)

Initially, the North Bay Aqueduct was also included as a source water area in the

evaluation; however, the Work Group decided to remove it from the analysis with the

assumption that WTPs in this area would likel y not be affected by the development of a

comprehensive Central Valley Drinking Water Policy.

Geographical area boundaries were not design ated; the source water areas were bounded

by the WTPs in each region with similar intake water quality (Figure 3-1). A total of 49

WTPs that use Delta water as a major source were considered.

# Section 3

Historical and Projected Future Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 3-2 Figure 3-1: Source Water Areas and Associated WTPs

San Jose



# Lege n d



# A NBA



# • Centra l Delta'SBA 

# •

f



# *

CAA(Coa<rtal and Ea;t

# Brmche~)

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# /'v NBAAquooucr

/"./ S8AAqJedlct

CAA A Q.leduc.t

/"./ CAA West AQ.Jedu' t



# - I tA ARCADIS

The 

# Wlter Dlvls/an rJt 

# ARCADIS 

# •

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.. no

# ·~**.** \



# .,

Santa Ana

Long Beach



# San Diego 

# N

Ri vers i de

JO 

# 100 1)0 

# lOO



# D

# Section 3

Historical and Projected Future Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 3-3 

# 3.2. Historical Water Quality

To characterize the water quality for each sour ce water area, a review of available water

quality data and reports was performed duri ng Phase I of the proj ect. This section

provides a summary of the data re view; the detailed analysis is included in Appendix B.

The Work Group identified water quality monito ring locations that are representative of

each source water area (Table 3-1). These m onitoring locations were used to summarize

the water quality trends of key contaminants of concern (Table 3-2). With the exception

of Upper Watershed, one monitoring location was used to represent each source water

area. In the Upper Watershed, the Sacram ento River at W. Sac Intake Structure

monitoring station was used to represent disso lved ammonia, while the Sacramento River

at Hood monitoring station was used to repres ent all other water quality parameters.

Table 3-1.



# Representative Water Qualit y Monitoring Locations

Source Water Area Monitoring Location DWR Monitoring

Station Number

Upper Watersheds Sacramento River at Hood B9D82211312

Sacramento River at W. Sac Intake Structure A0210451 1



# Central Delta Banks Pumping Plant KA000331

CAA Check 13 KA007089

CA A - West Branch Castaic Lake Tower CA002000

Source: Representative monitoring locations provided by Work Group.

1 

# During Phase II of the Evaluation, the Wo rk Group determined that dissolved ammonia levels at the Sacramento River at

Hood monitoring location were not representative of the Upper Watersheds source water area. To obtain more

representative ammonia data, the Sacramento River at West Sa c Intake Structure monitoring station was used.



# Organic carbon and bromide are the prim ary DBP precursors for THMs and HAAs.

Bromide can also react with ozone to form bromate, another regulated DBP. The

regulatory scenarios projected for 2030 contai n regulations for a number of DBPs, of

which TTHM, HAA5, HAA9, and bromate can be estimated using a computer model.

This project utilized the EPA Water Treatme nt Plant Model (EPAWTPM) Version 2.0 to

evaluate the affect of changing source wa ter quality on DBP formation. The EPAWTPM

is an empirical model that simulates DBP formation (TTHM, HAA5, HAA9, Total

Organic Halides, bromate, and chlori te) under given treatment conditions.

# Section 3

Historical and Projected Future Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 3-4 Table 3-2:



# Historical Water Quality

Parameter Upper

Watersheds Central Delta CAA CAA-West

(monitoring station) (Hood) (Banks) (Check 13) (Castaic Lake)

TOC, mg/L Median 1.8 3.2 3.2 2.9

90 th 

# Percentile 3.0 4.8 5.2 3.8

DOC, mg/L Median 1.7 3.3 3.1 2.9

90 th 

# Percentile 2.7 4.7 5.0 3.6

Bromide, mg/L Median 0.01 0.18 0.19 0.19

90 th 

# Percentile 0.02 0.48 0.38 0.26

Temperature, ° C Median 16.7 17.6 14.7 16.4

90 th 

# Percentile 22.4 25.3 23.3 18.4

99 th 

# Percentile 24.0 28.5 25.7 21.9

Notes: A detailed summary of water quality is provided in A ppendix B. Historical data were generally available from 1998

and updated to include data up to 2008.



# 3.3. Predicted Future W ater Quality Scenarios

The Work Group provided future water quality scenarios based on hydrodynamic

modeling work completed under another project. Three scenarios for future conditions

(2030) were compiled: the Planned scenario reflects changes required in existing waste

discharge permits for wastewater treatment plants and urban runoff discharges, and a

hypothetical 2 percent reduction in loading from agricultura l land. Plausible represents

more aggressive treatment of wastewater and urban runoff and a hypothetical 6 percent

reduction in loading from agricultural land. The Outer Boundary scenario demonstrates

the limits of what can be achieved with current technology for wa stewater discharges,

aggressive treatment of urban runoff, and a hypothetical 10 percent reduction in loading

from agricultural land. These scenarios we re modeled in the WARMF model for the

Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. It shoul d be noted, that within the Delta it was not

possible to incorporate the urban runoff a nd agricultural load reductions due to budget

and schedule constraints so only the wastew ater future scenarios were modeled.

Outputs from two primary computer models we re used to simulate future water quality

conditions:

 DSM2 outputs represented wate r at Clifton Court Forebay, which is representative of

the Central Delta source water area.

 WARMF outputs represented water at I-Street from the watersheds feeding the Delta,

which is applicable to the Upper Watersheds source water area.

The modeling results provided simulations of monthly average DOC, bromide, and

temperature for current, planned future, pl ausible future, and outer boundary future

conditions (Appendix C). TOC was calculate d based on the historical relationship

# Section 3

Historical and Projected Future Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 3-5 

# between DOC and TOC at Clifton Forebay, wh ere DOC typically accounts for 92 percent

of TOC. From these data, a 90 th 

# percentile was calculated (Table 3-3). Based on the

input from the modelers, the model results ar e more reliable to demonstrate differences

between various scenarios compared to the sp ecific values predicted for any given time

period. For example, based on the model resu lts one can say that the TOC value in the

outer boundary condition to be 95% of the current value ( 5.42/5.72) more confidently

than saying that the exact value of TOC is 5.42 mg/L in the future outer boundary.

Table 3-3:



# Future Water Quality Scenarios

Central Delta Source Water Area

Parameter DSM2 Outputs- Clifton Court Forebay

(Monthly Averaged Data)

Current

(2010) Future

Planned Future

Plausible Future

Outer

Boundary

90th Percentile TOC, mg/L 1 

# 5.72 5.61 5.52 5.42

90th Percentile DOC, mg/L 5.26 5.16 5.08 4.99

90th Percentile Bromide, mg /L 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.39

99th Percentile Temperature, ° C 24 24 24 24

Average Temperature, ° C 17 17 17 17

Upper Watersheds Source Water Area

Parameter WARMF I-Street (Daily Data)

Current

(2010) Future

Planned Future

Plausible Future

Outer

Boundary

90th Percentile TOC, mg/L 1 

# 2.57 2.54 2.47 2.50

90th Percentile DOC, mg/L 2.36 2.34 2.27 2.30

90th Percentile Bromide, mg/L 2



# - - - -

99th Percentile Temperature, °C 23 23 23 23

Average Temperature, °C 15 15 15 15

1 

# TOC was calculation using the relationship DOC = 0.92 TOC.

2 

# WARMF model did not provide bromide results; however, historically minimal bromide was present in Upper

Watersheds.

# Section 3

Historical and Projected Future Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 3-6 

# Table 3-4 presents the TOC and bromide va lues that were used for modeling DBP

formation. As shown in the table, the 10-year historical data and modeled results, which

were based upon a longer historic al data set, did not exactly match. For this evaluation,

in order to resolve the difference between th e historical and modeled results, the model

parameter values were adjust ed as shown in Table 3-4.

Table 3-4:



# Adjustment of Modeled Future Wate r Quality for Consistency with

Historical Data

Central Delta Source Water Area

Parameter Historical Modeled

Current Historical to

Modeled

Ratio (Ratio) * (Future Modeled Scenario)

Future

Planned Future

Plausible Future Outer

Boundary

TOC, mg/L 4.79 5.72 0.84 4.70 4.63 4.54

Bromide, mg/L 0.48 0.41 1.17 0.48 0.48 0.46

Upper Watersheds Source Water Area

Parameter Historical Modeled

Current Historical to

Modeled

Ratio (Ratio) * (Future Modeled Scenario)

Future

Planned Future

Plausible Future Outer

Boundary

TOC, mg/L 3.00 2.57 1.17 2.97 2.89 2.92

Note: WARMF model did not provide bromide results; howev er, historically minimal bromide was present in Upper

Watersheds.



# All future scenarios show an improvement in water quality (in term s of organic carbon)

in both the Central Delta and Upper Watersheds . However, the reduction in TOC is not

large enough to translate to a significant reduc tion in DBP formation. For example, if the

TOC is reduced from 4.79 mg/L to 4.54 mg/L in the Central Delta source water area, the

modeled TTHM are reduced from 49 to 43 μ g/L (Table 3-5). Similarly, in the Upper

Watersheds, if the TOC is reduced from 3.00 to 2.92 mg/L, the TTHM are reduced from

66 to 65 μ g/L. Reductions in TTHM in the 2 to 6 μ g/L range are well within the noise of

the EPAWTPM and are not considered significan t changes. This demonstrates that the

source control measures, even in the most aggressive outer boundary scenario, does not

result in TOC or bromide water quality im provements large enough to be discernable by

the EPAWTPM (i.e., the changes are smalle r than the overall accuracy of the

EPAWTPM).

# Section 3

Historical and Projected Future Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 3-7 Table 3-5:



# EPAWTPM Results for Future Water Quality Scenarios

Parameter Historical

Data Future Water Quality Scenarios

Future

Planned Future

Plausible Future Outer

Boundary

Central Delta (CD-1)

Input TOC, mg/L 4.79 4.70 4.63 4.54

3-day TTHM, μ g/L 49 45 44 43

3-day HAA5, μ g/L 14 13 13 13

3-Day HAA9, μ g/L 29 26 26 26

Bromate, μ g/L 8 8 7 7

Upper Watersheds (UW-1)

Input TOC, mg/L 3.0 2.97 2.89 2.92

3-day TTHM, μ g/L 66 66 64 65

3-day HAA5, μ g/L 48 48 47 47

3-Day HAA9, μ g/L 55 55 54 54

Bromate, μ g/L 0 0 0 0



# Because modeling indicates water quality improvements for future water quality

scenarios for the Central Delta and Upper Watersheds source water areas, it was

determined that although a slight improveme nt in future TOC is projected, it is not

significant enough to reveal meaningful cha nges DBP modeling result s. These findings

were presented to the Work Group and it wa s decided that the DB P modeling completed

during Phase I of the project that used histor ical water quality could be used in Phase II

project work, including the dete rmination of treatment upgrades and estimation of costs.

# THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-1 2



# 4. Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

VWTPs were developed to repr esent the central tendencies of treatment in each source

water area that were described in Technical Memorandum 1: Definition of Study

Boundaries (Appendix B). These VWTPs were then used to evaluate compliance with

future regulatory scenarios. This section describes the approach used to select VWTPs

and the baseline conditions used to model VWTPs performance.



# 4.1. Approach

To accurately represent each source water ar ea, a review of current WTP practices was

performed. Common water treatment processes that were considered are summarized in

Table 4-1. The WTPs considered were outlined previously in Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries , and the treatment processes for each plant were reviewed

for accuracy by the Work Group and CUWA Wate r Quality Committee. The majority of

plants utilize similar treatment processes; however, not all plants could be represented

equally due to variations in source water utilization, treatment capacity, and relative

contribution to total source water area treatment capacity. To account for these

variations, selection criteria were included in the approach to developing the VWTPs

(Figure 4-1). The step-wise approach is described below using the CAA source water

area as an example. The development of a ll VWTPs is described in detail in Appendix

D.

Table 4-1.



# Water Treatment Processes

Treatment Process Description/Purpose

Particulate

Removal Pre-pH Adjustment Acid addition for enhanced coagulation

Rapid Mix Mixing during coagulant addition

Conventional Flocculation and sedimentation

Direct Filtration Coagulant addition followed directly by filtration

Slow Sand Slow sand filtration

Rapid Sand, Multi-media Rapid sand or multi-media filtration

Pressure Sand Pressure sand filtration vessels

Membranes Membrane filtration

Disinfection Pre - Chlorination Chlorine as primary disinfectant

Pre-Ozonation Ozone for taste and odor c ontrol and some disinfection credit

Post-Ozonation Ozone for primary disinfection

Post-chlorination Chlorine as secondary disinfectant

Chloramines Chlormamines as secondary disinfectant

MIOX MIOX for secondary disinfection

DBP

Control GAC GAC contactors for DBP precursor removal and taste and odor

PAC PAC addition for DBP precursor removal and taste and odor

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-2 Figure 4-1:



# 5-Step Approach to VWTP Development

Step 1

Consider the

WTPs that

treat > 70%

Delta water. Step 2

Consider the

treatment

trains that are

> 10% of the

region's

treatment

capacity or

WTPs that are

greater than

20 mgd. Step 3

Consider the

treatment

processes that

are used at

least twice in

the WTPs

selected in

Step 2. Step 4

Consolidate

treatment

trains. Step 5

Select flows

representative

of remaining

treatment

trains.

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-3 

# Step 1- Consider WTPs that Treat More Than 70 Percent Delta Water



# Many WTPs have access to water sources othe r than Delta water (groundwater, Colorado

River, etc.). As water qual ity in the Delta changes or as regulations become more

stringent, these facilities could potentially incorporate bl ending as a treatment option.

Blending is beyond the scope of this analysis, so plants that utilize this option (i.e., use

less than 70% Delta and ble nd other sources) were no longe r considered in the VWTP

development.

Eighteen WTPs totaling approximately 2200 mg d of capacity were evaluated in the

development of CAA VWTPs (Table 4-2). Of the facilities considered, only one WTP

(Plant R) used less than 70 percent Delta water and could be eliminated from VWTP

development (Table 4-3).

Table 4-2:



# WTPs Considered for CAA VWTP Development

Plant

ID Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP ControlPre-pH AdjustmentRapid MixConventionalDirect FiltrationFiltration: Slow SandFiltration: Rapid Sand,Multi-mediaFiltration: Pressure SandMembranesPre - ChlorinationPre-OzonationPost-OzonationPost-chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC



# A - - * x x x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80-100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80-100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0-100 x x x x x x

N 100 4.5% 0-100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45-86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39-75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32-55 x x x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

Source: WTP data were provided by the Work Group.

*Approximate value

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-4 Table 4-3:



# Step 1- Consider CAA WTPs that Treat More Than 70% Delta Water

Plant

ID Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water 1 

# Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP ControlPre-pH AdjustmentRapid MixConventionalDirect FiltrationFiltration: Slow SandFiltration: Rapid Sand,Multi-mediaFiltration: Pressure SandMembranesPre - ChlorinationPre-OzonationPost-OzonationPost-chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC



# A - -

- x x x x

B 2.2 0.1%

- x x x

C 3 0.1%

- x x x x

D 3.1 0.1%

- x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100 x x x

F 5 0.2%

- x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100 x x x

H 12 0.5%

- x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100 x x x

J 30 1.4% 80-100 x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80-100 x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100 x x x

M 80 3.6% 0-100 x x x x x x

N 100 4.5% 0-100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45-86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39-75 x x x x x x x

R

2 

# 630 28.6% 32-55 x x x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

Source: WTP data were provided by the Work Group.

Notes:

1 

# Approximate value

2 

# Highlighted italicized WTPs were removed from table and no longer used in VWTP development.

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-5 

# Step 2- Consider Treatment Trains that are Greater than 10 percent of the Total

Source Water Area’s Treatment Capacity or WTPs Greater than 20 Million Gallons

per Day (MGD)



# Each source water area varies in total treatm ent capacity and number of WTPs. Many of

the WTPs within a given source water area utilize a similar treatment train; however,

some incorporate treatment proc esses that are unique. It would not be appropriate to

represent an entire source water area with a unique treatment train that is used at one

relatively small facility. For this reason, the total treatment capacity of the source water

area was calculated, and if a treatment trai n (from one or the sum of many WTPs) was

not at least 10 percent of the total source water area treat ment capacity, it was no longer

considered in the VWTP development.

It is equally important to c onsider the cases when the majo rity of the total source water

area treatment capacity is the result of one or two large WTPs. However, it is not

appropriate to eliminate a WTP from consider ation because it shares a source water area

with a very large plant. This is captured in the second part of Step 2: plants greater than

20 mgd (that would have been pr eviously eliminated for being less than 10 percent of the

total source water area treatment capacity) are still considered for VWTP development.

The CAA source water area has the largest treat ment capacity of all of the source water

areas. The CAA WTPs considered range in size from 2.2 to 520 mgd (Table 4-4). It

would not be appropriate to represent an en tire source water area wi th a unique treatment

train that is used at one rela tively small facility (Plants A through I). However, due to

the presence of a few relatively large WTPs in this source water area, it was important to

capture the second part of these step; plants less than 10% of the total CAA capacity, but

greater than 20 mgd are still consider ed (Plants J, K, L, M, N, O).

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-6 Table 4-4:



# Step 2- Consider CAA Treatment Trains that are Greater than 10% of the

Total CAA Source Water Area Treatment Capacity OR CAA WTPs Greater

than 20 mgd

Plant ID Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water 1 

# Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP ControlPre-pH AdjustmentRapid MixConventionalDirect FiltrationFiltration: Slow SandFiltration: Rapid Sand,Multi-mediaFiltration: Pressure SandMembranesPre - ChlorinationPre-OzonationPost-OzonationPost-chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC



# A 2



# - - - x x x x

B

2 

# 2.2 0.1% - x x x

C

2 

# 3 0.1% - x x x x

D

2 

# 3.1 0.1% - x x x x

E

2 

# 4 0.2% 100 x x x

F

2 

# 5 0.2% - x x x x

G

2 

# 10 0.5% 100 x x x

H

2 

# 12 0.5% - x x x x x

I 2 

# 14 0.6% 100 x x x

J 30 1.4% 80-100 x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80-100 x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100 x x x

M 80 3.6% 0-100 x x x x x x

N 100 4.5% 0-100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45-86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39-75 x x x x x x x

2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

Source: WTP data were provided by the Work Group.

Notes:

1 

# Approximate value

2 

# Highlighted italicized WTPs were removed from table and no longer used in VWTP development.

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-7 

# Step 3- Consider the Unit Treatment Processes that are Used at Least Twice in the

Source Water Area



# Of the remaining WTPs being considered fo r VWTP development, it is important to

consider the treatment processes most commonl y used. This step eliminates individual

unit processes that are not used by the majority of WTPs in a source water area. In the

CAA source water area example, only one of the remaining WTPs uses chlorine for

secondary disinfection (Table 4- 5). It would not be appropria te to represent the entire

region with a plant that uses chlorine for secondary di sinfection, so this WTP was

removed from VWTP development.

Table 4-5:



# Step 3- Consider the unit treatment processes that are used at least twice

in the CAA source water area

Plant ID Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water 1 

# Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP ControlPre-pH AdjustmentRapid MixConventionalDirect FiltrationFiltration: Slow SandFiltration: Rapid Sand,Multi-mediaFiltration: Pressure SandMembranesPre - ChlorinationPre-OzonationPost-OzonationPost-chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC



# J

2 

# 30 1.4% 80-100 x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80-100 x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100 x x x

M 80 3.6% 0-100 x x x x x x

N 100 4.5% 0-100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45-86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39-75 x x x x x x x

Source: WTP data were provided by the Work Group.

Notes:

1 

# Approximate value

2 

# Highlighted italicized WTPs were removed from table and no longer used in VWTP development.

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-8 

# Step 4- Consolidate Remaining Treatment Trains



# This step builds the VWTPs by consolidating the remaining tr eatment processes. Plants

K, L, and M are all conventional facilities with chloramines (Table 4-6) and plants N, O,

P, and Q are conventional facilities with ozone , chloramines, and pH adjustment. For this

reason, these two treatment trains were selected for the VWTPS. It is also important to

note that the predominant treatment trains ma y not be the same process sequence as the

virtual treatment process.

Table 4-6:



# Step 4- Consolidate Remaining CAA Treatment Trains

Plant

ID Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water 1 

# Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP ControlPre-pH AdjustmentRapid MixConventionalDirect FiltrationFiltration: Slow SandFiltration: Rapid Sand,Multi-mediaFiltration: Pressure SandMembranesPre - ChlorinationPre-OzonationPost-OzonationPost-chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC



# K 43 2.0% 80-100 x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100 x x x

M 80 3.6% 0-100 x x x x x x

N 100 4.5% 0-100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45-86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39-75 x x x x x x x

Source: WTP data were provided by the Work Group.

Notes:

1 

# Approximate value



# Step 5- Select Treatment Capacities Representative of Remaining Treatment

Trains



# The focus up to this point has been on the treatment process. This step selects a

representative treatment capacity for each VW TP treatment train based on the relative

sizes of WTPs in the source water area. In the CAA source water area, the conventional

process with chloramines represented the sm aller facilities (<100 mgd) in the area,

whereas the process with ozone was representative of the larg er plants (Figure 4-2). The

economy of scale for costs could be si gnificant between 40 an d 80 mgd. To be

conservative, the lower end of the range, 40 mgd, was selected for CAA-1. The same is

not true in the 100 to 500 mgd range. To represent the larger plants, 500 mgd was

selected for CAA-2.

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-9 Figure 4-2:



# Step 5- Select Treatment Capaci ties Representative of Remaining CAA

Treatment Trains



# 4.2. Summary of Source Water Area VWTPs

Using the approach described in Section 4.1, VWTPs were developed for each source

water area. In some source water areas two or three VWTPs were necessary to represent

the variety of treatment processes and range of treatment capacities. The development of

all VWTPs is summarized in deta il in Appendix D. A summary of the initial selection of

representative VWTPs is presente d in Table 4-7 below.

Table 4-7.



# Initial VWTPs

Source Water

Area V WTP

Identifier Size

(MGD) Particulate

Removal Primary

Disinfection Secondary

Disinfection pH

Adjustment

Upper

Watersheds UW-1 100 Conventional* Chlorine Chlorine Yes

UW-2 100 Direct

Filtration Chlorine Chloramines No

Central Delta CD-1 40 Conventional* Ozone +

Chlorine Chloramines Yes

CAA CAA-1 40 Conventional* Chlorine Chloramines No

CAA-2 500 Conventional* Ozone +

Chlorine Chloramines Yes

CAA- West

Branch CAAW-1 800 Conventional* Ozone +

Chlorine Chloramines Yes

*Convention particulate removal includes alum coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and multi-media filtration. 

# CAA

‐ 1 (40 mgd)

CAA

‐ 2 (500 mgd) Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum or Ferric

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Ammonia

Fluoride Chlorine

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum or Ferric

Influent O3

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Chlorine

Ammonia

Caustic

Fluoride WTPs K, L, M:

Conventional + chloramines

(43, 65, 80 mgd)

WTPs N, O, P, Q:

Conventional + ozone +

chloramines +pH adjustment

(100, 160, 520, 520 mgd)

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-10 

# The VWTPs initially selected were presen ted to a group of CUWA members on August

19, 2008. The CUWA members reviewed the treatme nt processes used in the analysis for

accuracy, and the analysis was then presented to the Work Group on September 3, 2008.

Upon review from the Work Group, it was determ ined that the direct filtration WTPs in

the Upper Watersheds source water area (sim ilar to the elimination of the North Bay

Aqueduct source water area) would not be aff ected by the development of the Drinking

Water Policy. Upon direction from the Work Group, UW-2 was eliminated from the

analysis.

Table 4-8:



# Selected VWTPs

Source Water

Area V WTP

Identifier Size

(MGD) Particulate

Removal Primary

Disinfection Secondary

Disinfection pH

Adjustment

Upper

Watersheds UW-1 100 Conventional* Chlorine Chlorine Yes

Central Delta CD-1 40 Conventional* Ozone +

Chlorine Chloramines Yes

CAA CAA-1 40 Conventional* Chlorine Chloramines No

CAA-2 500 Conventional* Ozone +

Chlorine Chloramines Yes

CAA- West

Branch CAAW-1 800 Conventional* Ozone +

Chlorine Chloramines Yes

*Conventional particulate removal includes alum coagulation, flocculation, sedi mentation, and multi-media filtration.



# 4.3. VWTP Baseline Modeling Conditions

The EPAWTPM was used to evaluate the a ffect of changing source water quality on

VWTPs. The EPAWTPM is an empirical model that simulates DBP formation (THM4,

HAA5, HAA9, Total Organic Halides, bromat e, and chlorite) under given treatment

conditions. The EPAWTPM can evaluate a variety of treatm ent processes and

disinfectant options. Examples of some of the unit proce sses, chemical feeds, and

sampling locations that can be used to build a treatment train are captured in a screen shot

of the model in Figure 4-3.

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-11 Figure 4-3:



# EPAWTPM Process Train Screen Shot

Each VWTP was entered into the EPAWTPM to develop baseline treatment conditions.

By varying the treatment scenarios or wa ter quality conditions, the model provided an

understanding of how the input variables aff ect disinfection and DBP formation. In all

baseline evaluations, 90 th 

# percentile historical water quality values were used to develop

conservative estimates of trea tment capabilities and to outline baseline VWTP conditions.

4.3.1. Treatment Guidelin es and Design Assumptions

The treatment processes included in each VW TP represent the central tendencies of

treatment within a specific source water ar ea. VWTP treatment and design guidelines

were developed that are consistent with tr aditional treatment practices and generally

representative of the treatment strategies used throughout the source water areas. The

general treatment guidelines used for each treatment process utilized by the VWTPs are

summarized below.

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-12 

# Pre-Oxidation (Ozone) Guidelines



#  Adjust pH to 6.6 prior to ozone treatment

 Set ozone dose as 0.5 mg ozone/ mg influent TOC

 

# Ozone Contactor detention time– 12 minutes

Coagulation Guidelines



#  Use alum as coagulant

 Meet Step 1 Enhanced Coagulation TOC removal requirements

 Define upper bound alum dose

 10 mg alum/ mg TOC when influe nt TOC is less than 5 mg/L

 8 mg alum/ mg TOC when in fluent TOC is greater than 5 but less than 8 mg/L

 7 mg alum/ mg TOC when infl uent TOC is greater than 8 but less than 10 mg/L

 5 mg alum/ mg TOC when influe nt TOC is greater than 10 mg/L

Disinfection Guidelines



#  Achieve Giardia inactivation CT achieved 

# /CT required 

# ratio of 1.5 at 5 ° C with chlorine

 If chlorine is used for secondary disinfec tion, target a residual of 0.5 mg/L at 3 days

water age in the distribution system

 If chloramines are used for secondary di sinfection, generate 3 mg/L at the WTP

effluent

 Target a finished water pH of 7.8 to 8.1

Unit Process Design Guidelines



#  Rapid Mix detention time – 30 seconds

 Flocculation detention time - 30 minutes

 Sedimentation surface overflow rate- 1500 gpd/ft 2



#  Filtration rate- 6 gpm/ft 2



# 4.3.2. Baseline VWTPs

Once a process train was outlined in the model, the treatment guidelines and design

assumptions described in Secti on 4.3.1 were used along with 90 th 

# percentile historical

source water quality data to develop model i nputs. Key model inputs and outputs for all

of the VWTPs are displayed in the figures a nd tables below. Detailed baseline VWTP

EPAWTPM inputs are included in Appendix E.

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-13 Figure 4-4:



# UW-1 Baseline VWTP

* Source water ammonia levels at the Sacramento River at Hood monitoring station were 0.63 mg/L (90 th 

# percentile),

which would require the use of breakpoint chlorination in or der to maintain a free chlorine residual. Based on direction

from the Work Group, it was determined that Hood ammonia levels were not representative of the Upper Watersheds

source water area and that ammonia levels (0.03 mg/L 90 th 

# percentile) from the monitoring station at Sacramento River at

West Sac. Intake Structure should be used instead.



# Table 4-9:



# UW-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs

Inputs Outputs

Size, mgd 100 TOC Removal, % 32

Influent TOC, mg/L 3.0 3-Day* THM,  g/L 65

Influent UV254, 1/cm 0.091 3-Day* HAA5,  g/L 46

Influent Bromide,  g/L 20 Bromate,  g/L 0

*3-Day indicates the EPAWTPM modeled DBP formation in t he distribution system at a water age of three days. 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

‐ 38 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid

‐ 5.8 mg/L

*Chlorine – 0.0 mg/L

Influent Chlorine – 1.1 mg/L

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Chlorine

‐ 2.1 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide

‐ 22 mg/L

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-14 Figure 4-5:



# CD-1 Baseline VWTP

Table 4-10:



# CD-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs

Inputs Outputs

Size, mgd 40 TOC Removal, % 30

Influent TOC, mg/L 4.8 3-Day* THM,  g/L 64

Influent UV254, 1/cm 0.193 3-Day* HAA5,  g/L 18

Influent Bromide,  g/L 480 Bromate,  g/L 8

*3-Day indicates the EPAWTPM modeled DBP formation in t he distribution system at a water age of three days. 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

‐ 29 mg/L

Influent O3

‐ 2.5 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor Sodium Hypochlorite

‐ 1.9 mg/L

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Sulfuric Acid

‐ 25 mg/L Sodium Hypochlorite

‐ 2.7 mg/L

Ammonia

‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide

‐ 24 mg/L

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-15 Figure 4-6:



# CAA-1 Baseline VWTP

Table 4-11:



# CAA-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs

Inputs Outputs

Size, mgd 40 TOC Removal, % 25

Influent TOC, mg/L 5.2 3-Day* THM,  g/L 64

Influent UV254, 1/cm 0.172 3-Day* HAA5,  g/L 17

Influent Bromide,  g/L 379 Bromate,  g/L 0

*3-Day indicates the EPAWTPM modeled DBP formation in t he distribution system at a water age of three days. 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Chlorine

‐ 0.5 mg/L

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Chlorine (gas) – 2.6 mg/L

Ammonia

‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide

‐ 17 mg/L Alum

‐ 37 mg/L Chlorine (gas)

‐ 1.1 mg/L

Rapid

Mix

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-16 Figure 4-7:



# CAA-2 Baseline VWTP

Table 4-12:



# CAA-2 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs

Inputs Outputs

Size, mgd 500 TOC Removal, % 35

Influent TOC, mg/L 5.2 3-Day* THM,  g/L 60

Influent UV254, 1/cm 0.172 3-Day *HAA5,  g/L 18

Influent Bromide,  g/L 379 Bromate,  g/L 7

*3-Day indicates the EPAWTPM modeled DBP formation in t he distribution system at a water age of three days. 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

‐ 23 mg/L

Influent O3

‐ 2.5 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Chlorine

‐ 2.7 mg/L

Ammonia

‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide

‐ 36 mg/L Chlorine

‐ 1.5 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid

‐ 30 mg/L

# Section 4

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Development

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 4-17 Figure 4-8:



# CAAW-1 Baseline VWTP

Table 4-13:



# CAAW-1 Baseline VWTP Inputs and Outputs

Inputs Outputs

Size, mgd 800 TOC Removal, % 25

Influent TOC, mg/L 3.8 3-Day* THM,  g/L 47

Influent UV254, 1/cm 0.100 3-Day* HAA5,  g/L 15

Influent Bromide,  g/L 260 Bromate,  g/L 5

*3-Day indicates the EPAWTPM modeled DBP formation in t he distribution system at a water age of three days. 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

‐ 12 mg/L

Influent O3

‐ 1.8 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Sodium Hypochlorite

‐ 2.6 mg/L

Ammonia

‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide

‐ 21 mg/L Sodium Hypochlorite

‐ 1.3 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid

‐ 30 mg/L

# THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-1 3



# 5. Identification of Treatment Triggers

Phase I of the project defined the boundaries of this evaluation by developing future

regulatory scenarios (Section 2), identifying areas of similar source water quality, and

outlining existing water treatment practices in each source water area. VWTPs that are

representative of each source water area were then developed based on existing treatment

practices (Section 4). This section combines that work and presents the threshold source

water quality levels (i.e., treatment triggers) where the plausible regulatory scenario

would exceed treatment targets (g reater than 80 percent of the MCL) and create the need

for capital or operational modi fications to a VWTP. These treatment triggers were

developed for current and plausible fu ture regulations for each VWTP.



# 5.1. Methods for Developing a Treatment Trigger

To identify and select a treatment trigger, many contaminant properties were considered:

 Occurrence

 Formation/destruction mechanisms and rates

 Water quality conditions that affect formation/destruction

These properties are well understood for TH M4, HAA5, chlorite, and bromate and were

modeled by the EPAWTPM to determine the treatment trigger. For other contaminants,

such as nitrosamines and algal toxins, r ecent literature was examined to determine

treatment triggers.



# 5.2. THMs, HAAs, Bromate, and Chlorite

Treatment triggers for THM4, HAA5, HAA9, and bromate were developed for each

VWTP using the EPAWTPM. Chlorite can also be modeled; however, formation is

estimated based on the use of chlorine dioxi de and none of the VW TPs utilize chlorine

dioxide.

First, the baseline tr eatment conditions (90 th 

# percentile historical water quality for each

VWTP) were used as inputs to the EPAWTP M. Next, TOC, UV254, and bromide were

varied until a THM, HAA, or bromate target was exceeded. Adjustments were made to

the chemical doses with each model iteration to meet the treatment guidelines (Section

4.3.1). This process was completed for bot h the current and pl ausible regulatory

scenarios. Detailed model inpu ts are included in Appendix F.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-2 

# The treatment target used in this evaluation was 80 percent of the MCL. This is a

common practice in water treatment engineering both with respect to design and

operation of water treatment facilities.

The “influent temperature” input to the mode l was used to account for the different

averaging periods associated with DBP compliance. For example, to evaluate the current

regulatory scenario, the annual average temperat ure was used as the influent temperature

input in the EPAWTPM because the current compliance basis is the locational running

annual average. When considering the plau sible future regulatory scenario, the 99 th



# percentile temperature was used as the in fluent temperature input because this

temperature would form the highest bromat e, TTHM4, and HAA5 levels and represent

the single sample not to exceed condition. However, HAA9 modeling used the annual

average temperature as the influent temperat ure input to the model because the plausible

regulatory scenario was complia nce on an LRAA basis.

The tables below summarize the results from the treatment trigger evaluation matrix for

each VWTP. Regions of the table are shaded to represent how many treatment targets

were exceeded (Table 5-1).

Table 5-1:



# Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix Legend

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5

exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-3 

# In the Upper Watersheds source water area , the VWTP UW-1 utilizes conventional

particulate removal and chlorine for prim ary and secondary disinfection. The source

water in the area has historically been high quality, with low 90 th 

# percentile TOC and

bromide at approximately 3.0 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L, respectively. UW-1 meets current

regulations under 90 th 

# percentile historical water qua lity conditions; however, as TOC

and bromide concentrations increase, THM and HAA5 treatment targets are exceeded

(Table 5-2). Under the plausible regulat ory scenario, the increase in temperature

(representing the shift to single sample not to exceed), causes THM, HAA5, and HAA9

targets to be exceeded (Table 5-3). A more detailed matrix of model inputs using a finer

resolution bromide and TOC range is included in Appendix F.

Table 5-2:



# UW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluati on Matrix (Current Regulations)

Bromide

(mg/L) 0.20 T T T T T

0.16 T T T T T

0.12 T T T T T

0.06 T T T, H5 T

0.02 T, H5 T, H5

Influent Temp:

16 °C (average)

Min Temp: 5 °C 2 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

TOC (mg/L)

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-4 Table 5-3:



# UW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Ma trix (Plausible Future Regulations)

Bromide

(mg/L) 0.20 T T T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9

0.16 T T T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9

0.12 T T T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9

0.06 T T, H5 T, H5, H9 T, H5, H9

0.02 T T, H5 T, H5 T, H5

Influent Temp:

24 °C (99 th



# percentile)

Min Temp: 5 °C 2 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

TOC (mg/L)

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-5 

# The Central Delta source water area is re presented by a VWTP that utilizes preozonation, conventional particulate removal, chlorine for primary disinfection, and

chloramines for secondary disinfec tion (CD-1). Under historical 90 th 

# percentile water

quality (approximately 5 mg/L TOC and 0.6 mg/L bromide), all treatment targets are met.

As TOC and bromide concentrations increase, the ozone dose also increases to meet the

0.5 mg ozone/mg TOC target, and bromate forma tion becomes a concern (Table 5-4). As

the temperature is increased to evaluate th e plausible regulatory s cenario, THM formation

also becomes a concern (Table 5-5).

Table 5-4:



# CD-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations)

Bromide (mg/L) 0.8 B B B, T B, T

0.6 B B, T B, T

0.5 B, T B, T

0.4 T B, T

0.2 T

Influent Temp: 18 °C

(average)

Min Temp: 5 °C 2 3.5 5 6.5 8

TOC (mg/L)

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-6 Table 5-5:



# CD-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matr ix (Plausible Future Regulations)

Bromide (mg/L) 0.8 B B B, T B, T B, T

0.6 B B B B, T B, T

0.5 B B B, T B, T

0.4 B B, T B, T

0.2 T T

Influent Temp: 28 °C

(99 th 

# percentile)

Min Temp: 5 °C 2 3.5 5 6.5 8

TOC (mg/L)

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-7 

# The California Aqueduct source water area was represented by two VWTPs. The first

VWTP, CAA-1, utilizes conventional particulate removal, chlorine for primary

disinfection, and chloramines for secondary disinfection. Under current conditions, all

treatment targets are achieved; however, as the TOC increases, TTHM formation

becomes a concern (Table 5-6). As the infl uent temperature is increased from 15 to 26 ° C

to evaluate the plausible future regulatory scenario, TTHM formation becomes a concern

at lower TOC values, although treatment ta rgets can still be met under historical 90 th



# percentile water quality conditions (Table 5-7).

Table 5-6:



# CAA-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations)

Bromide

(mg/L) 1.0 T T T

0.8 T T T

0.6 T T T

0.4 T T T

0.2 T T

Influent Temp: 15 °C

(average)

Min Temp: 5 °C 2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5

TOC (mg/L)

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-8 Table 5-7:



# CAA-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matr ix (Plausible Future Regulations)

Bromide

(mg/L) 1.0 T T T T

0.8 T T T T

0.6 T T T T

0.4 T T T

0.2 T T T

Influent Temp: 26 °C

(99 th 

# percentile)

Min Temp: 5 °C 2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5

TOC (mg/L)

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-9 

# The second representative VW TP for the CAA source water area, CAA-2, is similar to

CD-1. CAA-2 utilizes pre-oz onation, conventional particulate removal, chlorine for

primary disinfection, and chloramines for s econdary disinfection. Under historical 90 th



# percentile water quality, current regulations are met. As the TOC and bromide increase,

the ozone dose also increases to meet the 0.5 mg ozone/mg TOC target, and bromate

formation becomes a concern (Table 5-8). TTHM formation also becomes a concern at

higher TOC concentrations. As the influent temperature is increased to evaluate

plausible future regulations, bromate and TTHM formation become a concern at lower

bromide and TOC levels (Table 5-9). The targ et for bromate is exceeded at the historical

90 th 

# percentile water quality.

Table 5-8:



# CAA-2 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matrix (Current Regulations)

Bromide

(mg/L) 1.0 B B B B, T B, T B, T

0.8 B B B B, T B, T

0.6 B B B, T B, T

0.4 B B, T

0.2

Influent Temp: 15 °C

(average)

Min Temp: 5 °C 2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5

TOC (mg/L)

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-10 Table 5-9:



# CAA-2 Treatment Trigger Evaluation Matr ix (Plausible Future Regulations)

Bromide

(mg/L) 1.0 B B B B, T B, T B, T

0.8 B B B B, T B, T B, T

0.6 B B B, T B, T B, T

0.4 B B, T B, T B, T

0.2 T T T

Influent Temp: 26 °C

(99 th 

# percentile)

Min Temp: 5 °C 2 3.5 5 6.5 8 9.5

TOC (mg/L)

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-11 

# In the California Aqueduct West Branch source water area, the VWTP CAAW-1 utilizes

pre-ozonation, conventional particulate remova l, chlorine for primary disinfection, and

chloramines for secondary disinfection. A lthough some of the water quality conditions

differ between CAA-2 and CAAW-1, due to the f act that they utili ze the same treatment

process, the results are sim ilar. Under historical 90 th 

# percentile water quality, current

regulations are met. As the TOC and bromid e increase, the ozone dose also increases to

meet the 0.5 mg ozone/mg TOC target, and br omate formation becomes a concern (Table

5-10). TTHM formation also becomes a conc ern at higher TOC concentrations. As the

influent temperature is increased to evalua te plausible future regulations, bromate and

TTHM formation become a concern at lower bromide and TOC levels (Table 5-11);

however, treatment targets are met at the historical 90 th 

# percentile wa ter quality.

Table 5-10:



# CAAW-1 Treatment Trigger Evaluati on Matrix (Current Regulation)

Bromide

(mg/L) 0.60 B B B B B, T B, T

0.45 B B B, T B, T

0.30 T

0.15

0.05

Influent Temp: 16 °C

(average)

Min Temp: 5 °C 2.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 10

TOC (mg/L)

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-12 Table 5-11:



# CAAW-1 Treatment Trigger Evalua tion Matrix (Plausible Future

Regulations)

Bromide

(mg/L) 0.60 B B B B, T B, T B, T

0.45 B B B B, T B, T B, T

0.30 T B, T B, T

0.15 T T

0.05

Influent Temp: 22 °C

(99 th 

# percentile)

Min Temp: 5 °C 2.5 4.0 5.5 7.0 8.5 10

TOC (mg/L)

= 90 th 

# percentile water quality

= 2 or more treatment targets exceeded*

= 1 treatment target exceeded *

= no treatment targets exceeded

Treatment target equals 80% of the MCL.

*B= Bromate exceeded, T= THM4 exceeded, H5= HAA5 exceeded, H9= HAA9 exceeded.



# 5.3. Chlorate

The plausible chlorate MCL was estimated to be 700 μg/L or 0.7 mg/L. Chlorate is a

contaminant produced during on-site gene rations of hypochlorite solutions, the

decomposition of hypochlorite, and as a chlorine dioxide DBP. Snyder (2009)

investigated the occurrence of contaminan ts in bulk, on-site generated, and calcium

hypochlorite solutions used at eight different utilities. Chlorate contamination from the

hypochlorite solutions appeared to impact all of the ut ilities tested. Chlorate

concentrations in the finished water ranged from 0.019 to 1.5 mg/L.

Chlorate can also be formed in drinking water as a chlorine dioxide byproduct.

Generally, chlorate formation is approximately 20% of the original chlorine dioxide dose

(Gates 2009, Miltner 1976, Thompson 1992). Dose s of chlorine dioxide typically used in

water treatment range from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L. During the USEPA Information Collection

Rule effort from 1997 to 1998, the median ch lorate concentration at WTPs utilizing

chlorine dioxide for disinfection was 0.12 mg/L . A recent full-scale study of chlorine

dioxide at a dose of 3 mg/L found that chlora te levels did not occur above 0.3 mg/L in

distribution system samples (Mal colm Pirnie, unpublished).

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-13 

# In addition to being formed as a DBP, chlorate can also be present because of inefficient

chlorine dioxide generation. A typical level for chlorate carryover to the finished water

from chlorate feedstock contamination is a bout 0.050 mg/L for a 1 mg/L dose of chlorine

dioxide (Gates 2009, Gates 1998).

Therefore, the use of chlorine dioxide shoul d not generate chlorate levels above the

plausible future regulation of 0.7 mg/L , whereas chlorate contamination from

hypochlorite solutions could be a concern base d on levels reported in Snyder (2009).

However, it was not possible to define a num erical treatment trigger of water quality

conditions that would cause chlorate to exceed 0.7 mg/L. For this reason, the impact of

potential future regulation of chlorate will be evaluated based on documented

hypochlorite contamination mi nimization strategies.

In a study conducted by Snyder, Gordon, and Asami in 2009, recommended strategies to

minimize chlorate contamination in hypochlorite solutions included:

 Dilute stored hypochlorite solutions upon delivery: The decomposition of

hypochlorite and subsequent formation of chlorate is dependent upon hypochlorite

concentration and ionic strength. Hi gher ionic strength and hypochlorite

concentration will drive the reaction towards a greater production of chlorate.

 Store hypochlorite solutions at lower temper atures: Higher temperatures speed up the

chemical decomposition of hypochlorite and the formation of chlorate.

 Control the pH of stored hypoc hlorite solutions at pH 11 to 13, even after dilution:

pH values lower than 11 are not reco mmended due to rapid decomposition of

hypochlorite ion/hypochlorous acid and the cons equent formation of chlorate. When

pH is great than 13, chlorate formation is e nhanced due to the ionic strength effect.

Utilities should continue to in sist that manufacturer specifications include pH control

in the range of 11 to 13. On-site generate d hypochlorite typically ranges in pH from

9 to 10, such solutions should be used as soon as possible and should not be stored

more than one to two days.

 Use fresh hypochlorite solutions when po ssible: Over time, hypochlorite will

naturally decompose to produce oxygen, chlora te, and perchlorate. Less storage time

will minimize the formation of these contaminants.



# 5.4. Nitrosamines

Nitrosamines are probable human carcinogens formed during disinfection of drinking

water and wastewater. These compounds are of increasing interest and concern due to

the cancer risk associated with concentrati ons in the low ng/L range. NDMA is detected

more frequently and in higher concentrations compared to other nitrosamines, suggesting

that NDMA may serve as a surrogate for nitrosamine exposure (Zhao 2008). The

plausible regulatory scenario includes NDM A regulation at 3 to 10 ng/L (LRAA).

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-14 

# NDMA is one of six nitrosamines included in the UCMR 2. NDMA has been detected in

WTP effluents from 3 to 16 ng/L and in dist ribution systems from 10 to 88 ng/L for some

of the WTPs considered in this evaluation (UCMR 2 Database). UC MR 2 data collection

and analysis effort is on-goi ng at this time; however, some initial observations can be

drawn:

 Detection of NDMA primarily occurred in drinking water plants utilizing

chloramination. In the cases where NDMA wa s detected at a WTP utilizing chlorine,

ammonia was often present in the source water, which could have caused the

formation of chloramines and subsequently NDMA.

 Of the chloramination WTPs that detected NDMA, over two-thirds of the samples

were from the maximum residence time dist ribution system location (not the EPDS),

indicating that NDMA fo rmation continues to occur in the DS.

NDMA formation chemistry is complex and not completely understood. There are a

number of nitrogen-containing compounds that could form NDMA. An extensive review

of nitrosamine formation literature by Sacher et al. 2008 indicated:

 Laboratory chloramination experiments indi cated that the concentration of NDMA

formed from natural organic matter (NOM) precursors will be less than 7.4 ng/L;

therefore, NOM is not a major precurs or for nitrosamine formation during

chloramination.

 Some polyelectrolytes (DADMAC and ep iDMA polymers) and anion exchange

resins commonly used in water treatment ha ve been documented to cause significant

NDMA formation.

 A strong correlation between boron concen tration (an indicator of anthropogenic

pollution) and NDMA formation potential in laboratory studies implied that water

utilities using surface water unde r the influence of wastewater are at a higher risk for

nitrosamine formation during chloraminati on than those using non-impacted source

waters.

Due to the complex nature of NDMA formati on, a numerical treatment trigger could not

be developed. However, there are a number of documented tr eatment strategies that can

be implemented to reduce NDMA formation. In lieu of a treatment trigger, VWTPs will

be evaluated based on the demonstrated NDM A reduction strategies described below.

Depending on the relative percent of municipal or industrial wastewat er influence on the

source water, consider additional treatment techniques:

 Avoidance of DADMAC polymeric mate rials during the flocculation process

 Optimization of operational parameters of the chloraminan tion process (e.g.,

minimize dichloramine levels)

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-15 

#  Removal of NDMA precursors by processes such as slow sand filtration, artificial

groundwater recharge, riverbank filtra tion, pre-chlorination, or pre-ozonation.

Studies have shown that NDMA formation can be reduced by greater than 90% with

ozonation or chlorination prior to the form ation of chloramines (Sacher 2008); however,

this strategy must be balanced with the formation of other disinfection byproducts. Table

5-12 presents reductions in NDMA formation th at can be achieved with free chlorine

contact time. Table 5-13 presents reducti ons in NDMA formation that can be achieved

with ozonation.

Table 5-12:



# Reduction of NDMA Formation with Free Chlorine Contact Time

Chlorine

Dose

(mg/L) Contact

Time

(hrs) pH Reduction in

NDMA Formation 1



# (%) Notes Reference

2 to 4 2 7.8 69 to 94 0.8 to 1 chlorine to ammonia

molar ratio. Charrois 2007

5.7 0.17 7.0 50 120 hrs of reaction with

chloramines. 0.7 to 1 chlorine to

ammonia molar ratio. Chen 2008

2 1.8 9 50 5 days of reaction with

chloramines. 1 to 1 chlorine to

ammonia molar ratio. Chen 2008

2.3 0.08 7.2 > 80 WRF Effluent 2 

# Cotton 2009

3.4 1 7.2 >90 WRF Effluent 2 

# Cotton 2009

5 to 10 2 - 46 to 74 Mannich polymer was used. Huitric 2006

2 to 7 0.33 8 97 3:1 to 4:1 chlorine to ammonia

mass ratio. AwwaRF

2008

10 1 - 70 WRF Effluent 2 

# PehlivanogluMantas 2006

1 

# Reduction compares the use of chloramines without free chlorine contact time to the use of chloramines with free chlorine

contact time.

2 

# Water Reclamation Facility (WRF) Effluent def ined as tertiary treated wastewater.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-16 Table 5-13:



# Reduction of NDMA Forma tion with Ozonation

Ozone Dose

(7 mg/L) Contact

Time (hrs) pH Reduction in NDMA

Formation 1 

# (%) Notes Reference

7 1 7.0 75 40 min of reaction

time with preformed

monochloramine. Chen 2008

1 to 2 1.7 n/a 32 to 92 Reduction of NDMA

FP in natural waters. Sacher 2008

1 

# Reduction compares the use of chloramines without ozone contact time to the use of chloramines with ozone contact time.



# 5.5. Nutrients

It is plausible that nitrite and nitrate regulat ions could be revised to move the monitoring

location from the EPDS to DS locations to account for contribution from nitrification.

Nitrification can have adverse effects on wate r quality including a lo ss of total chlorine

residual, release of free amm onia, buildup of nitrite, possi ble conversion to nitrite and

nitrate, decrease in pH, a nd increase in microbiological activity (McGuire 2009).

Nitrification has the potential to affect WT Ps utilizing chloramines or WTPs utilizing

chlorine where ammonia is present in the sour ce water. During nitrification, ammonia is

released and converted to nitrite (1:1 ratio as mg/L N). If more than 0.8 mg/L (as N)

ammonia is added to generate chloramines, or if greater than 0.8 mg/L (as N) ammonia is

present in the surface water, nitrite formation could potentially reach or exceed the target

of 80 percent of the MCL (0.8 mg/L as N). As nitrite le vels increase, conversion to

nitrate might occur if nitrite oxidizing bacter ia are present, but di stribution systems do not

commonly experience this full conve rsion of nitrite to nitrate. Further, typical levels of

ammonia available for nitrification will not in crease nitrate levels above the nitrate MCL

(10 mg/L as N), unless the utility is alr eady serving water very close to the MCL.

Although, some WTPs in California have been affected by nitrification, successful

prevention strategies (chlorite addition or breakpoint chlorination) have been

implemented. For example, the City of Gle ndale, California experien ced nitrification in

its reservoirs and DS that at times generate d nitrite as high as 0.25 mg/L as N. With

chlorite addition to a clean system (i.e., one not currently experienci ng nitrification or one

that is breakpoint chlorinated to eliminat e nitrification before chlorite addition),

nitrification (and the formation of nitrite) was eliminated (McGuire 2009).

Nitrification will not likely form nitrate at levels approaching the MCL at the

representative VWTPs considered in this study. VWTPs utilizing chloramines (CD-1,

CAA-1, CAA-2, and CAAW-1) dose ammoni a at 0.6 mg/L and the VWTPs with

ammonia present in the source water (UW-1) utilize breakpoint ch lorination. In both

cases, ammonia will not be present at levels a bove the 0.8 mg/L as N treatment trigger.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-17 

# 5.6. Microcystin

Algal toxins are toxins formed by cyanobacter ia (blue-green algae) that dominate the

freshwater phytoplankton communities during periods of calm, st ratified conditions

(AwwaRF 2008). It has been observed that incr eased discharges of nut rients can lead to

increased algal blooms (and their toxins), whic h have been associated with an increased

incidence of fish kills, deaths of livestock and wildlife, and human illness and death

(Richardson 2007). With increasing awaren ess and measurement of algal toxins

worldwide, it is likely that algal toxins w ill be included in the UCMR 3. With potential

data from the UCMR 3 and a growing body of toxicological data, microcystin could be

regulated at the WHO drinking water guideline value of 1  g/L (plausible scenario).

Formulating a treatment trigger to prevent cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms

(CHABs), and therefore Microcystin forma tion, is not feasible because CHABs are

affected by a number of factors including: hydrology, nutrients, sunlight, temperature,

and ecosystem disturbance. Due to the complex interactions between physical and

ecological processes, it is difficult to point to any single, definitive cause for the

development and proliferation of cyanobact eria blooms (ISOC-HAB 2005). For this

reason, the impact of potential fu ture regulation of Microcys tin was evaluated based on

available treatment technologies to remove or oxidize it, not on a threshold water quality

value. Demonstrated Microcystin rem oval strategies are discussed below.

Microcystin can be present as an intracellular (insid e of the cell), extracellular (outside

the cell) toxin. Conventiona l water treatment practices (flocculation, coagulation,

sedimentation, and filtration) effectively remove intracellular toxins but do not remove

extracellular toxins. Extracellu lar toxins can be oxidized th rough disinfection processes.

Ideally, intact cyanobacteria l cells (and therefor e intracellular microcystin) would be

removed through physical processes (floccu lation, coagulation, sedimentation, and

filtration), and remaining extr acellular cells would be oxi dized during disinfection.

Chloramines and chlorine dioxide are not e ffective at oxidizing microcystin. In one

study, chloramine doses as high as 20 mg/L with 2-day exposures did not degrade

microcystin (ISOC-HAB 2005, Nicholson 1994) . UV disinfection is also not an

economically viable option for degradati on of Microcystin. UV doses required for

degradation of algal toxins range from 1,530 to 20,000 mJ/cm 2 

# (ISOC-HAB 2005),

several orders of magnitude higher than those required for Cryptosporidium inactivation.

Ozone can effectively degrade microcystins at levels typically us ed in drinking water

treatment. Ozone doses as low as 0.22 mg /L have been found to completely oxidize

extracellular microcystins in as little as 15 seconds (Svrcek 2004, Rositano 1998). The

only complication with ozonation of microcysti ns is the competitive reactions with DOC

and alkalinity. Shawwa and Smith (2001) showed a distinct lag before the degradation of

microcystins began as the DOC concentration increased. This lag time signified that

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-18 

# ozone only had an effect on extracellular microcystin after the DOC demand was

satisfied – incomplete oxidation of toxins c ould occur if no residual ozone concentration

remained (Svrcek 2004). For the VWTPs u tilizing ozone in this evaluation, ozone

treatment guidelines included an ozone dose of 0.5 mg ozone per mg TOC and a contact

time of 12 minutes. These conditions shoul d be sufficient to cause cell lysis and

oxidation of extracelluar microcystins.

Chlorine also effectively oxidizes microcystins at levels typically used in drinking water

treatment. Acero et al. 2005 performed chlorination experiments with influent

microcystin-LR of 10 and 50 μ g/L at various pH and temperat ure (Table 5-14). At a pH

less than 8, the CT achieved for baseline conditions is sufficient to oxidize 10  g/L of

microcystins at all VWTPs (Tab le 5-14 and Table 5-15).

Table 5-14:



# Chlorine CT Values for Reducing Microcystin Concentration to 1  g/L

pH Initial

MicrocystinLR (  g/L) CT values (mg-min/L)

10°C 15°C 20°C 25°C

6 50 46.6 40.2 34.8 30.3

10 27.4 23.6 20.5 17.8

7 50 67.7 58.4 50.6 44

10 39.8 34.4 29.8 25.9

8 50 187.1 161.3 139.8 121.8

10 110.3 94.9 82.3 71.7

9 50 617.2 526.0 458.6 399.1

10 363.3 309.6 269.8 234.9

Source: Acero 2005.



# Table 5-15:



# Chlorine CT Values Achieved in Baseline VWTPs

V WTP CT (mg-min/L)

UW-1 36

CD-1 33

CAA-1 37

CAA-2 32

CAAW-1 38

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-19 

# 5.7. Other Pathogens

The CCL3 includes several emerging pathoge ns; however none of these pathogens are

more difficult to remove or inactivate compar ed to the current microbial standards for

Giardia , virus, and Cryptosporidium . Table 2-3 in Section 2.4.2 summarized the

treatment requirements that may be necessary to remove or inactive these pathogens. For

this reason, no treatment triggers were developed for emerging pathogens.



# 5.8. Treatment Trigger Summary

The levels at which water quality parameters (singly or in combina tion) create the need

for capital or operational modifica tions to a treatment process (treatment triggers), were

developed for current and plausible future regulations for each VWTP. These treatment

triggers can be used by CUWA members to es timate the costs associated with varying

levels of water quality in the future.

All current VWTPs were able to comply with current regu lations (evaluated with the

average temperature and 90 th 

# percentile water quality). A range of water quality

conditions beyond the 90 th 

# percentile were also evaluate d and were discussed in Section

5.2).

Table 5-16 summarizes some of the findings from the treatment trigger evaluation for the

plausible regulatory scenario, where the 99 th 

# percentile temperature and 90 th 

# percentile

water quality were used. For chlorate, NDM A, and microcystins, numeric treatment

triggers were not defined; however a treatmen t approach could be used to address these

contaminants.

# Section 5

Identification of Treatment Triggers

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 5-20 Table 5-16:



# Summary of Treatment Triggers for VWTPs (Plausible Future Regulations)

UW-1 CD-1 CA A -1 CA A -2 CAAW-1

Summary

Table in

Section 5.2 Table 5-3 Table 5-5 Table 5-7 Table 5-9 Table 5-11

Bromate 

#  

#   

#  

THM4 

#     

HAA5 

#     

HAA9 

#     

Chlorate 

# ?

Chlorate is a common contaminant associated with hypochl orite solutions. WTPs utilizing hypochlorite (on-site

generation or bulk) should consider: diluting the so lution upon delivery, storing the solution at lower

temperatures, controlling the pH of the stored so lution between 11 and 13, and using fresh solution when

possible. If such practices are employed, chlorate s hould likely remain below the 0.7 mg/L plausible future

regulation.



# NDMA 

# ?

All VWTPs can oxidize NDMA precursors due to the utiliz ation of free contact time prior to formation of

chloramines. For plants using pre- ozonation, additional oxidation of NDM A precursors can be achieved.

However, NDMA formation is complex and the plausible regul atory scenario levels are very low. Therefore, it

is not currently possible to accurately determine whether the VWTP will have NDMA formation above the

plausible 3 to 10 ng/L and if treatment is triggered; however, due to the low level of possible NDMA

regulations, it is likely that some treatment change w ill be triggered for systems utilizing chloramines as their

secondary disinfectant.



# Nitrate/Nitrite 

# 

To reduce the

ammonia present in

the source water and

to prevent nitrification,

breakpoint chlorination

is utilized. With this

strategy, nitrite and

nitrate levels are not

likely to increase

above the MCL. 

# 

Although nitrification could occur, amm onia doses used in the formation of

chloramines are less than 0.8 mg/L. At this level, nitrite and nitrate levels are not

likely to increase above the MCL.



# Microcystin 

# 

CT values achieved with chlorine at all VWTPs may sufficient (some minor adjus tments may be needed) to

oxidize 10  g/L microcystin. VWTPs utilizing pre- ozonation will also oxidize Microcystin.



# Other

Pathogens 

# 

Of the several emerging pathogens considered, none are mo re difficult to remove, oxidize, or inactivate

compared to the current microbial standards for Giardia , virus, and Cryptosporidium . For this reason, no

treatment triggers were developed for emerging pathogens.



#  Able to achieve target with existing treatment practices, 99 th 

# percentile temperature, and 90 th 

# percentile water quality.



#  Not able to achieve target with existing treatment practices, 99 th 

# percentile temperature and 90 th 

# percentile water quality.



# ? Not able to determine treatment trigger.

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-1 

# 6. Evaluation of Future Regulatory Compliance

and Recommended VWTP Upgrades

Phase I project work focused on developing fu ture regulatory scenarios, creating VWTPs

representative of each source wa ter area, and defining water qua lity threshold values that

would trigger the need for treatment upgrades. Phase II of the proj ect assessed future

regulatory compliance, determined need ed VWTP upgrades, and developed cost

estimates. This section summarizes VWTP performance under future regulatory

scenarios and recommends treatment upgrades necessary to stay in compliance.



# 6.1. VWTP Performance with Current Regulations

VWTP performance was assessed based on the ab ility of the treatment process to meet

treatment targets for modeled DBP formation, which were defined as 80 percent of the

MCL (a typical conservative practice in the wa ter industry). As di scussed in Section 4

and 5, all baseline VWTPs were able to meet treatment targets with historical 90 th



# percentile water quality.



# 6.2. VWTP Performance with Future Regulations

Future regulatory scenarios were more st ringent for DBPs and as a result many VWTPs

that were able to meet treatment targets for current regulations began to exceed treatment

targets for the future, despite the fact that there was not a change in water quality. The

following sections discuss VWTP performa nce under the plausible and outer boundary

future regulatory scenarios.

6.2.1. Plausible Futur e Regulatory Scenario

To simulate the stricter DBP regulations of single sample not to exceed included in the

plausible regulatory scenario, the influent temperature input to the WTPM was increased

from an annual average temperature (used to model current regulatory scenario for

LRAA) to the 99 th 

# percentile temperature. HAA9 was an exception, the plausible future

regulatory scenario remained on an LRAA basis, and therefor e the annual average

temperature was used. Table 6-1 presents a summary of the EPAWTPM results. CAA-1

and CAA-W were able to meet treatment targets for TTHM, HAA5, HAA9, and bromate

under the plausible future regulatory s cenario. UW-1, CD-1, and CAA-2 exceed

treatment targets (bold cells in Table 6-1) a nd would require upgrades to maintain future

compliance.

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-2 Table 6-1:



# VWTP Performance under Plausibl e Future Regulatory Scenario

Paramete r UW-1 CD-1 CA A -1 CA A -2 CAAW-1

Influent Temperature, ° C 24 28 26 26 22

Influent TOC, mg/L 3.0 4.7 5.2 5.2 3.8

Influent Bromide, mg/L 0.02 0.48 0.38 0.38 0.26

TOC Removal, % 25 42 37 50 43

TTHM, μ g/L 80 60 58 50 35

HAA5, μ g/L 57 17 16 15 12

HAA9, μ g/L 55 28 34 25 22

Bromate, μ g/L 0 11 0 9 5

Notes: Detailed EPAWTPM runs for a matrix of TOC and bromi de values are presented in Appendix F. Historical water

quality data were used to determine influent water quality inputs.



# 6.2.2. Outer Boundary Future Regulatory Scenario

As the outer boundary scenario cannot be specif ically defined and also the fact that the

current EPAWPM is not capable of pred icting water quality parameters under

consideration in the outer boundary scenario, this s cenario was not assessed through

modeling with the EPAWTPM. The outer bounda ry scenario includes greater degree of

removal of DBP precursors (TOC and DON), regulating individual TTHM and HAA

species, regulating new compounds (iodinated DB Ps, select nitrosamines, algal toxins),

increasing Cryptosporidium inactivation, and discontinuing the use of chloramines for

secondary disinfection. UW-1, CD-1, and CAA-2 exceeded treatment targets under the

plausible scenario and would continue to have compliance problems in the outer

boundary. In the case of CAA-1 and CAAW -1, individual species DBP regulations

would likely become a concern. The additional Cryptosporidium inactivation may pose a

challenge for all WTPs and with the discont inuation of chloramination, VWTPs will have

to rely on other disinfection alternatives to meet disinfection and DBP goals.



# 6.3. Treatment Upgrades Needed to Comply with Future

Regulations

Some VWTPs are not able to meet treatment goals under the plausi ble future regulatory

scenario and all VWTPs will be challenged with the outer boundary future regulatory

scenario. This section presents recomme nded treatment upgrades for the VWTPs that

will ensure future regulatory compliance.

6.3.1. Plausible Futur e Regulatory Scenario

No treatment upgrades were needed to VWTPs CAA-1 and CAAW-1, as these plants

were able to meet treatment goals under plausible regulations. CD-1 and CAA-2 are

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-3 

# VWTPS that both utilize pre-ozonation and ex ceed bromate treatment goals. The ozone

dose was set to achieve adequate pre-oxidati on and was determined based on the influent

TOC level. The treatment guideline called fo r the use of 0.5 mg/L of ozone for every 1

mg/L of TOC. By lowering the ozone to TOC ratio used to determine the ozone dose

from 0.5 to 0.25, bromate formation would be reduced. However, there are additional

implications to lowering the ozone dose. Lowering the ozone dose will result in less

oxidation of DBP precursors, which could resu lt in increased formation of TTHM, HAA,

and nitrosamines. Also, there is an opportunity to achieve some disinfection contact time

with ozonation (although this was not modele d for the VWTPs), which would be reduced

with the reduction ozone. To offset the ne gative effects of reducing the ozone dose, the

installation of UV disinfecti on is also recommended for CD-1 and CAA-2. When UV

disinfection is included, free ch lorine contact time in the re servoir is no longer needed;

however, a free chlorine contact basin ahead of the reservoir should be added to achieve a

short (10 minute) contact time prior to the formation of chloramines. This will help

oxidation of precursors to DBPs associated with chloramination (nitrosamines).

UW-1 is a conventional plant th at is the only VWTP to utilize free chlorine for secondary

disinfection, resulting in it being the only VWTP to exceed TTHM and HAA treatment

targets under the plausible regu latory scenario. The most simple and cost effective

upgrade to achieve compliance would be to convert to chlora mines for secondary

disinfection. However, if chloramines are not an option for the Upper Watersheds source

water area, granular activated carbon (GAC) contactors will n eed to be included to reduce

TOC and prevent the formation of TT HMs and HAAs with free chlorine.

The EPAWTPM was run with the upgraded VW TPs to demonstrate that treatment goals

can be met with the recommended upgrades (Tab le 6-3). Bold cells in the table indicate

that a treatment goal was exceeded.

Table 6-2:



# VWTP Performance under Plausibl e Future Regulatory Scenario

Paramete r UW-1 Upgraded

UW-1 A* Upgraded

UW-1 B* CD-1 Upgraded

CD-1* CA A -1 CA A -2 Upgraded

CAA-2* CAAW-1

TTHM, μ g/L 80 31 <10 60 31 58 No

Upgrades

Needed 50 40 35 No

Upgrades

Needed HAA5, μ g/L 57 22 <10 17 12 16 15 13 12

HAA9, μ g/L 55 26 <10 28 22 34 25 24 22

Bromate, μ g/L 0 0 0 11 1 0 9 3 5

Notes: Historical water quality data were used to determine influent water quality inputs. *A summary of VWTP upgrades

is discussed in Section 6.3.1 above and in Table 6-3 below.

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-4 

# 6.3.2. Outer Boundary Future Regulatory Scenario

In the outer boundary regulatory scenario, a ll VWTPs will need to be upgraded. As

chloramination becomes an unacceptable trea tment technology, VWTPs will have to

convert back to using free chlorine as a sec ondary disinfectant. To meet increasingly

strict and new DBP regulations, GAC contactor s will be needed. To achieve increased

Cryptosporidium inactivation (as well as the in activation of other pathogens), UV

disinfection will also need to be included.

6.3.3. Summary of VWTP Upgrades

A summary of all recommended VWTP upgrades is presented in Table 6-3 and Figure

6-1 to Figure 6-5.

Table 6-3:



# VWTP Upgrades Needed to Meet Future Regulations

VWTP Scenario Description

UW-1 Current Conventional particulate remova l, free chlorine disinfection

Plausible Convert to chloramines or

Add GAC, free chlorine disinfection remains

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, free chlorine disinfection remains

CD-1 Current Pre-ozonation, conventional pa rticulate removal, chloramines

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine

CAA-1 Current Conventional particulate removal, chloramines

Plausible* No upgrades

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine

CAA-2 Current Pre-ozonation, conventional pa rticulate remova l, chloramines

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine

CAAW-1 Current Pre-ozonation, conventional pa rticulate removal, chloramines

Plausible* No upgrades

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain.

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-5 Figure 6-1: Process Schematic of UW-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Sulfuric Acid

Influent Chlorine

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Chlorine

Sodium Hydroxide

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Sulfuric Acid

Influent Chlorine

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Chlorine

Sodium Hydroxide

Ammonia

GAC

Contactors

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Sulfuric Acid

Influent Chlorine

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Chlorine

Sodium Hydroxide

GAC

Contactors UV

DisinfectionBaselineVWTPCurrentUpgradedVWTPPlausibleUpgradedVWTPOuterBoundary 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Sulfuric Acid

Influent Chlorine

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Chlorine

Sodium Hydroxide

Ammonia 

# OPTION A

OPTION B

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-6 Figure 6-2: Process Schematic of CD -1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed

Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Influent O3

Ozone

Contactor Sodium Hypochlorite

Reservoir Rapid

Mix Sulfuric

Acid Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide

Sedimentation

Basin Distribution

System

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Influent O3

Ozone

Contactor Sodium

Hypochlorite

Reservoir Rapid

Mix Sulfuric

Acid Sodium Hydroxide

UV

Disinfection Contact

Basin Sodium

Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Influent O3

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Rapid

Mix Sulfuric

Acid Sodium Hypochlorite

Sodium Hydroxide

UV

Disinfection

Sodium

Hypochlorite

GAC

Contactors Sedimentation

BasinBaselineVWTPCurrentUpgradedVWTPPlausibleUpgradedVWTPOuterBoundary

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-7 Figure 6-3: Process Schematic of CAA-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Chlorine (gas)

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide Alum Chlorine (gas)

Rapid

Mix Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Chlorine (gas)

Sodium Hydroxide Alum Chlorine (gas)

Rapid

Mix UV

Disinfection GAC

Contactors Sedimentation

BasinBaselineVWTPCurrentUpgradedVWTPPlausibleUpgradedVWTPOuterBoundary 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Chlorine (gas)

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide Alum Chlorine (gas)

Rapid

Mix Sedimentation

Basin

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-8 Figure 6-4: Process Schematic of CAA-2 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Influent O3

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Rapid

Mix Chlorine

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide Chlorine Sulfuric Acid

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Influent O3

Ozone

Contactor Sodium Hypochlorite

Reservoir Rapid

Mix Sulfuric Acid Sodium Hydroxide

UV

Disinfection Contact

Basin Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sedimentation

Basin

Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Influent O3

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Rapid

Mix Sulfuric Acid Sodium Hypochlorite

Sodium Hydroxide

UV

Disinfection Sodium Hypochlorite

GAC

Contactors Sedimentation

Basin Distribution

SystemBaselineVWTPCurrentUpgradedVWTPPlausibleUpgradedVWTPOuterBoundary

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-9 Figure 6-5: Process Schematic of CAAW-1 Future Treatment Upgrades Needed

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Influent O3

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Rapid

Mix Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hypochlorite Sulfuric Acid

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Influent O3

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Rapid

Mix Sodium Hypochlorite

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hypochlorite Sulfuric Acid

Sedimentation

Basin

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Influent O3

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Rapid

Mix Sodium Hypochlorite

Sodium Hydroxide Sodium

Hypochlorite Sulfuric

Acid

GAC

Contactors UV

Disinfection Sedimentation

BasinBaselineVWTPCurrentUpgradedVWTPPlausibleUpgradedVWTPOuterBoundary

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-10 

# 6.4. Constituents of Concer n that Could Not be Modeled

VWTPs were evaluated and treatment upgrad es recommended based on the ability to

meet treatment targets with respect to TTHM, HAA, and bromate, as these contaminants

could be predicted using the EPAWTPM. Treatment upgrades will also address other

constituents of concern, as discussed in this section.

6.4.1. Chlorite and Chlorate

Chlorite and chlorate are disinfection byproducts from chlorine dioxide use. As none of

the VWTPs utilize chlorine dioxide, nor was it included as a treatment upgrade, so these

DBPs were considered in the analysis. If plants were to install chlorine dioxide, the

formation of chlorite and chlorate from its use is well-defined a nd can be modeled to

ensure future compliance. Chlorate is also a common contaminant associated with

hypochlorite solutions. Based on the trea tment trigger analysis, WTPs utilizing

hypochlorite (on-site generation or bulk) shoul d also consider: diluting the solution upon

delivery, storing the solution at lower temper atures, controlling the pH of the stored

solution between 11 and 13, and using fresh solution when possible.

6.4.2. Nitrosamines

Nitrosamine formation is complex and not completely understood. Based on the

treatment trigger analysis, VWTPs utilizi ng pre-ozonation will also oxidize some NDMA

precursors. Also, studies have shown that if sufficient fr ee chlorine contact time is

provided prior to ammonia addition (as simula ted in the VWTPs), formation of NDMA is

reduced. However, even though oxidation of NDMA precursor will occur, it is still

uncertain whether additional upgrades for NDM A treatment will be necessary. In the

plausible scenario, some VWTPs convert to chloramines or reduce the pre-ozonation

dose; these changes will not reduce the formation NDMA. In the outer boundary

scenario, plants eliminate the use of chlorami nes and return to free chlorine for primary

disinfection, which will reduce or elim inate NDMA formation at the VWTPs.

6.4.3. Nutrients and Taste and Odor

Nitrification has the potential to affect WT Ps utilizing chloramines or WTPs utilizing

chlorine where ammonia is present in the source water. It is plau sible that nitrite and

nitrate regulations could be revised to move the monitoring location from the EPDS to

DS locations to account for contribution from nitrification. Nitr ification can have

adverse effects on water quality including a loss of total chlorine resi dual, release of free

ammonia, buildup of nitrite, possible conversion to nitrite and nitrate, decrease in pH, and

increase in microbiological activity (McGuire 2009).

Nutrient concentrations for the future wate r quality scenarios were not provided, though

nitrification will not likely form nitrate at levels approaching the MCL at the

representative VWTPs considered in th is study. VWTPs utilizing chloramines dose

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-11 

# ammonia at 0.6 mg/L, in which case ammonia w ill not be present at levels above the 0.8

mg/L as N treatment trigger and will not tri gger the nitrite MCL violation. In the outer

boundary scenario, chloramination is discont inued, further reducing the potential for

nitrification challenges.

Aside from nitrification, increa sed levels of nutrients can also lead to algal and vascular

plant growth. Associated treatment concerns include taste and odor problems, increased

levels of organic carbon, filtr ation impacts, and potentially higher levels of nitrogenous

DBPs (e.g., NDMA) and algal toxins. The USEPA established nitrogen and phosphorus

reference conditions in a 2001 Ambient Water Quality Criteria Recommendations Report

to assist states in developing nutrient water quality standards for receiving waters. These

values are guidelines and are not enfor ceable. The nitrogen and phosphorus reference

conditions generally represent nu trient levels that protect against the adverse effects of

nutrient over enrichment and gene rally apply to the source wate r areas in this analysis.

The reference concentration for total nitrog en is 0.31 mg/L and total phosphorus is 0.047

mg/L (USEPA 2001). Total nitrogen includes nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and organic

nitrogen. Total phosphorus includes pa rticulate and dissolved phosphorus. The

particulate phosphorus includes organic phosphorus incorporated in planktonic

organisms, inorganic mineral phosphorus in suspended sediments, and phosphate

adsorbed to inorganic particles. The di ssolved phosphorus includes dissolved organic

phosphorus, orthophosphate, and polyphosphates.

Data from approximately 1998 to 2008 showed that total nitrogen and total phosphorus

concentrations in the Delta and its tributar ies are significantly higher than USEPA’s total

nitrogen and total phosphorus reference c oncentrations (USEPA 2001), which indicates

that VWTPs could be subject to increased algal blooms and experience taste and odor

challenges. In this evaluation, it was underst ood that current WTPs are able to manage

taste and odor challenges. If future nutrient levels were to remain at historical levels,

future VWTPs should be able to manage algal blooms and taste and odor events.

Additionally, taste and odor compounds can be removed through many of the proposed

future upgrades.

6.4.4. Microcystin

As discussed in Section 6.4.3, nutrients in th e source waters can lead to algal gowth

resulting in the production of algal toxins. Similar to taste and odor, it was determined

that in the current, plausible, and outer boundary scenarios, all VWTPs have sufficient

pre-ozone and/or free chlorine contact time to manage algal blooms and oxidize

microcystin.

6.4.5. Pathogens

The CCL3 is evaluating several emerging pat hogens; however, none of these pathogens

are more difficult to remove, oxidize, or in activate compared to the current microbial

# Section 6

Evaluation of VWTP Future Regulatory Compliance

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 6-12 

# standards for Giardia , virus, and Cryptosporidium . In the outer boundary scenario where

other pathogens could remotely play a role , UV disinfection is included and additional

Cryptosporidium inactivation is achieved.

Pathogen levels were not provided for the pred icted future scenarios. This evaluation

assumed that future levels of pathogens in th e source waters are consis tent with historical

levels. Increasing levels of pathogens in future source waters would result in an

increased treatment cost that was not captured in this analysis.

6.4.6. Compounds of Em erging Concern (CECs)

Compounds of emerging concern including pha rmaceuticals, personal care products, and

endocrine disruptors can be pr esent in treated dr inking water. Future water quality

scenarios and treatment plant upgrades this evaluation did not consider CECs and

drinking water treatment of CECs could result in significant additional treatment costs.

However, with adequate source water protection and a multiple barrier concept, CECs

entering the environment through anthropogeni c sources could be reduced, therefore

reducing the risk of increased fu ture water treatment costs.

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 7-1 

# 7. Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality Inputs and

VWTP Modeling

DBP formation is a function of multiple parameters including water temperature, TOC,

bromide, pH, chlorine dose, and water age. These parameters are used as inputs (along

with other water quality and treatment parameters) in the EPAWTPM, which predicts

TTHM, HAA, and bromate formation based on empirical relationships. This section

presents a sensitivity analysis performed on the water temperature, TOC, and bromide

inputs to the EPAWTPM.



# 7.1. Interpreting Historical Data

Historical data can be used in many ways . In this evaluation, data were generally

available from 1998 to 2008. 90 th 

# percentile water quality va lues of the entire data set

were calculated and used as EPAWTPM inputs. This method is a conservative approach

to the analysis; it assumes that 90 th 

# percentile water quality conditions occur

simultaneously. In reality, they may occur at di fferent times of year and vary seasonally.

To account for seasonal variati ons in water quality, monthly data sets can be used.

Taking the 90 th 

# percentile water quality of paired data for each month and using the

EPAWTPM to model DBP formation would allo w for a more representative picture of

DBP formation on a seasonal basis.

To understand how the differences in water quality inputs to the EPAWTPM and the

resulting affect on modeling DBPs, a sensitiv ity analysis was performed for the Central

Delta source water area:

1. Data were organized by month and a box a nd whisker plot (Figure 7-1, Figure 7-3,

and Figure 7-5, for temperature, TOC, a nd bromide, respectively) showing the

distribution of data was created. The s easonal variation of each water quality

parameter is shown in this plot.

2. A percentile plot (Figure 7- 2, Figure 7-4, and Figure 7-6) was created to understand

the range of data and how data were distributed.

3. The median and 90 th 

# percentile of paired water qu ality data was calculated for each

month and used as inputs to the EPAWTPM.

4. DBP results from the paired data sets we re compared to results obtained for the

current and plausible future regula tory scenario analysis, where 90 th 

# percentiles of the

unmatched data set were used (Table 7-1 to Table 7-5).

# Section 7

Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality and VWTP Modeling

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 7-2 Figure 7-1: Central Delta Water Temperature by Month

Figure 7-2: Central Delta Water Temperature Percentile Plot Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecWater Temperature (C)



# 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

n=155 n=142 n=155 n=148 n=155 n=148 n=155 n=155 n=147 n=152 n=155 n=148



# 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%WaterTemperature(°C)



# Cumulative Probability Percentile Analysis 2004 to 2008 T (°C)

n=1815

# Section 7

Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality and VWTP Modeling

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 7-3 Figure 7-3: Central Delta TOC by Month

Figure 7-4: Central Delta TOC Percentile Plot Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecTOC(mg/L)



# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

n=11 n=10 n=12 n=17 n=15 n=10 n=15 n=17 n=18 n=19 n=12 n=21



# 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%TOC(mg/L)



# Cumulative Probability Percentile Analysis 2000 to 2008

n=177

# Section 7

Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality and VWTP Modeling

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 7-4 Figure 7-5: Central Delta Bromide by Month

Figure 7-6: Central Delta Bromide Percentile Plot Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecBromide (mg/L)



# 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

N=22 n=19 n=18 n=18 n=16 n=19 n=21 n=20 n=16 n=22 n=17 n=22



# 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Bromide(mg/L)



# Cumulative Probability Percentile Analysis 1990 to 2008

n=230

# Section 7

Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality and VWTP Modeling

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 7-5 Table 7-1:



# EPAWTPM DBP Modeling Using Central Delta Paired Monthly Data for

Quarter 1

Parameters January February March

Median 90th

Percentile Median 90th

Percentile Median 90th

Percentile

Temperature(°C) 9.0 10.8 11.7 13.2 15.1 17.8

TOC (mg/L) 4.5 8.4 4.85 6. 67 4.85 6.49

UV254 0.151 0.301 0.165 0.234 0.165 0.227

Bromide (mg/L) 0.22 0.50 0.16 0.41 0.13 0.27

TOC Removal 39 40 41 35 41 35

3-day TTHM 32 64 35 59 37 61

3-day HAA5 12 20 14 18 15 21

3-day HAA9 24 37 27 36 29 41

Bromate 3 9 2 7 2 5



# Table 7-2:



# EPAWTPM DBP Modeling Using Central Delta Paired Monthly Data for

Quarter 2

Parameters June April May

Median 90th

Percentile Median 90th

Percentile Median 90th

Percentile

Temperature(°C) 22.1 24.8 16.6 19.3 19.7 22.2

TOC (mg/L) 3.35 4.17 4 4.64 3.5 4.2

UV254 0.107 0.139 0.132 0.157 0.113 0.140

Bromide (mg/L) 0.14 0.36 0.12 0.22 0.13 0.19

TOC Removal 33 39 37 41 34 39

3-day TTHM 36 49 34 43 34 42

3-day HAA5 14 15 14 15 14 15

3-day HAA9 28 31 26 32 27 31

Bromate 2 7 2 4 2 3

# Section 7

Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality and VWTP Modeling

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 7-6 Table 7-3:



# EPAWTPM DBP Modeling Using Central Delta Paired Monthly Data for

Quarter 3

Parameters July August September

Median 90th Percentile Median 90th Percentile Median 90th Percentile

Temperature(°C) 25.4 28.6 25.0 26.5 22.6 25.2

TOC (mg/L) 2.6 3.12 2.9 3.1 2.8 3.2

UV254 0.078 0.098 0.090 0.098 0.086 0.101

Bromide (mg/L) 0.1 0.38 0.28 0. 41 0.235 0.47

TOC Removal 28 33 31 32 30 33

3-day TTHM 31 46 38 45 35 45

3-day HAA5 13 14 12 13 11 13

3-day HAA9 25 29 26 28 25 27

Bromate 2 7 4 7 3 7



# Table 7-4:



# EPAWTPM DBP Modeling Using Central Delta Paired Monthly Data for

Quarter 4

Parameters October November December

Median 90th Percentile Median 90th Percentile Median 90th Percentile

Temperature(°C) 18.3 20.8 15.0 16.6 9.8 11.7

TOC (mg/L) 2.8 3.4 2.65 4.03 3.1 3.89

UV254 0.086 0.109 0.080 0.133 0.098 0.128

Bromide (mg/L) 0.295 0.50 0.295 0.53 0.32 0.52

TOC Removal 29 34 28 37 30 36

3-day TTHM 32 42 28 42 29 37

3-day HAA5 10 12 9 12 9 10

3-day HAA9 22 25 20 24 20 21

Bromate 4 7 3 7 3 6

# Section 7

Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality and VWTP Modeling

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 7-7 Table 7-5:



# Comparison of Current and Plausible DBP Results to Paired Monthly Data

DBP Results

Parameters Unpaired Data Used

in Treatment

Evaluation Monthly Paired Data

Current

Scenario 1 

# Plausible

Scenario 2 

# Maximum Month

(Median) Maximum Month

(90th Percentile)

3-day TTHM, μ g/L 48 61 38 64

3-day HAA5, μ g/L 14 17 15 21

3-day HAA9, μ g/L 29 29 29 41

Bromate, μ g/L 8 11 4 9

1 

# Current scenario utilized 90 th 

# percentile of entire (unpaired) water quality data set with annual average water temperature

in the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation.

2 

# Plausible Scenario utilized 90 th 

# percentile of entire (unpaired) water quality data set with 99 th 

# percentile water temperature

in the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation.



# The approach utilized in this trea tment evaluation assumed that the 90 th 

# percentile water

temperature, TOC, and bromide occur simultane ously. In reality, these parameters peak

at different times of year. However, the 90 th 

# percentile of an indi vidual parameter can be

higher in a given month than was calculate d across a year, resulting in higher DBP

formation, despite lower levels of other c ontaminants. For example, the peak TOC

occurs in December-January-February timeframe and the peak temperature occurs in the

summer months. When monthly 90 th 

# percentiles are calculate d, the input TOC in January

is much higher than the 90 th 

# percentile of the entire data set; therefore, despite the

relatively low temperature in Januar y, higher DBP formation results.

With the assumption that the 90 th 

# percentile water temperatur e, TOC, and bromide occur

simultaneously, DBP formation was predicted fo r the current and plausible scenarios.

The current scenario utilized the 90th percentile of entire (unp aired) water quality data set

with annual average water temperature in the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation. The

plausible scenario utilized th e 90th percentile of entire (unpa ired) water quality data set

with 99th percentile water temperature in the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation.

Comparing the resulting TTHM, HAA, and br omate values to the set of monthly DBP

prediction results from the pair ed water quality data, it can be concluded that despite the

assumption that the 90 th 

# percentiles occur simultaneously; finished water quality results

are similar (Figure 7-7).

# Section 7

Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality and VWTP Modeling

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 7-8 Figure 7-7: TTHM, HAA5, HAA9, and Bromate in the Central Delta

Notes: Current scenario utilized 90 th 

# percentile of entire water quality data set with annual average water temperature in

the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation. Plausible Scenario utilized 90 th 

# percentile of entire (unpaired) water quality data

set with 99 th 

# percentile water temperature in the EPAWTPM to model DBP formation.



# 7.2. Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality Inputs

One method used to understand how sensitive the DBP modeling results are to changes in

water quality inputs is to determine the maximum levels of these inputs that can be used

while still meeting DBP targets. For this method, one variable is changed while the

others are held constant. This type of sensitivity analysis was performed on the Central

Delta VWTP CD-1 to answer the following questions:

 At what water temperature are DBP targets exceeded using the 90 th 

# percentile TOC?

 At what water temperature are DBP targets exceeded using the 90 th 

# percentile TOC?

By answering these types of questions, an understanding will be de veloped of when and

how frequently problems occur at different combinations of input variables (water

temperature and TOC in this exampl e). To perform this analysis, 90 th 

# percentiles of the

entire (unpaired) available data were used. It was found that:3‐DayTTHM(ug/L)



# 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 703‐DayHAA5(ug/L)



# 0 5 10 15 20 25

t Q Q3‐DayHAA9(ug/L)



# 0 10 20 30 40 50Bromate(ug/L)



# 0 2 4 6 8 10 12CurrentPlausible



# Paired

Median Paired

90 th 

# PercentileCurrentPlausible



# Paired

Median Paired

90 th 

# PercentileCurrentPlausible



# Paired

Median Paired

90 th 

# PercentileCurrentPlausible



# Paired

Median Paired

90 th 

# Percentile

# Section 7

Sensitivity Analysis of Water Quality and VWTP Modeling

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 7-9 

#  Using the 90 th 

# percentile TOC of 4.7 mg/L (other water quality at 90 th 

# percentile as

well), the maximum temperature input that met treatment goals was 20 ° C. Above

this temperature bromate targets were exceeded. A water temperature of 20 ° C is

equivalent to the 60 th 

# percentile temperature (water temperature remains below 20 ° C

sixty percent of the time).

 Using the 50 th 

# percentile TOC of 3.2 mg/L (other water quality at 90 th 

# percentile), the

maximum temperature input that met treatment goals was 28 ° C. Above this

temperature bromate targets were ex ceeded. A water temperature of 28 ° C is

equivalent to the 99 th 

# percentile temperature (water temperature remains below 28 ° C

ninety-nine percent of the time).

# THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 8-1 

# 8. Estimation of Costs Associated with Future

VWTP Upgrades

A number of treatment upgrades were recomm ended to help the VWTPs meet treatment

goals in the plausible and outer boundary futu re scenarios. This section provides an

estimation of the costs associated with performing these upgrades at each VWTP.



# 8.1. Methodology and Assumptions

8.1.1. Range of Accuracy for Cost Estimates

The cost estimates presented in this report are representative of Class 5 estimates as

defined by the Association for the Advancem ent of Cost Engineering International

(AACE, 2005):

“Class 5 estimates are generally prepared based on very limited information,

and subsequently have wide accura cy ranges....Often, little more than

proposed plant type, location, and capacity are known at the time of estimate

preparation...The level of project definition required for a Class 5 estimate is

0% to 2% of full project definition... Class 5 estimates are prepared for any

number of strategic business planning purposes, such as but not limited to

market studies, assessment of initial viability, evaluation of alternate

schemes, project screening, project location studies, evaluation of resource

needs and budgeting, long-range capital planning, etc...Typical accuracy

ranges for Class 5 estimates are -20 percent to -50 percent on the low side,

and +30 percent to +100 percent on the high side, depending on the

technological complexity of the project, appropriate refere nce information,

and the inclusion of an appropriate c ontingency determination. Ranges could

exceed those shown in unusual circumstances.”



# Class 5 estimates rely on stochastic estim ating methods including cost/capacity curves

and factors, and scaling factors. Scaling factors have been app lied to selected estimates or

historical construction costs for actual exam ple projects, and to summary studies and

published literature characteriz ing the cost of constructing and operating the identified

treatment processes. For developing a range of costs for the estimates developed in this

project, a range of -30% to +50% was used.

8.1.2. ENR CCI

Each source of cost information is based on a date and location of the project and must be

adjusted to reflect current local conditions. The 20-City average construction cost index

# Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 8-2 

# (CCI) is published monthly by Engineering Ne ws Record (ENR) and the index can be

used to adjust the cost of construction for one location a nd point in time to different

location and time. To be consistent with other cost estimates developed by CUWA, this

analysis used an ENR CCI of 8952 (the 20- Cities Average ENR CCI for December 2010)

8.1.3. References Used during Unit Cost Development

Multiple references were used to develop de sign assumptions and estimate treatment unit

costs:

 CWC Engineering Software W/ WW Cost Model Version 3.0

 December 2005 LT2ESWTR Technology & Cost Document

 October 2006 Final Ground Water Ru le Technology & Cost Document

 McGivney and Kawamura 2008. Cost Estim ating Manual for Water Treatment

Facilities. John Wiley & Sons.

8.1.4. Cost Multipliers and Contingency

Cost multipliers and contingencies are includ ed in the cost estimates to account for

portions of the project that are not adequa tely defined due uncertainties about sitespecific constraints and bidding clim ate variability (Table 8-1).

Table 8-1:



# Capital Cost Multipliers and Contingency

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal

Subtotal for Treatment Un its and Chemical Systems

Site Work 5%

Electrical 12%

Instrumentation and Controls 12%

Subtotal

Contractor OH & Profit 15%

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6%

Sales Tax 3.64%

Subtotal

Engineering Fee 25%

Legal/Administrative Fee 5%

Subtotal

Contingency 50%

# Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 8-3 

# 8.2. Baseline VWTP Costs

Low range and high range baseline costs we re developed for each VWTP to give a

perspective to the added costs of treatment upgr ades (Table 8-2 and Table 8-3). Detailed

cost summaries for each VWTP are provided in Appendix G.

Table 8-2:



# Low Range Cost Estimates for Baseline VWTPs

VWTP Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost Present

Worth of

Annual O&M Total

Present

Worth Annualized

Capital

Cost Total

Equivalent

Annual

Cost

($) $/gal

capacity ($/yr) $/kgal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr)

UW-1 $93M $0.93 $3.3M $0.18 $38M $132M $8M $11M

CD-1 $72M $1.80 $2.6M $0.36 $30M $102M $6M $9M

CAA-1 $46M $1.14 $1.0M $0.13 $11M $57M $4M $5M

CAA-2 $577M $1.15 $32.1M $0.27 $368M $945M $50M $82M

CAAW-1 $923M $1.15 $59.2M $0.27 $679M $1,602M $80M $140M

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.



# Table 8-3:



# High Range Cost Estimates for Baseline VWTPs

VWTP Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost Present

Worth of

Annual O&M Total

Present

Worth Annualized

Capital

Cost Total

Equivalent

Annual

Cost

($) $/gal

capacity ($/yr) $/kgal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr)

UW-1 $200M $2.00 $7.2M $0.39 $82M $282M $17M $25M

CD-1 $154M $3.86 $5.7M $0.78 $65M $219M $13M $19M

CAA-1 $98M $2.45 $2.1M $0.29 $24M $122M $9M $11M

CAA-2 $1,237M $2.47 $68.7M $0.58 $788M $2,024M $108M $176M

CAAW-1 $1,978M $2.47 $126.8M $0. 58 $1,454M $3,433M $172M $299M

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.

# Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 8-4 

# 8.3. Cost Estimates for the Pl ausible Future Scenario

In the plausible future scenario, VWTPs UW-1, CD-1, and CAA-2 needed upgrades to

meet treatment targets:

 UW-1 had two options:

 A- Utilize chloramines as secondary disinfectant, or

 B- Install GAC contactors and continued to use free chlorine as a secondary

disinfectant.

 CD-1: include a reduction in ozone dos e and addition of UV disinfection.

 CAA-2: include a reduction in ozone dose and addition of UV disinfection.

VWTPs CAA-1 and CAAW-1 met plausible treatm ent targets; therefore, costs presented

for the plausible scenario are equal to baseli ne VWTP costs. All costs are presented for

the entire VWTP (Table 8-4); added costs of a treatment upgrades are presented in

Section 8.6.

Table 8-4:



# Low Range Cost Estimates for VWTPs in the Plausible Regulatory Scenario

VWTP Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost Present

Worth of

Annual

O&M Total

Present

Worth Annualized

Construction

Cost Total

Equivalent

Annual Cost

($) $/gal

capacity ($/yr) $/k gal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr)

UW-1 A $94 $0.94 $3.4 $0.18 $39 $133 $8 $12

UW-1 B $201 $2.01 $7.7 $0.42 $88 $289 $18 $25

CD-1 $110 $2.75 $3.5 $0.48 $40 $151 $10 $13

CAA-1* $46 $1.14 $1.0 $0.13 $11 $57 $4 $5

CAA-2 $975 $1.95 $48.3 $0.41 $554 $1,529 $85 $133

CAAW-1* $923 $1.15 $59.2 $0.27 $679 $1,602 $80 $140

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain.

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.

# Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 8-5 Table 8-5:



# High Range Cost Estimates for VW TPs in the Plausible Regulatory

Scenario

VWTP Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost Present

Worth of

Annual

O&M Total

Present

Worth Annualized

Construction

Cost Total

Equivalent

Annual Cost

($) $/gal

capacity ($/yr) $/k gal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr)

UW-1 A $202M $2.02 $7.2M $0.40 $83M $285M $18M $25M

UW-1 B $431M $4.31 $16.4M $0.90 $188M $619M $38M $54M

CD-1 $236M $5.90 $7.6M $1.03 $87M $323M $21M $28M

CAA-1* $98M $2.45 $2.1M $0.29 $24M $122M $9M $11M

CAA-2 $2,089M $4.18 $103.5M $0.87 $1,187M $3,276M $182M $286M

CAAW-1* $1,978M $2.47 $126.8M $0. 58 $1,454M $3,433M $172M $299M

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain.

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.

# Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 8-6 

# 8.4. Cost Estimates for the Outer Boundary Future Scenario

In the outer boundary future regulatory scenario upgrades at all VWTPs were

recommended to include GAC contactors and UV disinfection. Additionally, the

scenario included utilizing free chlorine for disinfection and discontinuing the use of the

ammonia feed to form chloramines. Cost s are presented for the entire outer boundary

VWTP in Table 8-6 below.

Table 8-6:



# Low Range Cost Estimates for VWTP s in the Outer Boundary Regulatory

Scenario

VWTP Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost Present

Worth of

Annual

O&M Total

Present

Worth Annualized

Construction

Cost Total

Equivalent

Annual

Cost

($) $/gal

capacity ($/yr) $/k gal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr)

UW-1 $287M $2.87 $10.1M $0.55 $116M $402M $25M $35M

CD-1 $161M $4.03 $5.6M $0.76 $64M $225M $14M $20M

CAA-1 $135M $3.38 $3.9M $0.53 $45M $180M $12M $16M

CAA-2 $1,348M $2.70 $74.3M $0.63 $852M $2,200M $118M $192M

CAAW-1 $2,162M $2.70 $132.5M $0. 61 $1,520M $3,682M $188M $321M

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.



# Table 8-7:



# High Range Cost Estimat es for VWTPs in the Outer Boundary Regulatory

Scenario

VWTP Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost Present

Worth of

Annual

O&M Total

Present

Worth Annualized

Construction

Cost Total

Equivalent

Annual

Cost

($) $/gal

capacity ($/yr) $/k gal ($) ($) ($/yr) ($/yr)

UW-1 $614M $6.14 $21.6M $1.19 $248M $862M $54M $75M

CD-1 $346M $8.65 $11.9M $1.64 $137M $483M $30M $42M

CAA-1 $289M $7.23 $8.4M $1.15 $96M $385M $25M $34M

CAA-2 $2,888M $5.78 $159.1M $1.34 $1,825M $4,713M $252M $411M

CAAW-1 $4,633M $5.79 $284.0M $1. 30 $3,257M $7,890M $404M $688M

Assumptions: Years (n) = 20, Rate (i) = 6%. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.

# Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 8-7 

# 8.5. Summary of VWTP Costs

A summary of the complete VWTPs in the baseline, plausible, and outer boundary

scenarios is presented in Table 8-8.

Table 8-8:



# Cost of VWTPs (Baseline, Plausible, and Outer Boundary)

VWTP Scenario Description Capital Cost Annual O&M Cost

($) $/gal

capacity ($/yr) $/kgal

UW-1 Baseline Conventional particulate removal,

free chlorine disinfection $93 -$200M $0.93 -$2.00 $3.3 -$7.2M $0.18 -$0.39

Plausible A- Convert to chloramines $94 -$202M $0.94 -$2.02 $3.4 -$7.2M $0.18 -$0.40

or

B- Add GAC, free chlorine

disinfection remains $201 -$431M $2.01 -$4.31 $7.7 -$16.4M $0.42 -$0.9

Outer

Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, free

chlorine disinfection remains $287 -$614M $2.87 -$6.14 $10.1 -$21.6M $0.55 -$1.19

CD-1 Baseline Pre-ozonation, conventional

particulate removal, chloramines $14 -$30M $1.80 -$3.86 $2.6 -$5.7M $0.36 -$0.78

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV

disinfection $110 -$236M $2.75 -$5.90 $3.5 -$7.6M $0.48 -$1.03

Outer

Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection,

eliminate chloramines and use free

chlorine $161 -$346M $4.03 -$8.65 $5.6 -$11.9M $0.76 -$1.64

CAA-1 Baseline Conventional particulate removal,

chloramines $46 -$98M $1.14 -$2.45 $1 -$2.1M $0.13 -$0.29

Plausible* No upgrades $46 -$98M $1.14 -$2.45 $1 -$2.1M $0.13 -$0.29

Outer

Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection,

eliminate chloramines and use free

chlorine $135 -$289M $3.38 -$7.23 $3.9 -$8.4M $0.53 -$1.15

CAA-2 Baseline Pre-ozonation, conventional

particulate removal, chloramines $577 -$1237M $1.15 -$2.47 $32.1 -$68.7M $0.27 -$0.58

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV

disinfection $975 -$2089M $1.95 -$4.18 $48.3 -$103.5M $0.41 -$0.87

Outer

Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection,

eliminate chloramines and use free

chlorine $1348 -$2888M $2.7 -$5.78 $74.3 -$159.1M $0.63 -$1.34

CAAW-1 Baseline Pre-ozonation, conventional

particulate removal, chloramines $923 -$1978M $1.15 -$2.47 $59.2 -$126.8M $0.27 -$0.58

Plausible* No upgrades $923 -$1978M $1.15 -$2.47 $59.2 -$126.8M $0.27 -$0.58

Outer

Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection,

eliminate chloramines and use free

chlorine $2162 -$4633M $2.70 -$5.79 $132.5 -$284M $0.61 -$1.30

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.

Costs are representative of AACE Class 5 estimates. AAC E Class 5 estimates are planning level costs prepared based

on 0 to 2% of full project definition with accuracy ranges of -20% to -50% on the low side and +30% to +100% on the high

side. Accuracy range for cost estimates pres ented in this project are -30% to +50%.

# Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 8-8 

# 8.6. Extrapolation of VWTP Costs to Regional Level

VWTPs were developed to represent water trea tment in each of four source water areas.

Costs were estimated for each VWTP for the baseline, plausible, and outer boundary

scenario. In order to expand the costs to the regional level, the added cost of each

scenario was first calculated (baseline cost was subtracted from the future scenario cost)

(Table 8-9).

Table 8-9:



# Added Costs for VWTP Upgrades

VWTP Scenario Description Added Capital Cost Added Annual O&M Cost

($) $/gal

capacity ($/yr) $/kgal

UW-1 Plausible A- Convert to chloramines $1 -$3M $0.01 -$0.03 $0 -$0.1M $0.0 -$0.0

or

B- Add GAC, free chlorine

disinfection remains $108 -$231M $1.08 -$2.31 $4.3 -$9.3M $0.24 -$0.51

Outer

Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection,

free chlorine disinfection remains $193 -$414M $1.93 -$4.14 $6.8 -$14.5M $0.37 -$0.79

CD-1 Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV

disinfection $38 -$82M $0.95 -$2.04 $0.9 -$1.9M $0.12 -$0.26

Outer

Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection,

eliminate chloramines and use

free chlorine $89 -$191M $2.23 -$4.79 $2.9 -$6.3M $0.4 -$0.86

CAA-1 Plausible* No upgrades - - - -

Outer

Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection,

eliminate chloramines and use

free chlorine $89 -$191M $2.23 -$4.79 $2.9 -$6.3M $0.4 -$0.86

CAA-2 Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV

disinfection $398 -$853M $0.80 -$1.71 $16.2 -$34.8M $0.14 -$0.29

Outer

Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection,

eliminate chloramines and use

free chlorine $771 -$1652M $1.54 -$3.30 $42.2 -$90.5M $0.36 -$0.76

CAAW-1 Plausible* No upgrades - - - -

Outer

Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection,

eliminate chloramines and use

free chlorine $1239 -$2654M $1.55 -$3.32 $73.3 -$157.2M $0.33 -$0.72

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain. All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.



# The added cost of treatment upgrades to a VWTP was expanded to represent each source

water area by taking into account the area’s total regional treatment capacity. The

fraction of the total regional treatment capac ity that was represented by the VWTP was

calculated, and this factor was then applied to the VWTP costs. For example, CD-1 has

40 mgd capacity in a source water area with a total treatment capacity of 284 mgd.

Dividing 284 mgd by 40 mgd gives a factor of 7.1 to be applied to the cost estimate.

# Section 8

Estimation of Costs Associated with Future VWTP Upgrades

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 8-9 

# Multiplying 7.1 by the added capital cost of CD-1, $142M, results in a total regional

capital cost of $1012M to meet the plausible future scenario. A summary of the added

costs for each source water area is presente d in Table 8-10. These costs are based on

current treatment capacity. Future treatment cap acity is likely to increase with increasing

population, so 2030 costs are li kely to be higher.

Table 8-10:



# Regional Added Costs for Upgrades

VWTP VWTP

Design

Capacit

y (mgd) Representati

ve Regional

Treatment

Capacity/

VWTP

Capacity Scenario Added Capital Cost Added Annual

O&M Cost

($) ($/yr)

Upper Watersheds- 818 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

UW-1 100 8.18 Plausible $10 - $21M $0.3 - $0.6M

or



# $883 - $1893M $35.3 - $118.5M

Outer

Boundary $1581 - $3387M $55.3 – 118.5M

Central Delta- 284 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

CD-1 40 7.1 Plausible $270 - $579M $6.2 - $13.4M

Outer

Boundary $634 - $1359M $20.8 - $44.5M

CAA- 2201 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

CAA-1 40 3.86 Plausible* - -

Outer

Boundary $345 - $739M $11.3 – $24.2M

CAA-2 500 6.78 Plausible $2699 - $5783M $110.0 - $235.8M

Outer

Boundary $5226 – $11198M $286.2 - $613.3M

CAA-West - 836 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

CAAW1 800 1.04 Plausible* - -

Outer

Boundary $1288 - $2760M $76.3 – $163.5M

TOTAL Plausible $2978 - $6382M $116.6 - $249.8M

Or



# $3852 – $8254M $151.6 - $324.8M

Outer

Boundary $9074 - $19443M $449.8 - $963.9M

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain.

All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.

Costs are representative of AACE Class 5 estimates. AAC E Class 5 estimates are planning level costs prepared based

on 0 to 2% of full project definition with accuracy ranges of -20% to -50% on the low side and +30% to +100% on the high

side. Accuracy range for cost estimates pres ented in this project are -30% to +50%.

# THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 9-1 4



# 9. Summary

The objective of the Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation project was to determine the

effects of future water quality changes at tr eatment plants that utilize surface water from

the Central Valley of California while taki ng into consideration current and future

regulations. This section summari zes the project findings.



# 9.1. Source Water Areas and Representative VWTPs

Phase I of the Drinking Water Treatment Ev aluation defined the boundaries of the study

by identifying areas of similar source wate r quality, outlining existing water treatment

practices in each source water area, and defining representative VWTPs.

Four source water areas were identified:

 Upper Sacramento and Upper-Eastern San Joaquin Watersheds (Upper Watersheds)

 Central Delta including the Sout h Bay Aqueduct (Central Delta)

 California Aqueduct – Coastal and East Branches (CAA)

 California Aqueduct – West Branch (CAA-West)

Projections of future water quali ty for two of the four source water areas were reviewed.

It was found that the TOC, bromide, a nd temperature did not differ enough from

historical data to result in meaningful cha nges to DBP modeling resu lts. For this reason,

historical water quality was used for the four source water areas for the remainder of the

evaluation.

Five VWTPs were developed to represent the four source water areas. In general, three

common treatment trains emerged:

 Conventional particulate rem oval with chlorine disinfec tion (primary and secondary)

 Conventional particulate re moval with ozone pre-oxidation, chlorine primary

disinfection, and secondary di sinfection with chloramines.

 Conventional particulate rem oval with chlorine primary disinfection and secondary

disinfection with chloramines.



# 9.2. Future Regulatory Scenarios

Regulatory scenarios for the ye ar 2030 were developed base d on the team’s experience

with the USEPA and on best professional judgmen t. Scenarios were divided into three

categories:

# Section 9

Summary

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 9-2 

#  Current - includes contaminants that are cu rrently regulated. Cost estimates were

developed for this scenario a nd it was used as a baseline.

 Plausible - includes contaminants that are c onsidered likely to be regulated in some

form.

 Outer Boundary- includes the same contam inants; however, the requirements could

be more stringent. This scenario was provide d to bracket the regulat ory possibilities.



# 9.3. Treatment Triggers

Once VWTPs and future regulatory scenarios we re defined, the threshold levels (i.e.,

treatment triggers) where the plausible regulato ry scenario creates th e need for capital or

operational modifications to a treatment proce ss were developed. These threshold values,

or treatment triggers, were developed for curre nt and plausible future regulations for each

VWTP. All baseline VWTPs met current regulations at the 90 th 

# percentile water quality

conditions. Some general obser vations regarding the treatment triggers for the VWTPs

include:

 Bromide and TOC concentrations dictate the ability of VWTPs to comply with

current and plausible future THM and HAA regulations. The plausible regulatory

assumption of a single sample not to exceed is a significant driver behind bromide

and TOC controlling future compliance. A matrix of varying bromide and TOC

concentrations was developed for each VW TP for the purpose of this evaluation.

 Chlorate is a common contaminant associ ated with hypochlorite solutions. WTPs

utilizing hypochlorite (on-si te generation or bulk) should consider: diluting the

solution upon delivery, storing the solution at lower temperatures, controlling the pH

of the stored solution between 11 and 13, and using fresh solution when possible.

 All VWTPs have sufficient chlori ne contact time to oxidize 10  g/L of microcystins

and some NDMA precursors.

 VWTPs utilizing pre-ozonation will also oxidi ze microcystins and NDMA precursors.

 It is uncertain whether additional NDMA tr eatment will be necessary because of the

complexity of NDMA formation and low plausible regulatory levels, even though

oxidation of NDMA precursor will occur.

 Nitrification will not likely form nitrate at levels approaching the MCL at the

representative VWTPs considered in th is study. VWTPs utilizing chloramines dose

ammonia at 0.6 mg/L. At this dose, ammoni a will not be present at levels above the

0.8 mg/L as N treatment trigger.

 The CCL3 is evaluating several emergi ng pathogens; however, none of these

pathogens are more difficult to remove, oxidi ze, or inactivate compared to the current

microbial standards for Giardia , virus, and Cryptosporidium . For this reason, no

treatment triggers were deve loped for emerging pathogens.

# Section 9

Summary

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 9-3 

# 9.4. Future VWTP Treatment Upgrades

Based on the ability of a VWTP to meet treat ment goals (80 percent of the MCL) in the

plausible regulatory scenario in combinat ion with the treatment trigger analysis,

treatment upgrades were recommended:

 UW-1 had two options:

 A- Utilize chloramines as secondary disinfectant, or

 B- Install GAC contactors and continued to use free chlorine as a secondary

disinfectant.

 CD-1: include a reduction in ozone dose and add of UV disinfection.

 CAA-2: include a reduction in ozone dose and add of UV disinfection.

For the outer boundary future regulatory scenario, upgrades were recommended for all

VWTPs, including the addition of GAC cont actors and UV disinfect ion. A summary of

VWTPs and the recommended upgrades is presented in Table 9-1.

Table 9-1:



# VWTP Upgrades Needed to Meet Future Regulations

VWTP Scenario Description

UW-1 Current Conventional particulate remova l, free chlorine disinfection

Plausible Convert to chloramines or

Add GAC, free chlorine disinfection remains

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, free chlorine disinfection remains

CD-1 Current Pre-ozonation, conventional pa rticulate removal, chloramines

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine

CAA-1 Current Conventional particulate removal, chloramines

Plausible* No upgrades

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine

CAA-2 Current Pre-ozonation, conventional pa rticulate removal, chloramines

Plausible Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine

CAAW-1 Current Pre-ozonation, conventional pa rticulate removal, chloramines

Plausible* No upgrades

Outer Boundary Add GAC and UV disinfection, eliminate chloramines and use free chlorine

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain.

# Section 9

Summary

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 9-4 

# 9.5. Cost Estimates for Future VWTP Upgrades

The added cost of treatment upgrades to a VWTP was expanded to represent each source

water area by taking into account the area’s total regional treatment capacity. The

fraction of the total regional treatment capac ity that was represented by the VWTP was

calculated, and this fraction was then applied to the VWTP costs. For example, CD-1 has

40 mgd capacity in a source water area with a total treatment capacity of 284 mgd.

Dividing 284 mgd by 40 mgd gives a fraction of 7.1 to be applied to the cost estimate.

Multiplying 7.1 by the added capital cost of CD-1, $142M, results in a total regional

capital cost of $1012M to meet the plausible future scenario. A summary of the added

costs for each source water area is presente d in Table 8-10. These costs are based on

current treatment capacity. Future treatment cap acity is likely to increase with increasing

population, so 2030 costs are likely to be higher.

# Section 9

Summary

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 9-5 Table 9-2:



# Regional Added Costs for Upgrades

VWTP VWTP

Design

Capacity

(mgd) Representative

Regional

Treatment

Capacity/

VWTP

Capacity Scenario Added Capital

Cost Added Annual

O&M Cost

($) ($/yr)

Upper Watersheds- 818 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

UW-1 100 8.18 Plausible $10 - $21M $0.3 - $0.6M

or



# $883 - $1893M $35.3 - $118.5M

Outer Boundary $1581 - $3387M $55.3 – 118.5M

Central Delta- 284 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

CD-1 40 7.1 Plausible $270 - $579M $6.2 - $13.4M

Outer Boundary $634 - $1359M $20.8 - $44.5M

CAA- 2201 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

CAA-1 40 3.86 Plausible* - -

Outer Boundary $345 - $739M $11.3 – $24.2M

CAA-2 500 6.78 Plausible $2699 - $5783M $110.0 - $235.8M

Outer Boundary $5226 – $11198M $286.2 - $613.3M

CAA-West - 836 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity

CAAW-1 800 1.04 Plausible* - -

Outer Boundary $1288 - $2760M $76.3 – $163.5M

TOTAL Plausible $2978 - $6382M $116.6 - $249.8M

Or



# $3852 – $8254M $151.6 - $324.8M

Outer Boundary $9074 - $19443M $449.8 - $963.9M

*No upgrades needed, baseline costs remain.

All costs in December 2010 dollars, CCI = 8952.

Costs are representative of AACE Class 5 estimates. AAC E Class 5 estimates are planning level costs prepared based

on 0 to 2% of full project definition with accuracy ranges of -20% to -50% on the low side and +30% to +100% on the high

side. Accuracy range for cost estimates pres ented in this project are -30% to +50%.

# THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 10-1 

# 10. References

Acero, J., Rodriguez, E., and Meriluoto, J. 2005. Kinetics of reacti ons between chlorine

and the cyanobacterial toxins microcys tins. Water Research. (39): 1628-1638.

Association for the Advancem ent of Cost Engineering – International (AACE), 2005.

Cost Estimate Classification System – As Applied in Engineering, Procurement, and

Construction for the Process Industries . Recommended Standard of Practice 18R-97.

February 2005.

AWWA. 2008. Comments by the American Wa ter Works Association on the Draft

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Baker, K., Hegarty, J., Redmond, B., Reed, N. and Herson, D. 2002. Effect of Oxidizing

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# Section 6

References

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Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 10-2 

# CDPH. 2007. Drinking Water Notification levels and Reponse levels: An Overview

[cited February 2010]. Available from:

http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingw ater/Pages/NotificationLevels.aspx

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CDPH. 2008. California Regulations Rela ted to Drinking Wate r [cited June 2008].

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Chen, Z. and Valentine, R. The Influence of the Pre-Oxidation of Natural Organic Matter

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Domingue, E., Tyndall, R., Mayberry, W. and Pancorbo, O. 1998. Effects of Three

Oxidizing Biocides on Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1. Applied and Environmental

Microbiology 54(3): 741-747

Emerson, M., Sproul, O. and Buck, C. 1982. Ozone Inactivation of Cell-Associated

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Engelbrecht, R., Weber, M., Salter, B. and Schmidt, C. 1980. Comparative Inactivation

of Viruses by Chlorine. Applied and E nvironmental Microbiology 40 (2): 249-256

Gates, D. 1998. The Chlorine Dioxide Handbook . Denver, Colo.: AWWA.

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Gerba, C., Gramos, D. and Nwachuku, N. 2002. Comparative Inactivation of

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Health Canada. 2006. Guidelines for Canadi an Drinking Water Quality: Guideline

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Hoyer, O. 1998. Testing Performance and Mon itoring of UV Systems for Drinking Water

Disinfection. Water Supply 16 (1/2):419–424.

# Section 6

References

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Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 10-3 

# Hudnell, H., Back, N., Cohen, I., Lajtha, A., Lambris, J., and Paoletti, R. Monograph of

International Symposium on Cyanobacteria l Harmful Algal Blooms (ISOC-HAB).

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Karanis, P. 2006. A Review of an Emerging Waterborne Medical Important Parasitic

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Krasner, S., Weinberg, H., Richardson, S., Pastor, J., Sclimenti, M., Onstad, G., and

Thruston, A. 2006. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (23):7175-7185

Lezcano, I., Pérez Rey, R., Baluja, C. and Sánchez, E. 1999. Ozone Inactivation of

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Linden, K., Thurston, J., Schaefer, R. and Ma lley, J. 2007. Enhanced UV Inactivation of

Adenovirus under Polychromatic UV Lamps. Applied and Environmental Microbiology

73 (23): 7571-7574

McGuire, M., Wu, X., Blute, N., Askena izer, D., and Qin, G. 2009. Prevention of

nitrification using chlorite ion: Results of a demonstration pr oject in Glendale, Calif. J.

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2668

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Mostafa, M., Sheweita, S., and O’Conner, P. 1999. Relationship between Schistosomiasis

and bladder cancer. Clin. Mi crobiol. Rev. 12 (1): 97-111

Najm, I. 2007. Formation of Hydrazine as a Chloramine By-Product. American Water

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Nicholson, B., Rositano, J., and Burch, M. 1994. Destrucion of cy anobacterial peptide

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June 2008]. Available from:

http://www.oehha.ca.gov/wa ter/phg/pdf/122206NDMAphg.pdf

# Section 6

References

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 10-4 

# Oguma, K., Katayama, H. and O hgaki, S. 2004. Photoreactivation of Legionella

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Plewa, M., Wagner, E.Richardson, S., Thruston, A., Woo, Y., McKague, A. 2004.

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disinfection byproducts. Environ. Sc i. Technol. 38 (18): 4713-4722.

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# Section 6

References

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 10-5 

# Synder, S.A, Gilbert, G., and Asami, M. 2009. Hypochlorite- An Assessment of Factors

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# International Symposium on Chlorine Di oxide and Drinking Wa ter issues, Houston,

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Rotaviruses by Chlorine. Applied and E nvironmental Microbiology 51(2): 391-394

# Section 6

References

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Final Project Report 

# 10-6 

# Vaughn, J., Chen, Y., Lindburg, K. and Morale s, D. 1987. Inactivation of Human and

Simian Rotaviruses by Ozone. Applied a nd Environmental Microbiology 53(9): 2218-

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Pools. Eniviron. Sci. Technol. 42 (4): 1032-1037

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WHO. 2008. Guildines for Drinking Water Quality, 3 rd 

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and Second Addenda, Volume 1, Recommendations, Geneva: 463 pages.

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Wiedenmann, A., Fischer, B., Straub, U ., Wang, C.-H., Flehmig, B. and Schoenen, D.

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Coliphage MS-2 as a UV Water Disinfection Efficacy Test Surrogate for Bacterial and

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mechanism-based structure-ac tivity relationships analysis in carcinogenic potential

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O157:H7 to UV Energy. J. Food Protection, 66(6): 1071-1073

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Formation of N-Nitrosamines from Eleven Disinfection Treatments of Seven Different

Surface Waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008. (42): 4857-4862

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 2

3054008 

# A-1 

# Appendix A

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Project History

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 2

3054008 

# A-2 

# Water Treatment Evaluation Project Objective and Scope

The project objective was to id entify and evaluate, at a conceptual planning level, the

capital and operational costs (or cost savings) and intangible benefits (or detriments) that

were projected to occur as a result of future changes in intake wa ter quality at treatment

plants that utilize surface water from the Central Valley of California. Current and

projected future regulati ons were considered.



# Project Timeline

Malcolm Pirnie initiated work on the Dri nking Water Treatment Evaluation Project in

March 2008, finalized the firs t technical memorandum that summarized the regulatory

scenario, and began work on Tasks two and three. In December 2008, Malcolm Pirnie

was instructed to stop work due to funding restrictions. Upon receiving a notice to

proceed in January 2010, work on the Dri nking Water Treatment Evaluation resumed.

There have been several relevant publicati ons completed during this time that could

affect the regulatory scenarios and treat ment trigger findings completed in 2008;

therefore, these items were revisited to de termine whether changes to the 2008 approach

were justified.

The Future regulatory scenarios were desc ribed in Technical Memorandum 1, which was

submitted, reviewed, and revised based on comments from the Work Group in 2008

(Appendix B). Since that time, additiona l research has become available on the

formation, occurrence, health effects, and tr eatment of many prior ity constituents of

concern. Malcolm Pirnie and the technical experts revisited, revi ewed, and revised the

previously developed regulator y scenarios. Any necessary updates or revisions to the

previous analysis were captur ed in a revised Technical Me morandum 2 and in this Final

Project Report.

The notice to proceed in January 2010 incl uded project funding through the first quarter

of 2010. On March 31, 2010 the decision was made to not renew project funding. As

such, only initial tasks (Phase I) of the Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation were

completed.

In December 2010, more funding became availa ble through the first quarter of 2011 to

complete the Drinking Water Treatment Eval uation. This Final Project Report documents

the Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation in its entirety. Table A1 describes the project

work completed throughout th e timeline of the project.

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 2

3054008 

# A-3 TableA-1:



# Project Work Completed

Task Description of Work Completed

Phase I - March 2008 to December 2008 and January 2010 to March 2010

Task 1- Define Study

Boundaries  Identified emerging drinking water quality issues.

 Developed plausible and outer boundary future regulatory

scenarios.

 Defined areas of similar water quality and reviewed historical

water quality data.

 Identified WTPs in each source water area and outlined existing

treatment practices at each WTP.

Task 2- Develop and Describe

a Representative Virtual Water

Treatment Plant (VWTP) for

each Source Water Area  Verified unit processes and design flowrates at each WTP.

 Selected representative VWTPs and flowrates.

 Began developing costs associated with baseline VWTPs.

Task 3- Identify Threshold

Values that Trigger Treatment

Changes  Performed detail literature reviews

 Identified occurrence information and formation/destruction

mechanisms of contaminants.

 Captured current contaminant information and treatment

techniques.

 Modeled DBP formation using the EPAWTPM.

 Developed treatment triggers.

Phase II – January 2011 to March 2011

Task A- Estimate Required

Future Drin king Water

Treatment Process and

Operational Changes  Identified many treatment strat egies that could be employed.

 Evaluated water quality scenarios provided by Work Group.

 Determined future WTP upgrades.

 Performed sensitivity analysis on water quality data

 Ran upgraded VWTPs in EPAW TPM to verify treatment

performance

Task B- Estimate Water

Treatment Costs Associated

with Different Intake Water

Quality Scenarios in Each

Source Water Area  Refined initially developed costs for baseline VWTPs

 Used results from Task A to es timate costs a ssociated with

WTP upgrades.

Task E- Address Additional

Comments on Technical

Memorandum 2  Received and resolved additional comments on previously

finalized Technical Memorandum 2 and incorporated all

revisions into the Final Project Report.

Task D- Task Coordination,

Meetings, and Project Report  Developed Final Project Report

# THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 2

3054008 

# B-1 

# Appendix B

Technical Memorandum 1: Defini tion of Study Boundaries

# California Urban Water Agencies

455 Capitol Mall  Suite 705  Sacramento, CA 95814



# Drinking Water Treatment

Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

September 2008

Report Prepared By:



# Malcolm Pirnie, Inc.

4646 East Van Buren Street

Suite 400

Phoenix, AZ

602-241-1770

3054008

# Table of Contents

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# i 

# Contents

1. Introduction and Project Background 1-1

1.1. Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Development ...................................................... 1-2

1.2. Project Objective ........................................................................................................... 1-3

1.3. Technical Memorandum Organization .......................................................................... 1-4



# 2. Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations 2-1

2.1. Current Drinking Water Regulations Summary ............................................................. 2-1

2.2. Future Regulatory Scenarios ........................................................................................ 2-2

2.2.1. DBPs ............................................................................................................. 2-3

2.2.2. Disinfection Practices and Views .................................................................. 2-6

2.2.3. Dissolved Minerals ........................................................................................ 2-6

2.2.4. Algal Toxins ................................................................................................... 2-7

2.2.5. Pathogens ..................................................................................................... 2-7

2.2.6. Other Contaminants of Concern ................................................................. 2-10



# 3. Areas of Similar Source Water Quality 3-1

3.1. Determination of Source Water Areas .......................................................................... 3-1

3.2. Current Water Quality by Source Water Area ............................................................... 3-1

3.2.1. Parameters Affecting Disinfection Byproduct Formation .............................. 3-4

3.2.2. Dissolved Minerals ........................................................................................ 3-9

3.2.3. Nutrients ...................................................................................................... 3-11

3.2.4. Algal Toxins ................................................................................................. 3-13

3.2.5. Pathogens and Indicator Organisms ........................................................... 3-13



# 4. Current Water Treatment Practices 4-1

4.1. Water Treatment Plants in Each Source Water Area ................................................... 4-1

4.2. Current Water Treatment Practices in Each Source Water Area ................................ 4-3

4.2.1. Upper Watersheds Source Water Area ......................................................... 4-4

4.2.2. North Bay Aqueduct Source Water Area ...................................................... 4-5

4.2.3. Central Delta Source Water Area .................................................................. 4-6

4.2.4. California Aqueduct Source Water Area ....................................................... 4-7

4.2.5. California Aqueduct West Branch Source Water Area ................................. 4-8



# 5. Summary and Next Steps 5-1

5.1. Summary of Task 1: Definition of Study Boundaries ................................................... 5-1

5.2. Next Steps: Virtual Water Treatment Plants (Task 2) .................................................. 5-1

5.3. Next Steps: Threshold Values Development (Task 3) ................................................. 5-2



# 6. References 6-1

# Table of Contents

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# ii 

# List of Tables

Table 1-1. Central Valley Water Quality Challenges .................................................................... 1-1

Table 1-2. Priority Constituents of Concern for Central Valley Drinking Water Policy ................. 1-3

Table 2-1. Selected Current Drinking Water Regulations ............................................................ 2-1

Table 2-2. Potential Future Regulatory Scenarios ....................................................................... 2-2

Table 2-3. Consumer Acceptance Contaminant Level ................................................................. 2-6

Table 2-4. Recommended Pathogens for Regulation .................................................................. 2-8

Table 2-5. Treatment of Pathogens .............................................................................................. 2-9

Table 3-1. Representative Water Quality Monitoring Locations ................................................... 3-4

Table 3-2. Summary of DBP Precursor Levels by Source Water Area..................................3-9

Table 3-3. Source Water Giardia and Cryptosporidium

Detections ........................................... 3-14

Table 4-1. Water Treatment Plants in each Source Water Area .................................................. 4-1

Table 4-2. Water Treatment Unit Processes ................................................................................ 4-3



# List of Figures

Figure 3-1: Source Water Areas 1 

# ................................................................................................ 3-3

Figure 3-2: TOC Concentrations ................................................................................................. 3-5

Figure 3-3: DOC Concentrations ................................................................................................. 3-5

Figure 3-4: Alkalinity Concentrations ........................................................................................... 3-6

Figure 3-5: SUVA Levels ............................................................................................................. 3-7

Figure 3-6: Bromide Concentrations............................................................................................ 3-8

Figure 3-7. Conductivity.............................................................................................3-9

Figure 3-8: Total Dissolved Solids ............................................................................................. 3-10

Figure 3-9. Total Nitrogen........................................................................................3-12

Figure 3-10: Total Phosphorus .................................................................................................. 3-12

Figure 3-11: Estimated DON Levels 1 

# ........................................................................................ 3-13

Figure 4-1: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the Upper Watersheds ........................... 4-4

Figure 4-2: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the NBA Source Water Area .................. 4-5

Figure 4-3: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the Central Delta Source Water Area ..... 4-6

Figure 4-4: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the CAA Source Water Area .................. 4-7

Figure 4-5: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in CAA West Branch Source Water Area ... 4-8



# Appendices

A. Summary of Current Drinking Water Regulations

B. List of Relevant Disinfection By-Products

# Table of Contents

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# iii 

# List of Abbreviations

AWWA American Water Works Association

AwwaRF American Water Works Association Research Foundation

Basin Plan Water Quality Control Plan

Central Valley Water Board Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board

CBDA California Bay-Delta Authority

CCL3 Contaminant Candidate List

CDPH California Department of Public Health

CUWA California Urban Water Agencies

DBP Disinfection By-product

Delta Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon

DON Dissolved Organic Nitrogen

DWR Department of Water Resources

EDC Endocrine Disrupting Compounds

GAC Granulated Activated Carbon

HAA Haloacetic Acid

IESWTR Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

LT2ESWTR Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule

LRAA Locational Running Annual Average

MCL Maximum Contaminant Level

MCLG Maximum Contaminant Level Goal

MGD Million Gallons per Day

MIOX Mixed oxidants

NBA North Bay Aqueduct

NCWA Northern California Water Association

NDMA N-Nitrosodimethylamine

OEHHA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment

PAC Powdered Activated Carbon

PPCP Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products

PHG Public Health Goal

SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act

SRCSD Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District

SWP State Water Project

SUVA Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance

SWRCB State Water Resources Control Board

SWTR Surface Water Treatment Rule

TOC Total Organic Carbon

TDS Total Dissolved Solids

THM Trihalomethane

THM4 Sum of four trihalomethanes

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

UV Ultra Violet

WHO World Health Organization

Work Group Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Work Group

WDL Water Data Library

WTP Water Treatment Plant

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 1-1 

# 1. Introduction and Project Background

The surface water in the Central Valley has the potential to impact more than 25 million

Californians who receive a portion of their water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

(Delta) and the tributaries to the Delta (CALFED Water Quality Program, 2008). The

tributaries to the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers that originate in the Sierra Nevada

Mountains generally have high quality water; however, pollutants from a variety of

sources (urban, industrial, agricultural, and natural) degrade the quality of water as it

flows to and downstream of the Delta, creating a number of drinking water treatment

challenges. A number of constituents potentially impact the water quality in the Central

Valley. Table 1-1 highlights those most likely to impact present and future drinking

water treatment.

Table 1-1.



# Central Valley Water Quality Challenges

Water Quality Challenge Potential Treatment Impact



# High Organic Carbon and Bromide

Concentrations Treatment must balance the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with the removal and inactivation of

pathogens and indicator organisms.

Pathogens and Indicator Organisms Removal and inactivation of pathogens and indicator

organisms must be balanced with the formation of DBPs while

achieving adequately protective disinfection of pathogens. If

additional pathogens are regulated, additional treatment

options may need to be considered.

High Nutrient Concentrations High nutrient concentrations may lead to algal blooms, create

taste and odor problems, and impact plant operations. If and

when nitrogenous DBPs are regulated, additional treatment

options may need to be considered.

High levels of Total Dissolved Solids

(TDS) High TDS levels create aesthetic problems and challenges for

blending, groundwater storage, and water recycling.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care

products (PPCPs) and endocrine

disrupting compounds (EDCs)

(Emerging Contaminants) Potential future regulation of emerging contaminants may lead

to increased monitoring and the need for additional treatment

processes or process modifications.



# Currently, water quality regulations applicable to the Central Valley include maximum

contaminant levels (MCLs) issued by the California Department of Public Health

(CDPH) and a Water Quality Control Plan (Basin Plan) for the Sacramento-San Joaquin

River Basins. The Basin Plan was developed by the Central Valley Regional Water

Quality Control Board (Central Valley Water Board) and designates beneficial uses,

including municipal and domestic water supply, for the Sacramento and San Joaquin

# Section 1

Introduction and Project Background

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 1-2 

# rivers and Delta. The Basin Plan also specifies numeric and narrative water quality

objectives and implementation strategies to protect designated beneficial uses.

Current plans and policies for Central Valley surface waters do not contain numeric

quality objectives for several key drinking water constituents of concern, including DBP

precursors and pathogens. Additionally, the current implementation strategies do not

provide source water protection at a level desired by water supply agencies. For this

reason, the Central Valley Water Board is working with stakeholders to develop a

comprehensive Central Valley Drinking Water Policy, as described below.



# 1.1. Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Development

The Drinking Water Policy will be considered as a Basin Plan amendment in 2009 or

2010. To provide the technical information needed for the development of the Drinking

Water Policy, a Central Valley Drinking Water Policy Workgroup (Work Group),

comprised of interested stakeholders and technical experts (listed below), was formed to

develop and implement a work plan.

 California Bay-Delta Authority (CBDA)

 CDPH

 Central Valley Water Board

 State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB)

 Sacramento Regional County Sanitation District (SRCSD)

 Northern California Water Association (NCWA)

 California Urban Water Agencies (CUWA) with representatives from Contr a Costa

Water District, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and East Bay

Municipal Utility District.

 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)

 Clean Water Action

 Sacramento City Stormwater

T he work plan includes:

 An assessment of the ability to control sources of key drinking water constitue nt s in

the Delta and is tributaries (source water protection approach).

 An assessment of the ability to remove key drinking water constituents in water

t reatment plants (water treatment approach).

 An analysis of the feasibility, costs, and risks associated with both approaches to

m a naging key drinking water constituents (source water protection and water

treatment).

# Section 1

Introduction and Project Background

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 1-3 

# This project addresses the water treatment approach for priority constituents. The

drinking water constituents considered to have the highest priority by the Work Group

include DBP precursors, dissolved minerals, nutrients, pathogens, and pathogen indicator

organisms (Table 1-2).

Table 1-2.



# Priority Constituents of Concern for Central Valley Drinking Water Policy

Constituent Class Source Water Constituents Treated Water Constituents



# Disinfection

Byproduct Precursors Total organic carbon, dissolved organic

carbon, bromide, alkalinity Disinfection byproducts,



# Trihalomethanes ( THMs),



# Haloacetic Acids (HAAs),

bromate

Dissolved Minerals Total dissolved solids, electrical

conductivity (EC), and chloride Total dissolved solids, EC, and

chloride

Nutrients Nitrogen species (total, total Kjeldahl,

organic, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia)

Phosphorus species (total, dissolved) Impacts of algal growth:

taste and odor, algal toxins,

treatment challenges

Pathogens and

Indicator Organisms Giardia

, Cryptosporidium , total coliform,

fecal coliform, Enterococcus

, E.coli Giardia

, Cryptosporidium , total

coliform, fecal coliform,

Enterococcus

, E.coli

Source: Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Scope of Work



# 1.2. Project Objective

The objective of this project is to identify and evaluate, at a conceptual planning level,

the capital and operational costs (or cost savings) and intangible benefits (or detriments)

that are projected to occur as a result of future changes in intake water quality at

treatment plants that utilize surface water from the Central Valley of California. Current,

improved, and degraded water quality will be evaluated. In addition, current and

projected future regulations will be considered. The objective of this project will be

accomplished in seven tasks:

 Task 1- Define Study Boundaries

 Task 2- Develop and Describe a Representative (Virtual) Water Treatment P lant

(WTP) for each Source Water Area

 Task 3- Identify Threshold Values that Trigger Treatment Changes

 Task 4- Estimate Required Future Dinking Water Treatment Process and Operat i onal

Changes

 Task 5- Estimate Water Treatment Costs Associated with Different Int a ke Water

Quality Scenarios in Each Source Water Area

 Task 6- Evaluate Intangible Factors in the Assessment of the Costs and Benefits of

Different Raw Water Quality Scenarios

 Task 7- Task Coordination, Meetings, and Project Report

# Section 1

Introduction and Project Background

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 1-4 

# 1.3. Technical Memorandum Organization

The purpose of this technical memorandum is to summarize the work completed as part

of Task 1- Define Study Boundaries. This memorandum is organized into five sections:

 Section 1 provides a brief description of key water quality concerns in the Central

V a lley, the development of a Central Valley Drinking Water Policy, project

objectives, and technical memorandum organization.

 Section 2 provides a summary of current regulations and a potential future regulatory

s cenario for 2030.

 Section 3 provides definitions of areas with similar source water quality and a

s ummary of current water quality conditions for each source water area.

 Section 4 provides a description of existing water treatment practices for eac h s ource

water area.

Section 5 summarizes the results from Task 1 and provides a description of and

recommended approach to upcoming tasks.

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 2-1 

# 2. Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations

The current drinking water regulations set contaminant limits and treatment techniques

that need to be considered in subsequent tasks, and the future regulation predictions will

be used to evaluate what water treatment trends may occur in the future. This section

discusses the current and future regulations that are of particular interest to this project.



# 2.1. Current Drinking Water Regulations Summary

This section summarizes the three major categories of primary drinking water regulations

that have been implemented under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and are of

interest from the perspective of this project. More detailed descriptions are provided in

Appendix A. Table 2-1 summarizes selected current regulations.

Table 2-1.



# Selected Current Drinking Water Regulations

Contaminant MCL

(mg/L) Secondary MCL 1



# (mg/L) CDPH Public



# Health Goal

(mg/L) Removal/Inactivation

Requirement

Disinfection Byproducts



# Total Trihalomethanes

(THM) 0.080 - - -

Sum of five Haloacetic

acids (HAA5) 0.060 - - -

Bromate 0.010

- - -

Chlorite 1.0

- - -

N-Nitrosodimethylamine

(NDMA) - - 0.000003 -

Dissolved Minerals



# Total Dissolved Solids

(TDS) - 500 (CDPH

recommended

level) - -

Pathogens and Indicator Organisms



# Giardia - - - 3-log 2



# Cryptosporidium - - - 2.0-log + Bin Classification 3

1 

# CDPH Secondary MCLs are enforceable.

2 

# Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)

3 

# Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR)

# Section 2

Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 2-2 

# 2.2. Future Regulatory Scenarios

The consultant team developed possible regulatory scenarios for the year 2030. These

are predictions based on our team’s experience with USEPA and on best professional

judgment. Federal and State regulations are continuously evolving, and the exact

scenarios in the year 2030 are unknown.

The regulatory scenarios focused on the priority constituents of concern for the Central

Valley Drinking Water Policy, including DBP precursors, dissolved minerals, algal

toxins, and pathogens and pathogen indicators (Table 1-2). The project team also

reviewed the most recent Draft of the USEPA Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCL3) to

determine additional contaminants of concern that may potentially be regulated by 2030.

Ultimately, a plausible and an outer boundary regulatory scenario were developed (Table

2-2). The plausible regulatory scenario in 2030 includes contaminants that are likely to

be regulated in some form; this is the regulatory scenario that will be used to evaluate

potential WTP modifications and cost evaluations in subsequent tasks. The outer

boundary regulatory scenario includes the same contaminants; however, the regulated

levels are more stringent. The outer boundary scenarios will only be evaluated

qualitatively. This section describes the basis for the regulatory scenarios. Appendix B

identifies the specific contaminants that could be regulated under a group of contaminants

(e.g., iodinated THMs), and includes available regulatory and health risk information.

Table 2-2



# Potential Future Regulatory Scenarios

Constituent Regulatory Scenarios

Current Plausible 1 

# Outer Boundary 2



# Disinfection Byproduct Precursors

Organic Carbon

and Organic

Nitrogen DBPR Enhanced

Coagulation Requirements DBPR Enhanced

Coagulation Requirements Control total organic carbon

(TOC) as a precursor

Control dissolved organic

nitrogen (DON) as a

precursor

Disinfection Byproducts

Bromate 10 μ g/L* 5 or 10 μ g/L* 1 to 4 μ g/L*

THMs

THM4 80 μ g/L (LRAA) 80 μ g/* Regulate individual species*

Iodinated

THMs - Regulate iodinated THMs as

a group* Regulate individual species*

HAAs

HAA5 60 μ g/L (LRAA) 60 μ g/L* Individual levels for selected

species

HAA9

- 80 μ g/L (LRAA 5 

# ), additional

species to current

regulations 1. 80 μ g/L*

2. Individual levels for

selected species*

Iodinated

HAAs - - Regulate individual species*

# Section 2

Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 2-3 Constituent Regulatory Scenarios

Current Plausible 1 

# Outer Boundary 2



# Nitrogenous Organic Compounds

Nitrosamines PHG 3 ng/L 3 

# , Notification

Level 10 ng/L 3 

# (NDMA) NDMA at 3 or 10 ng/L* 4, 

# (1) Control DON as a

precursor

(2) Regulate select

compounds*

Hydrazine

- - 10 ng/L*

Disinfection Practices and Views

Chloramination Accepted technology Other technologies preferred Technology not accepted

View of low to no

use of

disinfectants View generally not

accepted in U.S View generally not accepted

in U.S. View begins to be accepted in

U.S.

Dissolved Minerals

TDS 500 mg/L secondary MCL 500 mg/L secondary MCL Indirect reduction

requirements for recycle

water TDS

Algal Toxins

Microcystin

- 1 μ g/L (WHO guideline)

-

Anatoxin-a

- - 3 μ g/L (suggested, Australia)

Saxitoxin

- - 3 μ g/L (suggested, Australia)

Pathogens and Indicators

Total coliform

(TC), Fecal

coliform (FC),

and E. coli Monitoring based upon

population. Non-acute MCL

for > 5% TC positive, acute

MCL for FC or E.coli

with

confirmation in repeat

sample. Monitoring based upon

population. Non-acute MCL

for > 5% TC positive, acute

MCL for E.coli

with

confirmation in repeat

sample. -

Cryptosporidium 2-log removal credit

(IESWTR 6 

# ); Additional

inactivation needed based

on source water

concentration (LT2ESWTR) 2-log removal credit

(IESWTR); Additional

inactivation needed based

on source water

concentration (LT2ESWTR) Additional 1-log

Other Pathogens

- Regulated, but less

challenging to remove than

SWTR and LT2ESWTR

standards -

1 

# Scenario will be used in treatment selection and costing.

2 

# Scenario will be discussed qualitatively, but not included in costing.

3 

# CDPH regulation.

4 

# NDMA is considered by the regulatory agency as an indicator of other nitrosamines’ levels

5 

# Locational Running Annual Average (LRAA)

6 

# Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule ( 

# IESWTR)

*Single sample not to exceed.



# 2.2.1. DBPs

Currently regulated DBPs include THM4, HAA5, bromate, and chlorite. There are a

number of reasons that the USEPA may consider modifying the current regulations for

these DBPs as well as regulating other DBPs:

# Section 2

Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 2-4 

#  Cancer is not the only health endpoint being detected in epidemiology studies; there

a r e new concerns about potential adverse reproduction and developmental effects

(Richardson 2005).

 New human exposure studies are including inhalation and dermal absorption routes of

e x posure to DBPs in addition to ingestion, which is revealing increased cancer risks

(Richardson 2007).

 Brominated DBPs may be more carcinogenic than their chlorinated analogs

( R ichardson 2005, WHO 2000, Woo et al. 2002).

 Iodinated DBPs may be more carcinogenic than their brominated analogs (Richa r dson

2005, Plewa et al. 2004, Woo et al. 2002)

Bromate is currently regulated at 10 μ g/L, which corresponds to a cancer risk factor of

2×10 -4 

# (typically, the basis for MCLs is 10 -4 

# to 10 -6 

# ). It is anticipated that this MCL

could be reduced to 5 μ g/L (plausible) or lower (outer boundary) in an effort to reduce

the cancer risk to 1×10 -4 

# or lower. This risk has to be balanced with the fact that bromate

could be present in the common disinfectant chemical, sodium hypochlorite.

THMs are regulated as a group (THM4) on a LRAA basis at 80 μ g/L under the Stage 2

DBP Rule (effective from 2012). Epidemiological evidence has produced uncertain and

sometimes conflicting conclusions on the reproductive effects of exposure to DBPs. For

example, an extensive literature review by Reif et al. 2000 found that evidence for an

increased risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth exists but is uncertain (Health

Canada 2006). A more recent study by American Water Works Research Foundation

(AwwaRF) found no association between THM exposure and pregnancy loss (Savitz et

al. 2005). More research is needed; however, due to the fact that contaminant levels can

significantly vary with the LRAA calculation method, it is possible that the THM

regulation will change to single sample not to exceed 80 μ g/L to reduce variability and

limit acute or reproductive health effects (plausible). As an increasing amount of health

effects data becomes available, regulations may be directed to individual species to

reduce associated health risks (outer boundary).

Despite the fact that occurrence of iodinated THMs is low relative to THM4 (Krasner et

al. 2006), iodinated THMs are becoming increasingly important because recent research

has shown increased human health risk levels compared to chlorinated and brominated

DBPs (Woo et al. 2002). Currently iodinated THMs are not regulated; however, it is

possible that they will be regulated (at least as a group) on a single sample not to exceed

basis (plausible). It is not possible to predict a level for regulation at this time; more

human health effect research is needed. Once more data becomes available, the iodinated

species may even be regulated as individual species on a single sample not to exceed

basis to reduce human health risks (outer boundary).

Similar to THMs, HAAs are regulated under the Stage 2 DBP Rule as a group (HAA5) at

60 μ g/L on an LRAA basis. To limit variability and reduce acute human health effects,

HAA5 regulation will possibly change to a single sample not to exceed (plausible).

Further, as additional human health effect data becomes available, regulations may be

# Section 2

Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 2-5 

# directed to individual species (outer boundary). It is recognized that additional regulation

may be necessary to represent the entire group of HAAs that can be formed (HAA9).

HAA9 is not currently regulated; however, it is possible that HAA9 will be regulated in

the future and could be regulated as a group at a level of 80 μ g/L LRAA (plausible).

Although it is less likely, HAA9 regulation may be directed to 80 μ g/L single sample not

to exceed or depending on available human health affect data on an individual species

basis (outer boundary).

Similar to iodinated THMs, iodinated HAAs are receiving more attention as further

studies are demonstrating occurrence in finished water systems that use chloramines

(Krasner et al. 2006) and increased human health risks relative to chlorinated and

brominated DBPs (Richardson 2005). At this time, more occurrence and human health

effect research is needed, and it is unlikely that iodinated HAAs will be regulated by

2030 (plausible). If additional data becomes available, regulation of iodinated HAAs

may be directed towards individual species (outer boundary).

Another class of DBPs that may experience a change or addition to regulations are

nitrogenous DBPs. NDMA, a carcinogen, has a CDPH public health goal (PHG) of 3

ng/L and a notification level of 10 ng/L. Essentially equivalent to the federal Maximum

Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG), PHGs are set by California’s Office of Environmental

Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) and are based solely on scientific and public health

considerations without regard to economic cost considerations. In California, PHGs are

used in establishing the state’s primary drinking water standards (MCLs). MCLs adopted

by CDPH consider economic factors and technical feasibility, but must be set at a level

that is as close as feasible to the corresponding PHG (OEHHA 2006). Currently, there is

no MCL for NDMA.

It is predicted that NDMA (assuming it is representative of all nitrogenous DBPs) will

pave the way for regulation of other nitrogenous DBPs. It is possible that the future

regulation of NDMA will be at 3 or 10 ng/L single sample not to exceed (plausible).

Although it is less likely, regulations requiring treatment for dissolved organic nitrogen

(as a precursor) similar to the TOC removal requirements set forth in the Stage 1 DBP

Rule could be established (outer boundary). Alternatively, if NDMA is determined to not

be representative of nitrogenous DBPs, regulation of individual compounds could result

(outer boundary).

Hydrazine is a probable human carcinogen that can be formed through the reaction of

monochloramine and ammonia. Hydrazine is formed as a result of the addition of these

chemicals, not due to source water quality. Additionally, hydrazine formation is not

detectable in drinking waters with pH lower than 9.0 (Najm 2007). For this reason,

regulation of hydrazine is not likely (plausible). However, the cancer risk level for

hydrazine at 10 ng/L is 10 -6 

# , and this risk level is within the range typically captured by

an MCL. Although it is unlikely, plants using lime softening or distribution system

conditions that result in pH excursions may create the need for future regulation of

hydrazine at 10 ng/L single sample not to exceed (outer boundary).

# Section 2

Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 2-6 

# 2.2.2. Disinfection Practices and Views

With the increasing concern over DBPs, disinfection practices are increasingly

scrutinized. The benefits of the inactivation of pathogens must continuously be balanced

with the formation of compounds that adversely affect human health. For this reason, it

is likely that chloramination may become the less preferred disinfection method,

specifically because of potential nitrogenous DBP formation (plausible). Outside of the

United States, the opinion is prevalent that residual disinfectants should minimally be

used or not used at all. This viewpoint is not likely to be accepted in the United States;

however, as an increasing number of studies indicate the adverse health effects associated

with US disinfection practices, this view may become more accepted in the future (outer

boundary).

2.2.3. Dissolved Minerals

Dissolved minerals are becoming an increasingly important issue in drinking water

treatment. Currently, USEPA and CDPH have established secondary MCLs for TDS.

The USEPA secondary MCL is 500 mg/L and is an unenforceable guideline. CDPH has

established a secondary maximum contaminant level range for TDS. Secondary MCLs in

California are enforceable limits based on a consumer acceptance contaminant level;

however, the consumer acceptance contaminant level for TDS is not fixed (Table 2-3).

As salinity continues to increase, adverse affects on the treatment process and the ability

to recycle water may be experienced. It is likely TDS will be monitored in the future,

and the regulation likely will not change (plausible). With the increasing importance of

water recycling, TDS reductions may be necessary (outer boundary); however, it is

unlikely that a SDWA regulation would require this.

Table 2-3.



# Consumer Acceptance Contaminant Level

Constituent, Units Recommended 1 

# Upper 2 

# Short Term 3



# Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L 500 1,000 1,500

Or

Specific Conductance, μS/cm 900 1,600 2,200

Chloride, mg/L 250 500 600

Sulfate, mg/L 250 500 600

Source: CDPH, 2008.

Notes:

(1) Constituent concentrations lower than the recommended contaminant level are desirable for a higher degree of

consumer acceptance.

(2) Constituent concentrations ranging to the Upper contaminant level are acceptable if it is neither reasonable nor

feasible to provide more suitable waters.

(3) Constituent concentrations ranging to the short term contaminant level are acceptable only for existing

community water systems on a temporary basis pending construction of treatment facilities or development of

acceptable new water sources.

# Section 2

Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 2-7 

# 2.2.4. Algal Toxins

Algal toxins are toxins formed by cyanobacteria that dominate the freshwater

phytoplankton communities during periods of calm, stratified conditions (AwwaRF

2008). Algal toxins are of increasing interest in the US and in other countries around the

worldbecause it has been observed that increased discharges of nutrients can lead to

increased algal blooms (and their toxins), which have been associated with an increased

incidence of fish kills, deaths of livestock and wildlife, and human illness and death

(Richardson 2007). The most common algal toxins are microcystins, anatoxins, and

saxitoxins. Others have recognized the need to regulate these toxins, and it is possible

that the US will follow. The World Health Organization (WHO) has a guideline value

for microcystin of 1 μ g/L, and it is possible that this could become an MCL by 2030

(plausible). Anatoxin-a and saxitoxin do not have WHO guidelines; however, Australia

has a suggested limit for these toxins of 3 μ g/L. Although it is not likely, there is a

possibility that an MCL for anatoxin and saxitoxin could be established at the Australia

suggested limit of 3 μ g/L (outer boundary).

2.2.5. Pathogens

Currently, 2-log removal of Cryptosporidium is required by the IESWTR with additional

inactivation required based on the bin classification outlined in the LT2ESWTR. These

requirements are not likely to change by 2030, so the plausible scenario for

Cryptosporidium inactivation will not require additional inactivation. However, future

changes in source water quality could change bin classifications, triggering additional

inactivation requirements. In the unlikely event that the requirements for

Cryptosporidium removal/inactivation are increased to protect human health, it is

predicted that an additional 1-log removal/inactivation will be required (outer boundary).

It is predicted that although pathogens other than Cryptosporidium will be regulated;

none will be more challenging to remove or inactivate than Cryptosporidium.

summarizes a number of pathogens that could possibly be regulated by 2030 based on the

recommendations of expert panels from American Water Works Association (AWWA)

and USEPA. Many are pathogens on the CCL3. Table 2-5 summarizes the treatment

requirements that may be necessary to remove or inactive these pathogens. Based on this

summary, it appears that the other pathogens that are likely to be regulated will not be

more difficult to remove or inactivate compared to Cryptosporidium.

# Section 2

Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 2-8 Table 2-4.



# Recommended Pathogens for Regulation

Organism CCL3 List EPA Expert Recommended AWWA Recommended

Caliciviruses (Noro Virus) X X X

Campylobacter jejuni X X X

Entamoeba histolytica X X Exclude 1



# Escherichia coli (0157) X X X

Helicobacter pylori X X Exclude 1



# Hepatitis A virus X X X

Legionella pneumophila X X X

Naegleria fowleri X X Exclude 1



# Salmonella enterica X X

Shigella sonnei X X

Vibrio cholerae X X

Mycobacterium avium Exclude 1 

# X

Rotavirus X X

Enteroviruses (Coxsackieviruses

and Echoviruses) X X

Adenovirus X

1 

# Should not be regulated

Source: AWWA, 2008

# Section 2

Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 2-9 Table 2-5.



# Treatment of Pathogens

Organism Free Chlorine Ozone UV

Caliciviruses Aggregated calicicivirus required CTs

greater than EPA Guidance Manual CT

values. Disspersed calicicivirus

required CTs less than EPA Guidance

Manual CT values. 2 

# <0.01 to 0.03 mg/L*min for 4-

log inactivation at a pH of 7

and 5° C. 28 

# 29 to 36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 3



# Campylobacter

jejuni Suseptible at doses effective for E. coli 4 

# NA 1 

# 4.6 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 5



# Entamoeba

histolytica Similar resistance to chlorine as Giardia

lamblia.6

Normal water treatment practices are

able to remove Entamoeba cysts. 7 

# NA 1 

# NA 1



# Escherichia coli

(0157) 4 log inactivation at CTs of

approximately 1.1 to 1.2 mg/L*min 8 

# . 2-

log inactivation at a CT of 0.119 mg/L*

min 9 

# 0.09 mg/L*min for 2-log

inactivation 9 

# 6 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 10



# Helicobacter

pylori 2-log CT of 0.299 mg/L*min 9 

# 0.24 mg/L*min for 2-log

inactivation 9 

# NR 1



# Hepatitis A virus CT table for SWTR are based on

Hepatitis A NR 1 

# 21 mJ/cm2 for 4-log inactivation

11



# Legionella

pneumophila 2 to 13.5 mg/L*min for 2-log inactivation

12 

# .5 to 1.5 mg/L*min for 2-log

inactivation at a pH of 7.2 and

25° C. 12 

# 9.4 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 13



# Naegleria fowleri 2-log CT of 6 and 31 mg/L*min at a pH

of 7.5 and 23°C for trophozoite and cyst

form, respectively. 29 

# NA 1 

# 63 mJ/cm2 for 2-log

inactivation 29



# Salmonella

enterica Salmonella spp. are sensitive to chlorine

and do not pose a risk when

conventional drinking water treatment is

applied. 14 

# NA 1 

# 7 to 10 mJ/cm2 for 4-log of

Salmonella spp. 10,15



# Shigella sonnei Shigella spp. are sensitive to chlorine

and do not pose a risk when

conventional drinking water treatment is

applied. 14 

# 0.9 to 1.4 mg/L*min for 1-log

inactivation at a pH of 7.2 and

25° C. 30 

# 8.2 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 16



# Vibrio cholerae Vegetative bacterium is widely known to

be sensitive to chlorination and does not

pose a risk when drinking water is

properly disinfected. 14 

# Can be inactivated by Ozone.

17 

# 2.9 to 21 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation 18



# Mycobacterium

avium 51 to 204 mg/L*min for 3-log inactivation

at 23°C and a pH of 7. 19 

# 0.1 to 0.17 mg/L*min for 3-log

inactivation at a pH of 7 and

23° C. 19 

# NA 1



# Rotavirus 1.6 to 6.0 for 3-log inactivation at 4°C

with pHs from 6 to 8. 20 

# 0.6 to 3.2 mg/L*min for 3-log

inactivation with pHs from 6 to

8 at 4° C. 21 

# 36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation. 5



# Enteroviruses

(Coxsackieviruses

and Echoviruses) 0.14 to 33.66 mg/L*min for 2-log

inactivation for Coxsackieviruses and

0.24 to 49.0 for Echoviruses at pHs from

6 to 10 at 5°C. 22 

# 0.1 mg/L*min for 3-log

inactivation of unassociated

coxsackievirus. 1.5 mg/L*min

for 3-log inactivation of cell

associated coxsackievirus at

5 NTU. 23 

# 32.5 to 36 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation of

Coxsackieviruses.

28 to 33 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation of Echoviruses. 24



# Adenovirus 0.16 to 0.75 mg/L*min for 4-log

inactivation at pHs from 6 to 8 and at 5°

C. 36.09 mg/L*min for 4-log inactivation

at pH of 8 and 15° C. 2 

# 0.07 to 0.6 mg/L*min for 4-log

inactivation at a pH of 7 and

5° C. 25 

# 100 to 124 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation with low pressure

UV lamps. 26,27



# Approximately 40 mJ/cm2 for 4-

log inactivation with medium

pressure UV lamps. 28



# Giardia 24 to 389 mg/L*min for 3-log inactivation

depending on temperature, chlorine

concentration, and pH. 32 

# 0.48 to 2.9 mg/L*min for 3-log

inactivation depending on

temperature. 32 

# 22 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation. 31



# Cryptosporidium Free chlorine is ineffective at

inactivating Cryptosporidium. 33 

# 4.7 to 72 mg/L*min for 3-log

inactivation depending on

temperature. 31 

# 22 mJ/cm2 for 4-log

inactivation. 31

# Section 2

Current and Future Drinking Water Regulations

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 2-10 1 

# NA = Not Available, results were not found during literature search. 2. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2003a., 3. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2003b.,

4. Blaser et al. 1986, 5. Wilson et al. 1992, 6. Jarroll et al. 1981, 7. Karanis 2006, 8. Rice et al. 2008, 9. Baker et al. 2002 , 10. Tosa and

Hirata 1999, 11. Wiedenmann et al. 1993, 12 Domingue et al 1998, 13 Oguma et al. 2004, 14 AWWA 2008., 15 Yaun et al 2003, 16 Chang

et al. 1985 , 17. Burlson et al. 1975, 18. Hoyer 1998, 19. Taylor et al. 2000, 20. Vaughn et al. 1986, 21. Vaughn et al. 1987, 22. Engelbrecht

et al. 1980, 23. Emerson et al. 1982, 24. Gerba et al. 2002, 25. Thurston-Enriquez et al. 2005, 26. Meng and Gerba 1996, 27. Ballester and

Malley 2004, 28. Linden et al. 2007. 29. CAP 2008. 30. Lezcano et al. 1999. 31. USEPA 2006. 32. USEPA 1991. 33. Venczel et al. 1997



# 2.2.6. Other Contaminants of Concern

There are many contaminants of increasing concern that now are being detected in water

supplies due to advances in analytical capabilities allowing for detection at the ng/L level.

These contaminants include PPCPs such as antibiotics, pain killers, detergents, perfumes,

disinfectants, steroids, and synthetic hormones and EDCs such as pesticides, surfactants,

plasticizers, synthetic hormones, and organohalogens. Many PPCPs and EDCs are not

yet regulated in the US. New regulations could be based on a common mechanism for

toxicity (e.g., endocrine disruption) instead of by individual compound. Alternatively,

regulations could require a specific treatment technology (e.g., granular activated carbon)

for an array of chemicals, instead of setting standards for specific MCLs (Archibald

Consulting, 2007; AWWARF, 2005).

The regulatory scenarios developed in this project focused primarily on the priority

constituents of concern for the Central Valley Drinking Water Policy and did not address

PPCPs or EDCs. These contaminants will not be considered during the treatment process

selection; however, a qualitative discussion will be included as part of an intangible

benefits analysis (Task 6).

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-1 

# 3. Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

Understanding the source water quality for the existing WTPs is paramount when

evaluating whether existing WTPs will meet potential future regulations and determining

what treatment changes (if any) may be necessary. Accordingly, identifying areas that

use Central Valley surface water that have similar water quality will simplify the

necessary analyses. This section identifies the source water areas and its associated water

quality that will be used in this analysis.



# 3.1. Determination of Source Water Areas

The Work Group identified five geographical areas that utilize water from the Delta and

its tributaries, and have similar source water quality (similar levels of constituents of

concern):

 Upper Sacramento and Upper-Eastern San Joaquin Watersheds (Upper Watersheds)

 North Bay Aqueduct (NBA)

 Central Delta including the South Bay Aqueduct (Central Delta)

 California Aqueduct- Coastal and East Branches (CAA)

 California Aqueduct- West Branch (CAA-West Branch)

G e ographical area boundaries were not designated; the source water areas were bounded

by the WTPs in each region with similar intake water quality (Figure 3-1). A total of 49

WTPs that use Delta water as a major source were considered.



# 3.2. Current Water Quality by Source Water Area

To characterize the water quality for each source water area, a review of available water

quality data and reports was performed. Key sources of information included:

 Raw data provided by the Work Group

 Raw data from California Department of Water Resources (DWR) Water Da ta

Library (WDL)

 California State Water Project 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update (Arc hi bald

Consulting, June 2007)

 Conceptual Model for Pathogens and Pathogen Indicators in the Central Valley and

Sa cramento-San Joaquin Delta (Tetra Tech, August 2007)

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-2 

# The Work Group identified five water monitoring locations that are representative of

each source water area (Table 3-1). These monitoring locations were used to summarize

the water quality trends of key contaminants of concern that are discussed in the

following sections. Please note that observations of water quality trends are not

described in this section because additional information on current and projected source

water quality will be provided by the Work Group; therefore, it is possible that any

current trends shown by the data in the section below will change.

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-3

Figure 3-1: Source Water Areas 1

1 

# WTPs used to designate source water areas are described further in Section 4 and Table 4-1.

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-4 Table 3-1.



# Representative Water Quality Monitoring Locations

Source Water Area Monitoring Location DWR Monitoring Station Number



# Upper Watersheds Sacramento River at Hood B9D82211312

NBA Barker Slough Pumping Plant B9D81651476, KG000000, B9D81661478

Central Delta Banks Pumping Plant KA000331

CAA Check 13 KA007089

CAA- West Branch Castaic Lake Tower CA002000

Source: Representative monitoring locations provided by Work Group.



# 3.2.1. Parameters Affecting Disinfection Byproduct Formation

Organic carbon and bromide are known as DBP precursors because they interact with

chlorine during disinfection to form THMs and HAAs. Bromide can also react with

ozone to form bromate, another regulated DBP. This section discusses the occurrence of

organic carbon and bromide in the Delta and its tributaries and the concentrations

typically found in each source water area.

Total Organic Carbon



# Increased TOC concentrations can affect DBP formation in two ways: by increasing the

amount of disinfectant required to achieve sufficient disinfection and by increasing DBP

formation potential. TOC consists of particulate organic carbon and dissolved organic

carbon (DOC).

TOC and DOC data were generally available from 1998 to 2007. These data were

analyzed according to the oxidation method of analysis. The median TOC levels in the

five source water areas ranged from 1.8 to 5.9 mg/L with an average of approximately 3.4

mg/L (Figure 3-2). The median DOC levels in the source water areas ranged from 1.7 to

4.2 mg/L with an average of approximately 3.6 mg/L (Figure 3-3).

Alkalinity



# TOC removal can become more challenging as the alkalinity of the water increases,

especially as the TOC decreases. As discussed in Appendix A, the TOC and alkalinity

levels in the source water dictate treatment requirements. Based on the available data

(approximately 1998 to 2007) median alkalinity values in the five source water areas

ranged from 61 to 92 mg/L and had an average of approximately 78 mg/L (Figure 3-4).

With these alkalinity levels, the Stage 1 DBP Rule requires the areas to remove at least

25 to 35 percent of their source water TOC (unless they meet alternative compliance

criteria).

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-5

Figure 3-2: TOC Concentrations

(Number of Data Points Shown in Parenthesis)



# Figure 3-3: DOC Concentrations

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library. 

# Region Watersheds (508) NBA (299) Central Delta (163) CAA (168) CAA- West (108)TOC (mg/L)



# 0 5 10 15 20

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile



# Region Watersheds (580) NBA (333) Central Delta (255) CAA (149) CAA- West (97)DOC (mg/L)



# 0 5 10 15 20

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-6

Figure 3-4: Alkalinity Concentrations

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library.



# Specific Ultraviolet Absorbance (SUVA)



# SUVA can be used to characterize the DOC, which is composed of humic and nonhumic

substances. SUVA is calculated by dividing the ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254 measured in units of cm -1 

# and converted to m -1 

# ) by the DOC concentration (mg/L),

resulting in units of L/mg-m (see equation below).

SUVA values less than approximately 3 L/mg-m are typical of waters containing

primarily nonhumic substances. SUVA values of 4 to 5 L/mg-m are typical of waters

containing primarily humic substances. SUVA can also be predictive of the organic

removal capacity of water treatment practices. For instance, waters with a high SUVA

result in greater reductions of TOC, and waters with low SUVA result in relatively low

reductions of TOC (USEPA, 1999).

If the SUVA level is less than 2.0 L/mg-m, compliance with the TOC removal treatment

technique requirements in the Stage 1 DBPR is challenging and can be achieved through

the alternative compliance criteria. SUVA for four of the five source water areas was Region 

# Watersheds (368) NBA (228) Central Delta (223) CAA (129) CAA- West (45)Alkalinity (mg/L)



# 0 50 100 150 200

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile



#            

×      

=  

 

 

 

⋅

L

mg DOC m

cm

cm UV

mmg L SUVA 100

1

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-7 

# calculated (there was insufficient data to calculate values for the CAA-West source water

area), and it was found that the median SUVA values ranged from 2.7 to 3.3 L/mg-m and

averaged of 3.1 L/mg-m. This indicates that the water in these source water areas is

composed of primarily nonhumic substances. SUVA values in this range are not

particularly low, which indicates that conventional treatment processes should be able

reduce TOC concentrations in accordance with Stage 1 DBPR.

Figure 3-5: SUVA Levels

*CAA-West SUVA levels were calculated from MWD provided Jensen WTP Influent data (2000 to 2007). Castaic Lake

Monitoring Station data from the WDL were not available. 

# Region Watersheds (363) NBA (276) Central Delta (253) CAA (268) CAA- West (259)*SUVA (L/mg-m)



# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-8 

# Bromide



# Three of the four regulated THMs and two of the five regulated HAAs contain bromide.

Bromide can also react with ozone to form bromate, another regulated DBP. Median

bromide levels in the Delta and its tributaries ranged from 0.01 to 0.19 mg/L with an

average of 0.14 mg/L (Figure 3-6).

Figure 3-6: Bromide Concentrations



# The regulatory scenarios projected for 2030 contain regulations for a number of DBPs

including THMs, iodinated THMs, HAAs, iodinated HAAs, NDMA, and hydrazine. DBP

formation will affect whether additional treatment may be necessary at existing WTPs in

each source water area. Table 3-2 summarizes the key water quality parameters that

affect DBP formation. Region



# Watersheds (363) NBA (214) Central Delta (230) CAA (132) CAA- West (101)Bromide (mg/L)



# 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-9 Table 3-2.



# Summary of DBP Precursor Levels by Source Water Area

Upper



# Watersheds NBA Central Delta CAA CAA-West

TOC (mg/L)

Median 1.8 5.9 3.2 3.2 2.9

95 Percentile 3.67 16.2 5.3 6.3 4.0

DOC (mg/L)

Median 1.7 4.2 3.3 3.1 2.9

95 Percentile 3.2 13.9 6.3 5.5 3.8

Alkalinity (mg/L)

Median 61 92 68 75 88

95 Percentile 82 145 84 88 111

Stage 1 DBPR TOC

Removal

Requirement

(percent) 1 

# 25 35 35 25 25

SUVA (L/mg-m)

Median 2.6 3.2 3.3 3.1 2.7

95 Percentile 3.7 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.0

Bromide (mg/L)

Median 0.01 0.04 0.18 0.19 0.19

95 Percentile 0.03 0.09 0.53 0.43 0.28

1 

# If alternative compliance criteria are not met.



# 3.2.2. Dissolved Minerals

Dissolved minerals can be measured as either TDS or electrical conductivity

(conductivity). The USEPA has established a secondary MCL (non-enforceable) of 500

mg/L for TDS and CDPH has secondary MCLs (enforceable) of 500 mg/L for TDS and

900 μ S/cm for conductivity (CDPH 2008). The salinity in the tributaries to the Delta is

influenced by natural, urban, and agricultural sources. As the tributaries flow through the

Delta, they (along with urban discharges and seawater intrusion) contribute to the Delta

salinity. Ultimately, the salinity in the Delta is variable and is affected by the hydraulic

conditions and releases from upstream reservoirs, which influence seawater intrusion.

A review of conductivity and TDS data from approximately 1998 to 2007 revealed that

salinity in the source water area are variable. Median conductivity ranged from 156 to

483 μ S/cm, with an average of 383 μ S/cm (Figure 3-7). Median TDS ranged from 97 to

283 mg/L, with an average of 202 mg/L.

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-10

Figure 3-7: Conductivity

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library.



# Figure 3-8: Total Dissolved Solids

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library. 

# Region 

# Watersheds (405) NBA (193) Central Delta (380) CAA (136) CAA- West (48)Conductivity (μS/cm)



# 0 200 400 600 800 1000

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile



# Region Watersheds (336) NBA (148) Central Delta (137) CAA (134) CAA- West (49)TDS (mg/L)



# 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-11 

# 3.2.3. Nutrients

Increased levels of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus can lead to algal and

vascular plant growth. Associated treatment concerns include taste and odor problems,

increased levels of organic carbon, filtration impacts, and potentially higher levels of

nitrogenous DBPs (e.g., NDMA) and algal toxins. The USEPA established nitrogen and

phosphorus reference conditions in a 2001 Ambient Water Quality Criteria

Recommendations Report to assist states in developing nutrient water quality standards

for receiving waters. These values are guidelines and are not enforceable. The state of

California is considering the adoption of nutrient water quality standards, but has not

released an official proposal to date. The nitrogen and phosphorus reference conditions

generally represent nutrient levels that protect against the adverse effects of nutrient over

enrichment and generally apply to the source water areas in this analysis. The reference

concentration for total nitrogen is 0.31 mg/L and total phosphorus is 0.047 mg/L (USEPA

2001a). Total nitrogen includes nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and organic nitrogen. Total

phosphorus includes particulate and dissolved phosphorus. The particulate phosphorus

includes organic phosphorus incorporated in planktonic organisms, inorganic mineral

phosphorus in suspended sediments, and phosphate adsorbed to inorganic particles. The

dissolved phosphorus includes dissolved organic phosphorus, orthophosphate, and

polyphosphates.

Data from approximately 1998 to 2007 indicated that total nitrogen and total phosphorus

concentrations in the Delta and its tributaries are significantly higher than USEPA’s total

nitrogen and total phosphorus reference concentrations (USEPA 2001a). Median total

nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0.67 to 0.96 mg/L and averaged 0.87 mg/L (Figure

3-9). Median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.19 mg/L and

averaged 0.12 mg/L (Figure 3-10).

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-12

Figure 3-9: Total Nitrogen

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library.



# Figure 3-10: Total Phosphorus

Data obtained from California Department of Water Resources Water Quality Data Library. 

# Region 

# Watersheds (64) NBA (155) Central Delta (230) CAA (45) CAA- West (123)Total Phosphorus (mg/L)



# 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile 

# Region 

# Watersheds (65) NBA (106) Central Delta (109) CAA (45) CAA- West (122)Total Nitrogen (mg/L)



# 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile 95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile 95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-13 

# In addition to considering total nitrogen levels, DON was estimated. DON is a precursor

to nitrogenous DBP formation and could be used to assess the potential for increased

NDMA formation. DON was not directly measured for each source water area; instead,

DON was estimated as the difference between Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) and

ammonia value, assuming that the TKN sample was filtered and represents DON instead

of total organic nitrogen. DON was calculated from TKN and ammonia data from

approximately 1998 to 2007. Median DON values ranged from 0.22 to 0.57 mg/L and

averaged 0.34 mg/L (Figure 3-10).

Figure 3-11: Estimated DON Levels 1

1 

# DON estimated as TKN minus ammonia. TKN and ammonia data obtained from California Department of Water

Resources Water Quality Data Library.



# 3.2.4. Algal Toxins

With the emergence of toxic algal blooms and cyanobacteria, California DWR has

recognized the importance of monitoring for algal toxins such as microcystins.

California DWR monitors for microcystins from June to October, which is the time of

year that the toxin is most likely to occur. Data from 2004 to 2007 in various locations

throughout the Delta and the State Water Project (SWP) show that microcystins are

present but at concentrations less than 1 μ g/l.

3.2.5. Pathogens and Indicator Organisms

The SWTR, IESWTR, and LT2ESWTR (discussed in detail in Appendix A) set treatment

requirements to protect the public from pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. Region Watersheds (65) NBA (106) Central Delta (109) CAA (45) CAA- West (122)DON (mg/L)



# 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

95 percentile

90 percentile

75 percentile

median

25 percentile

10 percentile

5 percentile

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-14 

# Monitoring for all pathogens is impossible, so most monitoring is directed towards

Giardia and Cryptosporidium (pathogenic protozoan). Additionally, fecal coliform, total

coliform, and Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) are used as indicators of the microbiological

quality of water. To assess the microbiological profile of the five source water areas,

data from the 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update, the Conceptual Model for

Pathogens and Pathogen Indicators in the Central Valley and Sacramento-San Joaquin

Delta (Tetra Tech 2007), and the Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant were

reviewed. The data that were available were variable (varying sampling frequencies,

different methods for determining bacteria densities, different periods of record) and as

noted did not always correlate with the monitoring locations used previously in this water

quality analysis. Table 3-3 summarizes the number and range of Giardia and

Cryptosporidium detects, and Table 3-4 summarizes the fecal coliform, total coliform,

and E. coli ranges for the source water areas (data sources and monitoring locations noted

on tables).

Table 3-3.



# Source Water Giardia

and Cryptosporidium Detections

Source Water Area Data Period Number of



# Giardia

Detections Range of



# Giardia

Detections

(cysts/L) Number of



# Crypto

Detections Range of



# Crypto

Detections

(oocysts/L)

Upper Watersheds 1 

# 2001 to 2004 1 0.09 0

-

NBA 2 

# 2000 to 2005 8 0.1 to < 0.4 5 0.1 to 0.8

Central Delta 3 

# 2005 to 2005 1 0.1 0

-

CAA 4 

# 2003 to 2005 1 0.6 0

-

CAA- West Branch 5 

# 2000 to 2005 0

- 1 0.1

Source: 1 

# Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant Presumed Crypto and Giardia

detects (raw data provided to project

team by Work Group).

2 

# 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- DWR data at Barker Slough

3 

# 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Patterson Pass, Del Valle, and Penitencia WTP data

4 

# 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Central Coast Water Authority Polonio Pass WTP data

5 

# 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Jensen WTP data

# Section 3

Areas of Similar Source Water Quality

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 3-15 Table 3-4.



# Source Water Fecal Coliform, Total Coliform, and E. coli Detections

Source Water Area Data Period Range of Fecal



# Coliforms

(MPN/100 mL) Range of Total



# Coliforms

(MPN/100 mL) Range of E. coli



# (MPN/100 mL)

Upper Watersheds 1 

# 2000 to 2004

- 80 to > 16000 2 to 16000

NBA 2 

# 2000 to 2005 25 to 230 a 

# 200 to 2400 30 to 3000 b



# Central Delta 3 

# 2005 to 2005

- 2 to 11000 2 to 240

CAA 4 

# 2005 to 2006

- 10 to 320 2 to 26

CAA- West Branch 5 

# 2000 to 2005 2 to 300 2 to 510

-

Source: 1 

# Sacramento River Water Treatment Plant total coliform and E.coli data(raw data provided to project team by

Work Group).

2 

# 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- monthly median total and fecal coliforms at the North Bay Regional

WTP Intake.

a 

# Data period was 2003 to 2005.

b 

# E.coli counts associated with pathogen and indicator bacteria detection at Barker Slough (see Table 3-3)

3 

# 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Patterson Pass, Del Valle, and Penitencia WTP data

4 

# 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Central Coast Water Authority Polonio Pass WTP data

5 

# 2006 Watershed Sanitary Survey Update- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California Jensen WTP data

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 4-1 

# 4. Current Water Treatment Practices

The current WTPs in each source water area are evaluated to determine the effect of the

future source water quality changes and the 2030 regulatory scenario. This section

summarizes the WTPs and identifies water treatment trends in each source water area.



# 4.1. Water Treatment Plants in Each Source Water Area

Existing WTPs in each of the five source water areas were identified. The number, size,

and treatment processes of the WTPs vary within and across each source water area.

Table 4-1 summarizes the WTPs that are included in each source water area and the size

of each plant.

Table 4-1.



# Water Treatment Plants in each Source Water Area

Source Water Area System Name Facility Size (mgd)

Upper Watersheds City of Sacramento American River WTP (Fairbairn) 200

Carmichael Water District Bajamont SWTP 17

City of Redding Sacramento River @ Foothill WTP 28

Yuba County WTP 24

City of West Sacramento Bryte Bend WTP 160

City of Sacramento Sacramento River WTP 160

East Bay MUD Layfayette WTP 25

Orinda WTP 175

Walnut Creek WTP 91

Modesto Irrigation District Modesto Reservoir 45

Stockton East Water District WTP 45

Calaveras County Water District West Point WTP 1

Bear Creek *

Mokelumne River *

NBA City of Fairfield and Vacaville North Bay Regional WTP 40

City of Fairfield Waterman WTP 22.5

City of Benicia Benicia WTP 12

City of Vallejo Fleming Hill WTP 42

*Data not available

# Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 4-2

Table 4-1 Continued.

Source Water Area System Name Facility Size (mgd)

NBA City of Vallejo Travis WTP 7.5

City of American Canyon American Canyon WTP (2 plants

w/matching flow systems, 1

conventional and 1 membrane) 2.2

Central Delta Contra Costa Water District Bollman WTP 75

Contra Costa Water District Randall Bold WTP 40

City of Antioch Antioch WTP 26

Zone 7 Water Agency Del Valle 44

Patterson Pass 21

Alameda County Water

District WTP #2 28

Mission San Jose WTP 8

Santa Clara Water District Penitencia WTP 42

CAA Santa Clara Water District Santa Teresa WTP 100

Rinconada WTP 80

City of Dos Palos Dos Palos WTP 3

City of Coalinga Coalinga WTP 12

City of Huron Huron WTP #2 *

City of Avenal Avenal WTP #2 3.1

Avenal WTP #1 2.2

Central Coast Water

Authority Polonio Pass WTP 43

Antelope Valley East Kern

Water Agency Rosamund WTP 14

Quartz Hill WTP 65

Acton WTP 4

Eastside WTP 10

Palmdale Palmdale Filter Plant 30

CLAWA Lake Silverwood WTP 5

Metropolitan Water Dist. Of

So. Cal Mills WTP 160

Diemer WTP 520

Skinner WTP 630

Weymouth WTP 520

CAA-West Branch Metropolitan Water District

of So. Cal Jensen WTP 750

Castaic Lake Water Agency Earl Schmidt WTP 56

Castaic Lake Water Agency Rio Vista WTP 30

*Data not available

# Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 4-3 

# 4.2. Current Water Treatment Practices in Each Source Water

Area

The treatment processes used in each source water area were evaluated to determine

trends in water treatment practices. Conventional coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation

is a common treatment in all source water areas. However, the filtration, disinfection,

and additional treatment processes vary in each source water area. Table 4-2 describes

the types of water treatment unit processes that were considered. The following sections

summarize the water treatment practices in each source water area.

Table 4-2.



# Water Treatment Unit Processes

Item Purpose

Coagulation/Flocculation/Sedimentation



# Rapid Mix Uniform coagulant dispersion

Coagulation Particle destabilization

Flocculation Particle agglomeration

Sedimentation Particulate removal

Filtration



# Multi-Media/Rapid Sand/Pressure Sand* Particulate removal

Pressure Sand Particulate removal

Slow Sand Particulate removal

Membranes Particulate removal

Primary Disinfection



# Chlorine Disinfection credit

Mixed oxidants (MIOX) Disinfection credit

Ozone Disinfection credit

Secondary Disinfection



# Chlorine Maintain residual chlorine in distribution system

Chloramines Maintain residual chlorine in distribution system

Other



# Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) (T&O) Taste and Odor (T&O) control

Fluoridation Public dental health

Lime-Soda Ash Corrosion control or softening

Permanganate T&O control, iron and manganese oxidation

GAC (DBP) DBP control

Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) T&O control

Aeration T&O control, iron and manganese oxidation

Pre- pH Adj. Enhanced coagulation for DBP control or

Post- pH Adj. Corrosion control

Orthophosphate Corrosion control

*Displayed in figures as “Multi-Media”

# Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 4-4 

# 4.2.1. Upper Watersheds Source Water Area

The Upper Watersheds source water area contains 14 WTPs with flow rates ranging from

1 million gallons per day (MGD) to 200 MGD. Approximately 93 percent of the WTPs

in the Upper Watersheds source water area have media filtration with the majority also

having coagulation/ flocculation/ sedimentation (Figure 4-1). This source water area also

has a membrane filtration plant. The majority of the WTPs use free chlorine for primary

disinfection; however, one WTP uses ozone. The WTPs use both free chlorine (79

percent) and chloramines (21 percent) for secondary disinfection. Additional treatment

processes include PAC/ GAC, softening, aeration, and pH adjustment. However, the

number of plants that use these technologies is limited.

Figure 4-1: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the Upper Watersheds Source Water

Area 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Rapid MixCoagulationFlocculationSedimentationMulti-MediaSlow SandMembranesPrimary-ChlorinePrimary-MIOXPrimary-OzoneSecondary-ChlorineSecondary-ChloraminesGAC (T&O)FluoridationLime-Soda AshPermanganateGAC (DBP)PACAerationPre-pH Adj.Post-pH Adj.Orthophosphate



# Coagulation/

Flocculation/

Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection OtherNumber of Plants 

# Total of 14 WTPs

# Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 4-5 

# 4.2.2. North Bay Aqueduct Source Water Area

The North Bay Aqueduct source water area contains 6 WTPs with flow rates ranging

from 3 MGD to 40 MGD. The majority of the WTPs use coagulation/ flocculation/

sedimentation followed by media filtration (Figure 4-2). The majority of the WTPs use

free chlorine for primary disinfection; only one WTP utilizes ozone. All of the WTPs use

free chlorine for secondary disinfection.

Figure 4-2: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the NBA Source Water Area 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Rapid MixCoagulationFlocculationSedimentationMulti-MediaSlow SandMembranesPrimary-ChlorinePrimary-MIOXPrimary-OzoneSecondary-ChlorineSecondary-ChloraminesGAC (T&O)FluoridationLime-Soda AshPermanganateGAC (DBP)PACAerationPre-pH Adj.Post-pH Adj.Orthophosphate



# Coagulation/

Flocculation/

Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection OtherNumber of Plants 

# Total of 6 WTPs

# Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 4-6 

# 4.2.3. Central Delta Source Water Area

The Central Delta source water area contains 8 WTPs with flow rates ranging from 8

MGD to 75 MGD. The majority of the WTPs in this source water area utilize media

filtration (Figure 4-3). The source water area also has two slow sand filtration plants and

two membrane filtration plants. One of the membrane filtration plants includes slow sand

filtration as pretreatment. All WTPs use free chlorine for primary disinfection with half

of the WTPs also using ozone in addition to free chlorine. The majority of the WTPs use

chloramines for secondary disinfection; only one WTP uses free chlorine. Corrosion

control is accomplished with pH adjustments at 5 of the 8 WTPs.

Figure 4-3: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the Central Delta Source Water Area 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9Rapid MixCoagulationFlocculationSedimentationMulti-MediaSlow SandMembranesPrimary-ChlorinePrimary-MIOXPrimary-OzoneSecondary-ChlorineSecondary-ChloraminesGAC (T&O)FluoridationLime-Soda AshPermanganateGAC (DBP)PACAerationPre-pH Adj.Post-pH Adj.Orthophosphate



# Coagulation/



# Flocculation/

Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection OtherNumber of Plants 

# Total of 8 WTPs

# Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 4-7 

# 4.2.4. California Aqueduct Source Water Area

The California Aqueduct source water area contains 18 WTPs with flow rates ranging

from 3 MGD to 630 MGD. The majority of the WTPs use coagulation/ flocculation/

sedimentation followed by media filtration (Figure 4-4). Approximately 89 percent of

the WTPs use free chlorine for primary disinfection, although some WTPs use MIOX (1

WTP) and ozone (2 WTPs). Approximately half of the water treatment plants use free

chlorine and half utilize chloramines for secondary disinfection. Approximately 22

percent of the WTPs in this source water area also use GAC for disinfection byproduct

control.

Figure 4-4: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in the CAA Source Water Area 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Rapid MixCoagulationFlocculationSedimentationMulti-MediaSlow SandMembranesPrimary-ChlorinePrimary-MIOXPrimary-OzoneSecondary-ChlorineSecondary-ChloraminesGAC (T&O)FluoridationLime-Soda AshPermanganateGAC (DBP)PACAerationPre-pH Adj.Post-pH Adj.Orthophosphate



# Coagulation/



# Flocculation/

Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection OtherNumber of Plants 

# Total of 18 WTPs

# Section 4

Current Water Treatment Practices

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 4-8 

# 4.2.5. California Aqueduct West Branch Source Water Area

The California Aqueduct West Branch source water area contains 3 WTPs with flow

rates ranging from 30 MGD to 750 MGD. All of the WTPs in this source water area

utilize the same treatment train that includes conventional coagulation/ flocculation/

sedimentation followed by media filtration with ozone for primary disinfection and

chloramines for secondary disinfection (Figure 4-5)

Figure 4-5: Water Treatment Plant Unit Processes in CAA West Branch Source Water Area 0 1 2 3 4Rapid MixCoagulationFlocculationSedimentationMulti-MediaSlow SandMembranesPrimary-ChlorinePrimary-MIOXPrimary-OzoneSecondary-ChlorineSecondary-ChloraminesGAC (T&O)FluoridationLime-Soda AshPermanganateGAC (DBP)PACAerationPre-pH Adj.Post-pH Adj.Orthophosphate



# Coagulation/



# Flocculation/

Sedimentation Filtration Disinfection OtherNumber of Plants 

# Total of 3 WTPs

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 5-1



# 5. Summary and Next Steps

The purpose of the Water Treatment Plant Evaluation’s Task 1 was to determine the

study boundaries with respect to future regulations, source water area and associated

water quality data, and water treatment technologies used in each source water area. This

section summarizes the study boundary evaluation and next steps for the project.



# 5.1. Summary of Task 1: Definition of Study Boundaries

The Water Treatment Plant Evaluation Study boundaries were developed as summarized

below.

 Malcolm Pirnie staff and technical advisors identified emerging drinking wat er

quality issues and developed two regulatory scenarios for 2030: “plausible” and

“outside boundary.” The 2030 plausible regulatory scenario includes a reduction or

modification to the current regulations for bromate, THM4, and HAA5. In addition,

the plausible scenario identified possible regulation of iodinated THMs, HAA9,

iodinated HAAs, nitrogenous DBPs (e.g., NDMA), other pathogens (not as

challenging as currently regulated pathogens), and algal toxins (specifically

microcystins). The plausible regulatory scenario will be used to evaluate the WTPs in

each source water area to determine treatment upgrades and associated costs. The

outside boundary 2030 regulatory scenario is more stringent than the plausible

scenario and is provided to bracket the range of possible regulations.

 Five geographical areas of similar source water quality were identif i ed by the Work

Group: Upper Watersheds, NBA, Central Delta, CAA, and CAA-West. Source water

quality for each region was compared with respect to DBP precursors, dissolved

minerals, nutrients, and pathogens and indicator organisms to confirm these five

source water areas were appropriate for the Study.

 The WTPs in each source water area were identified and evaluated to determine the

existing water treatment practices. The results from the water treatment practice

evaluation will be used in the development of virtual WTPs and threshold values.



# 5.2. Next Steps: Virtual Water Treatment Plants (Task 2)

The evaluation process to be used for developing the virtual WTPs is as follows:

 Identify WTPs in each source water area.

 Identify unit processes and design flowrates at each WTP.

 Identify trends is each source water area based on similar combination of unit

pr oc esses.

# Section 5

Summary and Next Steps

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 5-2 

#  Select representative virtual WTPs for each source water area.

 Select representative flowrates for each virtual WTP.

 Develop conceptual level capital and O&M costs for each virtual WTP.



# 5

. 3. Next Steps: Threshold Values Development (Task 3)

The virtual water treatment plants developed in Task 2 will be used to develop threshold

values for the water quality parameters identified in the plausible future regulatory

summary (Table 2-2). The threshold values will be the WTP influent concentration that

triggers an evaluation of adding additional treatment. Each virtual WTP will be entered

into the Water Treatment Plant Model (USEPA, 2001b) to determine the removal

efficiencies of each unit process. The influent threshold value will be determined based

on the removal efficiencies of each virtual WTP and the target effluent concentration

based on the plausible future regulatory scenarios. The effluent concentration will be set

at 80 percent of the regulatory limit to prevent regulatory violations.

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 6-1 

# 6. References

Archibald Consulting. 2007. California State Water Project Watershed Sanitary Survey

2006 Update.

AWWA. 2008. Comments by the American Water Works Association on the Draft

Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3 (CCL3) [cited June 2008]. Available from:

http://www.awwa.org/files/GovtPublicAffairs/PDF/CCL3Comments52108JAR.pdf.

AwwaRF. 2005. AwwaRF Featured Topic: EDCs, PhACs, and PCPs [cited June 2008].

Available from:

www.awwarf.org/research/TopicsAndProjects/topicSnapshot.aspx?topic=EDCS.

AwwaRF. 2008. Reservoir Management Strategies for Control and Degradation of Algal

Toxins. Awwa Research Foundation: Denver, CO.

Baker, K., Hegarty, J., Redmond, B., Reed, N. and Herson, D. 2002. Effect of Oxidizing

Disinfectants (Chlorine, Monochloramine, and Ozone) on Helicobacter pylori . Applied

and Environmental Microbiology. 68(2): 981-984

Ballester, N and Malley, J. 2004. Sequential Disinfection of Adenovirus Type 2 with UVChlorine-Chloramines. Journal of American Water Works Association 96(10):97-102

Blaser, M., Smith, P., Wang, W. and Hoff, J. 1986. Inactivation of Campylobacter jejuni

by Chlorine and Monochloramine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 51(2): 307-

311

Burlson, G., Murray, T.M. and Pollard, M. 1975. Inactivation of Viruses and Bacteria by

Ozone, With and Without Sonication. Applied Microbiology. 29( 3): 340-344

CDPH. 2008. California Regulations Related to Drinking Water [cited June 2008].

Available from:

http://www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Documents/Lawbook/DWRegBook2008_0

3_09a.pdf.

CALFED Bay-Delta Program. 2008. Water quality program goals [cited June 2008].

Available from: http://calwater.ca.gov/calfed/objectives/objectives_wq.html.

Chang, J., Osoff, S., Lobe, D., Dorfman, M., Dumais, C., Qualls, R. and Johnson, J.

1985. UV Inactivation of Pathogenic and Indicator Microorganisms. Applied and

Environmental Microbiology 49(6): 1361-1365

# Section 6

References

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 6-2 

# Domingue, E., Tyndall, R., Mayberry, W. and Pancorbo, O. 1998. Effects of Three

Oxidizing Biocides on Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 1. Applied and Environmental

Microbiology 54(3): 741-747

Emerson, M., Sproul, O. and Buck, C. 1982. Ozone Inactivation of Cell-Associated

Viruses. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43 (3): 603-608

Engelbrecht, R., Weber, M., Salter, B. and Schmidt, C. 1980. Comparative Inactivation

of Viruses by Chlorine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 40 (2): 249-256

Fram, MS, R Fujii, JL Weishaar, B Bergamaschi, and GR Aiken. 1999. How DOC

composition may explain the poor correlation between specific trihalomethane

formation potential and specific UV absorbance. US Geological Society toxic

substances hydrology program, vol. 2: contamination of hydrologic systems and

related ecosystems. Paper read at Technical Meeting, May 8 to 12, 1999, at

Charleston, South Carolina.

Fujii, R, JA Ranalli, GR Aiken, and B Bergamaschi. 1998. Dissolved Organic Carbon

Concentrations and Compositions, and Trihalomethane Formation Potentials in

Waters from Agricultural Peat Soils, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California:

Implications for Drinking-Water Quality. Sacramento, California: US Geological

Survey.

Gerba, C., Gramos, D. and Nwachuku, N. 2002. Comparative Inactivation of

Enteroviruses and Adenovirus 2 by UV light. Applied and Environmental Microbiology

68(10):5167-5169

Health Canada. 2006. Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality: Guideline

Technical Document — Trihalomethanes. Water Quality and Health Bureau, Healthy

Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.

Hoyer, O. 1998. Testing Performance and Monitoring of UV Systems for Drinking Water

Disinfection. Water Supply 16 (1/2):419–424.

Jarroll, E., Bingham, A. and Meyer, E. 1981. Effect of Chlorine on Giardia lamblia Cyst

Viability. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 41 (2): 483-487

Karanis, P. 2006. A Review of an Emerging Waterborne Medical Important Parasitic

Protozoan. Japanese Journal of Protozoology 39(1): 5- 19

Krasner, S., Weinberg, H., Richardson, S., Pastor, J., Sclimenti, M., Onstad, G., and

Thruston, A. 2006. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (23):7175-7185.

Lezcano, I., Pérez Rey, R., Baluja, C. and Sánchez, E. 1999. Ozone Inactivation of

# Section 6

References

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 6-3 

# Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei and Salmonella

typhimurium in Water. Ozone Science & Engineering 21:293-300.

Linden, K., Thurston, J., Schaefer, R. and Malley, J. 2007. Enhanced UV Inactivation of

Adenovirus under Polychromatic UV Lamps. Applied and Environmental Microbiology

73 (23): 7571-7574

Meng, Q and Gerba, C. 1996. Comparative Inactivation of Enteric Adenoviruses,

Polioviruses and Coliphages by Ultraviolet Irradiation. Water Research 30(11):2665-

2668

Najm, I. 2007. Formation of Hydrazine as a Chloramine By-Product. American Water

Works Annual Conference Proceedings, Toronto, Canada.

OEHHA. 2006. Public Health Goal for N-Nitrosodimethylamine in Drinking Water [cited

June 2008]. Available from:

http://www.oehha.ca.gov/water/phg/pdf/122206NDMAphg.pdf

Oguma, K., Katayama, H. and Ohgaki, S. 2004. Photoreactivation of Legionella

pneumophila after Inactivation by Low- or Medium-Pressure Ultraviolet Lamps. Water

Research 38 (11): 2757-2763

Plewa, M., Wagner, E.Richardson, S., Thruston, A., Woo, Y., McKague, A. 2004.

Chemical and biological characterization of newly discovered iodoacid drinking water

disinfection byproducts. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (18): 4713-4722.

Reif, J.S., A. Bachand and M. Andersen. 2000. Reproductive and Developmental Effects

of Disinfection By-Products. Bureau of Reproductive and Child Health, Health Canada,

Ottowa, Ontario, Canada.

Rice, E., Clark, R. and Johnson, C. 2008. Chlorine Inactivation of Escherichia coli

O157:H7. Emerging Infectious Disease 5 (3)

Richardson, S. 2005. New Disinfection By-product Issues: Emerging DBPs and

Alternative Routes of Exposure. Global Nest 7(1):43-60.

Richardson, S. 2007. Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues.

Analytical Chemistry 79 (12): 4295-4324.

Roy, S., Heidel, K., Creager, C., Chung, C. and Grieb, T. 2006. Organic Carbon in the

Central Valley and Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Tetra Tech, Lafayette, CA.

Savitz, D.A., Singer, P.C., Hartmann, K.E., Herring, A.H., Weinberg, H.S., Makarushka,

C., Hoffman, C., Chan, R., and Maclehose, R. 2005. Drinking water disinfection byproducts and pregnancy outcomes. Awwa Research Foundation, Denver, CO.

# Section 6

References

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 6-4 

# Taylor, R., Falkinham III, J., Norton, C. and LeChevallier, M. 2000. Chlorine,

Chloramine, Chlorine Dioxide, and Ozone Susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium.

. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66(4): 1702-1705

Tetra Tech. 2007. Pathogens and Pathogen Indicators in the Cetnral Valley and

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Final Report. Lafayette, CA.

Thurston-Enriguez, J., Hass, C., Jacangelo, J. and Gerba, C. 2003a. Chlorine Inactivation

of Adenovirus Type 40 and Feline Calicivirus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology

69(7): 3979-3985

Thurston-Enriguez, J., Hass, C., Jacangelo, J., Riley, K. and Gerba, C. 2003b.

Inactivation of Feline Calicivirus and Adenovirus Type 40 by UV Radiation. Applied and

Environmental Microbiology 69(1): 557-582

Thurston-Enriguez, J. Hass, C., Jacangelo, J. and Gerba, C. 2005. Inactivation of Enteric

Adenovirus and Feline Calicivirus by Ozone. Water Research 39(15): 3650-3656

Tosa, K. and Hirata, T. 1999. Photoreactivation of Enterohemorrhagic E.coli following

UV Disinfection. Water Research 33(2): 361-366

USEPA. 1991. Guidance Manual for Compliance With the Filtration and Disinfection

Requirements for Public Water Systems Using Surface Water Sources. ERIC Clearing

House for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education. Columbus, OH.

USEPA. 1999. Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced Precipitative Softening Guidence

Manual. Office of Water. EPA 815-R-99-012. May.

USEPA. 2001a. Ambient Water Quality Criteria Recommendations-Rivers and Streams

in Nutrient Ecoregion I. Office of Water. EPA 822-B-01-012. December.

USEPA. 2001b. Water Treatment Plant Model, Version 2.0. Center for Drinking Water

Optimization, Boulder, CO, and Malcolm Pirnie, INC, Phoenix, AZ

USEPA. 2006. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Long Term 2 Enhanced

Surface Water Treatment Rule; Final Rule. Federal Register. Vol. 71, No.3 p 654 - 786,

January 5, 2006

USEPA. 2008. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3-Draft; Notice. Federal

Register. Vol. 73, No. 35, p. 9628, February 21, 2008.

Vaughn, J., Chen, Y. and Thomas, M. 1986. Inactivation of human and Simian

Rotaviruses by Chlorine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 51(2): 391-394

# Section 6

References

California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1:

Definition of Study Boundaries

3054008 

# 6-5 

# Vaughn, J., Chen, Y., Lindburg, K. and Morales, D. 1987. Inactivation of Human and

Simian Rotaviruses by Ozone. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 53(9): 2218-

2221

Venczel, L., Arrowood, M., Hurd, M., Sobsey, M. 1997. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium

parvum Oocysts and Clostridium perfringens Spores by a Mixed-Oxidant Disinfectant

and by Free Chlorine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63(4): 1598-1601

Weishaar, JL, GR Aiken, B Bergamaschi, MS Fram, R Fujii, and Kenneth Mopper.

2003. Evaluation of specific ultraviolet absorbance as an indicator of the chemical

composition and reactivity of dissolved organic carbon. Environmental Science &

Technology.

Wiedenmann, A., Fischer, B., Straub, U., Wang, C.-H., Flehmig, B. and Schoenen, D.

1993. Disinfection of Hepatitis A Virus and MS-2 Coliphage in Water by Ultraviolet

Irradiation: Comparison of UV-susceptibility. Water Science and Technology 27(3-4):

335-338

Wilson, B., Roessler, P., Van Dellen, E., Abbaszadegan, M. and Gerba, C. 1992.

Coliphage MS-2 as a UV Water Disinfection Efficacy Test Surrogate for Bacterial and

Viral Pathogens. Proceedings, Water Quality and Technology Conference, Nov. 15-19,

Toronto, Canada, pp. 219-235. Amer. Wat. Works Assoc., Denver, CO

Woo, Y.-T., Lai, D., McLain, J.L., Manibusan, M.K. and Dellarco, V. 2002. Use of

mechanism-based structure-activity relationships analysis in carcinogenic potential

ranking for drinking water disinfection by-products, Environ. Health Perspec., 110, 75-

87.

World Health Organization. 2000. Disinfectants and Disinfectant By-products,

Environmental Health Criteria 216, International Programme on Chemical Safety.

World Health Organization. 2006. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Available

from: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/guidelines/en/.

Yaun, B., Sumner, S., Eifert, J. and Marcy, J. 2003. Response of Salmonella and E. coli

O157:H7 to UV Energy. J. Food Protection, 66(6): 1071-1073

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 1

3054008 

# A-1 

# Appendix A

Summary of Current Drinking Water Regulations

This appendix contains information on several of the primary drinking water regulations

that have been proposed or implemented under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA).

Current federal regulations include:

 Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)

 Total Coliform Rule (TCR)

 Lead and Copper Rule (LCR)

 Regulations for Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs), Synthetic Organic Chemical s (SOCs),

and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) (Phases I, IIA, II, and V)

 Radionuclides Rule

 Filter Backwash Recycle Rule (FBWR)

 Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Products Rule (D/DBPR)

 Stage 2 Disinfectant/Disinfection By-Products Rule (D/DBPR)

 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR)

 Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR)

 Arsenic Rule



# Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR)

The SWTR requires that surface water and groundwater under the direct influence of

surface water (GWUDI) be treated to achieve at least 3-log (99.9 percent) inactivation

and/or removal of Giardia cysts and 4-log (99.99 percent) inactivation and/or removal of

enteric viruses. Filtered water turbidity must never exceed 5 Nephelometric Turbidity

Units (NTU), and 95 percent of the measurements taken must not exceed 0.5 NTU. If

utilities did not meet the filtration avoidance criteria set in the SWTR, they were required

to implement filtration treatment. The SWTR also requires that the secondary

disinfectant residual entering the distribution system cannot be less than 0.2 mg/L for

more than four consecutive hours, as demonstrated by continuous monitoring.



# Total Coliform Rule (TCR)

Similar to the SWTR, the primary goal of the TCR is also to maintain microbiological

quality in finished and distributed drinking water supplies. The TCR specifies a

maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG) for total coliforms of zero (including both

fecal coliforms and E. coli ). Compliance is based upon the presence or absence of total

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 1

3054008 

# A-2 

# coliforms rather than coliform densities. The TCR requires 95 percent of the samples in a

month to be negative.



# Lead and Copper Rule (LCR)

The intent of the LCR is to minimize exposure to lead and copper from drinking water. If

lead or copper exceeds a specified trigger value at the consumer tap (action level),

treatment is required. The action levels for lead and copper are 15 and 1,300 μ g/L,

respectively. This rule includes extensive requirements for sampling and, if necessary,

demonstration studies. In general, systems that comply with the lead action level will

also comply with the copper action level.

Compliance is based on implementation of optimal corrosion control treatment. EPA's

intent was to require all systems to install optimal corrosion control regardless of the lead

and copper concentrations at consumers' taps. Optimal corrosion control treatment is

defined as the technology that minimizes lead and copper levels at consumers’ taps. It

must be demonstrated on the basis of data from distribution system monitoring as well as

results of corrosion control studies. Currently, the State is responsible for conducting all

lead and copper enforcement actions and reviews of corrosion control studies.



# Inorganic Chemicals (IOCs), Synthetic Organic Chemicals (SOCs),

and Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs)

The majority of the drinking water contaminants regulated under the SDWA amendments

fall into the categories of inorganic chemicals (IOCs), synthetic organic chemicals

(SOCs), and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). In total, there are 135 contaminants

regulated by this rule. The rules regulating these groups of contaminants include:

 Phase I -VOCs;

 Phase IIA – Fluoride;

 Phase II - SOCs and IOCs; and

 Phase V - Additional SOCs and IOCs.

The names "Phase III" and Phase IV" were not used in the rulemaking process.

Radionuclides Rule

Radionuclides are radiological material that can enter the water supply naturally from soil

or from leakage of radioactive wastes. Previously radionuclides were regulated by a rule

from 1976. Of all of the changes to the old rule, the most significant is probably the

sample location. According to the 1976 Rule, samples could be taken within the

distribution system, which provided the "average customer" with water meeting the

requirements. With the 2000 Rule, all samples must be taken at each entry point to the

distribution system. Radium 226/228, gross alpha, and uranium should be monitored

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 1

3054008 

# A-3 

# four times a year. Only vulnerable utilities ( i.e., water contaminated by nuclear facilities)

are required to monitor for beta emitters.

After community water systems (CWSs) have determined a baseline through the four

consecutive quarterly samples or have been approved by the State based on grandfathered

data, they may proceed with reduced monitoring based on their initial baseline.



# Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBWR)

The FBRR requires public water systems to review their backwash water recycling

practices to ensure that they do not compromise microbial control. Under the FBRR,

recycled filter backwash water, sludge thickener supernatant, and liquids from dewatering

processes must be returned to a location such that the recycled water is subject to all the

processes in a system’s conventional or direct filtration treatment train including

coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation (conventional filtration only) and filtration.

Systems may apply to the State for approval to recycle at an alternate location.



# Stage 1 Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproducts Rule (D/DBPR)

The D/DBPR has been implemented in two stages. EPA promulgated the Stage 1

D/DBPR to reduce the levels of disinfectants and disinfection byproducts in drinking

water supplies. The Stage 1 D/DBPR revised the MCLs for total trihalomethanes

(TTHMs), reducing it from 0.10 to 0.08 mg/L, and included a new MCL of 0.06 mg/L for

the sum of five haloacetic acids (HAA5). Additionally, MCLs for chlorite (1.0 mg/L)

and bromate (0.010 mg/L) were established.

The rule designated monitoring requirements and best available technologies (BATs) for

compliance and specified treatment techniques to reduce DBP precursors. This requires

systems using surface water to remove specific amounts of total organic carbon (TOC)

prior to adding disinfectants by implementing a treatment technique, either enhanced

coagulation or enhanced softening. The percent removal required depends on the source

water TOC and alkalinity (Table A-1). TOC removal compliance is based on the running

annual average (RAA) of quarterly averages of monthly removal ratios. The removal

ratio is the ratio of the removal achieved divided by the removal required. The RAA of

the removal ratios needs to equal or exceed 1.0.

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 1

3054008 

# A-4 Table A-1.



# TOC Removal Requirements

Source Water

TOC (mg/L) Source Water Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO 3 

# )

0 to 60 >60 to 120 >120



# >2.0 to 4.0 35.0% 25.0% 15.0%

>4.0 to 8.0 45.0% 35.0% 25.0%

>8.0 50.0% 40.0% 30.0%

Source: USEPA 1999.



# The USEPA also established alternative compliance criteria. If any of the conditions

summarized below are met, the system is not required to achieve the specified TOC

removal.

 Source water TOC is less than 2.0 mg/L.

 Treated water TOC is less than 2.0 mg/L.

 Source water TOC is less than 4.0 mg/L, source water alkalinity is greater than 60

mg /L, and distribution system TTHM is less than 0.04 mg/L and HAA5 is less than

0.03 mg/L.

 Distribution system TTHM is less than 0.04 mg/L and HAA5 is less than 0.03 mg/L

and onl y chlorine is used for primary disinfection and distribution system residual.

 Source water specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA), prior to any treatme nt , is less

than or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m.

 Treated water SUVA is less than or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m.



# Stage 2 D/DBPR

The Stage 2 D/DBPR does not change the MCL for any of the DBPs; however, it changes

how the compliance levels for TTHMs and HAA5 are calculated. Rather than

determining compliance by averaging DBP concentrations throughout the distribution

system, the Stage 2 D/DBPR requires each sampling point in the distribution system to

comply on an average annual basis, which is referred to as a Locational Running Annual

Average (LRAA).

The Stage 2 D/DBPR applies to public water systems that are community water systems

or non-transient non-community water systems that add a primary or residual disinfectant

other than ultraviolet light or deliver water that has been treated with a primary or

residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light.



# Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR)

The IESWTR and the LT2ESWTR (discussed below in Section 0) build on the

requirements of the SWTR in relation to improving control of microbial pathogens,

specifically Cryptosporidium , in drinking water. To assist with the development of these

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 1

3054008 

# A-5 

# rules, the Information Collection Rule (ICR) was implemented. The ICR gathered data

from over 400 utilities to assess microbial risk and DBP formation. The IESWTR was

finalized in December 1998 and implemented in conjunction with the Stage 1 D/DBPR.

An important element of the IESWTR was to safeguard against significant increases in

microbial risk that might occur when systems implement the Stage 1

Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule.

The IESWTR applies to public water systems that use surface water or GWUDI of

surface water, and serve more than 10,000 people. The IESWTR sets the MCLG for

Cryptosporidium oocysts in water at zero. The IESWTR also has the following

requirements, which are revisions to the SWTR:

 Inclusion of C r

yptosporidium in list of microbial contaminants that determine

whether or not a particular ground water source is under the direct influence of

surface water.

 Extension of watershed control requirements to include the control of

C r yptosporidium in the source water in a manner analogous to the existing

requirements for

Giardia cysts and viruses.

 All systems that use surface water and GWUDI have a periodic sanitary sur vey,

regardless of whether or not they filter their supplies.

 All surface water and GWUDI systems serving 10,000 or more people cover all new

t reated water reservoirs for which construction began after February 1999.

 Monitoring of individual filter turbidities and lowering the combined filtered water

t urbidity MCL from 0.5 to 0.3 NTU.

 Cross-connection control “in the context of a broad range of issues.” Issues include

sy stem pressure requirements, backflow prevention programs, categorizing service

connections with respect to potential backflow, periodic review of backflow

prevention devices, and the utility backflow prevention program.

 Requirement for filter backwash and other waste streams to be regulated.



# Long Ter m 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LTSESWTR)

The LT2ESWTR building on the IESWTR and requires systems to provide addition

pr ot ection against Cryptosporidium based on monitoring results. Systems must monitor

for Cryptosporidium for 2 years following finalization of the LT2ESWTR with the

exception of systems that already provide 2.5-log removal/inactivation of

Cryptosporidium . Based on the levels of Cryptosporidium in the source water, a WTP is

given a bin classification (Table A-2). Based on the bin classification, a WTP may be

required to implement additional treatment to achieve a certain level of

removal/inactivation of Cryptosporidium using the components from the Microbial

Toolbox. Systems currently using ozone, chlorine dioxide, UV disinfection, or

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 1

3054008 

# A-6 

# membranes in addition to conventional treatment may receive credit for those

technologies toward bin requirements.

Table A-2.



# Bin Classification and Action Requirements

Bin Classification Maximum Running Annual

Average (oocysts/L) Action Required (log)

1 < 0.075 none

2 0.075 to < 1.0 1

3 1.0 to < 3.0 2

4 ≥ 3.0 2.5



# Depending on the Cryptosporidium concentration in the source water and the resulting

removal/inactivation requirements (i.e., bin classification), the utility can use the

treatment technique(s) listed in the microbial toolbox to achieve the required

Cryptosporidium removal/inactivation. Meeting the removal/inactivation treatment

requirements identified for each “Action Bin” may necessitate one or more actions from

an array of management strategies which include watershed control, reducing influent

Cryptosporidium concentrations, improved system performance, and additional treatment

barriers.



# Arsenic Rule

An MCL of 50 μ g/L for arsenic was established by EPA in 1975 based on the standard

set by the Public Health Service in 1943. The 1996 SDWA Amendments required EPA

to revise the arsenic MCL and take into consideration peer-reviewed health effects

research, treatment studies, analytical methods, occurrence, cost-benefit tradeoffs, and

affordable small-system treatment technologies. The Arsenic Rule was finalized at an

MCL of 10 μg/L. Surface water supplies are required to monitor and report arsenic

levels once every year, and groundwater supplies are required to monitor and report

arsenic levels once every three years. If the arsenic level is above the MCL, then the

utility will need to monitor that location quarterly until the location is reliably and

consistently below the MCL. If quarterly monitoring is performed, compliance is based

on the running annual average of the quarterly samples.California Urban Water AgenciesDrinking Water Treatment EvaluationTechnical Memorandum 13054008B-1Appendix BList of Relevant Disinfection By-ProductsAppendix B lists disinfection by-products (DBPs) that are currently regulated or could potentially regulated in the future. Classes ofDBPs include trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), iodinated DBPs, brominated DBPs, and nitrogenous DBPs. Currentstate (California Department of Public Health, CDPH) and federal (USEPA) regulations are listed, as well as any available health riskinformation. Abbreviations, notes, and references are summarized at the end of the appendix.All concentrations are 

# μg/L.ConstituentCDPHPrimaryMCLUSEPAPrimaryMCLUSEPAMCLGCDPHPHGCDPH NotificationLevel/ ResponseLevelOne in a MillionCancer Risk forDW USEPA IRISUSEPASNARL ReferencesTHMsBromodichloromethane (BDCM)80 [1] 80 [1] 0 --0.6211Bromoform (CHBr3)80 [1] 80 [1] 0 --42101Chloroform (CHCl3)80 [1] 80 [1] 70 ---701Dibromochloromethane (DBCM)80 [1] 80 [1] 60 --0.4601HAA5sDibromoacetic acid (DBAA)60 [2] 60 [2] - ----1Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA)60 [2] 60 [2] 0 --0.701Monobromoacetic acid (MBAA)60 [2] 60 [2] - ----1Monochloroacetic acid (MCAA)60 [2] 60 [2] 30 ---701Trichloroacetic acid (TCAA)60 [2] 60 [2] 20 ---201HAA9Includes all HAA5s- - - ----Bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA)- - - ---- 1California Urban Water AgenciesDrinking Water Treatment EvaluationTechnical Memorandum 13054008B-2ConstituentCDPHPrimaryMCLUSEPAPrimaryMCLUSEPAMCLGCDPHPHGCDPH NotificationLevel/ ResponseLevelOne in a MillionCancer Risk forDW USEPA IRISUSEPASNARL References-- - - --- 1Chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBAA) - - - ---- 1Tribromoacetic acid (TBAA)- - - ---- 1Iodinated DBPsIodate (IO3-)- - - ----2Iodo acids- - - ----2Bromoiodoacetic acid- - - ----2(Z)-3-bromo-3-iodopropenoic acid - - - ----2(E)-3-bromo-3-iodopropenoic acid - - - ----2, 3(E)-2-iodo-3-methylbutenedioic acid - - - ----2Iodinated THMsHalonitromethanes- - - ----2Bromochloroiodomethane- - - ----2Dichloroiodomethane- - - ----3Iodinated HAAs3Iodoacetic acid- - - ----2Bromoioacetic acid- - - ----3Iodated haloaldehydes- - - ----3Iodated haloamides- - - ----2Brominated DBPsBromate10 10 0 0.1 - 0.05 200Bromoform80 80 0 --42103Dibromoacetic Acid- - - ----3Bromonitromethanes- - - ----3Dibromonitromethane- - - ----2All concentrations are 

# μg/L.California Urban Water AgenciesDrinking Water Treatment EvaluationTechnical Memorandum 13054008B-3ConstituentCDPHPrimaryMCLUSEPAPrimaryMCLUSEPAMCLGCDPHPHGCDPH NotificationLevel/ ResponseLevelOne in a MillionCancer Risk forDW USEPA IRISUSEPASNARL ReferencesTribromonitromethane-- - - ---2Bromonitromethane- - - ----2Brominated forms of MX (3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone)- - - ----2Bromonated haloaldehydes- - - ----2Bromonated haloamides- - - ----2Monobromoacetic acid- - - ----2Nitrogenous DBPsHalogenated N-DBPs- - - ----Halonitromethanes (HNMs)- - - ----3Chloronitromethane- - - ----3Bromonitromethane- - - ----3Dichloronitromethane- - - ----3Bromochloronitromethane- - - ----3Dibromononitromethane- - - ----3DHNMs- - - ----3TCNM- - - ----3Bromodichloronitromethane- - - ----3Dibromochloronitromethane- - - ----3Bromopicrin- - - ----3THMs- - - ----Haloacetamides- - - ----3Non-Halogenated N-DBPs- - - ----Nitrosamines- - - ----All concentrations are 

# μg/L.California Urban Water AgenciesDrinking Water Treatment EvaluationTechnical Memorandum 13054008B-4ConstituentCDPHPrimaryMCLUSEPAPrimaryMCLUSEPAMCLGCDPHPHGCDPH NotificationLevel/ ResponseLevelOne in a MillionCancer Risk forDW USEPA IRISUSEPASNARL ReferencesN-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)-- - 0.003 0.01/0.30.0007-1, 4N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)- - - - 0.01/0.10.0002-1, 4N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA) - - - - 0.01/0.50.005-1, 4N-Nitrosodiphenylamine- - - --7-1, 4N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR)- - - --0.02-1, 4N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA) - - - --0.006-1, 4N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) - - - --0.002-1, 2Hydrazine- - - --0.01-1, 2Abbreviations:CDPH California Department of Public HealthDBP Disinfection By-productsDW Drinking WaterHAA Haloacetic AcidIRIS Integrated Risk Information SystemMCL Maximum Contaminant LevelMCLG Maximum Contaminant Level GoalPHG Public Health GoalSNARL Suggested No-Adverse-Response Levels (from toxicity other than cancer risk)THM TrihalomethaneUSEPA United States Environmental Protection AgencyNotes:[1] For total trihalomethanes (sum of bromoform, bromodichloromethane, chlororform, and dibromochloromethane); based largely ontechnology and economics.[2] For five haloacetic acids (sum of monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, anddibromoacetic acid.All concentrations are 

# μg/L.California Urban Water AgenciesDrinking Water Treatment EvaluationTechnical Memorandum 13054008B-5References:1.California Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Valley Region. 2008. A Compilation of Water Quality Goals. RanchoCordova, CA.2.Richardson, S. 2007. Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Analytical Chemistry 79 (12): 4295-4324.3.Amy, Gary. 2008. Disinfection By-Products (DBPs): Formation, Occurrence, and Control. Presentation to Malcolm Pirnie, Inc,May, 2008.4.USEPA. 2008. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3-Draft; Notice. Federal Register. Vol. 73, No. 35, p. 9628, February21, 2008.

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 2

3054008 

# C-1 

# Appendix C

Future Water Quality Scenarios Provided by the Work Group

# Scenario Current Condition Future Condition Planned Future Condition Plausible Future Condition Outer Boundary

Output Location CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT

Constituent DOC DOC DOC DOC

Model_Output Type EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL

Unit of measurement MG/L MG/L MG/L MG/L

Type - Average or Instantaneous PER-AVER PER-AVER PER-AVER PER-AVER

Average 3.59 3.51 3.46 3.43

90th Percentile 5.26 5.16 5.13 5.09

Oct-75 2.38 2.34 2.33 2.32

Nov-75 2.43 2.37 2.34 2.32

Dec-75 2.32 2.24 2.19 2.16

Jan-76 2.70 2.61 2.56 2.53

Feb-76 3.61 3.50 3.44 3.40

Mar-76 3.83 3.71 3.65 3.62

Apr-76 3.75 3.66 3.60 3.55

May-76 3.75 3.69 3.64 3.58

Jun-76 4.24 4.18 4.12 4.08

Jul-76 3.22 3.10 3.04 3.03

Aug-76 2.45 2.36 2.31 2.30

Sep-76 2.36 2.23 2.17 2.16

Oct-76 2.53 2.40 2.34 2.32

Nov-76 2.68 2.57 2.50 2.48

Dec-76 2.67 2.51 2.43 2.40

Jan-77 2.93 2.77 2.69 2.65

Feb-77 4.48 4.35 4.27 4.22

Mar-77 5.07 4.94 4.87 4.82

Apr-77 5.21 5.07 5.00 4.95

May-77 4.83 4.70 4.63 4.58

Jun-77 4.56 4.42 4.34 4.31

Jul-77 4.25 4.09 4.01 3.99

Aug-77 3.87 3.70 3.62 3.61

Sep-77 3.20 3.02 2.95 2.94

Oct-77 2.82 2.68 2.59 2.58

Nov-77 2.96 2.82 2.74 2.72

Dec-77 2.87 2.69 2.60 2.56

Jan-78 4.96 4.83 4.76 4.74

Feb-78 7.28 7.20 7.19 7.19

Mar-78 7.17 7.12 7.18 7.09

Apr-78 5.96 5.93 5.93 5.84

May-78 4.80 4.78 4.75 4.71

Jun-78 4.24 4.23 4.20 4.17

Jul-78 3.05 3.02 2.99 2.99

Aug-78 2.51 2.45 2.42 2.42

Sep-78 2.30 2.24 2.20 2.19

Oct-78 2.47 2.41 2.37 2.35

Nov-78 2.62 2.55 2.50 2.47

Dec-78 2.35 2.24 2.18 2.15

Jan-79 3.60 3.49 3.43 3.40

Feb-79 5.25 5.16 5.13 5.11

Mar-79 5.26 5.19 5.22 5.15

Apr-79 4.32 4.28 4.25 4.18

May-79 3.07 3.06 3.03 2.97

Jun-79 3.39 3.38 3.35 3.31

Jul-79 2.86 2.82 2.78 2.78

Aug-79 2.40 2.34 2.30 2.30

Sep-79 2.31 2.23 2.18 2.18

Oct-79 2.48 2.39 2.33 2.32

Nov-79 2.28 2.16 2.10 2.08

Dec-79 2.28 2.18 2.12 2.10

Jan-80 4.11 4.06 4.03 4.00

Feb-80 4.60 4.58 4.56 4.52

Mar-80 5.07 5.05 5.03 4.99

Apr-80 4.47 4.45 4.41 4.35

May-80 3.42 3.40 3.36 3.30

Jun-80 3.42 3.40 3.38 3.34

Jul-80 3.02 2.98 2.95 2.95

Aug-80 2.64 2.57 2.53 2.53

Sep-80 2.57 2.49 2.45 2.44

Oct-80 2.83 2.77 2.72 2.70

Nov-80 2.78 2.70 2.65 2.63

Dec-80 2.33 2.22 2.16 2.14

Jan-81 2.85 2.76 2.69 2.67

Feb-81 4.19 4.11 4.05 4.04

Mar-81 4.78 4.70 4.64 4.62

Apr-81 4.49 4.42 4.36 4.29

May-81 3.39 3.35 3.30 3.21

Jun-81 3.82 3.78 3.73 3.68

Jul-81 2.86 2.76 2.72 2.72

Aug-81 2.35 2.27 2.23 2.23

Sep-81 2.22 2.13 2.08 2.08

Oct-81 2.37 2.27 2.21 2.20

Nov-81 2.27 2.16 2.11 2.08

Dec-81 3.15 3.08 3.05 3.06

Jan-82 5.81 5.76 5.81 5.78

Feb-82 5.14 5.12 5.17 5.09

Mar-82 4.49 4.45 4.43 4.37

Apr-82 4.45 4.42 4.41 4.35

May-82 3.63 3.62 3.60 3.58

Jun-82 3.53 3.52 3.50 3.49

Jul-82 3.12 3.09 3.07 3.06

Aug-82 2.75 2.68 2.64 2.64

Sep-82 2.47 2.42 2.38 2.37

Oct-82 2.54 2.51 2.49 2.47

Nov-82 2.97 2.94 2.92 2.90

Dec-82 3.22 3.20 3.18 3.14

Jan-83 4.02 4.00 3.99 3.95

Feb-83 4.87 4.86 4.84 4.82

Mar-83 4.84 4.81 4.80 4.77

Apr-83 4.85 4.84 4.82 4.78

May-83 4.10 4.09 4.07 4.03

Jun-83 3.57 3.57 3.56 3.55

Jul-83 3.14 3.14 3.13 3.12

Aug-83 3.18 3.17 3.15 3.14

# Sep-83 2.76 2.75 2.73 2.71

Oct-83 2.73 2.71 2.68 2.67

Nov-83 2.74 2.71 2.69 2.66

Dec-83 2.83 2.81 2.79 2.76

Jan-84 3.70 3.68 3.66 3.63

Feb-84 4.19 4.17 4.15 4.11

Mar-84 3.93 3.90 3.87 3.84

Apr-84 3.54 3.51 3.47 3.43

May-84 2.92 2.91 2.87 2.82

Jun-84 3.41 3.39 3.35 3.32

Jul-84 2.86 2.79 2.76 2.76

Aug-84 2.37 2.30 2.27 2.27

Sep-84 2.29 2.23 2.19 2.18

Oct-84 2.65 2.61 2.57 2.56

Nov-84 2.66 2.57 2.50 2.49

Dec-84 3.11 3.01 2.94 2.98

Jan-85 3.80 3.72 3.66 3.67

Feb-85 4.40 4.31 4.24 4.23

Mar-85 4.73 4.63 4.57 4.55

Apr-85 4.46 4.39 4.33 4.24

May-85 3.50 3.48 3.43 3.31

Jun-85 3.96 3.92 3.88 3.81

Jul-85 2.93 2.83 2.79 2.78

Aug-85 2.39 2.31 2.26 2.26

Sep-85 2.23 2.14 2.09 2.08

Oct-85 2.39 2.30 2.24 2.22

Nov-85 2.45 2.32 2.26 2.23

Dec-85 2.55 2.39 2.32 2.29

Jan-86 3.54 3.45 3.38 3.36

Feb-86 6.16 6.11 6.19 6.04

Mar-86 5.18 5.15 5.14 5.10

Apr-86 4.62 4.60 4.57 4.51

May-86 4.11 4.10 4.06 4.00

Jun-86 3.88 3.87 3.84 3.80

Jul-86 3.01 2.95 2.92 2.91

Aug-86 2.60 2.53 2.49 2.48

Sep-86 2.80 2.74 2.69 2.67

Oct-86 3.01 2.97 2.92 2.89

Nov-86 3.12 3.06 3.02 2.98

Dec-86 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.40

Jan-87 3.01 2.90 2.84 2.81

Feb-87 4.20 4.10 4.03 3.99

Mar-87 5.27 5.17 5.10 5.05

Apr-87 4.75 4.68 4.62 4.55

May-87 3.23 3.20 3.16 3.08

Jun-87 3.78 3.73 3.69 3.65

Jul-87 2.79 2.69 2.64 2.65

Aug-87 2.36 2.27 2.23 2.23

Sep-87 2.41 2.32 2.27 2.26

Oct-87 2.77 2.66 2.59 2.57

Nov-87 2.91 2.78 2.70 2.67

Dec-87 2.71 2.53 2.45 2.41

Jan-88 3.82 3.68 3.59 3.60

Feb-88 5.86 5.75 5.67 5.68

Mar-88 5.80 5.69 5.61 5.59

Apr-88 5.84 5.73 5.66 5.60

May-88 5.49 5.40 5.33 5.26

Jun-88 4.84 4.74 4.67 4.63

Jul-88 3.19 3.07 3.01 3.02

Aug-88 2.70 2.60 2.55 2.56

Sep-88 2.92 2.81 2.75 2.75

Oct-88 2.91 2.77 2.70 2.68

Nov-88 2.88 2.73 2.64 2.61

Dec-88 2.55 2.38 2.28 2.24

Jan-89 2.95 2.78 2.69 2.67

Feb-89 3.82 3.67 3.58 3.56

Mar-89 5.26 5.13 5.04 4.99

Apr-89 6.39 6.27 6.21 6.17

May-89 5.87 5.79 5.74 5.76

Jun-89 4.24 4.17 4.12 4.15

Jul-89 2.82 2.73 2.69 2.71

Aug-89 2.36 2.29 2.25 2.25

Sep-89 2.31 2.23 2.18 2.17

Oct-89 2.41 2.28 2.20 2.19

Nov-89 2.43 2.29 2.21 2.18

Dec-89 2.46 2.32 2.24 2.21

Jan-90 3.05 2.91 2.84 2.82

Feb-90 4.26 4.13 4.05 4.05

Mar-90 5.41 5.28 5.20 5.18

Apr-90 5.87 5.75 5.68 5.66

May-90 5.44 5.34 5.27 5.25

Jun-90 4.75 4.65 4.58 4.56

Jul-90 3.37 3.23 3.17 3.18

Aug-90 2.59 2.50 2.45 2.46

Sep-90 2.55 2.46 2.41 2.40

Oct-90 2.79 2.64 2.57 2.55

Nov-90 3.02 2.86 2.79 2.76

Dec-90 3.18 3.02 2.94 2.89

Jan-91 3.21 3.03 2.94 2.90

Feb-91 4.44 4.26 4.17 4.12

Mar-91 5.36 5.17 5.08 5.02

Apr-91 6.36 6.20 6.13 6.07

May-91 6.25 6.10 6.05 6.04

Jun-91 4.95 4.78 4.71 4.75

Jul-91 3.01 2.87 2.80 2.82

Aug-91 2.56 2.48 2.43 2.44

# Scenario Current Conditio n Future Condition Planne d Future Condition Plausibl e Future Condition Outer Boundar y

Output Location CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT

Constituent Bromide Bromide Bromide Bromide

Model_Output Type CALCULATED CALCULATED CALCULATED CALCULATED

Unit of measurement MG/L MG/L MG/L MG/L

Type - Average or Instantaneous PER-AVER PER-AVER PER-AVER PER-AVER

Average 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25

90th Percentile 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41

Oct-75 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Nov-75 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.08

Dec-75 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08

Jan-76 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.24

Feb-76 0.28 0.30 0.30 0.29

Mar-76 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.24

Apr-76 0.13 0.18 0.18 0.17

May-76 0.14 0.20 0.20 0.19

Jun-76 0.15 0.19 0.19 0.18

Jul-76 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Aug-76 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39

Sep-76 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34

Oct-76 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.37

Nov-76 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33

Dec-76 0.32 0.34 0.34 0.33

Jan-77 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.46

Feb-77 0.41 0.45 0.45 0.44

Mar-77 0.31 0.36 0.36 0.35

Apr-77 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.23

May-77 0.18 0.22 0.22 0.21

Jun-77 0.17 0.21 0.21 0.20

Jul-77 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.30

Aug-77 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.30

Sep-77 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Oct-77 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33

Nov-77 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36

Dec-77 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.35

Jan-78 0.43 0.45 0.45 0.45

Feb-78 0.36 0.42 0.42 0.41

Mar-78 0.38 0.45 0.44 0.43

Apr-78 0.43 0.50 0.50 0.50

May-78 0.41 0.49 0.48 0.48

Jun-78 0.26 0.32 0.32 0.31

Jul-78 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.11

Aug-78 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.14

Sep-78 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.20

Oct-78 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.09

Nov-78 0.08 0.11 0.12 0.11

Dec-78 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.10

Jan-79 0.33 0.35 0.35 0.35

Feb-79 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.23

Mar-79 0.22 0.26 0.26 0.25

Apr-79 0.23 0.29 0.29 0.28

May-79 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.19

Jun-79 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.15

Jul-79 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08

Aug-79 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19

Sep-79 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

Oct-79 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.39

Nov-79 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41

Dec-79 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43

Jan-80 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.38

Feb-80 0.23 0.25 0.25 0.25

Mar-80 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.33

Apr-80 0.29 0.33 0.33 0.32

May-80 0.22 0.26 0.26 0.25

Jun-80 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.17

Jul-80 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.09

Aug-80 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

Sep-80 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17

Oct-80 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.10

Nov-80 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.09

Dec-80 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.16

Jan-81 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.33

Feb-81 0.24 0.26 0.26 0.26

Mar-81 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.19

Apr-81 0.24 0.27 0.27 0.26

May-81 0.21 0.23 0.23 0.22

Jun-81 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.18

Jul-81 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17

Aug-81 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30

Sep-81 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.39

Oct-81 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.38

Nov-81 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.28

Dec-81 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.09

Jan-82 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21

Feb-82 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25

Mar-82 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25

Apr-82 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.24

May-82 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.24

Jun-82 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19

Jul-82 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.11

Aug-82 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Sep-82 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

Oct-82 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06

Nov-82 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

Dec-82 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.31

Jan-83 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27

Feb-83 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.27

Mar-83 0.21 0.23 0.22 0.22

Apr-83 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.31

May-83 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28

Jun-83 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.20

Jul-83 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18

Aug-83 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15

# Sep-83 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09

Oct-83 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08

Nov-83 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17

Dec-83 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22

Jan-84 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26

Feb-84 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19

Mar-84 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14

Apr-84 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14

May-84 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12

Jun-84 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12

Jul-84 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Aug-84 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

Sep-84 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21

Oct-84 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.09

Nov-84 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07

Dec-84 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Jan-85 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.11

Feb-85 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

Mar-85 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

Apr-85 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.20

May-85 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17

Jun-85 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15

Jul-85 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15

Aug-85 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28

Sep-85 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37

Oct-85 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35

Nov-85 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.31

Dec-85 0.48 0.46 0.46 0.46

Jan-86 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.44

Feb-86 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25

Mar-86 0.12 0.13 0.13 0.12

Apr-86 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.15

May-86 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15

Jun-86 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15

Jul-86 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Aug-86 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13

Sep-86 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22

Oct-86 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

Nov-86 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11

Dec-86 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

Jan-87 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Feb-87 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28

Mar-87 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.20

Apr-87 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23

May-87 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15

Jun-87 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14

Jul-87 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14

Aug-87 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.28

Sep-87 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35

Oct-87 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.37

Nov-87 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35

Dec-87 0.40 0.38 0.38 0.38

Jan-88 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34

Feb-88 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22

Mar-88 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Apr-88 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29

May-88 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.28

Jun-88 0.23 0.24 0.24 0.23

Jul-88 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Aug-88 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30

Sep-88 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33

Oct-88 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35

Nov-88 0.40 0.39 0.39 0.38

Dec-88 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33

Jan-89 0.63 0.61 0.61 0.61

Feb-89 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.58

Mar-89 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.57

Apr-89 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.50

May-89 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.25

Jun-89 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13

Jul-89 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15

Aug-89 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33

Sep-89 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.37

Oct-89 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.36

Nov-89 0.38 0.36 0.36 0.35

Dec-89 0.48 0.46 0.45 0.45

Jan-90 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.45

Feb-90 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33

Mar-90 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Apr-90 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26

May-90 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.25

Jun-90 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.21

Jul-90 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.27

Aug-90 0.42 0.40 0.40 0.40

Sep-90 0.37 0.35 0.35 0.35

Oct-90 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.41

Nov-90 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.41

Dec-90 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.34

Jan-91 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.33

Feb-91 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.39

Mar-91 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.43

Apr-91 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34

May-91 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.31

Jun-91 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23

Jul-91 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30

Aug-91 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40

# Scenario Current Condition Future Condition

Output Location CLIFTON_COURT CLIFTON_COURT

Constituent TEMP TEMP

Model_Output Type EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL EXISTING_CUWA+FROM-ALL

Unit of measurement DEG C DEG C

Type - Average or Instantaneous PER-AVER PER-AVER

Averag e 16.58 16.58

99th Percentile 23.97 23.97

Oct-75 18.68 18.69

Nov-75 14.24 14.25

Dec-75 10.08 10.09

Jan-76 8.99 9.01

Feb-76 12.04 12.05

Mar-76 15.42 15.42

Apr-76 15.42 15.42

May-76 20.39 20.39

Jun-76 21.30 21.30

Jul-76 23.48 23.48

Aug-76 22.11 22.11

Sep-76 21.23 21.24

Oct-76 18.42 18.42

Nov-76 15.57 15.58

Dec-76 9.80 9.80

Jan-77 8.01 8.03

Feb-77 11.96 11.97

Mar-77 14.21 14.21

Apr-77 16.50 16.50

May-77 16.58 16.59

Jun-77 21.25 21.25

Jul-77 22.85 22.85

Aug-77 22.30 22.30

Sep-77 20.45 20.46

Oct-77 17.18 17.18

Nov-77 14.02 14.03

Dec-77 11.11 11.12

Jan-78 11.72 11.73

Feb-78 12.33 12.34

Mar-78 16.08 16.09

Apr-78 15.27 15.27

May-78 19.65 19.65

Jun-78 21.04 21.04

Jul-78 22.29 22.29

Aug-78 22.61 22.61

Sep-78 19.54 19.55

Oct-78 18.63 18.64

Nov-78 12.96 12.97

Dec-78 8.29 8.30

Jan-79 9.05 9.06

Feb-79 11.30 11.31

Mar-79 14.69 14.69

Apr-79 14.55 14.55

May-79 18.67 18.67

Jun-79 20.95 20.95

Jul-79 22.52 22.53

Aug-79 22.23 22.23

Sep-79 21.30 21.30

Oct-79 17.75 17.76

Nov-79 12.88 12.89

Dec-79 10.12 10.13

Jan-80 10.23 10.24

Feb-80 12.14 12.14

Mar-80 14.42 14.42

Apr-80 16.18 16.18

May-80 18.02 18.02

Jun-80 19.39 19.39

Jul-80 22.35 22.35

Aug-80 21.86 21.87

Sep-80 19.73 19.74

# Oct-80 18.09 18.10

Nov-80 13.72 13.73

Dec-80 9.71 9.72

Jan-81 9.33 9.34

Feb-81 11.52 11.54

Mar-81 14.04 14.04

Apr-81 14.53 14.53

May-81 18.12 18.12

Jun-81 21.91 21.92

Jul-81 22.96 22.96

Aug-81 22.23 22.23

Sep-81 20.49 20.49

Oct-81 17.45 17.45

Nov-81 15.60 15.61

Dec-81 10.43 10.44

Jan-82 8.83 8.84

Feb-82 11.40 11.41

Mar-82 13.95 13.95

Apr-82 15.17 15.17

May-82 18.75 18.75

Jun-82 19.09 19.10

Jul-82 21.69 21.69

Aug-82 21.73 21.73

Sep-82 20.06 20.07

Oct-82 16.39 16.40

Nov-82 12.31 12.32

Dec-82 9.16 9.17

Jan-83 9.13 9.13

Feb-83 11.96 11.96

Mar-83 14.49 14.49

Apr-83 15.02 15.02

May-83 18.13 18.13

Jun-83 21.36 21.36

Jul-83 22.51 22.51

Aug-83 23.31 23.31

Sep-83 21.90 21.90

Oct-83 18.80 18.80

Nov-83 13.94 13.95

Dec-83 10.38 10.39

Jan-84 10.03 10.04

Feb-84 11.88 11.89

Mar-84 15.33 15.33

Apr-84 15.09 15.09

May-84 19.66 19.66

Jun-84 21.61 21.61

Jul-84 24.03 24.03

Aug-84 22.87 22.87

Sep-84 22.28 22.29

Oct-84 17.69 17.70

Nov-84 13.96 13.97

Dec-84 9.62 9.63

Jan-85 7.60 7.62

Feb-85 10.65 10.67

Mar-85 14.33 14.33

Apr-85 16.86 16.86

May-85 17.79 17.79

Jun-85 21.16 21.16

Jul-85 23.96 23.96

Aug-85 21.50 21.50

Sep-85 20.23 20.23

Oct-85 17.21 17.22

Nov-85 13.23 13.25

Dec-85 8.23 8.25

Jan-86 10.47 10.48

Feb-86 13.37 13.38

Mar-86 15.53 15.53

Apr-86 15.52 15.52

May-86 18.26 18.26

# Jun-86 20.99 20.99

Jul-86 22.50 22.50

Aug-86 22.64 22.64

Sep-86 19.49 19.50

Oct-86 17.50 17.51

Nov-86 15.40 15.41

Dec-86 10.21 10.22

Jan-87 8.67 8.68

Feb-87 12.29 12.31

Mar-87 14.82 14.82

Apr-87 17.05 17.05

May-87 19.69 19.69

Jun-87 21.04 21.05

Jul-87 21.55 21.55

Aug-87 22.14 22.14

Sep-87 20.98 20.98

Oct-87 19.08 19.09

Nov-87 15.05 15.05

Dec-87 10.71 10.72

Jan-88 9.40 9.41

Feb-88 12.56 12.57

Mar-88 16.57 16.57

Apr-88 17.37 17.37

May-88 18.35 18.35

Jun-88 21.32 21.32

Jul-88 24.17 24.17

Aug-88 22.77 22.77

Sep-88 21.71 21.71

Oct-88 18.55 18.55

Nov-88 14.84 14.85

Dec-88 10.05 10.06

Jan-89 7.90 7.92

Feb-89 10.79 10.81

Mar-89 15.52 15.52

Apr-89 17.60 17.60

May-89 18.46 18.46

Jun-89 20.93 20.93

Jul-89 22.99 22.99

Aug-89 22.50 22.51

Sep-89 20.55 20.56

Oct-89 17.83 17.83

Nov-89 13.67 13.69

Dec-89 9.26 9.27

Jan-90 9.95 9.97

Feb-90 10.46 10.47

Mar-90 14.82 14.82

Apr-90 16.64 16.64

May-90 18.63 18.63

Jun-90 20.87 20.88

Jul-90 23.55 23.55

Aug-90 23.08 23.08

Sep-90 21.48 21.48

Oct-90 18.47 18.48

Nov-90 13.93 13.93

Dec-90 8.42 8.43

Jan-91 8.78 8.79

Feb-91 12.84 12.85

Mar-91 14.33 14.34

Apr-91 15.22 15.22

May-91 17.97 17.97

Jun-91 20.89 20.89

Jul-91 23.06 23.06

Aug-91 21.84 21.84

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 2

3054008 

# D-1 

# Appendix D

Virtual Water Treatment Plant Selection

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Drinking Water Treatment

Evaluation

APPENDIX D

Development of Virtual Water

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 1 

# Development of Virtual Water

Treatment Plants (VWTPs)



# 49 WTPs Were Used to Define 5 WQ Regions

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 2

# Context for VWTP Development

 VWTPs are being developed to represent the

central tendencies of treatment in each region.

 To accomplish project objectives the project To accomplish project objectives

, the project

needs to be a high level planning effort; therefore,

some VWTP design details are difficult to include.

 Important to come to consensus on VWTP

approach and resulting VWTPs

 VWTPs are a vital piece of the project that needs

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 3 

# are a vital piece of the project that needs

to be established and not changed subsequent to

Work Group agreement



# Approach for Developing VWTPs

1 Consider the WTPs that treat > 70% Delta water.

2 Consider the treatment trains that are > 10% of the region's treatment capacity or

WTP t t th 20 d s th a are grea er an mg

.

3 Consider the treatment processes that are used at least twice in the remaining

WTPs in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of remaining treatment trains.

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 4

# CAA-West Branch

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlmentalonSandMulti‐mediareSandstiononontions



# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pHAdjustmRapidMixConventionaDirectFiltratioFiltration:SlowFiltration:RapidSand,MFiltration:PressurMembranesPre‐ChlorinatPre‐OzonatioPost‐OzonatioPost‐chlorinatChloramineMIOXGACPAC



# A 30 3.6% 80–100* x x x x x

B 56 6.7% 80–100* x x x x x

C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 5 C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

836 Total Regional Treatment Capacity



# 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains. 

# *Temporary Approximate Value



# CAA-West Branch

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlmentalonSandMulti‐mediaeSandsionononions



# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pHAdjustmRapidMixConventionaDirectFiltratioFiltration:SlowSFiltration:RapidSand,MFiltration:PressurMembranesPre‐ChlorinatPre‐OzonatioPost‐OzonatioPost‐chlorinatChloraminesMIOXGACPAC



# A 30 3.6% 80–100* x x x x x

B 56 6.7% 80–100* x x x x x

C 750 89 7% 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 6 C 750 89

. 7% 100 x x x x x x

836 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

1 Treat >70% Delta water.



# 2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# CAA-West Branch

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlmentalonSandMulti‐mediareSandstiononontions



# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pHAdjustmRapidMixConventionaDirectFiltratioFiltration:SlowFiltration:RapidSand,MFiltration:PressurMembranesPre‐ChlorinatPre‐OzonatioPost‐OzonatioPost‐chlorinatChloramineMIOXGACPAC



# A 30 3.6% 80–100* x x x x x

B 56 6.7% 80–100* x x x x x

C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 7 C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

836 Total Regional Treatment Capacity



# Step 3 is not applicable to this region

(there are only a total of 3 WTPs). 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.



# 3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# CAA-West Branch

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlmentalonSandMulti‐mediareSandstiononontions



# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pHAdjustmRapidMixConventionaDirectFiltratioFiltration:SlowFiltration:RapidSand,MFiltration:PressurMembranesPre‐ChlorinatPre‐OzonatioPost‐OzonatioPost‐chlorinatChloramineMIOXGACPAC



# A 30 3.6% 80–100* x x x x x

B 56 6.7% 80–100* x x x x x

C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 8 C 750 89.7% 100 x x x x x x

836 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

A, B, C 4 A, B, C: Conventional + Pre-ozonation

+ Chloramines +pH adjustment (56,

30, 750 mgd) 1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# CAA-West Branch

Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlentnandMulti‐mediaeSandonnnon



# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pHAdjustmeRapidMixConventionalDirectFiltratioFiltration:SlowSFiltration:RapidSand,MFiltration:PressureMembranesPre‐ChlorinatioPre‐OzonationPost‐OzonatioPost‐chlorinatioChloraminesMIOXGACPAC



# A 30 3.6% 80–100* x x x x x

B 56 6.7% 80–100* x x x x x

C 750 89 7% 100

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 9 C 750 89

. 7% 100 xx x x x x

836 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

A, B, C: Conventional + Preozonation + Chloramines + pH

adjustment (56, 30, 720 mgd) 5 CAAW-1: 800 mgd Conventional

+ Pre-ozonation + Chloramines+

pH adjustment 1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# CAAW-1

Alum or Ferric O3 Chlorine

Ammonia

Caustic Sulfuric

Acid



#  Size- 800 m g d Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Influent

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 10 

# g

 Particulate Removal- conventi onal + multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

# Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControljustmentMixtionaltrationSlowSandapidSand,mediaPressurendranesrinationnationonationrinationminesOXCC 

# Central Delta

Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pHAdjRapidConvenDirectFilFiltration:SFiltration:RaMulti‐mFiltration:SanMembrPre‐ChloPre‐OzoPost‐OzoPost‐chloChloramMIOGAPAC



# A 8 2.8% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

B 21 7.4% 100 x x x x

C 26 9.2% 100* x x x

D 28 9.9% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x x

E 40 14.1% 100 x x x x x x x x

F 42 14.8% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x x

G 44 15.5% 0

‐ 100 x x x

H 75 26.4% 100 x x x x

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 11 284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value



# 1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControljustmentMixntionalltrationSlowSandapidSand,mediaPressurendranesorinationnationonationrinationminesOXACC 

# Central Delta

Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pHAdjRapidConvenDirectFilFiltration:SFiltration:RMulti‐mFiltration:SanMembPre‐ChloPre‐OzoPost‐OzoPost‐chloChloramMIOGAPA



# A 8 2.8% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

B 21 7.4% 100 x x x x

C 26 9.2% 100* x x x

D 28 9.9% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x x

E 40 14.1% 100 x x x x x x x x

F 42 14.8% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x x

G 44 15.5% 0

‐ 100 x x x

H 75 26.4% 100 x x x x

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 12 284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

1 Treat >70% Delta water.



# 2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlAdjustmentpidMixventionaltFiltrationn:SlowSandn:RapidSand,lti‐mediaon:PressureSandmbranesChlorinationOzonationOzonationhlorinationoraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# Central Delta

Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pHRaConvDirectFiltratioFiltrationMulFiltratioMemPre‐CPre‐OPost‐OPost‐cChloM



# A 8 2.8% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

B 21 7.4% 100 x x x x

C 26 9.2% 100* x x x

D 28 9.9% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x x

E 40 14.1% 100 x x x x x x x x

F 42 14.8% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x x

G 44 15.5% 0

‐ 100 x x x

H 75 26.4% 100 x x x x

284 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 13 *Temporary Approximate Value

1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.



# 3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlAdjustmentidMixentionalFiltration:SlowSandRapidSand,i‐median:PressureandmbraneshlorinationzonationOzonationlorinationraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# Central Delta

Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pHARapConveDirectFiltrationFiltration:MultFiltrationSaMemPre‐ChPre‐OzPost‐OPost‐chChlorMGP



# A 8 2.8% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

B 21 7.4% 100 x x x x

C 26 9.2% 100* x x x

D 28 9.9% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x x

E 40 14.1% 100 x x x x x x x x

F 42 14.8% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x x

G 44 15.5% 0

‐ 100 x x x

H 75 26.4% 100 x x x x

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 14 *Temporary Approximate Value

C, D, E, F 4 Conventional + ozone + chlorine+

chloramines + pH adjustment (26,

28, 40, 42 mgd) 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControldjustmentidMixentionalFiltration:SlowSandRapidSand,‐median:PressureandbraneslorinationzonationzonationorinationaminesIOXACPAC 

# Central Delta

x Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pHARapiConveDirectFFiltration:Filtration:MultiFiltrationSaMemPre‐ChlPre‐OzPost‐OzPost‐chlChloraMGPA



# A 8 2.8% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

B 21 7.4% 100 x x x x

C 26 9.2% 100* x x x

D 28 9.9% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x x

E 40 14.1% 100 x x x x x x x x

F 42 14.8% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x x

G 44 15.5% 0

‐ 100 x x x

H 75 26.4% 100 x x x x

284 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 15 *Temporary Approximate Value

Conventional + ozone +

chlorine+ chloramines + pH

adjustment (26, 28, 40, 42 mgd) 5 CD-1: 40 mgd

Conventional + ozone +

chlorine+ chloramines +

pH adjustment 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# CD-1

Alum O3 Chlorine

Caustic Ammonia Sulfuric

Acid



#  Size- 40 mgd

Partic late Remo al con entional + m lti media filtration Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Influent

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 16 

#  Partic u late Remo v al

- con v entional + m u lti

- media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone + chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

# NBA

Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment % Delta

W t Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlustmentMixionalrationowSandpidSand,ediaressuredanesinationationnationnationminesXC 

# (MGD) Capacity W a t erPre‐pHAdjuRapidMConventiDirectFiltFiltration:SloFiltration:RapMulti‐mFiltration:PSandMembraPre‐ChloriPre‐OzonPost‐OzonPost‐chloriChloramMIOXGACPAC



# A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80

‐ 100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50

‐ 80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25

‐ 50* x x x

122 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 17 *Temporary Approximate Value



# 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# Size % Regional

Treatment % Delta Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlstmentMixonalationowSandpidSand,ediaressurenesnationationationnationnesX 

# NBA

(MGD) Treatment

Capacity WaterPre‐pHAdjusRapidMConventioDirectFiltrFiltration:SloFiltration:RapMulti‐meFiltration:PrSandMembraPre‐ChlorinPre‐OzonaPost‐OzonaPost‐chlorinChloramiMIOXGACPAC



# A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80

‐ 100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50

‐ 80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25

‐ 50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 18 *Temporary Approximate Value

1 T reat >70% Delta water.



# 2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment % Delta

W t Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlustmentMixionalrationowSandpidSand,ediaressuredanesinationationnationnationinesXC 

# NBA

(MGD) Capacity W a t erPre‐pHAdjuRapidMConventiDirectFiltrFiltration:SloFiltration:RapMulti‐mFiltration:PSandMembraPre‐ChloriPre‐OzonPost‐OzonPost‐chloriChloramMIOXGACPAC



# A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80

‐ 100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50

‐ 80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25

‐ 50* x x x

122 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

* Temporary Approximate Value

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 19 B & C 4 Conventional + chlorine (7.5

and 12 mgd) Temporary Approximate Value

1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlustmentMixtionaltrationowSandapidSand,mediaPressuredanesrinationnationnationinationminesXCC 

# NBA

(MGD) Capacity WaterPre‐pHAdjuRapidMConventDirectFiltFiltration:SlFiltration:RaMulti‐mFiltration:PSandMembraPre‐ChlorPre‐OzonPost‐OzonPost‐chlorChloramMIOGACPAC



# A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80

‐ 100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50

‐ 80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25

‐ 50* x x x

122 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 20 D & E 4 Conventional + ozone +

chlorine (22.5 and 40 mgd)

*Temporary Approximate Value

1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlustmentMixtionaltrationlowSandapidSand,mediaPressuredranesrinationnationnationrinationminesOXCC 

# NBA

(MGD) Capacity WaterPre‐pHAdjRapidConventDirectFiltFiltration:SFiltration:RaMulti‐mFiltration:PSandMembrPre‐ChlorPre‐OzonPost‐OzoPost‐chlorChloramMIOGACPAC



# A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80

‐ 100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50

‐ 80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25

‐ 50* x x x

122 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 21 B & C

D & E 4 B&C: Conventional + chlorine

(7.5 and 12 mgd)

D&E: Conventional + ozone +

chlorine (22.5 and 40 mgd) 

# *Temporary Approximate Value

1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControldjustmentdMixntionaliltrationSlowSandRapidSand,media:PressurendbranesorinationonationonationorinationaminesOXACAC 

# NBA

CapacityPre‐pHAdRapidConvenDirectFFiltration:Filtration:RMulti‐Filtration:SaMembPre‐ChloPre‐OzoPost‐OzPost‐chloChloraMIGAPA



# A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80

‐ 100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50

‐ 80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25

‐ 50* x x x

122 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 22 Conventional + chlorine (7.5

and 12 mgd) 5 NBA-1: 10 mgd Conventional +

chlorine 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlustmentMixionalrationowSandpidSand,ediaPressuredanesinationnationnationinationminesXCC 

# NBA

(MGD) Capacity WaterPre‐pHAdjuRapidMConventDirectFiltFiltration:SlFiltration:RaMulti‐mFiltration:PSandMembraPre‐ChlorPre‐OzonPost‐OzonPost‐chloriChloramMIOXGACPAC



# A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80

‐ 100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50

‐ 80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25

‐ 50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*T A i V l

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 23 emporary A pprox i mate V a l ue

Conventional + ozone +

chlorine (22.5 and 40 mgd) 5 NBA-2: 20 mgd Conventional +

ozone + chlorine 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControldjustmentdMixntionaliltrationSlowSandRapidSand,media:PressurendbranesorinationonationonationorinationaminesOXACAC 

# NBA

CapacityPre‐pHAdRapidConvenDirectFFiltration:Filtration:RMulti‐Filtration:SaMembPre‐ChloPre‐OzoPost‐OzPost‐chloChloraMIGAPA



# A 5.2 4.0% 40* x x x x

B 7.5 5.8% 80

‐ 100* x x x

C 12 9.3% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

D 22.5 17.4% 70* x x x x x

E 40 31.0% 50

‐ 80* x x x x x

F 42 32.5% 25

‐ 50* x x x

122 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 24 Conventional + chlorine (7.5

and 12 mgd)

Conventional + ozone +

chlorine (22.5 and 40 mgd) 5 NBA-1: 10 mgd Conventional +

chlorine

NBA-2: 20 mgd Conventional +

ozone + chlorine 1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# NBA-1

Alum or Ferric Chlorine Chlorine



#  Size- 10 mgd

P ti l t R l ti l lti di filt ti Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 25 

#  P ar ti cu l a t e R emova l - conven ti ona l + mu lti -me di a filt ra ti on

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine



# NBA-2

Alum or Ferric O3 Chlorine O3



#  Size- 20 mgd

P ti l t R l ti l lti di filt ti Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Influent

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Ozone

Contactor

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 26 

#  P ar ti cu l a t e R emova l - conven ti ona l + mu lti -me di a filt ra ti on

 Primary Disinfection- ozone

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine

# Upper Watersheds

%

i l Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlHAdjustmentRapidMixnventionalectFiltrationion:SlowSandon:RapidSand,ulti‐mediation:PressureSandembranesChlorination‐Ozonationt‐Ozonation‐chlorinationhloraminesMIOXGACPAC



# Size

(MGD) Reg i ona l

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pRCoDireFiltratiFiltratioMFiltratMPre‐PrePostPost‐Ch



# A

‐ ‐ xx x x x

B

‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 27 J 45 5.5% x x x x x

K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity



# 1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# %

Regional Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlpHAdjustmentRapidMixonventionalrectFiltrationtion:SlowSandion:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaation:PressureSandMembranes‐Chlorinationre‐Ozonationst‐Ozonationt‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD) Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pCoDirFiltraFiltratMFiltraMPrePrPoPosC



# A

‐ ‐ xx x x x

B

‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 28 K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 T reat >70% Delta water.



# 2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# %

Ri l Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlHAdjustmentRapidMixonventionalectFiltrationion:SlowSandon:RapidSand,ulti‐mediation:PressureSandMembranesChlorinatione‐Ozonationt‐Ozonation‐chlorinationhloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD) R eg i ona l

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pRCoDireFiltratFiltratioMFiltratMPre‐PrePosPostCh



# A

‐ ‐ xx x x x

B

‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 29 K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.



# 3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# %

Regional Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlpHAdjustmentRapidMixonventionalrectFiltrationtion:SlowSandion:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaation:PressureSandMembranes‐Chlorinatione‐Ozonationst‐Ozonationt‐chlorinationhloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD) Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pCoDirFiltratFiltratiMFiltraMPrePrePosPostC



# A

‐ ‐ xx x x x

B

‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 30 K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

A, B, C, D,

F, H, L, N 4 Conventional + Chlorine + pH

adjustment (1, 7, 24, 28, 160, 200 mgd) 1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# %

Regional Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlpHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalrectFiltrationation:SlowSandtion:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaation:PressureSandMembranes‐Chlorinationre‐Ozonationost‐Ozonationst‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD) Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐CDirFiltraFiltratMFiltraMPrePrPoPosC



# A

‐ ‐ xx x x x

B

‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 31 K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

G, K, M 4 Direct Filtration + Chloramines

(25, 91, 175 mgd) 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# %

Regional Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlpHAdjustmentRapidMixonventionalrectFiltrationtion:SlowSandion:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaation:PressureSandMembranes‐Chlorinatione‐Ozonationst‐Ozonationt‐chlorinationhloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD) Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pCoDirFiltratFiltratiMFiltraMPrePrePosPostC



# A

‐ ‐ xx x x x

B

‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 32 K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

A, B, C, D,

F, H, L, N

G, K, M 4 A, B, C, D, F, H, L, N: Conventional +

Chlorine + pH adjustment (1, 7, 24,

28, 160, 200 mgd)

G, K, M: Direct Filtration +

Chloramines (25, 91, 175 mgd) 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# %

Re g ional Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

Control‐pHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalrectFiltrationation:SlowSandtion:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaration:PressureSandMembranese‐Chlorinationre‐Ozonationost‐Ozonationst‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD) g

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐CDiFiltraFiltratMFiltrMPrePrPoPosC



# A

‐ ‐ xx x x x

B

‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

K 91 11 1%

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 33 A, B, C, D, F, H, L, N: Conventional

+ Chlorine + pH adjustment (1, 7,

24, 28, 160, 200 mgd) 5 UW-1: 100 mgd

Conventional + Chlorine

+ pH adjustment 

# K 91 11

. 1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

%

Regional Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlpHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalrectFiltrationation:SlowSandtion:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaation:PressureSandMembranes‐Chlorinationre‐Ozonationost‐Ozonationst‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD) Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐CDirFiltraFiltratMFiltraMPrePrPoPosC



# A

‐ ‐ xx x x x

B

‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 34 G, K, M: Direct Filtration +

Chloramines (25, 91, 175 mgd) 5 UW-2: 100 mgd Direct

Filtration + Chloramines 

# K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# %

Regional Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlpHAdjustmentRapidMixonventionalrectFiltrationtion:SlowSandion:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaation:PressureSandMembranes‐Chlorinationre‐Ozonationst‐Ozonationt‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# Upper Watersheds

Size

(MGD) Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

WaterPre‐pCoDirFiltraFiltratMFiltraMPrePrPoPosC



# A

‐ ‐ xx x x x

B

‐ ‐ xx x x x

C 1 0.1% x x x x x

D 7 0.9% x x

E 17 2.1% x x

F 24 2.9% x x x x

G 25 3.1% x x x

H 28 3.4% x x x x

I 45 5.5% x x x x x

J 45 5.5% x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 35 A, B, C, D, F, H, L, N: Conventional +

Chlorine + pH adjustment (1, 7, 24, 28,

160, 200 mgd)

G, K, M: Direct Filtration + Chloramines

(25, 91, 175 mgd) 5 UW-1: 100 mgd

Conventional + Chlorine +

pH adjustment

UW-2: 100 mgd Direct

Filtration + Chloramines 

# K 91 11.1% x x x

L 160 19.6% x x x x x x

M 175 21.4% x x x

N 200 24.4% x x x x x x

818 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# UW-1

Alum or Ferric

Sulfuric Acid Chlorine Chlorine Lime



#  Size- 100 mgd Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 36 

#  Particulate Removal- conventi onal + multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine

 pH adjustment

# UW-2

Alum or Ferric Chlorine Ammonia



#  Size- 100 mgd Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Influent

Reservoir Floc.

Basin Rapid

Mix

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 37 

#  Particulate Removal- direct filtration (multi-media)

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlPre‐pHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalDirectFiltrationFiltration:SlowSandFiltration:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaFiltration:PressureSandMembranesPre‐ChlorinationPre‐OzonationPost‐OzonationPost‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# CAA

(MGD) Capacity WaterF



# A

‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80

‐ 100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 38 N 100 4.5% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45

‐ 86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39

‐ 75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32

‐ 55 x x x x x x x x



# 2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value 

# 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlPre‐pHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalDirectFiltrationFiltration:SlowSandFiltration:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaFiltration:PressureSandMembranesPre‐ChlorinationPre‐OzonationPost‐OzonationPost‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# CAA

(MGD) Capacity WaterF



# A

‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80

‐ 100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 39 N 100 4.5% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45

‐ 86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39

‐ 75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32

‐ 55 x x x x x x x x



# 2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

1 Treat >70% Delta water.



# 2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# Size

( MGD ) % Regional

Treatment

Ca p acit y % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlPre‐pHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalDirectFiltrationFiltration:SlowSandFiltration:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaFiltration:PressureSandMembranesPre‐ChlorinationPre‐OzonationPost‐OzonationPost‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# CAA

( ) p y

A

‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80

‐ 100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

N 100 4 5% 0 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 40 N 100 4

. 5% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45

‐ 86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39

‐ 75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32

‐ 55 x x x x x x



# 2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

*Temporary Approximate Value

1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.



# 3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlPre‐pHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalDirectFiltrationFiltration:SlowSandFiltration:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaFiltration:PressureSandMembranesPre‐ChlorinationPre‐OzonationPost‐OzonationPost‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# CAA

(MGD) Capacity WaterF



# A

‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80

‐ 100* x x x

K 43 2.0% 80

‐ 100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

N 100 4 5% 0 100

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 41 N 100 4

. 5% 0

‐ 100 x x xx x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45

‐ 86 x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39

‐ 75 x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32

‐ 55 x x x x x x



# 2201 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

K, L, M 4 Conventional + chloramines (43, 65,

80 mgd) 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlPre‐pHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalDirectFiltrationFiltration:SlowSandFiltration:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaFiltration:PressureSandMembranesPre‐ChlorinationPre‐OzonationPost‐OzonationPost‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# CAA

(MGD) Capacity WaterF



# A

‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80

‐ 100* x x x

K 43 2.0% 80

‐ 100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x

N 100 4 5% 0 100

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 42 N 100 4

. 5% 0

‐ 100 xx x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45

‐ 86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39

‐ 75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32

‐ 55 x x x x x x



# 2201 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

N, O, P, Q 4 Conventional + ozone + chloramines +

pH adjustment (100, 160, 520, 520

mgd) 1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.

# CAA

Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlPre‐pHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalDirectFiltrationFiltration:SlowSandFiltration:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaFiltration:PressureSandMembranesPre‐ChlorinationPre‐OzonationPost‐OzonationPost‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC



# A

‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80

‐ 100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

N 100 4.5% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 43 K, L, M

N, O, P, Q 4 K, L, M: Conventional + chloramines (43,

65, 80,mgd)

N, O, P, Q: Conventional + ozone +

chloramines +pH adjustment (100, 160,

520, 520 mgd) 

# N 100 4.5% 0 100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45

‐ 86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39

‐ 75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32

‐ 55 x x x x x x x



# 2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 Treat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 Treatment process used at least twice in the region.



# 4 Consolidate treatment trains.

5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# Size

( MGD ) % Regional

Treatment

Ca p acit y % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlPre‐pHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalDirectFiltrationFiltration:SlowSandFiltration:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaFiltration:PressureSandMembranesPre‐ChlorinationPre‐OzonationPost‐OzonationPost‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# CAA

( ) p y

A

‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80

‐ 100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

N 100 4 5% 0 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 44 N 100 4

. 5% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45

‐ 86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39

‐ 75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32

‐ 55 x x x x x x x



# 2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains. K, L, M: Conventional +

chloramines (43, 65, 80

mgd) 5 CA-1: 40 mgd Conventional +

chloramines

# Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlPre‐pHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalDirectFiltrationFiltration:SlowSandFiltration:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaFiltration:PressureSandMembranesPre‐ChlorinationPre‐OzonationPost‐OzonationPost‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC 

# CAA

(MGD) Capacity WaterF



# A

‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80

‐ 100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

N 100 4 5% 0 100

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 45 N 100 4

. 5% 0

‐ 100 xx x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45

‐ 86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39

‐ 75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32

‐ 55 x x x x x x x



# 2201 T otal Regional Treatment Capacity

N, O, P, Q: Conventional +

ozone + chloramines+ pH

adjustment (100, 160, 520,

520 mgd) 5 CA-2: 500 mgd Conventional +

ozone + chloramines + pH

adjustment 1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains.



# CAA

Size

(MGD) % Regional

Treatment

Capacity % Delta

Water Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControlPre‐pHAdjustmentRapidMixConventionalDirectFiltrationFiltration:SlowSandFiltration:RapidSand,Multi‐mediaFiltration:PressureSandMembranesPre‐ChlorinationPre‐OzonationPost‐OzonationPost‐chlorinationChloraminesMIOXGACPAC



# A

‐ ‐ * xx x x

B 2.2 0.1% * x x x

C 3 0.1% * x x x x

D 3.1 0.1% * x x x x

E 4 0.2% 100* x x x

F 5 0.2% * x x x x

G 10 0.5% 100* x x x

H 12 0.5% * x x x x x

I 14 0.6% 100* x x x

J 30 1.4% 80

‐ 100* x x x x

K 43 2.0% 80

‐ 100* x x x x x x x

L 65 3.0% 100* x x x

M 80 3.6% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

N 100 4.5% 0

‐ 100 x x x x x x

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 46 1 T reat >70% Delta water.

2 >10% Regional Contribution or >20 mgd Capacity.

3 T reatment process used at least twice in the region.

4 Consolidate treatment trains.



# 5 Select flows representative of selected treatment trains. K, M: Conventional + chloramines (43,

80, mgd)

N, O, P, Q: Conventional + ozone +

chloramines (100, 160, 520, 520 mgd) 5 CA-1: 40 mgd Conventional +

chloramines

CA-2: 500 mgd Conventional + ozone

+ chloramines + pH adjustment 

# N 100 4.5% 0 100 x x x x x x

O 160 7.3% 100 x x x x x x

P 520 23.6% 45

‐ 86 x x x x x x x

Q 520 23.6% 39

‐ 75 x x x x x x x

R 630 28.6% 32

‐ 55 x x x x x x x



# 2201 Total Regional Treatment Capacity

# CAA-1

Alum or Ferric Ammonia

Fluoride Chlorine



#  Size- 40 mgd

 Particulate Removal conventional + multi media filtration Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 47 

#  Particulate Removal

- conventional + multi

- media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines



# CAA-2

Alum or Ferric O3 Chlorine

Ammonia

Caustic

Fluoride Sulfuric

Acid



#  Size- 500 mgd

 Particulate Removal conventional + multi media filtration Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Influent

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 48 

#  Particulate Removal

- conventional + multi

- media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

 Fluoridation

# Particulate Removal Disinfection DBP

ControltmentxnaltionwSanddSand,diaureSandesationiontionationes 

# VWTP Summary

Region Identifier Size

(MGD)Pre‐pHAdjustRapidMixConventionDirectFiltratFiltration:SlowFiltration:RapidMulti‐medFiltration:PressuMembranePre‐ChlorinaPre‐OzonatPost‐OzonatPost‐chlorinaChloraminMIOXGACPAC



# Upper Watersheds UW

‐ 1 100 x x x x x x

UW

‐ 2 100 x x x

NBA NBA

‐ 1 20 x x xxx

NBA

‐ 2 10 x x x

Central Delta CD 1 40

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 49 Central Delta CD

‐ 1 40 xxx x x x x

CAA CAA

‐ 1 40 x x x x

CAA

‐ 2 500 x x x x x x

CAA

‐ West Branch CAAW

‐ 1 800 x x x x x x



# VWTP Summary

UW-1

 Size- 100 mgd

 Particulate Removalconventional + multi-media

filtration

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine

 pH adjustment CD-1

 Size- 40 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional +

multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone +

chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

UW-2

 Size- 100 mgd

 Particulate Removal- direct

filtration (multi-media)

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfectionchloramines

NBA-1

 Size- 20 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional +

multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection ozone CAA-2

 Size- 500 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional +

multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone CAA-1

 Size- 40 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional +

multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 50 CAAW-1

 Size- 800 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional + multimedia filtration

 Primary Disinfection- ozone

 Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment  Primary Disinfection

- ozone

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine  Secondary Disinfection- chloramines

 pH adjustment

NBA-1

 Size- 10 mgd

 Particulate Removal- conventional

+ multi-media filtration

 Primary Disinfection- chlorine

 Secondary Disinfection- chlorine

# Region Total

Regional

Treatment Identifier Size

(MGD) Predominant Process Trains/ VWTPs 

# Regional Treatment Summary

Capacity

(MGD) (MGD)

Upper Watersheds 818 UW

‐ 1 100 Conventional + chlorine + pH adjustment

UW

‐ 2 100 Direct Filtration + chlorine + chloramines

NBA 122 NBA

‐ 1 20 Conventional + ozone + chlorine

NBA

‐ 2 10 Conventional + chlorine

Central Delta 284 CD

‐ 1 40 Conventional + ozone + chlorine + chloramines + pH

adjustment

CAA

‐ 1 40 Conventional + chlorine + chloramines

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 51 CAA 2201 CAA 40 Conventional chlorine chloramines

CAA

‐ 2 500 Conventional + ozone + chloramines + pH adjustment

CAA

‐ West Branch 836 CAAW

‐ 1 800 Conventional + ozone + chloramines + pH adjustment



# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Drinking Water Treatment

Evaluation

END APPENDIX D

Development of Virtual Water

INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS, SCIENTISTS AND CONSULTANTS 

# 52 

# Development of Virtual Water

Treatment Plants (VWTPs)

# THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 2

3054008 

# E-1 

# Appendix E

Baseline Virtual Water Treatment Plants in EPAWTPM

# WTPM_v.2.0 Input s

Baseline Inputs

Input Paramete r Value Units Basis Source

Influen t (median to 90th percentile)



# pH 7.7 pH 7.1 to 7.7 WDL



# Influent Temperatur e 20 °C 20 default



# Minimum Temperatur e 5 °C 5 default



# TOC 3 mg/ L 1.8 to 3.0 TM1/WDL



# UV254 0.091 1/cm 0.046 to 0.091 WDL



# Bromide 0.02 mg/ L 0.01 to 0.02 TM1/WDL



# Alkalinity 78 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 61 to 78 WDL



# Calcium Hardness 35 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 30 to 35 WDL



# Total Hardness 68 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 55 to 68 WDL



# Ammonia 0.63 mg/L as N 0.3 to 0.63 WDL



# Turbidit y 31 NTU 11 to 31 WDL



# Crypto Removal + Inactivation 3 logs default



# Multiplier for Crypto CT by ClO

2 

# 7.5 default



# Peak Flow 100 mgd VWTP Development Task 2



# Alum

Dose 35 mg/L as Al

2 

# (SO

4 

# )

3 

# ∙ 14H 2 

# O

Sulfuric Acid

Dose 5.8 mg/L as H 2 

# SO 4



# Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 4.9 mg/L as Cl

2



# Rapid Mix 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

Sulfuric Acid

Chlroine (gas)

Influent Chlorine (gas)

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Sodium Hydroxide 

# UW

‐ 1

Volume 0.035 MG 30

‐ sec detention time



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Flocculation

Volume 2.08 MG 30

‐ min detention time



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Sedimentation

Volume 5.98 MG 1500 gpd/ft 2 

# overflow rate, 12 ft depth



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Filtration

Liquid Volum e 1.39 MG 6 gpm/ft2, 16 ft total depth, media depth 2

‐ 3 ft



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.7 ratio

Chlorinated Backwash Wate r FALSE true/false

Filter Media (Antracite/Sand or GAC) S S or G

Crypto Log Removal by Filters 2 logs

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 0.8 mg/L as Cl

2



# Reservoir

Volume of Basin 15 MG 15% of Design Flow rate Kawamura 2000



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 2 mg/L as Cl

2



# Sodium Hydroxide

Dose 20 mg/L as NaOH

WTP Effluent

‐

Additional Poin t

Residence Time for Avg. Flow 3 days

WDL = Water Data Librar y

# WTPM_v.2.0 Inputs

Baseline Inputs

Input Parameter Value Units Basis Source

Influent (median to 90th percentile)



# pH 7.9 pH 7.4 to 7.9 WDL



# Influent Temperature 20 °C 20



# Minimum Temperature 5 °C 5



# TOC 4.8 mg/L 3.2 to 4.8 TM1/WDL



# UV254 0.193 1/cm 0.108 to 0.1934 WDL



# Bromide 0.48 mg/L 0.18 to 0.48 TM1/WDL



# Alkalinity 82 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 68 to 82 WDL



# Calcium Hardness 55 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 43 to 55 WDL



# Total Hardness 113 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 86 to 113 WDL



# Ammonia 0.11 mg/L as N 0.05 to 0.11 WDL



# Turbidity 23 NTU 11 to 23 WDL



# Crypto Removal + Inactivation 3 logs default



# Multiplier for Crypto CT by ClO

2 

# 7.5 default



# Peak Flow 40 mgd VWTP Development Task 2



# Sulfuric Acid

Dose 25 mg/L as H 2 

# SO 4 

# Bromate control



# Ozone

Dose 2.5 mg/L as O 3



# Ozone Chamber

Volume 0.333 MG 12 minute detention time LT2ESWTR T&C Doc



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.6 ratio

Alum

Dose 29 mg/L as Al

2 

# (SO

4 

# )

3 

# ∙ 14H 2 

# O Step 1 Enhanced Coag. Rmvl Rqmts



# Rapid Mix 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

‐ 29 mg/L

Influent

TOC

‐ 4.8 mg/L O3

‐ 2.5 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor Sodium Hypochlorite

‐ 1.9 mg/L

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Sulfuric Acid

‐ 25 mg/L Sodium Hypochlorite

‐ 2.7 mg/L

Ammonia

‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide

‐ 24 mg/L 

# CD

‐ 1

p

Volume 0.014 MG 30

‐ sec detention time



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Flocculation

Volume 0.833 MG 30

‐ min detention time



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Sedimentation

Volume 2 MG 1500 gpd/ft 2 

# overflow rate, 12 ft depth



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Filtration

Liquid Volume 0.554 MG 6 gpm/ft2, 16 ft total depth, media depth 2

‐ 3 ft



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.7 ratio

Chlorinated Backwash Water true/false

Filter Media (Antracite/Sand or GAC) S S or G

Crypto Log Removal by Filters 2 logs

Sodium Hypochlorite

Dose 1.9 mg/L as Cl

2 

# 1.5 CT Ratio at 5 degrees Celcius



# Reservoir

Volume of Basin 6 MG 15% of Design Flow rate Kawamura 2000



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Sodium Hypochlorite

Dose 2.7 mg/L as Cl

2 

# 3 mg/L finished water chloramine residual



# Ammonia

Dose 0.6 mg/L as N 3 mg/L finished water chloramine residual



# Sodium Hydroxide

Dose 24 mg/L as NaOH Finished water pH 8.1



# WTP Effluent

‐

Additional Point

Residence Time for Avg. Flow 3 days

WDL = Water Data Library

# WTPM_v.2.0 Input s

Baseline Inputs

Input Paramete r Value Units Basis Source

Influen t (median to 90th percentile)



# pH 8 pH 7.6 to 8.0 WDL



# Influent Temperatur e 20 °C

Minimum Temperatur e 5 °C

TOC 5.2 mg/ L 3.2 to 5.2 TM1/WDL



# UV254 0.1722 1/cm 0.103 to 0.1722 WDL



# Bromide 0.38 mg/ L 0.19 to 0.38 TM1/WDL



# Alkalinity 84 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 75 to 84 WDL



# Calcium Hardness 60 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 48 to 60 WDL



# Total Hardness 118 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 99 to 118 WDL



# Ammonia 0.06 mg/L as N 0.02 to 0.06 WDL



# Turbidit y 16 NTU 6 to 16 WDL



# Crypto Removal + Inactivation 3 logs

Multiplier for Crypto CT by ClO

2 

# 7.8

Peak Flow 40 mgd VWTP Development Task 2



# Chlorine (gas)

Dose 0.5 mg/L as Cl

2



# Alum

Dose 37 mg/L as Al

2 

# (SO

4 

# )

3 

# ∙ 14H 2 

# O

Rapid Mix

Volume 0.014 MG 30

‐ sec detention time



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

R ti f T10/D t ti Ti 0 1 ti 

# CAA

‐ 1

Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Chlorine

Influent

Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Chlorine

Ammonia

Sodium Hydroxide Alum Chlorine

Rapid

Mix 

# CAA

‐ 1

Ratio o f T10 / Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Flocculation

Volume 0.83 MG 30

‐ min detention time



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Sedimentation

Volume 2.39 MG 1500 gpd/ft 2 

# overflow rate, 12 ft depth



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Filtration

Liquid Volum e 0.55 MG 6 gpm/ft2, 16 ft total depth, media depth 2

‐ 3 ft



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.7 ratio

Chlorinated Backwash Wate r true/false

Filter Media (Antracite/Sand or GAC) S S or G

Crypto Log Removal by Filters logs

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 1 mg/L as Cl

2



# Reservoir

Volume of Basin 6 MG 15% of Design Flow rate Kawamura 2000



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 2.7 mg/L as Cl

2



# Ammonia

Dose 0.6 mg/L as N

Sodium Hydroxide

Dose 17 mg/l as NaOH

WTP Effluent

‐

Additional Poin t

Residence Time for Avg. Flow 3 days

WDL = Water Data Librar y

# Distribution

S stem Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

B i Alum

‐ 23 mg/L

Influent

TOC

‐ 5.2 mg/L O3

‐ 2.5 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

B i Rapid

Mi Chlorine (gas)

‐ 2.7 mg/L

Ammonia

‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide

‐ 36 mg/L Chlorine (gas)

‐ 1.5 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid

‐ 30 mg/L 

# CAA

‐ 2

WTPM_v.2.0 Inputs

Baseline Inputs

Input Parameter Value Units Basis Source

Influent (median to 90th percentile)



# pH 8 pH 7.6 to 8.0 WDL



# Influent Temperature 20 °C

Minimum Temperature 5 °C

TOC 5.2 mg/L 3.2 to 5.2 TM1/WDL



# UV254 0.1722 1/cm 0.103 to 0.1722 WDL



# Bromide 0 38 mg/L 0 19 0 38 TM1/WDL 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

‐ 23 mg/L

Influent

TOC

‐ 5.2 mg/L O3

‐ 2.5 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Chlorine (gas)

‐ 2.7 mg/L

Ammonia

‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide

‐ 36 mg/L Chlorine (gas)

‐ 1.5 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid

‐ 30 mg/L 

# CAA

‐ 2

Brom id e 0

. 38 mg /L 0.19 to 0.38 TM1/WDL



# Alkalinity 84 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 75 to 84 WDL



# Calcium Hardness 60 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 48 to 60 WDL



# Total Hardness 118 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 99 to 118 WDL



# Ammonia 0.06 mg/L as N 0.02 to 0.06 WDL



# Turbidity 16 NTU 6 to 16 WDL



# Crypto Removal + Inactivation 3 logs

Multiplier for Crypto CT by ClO

2 

# 7.5

Peak Flow 500 mgd VWTP Development Task 2



# Sulfuric Acid

Dose 30 mg/L as H 2 

# SO 4



# Ozone

Dose 2.5 mg/L as O 3



# Ozone Chamber

Volume 4.167 MG 12 minute detention time LT2ESWTR T&C Doc



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.6 ratio

Alum

Dose 23 mg/L as Al

2 

# (SO

4 

# )

3 

# ∙ 14H 2 

# O

Rapid Mix

Volume 0.174 MG 30

‐ sec detention time



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

R ti T10/D t ti Ti 0 1 ti ao of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Flocculation

Volume 10.42 MG 30

‐ min detention time



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Sedimentation

Volume 29.92 MG 1500 gpd/ft 2 

# overflow rate, 12 ft depth



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 1.5 mg/L as Cl

2



# Filtration

Liquid Volume 6.93 MG 6 gpm/ft2, 16 ft total depth, media depth 2

‐ 3 ft



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.7 ratio

Chlorinated Backwash Water true/false

Filter Media (Antracite/Sand or GAC) S S or G

Crypto Log Removal by Filters logs

Chlorine (Gas)

Dose 2.7 mg/L as Cl

2



# Ammonia

Dose 0.6 mg/L as N

Reservoir

V l B i oume of asn 75 MG 15% of Design Flow rate Kawamura 2000



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Sodium Hydroxide

Dose 36 mg/L as NaOH

WTP Effluent

‐

Additional Point

Residence Time for Avg. Flow 3 days

WDL = Water Data Librar y

# WTPM_v.2.0 Inputs

Baseline Inputs

Input Parameter Value Units Basis Source

Influent (median to 90th percentile)



# pH 8.8 pH 8 to 8.8 WDL



# Influent Temperature 20 °C

Minimum Temperature 5 °C

TOC 3.8 mg/L 2.9 to 3.8 TM1/WDL



# UV254 0.1 1/cm 0.077 to 0.10 WDL



# Bromide 0.26 mg/L 0.19 to 0.26 TM1/WDL



# Alkalinity 106 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 88 to 106 WDL



# Calcium Hardness 94 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 65 to 94 WDL



# Total Hardness 158 mg/L as CaCO 3 

# 120 to 158 WDL



# Ammonia 0.041 mg/L as N 0.02 to 0.041 WDL



# Turbidity 3 NTU 2 to 3.0 WDL



# Crypto Removal + Inactivation 3 logs

Multiplier for Crypto CT by ClO

2 

# 7.5

Peak Flow 800 mgd VWTP Development Task 2



# Sulfuric Acid

Dose 30 mg/L as H 2 

# SO 4



# Ozone

Dose 1.8 mg/L as O 3



# Ozone Chamber

Volume 6.667 MG 12 minute detention time LT2ESWTR T&C Doc



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.6 ratio

Alum

Dose 12 mg/L as Al

2 

# (SO

4 

# )

3 

# ∙ 14H 2 

# O

Rapid Mix 

# Distribution

System Multi

‐ media

Filters Floc.

Basin Alum

‐ 12 mg/L

Influent O3

‐ 1.8 mg/L

Ozone

Contactor Reservoir Sedimentation

Basin Rapid

Mix Sodium Hypochlorite

‐ 2.6 mg/L

Ammonia

‐ 0.6 mg/L

Sodium Hydroxide

‐ 21 mg/L Sodium Hypochlorite

‐ 1.3 mg/L

Sulfuric Acid

‐ 30 mg/L 

# CAAW

‐ 1

p

Volume 0.278 MG 30

‐ sec detention time



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Flocculation

Volume 17 MG 30

‐ min detention time



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.1 ratio

Sedimentation

Volume 48 MG 1500 gpd/ft 2 

# overflow rate, 12 ft depth



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Filtration

Liquid Volume 11.082 MG 6 gpm/ft2, 16 ft total depth, media depth 2

‐ 3 ft



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.7 ratio

Chlorinated Backwash Water FALSE true/false

Filter Media (Antracite/Sand or GAC) S S or G

Crypto Log Removal by Filters 2 logs

Sodium Hypochlorite

Dose 1.3 mg/L as Cl

2



# Reservoir

Volume of Basin 120 MG 15% of Design Flow rate Kawamura 2000



# Ratio of T50/Detention Time 1 ratio

Ratio of T10/Detention Time 0.5 ratio

Sodium Hypochlorite

Dose 2.6 mg/L as Cl

2



# Ammonia

Dose 0.6 mg/L as N

Sodium Hydroxide

Dose 21 mg/L as NaOH

WTP Effluent

‐

Additional Point

Residence Time for Avg. Flow 3 days

WDL = Water Data Library

# References

Water Data Library (WDL)

‐ http://www.water.ca.gov/waterdatalibrary/waterquality/station_county/index.cfm

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation Technical Memorandum 1

‐ Definition of Study Boundaries

Kawamura, S. Integrated Design and Operation of Water Treatment Facilities. 2000

# THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 2

3054008 

# G-1 

# Appendix F

EPAWTPM Inputs for VWTP Tr eatment Trigger AnalysisUW‐1CurrentRegulatoryScenarioInputParameter Value UnitsNOTES:Treatmenttargetsequal80%ofcurrentMCLvalues.pH 7.7 pH=90thpercentile water qualityInfluentTemperature16°C=2ormoretreatmenttargetsexceeded*MinimumTemperature 5 °C=1treatmenttargetexceeded*TOC mg/L=notreatmenttargetsexceededUV254 =0.0296*TOC+0.0033 1/cmBromide mg/LAlkalinity78mg/LasCaCO3CalciumHardness 35mg/LasCaCO3TotalHardness 68mg/LasCaCO3Ammonia0.02 mg/LasNTurbidity31 NTUAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose31 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose48 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/L90thPercentileWaterQualityDistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumSulfuricAcidInfluentChlorine(gas)ReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHydroxideChlroine(gas)UW‐1SulfuricAcidDose5.8mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 0.9 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.4 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 21 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 23 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 28 mg/LTOCRemoval 25 % TOCRemoval 25 % TOCRemoval 25 % TOCRemoval 27 % TOCRemoval 35 %3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayTTHM92 ug/L3‐dayTTHM103 ug/L3‐dayTTHM106 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA530 ug/L3‐dayHAA536 ug/L3‐dayHAA540 ug/L3‐dayHAA542 ug/L3‐dayHAA955 ug/L3‐dayHAA964 ug/L3‐dayHAA974 ug/L3‐dayHAA980 ug/L3‐dayHAA983 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose31 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose48 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose0.9 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.4 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose21 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose23 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayTTHM89 ug/L3‐dayTTHM99 ug/L3‐dayTTHM102 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA531 ug/L3‐dayHAA537 ug/L3‐dayHAA541 ug/L3‐dayHAA543 ug/L3‐dayHAA954 ug/L3‐dayHAA963 ug/L3‐dayHAA973 ug/L3‐dayHAA979 ug/L3‐dayHAA981 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LAlumDose30mg/LAlumDose30mg/LAlumDose31mg/LAlumDose35mg/LAlumDose48mg/LBr0.20.16DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumSulfuricAcidInfluentChlorine(gas)ReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHydroxideChlroine(gas)UW‐1AlumDose30mg/LAlumDose30mg/LAlumDose31mg/LAlumDose35mg/LAlumDose48mg/LSulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 0.9 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.4 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 21 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose23mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM85 ug/L3‐dayTTHM95 ug/L3‐dayTTHM98 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA532 ug/L3‐dayHAA538 ug/L3‐dayHAA543 ug/L3‐dayHAA544 ug/L3‐dayHAA953 ug/L3‐dayHAA961 ug/L3‐dayHAA970 ug/L3‐dayHAA976 ug/L3‐dayHAA978 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose31 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose48 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose0.9 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.4 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose21 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose23 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM77 ug/L3‐dayTTHM86 ug/L3‐dayTTHM88 ug/L3‐dayHAA529 ug/L3‐dayHAA535 ug/L3‐dayHAA542 ug/L3‐dayHAA547 ug/L3‐dayHAA548 ug/L3‐dayHAA947 ug/L3‐dayHAA955 ug/L3‐dayHAA963 ug/L3‐dayHAA968 ug/L3‐dayHAA970 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/Lromide0.120.06DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumSulfuricAcidInfluentChlorine(gas)ReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHydroxideChlroine(gas)UW‐1AlumDose 30 mg/L AlumDose 30 mg/L AlumDose 31 mg/L AlumDose 35 mg/L AlumDose 47 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 0.9 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.4 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose21 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose23 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayHAA533 ug/L3‐dayHAA540 ug/L3‐dayHAA548 ug/L3‐dayHAA553 ug/L3‐dayHAA555 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA947 ug/L3‐dayHAA955 ug/L3‐dayHAA959 ug/L3‐dayHAA961 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LTOC2TOC2.5TOC3TOC3.5TOC4UV2540.063UV2540.077UV2540.092UV2540.107UV2540.122TOCandUV2540.02DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumSulfuricAcidInfluentChlorine(gas)ReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHydroxideChlroine(gas)UW‐1UW‐1PlausibleRegulatoryScenarioInputParameter Value UnitsNOTES:HAA9PlausiblescenarioisonLRAAbasis(useavgtemp=16Cresultsfrom'current'runstodetermineexceed)pH 7.7 pHTreatmenttargetsequal80%ofcurrentMCLvalues.InfluentTemperature24°C=90thpercentile water qualityMinimumTemperature 5 °C=2ormoretreatmenttargetsexceeded*TOC mg/L=1treatmenttargetexceeded*UV254 =0.0296*TOC+0.0033 1/cm=notreatmenttargetsexceededBromide mg/LAlkalinity78mg/LasCaCO3CalciumHardness 35mg/LasCaCO3TotalHardness 68mg/LasCaCO3Ammonia0.02 mg/LasNTurbidity31 NTUAlumDose29 mg/LAlumDose29 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LWaterQualityDistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumSulfuricAcidInfluentChlorine(gas)ReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHydroxideChlroine(gas)UW‐1SulfuricAcidDose5.8mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 0.9 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.5 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 19 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 23 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 25 mg/LTOCRemoval 25 % TOCRemoval 25 % TOCRemoval 25 % TOCRemoval 28 % TOCRemoval 31 %3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayTTHM96 ug/L3‐dayTTHM112 ug/L3‐dayTTHM125 ug/L3‐dayTTHM134 ug/L3‐dayHAA529 ug/L3‐dayHAA535 ug/L3‐dayHAA543 ug/L3‐dayHAA547 ug/L3‐dayHAA552 ug/L3‐dayHAA955 ug/L3‐dayHAA964 ug/L3‐dayHAA974 ug/L3‐dayHAA980 ug/L3‐dayHAA983 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LAlumDose29 mg/LAlumDose29 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose0.9 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.5 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose19 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose23 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose25 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval31 %3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayTTHM93 ug/L3‐dayTTHM108 ug/L3‐dayTTHM120 ug/L3‐dayTTHM130 ug/L3‐dayHAA530 ug/L3‐dayHAA536 ug/L3‐dayHAA544 ug/L3‐dayHAA549 ug/L3‐dayHAA553 ug/L3‐dayHAA954 ug/L3‐dayHAA963 ug/L3‐dayHAA973 ug/L3‐dayHAA979 ug/L3‐dayHAA981 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LAlumDose29mg/LAlumDose29mg/LAlumDose30mg/LAlumDose35mg/LAlumDose40mg/LBr0.160.2DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumSulfuricAcidInfluentChlorine(gas)ReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHydroxideChlroine(gas)UW‐1AlumDose29mg/LAlumDose29mg/LAlumDose30mg/LAlumDose35mg/LAlumDose40mg/LSulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 0.9 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.5 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 19 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose23mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose25 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval31 %3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM89 ug/L3‐dayTTHM103 ug/L3‐dayTTHM115 ug/L3‐dayTTHM124 ug/L3‐dayHAA531 ug/L3‐dayHAA538 ug/L3‐dayHAA546 ug/L3‐dayHAA550 ug/L3‐dayHAA555 ug/L3‐dayHAA953 ug/L3‐dayHAA961 ug/L3‐dayHAA970 ug/L3‐dayHAA976 ug/L3‐dayHAA978 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LAlumDose29 mg/LAlumDose29 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5.8 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose0.9 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose1.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.5 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose19mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose23 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose25 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval31 %3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM80 ug/L3‐dayTTHM93 ug/L3‐dayTTHM104 ug/L3‐dayTTHM112 ug/L3‐dayHAA534 ug/L3‐dayHAA541 ug/L3‐dayHAA550 ug/L3‐dayHAA555 ug/L3‐dayHAA560 ug/L3‐dayHAA947 ug/L3‐dayHAA955 ug/L3‐dayHAA963 ug/L3‐dayHAA968 ug/L3‐dayHAA970 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/Lromide0.060.12DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumSulfuricAcidInfluentChlorine(gas)ReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHydroxideChlroine(gas)UW‐1AlumDose 29 mg/L AlumDose 29 mg/L AlumDose 30 mg/L AlumDose 35 mg/L AlumDose 40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 5.8 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 0.9 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LPrimaryChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.5 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 19 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose20 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose23 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose25 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval31 %3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM80 ug/L3‐dayTTHM89 ug/L3‐dayTTHM96 ug/L3‐dayHAA538 ug/L3‐dayHAA547 ug/L3‐dayHAA557 ug/L3‐dayHAA563 ug/L3‐dayHAA569 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA947 ug/L3‐dayHAA955 ug/L3‐dayHAA959 ug/L3‐dayHAA961 ug/L3‐dayBromate0ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LTOC2TOC2.5TOC3TOC3.5TOC4UV2540.063UV2540.077UV2540.092UV2540.107UV2540.122TOCandUV2540.02DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumSulfuricAcidInfluentChlorine(gas)ReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHydroxideChlroine(gas)UW‐1CD‐1CurrentRegulatoryScenarioInputParameter Value UnitsNOTES:Treatmenttargetsequal80%ofcurrentMCLvalues.pH 7.9 pH=90thpercentile water qualityInfluentTemperature18°C=2ormoretreatmenttargetsexceeded*MinimumTemperature 5 °C=1treatmenttargetexceeded*TOC mg/L=notreatmenttargetsexceededUV254 =0.0383x‐0.0211 1/cmBromide mg/LAlkalinity82 mg/LasCaCO3CalciumHardness 55 mg/LasCaCO3TotalHardness 113 mg/LasCaCO3Ammonia0.11 mg/LasNTurbidity 23 NTU0.80SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM28 ug/L3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM81 ug/L3‐dayTTHM85 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L0.75SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM28 ug/L3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM45 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM80 ug/L3‐dayTTHM84 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L0.70SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose1mg/LOzoneDose1.3mg/LOzoneDose1.5mg/LOzoneDose1.8mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3mg/LOzoneDose2.5mg/LOzoneDose2.8mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3mg/LOzoneDose3.5mg/LOzoneDose3.8mg/LOzoneDose4mg/L90thPercentileWaterQualityDistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorSodiumHypochloriteReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSulfuricAcidSodiumHypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideCD‐1OzoneDose1mg/LOzoneDose1.3mg/LOzoneDose1.5mg/LOzoneDose1.8mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3mg/LOzoneDose2.5mg/LOzoneDose2.8mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3mg/LOzoneDose3.5mg/LOzoneDose3.8mg/LOzoneDose4mg/LAlumDose 22 mg/LAlumDose 25 mg/LAlumDose 30 mg/LAlumDose 35 mg/LAlumDose 40 mg/LAlumDose 45 mg/LAlumDose 50 mg/LAlumDose 38 mg/LAlumDose 38 mg/LAlumDose 39 mg/LAlumDose 39 mg/LAlumDose 40 mg/LAlumDose 40 mg/LChlorineDose 1.5 mg/LChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LChlorineDose 1.9 mg/LChlorineDose 1.9 mg/LChlorineDose 2 mg/LChlorineDose 2 mg/LChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM28 ug/L3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM45 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayTTHM83 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L0.65SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM28 ug/L3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayTTHM83 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L0.60SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM27 ug/L3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM77 ug/L3‐dayTTHM82 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L0.55SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM27 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM81 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayHAA944 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L0.50SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LBroDistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorSodiumHypochloriteReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSulfuricAcidSodiumHypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideCD‐1ChlorineDose 1.5 mg/LChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LChlorineDose 1.9 mg/LChlorineDose 1.9 mg/LChlorineDose 2 mg/LChlorineDose 2 mg/LChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM27 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM45 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L0.45SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM26 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA944 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L0.40SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM26 ug/L3‐dayTTHM31 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM77 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayHAA946 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L0.35SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM25 ug/L3‐dayTTHM30 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayHAA947 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L0.30SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LmideDistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorSodiumHypochloriteReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSulfuricAcidSodiumHypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideCD‐1SecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM25 ug/L3‐dayTTHM30 ug/L3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM45 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayHAA946 ug/L3‐dayHAA948 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L0.25SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM24 ug/L3‐dayTTHM29 ug/L3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayHAA946 ug/L3‐dayHAA948 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L0.20SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose22 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose39 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval27 %TOCRemoval31 %TOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %3‐dayTTHM23 ug/L3‐dayTTHM28 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayHAA946 ug/L3‐dayHAA948 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/LTOC2.0TOC2.5TOC3.0TOC3.5TOC4.0TOC4.5TOC5.0TOC5.5TOC6.0TOC6.5TOC7.0TOC7.5TOC8.0UV2540.056UV2540.075UV2540.094UV2540.113UV2540.132UV2540.151UV2540.170UV2540.190UV2540.209UV2540.228UV2540.247UV2540.266UV2540.285TOCandUV254DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorSodiumHypochloriteReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSulfuricAcidSodiumHypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideCD‐1CD‐1PlausibleFutureRegulationsInputParameter Value UnitsNOTES:HAA9PlausiblescenarioisonLRAAbasis(useavgtemp=18Cresultsfrom'current'runstodetermineexceed)pH 7.9 pHTreatmenttargetsequal80%ofcurrentMCLvalues.InfluentTemperature28°C=90thpercentile water qualityMinimumTemperature 5 °C=2ormoretreatmenttargetsexceeded*TOC mg/L=1treatmenttargetexceeded*UV254 =0.0383x‐0.0211 1/cm=notreatmenttargetsexceededBromide mg/LAlkalinity82 mg/LasCaCO3CalciumHardness 55 mg/LasCaCO3TotalHardness 113 mg/LasCaCO3Ammonia0.11 mg/LasNTurbidity 23 NTU0.80SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM80 ug/L3‐dayTTHM87 ug/L3‐dayTTHM93 ug/L3‐dayTTHM97 ug/L3‐dayTTHM104 ug/L3‐dayTTHM108 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/L3‐dayBromate20 ug/L3‐dayBromate21 ug/L3‐dayBromate22 ug/L3‐dayBromate23 ug/L0.75SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayTTHM86 ug/L3‐dayTTHM92 ug/L3‐dayTTHM96 ug/L3‐dayTTHM103 ug/L3‐dayTTHM107 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/L3‐dayBromate20 ug/L3‐dayBromate21 ug/L3‐dayBromate22 ug/L0.70SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose1mg/LOzoneDose1.3mg/LOzoneDose1.5mg/LOzoneDose1.8mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose1.8mg/LOzoneDose2.5mg/LOzoneDose2.8mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3mg/LOzoneDose3.5mg/LOzoneDose3.8mg/LOzoneDose4mg/L90thPercentileWaterQualityDistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorSodiumHypochloriteReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSulfuricAcidSodiumHypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideCD‐1OzoneDose1mg/LOzoneDose1.3mg/LOzoneDose1.5mg/LOzoneDose1.8mg/LOzoneDose2mg/LOzoneDose1.8mg/LOzoneDose2.5mg/LOzoneDose2.8mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3mg/LOzoneDose3.5mg/LOzoneDose3.8mg/LOzoneDose4mg/LAlumDose 21 mg/LAlumDose 25 mg/LAlumDose 30 mg/LAlumDose 35 mg/LAlumDose 40 mg/LAlumDose 35 mg/LAlumDose 50 mg/LAlumDose 37 mg/LAlumDose 37 mg/LAlumDose 37 mg/LAlumDose 38 mg/LAlumDose 38 mg/LAlumDose 40 mg/LChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LChlorineDose 1.9 mg/LChlorineDose 2 mg/LChlorineDose 2 mg/LChlorineDose 2 mg/LChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayTTHM86 ug/L3‐dayTTHM91 ug/L3‐dayTTHM96 ug/L3‐dayTTHM102 ug/L3‐dayTTHM106 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate20 ug/L3‐dayBromate20 ug/L0.65SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayTTHM85 ug/L3‐dayTTHM90 ug/L3‐dayTTHM94 ug/L3‐dayTTHM101 ug/L3‐dayTTHM104 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/L0.60SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM77 ug/L3‐dayTTHM84 ug/L3‐dayTTHM89 ug/L3‐dayTTHM93 ug/L3‐dayTTHM100 ug/L3‐dayTTHM104 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L0.55SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM83 ug/L3‐dayTTHM88 ug/L3‐dayTTHM92 ug/L3‐dayTTHM99 ug/L3‐dayTTHM102 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayHAA944 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L0.50SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LBroDistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorSodiumHypochloriteReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSulfuricAcidSodiumHypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideCD‐1ChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.8 mg/LChlorineDose 1.9 mg/LChlorineDose 2 mg/LChlorineDose 2 mg/LChlorineDose 2 mg/LChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LChlorineDose 2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayTTHM81 ug/L3‐dayTTHM87 ug/L3‐dayTTHM91 ug/L3‐dayTTHM97 ug/L3‐dayTTHM101 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L0.45SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM80 ug/L3‐dayTTHM85 ug/L3‐dayTTHM90 ug/L3‐dayTTHM96 ug/L3‐dayTTHM99 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA529 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA944 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate9ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L0.40SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM45 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayTTHM84 ug/L3‐dayTTHM88 ug/L3‐dayTTHM94 ug/L3‐dayTTHM98 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA529 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayHAA946 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L0.35SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM77 ug/L3‐dayTTHM82 ug/L3‐dayTTHM86 ug/L3‐dayTTHM92 ug/L3‐dayTTHM96 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA529 ug/L3‐dayHAA530 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayHAA947 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L0.30SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LS dChl iD2 7/LmideDistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorSodiumHypochloriteReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSulfuricAcidSodiumHypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideCD‐1SecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM80 ug/L3‐dayTTHM84 ug/L3‐dayTTHM90 ug/L3‐dayTTHM94 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA529 ug/L3‐dayHAA530 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayHAA946 ug/L3‐dayHAA948 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L0.25SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayTTHM82 ug/L3‐dayTTHM88 ug/L3‐dayTTHM91 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA530 ug/L3‐dayHAA531 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayHAA946 ug/L3‐dayHAA948 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L0.20SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 28 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LAlumDose21 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose37 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose38 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.8 mg/LChlorineDose1.9 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2 mg/LChlorineDose2mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LChlorineDose2.1 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose29 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval28 %TOCRemoval32 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %3‐dayTTHM31 ug/L3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayTTHM85 ug/L3‐dayTTHM88 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA531 ug/L3‐dayHAA532 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayHAA946 ug/L3‐dayHAA948 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/LTOC2.0TOC2.5TOC3.0TOC3.5TOC4.0TOC4.5TOC5.0TOC5.5TOC6.0TOC6.5TOC7.0TOC7.5TOC8.0UV2540.056UV2540.075UV2540.094UV2540.113UV2540.132UV2540.151UV2540.170UV2540.190UV2540.209UV2540.228UV2540.247UV2540.266UV2540.285TOCandUV254DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorSodiumHypochloriteReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSulfuricAcidSodiumHypochlorite‐AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideCD‐1CAA‐1CurrentRegulatoryScenarioNOTES:InputParameterValue UnitsTreatmenttargetsequal80%ofcurrentMCLvalues.=90thpercentile water qualitypH8 pH=2ormoretreatmenttargetsexceeded*InfluentTemperature15 °C=1treatmenttargetexceeded*MinimumTemperature5 °C=notreatmenttargetsexceededTOCmg/LUV254=0.0359*TOC‐0.0261 1/cmBromidemg/LAlkalinity84mg/LasCaCO3CalciumHardness 60mg/LasCaCO3TotalHardness 118mg/LasCaCO3Ammonia0.06 mg/LasNTurbidity16 NTUChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose0 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose11 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose24 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose56 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose64 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose31 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval40 %3‐dayTTHM27 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM80 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose0 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose11 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose24 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose56 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose64 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LWaterQuality10.95DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinChlorineInfluentReservoirSedimentationBasinChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSulfuricAcidAlumChlorine(gas)RapidMixCAA‐1AmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose31 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval40 %3‐dayTTHM27 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose0 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose11 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose24 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose56 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose64 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose31 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval40 %3‐dayTTHM26 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose0 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose11 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose24 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose56 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose64 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose31 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval40 %3‐dayTTHM26 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose0 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose11 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose24 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose56 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose64 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2 7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2 7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2 7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2 7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2 7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2 7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2 7mg/LBro0.650.50.7DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinChlorineInfluentReservoirSedimentationBasinChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSulfuricAcidAlumChlorine(gas)RapidMixCAA‐1SecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose31 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval40 %3‐dayTTHM25 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose0 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose11 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose24 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose56 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose64 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose31 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval40 %3‐dayTTHM25 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose0 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose11 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose24 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose56 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose64 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose31 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval40 %3‐dayTTHM24 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose0 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose11 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose24 mg/LAlumDose 52 mg/LAlumDose 56 mg/LAlumDose 60 mg/LAlumDose 64 mg/LAlumDose 60 mg/LAlumDose 62 mg/L0 25mide0.450.4DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinChlorineInfluentReservoirSedimentationBasinChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSulfuricAcidAlumChlorine(gas)RapidMixCAA‐1AlumDose24mg/LAlumDose52mg/LAlumDose56mg/LAlumDose60mg/LAlumDose64mg/LAlumDose60mg/LAlumDose62mg/LChlorineDose 0.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LChlorineDose 1.2 mg/LChlorineDose 1.2 mg/LChlorineDose 1.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose31 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval40 %3‐dayTTHM23 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose0 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose11 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose24 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose56 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose64 mg/LAlumDose60 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose31 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose33 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval40 %3‐dayTTHM22 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LTOC2TOC6.5TOC7TOC7.5TOC8TOC8.5TOC9.5UV2540.063UV2540.196UV2540.211UV2540.225UV2540.240UV2540.255UV2540.285TOCandUV2540.250.2DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinChlorineInfluentReservoirSedimentationBasinChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSulfuricAcidAlumChlorine(gas)RapidMixCAA‐1CAA‐1PlausibleFutureRegulatoryScenarioNOTES:InputParameter Value UnitsHAA9PlausiblescenarioisonLRAAbasis(useavgtemp=16Cresultsfrom'current'runstodetermineexceed)Treatmenttargetsequal80%ofcurrentMCLvalues.pH 8 pH=90thpercentile water qualityInfluentTemperature 26 °C=2ormoretreatmenttargetsexceeded*MinimumTemperature 5 °C=1treatmenttargetexceeded*TOC mg/L=notreatmenttargetsexceededUV254 =0.0359*TOC‐0.0261 1/cmBromide mg/LAlkalinity84mg/LasCaCO3CalciumHardness 60mg/LasCaCO3TotalHardness 118mg/LasCaCO3Ammonia0.06 mg/LasNTurbidity16 NTUChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose15 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose23 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose44 mg/LAlumDose48 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose0.9 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval41 %3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayTTHM84 ug/L3‐dayTTHM103 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose15 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose23mg/LAlumDose45mg/LAlumDose50mg/LAlumDose44mg/LAlumDose48mg/LAlumDose52mg/LAlumDose62mg/LWaterQuality10 85DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinChlorineInfluentReservoirSedimentationBasinChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSulfuricAcidAlumChlorine(gas)RapidMixCAA‐1AlumDose23mg/LAlumDose45mg/LAlumDose50mg/LAlumDose44mg/LAlumDose48mg/LAlumDose52mg/LAlumDose62mg/LChlorineDose 0.7 mg/LChlorineDose 0.9 mg/LChlorineDose 1 mg/LChlorineDose 1 mg/LChlorineDose 1 mg/LChlorineDose 1.1 mg/LChlorineDose 1.2 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval41 %3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM82 ug/L3‐dayTTHM101 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose15 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose23 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose44 mg/LAlumDose48 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose0.9 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval41 %3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM81 ug/L3‐dayTTHM100 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose15 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose23 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose44 mg/LAlumDose48 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose0.9 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval41 %3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayTTHM92 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA915ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA926ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA932ug/L3‐dayHAA941ug/LBro0.450.850.8DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinChlorineInfluentReservoirSedimentationBasinChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSulfuricAcidAlumChlorine(gas)RapidMixCAA‐13dayHAA915ug/L3dayHAA9ug/L3dayHAA926ug/L3dayHAA9ug/L3dayHAA9ug/L3dayHAA932ug/L3dayHAA941ug/L3‐dayBromate 0 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 0 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 0 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 0 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 0 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 0 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 0 ug/LChlorineDose 0.5 mg/L ChlorineDose 0.5 mg/L ChlorineDose 0.5 mg/L ChlorineDose 0.5 mg/L ChlorineDose 0.5 mg/L ChlorineDose 0.5 mg/L ChlorineDose 0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose15 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose23 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose44 mg/LAlumDose48 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose0.9 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval41 %3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM90 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose15 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose23 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose44 mg/LAlumDose48 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose0.9 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval41 %3‐dayTTHM30 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM87 ug/L3‐dayHAA59ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose15 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose23 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose44 mg/LAlumDose48 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose0.9 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/L0.30.25mide0.4DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinChlorineInfluentReservoirSedimentationBasinChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSulfuricAcidAlumChlorine(gas)RapidMixCAA‐1AmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 35 mg/LTOCRemoval 25 % TOCRemoval 35 % TOCRemoval 37 % TOCRemoval 35 % TOCRemoval 36 % TOCRemoval 36 % TOCRemoval 41 %3‐dayTTHM 29 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 51 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 54 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 60 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM 69 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 84 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 9 ug/L 3‐dayHAA5 16 ug/L 3‐dayHAA5 17 ug/L 3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LChlorineDose0.5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose20 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose15 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose5 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose10 mg/LAlumDose23 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose44 mg/LAlumDose48 mg/LAlumDose52 mg/LAlumDose62 mg/LChlorineDose0.7 mg/LChlorineDose0.9 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose28 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose32 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose30 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose27 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LTOCRemoval25 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval41 %3‐dayTTHM29 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM81 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/L3‐dayBromate0 ug/LTOC2TOC4.5TOC5TOC5.5TOC6TOC6.5TOC9.5UV2540.063UV2540.137UV2540.151UV2540.166UV2540.181UV2540.196UV2540.2850.2TOCandUV254DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinChlorineInfluentReservoirSedimentationBasinChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSulfuricAcidAlumChlorine(gas)RapidMixCAA‐1CAA‐2CurrentRegulatoryScenarioInputParameter Value UnitsNOTES:Treatmenttargetsequal80%ofcurrentMCLvalues.pH 8 pH=90thpercentile water qualityInfluentTemperature 15 °C=2ormoretreatmenttargetsexceeded*MinimumTemperature 5 °C=1treatmenttargetexceeded*TOC mg/L=notreatmenttargetsexceededUV254 =0.0359*TOC‐0.0261 1/cmBromide mg/LAlkalinity84mg/LasCaCO3CalciumHardness 60mg/LasCaCO3TotalHardness 118mg/LasCaCO3Ammonia0.06 mg/LasNTurbidity 16 NTUSulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/LOzoneDose 1 mg/L OzoneDose 1.3 mg/L OzoneDose 1.5 mg/L OzoneDose 1.8 mg/L OzoneDose 2 mg/L OzoneDose 2.3 mg/L OzoneDose 2.5 mg/L OzoneDose 2.8 mg/L OzoneDose 3 mg/L OzoneDose 3.3 mg/L OzoneDose 3.5 mg/L OzoneDose 3.8 mg/L OzoneDose 4 mg/L OzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose29 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM27 ug/L3‐dayTTHM31 ug/L3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM77 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/L3‐dayBromate20 ug/L3‐dayBromate21 ug/L3‐dayBromate22 ug/L3‐dayBromate23 ug/L3‐dayBromate24 ug/L3‐dayBromate25 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM27 ug/L3‐dayTTHM30 ug/L3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3dayHAA57ug/L3dayHAA57ug/L3dayHAA58ug/L3dayHAA59ug/L3dayHAA510ug/L3dayHAA510ug/L3dayHAA511ug/L3dayHAA514ug/L3dayHAA515ug/L3dayHAA516ug/L3dayHAA517ug/L3dayHAA517ug/L3dayHAA518ug/L3dayHAA518ug/L3dayHAA519ug/L3dayHAA520ug/LWaterQuality10.85DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideChlorine(gas)SulfuricAcidCAA‐23‐dayHAA57ug/L3‐dayHAA57ug/L3‐dayHAA58ug/L3‐dayHAA59ug/L3‐dayHAA510ug/L3‐dayHAA510ug/L3‐dayHAA511ug/L3‐dayHAA514ug/L3‐dayHAA515ug/L3‐dayHAA516ug/L3‐dayHAA517ug/L3‐dayHAA517ug/L3‐dayHAA518ug/L3‐dayHAA518ug/L3‐dayHAA519ug/L3‐dayHAA520ug/L3‐dayHAA9 14 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 16 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 17 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 19 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 20 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 21 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 22 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 28 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 29 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 31 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 32 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 33 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 34 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 35 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 37 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 38 ug/L3‐dayBromate 7 ug/L3‐dayBromate 9 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 9 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 11 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 11 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 13 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 13 ug/L 3‐dayBromate 15 ug/L 3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/L3‐dayBromate20 ug/L3‐dayBromate20 ug/L3‐dayBromate21 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM26 ug/L3‐dayTTHM30 ug/L3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/L3‐dayBromate20 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM26 ug/L3‐dayTTHM29 ug/L3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM26 ug/L3‐dayTTHM29 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM26 ug/L3‐dayTTHM29 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LBr0.80.750.70.650.6DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideChlorine(gas)SulfuricAcidCAA‐2SodiumHydroxideDose 34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 46 mg/LTOCRemoval 35 % TOCRemoval 38 % TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM25 ug/L3‐dayTTHM29 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM25 ug/L3‐dayTTHM28 ug/L3‐dayTTHM31 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose29 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM25 ug/L3‐dayTTHM28 ug/L3‐dayTTHM31 ug/L3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM24 ug/L3‐dayTTHM27 ug/L3‐dayTTHM30 ug/L3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM24 ug/L3‐dayTTHM27 ug/L3‐dayTTHM30 ug/L3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20mg/LAlumDose25mg/LAlumDose30mg/LAlumDose35mg/LAlumDose40mg/LAlumDose45mg/LAlumDose50mg/LAlumDose27.5mg/LAlumDose30mg/LAlumDose32.5mg/LAlumDose35mg/LAlumDose37.5mg/LAlumDose40mg/LAlumDose42.5mg/LAlumDose45mg/LAlumDose47.5mg/Lromide0.550.50.450.40 35DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideChlorine(gas)SulfuricAcidCAA‐2AlumDose20mg/LAlumDose25mg/LAlumDose30mg/LAlumDose35mg/LAlumDose40mg/LAlumDose45mg/LAlumDose50mg/LAlumDose27.5mg/LAlumDose30mg/LAlumDose32.5mg/LAlumDose35mg/LAlumDose37.5mg/LAlumDose40mg/LAlumDose42.5mg/LAlumDose45mg/LAlumDose47.5mg/LChlorineDose 1.2 mg/LChlorineDose 1.2 mg/LChlorineDose 1.2 mg/LChlorineDose 1.3 mg/LChlorineDose 1.3 mg/LChlorineDose 1.3 mg/LChlorineDose 1.3 mg/LChlorineDose 1.5 mg/LChlorineDose 1.5 mg/LChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.6 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LChlorineDose 1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM23 ug/L3‐dayTTHM26 ug/L3‐dayTTHM29 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM23 ug/L3‐dayTTHM26 ug/L3‐dayTTHM29 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval35 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval48 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval45 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM22 ug/L3‐dayTTHM24 ug/L3‐dayTTHM27 ug/L3‐dayTTHM30 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayHAA944 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/LTOC2TOC2.5TOC3TOC3.5TOC4TOC4.5TOC5TOC5.5TOC6TOC6.5TOC7TOC7.5TOC8TOC8.5TOC9TOC9.5UV2540.063UV2540.077UV2540.092UV2540.107UV2540.122UV2540.137UV2540.151UV2540.166UV2540.181UV2540.196UV2540.211UV2540.225UV2540.240UV2540.255UV2540.270UV2540.2850.30.2TOCandUV2540.35DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideChlorine(gas)SulfuricAcidCAA‐2CAA‐2PlausibleFutureRegulatoryScenarioInputParameter Value UnitsNOTES:HAA9PlausiblescenarioisonLRAAbasis(useavgtemp=16Cresultsfrom'current'runstodetermineexceed)pH8 pHTreatmenttargetsequal80%ofcurrentMCLvalues.InfluentTemperature26 °C=90thpercentile water qualityMinimumTemperature5 °C=2ormoretreatmenttargetsexceeded*TOCmg/L=1treatmenttargetexceeded*UV254=0.0359*TOC‐0.0261 1/cm=notreatmenttargetsexceededBromidemg/LAlkalinity84mg/LasCaCO3CalciumHardness 60mg/LasCaCO3TotalHardness 118mg/LasCaCO3Ammonia0.06 mg/LasNTurbidity 16 NTUSulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose29 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM45 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM80 ug/L3‐dayTTHM84 ug/L3‐dayTTHM93 ug/L3‐dayTTHM100 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate21 ug/L3‐dayBromate22 ug/L3‐dayBromate24 ug/L3‐dayBromate25 ug/L3‐dayBromate26 ug/L3‐dayBromate30 ug/L3‐dayBromate34 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM81 ug/L3‐dayTTHM89 ug/L3‐dayTTHM96 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/L3‐dayBromate20 ug/L3‐dayBromate23 ug/L3‐dayBromate26 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LWaterQuality10.750.7DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideChlorine(gas)SulfuricAcidCAA‐2SecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose 2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM80 ug/L3‐dayTTHM88 ug/L3‐dayTTHM95 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/L3‐dayBromate21 ug/L3‐dayBromate24 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayTTHM86 ug/L3‐dayTTHM93 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate21 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM45 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM85 ug/L3‐dayTTHM92 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM84 ug/L3‐dayTTHM91 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/LBro0.60.550.5DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideChlorine(gas)SulfuricAcidCAA‐2yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayTTHM82 ug/L3‐dayTTHM89 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM31 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM81 ug/L3‐dayTTHM88 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM31 ug/L3‐dayTTHM34 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM45 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayTTHM86 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA916 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46mg/Lmide0.40.350.30.45DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideChlorine(gas)SulfuricAcidCAA‐2SodiumHydroxideDose35mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46mg/LTOCRemoval 36 % TOCRemoval 39 % TOCRemoval 42 % TOCRemoval 44 % TOCRemoval 47 % TOCRemoval 49 % TOCRemoval 50 % TOCRemoval 38 % TOCRemoval 40 % TOCRemoval 41 % TOCRemoval 44 % TOCRemoval 47 %3‐dayTTHM 30 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 34 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 37 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 41 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 44 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 46 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 48 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM 67 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM 78 ug/L 3‐dayTTHM 84 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 9 ug/L 3‐dayHAA5 11 ug/L 3‐dayHAA5 11 ug/L 3‐dayHAA5 13 ug/L 3‐dayHAA5 14 ug/L 3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA918 ug/L3‐dayHAA920 ug/L3‐dayHAA922 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM29 ug/L3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM36 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM45 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM82 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA513 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA529 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9ug/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose30 mg/LOzoneDose1 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose1.5 mg/LOzoneDose1.8 mg/LOzoneDose2 mg/LOzoneDose2.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.8 mg/LAlumDose20 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose47.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LChlorineDose1.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose45 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose47 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose46 mg/LTOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %TOCRemoval49 %TOCRemoval50 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval47 %3‐dayTTHM28 ug/L3‐dayTTHM32 ug/L3‐dayTTHM35 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM41 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM45 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayHAA510 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA530 ug/L3‐dayHAA917 ug/L3‐dayHAA919 ug/L3‐dayHAA921 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA944 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/LTOC2TOC2.5TOC3TOC3.5TOC4TOC4.5TOC5TOC5.5TOC6TOC6.5TOC8TOC9.5UV2540.063UV2540.077UV2540.092UV2540.107UV2540.122UV2540.137UV2540.151UV2540.166UV2540.181UV2540.196UV2540.240UV2540.285TOCandUV2540.250.2DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixChlorine(gas)AmmoniaSodiumHydroxideChlorine(gas)SulfuricAcidCAA‐2CAAW‐1CurrentRegulatoryScenarioNOTES:InputParameter Value UnitsTreatmenttargetsequal80%ofcurrentMCLvalues.=90thpercentile water qualitypH8.8 pH=2ormoretreatmenttargetsexceeded*InfluentTemperature16 °C=1treatmenttargetexceeded*MinimumTemperature5 °C=notreatmenttargetsexceededTOCmg/LUV254=0.035*TOC‐0.0573 1/cmBromidemg/LAlkalinity106mg/LasCaCO3CalciumHardness 94mg/LasCaCO3TotalHardness 158mg/LasCaCO3Ammonia0.041 mg/LasNTurbidity3 NTUSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM21 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/LWaterQuality0.6DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHypochloriteAmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSodiumHypochloriteSulfuricAcidCAAW‐1SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM21 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA511 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM21 ug/L3‐dayTTHM39 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM66 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA514 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA924 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA944 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM20 ug/L3‐dayTTHM38 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/LBro0.50.450.4DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHypochloriteAmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSodiumHypochloriteSulfuricAcidCAAW‐1yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/yg/3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM20 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA925 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM19 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayHAA56 ug/L3‐dayHAA512 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA946 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM18 ug/L3‐dayTTHM33 ug/L3‐dayTTHM43 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM51 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3 dHAA57/L3 dHAA513/L3 dHAA517/L3 dHAA518/L3 dHAA519/L3 dHAA520/L3 dHAA522/L3 dHAA522/L3 dHAA523/L3 dHAA526/L0.350.30.15mideDistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHypochloriteAmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSodiumHypochloriteSulfuricAcidCAAW‐13‐dayHAA5 7 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 13 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 17 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 18 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 19 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 20 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 22 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 22 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 23 ug/L3‐dayHAA5 26 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA926 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.5 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.2 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose44 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval46 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval37 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM15 ug/L3‐dayTTHM28 ug/L3‐dayTTHM37 ug/L3‐dayTTHM40 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM44 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM54 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA515 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA530 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA923 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/LTOC2.5TOC5TOC5.5TOC6TOC6.5TOC7TOC7.5TOC8TOC8.5TOC10UV2540.030UV2540.118UV2540.135UV2540.153UV2540.170UV2540.188UV2540.205UV2540.223UV2540.240UV2540.293TOCandUV2540.05DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHypochloriteAmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSodiumHypochloriteSulfuricAcidCAAW‐1CAAW‐1PlausibleFutureRegulatoryScenarioNOTES:InputParameter Value UnitsHAA9PlausiblescenarioisonLRAAbasis(useavgtemp=16Cresultsfrom'current'runstodetermineexceed)Treatmenttargetsequal80%ofcurrentMCLvalues.pH8.8 pH=90thpercentile water qualityInfluentTemperature 22 °C=2ormoretreatmenttargetsexceeded*MinimumTemperature 5 °C=1treatmenttargetexceeded*TOC mg/L=notreatmenttargetsexceededUV254 =0.035*TOC‐0.0573 1/cmBromide mg/LAlkalinity106mg/LasCaCO3CalciumHardness 94mg/LasCaCO3TotalHardness 158mg/LasCaCO3Ammonia0.041 mg/LasNTurbidity 3 NTUSulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/LOzoneDose 1.3 mg/L OzoneDose 2.8 mg/L OzoneDose 3 mg/L OzoneDose 3.3 mg/L OzoneDose 3.5 mg/L OzoneDose 3.8 mg/L OzoneDose 4 mg/L OzoneDose 4.3 mg/L OzoneDose 4.5 mg/L OzoneDose 5 mg/LAlumDose 25 mg/LAlumDose 27.5 mg/LAlumDose 30 mg/LAlumDose 32.5 mg/LAlumDose 35 mg/LAlumDose 37.5 mg/LAlumDose 40 mg/LAlumDose 42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM25 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayTTHM82 ug/L3‐dayTTHM84 ug/L3‐dayTTHM89 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA928 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA932 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA942 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/L3‐dayBromate18 ug/L3‐dayBromate19 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM25 ug/L3‐dayTTHM60 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayTTHM81 ug/L3‐dayTTHM83 ug/L3‐dayTTHM88 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/L3‐dayBromate17 ug/LWaterQuality0.60.55DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHypochloriteAmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSodiumHypochloriteSulfuricAcidCAAW‐1SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/L SulfuricAcidDose 40 mg/LOzoneDose 1.3 mg/L OzoneDose 2.8 mg/L OzoneDose 3 mg/L OzoneDose 3.3 mg/L OzoneDose 3.5 mg/L OzoneDose 3.8 mg/L OzoneDose 4 mg/L OzoneDose 4.3 mg/L OzoneDose 4.5 mg/L OzoneDose 5 mg/LAlumDose 25 mg/LAlumDose 27.5 mg/LAlumDose 30 mg/LAlumDose 32.5 mg/LAlumDose 35 mg/LAlumDose 37.5 mg/LAlumDose 40 mg/LAlumDose 42.5 mg/LAlumDose 45 mg/LAlumDose 50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM24 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM77 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayTTHM82 ug/L3‐dayTTHM87 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA516 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA525ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA943 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate14 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate15 ug/L3‐dayBromate16 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM24 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM68 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayTTHM77 ug/L3‐dayTTHM79 ug/L3‐dayTTHM84 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA934ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA938 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate12 ug/L3‐dayBromate13 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM23 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM64 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayTTHM75 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayTTHM82 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA914 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA933 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA936 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA945 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/L3‐dayBromate11 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LBro0.50.40.350.3DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHypochloriteAmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSodiumHypochloriteSulfuricAcidCAAW‐1SecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7mg/LAmmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose 0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose 43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM23 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM71 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayTTHM81 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA517 ug/L3‐dayHAA519 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA937 ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA946 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate9 ug/L3‐dayBromate10 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM22 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM58 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM70 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM74 ug/L3‐dayTTHM78 ug/L3‐dayHAA57 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/L3‐dayBromate8 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM21 ug/L3‐dayTTHM52 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM72 ug/L3‐dayTTHM76 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA518 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA529 ug/L3‐dayHAA915 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayHAA940 ug/L3‐dayHAA941 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate6 ug/L3‐dayBromate7 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM20 ug/L3‐dayTTHM49 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM67 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayTTHM73 ug/L3‐dayHAA58ug/L3‐dayHAA519ug/L3‐dayHAA521ug/L3‐dayHAA522ug/L3‐dayHAA523ug/L3‐dayHAA525ug/L3‐dayHAA525ug/L3‐dayHAA526ug/L3‐dayHAA527ug/L3‐dayHAA530ug/Lmide0.250.20.15DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHypochloriteAmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSodiumHypochloriteSulfuricAcidCAAW‐13‐dayHAA58ug/L3‐dayHAA519ug/L3‐dayHAA521ug/L3‐dayHAA522ug/L3‐dayHAA523ug/L3‐dayHAA525ug/L3‐dayHAA525ug/L3‐dayHAA526ug/L3‐dayHAA527ug/L3‐dayHAA530ug/L3‐dayHAA9 15 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 31 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 34 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 35 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 36 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 39 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 40 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 41 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 ug/L 3‐dayHAA9 45 ug/L3‐dayBromate 4 ug/L 3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate4 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/L3‐dayBromate5 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM19 ug/L3‐dayTTHM47 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM56 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM61 ug/L3‐dayTTHM63 ug/L3‐dayTTHM65 ug/L3‐dayTTHM69 ug/L3‐dayHAA58 ug/L3‐dayHAA520 ug/L3‐dayHAA522 ug/L3‐dayHAA523 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA527 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA531 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/L3‐dayBromate3 ug/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LSulfuricAcidDose40 mg/LOzoneDose1.3 mg/LOzoneDose2.8 mg/LOzoneDose3 mg/LOzoneDose3.3 mg/LOzoneDose3.5 mg/LOzoneDose3.8 mg/LOzoneDose4 mg/LOzoneDose4.3 mg/LOzoneDose4.5 mg/LOzoneDose5 mg/LAlumDose25 mg/LAlumDose27.5 mg/LAlumDose30 mg/LAlumDose32.5 mg/LAlumDose35 mg/LAlumDose37.5 mg/LAlumDose40 mg/LAlumDose42.5 mg/LAlumDose45 mg/LAlumDose50 mg/LChlorineDose1 mg/LChlorineDose1.3 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.4 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.5 mg/LChlorineDose1.6 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LSecondaryChlorineDose2.7 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LAmmmoniaDose0.6 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose34 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose35 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose36 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose37 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose38 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose39 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose40 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose41 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose42 mg/LSodiumHydroxideDose43 mg/LTOCRemoval34 %TOCRemoval36 %TOCRemoval38 %TOCRemoval39 %TOCRemoval40 %TOCRemoval41 %TOCRemoval42 %TOCRemoval43 %TOCRemoval44 %TOCRemoval46 %3‐dayTTHM17 ug/L3‐dayTTHM42 ug/L3‐dayTTHM46 ug/L3‐dayTTHM48 ug/L3‐dayTTHM50 ug/L3‐dayTTHM53 ug/L3‐dayTTHM55 ug/L3‐dayTTHM57 ug/L3‐dayTTHM59 ug/L3‐dayTTHM62 ug/L3‐dayHAA59 ug/L3‐dayHAA521 ug/L3‐dayHAA524 ug/L3‐dayHAA525 ug/L3‐dayHAA526 ug/L3‐dayHAA528 ug/L3‐dayHAA529 ug/L3‐dayHAA530 ug/L3‐dayHAA531 ug/L3‐dayHAA534 ug/L3‐dayHAA913 ug/L3‐dayHAA927 ug/L3‐dayHAA929 ug/L3‐dayHAA930 ug/L3‐dayHAA931 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA934 ug/L3‐dayHAA935 ug/L3‐dayHAA9ug/L3‐dayHAA939 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate1 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/L3‐dayBromate2 ug/LTOC2.5TOC5.5TOC6TOC6.5TOC7TOC7.5TOC8TOC8.5TOC9TOC10UV2540.030UV2540.135UV2540.153UV2540.170UV2540.188UV2540.205UV2540.223UV2540.240UV2540.258UV2540.293TOCandUV2540.10.05DistributionSystemMulti‐mediaFiltersFloc.BasinAlumInfluentO3OzoneContactorReservoirSedimentationBasinRapidMixSodiumHypochloriteAmmoniaSodiumHydroxideSodiumHypochloriteSulfuricAcidCAAW‐1

# THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

# California Urban Water Agencies

Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Technical Memorandum 2

3054008 

# G-1 

# Appendix G

Cost Estimates for Future VWTP Upgrades

# 4/25/2011

Unit Cost Summary

Capital Costs ($2010)/mgd

20 40 100 200 400

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping $ 15,313 13,784 $ 12,867 $ 12,561 $ 12,408 $ 4

Rapid Mix 6,054 $ 4,565 $ 3,651 $ 3,569 $ 3,549 $ 1

Flocculation 59,127 $ 38,676 $ 25,040 $ 19,361 $ 15,302 $ 1

Sedimentation 163,298 $ 121,663 $ 104,296 $ 95,615 $ 89,103 $ 1

Filtration (Total) 153,180 $ 122,868 $ 95,332 $ 79,126 $ 67,486 $ 1

GAC Contactors 

# 766,630 $ 632,184 $ 506,554 $ 430,883 $ 362,101 $ 2

UV Disinfection 

# 432,051 $ 415,697 $ 394,443 $ 379,090 $ 364,334 $ 1

Chlorine Contact Basin 

# 22,693 $ 16,981 $ 12,562 $ 9,850 $ 8,227 $ 1

Reservoir 

# 102,142 $ 96,726 $ 93,477 $ 92,393 $ 91,852 $ 4

Finished Water Pumping 

# 26,109 $ 22,565 $ 20,439 $ 19,731 $ 19,376 $ 4

Chemical Systems

Alum 

# 8,942 $ 6,317 $ 4,764 $ 3,992 $ 3,078 $ 1

Chlorine (hypochlorination) 

# 8,366 $ 6,034 $ 3,923 $ 2,956 $ 2,195 $ 1

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 

# 15,656 $ 12,105 $ 7,684 $ 6,475 $ 5,411 $ 1

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 

# 8,140 $ 7,411 $ 5,539 $ 3,243 $ 1,930 $ 2

Ozone (1

‐ log rmvl, no pH adjst) 

# 335,381 $ 290,265 $ 237,557 $ 195,459 $ 174,723 $ 2

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 

# 361,210 $ 315,000 $ 261,491 $ 219,125 $ 198,256 $ 2

Ozone (4.5/2.43 mg/L, with pH adjst) 

# 302,190 $ 266,809 $ 225,610 $ 192,812 $ 165,227 $ 2

Sulfuric Acid 

# 2,234 $ 1,503 $ 973 $ 757 $ 617 $ 1

Caustic 

# 7,637 $ 6,553 $ 4,565 $ 3,473 $ 2,642 $ 1

Solids Handling Process 90,355 $ 54,448 $ 43,204 $ 31,024 $ 24,852 $ 1

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 41,201 $ 34,973 $ 21,463 $ 13,797 $ 8,870 $ 1

$ Item Cost Source Design Flow (mgd) 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

‐ Development of Unit Costs

A nnual O&M Costs ($2010)/ kga l

20 40 100 200 400

Treatment Units

Raw Water Pumping 0.041 $ 0.040$ 0.039$ 0.038 $ 0.038$ 4

Rapid Mix 0.012 $ 0.010$ 0.008$ 0.008 $ 0.008$ 1

Flocculation 0.008 $ 0.006$ 0.003$ 0.003 $ 0.002$ 1

Sedimentation 0.035 $ 0.024$ 0.018$ 0.014 $ 0.011$ 1

Filtration (Total) 0.032 $ 0.022$ 0.015$ 0.011 $ 0.013$ 1

GAC Contactors 

# 0.431 $ 0.382$ 0.338$ 0.309 $ 0.293$ 2

UV Disinfection 

# 0.196 $ 0.194$ 0.191$ 0.189 $ 0.187$ 1

Chlorine Contact Basin



# ‐ $

‐ $

‐ $

‐ $

‐ $ 1

Reservoir



# ‐ $

‐ $

‐ $

‐ $

‐ $ 1

Finished Water Pumping 

# 0.050 $ 0.040$ 0.039$ 0.038 $ 0.038$ 4

Chemical Systems

Alum 

# 0.030 $ 0.029$ 0.029$ 0.029 $ 0.029$ 1

Chlorine (hypochlorination) 

# 0.046 $ 0.044$ 0.044$ 0.044 $ 0.043$ 1

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 

# 0.020 $ 0.017$ 0.016$ 0.014 $ 0.014$ 1

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 

# 0.006 $ 0.004$ 0.003$ 0.002 $ 0.002$ 2

Ozone (1

‐ log rmvl, no pH adjst) 

# 0.082 $ 0.072$ 0.066$ 0.064 $ 0.061$ 2

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 

# 0.227 $ 0.218$ 0.211$ 0.209 $ 0.206$ 2

Ozone (4.5/2.43 mg/L, with pH adjst) 

# 0.205 $ 0.196$ 0.189$ 0.188 $ 0.185$ 2

Sulfuric Acid 

# 0.014 $ 0.013$ 0.013$ 0.012 $ 0.012$ 1

Caustic 

# 0.028 $ 0.027$ 0.027$ 0.026 $ 0.026$ 1

Solids Handling Process 0.054 $ 0.036$ 0.029$ 0.022 $ 0.017$ 1

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 0.077 $ 0.046$ 0.027$ 0.015 $ 0.009$ 1 Item Cost Source Design Flow (mgd)

# LAST UPDATED: 4/25/2011

Standard Design Criteria Sources

1 AWWA 2005. Water Treatment Plant Design, 4th Edition. McGraw

‐ Hill Handbooks.

2 Jackson County Water Supply Project Design Confirmation Report. 2004. Malcolm Pirnie 4644006.

3 AWWA 2001. Self

‐ Assessment for Treatment Plant Optimization Guidance Manual.

4 Kawamura 2000. Integrated Design and Operation of Water Treatment Facilities, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.

Cost Estimate Sources

1 W/WW Cost Model

2 December 2005 LT2ESWTR T&C Document

3 October 2006 Final Ground Water Rule T&C Document

4 McGivney and Kawamura 2008. Cost Estimating Manual for Water Treatment Facilities. John Wiley & Sons.

ENR Cost Indices

CCI

2000 Annual Average 6221

2003 Annual Average 6694

Jul

‐ 08 8293

Dec

‐ 10 8952

Building Cost

January 2000 3503

July 2008 4723

Material Cost

January 2000 2197

July 2008 2815

Skilled Labor $/ hr

January 2000 5641

July 2008 7806 26 Inland Empire Utilities Agency, average of maintenance worker hourly rates.

38 Increased to represent total cost (includes health and welfare, vacation and holiday, pension, and other payments)

Housing Cost $/ sq ft

January 2000 150

July 2008

Power $/kWh

California 0.15 Malcolm Pirnie Client in California (San Diego Water Authority)

Chemical Costs

Chlorine Gas

1

‐ ton Cylinder 0.31 $/lb Greenway Water Treatment Plant

Sodium Hypochlorite 1.2 $/gal

Liquid Alum 315 $/ton

Sulfuric Acid 270 $/ton SG

= 1.84

Caustic Soda 580 $/ton 50% Solution Basic Chemical Solutions Quote (9/2/08)

SG= 1.53

# UW

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 100

UW

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 50

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 12,867 $ 100 4 1,286,671 $

Rapid Mix mgd 3,651 $ 100 1 365,059 $

Flocculation mgd 25,040 $ 100 1 2,504,018 $

Sedimentation mgd 104,296 $ 100 1 10,429,597 $

Filtration mgd 95,332 $ 100 1 9,533,195 $

Reservoir mgd 93,477 $ 100 1 9,347,655 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 20,439 $ 100 1 2,043,927 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 35,510,122 $

Alum mgd 4,764 $ 100 1 476,385 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd 7,684 $ 100 1 768,434 $

Sulfuric Acid mgd 973 $ 100 1 97,258 $

Caustic mgd 4,565 $ 100 1 456,487 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 1,798,564 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 43,204 $ 100 1 4,320, 414 $

Adm in/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 21,463 $ 100 1 2,146,267 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 43,775,366 $

Site Work 5% 2,188,769 $

Electrical 12% 5,253,044 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 5,253,044 $

Subtotal 56,470,223 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 8,470,534 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 3,388,214 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 2,055,517 $

Subtotal 70 384 488 $ 

# Baseline VWTP (Current Regulations) 4/25/2011

Chemical Systems 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for UW-1

Subtotal 70

, 384

, 488 $

Engineering Fee 25% 17,596,123 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 879,807 $

Subtotal 88,860,418 $

Contingency 50% 44,430,210 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 133,290,628 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.039 $ 18,250,000 1 705,661 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.008 $ 18,250,000 1 148,441 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.003 $ 18,250,000 1 60,957 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.018 $ 18,250,000 1 323,396 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.015 $ 18,250,000 1 271,597 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 18,250,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.039 $ 18,250,000 1 705,661 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 2,215,714 $

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 18,250,000 1 524,891 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon 0.016 $ 18,250,000 1 291,692 $

Sulfuric Acid 1000 gallon 0.013 $ 18,250,000 1 229,067 $

Caustic 1000gallon 0.027 $ 18,250,000 1 484,402 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 1,530,052 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 18,250,000 1 532,733 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.027 $ 18,250,000 1 488,611 $

TOTAL O&M COST 4,767,110 $

# UW

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 100

UW

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 50 4/25/2011 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for UW-1

Convert to chloramines as secondary disfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 12,867 $ 100 1 1,286,671 $

Rapid Mix mgd 3,651 $ 100 1 365,059 $

Flocculation mgd 25,040 $ 100 1 2,504,018 $

Sedimentation mgd 104,296 $ 100 1 10,429,597 $

Filtration mgd 95,332 $ 100 1 9,533,195 $

Reservoir mgd 93,477 $ 100 1 9,347,655 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 20,439 $ 100 1 2,043,927 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 35,510,122 $

Alum mgd 4,764 $ 100 1 476,385 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd 7,684 $ 100 1 768,434 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) mgd 5,539 $ 100 2 553,868 $

Sulfuric Acid mgd 973 $ 100 1 97,258 $

Caustic mgd 4,565 $ 100 1 456,487 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 2,352,432 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 43,204 $ 100 1 4,320,414 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 21,463 $ 100 1 2,146,267 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 44,329,235 $

Site Work 5% 2,216,462 $

Electrical 12% 5,319,509 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 5,319,509 $

Subtotal 57,184,715 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 8,577,708 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 3,431,083 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 2

, 081

, 524 $ 

# UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)

‐ Option 1

Chemical Systems

, , $

Subtotal 71,275,030 $

Engineering Fee 25% 17,818,758 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 890,938 $

Subtotal 89,984,726 $

Contingency 50% 44,992,363 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 134,977,089 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.039 $ 18,250,000 1 705,661 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.008 $ 18,250,000 1 148,441 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.003 $ 18,250,000 1 60,957 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.018 $ 18,250,000 1 323,396 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.015 $ 18,250,000 1 271,597 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 18,250,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.039 $ 18,250,000 1 705,661 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 2,215,714 $

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 18,250,000 1 524,891 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon 0.016 $ 18,250,000 1 291,692 $

Ammoni a (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.003 $ 18,250,000 1 51,727 $

Sulfuric Acid 1000 gallon 0.013 $ 18,250,000 1 229,067 $

Caustic 1000gallon 0.027 $ 18,250,000 1 484,402 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 1,581,779 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 18,250,000 1 532,733 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.027 $ 18,250,000 1 488,611 $

TOTAL O&M COST 4,818,837 $

# UW

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 100

UW

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 50 4/25/2011 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for UW-1

In the case that chloramines are not accepted in this source water area, install GAC contactors.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 12,867 $ 100 1 1,286,671 $

Rapid Mix mgd 3,651 $ 100 1 365,059 $

Flocculation mgd 25,040 $ 100 1 2,504,018 $

Sedimentation mgd 104,296 $ 100 1 10,429,597 $

Filtration mgd 95,332 $ 100 1 9,533,195 $

GAC Contactors mgd 506,554 $ 100 2 50,655,425 $

Reservoir mgd 93,477 $ 100 1 9,347,655 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 20,439 $ 100 1 2,043,927 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 86,165,546 $

Alum mgd 4,764 $ 100 1 476,385 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd 7,684 $ 100 1 768,434 $

Sulfuric Acid mgd 973 $ 100 1 97,258 $

Caustic mgd 4,565 $ 100 1 456,487 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 1,798,564 $

S olids Ha ndling Pr ocess mgd 43,204 $ 100 1 4,320,414 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 21,463 $ 100 1 2,146,267 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 94,430,791 $

Site Work 5% 4,721,540 $

Electrical 12% 11,331,695 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 11,331,695 $

Subtotal 121,815,721 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 18,272,359 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 7,308,944 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 4

, 434

, 093 $ 

# UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)

‐ Option 2

Chemical Systems

, , $

Subtotal 151,831,117 $

Engineering Fee 25% 37,957,780 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 1,897,889 $

Subtotal 191,686,786 $

Contingency 50% 95,843,394 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 287,530,180 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.039 $ 18,250,000 1 705,661 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.008 $ 18,250,000 1 148,441 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.003 $ 18,250,000 1 60,957 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.018 $ 18,250,000 1 323,396 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.015 $ 18,250,000 1 271,597 $

GAC Contactors 1000 gallon 0.338 $ 18,250,000 1 6,167,433 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 18,250,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.039 $ 18,250,000 1 705,661 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 8,383,147 $

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 18,250,000 1 524,891 $

Ch lo ri ne (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon 0.016 $ 18,250,000 1 291,692 $

Sulfuric Acid 1000 gallon 0.013 $ 18,250,000 1 229,067 $

Caustic 1000gallon 0.027 $ 18,250,000 1 484,402 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 1,530,052 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 18,250,000 1 532,733 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.027 $ 18,250,000 1 488,611 $

TOTAL O&M COST 10,934,543 $

# UW

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 100

UW

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 50 4/25/2011 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for UW-1

Add GAC Contactors and UV Disinfection. Continue to use free chlorine as secondary disinfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 12,867 $ 100 1 1,286,671 $

Rapid Mix mgd 3,651 $ 100 1 365,059 $

Flocculation mgd 25,040 $ 100 1 2,504,018 $

Sedimentation mgd 104,296 $ 100 1 10,429,597 $

Filtration mgd 95,332 $ 100 1 9,533,195 $

GAC Contactors mgd 506,554 $ 100 2 50,655,425 $

UV Disinfection mgd 394,443 $ 100 3 39,444,292 $

Reservoir mgd 93,477 $ 100 1 9,347,655 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 20,439 $ 100 1 2,043,927 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 125,609,838 $

Alum mgd 4,764 $ 100 1 476,385 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd 7,684 $ 100 1 768,434 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) mgd 5,539 $ 100 2 553,868 $

Sulfuric Acid mgd 973 $ 100 1 97,258 $

Caustic mgd 4,565 $ 100 1 456,487 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 2,352,432 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 43,204 $ 100 1 4,320,414 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 21,463 $ 100 1 2,146,267 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 134,428,952 $

Site Work 5% 6,721,448 $

Electrical 12% 16,131,475 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 16,131,475 $

Subtotal 173,413,350 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 26,012,003 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 10,404,801 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 6,312,246 $ Chemical Systems 

# UPGRADED VWTP (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Subtotal 216,142,400 $

Engineering Fee 25% 54,035,600 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 2,701,780 $

Subtotal 272,879,780 $

Contingency 50% 136,439,890 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 409,319,670 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.039 $ 18,250,000 1 705,661 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.008 $ 18,250,000 1 148,441 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.003 $ 18,250,000 1 60,957 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.018 $ 18,250,000 1 323,396 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.015 $ 18,250,000 1 271,597 $

GAC Contactors 1001 gallon 0.338 $ 18,250,000 2 6,167,433 $

UV Disinfection 1002 gallon 0.191 $ 18,250,000 3 3,488,339 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 18,250,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.039 $ 18,250,000 1 705,661 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 11,871,486 $

Chemical Syste ms

Alum 1000 ga llon 0.029 $ 18,250,000 1 524,891 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon 0.016 $ 18,250,000 1 291,692 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.003 $ 0 1

‐ $

Sulfuric Acid 1000 gallon 0.013 $ 18,250,000 1 229,067 $

Caustic 1000gallon 0.027 $ 18,250,000 1 484,402 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 1,530,052 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 18,250,000 1 532,733 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.027 $ 18,250,000 1 488,611 $

TOTAL O&M COST 14,422,882 $

# CD

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 40

CD

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 20

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 13,784 $ 40 4 551,356 $

Rapid Mix mgd 4,565 $ 40 1 182,593 $

Flocculation mgd 38,676 $ 40 1 1,547,042 $

Sedimentation mgd 121,663 $ 40 1 4,866,529 $

Filtration mgd 122,868 $ 40 1 4,914,713 $

Reservoir mgd 96,726 $ 40 1 3,869,050 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 22,565 $ 40 1 902,615 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 16,833,897 $

Alum mgd 6,317 $ 40 1 252,693 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd 315,000 $ 40 2 12,600,011 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) mgd 6,034 $ 40 1 241,340 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) mgd 7,411 $ 40 2 296,433 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 13,390,477 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 54,448 $ 40 1 2,177,928 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 34,973 $ 40 2 1,398,907 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 33,801,209 $

Site Work 5% 1,690,061 $

Electrical 12% 4,056,146 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 4,056,146 $

Subtotal 43,603,562 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 6,540,535 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 2,616,214 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 1,587,170 $

Subtotal 54,347,481 $

En g ineerin g Fee 25% 13,586,871 $ 

# Baseline VWTP (Current Regulations) 4/25/2011

Chemical Systems 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CD-1

g g

, , Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 679,344 $

Subtotal 68,613,696 $

Contingency 50% 34,306,849 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 102,920,545 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.040 $ 7,300,000 1 290,551 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.010 $ 7,300,000 1 70,383 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.006 $ 7,300,000 1 41,671 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.024 $ 7,300,000 1 175,102 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.022 $ 7,300,000 1 161,756 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 7,300,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.040 $ 7,300,000 1 290,551 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 1,030,014 $

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 7,300,000 1 212,015 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 1000 ga llon 0.218 $ 7,300,000 2 1,591,527 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) 1000 gallon 0.044 $ 7,300,000 1 323,924 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.004 $ 7,300,000 2 30,957 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 2,158,423 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.036 $ 7,300,000 1 259,200 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.046 $ 7,300,000 1 334,006 $

TOTAL O&M COST 3,781,643 $

# CD

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 40

CD

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 20 4/25/2011 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CD-1

Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection. Short (10 min) free chlorine contact will be achieved in contact tank prior to conversion to chloramines.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 13,784 $ 40 0 551,356 $

Rapid Mix mgd 4,565 $ 40 0 182,593 $

Flocculation mgd 38,676 $ 40 1 1,547,042 $

Sedimentation mgd 121,663 $ 40 1 4,866,529 $

Filtration mgd 122,868 $ 40 1 4,914,713 $

UV Disinfection mgd 415,697 $ 40 1 16,627,884 $

Chlorine Contact Basin mgd 16,981 $ 40 1 679,230 $

Reservoir mgd 96,726 $ 40 1 3,869,050 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 22,565 $ 40 0 902,615 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 34,141,012 $

Alum mgd 6,317 $ 40 1 252,693 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd 315,000 $ 40 2 12,600,011 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original f eed at res inlet mgd 6,034 $ 40 1 241,340 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) original feed at res outlet mgd 7,411 $ 40 2 296,433 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) feed at contact basin mgd 6,034 $ 40 1 241,340 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) feed at res inlet mgd 7,411 $ 40 2 296,433 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 13,928,250 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 54,448 $ 40 1 2,177,928 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 34,973 $ 40 2 1,398,907 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 51,646,097 $

Site Work 5% 2,582,305 $

Electrical 12% 6,197,532 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 6,197,532 $

Subtotal 66,623,466 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 9,993,520 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 3,997,408 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 2,425,095 $

Subtotal 83,039,489 $ 

# UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

Engineering Fee 25% 20,759,873 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 1,037,994 $

Subtotal 104,837,356 $

Contingency 50% 52,418,678 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 157,256,034 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.040 $ 7,300,000 1 290,551 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.010 $ 7,300,000 1 70,383 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.006 $ 7,300,000 1 41,671 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.024 $ 7,300,000 1 175,102 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.022 $ 7,300,000 1 161,756 $

UV Disinfection 1000 gallon 0.194 $ 7,300,000 1 1,417,699 $

Chlorine Contact Basin 1000 gallon

‐ $ 7,300,000 1

‐ $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 7,300,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.040 $ 7,300,000 1 290,551 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 2,447,713 $

Ch emical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 7,300,000 1 212,015 $

Ozone (4.5/2.43 mg/L, with pH adjst) reduced dose 1000 gallon 0.196 $ 7,300,000 2 1,428,195 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original feed at res inlet 1000 gallon 0.044 $ 0 1

‐ $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) original feed at res outlet 1000 gallon 0.004 $ 0 2

‐ $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) feed at contact basin 1000 gallon 0.044 $ 7,300,000 1 323,924 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) feed at res inlet 1000 gallon 0.004 $ 7,300,000 2 30,957 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 1,995,091 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.036 $ 7,300,000 1 259,200 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.046 $ 7,300,000 1 334,006 $

TOTAL O&M COST 5,036,010 $

# CD

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 40

CD

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 20 4/25/2011 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CD-1

Add GAC Contactors and UV Disinfection. Eliminate chloramination and return to free chlorine as secondary disinfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 13,784 $ 40 0 551,356 $

Rapid Mix mgd 4,565 $ 40 0 182,593 $

Flocculation mgd 38,676 $ 40 1 1,547,042 $

Sedimentation mgd 121,663 $ 40 1 4,866,529 $

Filtration mgd 122,868 $ 40 1 4,914,713 $

GAC Contactors mgd 632,184 $ 40 2 25,287,349 $

UV Disinfection mgd 415,697 $ 40 1 16,627,884 $

Reservoir mgd 96,726 $ 40 1 3,869,050 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 22,565 $ 40 0 902,615 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 58,749,131 $

Alum mgd 6,317 $ 40 1 252,693 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd 315,000 $ 40 2 12,600,011 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) mgd 6,034 $ 40 1 241,340 $

Ammoni a (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) mgd 7,411 $ 40 2 296,433 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 13,390,477 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 54,448 $ 40 1 2,177,928 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 34,973 $ 40 2 1,398,907 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 75,716,443 $

Site Work 5% 3,785,823 $

Electrical 12% 9,085,974 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 9,085,974 $

Subtotal 97,674,214 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 14,651,133 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 5,860,453 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 3,555,342 $ 

# UPGRADED VWTP (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

, ,

Subtotal 121,741,142 $

Engineering Fee 25% 30,435,286 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 1,521,765 $

Subtotal 153,698,193 $

Contingency 50% 76,849,097 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 230,547,290 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.040 $ 7,300,000 1 290,551 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.010 $ 7,300,000 1 70,383 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.006 $ 7,300,000 1 41,671 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.024 $ 7,300,000 1 175,102 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.022 $ 7,300,000 1 161,756 $

GAC Contactors 1000 gallon 0.382 $ 7,300,000 1 2,791,273 $

UV Disinfection 1000 gallon 0.194 $ 7,300,000 1 1,417,699 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 7,300,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.040 $ 7,300,000 1 290,551 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 5,238,986 $

Chemical Syste ms

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 7,300,000 1 212,015 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 1000 gallon 0.218 $ 7,300,000 2 1,591,527 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original feed at res inlet 1000 gallon 0.044 $ 7,300,000 1 323,924 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.004 $ 0 2

‐ $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 2,127,466 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.036 $ 7,300,000 1 259,200 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.046 $ 7,300,000 1 334,006 $

TOTAL O&M COST 7,959,658 $

# CAA

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 40

CAA

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 20

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 13,784 $ 40 1 551,356 $

Rapid Mix mgd 4,565 $ 40 1 182,593 $

Flocculation mgd 38,676 $ 40 1 1,547,042 $

Sedimentation mgd 121,663 $ 40 1 4,866,529 $

Filtration mgd 122,868 $ 40 1 4,914,713 $

Reservoir mgd 96,726 $ 40 1 3,869,050 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 22,565 $ 40 1 902,615 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 16,833,897 $

Alum mgd 6,317 $ 40 1 252,693 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd 12,105 $ 40 1 484,187 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) mgd 7,411 $ 40 2 296,433 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 1,033,313 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 54,448 $ 40 2 2,177,928 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 34,973 $ 40 2 1,398,907 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 21,444,045 $

Site Work 5% 1,072,203 $

Electrical 12% 2,573,286 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 2,573,286 $

Subtotal 27,662,820 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 4,149,424 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 1,659,770 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 1,006,927 $

Subtotal 34,478,941 $

Engineering Fee 25% 8,619,736 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 430,987 $ 

# Baseline VWTP (Current Regulations) 4/25/2011

Chemical Systems 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CAA-1

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 430,987 $

Subtotal 43,529,664 $

Contingency 50% 21,764,833 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 65,294,497 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.040 $ 7,300,000 1 290,551 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.010 $ 7,300,000 1 70,383 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.006 $ 7,300,000 1 41,671 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.024 $ 7,300,000 1 175,102 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.022 $ 7,300,000 1 161,756 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 7,300,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.040 $ 7,300,000 1 290,551 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 1,030,014 $

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 7,300,000 1 212,015 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon 0.017 $ 7,300,000 1 127,606 $

Ammo nia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.004 $ 7,300,000 2 30,957 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 370,578 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.036 $ 7,300,000 2 259,200 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.046 $ 7,300,000 2 334,006 $

TOTAL O&M COST 1,400,592 $

# CAA

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 40

CAA

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 20 4/25/2011 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CAA-1

Add GAC Contactors and UV Disinfection. Eliminate chloramination and return to free chlorine as secondary disinfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 13,784 $ 40 1 551,356 $

Rapid Mix mgd 4,565 $ 40 1 182,593 $

Flocculation mgd 38,676 $ 40 1 1,547,042 $

Sedimentation mgd 121,663 $ 40 1 4,866,529 $

Filtration mgd 122,868 $ 40 1 4,914,713 $

GAC Contactors mgd 632,184 $ 40 2 25,287,349 $

UV Disinfection mgd 415,697 $ 40 3 16,627,884 $

Reservoir mgd 96,726 $ 40 1 3,869,050 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 22,565 $ 40 1 902,615 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 58,749,131 $

Alum mgd 6,317 $ 40 1 252,693 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd 12,105 $ 40 1 484,187 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) mgd 7,411 $ 40 2 296,433 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 1,033,313 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 54,448 $ 40 2 2,177,928 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 34,973 $ 40 2 1,398,907 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 63,359,279 $

Site Work 5% 3,167,964 $

Electrical 12% 7,603,114 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 7,603,114 $

Subtotal 81,733,471 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 12,260,021 $

Contractor bonds insurance mob demob 6% 4 904 009 $ 

# UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)

‐ No Upgrades Needed

UPGRADED VWTP (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

Contractor bonds

, insurance

, mob

, demob 6% 4

, 904

, 009 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 2,975,099 $

Subtotal 101,872,600 $

Engineering Fee 25% 25,468,150 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 1,273,408 $

Subtotal 128,614,158 $

Contingency 50% 64,307,079 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 192,921,237 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.040 $ 7,300,000 1 290,551 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.010 $ 7,300,000 1 70,383 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.006 $ 7,300,000 1 41,671 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.024 $ 7,300,000 1 175,102 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.022 $ 7,300,000 1 161,756 $

GAC Contactors 1001 gallon 0.382 $ 7,300,000 2 2,791,273 $

UV Disinfection 1002 gallon 0.194 $ 7,300,000 3 1,417,699 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 7,300,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.040 $ 7,300,000 1 290,551 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 5,238,986 $

Chemical Syste ms

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 7,300,000 1 212,015 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon 0.017 $ 7,300,000 1 127,606 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.004 $ 0 2

‐ $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 339,621 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.036 $ 7,300,000 2 259,200 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.046 $ 7,300,000 2 334,006 $

TOTAL O&M COST 5,578,607 $

# CAA

‐ 2 Design Capacity (mgd) 500

CAA

‐ 2 Average Flow (mgd) 325

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 12,408 $ 500 1 6,204,056 $

Rapid Mix mgd 3,549 $ 500 1 1,774,699 $

Flocculation mgd 15,302 $ 500 1 7,651,018 $

Sedimentation mgd 89,103 $ 500 1 44,551,420 $

Filtration mgd 67,486 $ 500 1 33,742,957 $

Reservoir mgd 91,852 $ 500 1 45,925,856 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 19,376 $ 500 1 9,688,109 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 149,538,117 $

Alum mgd 3,078 $ 500 1 1,538,994 $

Ozone (1

‐ log rmvl, with pH adjst) mgd 198,256 $ 500 2 99,128,056 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd 5,411 $ 500 1 2,705,666 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) mgd 1,930 $ 500 2 965,067 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 104,337,783 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 24,852 $ 500 1 12,426,110 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 8,870 $ 500 2 4,434,891 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 270,736,901 $

Site Work 5% 13,536,846 $

Electrical 12% 32,488,429 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 32,488,429 $

Subtotal 349,250,605 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 52,387,591 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 20,955,037 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 12,712,723 $

Subtotal 435,305,956 $

Engineering Fee 25% 108,826,489 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 5,441,325 $

Subtotal 549,573,770 $

Contingency 50% 274 786 885 $ 

# Baseline VWTP (Current Regulations) 4/25/2011

Chemical Systems 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CAA-2

Contingency 50% 274

, 786

, 885 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 824,360,655 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.038 $ 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.008 $ 118,625,000 1 895,171 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 118,625,000 1 272,966 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.011 $ 118,625,000 1 1,339,456 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.013 $ 118,625,000 1 1,486,575 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 118,625,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.038 $ 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 12,923,144 $

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 118,625,000 1 3,382,950 $

Ozone (1

‐ log rmvl, with pH a djst) 1000 gallon 0.206 $ 118,625,000 2 24,489,595 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon 0.014 $ 118,625,000 1 1,611,627 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 118,625,000 2 261,960 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 29,746,131 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.017 $ 118,625,000 1 2,022,986 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.009 $ 118,625,000 1 1,098,701 $

TOTAL O&M COST 45,790,962 $

# CAA

‐ 2 Design Capacity (mgd) 500

CAA

‐ 2 Average Flow (mgd) 325 4/25/2011 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CAA-2

Reduce ozone dose and add UV disinfection. Short (10 min) free chlorine contact will be achieved in contact tank prior to conversion to chloramines.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 12,408 $ 500 1 6,204,056 $

Rapid Mix mgd 3,549 $ 500 1 1,774,699 $

Flocculation mgd 15,302 $ 500 1 7,651,018 $

Sedimentation mgd 89,103 $ 500 1 44,551,420 $

Filtration mgd 67,486 $ 500 1 33,742,957 $

UV Disinfection mgd 364,334 $ 500 1 182,167,102 $

Chlorine Contact Basin mgd 8,227 $ 500 1 4,113,398 $

Reservoir mgd 91,852 $ 500 1 45,925,856 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 19,376 $ 500 1 9,688,109 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 335,818,617 $

Alum mgd 3,078 $ 500 1 1,538,994 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd 198,256 $ 500 2 99,128,056 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original f eed at res inlet mgd 2,195 $ 500 1 1,097,695 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) original feed at res outlet mgd 1,930 $ 500 1 965,067 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) feed at contact basin mgd 2,195 $ 500 1 1,097,695 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) feed at res inlet mgd 1,930 $ 500 2 965,067 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 104,792,575 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 24,852 $ 500 1 12,426,110 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 8,870 $ 500 2 4,434,891 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 457,472,194 $

Site Work 5% 22,873,610 $

Electrical 12% 54,896,664 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 54,896,664 $

Subtotal 590,139,132 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 88,520,870 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 35,408,348 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 21,481,065 $

Subtotal 735,549,415 $ 

# UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

Engineering Fee 25% 183,887,354 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 9,194,368 $

Subtotal 928,631,137 $

Contingency 50% 464,315,569 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 1,392,946,706 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.038 $ 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.008 $ 118,625,000 1 895,171 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 118,625,000 1 272,966 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.011 $ 118,625,000 1 1,339,456 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.013 $ 118,625,000 1 1,486,575 $

UV Disinfection 1000 gallon 0.187 $ 118,625,000 1 22,220,770 $

Chlorine Contact Basin 1000 gallon

‐ $ 118,625,000 1

‐ $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 118,625,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.038 $ 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 35,143,914 $

Ch emical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 118,625,000 1 3,382,950 $

Ozone (4.5/2.43 mg/L, with pH adjst) reduced dose 1000 gallon 0.185 $ 118,625,000 2 21,912,352 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original feed at res inlet 1000 gallon 0.043 $ 0 1

‐ $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) original feed at res outlet 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 0 1

‐ $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) feed at contact basin 1000 gallon 0.043 $ 118,625,000 1 5,155,251 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 118,625,000 2 261,960 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 30,712,512 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.017 $ 118,625,000 1 2,022,986 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.009 $ 118,625,000 1 1,098,701 $

TOTAL O&M COST 68,978,113 $

# CAA

‐ 2 Design Capacity (mgd) 500

CAA

‐ 2 Average Flow (mgd) 325 4/25/2011 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CAA-2

Add GAC Contactors and UV Disinfection. Eliminate chloramination and return to free chlorine as secondary disinfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 12,408 $ 500 1 6,204,056 $

Rapid Mix mgd 3,549 $ 500 1 1,774,699 $

Flocculation mgd 15,302 $ 500 1 7,651,018 $

Sedimentation mgd 89,103 $ 500 1 44,551,420 $

Filtration mgd 67,486 $ 500 1 33,742,957 $

GAC Contactors mgd 362,101 $ 500 1 181,050,399 $

UV Disinfection mgd 364,334 $ 500 1 182,167,102 $

Reservoir mgd 91,852 $ 500 1 45,925,856 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 19,376 $ 500 1 9,688,109 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 512,755,618 $

Alum mgd 3,078 $ 500 1 1,538,994 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd 198,256 $ 500 2 99,128,056 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) mgd 2,195 $ 500 1 1,097,695 $

Ammonia (0 .55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) mgd 1,930 $ 500 1 965,067 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 102,729,813 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 24,852 $ 500 1 12,426,110 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 8,870 $ 500 2 4,434,891 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 632,346,432 $

Site Work 5% 31,617,322 $

Electrical 12% 75,881,572 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 75,881,572 $

Subtotal 815,726,898 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 122,359,035 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 48,943,614 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 29,692,460 $

Subtotal 1,016,722,007 $

Engineering Fee 25% 254,180,502 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 12,709,026 $

S bt t l 1 283 611 535 $ 

# UPGRADED VWTP (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

S u bt o t a l 1

, 283

, 611

, 535 $

Contingency 50% 641,805,768 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 1,925,417,303 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.038 $ 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $

Rapid Mix 1000 gallon 0.008 $ 118,625,000 1 895,171 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 118,625,000 1 272,966 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.011 $ 118,625,000 1 1,339,456 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.013 $ 118,625,000 1 1,486,575 $

GAC Contactors 1000 gallon 0.293 $ 118,625,000 1 34,798,860 $

UV Disinfection 1000 gallon 0.187 $ 118,625,000 1 22,220,770 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 118,625,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.038 $ 118,625,000 1 4,464,488 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 69,942,774 $

Chemical Syst ems

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 118,625,000 1 3,382,950 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 1000 gallon 0.206 $ 118,625,000 2 24,489,595 $

Chlorine (hypochlorination) original feed at res inlet 1000 gallon 0.043 $ 118,625,000 1 5,155,251 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 0 2

‐ $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 33,027,796 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.017 $ 118,625,000 1 2,022,986 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.009 $ 118,625,000 1 1,098,701 $

TOTAL O&M COST 106,092,257 $

# CAAW

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 800

CAAW

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 600

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 12,408 $ 800 2 9,926,490 $

Rapid Mix mgd 3,549 $ 800 1 2,839,519 $

Flocculation mgd 15,302 $ 800 1 12,241,630 $

Sedimentation mgd 89,103 $ 800 1 71,282,273 $

Filtration mgd 67,486 $ 800 1 53,988,732 $

Reservoir mgd 91,852 $ 800 1 73,481,370 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 19,376 $ 800 2 15,500,975 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 239,260,987 $

Alum mgd 3,078 $ 800 1 2,462,390 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd 198,256 $ 800 2 158,604,890 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd 5,411 $ 800 1 4,329,065 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) mgd 1,930 $ 800 2 1,544,107 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 166,940,453 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 24,852 $ 800 2 19,881,776 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 8,870 $ 800 2 7,095,826 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 433,179,042 $

Site Work 5% 21,658,953 $

Electrical 12% 51,981,485 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 51,981,485 $

Subtotal 558,800,965 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 83,820,145 $

Contractor bonds, insurance, mob, demob 6% 33,528,058 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 20,340,356 $

Subtotal 696,489,524 $

Engineering Fee 25% 174,122,381 $ 4/25/2011

Chemical Systems 

# Baseline VWTP (Current Regulations) Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CAAW-1

Engineering Fee 25% 174,122,381 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 8,706,120 $

Subtotal 879,318,025 $

Contingency 50% 439,659,013 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 1,318,977,038 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.038 $ 219,000,000 2 8,242,132 $

Rapid Mix 100 gallon 0.008 $ 219,000,000 1 1,652,623 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 219,000,000 1 503,938 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.011 $ 219,000,000 1 2,472,841 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.013 $ 219,000,000 1 2,744,446 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 219,000,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.038 $ 219,000,000 2 8,242,132 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 23,858,112 $

Chemical Systems

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 219,000,000 1 6,245,446 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 1000 ga llon 0.206 $ 219,000,000 2 45,211,560 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon 0.014 $ 219,000,000 1 2,975,311 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 219,000,000 2 483,618 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 54,915,935 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.017 $ 219,000,000 2 3,734,744 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.009 $ 219,000,000 2 2,028,370 $

TOTAL O&M COST 84,537,161 $

# CAAW

‐ 1 Design Capacity (mgd) 800

CAAW

‐ 1 Average Flow (mgd) 600 4/25/2011 

# Drinking Water Treatment Evaluation

Capital and O&M Costs for CAAW-1

Add GAC Contactors and UV Disinfection. Eliminate chloramination and return to free chlorine as secondary disinfectant.

CAPTIAL COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No. of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping mgd 12,408 $ 800 2 9,926,490 $

Rapid Mix mgd 3,549 $ 800 1 2,839,519 $

Flocculation mgd 15,302 $ 800 1 12,241,630 $

Sedimentation mgd 89,103 $ 800 1 71,282,273 $

Filtration mgd 67,486 $ 800 1 53,988,732 $

GAC Contactors mgd 362,101 $ 800 2 289,680,639 $

UV Disinfection mgd 364,334 $ 800 3 291,467,364 $

Reservoir mgd 91,852 $ 800 1 73,481,370 $

Finished Water Pumping mgd 19,376 $ 800 2 15,500,975 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 820,408,989 $

Alum mgd 3,078 $ 800 1 2,462,390 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) mgd 198,256 $ 800 2 158,604,890 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) mgd 5,411 $ 800 1 4,329,065 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) mgd 1,930 $ 800 2 1,544,107 $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 166,940,453 $

Solids Handling Process mgd 24,852 $ 800 2 19,881,776 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings mgd 8,870 $ 800 2 7,095,826 $

Cost Multipliers

Multiplier Percentage of Subtotal Total

Subtotal for Treatment Units and Chemical Systems 1,014,327,044 $

Site Work 5% 50,716,353 $

Electrical 12% 121,719,246 $

Instrumentation and Controls 12% 121,719,246 $

Subtotal 1,308,481,889 $

Contractor OH & Profit 15% 196,272,284 $

Contractor bonds insurance mob demob 6% 78 508 914 $ 

# UPGRADED VWTP (Plausible Regulatory Scenario)

‐ No Upgrades Needed

UPGRADED VWTP (Outer Boundary Regulatory Scenario)

Chemical Systems

Contractor bonds

, insurance

, mob

, demob 6% 78

, 508

, 914 $

Sales Tax 3.64% 47,628,741 $

Subtotal 1,630,891,828 $

Engineering Fee 25% 407,722,958 $

Legal/Administrative Fee 5% 20,386,148 $

Subtotal 2,059,000,934 $

Contingency 50% 1,029,500,468 $

TOTAL CAPITAL COST 3,088,501,402 $

O&M COSTS

Major Items Units Unit Cost No of Units Cost Basis Total (2010 $)

Treatment Units



# Raw Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.038 $ 219,000,000 2 8,242,132 $

Rapid Mix 100 gallon 0.008 $ 219,000,000 1 1,652,623 $

Flocculation 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 219,000,000 1 503,938 $

Sedimentation 1000 gallon 0.011 $ 219,000,000 1 2,472,841 $

Filtration 1000 gallon 0.013 $ 219,000,000 1 2,744,446 $

GAC Contactors 1001 gallon 0.293 $ 219,000,000 2 64,244,049 $

UV Disinfection 1002 gallon 0.187 $ 219,000,000 3 41,022,960 $

Reservoir 1000 gallon

‐ $ 219,000,000 1

‐ $

Finished Water Pumping 1000 gallon 0.038 $ 219,000,000 2 8,242,132 $

Treatment Unit Subtotal 129,125,121 $

Chemical Syste ms

Alum 1000 gallon 0.029 $ 219,000,000 1 6,245,446 $

Ozone (8.25/4.22 mg/L, with pH adjst) 1000 gallon 0.206 $ 219,000,000 2 45,211,560 $

Chlorine (gas chlorination) 1000 gallon 0.014 $ 219,000,000 1 2,975,311 $

Ammonia (0.55 mg/L NH 3 

# ‐ N) 1000 gallon 0.002 $ 0 2

‐ $

Chemical Systems Subtotal 54,432,317 $

Solids Handling Process 1000 gallon 0.017 $ 219,000,000 2 3,734,744 $

Admin/Laboratory/Maintenance Buildings 1000 gallon 0.009 $ 219,000,000 2 2,028,370 $

TOTAL O&M COST 189,320,552 $4/25/2011Design Flow Average FlowPresent Worth ofAnnual O&MTotal PresentWorthAnnualizedConstruction CostTotal EquivalentAnnual Cost(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions$/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/yr) (Millions $/yr)UW-1 100 50 $133 $1.33 $4.8 $0.26 $55 $188 $12 $16CD-1 40 20 $103 $2.57 $3.8 $0.52 $43 $146 $9 $13CAA-1 40 20 $65 $1.63 $1.4 $0.19 $16 $81 $6 $7CAA-2500325$824 $1.65 $45.8 $0.39 $525$1,350$72$118CAAW-1800600$1,319 $1.65 $84.5 $0.39 $970$2,289$115$200Design Flow Average FlowPresent Worth ofAnnual O&MTotal PresentWorthAnnualizedConstruction CostTotal EquivalentAnnual Cost(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions$/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/yr) (Millions $/yr)UW-1 mgd mgd $93 $0.93 $3.3 $0.18 $38 $132 $8 $11CD-1 mgd mgd $72 $1.80 $2.6 $0.36 $30 $102 $6 $9CAA-1 mgd mgd $46 $1.14 $1.0 $0.13 $11 $57 $4 $5CAA-2 mgd mgd $577 $1.15 $32.1 $0.27 $368 $945 $50 $82CAAW-1 mgd mgd $923 $1.15 $59.2 $0.27 $679 $1,602 $80 $140BASELINEVWTPS(CurrentRegulations)LOWRANGEHIGHRANGEMEDIANVirtual WaterTreatment Plant(VWTP)Annual O&M CostCapital CostCapital Cost Annual O&M CostVirtual WaterTreatment Plant(VWTP)Drinking Water Treatment EvaluationVirtual Water Treatment Plant Cost SummaryDesign Flow Average FlowPresent Worth ofAnnual O&MTotal PresentWorthAnnualizedConstruction CostTotal EquivalentAnnual Cost(mgd) (mgd) (Millions $) $/gal (Millions$/yr) $/kgal (Millions $) (Millions $) (Millions $/yr) (Millions $/yr)UW-1 mgd mgd $200 $2.00 $7.2 $0.39 $82 $282 $17 $25CD-1 0 mgd $154 $3.86 $5.7 $0.78 $65 $219 $13 $19CAA-1 0 mgd $98 $2.45 $2.1 $0.29 $24 $122 $9 $11CAA-20mgd$1,237 $2.47 $68.7 $0.58 $788$2,024$108$176CAAW-10mgd$1,978 $2.47 $126.8 $0.58 $1,454$3,433$172$299Assumptions: Years(n)= 20Rate(i)= 6%Capital Cost Annual O&M CostVirtual WaterTreatment Plant(VWTP)4/25/2011Drinking Water Treatment EvaluationVirtual Water Treatment Plant Cost SummaryDesign Flow Average FlowPresent Worth ofAnnual O&MTotal PresentWorthAnnualizedConstruction CostTotal EquivalentAnnual Cost(mgd) (mgd)(Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions$) (Millions $) (Millions $/yr) (Millions $/yr)UW-110050$135 $1.35 $4.8 $0.26 $55$190$12$1710050$288 $2.88 $10.9 $0.60 $125$413$25$36CD-14020$157 $3.93 $5.0 $0.69 $58$215$14$19CAA-1*4020$65 $1.63 $1.4 $0.19 $16$81$6$7CAA-2500325$1,393 $2.79 $69.0 $0.58 $791$2,184$121$190CAAW-1*800600$1,319 $1.65 $84.5 $0.39 $970$2,289$115$200Design Flow Average FlowPresent Worth ofAnnual O&MTotal PresentWorthAnnualizedConstruction CostTotal EquivalentAnnual Cost(mgd) (mgd)(Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions$) (Millions $) (Millions $/yr) (Millions $/yr)UW-1mgdmgd$94 $0.94 $3.4 $0.18 $39$133$8$1210050$201 $2.01 $7.7 $0.42 $88$289$18$25CD-1mgdmgd$110 $2.75 $3.5 $0.48 $40$151$10$13CAA-1*mgdmgd$46 $1.14 $1.0 $0.13 $11$57$4$5CAA 2dd$975$1 95$48 3$0 41$554$1 529$85$133Capital Cost Annual O&M CostUPGRADEDVWTPS(PlausibleRegulatoryScenario)Virtual WaterTreatment Plant(VWTP)Virtual WaterTreatment Plant(VWTP)MEDIANCapital Cost Annual O&M CostLOWRANGECAA-2mgdmgd$975$1.95$48.3$0.41$554$1,529$85$133CAAW-1*mgdmgd$923 $1.15 $59.2 $0.27 $679$1,602$80$140Design Flow Average FlowPresent Worth ofAnnual O&MTotal PresentWorthAnnualizedConstruction CostTotal EquivalentAnnual Cost(mgd) (mgd)(Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions$) (Millions $) (Millions $/yr) (Millions $/yr)UW-1mgdmgd$202 $2.02 $7.2 $0.40 $83$285$18$2510050$431 $4.31 $16.4 $0.90 $188$619$38$54CD-1mgdmgd$236 $5.90 $7.6 $1.03 $87$323$21$28CAA-1*mgdmgd$98 $2.45 $2.1 $0.29 $24$122$9$11CAA-2mgdmgd$2,089 $4.18 $103.5 $0.87 $1,187$3,276$182$286CAAW-1*mgdmgd$1,978 $2.47 $126.8 $0.58 $1,454$3,433$172$299*Noupgradesneeded,baselinecoAssumptions: Years(n)= 20Rate(i)= 6%Virtual WaterTreatment Plant(VWTP)HIGHRANGECapital Cost Annual O&M Cost4/25/2011Drinking Water Treatment EvaluationVirtual Water Treatment Plant Cost SummaryDesign Flow Average FlowPresent Worth ofAnnual O&MTotal PresentWorthAnnualizedConstruction CostTotal EquivalentAnnual Cost(mgd) (mgd)(Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions$) (Millions $) (Millions $/yr) (Millions $/yr)UW-110050$409 $4.09 $14.4 $0.79 $165$575$36$50CD-14020$231 $5.76 $8.0 $1.09 $91$322$20$28CAA-14020$193 $4.82 $5.6 $0.76 $64$257$17$22CAA-2500325$1,925 $3.85 $106.1 $0.89 $1,217$3,142$168$274CAAW-1800600$3,089 $3.86 $189.3 $0.86 $2,171$5,260$269$459Design Flow Average FlowPresent Worth ofAnnual O&MTotal PresentWorthAnnualizedConstruction CostTotal EquivalentAnnual Cost(mgd) (mgd)(Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions$) (Millions $) (Millions $/yr) (Millions $/yr)UW-1mgdmgd$287 $2.87 $10.1 $0.55 $116$402$25$35CD-1mgdmgd$161 $4.03 $5.6 $0.76 $64$225$14$20CAA-1mgdmgd$135 $3.38 $3.9 $0.53 $45$180$12$16CAA-2mgdmgd$1,348 $2.70 $74.3 $0.63 $852$2,200$118$192CAAW-1mgdmgd$2,162 $2.70 $132.5 $0.61 $1,520$3,682$188$321Capital Cost Annual O&M CostLOWRANGEHIGHRANGEUPGRADEDVWTPS(OuterBoundaryRegulatoryScenario)Capital Cost Annual O&M CostVirtual WaterTreatment Plant(VWTP)Virtual WaterTreatment Plant(VWTP)MEDIANDesign Flow Average FlowPresent Worth ofAnnual O&MTotal PresentWorthAnnualizedConstruction CostTotal EquivalentAnnual Cost(mgd) (mgd)(Millions $) $/gal (Millions $/yr) $/kgal (Millions$) (Millions $) (Millions $/yr) (Millions $/yr)UW-1mgdmgd$614 $6.14 $21.6 $1.19 $248$862$54$75CD-10mgd$346 $8.65 $11.9 $1.64 $137$483$30$42CAA-10mgd$289 $7.23 $8.4 $1.15 $96$385$25$34CAA-20mgd$2,888 $5.78 $159.1 $1.34 $1,825$4,713$252$411CAAW-10mgd$4,633 $5.79 $284.0 $1.30 $3,257$7,890$404$688Assumptions: Years(n)= 20Rate(i)= 6%HIGHRANGECapital Cost Annual O&M CostVirtual WaterTreatment Plant(VWTP)Drinking Water Treatment EvaluationVirtual Water Treatment Plant Cost SummaryREGIONALADDEDCOSTSLow Range Median High Range Low Range Median High RangeUpper Watersheds- 818 mgd Total Regional Treatment Capacity10$ 14$ 21$ 0.3$ 0.4$ 0.6$883$ 1,262$ 1,893$ 35.3$ 50.4$ 75.7$Outer Boundary1,581$ 2,258$ 3,387$ 55.3$ 79.0$ 118.5$Central Delta- 284 mgd Total Regional Treatment CapacityPlausible270$ 386$ 579$ 6.2$ 8.9$ 13.4$Outer Boundary634$ 906$ 1,359$ 20.8$ 29.7$ 44.5$CAA- 2201 mgd Total Regional Treatment CapacityPlausible*Outer Boundary345$ 493$ 739$ 11.3$ 16.1$ 24.2$Plausible2,699$ 3,855$ 5,783$ 110.0$ 157.2$ 235.8$Outer Boundary5,226$ 7,465$ 11,198$ 286.2$ 408.8$ 613.3$CAA-West - 836 mgd Total Regional Treatment CapacityPlausible*CAA-1CAA-2CD-140405003.866.78Virtual WaterTreatment Plant(VWTP)PlausibleUW-11008.187.1ScenarioVWTP DesignCapacity (mgd)Representative Regional TreatmentCapacity/ VWTP CapacityAdded Capital Cost(Millions $)Added Annual O&M Cost(Millions $/yr)PlausibleOuter Boundary1,288$ 1,840$ 2,760$ 76.3$ 109.0$ 163.5$2,978$ 4,255$ 6,382$ 116.6$ 167$ 249.8$3,852$ 5,502$ 8,254$ 151.6$ 217$ 324.8$Outer Boundary9,074$ 12,962$ 19,443$ 449.8$ 643$ 963.9$*Noupgradesneeded,baselinecostsremain.CAAW-1TOTALPlausible800 1.04