In the United States Court of Federal Claims

INSIGHT PUBLIC SECTOR, INC.,

Plaintiff,

 v.

THE UNITED STATES,

Defendant,

 and

DELL MARKETING L.P.,

Intervenor-Defendant.

No. 21-cv-1755

Filed Under Seal: December 9, 2021

Publication: December 16, 20211

Kyle R. Jefcoat, Latham & Watkins LLP, Washington, District of Columbia for Plaintiff. With 

him on the briefs are David R. Hazelton and Julia A.C. Lippman, Latham & Watkins LLP, 

Washington, District of Columbia.

William P. Rayel, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, District of 

Columbia for Defendant. With him on the briefs are Brian M. Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney 

General, Civil Division; Martin F. Hockey, Jr., Acting Director, Commercial Litigation; Douglas 

K. Mickle, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation; Tracey Ferguson, Naval Information 

Warfare Center Pacific; Stephen T. O’Neal, General Services Administration. 

Craig A. Holman, Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, District of Columbia for 

Intervenor-Defendant. With him on the briefs are Amanda J. Sherwood and Aime JH Joo, Arnold 

& Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Washington, District of Columbia.

1 This Memorandum and Order was filed under seal in accordance with the Protective Order 

entered in this case (ECF No. 10) and was publicly reissued after incorporating all redactions 

proposed by the parties. (ECF No. 60.) The sealed and public versions of this Memorandum and 

Order are otherwise identical, except for the publication date and this footnote.
2

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

On September 13, 2021, Plaintiff Insight Public Sector, Inc. (Plaintiff or Insight) filed a 

Motion to Complete the Administrative Record (ECF No. 26) (Pl. Mot.). Plaintiff sought to 

include Intervenor-Defendant Dell Marketing L.P.’s (Dell Marketing) General Services 

Administration Federal Supply Schedule Contract No. GS-35F-059DA (GSA Schedule or FSS 

Contract) in the Administrative Record (Administrative Record or AR).

2 Pl. Mot. at 1. For 

efficiency purposes, on September 23, 2021, this Court provided the parties with a ruling on the 

record, noting that a written Memorandum and Order would follow. Order Denying Plaintiff’s 

Motion to Complete the Administrative Record (ECF No. 32); Transcript Ruling on Motion to 

Supplement the Administrative Record, dated Sept. 23, 2021 (ECF No. 55). 

Plaintiff argued in its Motion that Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule is a core document that 

must be produced to have a complete Administrative Record. Plaintiff’s Memorandum of Points 

and Authorities in Support of its Motion to Complete the Administrative Record (ECF No. 26) (Pl.

Mem.) at 6-11. Alternatively, it argued that supplementation of the Administrative Record with 

Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule is necessary for effective judicial review of this procurement, and 

for review of its request for injunctive relief. Id. at 12-20. Defendants responded that the Court 

should deny Plaintiff’s Motion because the Administrative Record is complete, effective judicial 

review does not require consideration of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule, and Plaintiff may

adequately demonstrate prejudice and irreparable harm based on the current Administrative 

Record. See generally Defendant’s Response to Plaintiff’s Motion to Complete or Alternatively 

Supplement the Administrative Record and Obtain Discovery (ECF No. 27) (Def. Resp.); 

2 The Administrative Record is contained in ECF Nos. 25-2 – 25-5 and 48. Documents within the 

Administrative Record are divided into “Tabs.” An index of the Tabs comprising the 

Administrative Record can be found at ECF No. 25-1.
3

Intervenor-Defendant’s Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion to Complete or Supplement the 

Administrative Record (ECF No. 28) (Int.-Def. Resp.). 

As reflected on the record and in this Court’s September 23, 2021 Order, and as more fully 

explained below, Plaintiff’s Motion to Complete the Administrative Record is DENIED.

BACKGROUND

This post-award bid protest concerns the United States Navy’s Solicitation No. N66001-

21-Q-0082 for the award of a Blanket Purchase Agreement (BPA) for the provision of Microsoft 

software licenses, software maintenance, and user-based subscriptions. Complaint (ECF No. 1) 

(Compl.) ¶ 1. The Navy initially awarded the BPA to Plaintiff. See Tab 10.1 (Notice of BPA 

Award to Insight, dated May 21, 2021) at AR 3518. After a series of communications between 

Dell Marketing and the Navy, the Navy reopened bidding and permitted Insight and Dell 

Marketing to submit revised quotes. See Tabs 10.2 (E-mail Chain between the Navy and Dell 

regarding BPA Award to Insight, dated May 26-27, 2021) at AR 3519-23; 11.1 (E-mails regarding 

Suspension of Insight Award and Submission of Revised Price Lists, dated May 27-28, 2021) at 

AR 3523-30. Subsequently, the Navy reversed course and awarded the BPA to Dell Marketing. 

See Tab 1 (Notification to Insight Public Sector, Inc. of BPA award to Dell Marketing L.P., dated 

June 1, 2021) at AR 1-2. Insight responded with a protest at the Government Accountability Office 

(GAO). See Tab 19 (Insight GAO Protest, dated June 7, 2021) at AR 4531-95. Before the GAO 

resolved any of the issues in Insight’s case, Insight filed the present action. See Tabs 51 (Insight 

Notice of Filing Court of Federal Claims Protest, dated August 25, 2021) at AR 5045; 52 (GAO 

Dismissal of Insight’s Protest, dated August 26, 2021) at AR 5046. 

I. Initial Award to Insight

The Navy’s initial Request for Quotations (RFQ) required resellers (i.e., Insight and Dell 

Marketing) to have “a current General Services Administration (GSA) Federal Supply Schedule 
4

(FSS) contract that covers the duration of the resultant Agreement.” Tab 3.1 (Excerpts from 

Original RFQ, dated March 17, 2021) at AR 32. Notably, the original RFQ required the reseller, 

and not a teaming partner, to have an active GSA Schedule for the duration of the BPA. Id. 

Resellers were further required to “meet all of the Reseller criteria” to be eligible for the BPA. Id.

at AR 31. The day following the deadline for submitting questions to the Navy regarding the RFQ, 

Dell Technologies Inc. — Dell Marketing’s parent company — submitted a letter to the Navy 

explaining that it would prefer to submit a bid through Dell Federal Systems L.P. (Dell Federal),

but that Dell Federal was ineligible for the competition because it did not have a GSA Schedule 

that would last the duration of the BPA. Tab 3.6 (E-mail Chain regarding Dell Teaming Request, 

dated March 26-31, 2021) at AR 132. Dell Marketing’s parent company then suggested revising 

the RFQ in a manner that would allow Dell Federal to compete directly for the BPA or compete 

along with Dell Marketing through a Contractor Teaming Arrangement (CTA). Id. In response, 

the Navy indicated that it would amend the RFQ to allow CTAs and extend the RFQ deadline. Id.

at AR 137.

The amended RFQ included the following requirements:

a. Reseller must have a current General Services Administration (GSA) Federal 

Supply Schedule (FSS) contract that covers the duration of the resultant Agreement.

. . . 

c. Reseller/Teaming Partner must be a DoD ESI BPA Holder for Microsoft 

Products and Azure Services.

. . . 

e. Reseller/Teaming Partner must have a Facility Clearance at the Secret level. If 

the Reseller/ Teaming Partner does not have a Facility Clearance at the Secret level,

they must obtain it within 120 days of contract award.

f. All Microsoft products listed under Attachment #2 – BPA Product and Price List 

must be on the Reseller’s FSS contract. Resellers will not be precluded from award 

in the event a product is not available on the respective GSA Schedule contract
5

provided an appropriate explanation is given in the “Vendors Comments” column 

of Attachment #2.

. . . 

h. Reseller/Teaming Partner must submit 2 contract references of similar size and 

scope that were performed within the past 5 years (see Section 5 below for 

definition of similar size and scope). Please provide the POC/references 

(Contracting Officer or Contracting Officer’s Representative) for each contract 

reference. Our office will contact each reference and submit a questionnaire 

regarding the Reseller/Teaming Partner’s performance. The questionnaire

responses will be evaluated in addition to the Vendor’s CPARS ratings.

Tab 3.3 (Amendment 2 to RFQ, dated March 31, 2021) at AR 102 (emphases added). While the 

amended RFQ permitted using a teaming partner to satisfy many of the quote requirements, the 

Microsoft product list was required to “be on the Reseller’s FSS contract.” Id. (emphasis added). 

The submission requirements stated that a quote shall include “[e]vidence of product inclusion and 

pricing on GSA schedule (only provide Microsoft product listing and pricing).” Id. at AR 104. 

Another section of the instructions stated that “Resellers shall submit evidence of product inclusion 

on GSA schedule, i.e., a copy of your GSA approved Price List.” Id. at AR 101.

Both Dell Marketing and Insight submitted their Best and Final Offers to the Navy with an 

evaluated price of $2,582,354,460 and $2,555,033,130, respectively. Tab 9 (Initial Business 

Clearance Memorandum, signed May 15-16, 2021) at AR 3511. As proof of product inclusion on 

its GSA Schedule, Dell Marketing submitted an Excel file identified as a “copy of the Microsoft 

Products on vendor’s GSA [multiple award schedule] Contract and prices.” Tab 4 (Dell Initial 

Quote, dated April 6, 2021) at AR 173, 182-800. Dell Marketing also represented that “[a]ll 

software [contract line items (CLINs)] will be sold off of [Dell Marketing] Team Lead’s GSA 

schedule GS-35F-059DA” and that Dell Federal will be “responsible for fulfilling any secure order 

requirements,” as Dell Federal held appropriate security clearances that Dell Marketing did not 

hold. Tab 6.1 (E-mails between the Navy and Dell regarding Dell’s Quote, dated April 1-8, 2021) 
6

at AR 3293; see also Tabs 3.1 at AR 14 (RFQ provision requiring contractor to possess a facility 

clearance letter at the Secret level); 3.6 at AR 133 (indicating that Dell Federal would cover “any 

and all DD254 requirements” — i.e., security clearance requirements — under a teaming 

arrangement with Dell Marketing). 

To assess whether each required product was listed on Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule, 

the Navy’s contract specialist compared Dell Marketing’s BPA Product and Price list, a form Dell 

Marketing populated, with Dell Marketing’s submitted Evidence of Product Inclusion and Pricing 

on GSA Schedule (i.e., the Excel file created by Dell). Tab 40 (Navy Response to GAO Request 

for Information, dated July 13, 2021) at AR 4739; see also Tab 4 at AR 175-80, 182-800. It is 

undisputed that the Navy did not independently check Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule to verify 

that the Schedule covered all requisite products. Tab 40 at AR 4741; see also Compl. ¶¶ 93, 110.

Similarly, it is undisputed that although GSA holds a copy of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule, the 

Navy did not independently possess the Schedule. Tab 40 at AR 4741.

The Navy performed a similar evaluation of Insight’s proposal and determined that both 

quotes met the award criteria. Tabs 9 at AR 3498; 8.3 (Insight Price Verification Evaluation) at 

AR 3395-406. The Navy ultimately made the initial award to Insight because its “overall price 

was $27,321,330 less than Dell Federal System’s [sic] submission.” 3 Tab 9 at AR 3498.

II. Suspension and Reevaluation of the Award to Insight

On the same day that the Navy notified Dell Marketing of the award to Plaintiff, Dell 

Marketing requested a debriefing. Tab 10.2 at AR 3520. The Navy denied the debriefing request 

but offered to answer “any specific questions” from Dell Marketing. Id. at AR 3519-20. Dell 

Marketing subsequently complained that the evaluations were unfair because late price changes 

3 The lead entity on this proposal is Dell Marketing, rather than Dell Federal. See Tab 3.6 at AR 

137 (describing the Dell teaming arrangement as one “which places Dell Marketing as the Prime”).
7 

by Microsoft could have resulted in unpriced CLINs in some bids. Id. at AR 3519. It explained 

that “[t]hroughout the bidding process, Microsoft made multiple revisions to the pricing for the 

Project & Visio bundle promotional CLINs – x728, x729, x764, x765. Microsoft originally offered 

only 3 years of pricing for these bundles but, at last minute, extended an offer for years 4 & 5 at a 

lesser discount.” Id. Dell Marketing concluded by noting that it was “concerned that competitors’ 

proposals may have included no pricing for these bundled CLIN[s] in years 4 and 5 due to the late 

timing of Microsoft’s change to the offering,” which would have resulted in Dell Marketing 

quoting a significantly higher price than its competitor. Id.

In response to Dell Marketing’s complaint, the Navy reviewed the bidders’ BPA Product 

and Price lists. See Tab 12.1 (Final Business Clearance Memorandum, signed June 3-7, 2021) at 

AR 4374. It confirmed that Dell Marketing had priced years 4 and 5 of the promotional CLINs 

while Insight had not. Id. The Navy further noted that “[t]he value of that difference was ~ , 

which impacted the award.” Id. Concerned that a protest by Dell Marketing would be successful, 

on May 27, 2021, the Navy suspended the award to Insight. See id. The suspension notice included 

the Navy’s conclusion that “[o]ne vendor [i.e., Dell Marketing] submitted pricing for years 4 and 

5 of those CLINs/SKUs, while the other [i.e., Insight] zeroed the pricing for those CLINs/SKUs 

for years 4 and 5.” Tab 11.1 at AR 3523. The Navy provided the parties less than 24 hours to 

submit their revised bids. See id. 

Plaintiff timely responded, indicating that it did not provide pricing for the promotional 

CLINs for BPA years 4 and 5 (i.e., option years 3 and 4) because “Microsoft did not provide a 

bundled cost for these CLINs for option year 3 and option year 4.” Tab 11.5 (E-mail from Navy 

to Insight regarding Removal of Promotional SKUs, dated May 28, 2021) at AR 3555. After 

consulting with Microsoft, Plaintiff also requested that the Navy alter the quantities of certain 
8

licenses in the promotional CLINs “so the correct pricing can be provided for evaluation 

purposes.” Id. at AR 3556. The Navy responded by moving the items originally listed under the 

promotional CLINs to non-promotional CLINs. Tabs 11.11 (E-mail from Navy to Dell regarding 

Best and Final Offers, dated May 29, 2021) at AR 3598-99; 11.13 (E-mail from Navy to Insight 

regarding Best and Final Offers, dated May 29, 2021) at AR 3629. 

After receiving revised pricing from both bidders, the Navy instructed them to submit

additional information, including best and final pricing, by noon Pacific Time on Sunday, May 30, 

2021. Tabs 11.11 at AR 3598-99; 11.13 at AR 3629. Insight and Dell Marketing each timely 

submitted this information.

4

III. Subsequent Award to Dell Marketing

The Navy concluded that both “vendors’ past performance provided the Government with 

a reasonable expectation that they will successfully perform the required effort.” Tab 12.1 at AR 

4360. Dell Marketing’s final total evaluated price was $2,493,272,919.21, and Insight’s final total 

evaluated price was $2,580,216,750.72. See Tab 11.27 (Dell Final Price Revisions, submitted May 

30, 2021) at AR 3823, 3750, 4379. Although Plaintiff’s past performance was better than Dell

Marketing’s past performance, the Navy stated that the difference “was not enough to overcome 

almost an $87M price difference.” Tab 12.1 at AR 4360. Accordingly, on May 31, 2021, the 

Navy awarded the BPA to Dell Marketing. Id.

IV. Insight’s GAO Protest

Subsequently, Insight filed a GAO bid protest, alleging that “Dell failed to satisfy the 

RFQ’s requirements and, accordingly, was ineligible for award.” Tab 19 at AR 4532. Insight

4 See Tabs 11.16 (Email from Dell to Navy transmitting its Revised Price Proposal Version 3, 

dated May 29, 2021) at AR 3699-703; 11.19 (Email transmitting Insight’s Final Pricing, dated 

May 30, 2021) at AR 3738-43; 11.21 (Letter from Insight to Navy regarding Final Pricing, dated 

May 30, 2021) at AR 3753.
9

further alleged that “because Dell Federal is the typical entity for providing Microsoft licenses to 

the federal government, it is not at all clear that Dell Marketing has all of the required [products] 

on its own GSA FSS contract, and it appears to be relying on the Dell Federal GSA FSS contract.” 

Id. at AR 4544. 

To substantiate this claim, Insight requested that the Navy produce “[t]he GSA FSS 

schedule(s) for Dell Marketing, including all proposed teaming partners such as Dell Federal.” Id. 

at AR 4553. The Navy objected on the basis that the GSA schedules “were not requested as part 

of the RFQ process.” Tab 27 (Navy Response to Insight Request for Documents, dated June 29, 

2021) at AR 4633. The GAO denied Insight’s request but asked the Navy to “clarify how the 

evaluators determined that Dell Marketing’s schedule contract contained all of the requisite 

Microsoft products.” Tab 39 (GAO Request for Information, dated July 12, 2021) at AR 4737. 

The Navy explained that its contract specialist “did not obtain Dell’s Microsoft GSA Price List 

directly from GSA.” Tab 40 at AR 4741. Instead, the Navy’s price verification entailed reviewing

spreadsheets submitted by Dell Marketing. Id. at AR 4739-41. The GAO found this explanation 

sufficient and denied Insight’s request for production of Dell Marketing’s full GSA Schedule and 

other documents. Tab 18 (GAO Docket) at AR 4529.

After the parties completed briefing before the GAO, but before the GAO ruled on the 

merits of Insight’s protest, Insight again requested production of Dell Marketing’s full GSA 

Schedule. Tab 48 (Insight Request for Production, dated July 30, 2021) at AR 5041. The GAO 

declined Insight’s request. Tab 18 at AR 4529. Insight filed its Complaint in this Court shortly 

thereafter. See Compl. 
10

DISCUSSION

This Court reviews post-award bid protests pursuant to the Administrative Procedure Act 

(APA). See Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1057 (Fed. Cir. 2000). 

The APA requires a court to analyze whether an agency action was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse 

of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law [or] . . . unsupported by substantial 

evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 706; see also Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 

U.S. 281, 284 (1974). While the focus on agency action permits a sweeping inquiry, this Court 

may not substitute its judgment for the agency’s. See Cubic Applications, Inc. v. United States, 37 

Fed. Cl. 339, 342 (1997) (citing Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402,

416-20 (1971)). Courts review agency action within these limits by analyzing an administrative 

record, which includes the material “before the decision maker at the time of the final award.” 

Advanced Data Concepts, 216 F.3d at 1057. 

Plaintiff urges this Court, however, to look beyond the current Administrative Record and

review Dell Marketing’s full GSA Schedule. See generally Pl. Mem. While there are some 

conditions under which this Court may complete or supplement an administrative record or

consider extra-record evidence as part of the court’s record, none of them exist here. First, the 

Administrative Record already contains “all the material that was developed and considered by the 

agency in making its decision.” Cubic Applications, 37 Fed. Cl. at 342. Second, the Court can 

effectively review the Navy’s procurement process — including the Navy’s decision to forgo 

additionally verifying the contents of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule through GSA — without

reviewing the full GSA Schedule. Finally, Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule is unnecessary for the 

Court to evaluate Plaintiff’s request for injunctive relief, as the Schedule’s terms do not illuminate 

whether Plaintiff has suffered competitive prejudice and irreparable harm. Rather, Plaintiff’s 
11

request improperly asks this Court to “convert the arbitrary and capricious standard into effectively 

de novo review.” Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2009) 

(internal quotations and citation omitted). The Court declines Insight’s invitation to do so. 

I. The Administrative Record is Complete

A motion to complete the administrative record is appropriate when a plaintiff seeks to add 

“information that was generated and considered by the agency” during the procurement but was 

omitted from the record filed with this Court. Smith v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 691, 695 (2014), 

aff’d, 611 F. App’x 1000 (Fed. Cir. 2015); Poplar Point RBBR, LLC v. United States, 145 Fed. Cl. 

489, 494 (2019) (“A motion to ‘complete’ the record seeks to add documents relevant to the 

challenged agency decision that were considered by the relevant agency decisionmakers but were 

not included in the record”). Insight cannot dispute that Dell Marketing’s full GSA Schedule was 

neither “generated [nor] considered by the agency” during this procurement. Smith, 114 Fed. Cl.

at 695. It therefore “cannot be offered under a theory of ‘completing’ the record.” Linc Gov. 

Servs., LLC v. United States, 95 Fed. Cl. 155, 159 (2010). Notwithstanding this fact, Plaintiff 

argues that Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule should be part of the Administrative Record because 

it is a “core document” as defined in Appendix C ¶ 22 of the Rules of the United States Court of 

Federal Claims (Rules or RCFC). Pl. Mem. at 6.

This Court disagrees. The “core documents” listed in Appendix C do not define mandatory 

contents of an administrative record. Even if they were mandatory, Plaintiff has not shown that 

Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule meets the definition of any of the “core documents.” The 

Administrative Record is complete, and Defendant’s conduct in this litigation does not suggest 

otherwise. 
12

A. Appendix C Does Not Define the Contents of the Administrative Record.

 According to Plaintiff, Appendix C ¶ 22 of the Rules defines a set of “core documents” 

that presumptively qualify for inclusion in the Administrative Record even if those documents 

were not before the agency. Id. at 6-7. Plaintiff misreads both Appendix C and the alleged 

interpretations of that Appendix. Appendix C explains that the relevant core documents “may

include, as appropriate,” documents from a list of 21 different categories. RCFC Appendix C ¶ 22

(emphasis added). It further explains that “the court expects the United States to produce the core 

documents and the remainder of the administrative record as promptly as circumstances will 

permit.” Id. ¶ 23. Plaintiff ignores that Paragraph 22 is permissive, not mandatory. Cf. Allied 

Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 226, 230-31 (2010) (finding that documents before 

the GAO are not automatically included in the administrative record, even though Appendix C ¶ 

22(u) states that those documents may be included in the administrative record). 

Furthermore, Paragraph 22 is qualified by the “as appropriate” clause. RCFC Appendix C 

¶ 22. Appropriate documents for inclusion in the administrative record are those materials 

“developed and considered by the agency in making its decision.” Cubic Applications, 37 Fed. 

Cl. at 342. “The court’s rules cannot be applied to engraft onto the contracting officer’s decision” 

documents that were not before the agency. Acrow Corp. of Am. v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 270, 

281 (2010). Properly interpreted then, Appendix C merely offers a suggestive list of the types of 

documents, if considered by the agency, that should be included in the administrative record. 

Plaintiff argues that Dyncorp Int’l LLC v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 298, 303 (2013) 

supports interpreting Appendix C to require the Government to “identify and provide” such listed 

“core documents” in the Administrative Record. Pl. Mem. at 7. Dyncorp, however, is inapposite 
13

to the present case.5

 Although Dyncorp noted that “the rules of our court establish the type of 

‘core documents’ that the government was ‘required to identify and provide,’” it did not address a 

situation where the alleged “core documents” were not submitted to the agency for consideration 

during the procurement or were not generated as part of the procurement. 113 Fed. Cl. at 303. 

The documents that were categorized as “core documents” in Dyncorp — “[t]he original D & F 

authored by DOS, the written debriefing provided to Dyncorp on August 30, 2013, and the 

correspondence and filings from the current protest before GAO” — were all created or used by 

the agency during the procurement. Id. That is not the case here, where the Navy neither generated

Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule nor considered it during the procurement.

B. Even Under Plaintiff’s Interpretation of Appendix C, the Administrative Record is 

Complete Without Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule.

Plaintiff cannot demonstrate that Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule was incorporated into 

any of the “core documents” allegedly enumerated in Appendix C. According to Plaintiff, Dell 

Marketing’s GSA Schedule is a “core document” because it is incorporated into the “executed 

contract” and because it was “an incorporated part of Dell Marketing’s quote.” Pl. Mem. at 7, 9. 

As noted below, this Court disagrees. More fundamentally, however, Plaintiff’s incorporation-byreference argument fails because it is premised on a misapplication of principles from the motionto-dismiss context. 

1. The Incorporation-By-Reference Rules Applied When Weighing a Motion

to Dismiss Do Not Apply Here.

Plaintiff’s argument appears to rest on shoehorning motion-to-dismiss standards into the 

Court’s complete-the-record analysis. See Pl. Mem. at 11 (“The necessity of reviewing 

5 Further, even if Dyncorp were on point, it is well-established that other U.S. Court of Federal 

Claims decisions, while helpful, are not binding on this Court. See, e.g., San Antonio Hous. Auth. 

v. United States, 143 Fed. Cl. 425, 466 (2019).
14

incorporated documents is similar to when the Court is considering a motion to dismiss for failure 

to state a claim on which relief can be granted.”). In the motion to dismiss context, a court may 

consider matters incorporated into the complaint by reference even if not attached as an exhibit. 

DigiFlight, Inc. v. United States, 150 Fed. Cl. 650, 652 n.1 (2020) (quoting Dimare Fresh, Inc. v. 

United States, 808 F.3d 1301, 1306 (Fed. Cir. 2015)). The rationale for doing so stems from 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 10(c), which establishes that statements in a pleading may 

be adopted by reference and a written instrument attached to the pleading as an exhibit is a part of 

the pleading. Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c). Courts relying on Rule 10(c) “have held that the complaint is 

deemed to include any written instrument attached to it as an exhibit or any statements or 

documents incorporated in it by reference.” Cortec Indus., Inc. v. Sum Holding L.P., 949 F.2d 42, 

47 (2d Cir. 1991).

Plaintiff does not, and cannot, cite any analogous language in the APA, the Tucker Act, or 

the FAR that would authorize this Court to look beyond the Administrative Record when 

adjudicating a bid protest action. Inserting the Rule 12(b)(6) incorporation-by-reference standard

into to the bid protest analysis context violates this Court’s duty to limit its review to “the record 

before the decision maker at the time of the final award.” Advanced Data Concepts, 216 F.3d at 

1057. Accordingly, the Court will not stretch the boundaries of applicable complete-the-record 

jurisprudence here.

2. The Executed Contract and Dell Marketing’s Quote Do Not Incorporate by

Reference — Explicitly or Implicitly — Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule. 

Even if this Court was convinced that Rule 12(b)(6) jurisprudence applies in the present 

context, Plaintiff has still failed to demonstrate that Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule was 

incorporated by reference into documents that are properly part of the Administrative Record. 

Under Appendix C, “core documents” may include “the executed contract” and “the protester’s, 
15

awardee’s, or other interested parties’ offers, proposals, or other responses to the solicitation.” 

RCFC Appendix C ¶¶ 22(l), (q). According to Plaintiff, the BPA awarded to Dell Marketing 

explicitly incorporates Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule into the “executed contract” because it 

includes a provision that “[o]rders placed against this BPA are subject to the terms and conditions 

of the FSS Contract.” Pl. Mem. at 7-8 (citing Tab 67 (Dell BPA, signed May 31, 2021) at AR 

5875). Plaintiff further argues that Dell Marketing’s reference in its quote to its role as the team 

lead “under GSA Schedule GS-35F-059DA,” and similar references in Dell Marketing’s CTA, 

incorporate the GSA Schedule into Dell Marketing’s quote. Pl. Mem. at 10 (citing Tabs 3.6 at AR 

133; 4 at AR 140, 173; 6.1 at AR 3295). This Court finds both arguments misguided. 

The statement in the BPA that “[o]rders placed against this BPA are subject to the terms 

and conditions of the FSS Contract” does not incorporate Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule into the 

executed contract. Tab 67 at AR 5875. The BPA includes sections that expressly incorporate 

documents and other contract clauses by reference. Id. at AR 5876, 5899. Dell Marketing’s GSA 

Schedule is conspicuously absent from those sections. See id. At most, the language Plaintiff cites 

only incorporates portions of the GSA Schedule, the “terms and conditions,” into the executed 

orders. Consideration of Dell Marketing’s full GSA Schedule is unnecessary, however, because 

the incorporated “terms and conditions” are publicly available.6

 

Similarly, the statement in Dell Marketing’s bid that it included the “current Microsoft 

Price List on Dell GSA GS35F059DA” does not incorporate into the bid Dell Marketing’s full 

GSA Schedule, which includes non-Microsoft products. Tab 11.26 (E-mail from Dell to Navy 

transmitting Final Price Revisions, Updated Microsoft Price List on Dell Marketing’s Federal 

6 See GSA Federal Acquisition Service (GSA), e-Library (2021) 

https://www.gsaelibrary.gsa.gov/ElibMain/contractorInfo.do?contractNumber=GS-35F059DA&contractorName=DELL+MARKETING+L.P.&executeQuery=YES (last visited 

December 9, 2021).
16

Supply Schedule Contract, and Representations, date May 20, 2021) at AR 3811. The passing 

references to Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule in its bid do not suggest an intention by Dell 

Marketing to incorporate the entire substance of its GSA Schedule into the quote. See Northrop 

Grumman Info. Tech., Inc. v. United States, 535 F.3d 1339, 1344 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (noting that “the 

incorporating contract must use language that is express and clear, so as to leave no ambiguity 

about the identity of the document being referenced, nor any reasonable doubt about the fact that 

the referenced document is being incorporated into the contract”). Because Dell Marketing’s GSA 

Schedule is not incorporated by reference into the executed contract or into Dell Marketing’s 

quote, the Schedule is unnecessary to complete the record even under Plaintiff’s suggested “core 

document” standard. 

C. Defendant’s Conduct Is Consistent with the Conclusion that the Administrative 

Record is Complete. 

In a final broadside, Plaintiff suggests that the Defendant’s conduct in this action supports 

the application of its “core document” theory. Pl. Mem.at 11. Plaintiff claims that it is “wholly 

inconsistent for the Government, on the one hand, to represent to this Court that it will ‘need to 

consult with GSA personnel’ because this procurement is being conducted under GSA FSS 

contracts and, on the other hand, take the position that the very contract at the heart of this dispute 

is not required for inclusion in the AR.” Id. But rather than support Plaintiff’s argument, this 

merely underscores that the Navy did not have access to, or in any way consider, Dell Marketing’s 

GSA Schedule. For this Court to admit such “evidence not considered by the agency below” 

would inappropriately convert the APA’s “arbitrary and capricious” standard “into effectively de 

novo review.” Murakami v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 731, 735 (2000). The Court must respect 

the limits imposed by the APA and decline Plaintiff’s request to complete the Administrative 

Record with Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule. 
17

II. It is Unnecessary to Supplement the Administrative Record.

Insight argues alternatively that the Court should supplement the Administrative Record 

with Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule because “it is necessary for determining Dell Marketing’s 

compliance with the RFQ and eligibility for [the] award.” Pl. Mem. at 12. According to Plaintiff, 

effective judicial review requires consideration of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule because the 

Schedule was “too close at hand” for the agency to ignore and would fill important gaps in the 

record. Pl. Mem. at 13-17; Plaintiff’s Reply (ECF No. 31) (Pl. Reply) at 12-17. Defendant urges 

the Court to reject these arguments on the basis that Plaintiff “impermissibly seek[s] de novo

review of the Navy’s determination that Dell Marketing met one of the eligibility criteria of the 

solicitation,” and the Navy rationally relied on the information in Dell Marketing’s quote. Def. 

Resp. at 18-19. Intervenor-Defendant generally reiterates Defendant’s arguments, emphasizing 

that a document possessed by a different agency is not “too close at hand” for the Navy to ignore,

and that the Navy considered only what the RFQ allegedly required: publicly available documents. 

See Int.-Def. Resp. at 18-25. The Court agrees with Defendants. 

Supplementing an administrative record with new evidence requires a separate inquiry 

from completing an administrative record with missing documents. See Joint Venture of Comint 

Sys. Corp. v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 159, 169 (2011). The parties’ ability to supplement the 

record is limited. Axiom, 564 F.3d at 1379. Because of the danger of converting the arbitrary and 

capricious standard into de novo review, supplementation is appropriate only where effective 

judicial review would be hindered by the omission of the extra-record evidence. Id. at 1380; see 

also Dyncorp Int’l, LLC v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 1, 2 (2016) (“In general, the Court will 

supplement the administrative record when it is necessary for a full and complete understanding 

of the issues.” (citation omitted)). As judicial review is “effective” when consistent with the APA, 
18

this Court must examine whether the omission of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule from the 

Administrative Record frustrates the Court’s ability to determine whether the Navy’s award was 

arbitrary and capricious. See AgustaWestland N. Am. v. United States, 880 F.3d 1326, 1331-32 

(Fed. Cir. 2018). The parties’ arguments, the Administrative Record, and applicable law 

demonstrate that this Court may effectively review this procurement without seeing Dell 

Marketing’s full GSA Schedule.

A. The “too close at hand” doctrine is inapplicable.

Plaintiff first argues that this Court should supplement the Administrative Record with Dell 

Marketing’s full GSA Schedule because the Schedule was “too close at hand” for the Navy to 

ignore. Pl. Mem.at 13. It is well-established that “some information is simply too close at hand 

to require offerors to shoulder the inequities that spring from an agency’s failure to obtain, and 

consider, the information.” Vanguard Recovery Assistance v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 765, 781 

(2011) (internal citations and quotations omitted). However, as explained below, the “too close at 

hand” doctrine is inapplicable here for two independent reasons: (1) the Navy did not possess Dell 

Marketing’s GSA Schedule, and (2) Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule is sought to evaluate 

conformance with a technical requirement.

Courts typically limit the universe of information that it considers “too close at hand” to 

documents in the possession of the contracting agency or information that is personally known to 

the contract evaluator. See id. (holding that “FEMA would be obliged to draw upon internal 

information that concerned any of the firms’ prior work” under a provision of a solicitation that 

did not restrict the agency to the references submitted by the offerors (emphasis added)); MG Altus 

Apache Co. v. United States, 102 Fed. Cl. 744, 751 (2012) (finding that a letter from the contractor 

was too close at hand to ignore because it was in the agency’s possession); Chenega Healthcare 
19

Servs., LLC v. United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 644, 651 (2018) (explaining that the “too close at hand” 

doctrine occasionally “obliges an agency to consider information that was not included in a 

proposal but which is known to the agency’s evaluators”); ProSecure, LLC v. United States, 151 

Fed. Cl. 697, 707 (2020) (explaining that the “too close at hand” doctrine may require an agency 

to consider information that was not cited in an offeror’s proposal if the agency “possesses personal 

knowledge or internal information pertaining to an offeror’s contract or prior work”). 

Plaintiff does not dispute that the Navy did not possess Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule. 

See Pl. Mem. at 14; Pl. Reply. at 14-15. Nor does Plaintiff point to any evidence indicating that 

the contracting officer had personal knowledge of the Schedule. See Pl. Mem. at 14; Pl. Reply at 

14-15. Instead, Plaintiff’s argument rests solely on the premise that “the Navy can readily obtain 

a copy [of the Schedule] from either GSA or Dell Marketing.” Pl. Mem. at 14; see also Pl. Reply 

at 14. However, Insight’s proposed “readily obtain” threshold is not the applicable standard. 

Instead, as noted, documents are only considered “too close at hand” to ignore if they were in the 

agency’s possession or if the contracting officer had personal knowledge of the documents. 

ProSecure, 151 Fed. Cl. at 707. Neither scenario applies here.

The “too close at hand” doctrine is further inapplicable because Dell Marketing’s GSA

Schedule is evidence relevant to a technical requirement — that Dell Marketing’s Schedule 

contains all the required products. This court has previously “refused to extend the ‘too close at 

hand’ doctrine to the evaluation of technical proposals.” Chenega, 138 Fed. Cl. at 651 (quoting

Career Training Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 215, 232 (2008)). Indeed, each case 

cited by Plaintiff applies the “too close at hand” doctrine to past performance evaluations rather 

than technical evaluations. See, e.g., Int’l Res. Recovery, Inc. v. United States, 64 Fed. Cl. 150, 

163 (2005) (explaining that “some past performance information” is “too close at hand” to exclude 
20

from consideration); Vanguard, 101 Fed. Cl. at 781 (applying the “too close at hand” doctrine to 

supplement the record with information concerning the contractor’s previous work performance); 

MG Altus Apache, 102 Fed. Cl. at 751-52 (using the “too close at hand” doctrine to supplement 

the record with a letter from the contractor to the contracting officer because the letter was relevant 

to making a responsibility determination).

The only exception this Court is aware of is the narrow case when a solicitation’s technical 

criteria encompass traditional responsibility considerations. See Career Training Concepts, 83 

Fed. Cl. at 232. Application of the “too close at hand” doctrine in such cases makes sense as

contracting officers reviewing responsibility considerations, like contracting officers evaluating 

past performance, have broad discretion to choose the information they evaluate. See Impresa 

Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1334-35 (Fed. Cir. 2001) 

(noting that contracting officers have wide discretion in determining the amount of information 

necessary to make a responsibility determination and ultimately in making the responsibility 

determination); Glenn Def. Marine (Asia), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. 541, 568 (2012) 

(noting that “there is a great deal of discretion afforded to the Agency with regard to evaluations 

of past performance”). 

The concern in both situations is that the contracting officer’s wide discretion could result 

in inequitable selections of the information used to evaluate the bids. Take, for example, a 

procuring agency evaluating the past performance of a first offeror and second offeror that both 

have a mixed history of performance. Further presume that the agency possesses documentation 

of these performance histories. It would obviously be improper for the agency to develop an 

administrative record of favorable reviews for the first offeror to the exclusion of negative reviews 

of the first offeror, while doing the opposite for the second offeror. While seemingly permissible 
21

due to the wide discretion given contract evaluators, such an evaluation would be inconsistent with 

the competitive procurement system. See Cont’l Mar. of San Diego, Inc., B-249858.2 et al., 93-1 

CPD ¶ 230, 4 (Comp. Gen. Feb. 11, 1993). In this hypothetical, the “close at hand” doctrine would 

require the agency to consider the favorable evaluations of the second offeror to avoid 

inappropriately forcing the second offeror “to shoulder the inequities that spring from an agency’s 

failure to obtain and consider the information.” Int’l Res., Inc., 64 Fed. Cl. at 163 (citation 

omitted).

That danger is absent in technical assessments like the one present in this action. 

“Technical merit or acceptability concerns an assessment of whether the offeror’s approach and 

resources as described in its proposal are worthy of a particular rating or adequate to meet the 

needs of the agency as expressed in the RFP.” Cont’l Mar. of San Diego, Inc., B-249858.2 et al., 

93-1 CPD ¶ 230, 4 (Comp. Gen. Feb. 11, 1993). The technical assessment thus focuses on 

information submitted with the proposal and must be conducted using the evaluation criteria 

outlined in the solicitation. GEC Avionics, Inc., B-250957, 93-2 CPD ¶ 24, 3 (Comp. Gen. Feb. 

25, 1993). Here, the solicitation instructed bidders to “only provide Microsoft product listing and 

pricing,” rather than their entire GSA schedules. Tab 3.3 at AR 104. Both parties submitted lists 

of their Microsoft products in lieu of their full GSA schedules. See, e.g., Tabs 8.10 (Insight Product 

and Price List, dated May 4, 2021) at AR 3481-9; 11.29 (Dell Updated Microsoft Price List on 

Dell Marketing’s Federal Supply Schedule Contract, submitted May 20, 2021) at AR 3830-4357. 

Neither party can be said to bear an inequitable burden because the Navy considered the same type 

of information for both parties. There simply is no reason to apply the “too close at hand” doctrine 

here. 
22

That supplementation of administrative records with information relevant to technical 

analyses has been deemed proper in cases like Alaska Structures, Inc. v. United States, 144 Fed. 

Cl. 80 (2019), and Midwest Tube Fabricators, Inc. v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 568 (2012), does 

not counsel otherwise. Neither opinion references the “too close at hand” doctrine. Instead, 

supplementation of the administrative record occurred on other grounds inapplicable here. See 

Alaska Structures, 144 Fed. Cl. at 86-87 (supplementing the record with information relevant to 

the technical analysis to resolve a plausible misrepresentation claim); Midwest Tube, 104 Fed. Cl. 

at 575 (supplementing the record with information relevant to contractor eligibility because the 

court identified gaps in the record).

Plaintiff’s reliance on Eracent, Inc. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 427 (2007) is similarly 

unavailing. According to Plaintiff, Eracent stands for the proposition that an agency is required 

to verify the contents of an offeror’s GSA schedule. Pl. Reply at 14. However, the Eracent court 

merely granted what appears to be an unopposed motion to supplement the record with a GSA 

price list. Compare 79 Fed. Cl. at 428 n.2 (granting Eracent’s motion in Case No. 1:07-cv-00724-

EGB to supplement the record with, inter alia, a GSA Price List), with Civil Docket for Case No. 

1:07-cv-00724-EGB (absence of any motion opposing Eracent’s motion to supplement the record). 

The court granted that motion “because the challenged procurement [was] traceable to a sole 

source delivery order[,]” not because the GSA price list was necessary to confirm compliance with 

an RFQ. Eracent, 79 Fed. Cl. at 428 n.2. While the court indicated that “the contracting agency 

must verify that all items on the order are within the scope of the vendor’s FSS contract[,]” it did 

not foreclose the agency doing so by reviewing documentation provided by the contractors, rather 

than by reviewing the FSS contracts themselves. Eracent, 79 Fed. Cl. at 430. Thus, the Navy’s 

decision to rely on the bidders’ representations that their FSS contracts included the required 
23

products does not conflict with the court’s holding in Eracent.

In sum, while the “too close at hand” doctrine may permit supplementation of the 

administrative record in some cases, it does not apply here. Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule 

relates to a technical requirement of the Navy’s solicitation, having certain Microsoft products on 

the offeror’s GSA Schedule, and the “too close at hand” doctrine is inapplicable to technical 

evaluations. Notwithstanding Plaintiff’s failure to appreciate the charted depths of the doctrine, 

supplementation under the “too close at hand” doctrine is inappropriate here because, among other 

reasons, it is undisputed that the Navy did not actually possess Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule. 

Tab 40 at AR 4741. Accordingly, the Court declines to supplement the Administrative Record 

with Dell Marketing’s full GSA Schedule. 

B. The Administrative Record Does Not Contain Gaps.

Having determined that Dell Marketing’s full GSA Schedule was not so close at hand that 

it should be considered part of the Administrative Record, the Court turns to whether the Schedule 

is necessary to fill any gaps in the Record. Plaintiff argues that the Administrative Record contains 

gaps “regarding Dell Marketing’s eligibility for award” that require supplementation. Pl. Mem. at 

16. This Court disagrees.

Occasionally, courts supplement the administrative record to fill gaps. Lockheed Martin 

Corp. v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl. 709, 722 (2016). “Gaps in the administrative record may arise 

in a variety of circumstances and require supplementation for a number of reasons.” Midwest 

Tube, 104 Fed. Cl. at 573. For example, supplementation may be warranted when physical 

documents from the administrative record are destroyed. See Pitney Bowes Gov’t Solutions, Inc. 

v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 327, 334-36 (2010) (allowing supplementation to reconstruct 

information contained in bid-proposal evaluations destroyed by the procuring agency’s contracting 
24

officer). Supplementation of the administrative record may also be appropriate when a previous 

legal claim or privilege that prevented a document’s inclusion in the record is no longer operative. 

See Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc.-Birmingham v. United States, 82 Fed. Cl. 757, 771-72 (2008) 

(permitting extra-record evidence and discovery on information related to past-a performance 

evaluation omitted from the record on attorney-client privilege grounds after potential waiver of 

the privilege). Supplementation may also be warranted when there are logical gaps in the 

administrative record. See J.C.N. Const. Co. v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 400, 404 n.8 (2004) 

(explaining that the court could rely on extra-record, past-performance evaluations of plaintiff 

because the administrative record did not adequately explain why the Navy used such data for 

other offerors but not plaintiff), aff’d, 122 F. App’x 514 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (per curiam).

Plaintiff’s Administrative Record lacks any physical, legal, or logistical gaps. As noted 

above regarding Plaintiff’s request to complete the Administrative Record, Dell Marketing’s GSA 

Schedule is not a document that was before the agency during the procurement and is now missing. 

The Navy provided a detailed record of how it used the documents included in the Administrative 

Record to evaluate the solicitations, including how it determined that Dell Marketing’s Schedule 

contained the necessary Microsoft products. See, e.g., Tabs 8.9 (Navy E-mail Chain regarding 

Technical Evaluations, dated May 6, 2021); 8.11 (Dell Technical Evaluation Report, dated May 6, 

2021), 8.12 (Insight Technical Evaluation Report, dated May 6, 2021); 12.1 at AR 4374-75; 39 at 

AR 4737; 40 at AR 4738-41. At the GAO, the Navy explained that its contract specialist compared 

the forms and spreadsheets Dell submitted (i.e., the “Product and Price List” and the “Evidence of 

Product Inclusion and Pricing on GSA Schedule”) “SKU by SKU.” Tab 40 at AR 4739. The 

Navy determined that “[a]lmost all of the SKUs and associated GSA prices listed on Dell’s BPA 

Attachment 2 – BPA Product and Price List were matched using this method to the GSA SKUs 
25

and prices on Dell’s Consolidated Microsoft Products excel.” Id. Where discrepancies existed, 

Dell Marketing (as contemplated by the RFQ) appropriately marked the reason for the difference 

in the Vendor Comments column and provided further explanations during its second round of 

clarifications. Id. The Navy provided a similarly detailed explanation of how it reviewed Dell 

Marketing’s solicitation during reevaluation after suspension of the award to Insight. See id. at 

4740–41; Tab 37 (Navy Response to Insight Objection to Navy Document Production, dated July 

9, 2021) at AR 4725. Whether that process was arbitrary and capricious is a merits question. The 

Court is satisfied at this stage, however, that it does not face any gaps in the Administrative Record. 

Plaintiff mistakenly relies on Midwest Tube, 104 Fed. Cl., to support its position. Midwest 

Tube involved a FAR Part 13 procurement for emergency-preparedness kits that included, among 

other things, fire extinguishers and panel marker signals. Id. at 570-2. FAR 13 is titled “Simplified 

Acquisition Procedures,” and generally requires a purchasing agency to minimize documentation. 

Id. at 573 (citing FAR § 13.106-3(b)). The informal nature of the FAR 13 procurement created

gaps. See id. (“a gap may exist largely because of the informal nature of the agency’s action” 

(internal quotations and citation omitted)). The administrative record in Midwest Tube originally 

comprised only 68 pages. Id.

In contrast, the present action did not proceed under the strictures of FAR 13. The 

Administrative Record is comprehensive; it originally spanned almost 6,500 pages. Original 

Administrative Record (ECF Nos. 25-2 – 25-5). When the parties discovered two documents that 

were, unlike Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule, considered during the procurement but omitted from 

the Administrative Record, they moved to supplement the record. See Defendant’s Unopposed 

Motion to Amend Administrative Record (ECF No. 42). The rationale for supplementing the scant

record in Midwest Tube does not apply to the more formal Administrative Record developed here.
26

Even the specific gaps observed in Midwest Tube are distinguishable. First, the court found 

it necessary to supplement the administrative record because the parties disputed when the contract 

was awarded, and the administrative record did not include information relevant to that dispute. 

Midwest Tube, 104 Fed. Cl. at 574. Second, the court found it necessary to supplement the 

administrative record because the parties disputed whether one of the offeror’s panel marker 

signals complied with the terms of the request for proposals and the administrative record again 

did not include information relevant to that dispute. Id. Finally, the court found it necessary to 

supplement the administrative record because the record did not indicate why the agency 

considered one bid compliant and the other noncompliant when the parties promised different 

delivery dates for fire extinguishers manufactured by the same company. Id. 

In contrast, the Administrative Record here includes detailed evidence relevant to the 

dispute, including, inter alia, the Navy’s method of evaluating each bid. See, e.g., Tab 40. The 

Administrative Record does not leave questions as to who won the bid, why they won the bid, or 

when they won the bid. The Court may not supplement the Administrative Record in the absence 

of such gaps.

Insight’s citation to Oak Grove Techs., LLC v. United States, No. 21-775C, 2021 WL

3627111 (2021), is also inapposite. Pl. Mem. at 7, 16-18. In Oak Grove, the court supplemented 

the record with a report prepared specifically for the procurement at issue. Oak Grove, 2021 WL

at *10 (“the government filed a corrected administrative record . . . including a [Defense Contract 

Management Agency] financial capability report regarding Lukos’ cost/price volume”). Rather 

than supporting the contention that any document potentially bearing upon an offeror’s eligibility 

should be part of the administrative record, Oak Grove stands for the unremarkable proposition 

that a document generated for the procurement may properly be added to the record. Id. at *12-13. 
27

This Court can adequately apply the APA standard of review to the Navy’s procurement 

decision in the present action without supplementing the Administrative Record. As noted, the

“too close at hand” doctrine does not compel supplementation of the record with Dell Marketing’s 

full GSA Schedule, and the Administrative Record does not contain gaps that need to be filled by 

Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule. Supplementation is, therefore, improper. 

III. The Court Can Adequately Address Insight’s Request for Injunctive Relief Without 

Supplementing the Administrative Record.

Finally, Plaintiff argues that if, as here, the Court declines to complete or supplement the 

Administrative Record with Dell Marketing’s full GSA Schedule, this Court should nevertheless 

require production of the Schedule for inclusion in this Court’s record. Id. at 19. Specifically, 

Plaintiff argues that this Court will need to review Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule because the 

Schedule “is relevant to meeting the irreparable harm or competitive prejudice factors of the 

injunctive relief test.” Id. While this Court may consider otherwise inadmissible materials “as 

part of this court’s record” where the evidence relates to prospective relief sought, PlanetSpace, 

Inc. v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 1, 5 (2009), the Court need not do so here because the contents 

of Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule are irrelevant to the injunctive relief analysis in this action. 

The Court considers four factors when deciding whether to grant injunctive relief: (1) 

whether the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits, (2) whether the plaintiff will suffer irreparable 

harm if the court withholds injunctive relief, (3) whether the balance of hardships to the respective 

parties favors granting an injunction, and (4) whether the public interest is served by granting an 

injunction. Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009). When 

analyzing the merits of “a bid protest case, the inquiry is whether the agency’s action was arbitrary, 

capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law and, if so, whether the 

error is prejudicial.” Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. V. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 907
28

(Fed. Cir. 2013). Given Plaintiff’s focus on competitive prejudice and irreparable harm, this Court 

need only address the first two factors in the injunctive relief analysis for purposes of the present 

motion. 

Plaintiff has not demonstrated that Dell Marketing’s full GSA Schedule is necessary for, 

or even relevant to, establishing whether the award to Dell Marketing was prejudicial. “Prejudice 

is the link between any illegal or arbitrary procurement actions proven by a plaintiff, and harm to 

that party’s direct economic interest.” East West, Inc. v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. 53, 57 (2011). 

To show prejudice, Plaintiff must demonstrate that there is a “substantial chance” it would have 

received the contract award if not for agency errors in the bidding process. Bannum, Inc. v. United 

States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2005). 

Defendant concedes that Plaintiff can meet this threshold based on the current 

Administrative Record. Def. Resp. at 33. Here, the alleged agency error directly concerns Dell 

Marketing’s eligibility to compete for the BPA. Compl. ¶ 110; Pl. Mem. at 19. As Defendant

concedes, Plaintiff was the only other bidder, making it highly probable that Plaintiff would have 

won the award if Dell Marketing had been disqualified. Def. Resp. at 33. Indeed, the Navy

determined that Plaintiff’s quote met the RFQ eligibility criteria during the agency’s initial review, 

and the agency initially awarded Plaintiff the BPA. Tab 9 at AR 3498. While Plaintiff notes that 

Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule could conclusively demonstrate whether Dell Marketing was 

eligible for award, see Pl. Mem. at 19, such an inquiry relates to the merits of Plaintiff’s claims. 

In contrast, the applicable prejudice analysis focuses on whether Plaintiff can demonstrate a 

sufficient likelihood that it would have won the BPA if Dell Marketing had been ineligible to 

participate in the procurement. The Navy’s initial award to Insight — the only competing bidder 

for this BPA — shows a high probability, if not certainty, that Insight would have won the award
29

if Dell Marketing had been found ineligible. Thus, this Court need not review the contents of Dell 

Marketing’s full GSA Schedule to evaluate whether the agency’s conduct prejudiced Plaintiff.

Nor is Dell Marketing’s full GSA Schedule relevant to Plaintiff’s burden of showing 

irreparable harm. Under this factor, courts weigh whether the plaintiff has an adequate remedy in 

the absence of an injunction. Serco Inc. v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 463, 501 (2008). A plaintiff 

meets this standard when it shows it was “deprived of the opportunity to compete fairly for a 

contract.” CW Gov’t Travel, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 462, 494 (2013) (collecting cases). 

This factor concerns the magnitude of harm, not whether the agency’s actions caused harm

in the first instance. See East West, 100 Fed. Cl. at 57 (“recognizing that a bid protester's 

entitlement to relief may often turn on considerations of injury that spring from the challenged 

actions”). Accordingly, when a court admits extra-record evidence relevant to injunctive relief, it 

generally admits materials created after the protested action occurred. See id. at 57-58 (admitting 

to the court’s record a declaration, drafted after the protested award was made, from the plaintiff’s 

vice president because the declaration explained how allegedly misleading communications from 

the agency induced plaintiff to fatally alter its proposal); Gentex Corp. v. United States, 58 Fed. 

Cl. 634, 649 (2003) (finding it appropriate to supplement the court’s record with post-award 

declarations from protestor’s vice president and general manager explaining “how [protestor] 

would have changed its proposal were it not for the [agency’s] illegal actions”); CW Gov’t Travel, 

Inc., 110 Fed. Cl. at 483 (denying motions to strike two post-award declarations because one spoke 

to the harm the government would suffer if forced to award a second contract to protestor or 

reevaluate protestor’s technical acceptability, and the other declaration countered the first 

declaration); Ala. Aircraft Indus., Inc., 82 Fed. Cl. at 764 (granting motion to add protestor’s Form 

10-K to the court’s record in so far as it showed that the contract in question accounted for two-
30

thirds of protestor’s revenue the previous year, which was relevant to establishing irreparable 

harm). 

In other words, “evidence of the prejudicial effect vel non of a procurement decision or the 

ramifications of injunctive relief would necessarily post date and flow from such agency decision.”

AshBritt, Inc. v. United States, 87 Fed. Cl. 344, 367 (2009); see also East West, 100 Fed. Cl. at 57

(explaining that “considerations of injury that spring from the challenged actions . . . could not be 

reflected in the agency record underlying those actions”). Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule existed 

prior to the events leading to Plaintiff’s protest. If anything, the Schedule precipitated this protest, 

but it does not inform this Court of the ramifications of the Navy’s award to Dell Marketing. Thus, 

the Schedule is irrelevant to whether Plaintiff suffered irreparable harm warranting injunctive 

relief.

While this Court may consider extra-judicial materials in its injunctive relief analysis, that 

analysis is not an open avenue to introduce any material the plaintiff desires. The requested extrajudicial materials must relate to one of the four factors this Court considers when evaluating 

requests for injunctive relief. Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule is irrelevant to all of them. 

Accordingly, just as with the Administrative Record, the Court denies Plaintiff’s request to 

supplement the Court’s record with Dell Marketing’s GSA Schedule.
31

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiff’s Motion to Complete the Administrative Record 

(ECF No. 26) is DENIED. The parties are directed to CONFER and FILE a Notice within 7

days, attaching a proposed public version of this Sealed Memorandum and Order, with any 

competition-sensitive or otherwise protected information redacted.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

 s/Eleni M. Roumel 

ELENI M. ROUMEL

 Judge

December 9, 2021

Washington, D.C.