NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 22a0531n.06

No. 21-3222

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

BRUNSWICK PANINI’S, LLC; KENT 

ENTERTAINMENT GROUP, LLC,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE

COMPANY,

Defendant-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF 

OHIO 

OPINION

Before: MOORE, GRIFFIN, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

MURPHY, Circuit Judge. Brunswick Panini’s, LLC, and Kent Entertainment Group, LLC,

operate restaurants in northeast Ohio. Like many restaurant owners, they lost substantial business

due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing government orders that restricted in-person 

dining. Brunswick and Kent sought to recover this lost income under a commercial insurance 

policy that they purchased from Zurich American Insurance Company. The policy obligates 

Zurich to pay for some amounts of lost income when this economic loss grows out of a “direct 

physical loss of or damage to” the companies’ property. Policy, R.14-2, PageID 591. The district 

court granted Zurich’s motion to dismiss because neither the pandemic nor the government

shutdown caused a “direct physical loss of or damage to” Brunswick’s or Kent’s restaurants. In 

the meantime, another district court asked the Ohio Supreme Court to consider a similar insurancepolicy question. See Neuro-Commc’n Servs., Inc. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., __ N.E.3d __, 2022 WL 
No. 21-3222, Brunswick Panini’s, LLC, et al. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co.

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17573883, at *3 (Ohio Dec. 12, 2022). We held this case for the Ohio Supreme Court’s answer. 

That court has now interpreted similar policy language to bar coverage in these circumstances—

consistent with our own prior answer to this question. See id. at *4 (quoting Santo’s Italian Café 

LLC v. Acuity Ins. Co., 15 F.4th 398, 402 (6th Cir. 2021)). Bound by Neuro-Communication, we 

affirm.

I

Brunswick and Kent operate restaurants in Ohio. Like many Ohio restaurant owners, they

have unfortunately suffered significant losses from the combined effects of the COVID-19 

pandemic and the follow-on government orders that prohibited in-person dining.

Before the pandemic, Brunswick and Kent had purchased an “all-risk” commercial 

insurance policy from Zurich. This policy indicates generally that Zurich will cover “direct 

physical loss of or damage to” Brunswick’s and Kent’s property. Policy, R.14-2, PageID 539. 

Two other types of coverage are relevant. The policy’s “Business Income Provision” allows 

Brunswick or Kent to seek certain lost income or extra expenses from Zurich. Specifically, this 

provision permits the companies to recover for the “actual loss of ‘business income’” resulting 

from a “suspension” of their restaurant operations if the suspension is “caused by direct physical 

loss of or damage to” Brunswick’s or Kent’s property. Id., PageID 591. It also permits Brunswick 

or Kent to recover other “necessary ‘extra expense’” that the companies “incur due to direct 

physical loss of or damage to property[.]” Id., PageID 599.

The policy’s “Civil Authority Provision” next allows Brunswick and Kent to seek lost 

income and extra expenses incurred as a result of governmental responses to damage to 

neighboring property. The policy provides that the companies may sometimes seek their income 

and expenses when an “order of civil authority” (that is, a government order) prohibits them from 
No. 21-3222, Brunswick Panini’s, LLC, et al. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co.

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accessing their restaurants. Id., PageID 591. To trigger this coverage, though, the “order must 

result from” the government’s “response to direct physical loss of or damage to” nearby properties

that was caused by a “‘covered cause of loss.’” Id., PageID 591–92, 599.

The policy also contains many exclusions that prohibit coverage even if it would otherwise 

insure certain losses. Among other exclusions, the policy notes that Zurich will not pay for losses 

caused by “microorganisms.” Id., PageID 542. It defines “microorganism” to include viruses. 

Id., PageID 527.

Once the pandemic hit, Brunswick and Kent sought to recover their lost income under the 

Business Income Provision and the Civil Authority Provision. Before Zurich could resolve this

request, they sued it in state court. Brunswick and Kent sought a declaratory judgment that they

were entitled to coverage and alleged that Zurich’s denial of coverage would breach both the policy 

and the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The companies also sought to certify a class action 

made up of several classes of businesses. Zurich removed the case to federal court on the basis of 

the Class Action Fairness Act.

Zurich then moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim. The district court 

granted this motion. Brunswick Panini’s, LLC v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 520 F. Supp. 3d 965, 968

(N.D. Ohio 2021). It reasoned that neither the pandemic nor the government shutdown orders

qualified as a “direct physical loss of or damage to” Brunswick’s or Kent’s property that could 

trigger coverage for lost income under the Business Income Provision. Id. at 974–76. This 

reading, the court next noted, also disqualified Brunswick and Kent from coverage under the Civil 

Authority Provision. Id. at 976. That provision likewise applied only when the governmental 

order “results from a civil authority’s response to direct physical loss of or damage to” nearby 
No. 21-3222, Brunswick Panini’s, LLC, et al. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co.

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property. Id. The court went on to hold, in the alternative, that Brunswick’s and Kent’s claims

fell within the exclusion for losses caused by a microorganism. Id. at 977. 

The companies appealed. We review the district court’s dismissal of their complaint

de novo. See Wilkerson v. Am. Fam. Ins. Co., 997 F.3d 666, 668 (6th Cir. 2021).

II

We start by framing the narrow nature of the parties’ debate. The parties agree that Ohio 

contract law governs. They also agree on the governing contract rules: Ohio courts interpret 

unambiguous contract terms as written and they construe ambiguous terms in favor of the insured. 

See Neuro-Commc’n, 2022 WL 17573883, at *3; Dominish v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 953 N.E.2d 

820, 822 (Ohio 2011); Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Guman Bros. Farm, 652 N.E.2d 684, 686 

(Ohio 1995). The parties likewise agree that their dispute under the Business Income Provision 

turns on whether Brunswick or Kent suffered a “direct physical loss of or damage to” their

property. Policy, R.14-2, PageID 591. And they agree that the Civil Authority Provision requires

the relevant governmental order to “result from” the government’s response to “direct physical 

loss of or damage to” nearby property. Id. Given these points of agreement, this appeal turns on

whether the spread of COVID-19 or the ensuing government shutdown orders could qualify as a 

“direct physical loss of or damage to” Brunswick’s or Kent’s restaurants (or nearby properties). 

Zurich says that this text is unambiguous and requires a tangible harm to property. Brunswick and 

Kent respond that the key phrase (“direct physical loss of or damage to”) is ambiguous and could 

be read to cover limits on the use of property.

The Ohio Supreme Court decided to consider a similar question in Neuro-Communication. 

2022 WL 17573883, at *3. In that case, the relevant insured business provided “hearing and 

balance services to its patients[.]” Id. at *2. The Ohio government’s shutdown orders forced it to 
No. 21-3222, Brunswick Panini’s, LLC, et al. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co.

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close its operations for about six weeks, and it sought reimbursement for lost income under a 

similar insurance policy issued by Cincinnati Insurance Company. Id. The Ohio Supreme Court 

rejected the business’s argument that the phrase “physical loss” could include a loss of use of its 

property to serve customers. Id. at *4. It reasoned that a “physical loss” requires “loss or damage 

to Covered Property that is physical in nature” and thus does not cover simply “a loss of the ability 

to use Covered Property for business purposes.” Id.

In the process, the Ohio Supreme Court agreed with our own prior decision in Santo’s. See 

2022 WL 17573883, at *4. Like this case, Santo’s concerned an Ohio restaurant owner seeking to 

recover business losses caused by the pandemic and the Ohio government’s responses restricting

in-person dining. See 15 F.4th at 400. And like Zurich’s insurance policy, the policy in Santo’s

covered the loss of business income resulting from a suspension of operations “‘caused by direct 

physical loss of or damage to property’ at the restaurant.” Id. (citation omitted). Santo’s held that 

this phrase (“direct physical loss of or damage to” property) unambiguously excluded losses 

arising from COVID-19 or related government shutdown orders. Id. at 401–02. We interpreted 

this language as covering only “tangible” deprivations of or “tangible” harms to property, like 

those caused by a theft or fire. See id. at 403 (citing 10A Steven Plitt et al., Couch on Insurance

§ 148:3 (2021)). The Ohio Supreme Court’s approval of Santo’s confirms that we properly applied 

Ohio contract law. See Neuro-Commc’n, 2022 WL 17573883, at *4.

This case raises the same question as Neuro-Communication (and Santo’s), so we must 

reach the same answer. In cases governed by Ohio contract law, we “must follow the controlling 

decisions of the Ohio Supreme Court.” Henry v. Wausau Bus. Ins. Co., 351 F.3d 710, 713 (6th 

Cir. 2003). And we see no basis to distinguish the contract in this case from the one in NeuroCommunication. Cf. SAS Int’l, Ltd. v. Gen. Star Indem. Co., 36 F.4th 23, 26–29 (1st Cir. 2022).
No. 21-3222, Brunswick Panini’s, LLC, et al. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co.

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To be sure, a phrase in one contract does not necessarily take the same meaning as the same 

phrase in another contract if the context suggests that the parties intended a different meaning. See 

Wilkerson, 997 F.3d at 669–70. But the context suggests that the parties meant for the same 

meaning across these cases. To begin with, specialized trade usages can support an inference of 

consistent meaning. Cf. Frigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. Int’l Sales Corp., 190 F. Supp. 116, 

119 (S.D.N.Y. 1960) (Friendly, J.). And, as Santo’s recognized, the phrases at issue in these cases 

“are the general touchstones of coverage . . . for most commercial property insurance policies.” 

15 F.4th at 402 (citing 10A Couch on Insurance § 148:46). That is perhaps why—as the Ohio 

Supreme Court noted—the great weight of appellate authority to consider this question has 

interpreted similar insurance policies in the same way (under other states’ laws). See NeuroCommc’n, 2022 WL 17573883, at *7; see, e.g., Ryan P. Estes, D.M.D., M.S., P.S.C. v. Cincinnati

Ins. Co., 23 F.4th 695, 699–702 (6th Cir. 2022) (Kentucky law); Mudpie, Inc. v. Travelers Cas. 

Ins. Co. of Am., 15 F.4th 885, 890–91 (9th Cir. 2021) (California law); SAS Int’l, 36 F.4th at 26–

29 (1st Cir. 2022) (Massachusetts law); Q Clothier New Orleans, L.L.C. v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 

29 F.4th 252, 258–60 (5th Cir. 2022) (Louisiana law); Oral Surgeons, P.C. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 

2 F.4th 1141, 1143–44 (8th Cir. 2021) (Iowa law); see also Cherokee Nation v. Lexington Ins. Co., 

__ P.3d __, 2022 WL 4138429, *4 n.13 (Okla. Sept. 13, 2022) (citing cases).

In addition, other provisions in Zurich’s policy confirm that the policy uses “direct physical 

loss” in the same way to require tangible harm. Like the policy in Neuro-Communication, the 

Business Income Provision permits an insured to recover income for business suspensions only 

during a “period of restoration.” Policy, R.14-2, PageID 591. The policy defines the “period of 

restoration” to start when the “direct physical loss or damage” occurs and to end when the property 

“could have been physically capable of resuming” its prior level of operations after being “restored 
No. 21-3222, Brunswick Panini’s, LLC, et al. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co.

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to the physical” size and configuration necessary for the required permits. Id., PageID 529–30. 

This provision would make no sense if “direct physical loss” need not be tangible. See NeuroCommc’n, 2022 WL 17573883, at *4; see also Santo’s, 15 F.4th at 402–03. 

In sum, we are bound by Neuro-Communication’s interpretation. Under its analysis, 

Brunswick and Kent have not adequately alleged the required “direct physical loss of or damage

to” their restaurants or to nearby properties simply from their loss of use. Neuro-Commc’n, 2022 

WL 17573883, at *4. As we noted in Santo’s, therefore, we need not consider any other 

interpretive question, such as whether the microorganism exclusion would otherwise have barred

Brunswick’s and Kent’s claims. See 15 F.4th at 406–07.

We affirm.