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				<p style="text-align:center; margin-left:72px; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-size:14pt; color:#00B050; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:14pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Some personal identifiers have been redacted for privacy purposes.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; margin-left:72px; margin-right:24px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; margin-left:72px; margin-right:24px; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; margin-left:72px; margin-right:24px; "> </p>
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							<p><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">MART</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">IN JOSEPH<span>
									</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">WALSH, Secretary of Labor</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
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							<p><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">United States Department of Labor</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "> </p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHRC Docket No.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_TimesNewRoman style_TimesNewRoman " style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">20-0208</span></p>
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							<p>ROLLY MARINE SERVICE COMPANY<span style="text-transform:uppercase;color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Attorneys and Law firms</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Richard A. Latterell</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Rachel L. Graeber</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Attorney</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Atlanta, GA</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, for Complainant.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Angelo M. Filippi,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Attorney,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">KELLEY KRONENBERG</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Fort Lauderdale, FL</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">JUDGE</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">: John B. Gatto, United States Administrative Law Judge.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">I. INTRODUCTION</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span>Rolly Marine Service Company<span><span></span>
					</span>owns and operates a full-service shipyard for yachts in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. On July 13, 2019, a yard foreman<span>
					</span>(GE)<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>employed by Rolly<span>
					</span>told co-workers he felt unwell.<span>
					</span>GE<span><span></span>
					</span>called his wife, who drove to the shipyard to pick him up and take him to the hospital, where he was admitted, diagnosed, and rushed into surgery. Despite emergency surgery,<span>
					</span>GE<span>
					</span>died the next morning from “complications of blunt force injury” to his abdomen (Ex. J-2). On July 14, 2019, Rolly notified the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of<span>
					</span>GE’s death.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>OSHA<span><span></span>
					</span>Compliance Safety and Health Officer<span>
					</span>(CSHO)<span>
					</span>David Tiesi<span>
					</span>arrived at<span>
					</span>Rolly’s shipyard on July<span>
					</span>15, 2019, to conduct a fatality investigation.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>Based on employee<span><span></span>
					</span>interviews<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>video from a security camera, CSHO<span>
					</span>Tiesi<span>
					</span>concluded<span>
					</span>GE<span><span></span>
					</span>had been<span>
					</span>operating<span><span></span>
					</span>a DAKE<span><span></span>
					</span>70-ton<span>
					</span>hydraulic press<span><span></span>
					</span>when<span>
					</span>it ejected<span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>metal<span>
					</span>bar<span><span></span>
					</span>that struck<span>
					</span>him<span><span></span>
					</span>in the abdomen, causing the injury that ultimately<span>
					</span>led to his death.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 76-80.)</p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary<span>
					</span>subsequently<span>
					</span>issued<span>
					</span>Rolly<span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>two-item citation<span>
					</span>under the<span>
					</span>Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (the Act), 29 U.S.C. § 651-78.<span>
					</span>Item 1a alleges a<span>
					</span>serious<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>violation of § 5(a)(1), the<span>
					</span>“general duty”<span><span></span>
					</span>clause,<span>
					</span>for exposing employees to struck-by hazards<span><span></span>
					</span>when operating the DAKE<span><span></span>
					</span>hydraulic<span><span></span>
					</span>press, which<span>
					</span>“was<span>
					</span>altered from its original design and intended method of use.”<span><span></span>
					</span>Item 1b alleges, in two instances,<span>
					</span>a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1), for failing to provide<span><span></span>
					</span>adequate machine guarding on the DAKE<span>
					</span>hydraulic<span>
					</span>press,<span>
					</span>exposing employees to amputation, crush-by, and struck-by hazards.<span><span></span>
					</span>The<span>
					</span>Secretary<span><span></span>
					</span>proposed<span><span></span>
					</span>a grouped penalty of<span>
					</span>$13,260.<span><span></span>
					</span>Rolly timely contested<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>citation<span><span></span>
					</span>and the Secretary filed a formal complaint<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>with the Commission<span>
					</span>seeking an order affirming the<span>
					</span>citation and proposed penalties, to which Rolly filed an answer<span><span></span>
					</span>denying that the Secretary was entitled to the relief requested.<span><span></span>
					</span>The Court subsequently held a bench trial and the parties thereafter filed post-trial briefs.</p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The parties stipulated<span><span></span>
					</span>the Commission has jurisdiction over this action, and Rolly<span>
					</span>was a covered employer under the Act (Compl.<span>
					</span>¶¶<span><span></span>
					</span>1, 2; Answer<span>
					</span>¶¶<span><span></span>
					</span>1, 2;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Pretrial Order</span>,<span>
					</span>¶<span><span></span>
					</span>4; Attach.<span>
					</span>C,<span>
					</span>¶ 1). Based on the stipulations and record evidence, the Court concludes the Commission has jurisdiction over this proceeding<span><span></span>
					</span>under § 10(c) of the Act, and Rolly is a covered employer<span>
					</span>under § 3(5) of the Act.<span>
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Rolly objected at trial to the admission of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the OSHA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">interview statements</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>taken from Rolly employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, arguing they<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">we</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">re hearsay. The Court ruled the statements<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">we</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">re admissible under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Rule 801(d) of the Federal Rules of Evidence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, which provides a statement is not hearsay if it is offered against an opposing party and is “a statement by the party's agent or employee on a matter within the scope of that relationship and while it existed.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Fed. R. of Evid. 801(d)(2)(D)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“Agency” does not, as Rolly repeatedly insisted at trial, require a showing that supervisory authority was delegated to the employee making the statement (Tr. 89, 95-96, 101). The Court admitted the statements as Exhibits C-3, C-4, and C-5 (Tr. 94-103).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">In its post-trial brief, Rolly renew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its objection to the admission of the statements, arguing they do not concern matters within the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>scope of the employees’ relationships with Rolly and cites in support<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Wilkinson v. Carnival Cruise Lines,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">920 F.2d 1560 (11</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1991). In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Wilkinson,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the Eleventh Circuit held that a statement made by a room steward (named Fletcher) regarding a sliding glass door that injured a passenger was not admissible under Rule 801(d)(2)(D) because the sliding glass door was not a matter within the scope of his relationship with Carnival. The Eleventh Circuit found persuasive an affidavit from a Carnival employee in the operations department, who stated,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The function of a room steward is to clean rooms. Room stewards do not work in the engineering department. They are not mechanics, electricians, ship's officers or sliding glass door repairmen</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. . . .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Room stewards are restricted to crew areas of the ship except for those areas in which they work. A cabin steward such as the “Fletcher” described in the deposition of Tracie Sanders could only work in the passenger area where rooms he serviced were located and in the adjacent service areas (to get ice, food, etc.). Room stewards are not authorized to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">in the area of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the sliding glass door (near the swimming pool) where Ms. Wilkinson says she was when injured. That is a passenger area.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 1566. The Eleventh Circuit found Carnival established the room steward’s statement did not concern a matter within the scope of his employment with Carnival and was, therefore, hearsay.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Here, with<span>
					</span>one<span>
					</span>exception, the interview statements were made by management employees and employees who worked with GE in the fabrication shop where the accident at issue occurred. They were authorized to work in the fabrication shop, and the fabrication shop employees had access to the DAKE press. Their statements concern matters within the scope of their relationship<span>
					</span>with Rolly.<span>
					</span>The one<span>
					</span>exception<span><span></span>
					</span>is the<span>
					</span>interview statement<span><span></span>
					</span>of GE’s wife<span>
					</span>[Redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>(who is also Rolly’s secretary),<span><span></span>
					</span>which<span>
					</span>concerned<span>
					</span>the phone call she received at home from GE on July 13, 2019;<span>
					</span>what occurred when she<span>
					</span>picked<span><span></span>
					</span>GE up at the shipyard<span><span></span>
					</span>and drove<span>
					</span>him to the hospital; and the treatment<span>
					</span>GE<span><span></span>
					</span>received there,<span><span></span>
					</span>none of which<span>
					</span>concern matters<span><span></span>
					</span>within the scope of her employment relationship with Rolly.<span>
					</span>Therefore, Rolly’s renewed objection to the admission of Exhibits C-3, C-4, and C-5 is again overruled, except<span>
					</span>as to<span>
					</span>[Redacted]<span>
					</span>interview statement<span><span></span>
					</span>contained<span>
					</span>within<span>
					</span>Exhibits C-3, which is<span>
					</span>sustained and excluded as hearsay.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Pursuant to Commission Rule 90, after hearing and carefully considering all the evidence and the arguments of counsel, the Court issues this Decision and Order, which<span>
					</span>constitutes<span><span></span>
					</span>its final disposition of the proceeding under § 12(j) of the Act. For the reasons<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">infra</span>,<span>
					</span>Citation 1, Item 1a and Item 1b are<span>
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">VACATED</span>.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">II. BACKGROUND</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span>Rolly is a family-owned business<span><span></span>
					</span>founded<span><span></span>
					</span>by<span>
					</span>a married couple<span><span></span>
					</span>(Rolly<span><span></span>
					</span>was the first name of the husband)<span><span></span>
					</span>in 1966<span><span></span>
					</span>in Fort Lauderdale, Florida,<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>now run by the couple’s three daughters, Sheryl Lopez, Sue Rocks, and Sandra Latta<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>263-64,<span>
					</span>336-37).<span><span></span>
					</span>Rolly is a full-service<span>
					</span>shipyard for yachts, including design and engineering as well as interior, bottom, and fabrication work. General manager<span>
					</span>Sheryl Lopez stated,<span>
					</span>“pretty much anything that needs to be done on a vessel, we can service.” (Tr. 337.)<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>One of the machines in<span>
					</span>Rolly’s fabrication shop is<span>
					</span>a DAKE 70-ton hydraulic press (the DAKE press), manufactured in 1940 (Tr.<span>
					</span>113-14;<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Ex. C-1a).<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">9</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>It<span>
					</span>is used primarily<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>remove bearings. After the<span>
					</span>item to be pressed (the workpiece)<span>
					</span>is placed on the DAKE press, the press can be operated either by motor or<span>
					</span>manually<span>
					</span>by hand (Tr. 290). If<span>
					</span>operated manually,<span>
					</span>the press moves “a half an inch in about a minute. It’s very slow.” (Tr. 291.)<span>
					</span>An operator of the DAKE press<span>
					</span>may use<span><span></span>
					</span>12-inch-long<span><span></span>
					</span>metal bars<span><span></span>
					</span>to help position<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>workpiece. The metal bars are not attached to the DAKE press<span>
					</span>(300-01).<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">10</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>When operating the machine, the operator stands<span>
					</span>two<span><span></span>
					</span>or<span>
					</span>three<span><span></span>
					</span>feet back from the machine, close enough to<span>
					</span>turn<span><span></span>
					</span>it<span>
					</span>off if necessary (Tr. 323).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>GE (who was 70 years old at the time of his death) was a longtime<span>
					</span>Rolly employee<span><span></span>
					</span>(Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>J-2; Tr.<span>
					</span>356).<span><span></span>
					</span>GE<span>
					</span>occasionally made<span>
					</span>artwork at Rolly’s shipyard<span><span></span>
					</span>as a personal project. He<span><span></span>
					</span>fashioned boat propeller blades into turtle figures<span><span></span>
					</span>and gave them<span><span></span>
					</span>as gifts to friends and relatives, including his coworkers at Rolly<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>248, 251,<span>
					</span>314,<span>
					</span>323-34,<span>
					</span>343,<span>
					</span>355-56,<span>
					</span>381, 393).<span><span></span>
					</span>On Saturday, July 13, 2019, GE was<span><span></span>
					</span>in Rolly’s fabrication shop, creating another turtle figure.<span>
					</span>Rolly<span><span></span>
					</span>employees<span>
					</span>[Redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>[Redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>were assisting him with the project (Tr.<span>
					</span>240-51,<span>
					</span>323-24).<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">11</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">At some point,<span>
					</span>GE<span><span></span>
					</span>was<span><span></span>
					</span>alone<span><span></span>
					</span>in the<span>
					</span>fabrication<span><span></span>
					</span>shop.<span>
					</span>Video taken by the security camera<span>
					</span>located near the ceiling<span>
					</span>in the fabrication shop<span>
					</span>shows GE standing<span>
					</span>in front of<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>area where the<span>
					</span>DAKE press<span><span></span>
					</span>is located.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">12</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>The security camera is equipped with a fisheye lens, resulting in a circular video image (Tr. 142). The DAKE press is not visible in the video.<span>
					</span>Approximately<span>
					</span>a minute and 28 seconds into the video, GE stumbles backwards and falls<span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>a sitting position<span>
					</span>on<span><span></span>
					</span>a wooden pallet directly behind him,<span>
					</span>then gets up and,<span>
					</span>with his back to the camera,<span><span></span>
					</span>appears to be looking down and clutching his abdomen<span><span></span>
					</span>(Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>C-6).<span><span></span>
					</span>When the video begins, GE’s back is partially visible in the lower right of the video, at approximately the 4:00 position if the video image were a clock. After he stumbles backwards, he is in full view of the camera (Ex. C-6).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>GE called<span>
					</span>his wife<span>
					</span>at home<span><span></span>
					</span>and asked her to<span>
					</span>drive over and pick him up. Meanwhile he sat in a golf cart with his feet propped up against the<span>
					</span>golf<span>
					</span>cart’s windshield (Tr.<span>
					</span>250, 383).<span><span></span>
					</span>GE’s<span>
					</span>wife<span>
					</span>arrived,<span><span></span>
					</span>and Rolly employees assisted<span>
					</span>GE into the car.<span>
					</span>GE’s<span>
					</span>wife<span><span></span>
					</span>drove<span>
					</span>him<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>Broward General Hospital, where<span>
					</span>he was<span>
					</span>admitted<span><span></span>
					</span>and taken into surgery shortly afterward<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 387).<span><span></span>
					</span>GE died the next day.<span>
					</span>The Broward County Medical Examiner’s report stated GE was “diagnosed with a duodenal hematoma and traumatic<span><span></span>
					</span>aortic occlusion. Surgical intervention was performed but the decedent continued to decline despite these efforts<span>
					</span>and was pronounced dead.” (Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>J-2.) Under<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>“Opinion”<span><span></span>
					</span>section,<span><span></span>
					</span>the report concludes GE “died<span>
					</span>as a result of<span><span></span>
					</span>blunt force injury.” (Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>J-2.)<span><span></span>
					</span>Sheryl Lopez reported GE’s death to OSHA on July 14, 2019 (Tr.<span>
					</span>76).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>GE’s wife<span>
					</span>has worked as a secretary at Rolly’s shipyard for 16 years<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>testified regarding Rolly’s policy for employees working on personal projects at the shipyard: “Personal projects . . . are rarely done, but sometimes people do them, yes.” (Tr.<span>
					</span>379-80,<span>
					</span>381.) She was aware of GE making “[p]robably five” decorative turtles using Rolly’s machinery (Tr. 381.)<span>
					</span>She<span>
					</span>had observed GE make two of the turtles (Tr. 393). She described his process.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">[Redacted]: He takes the propeller, the prop, the thing that goes around. He puts it on that machine. He flattens the ends of it, and that's how he makes the shape. And then he takes it in the<span>
					</span>back<span><span></span>
					</span>and he polishes it and polishes and polishes it. But to flatten it out, he uses that machine in the back.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.: When you<span>
					</span>say,<span><span></span>
					</span>"that machine in the back," are you referring to the DAKE<span><span></span>
					</span>70H hydraulic press?<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">[Redacted]: Yes, I am. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.:<span>
					</span>Do you have knowledge of whether he used that press for each of the five turtles you just testified about?<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">[Redacted]: Yes, he did.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">(Tr. 382-83.)<span><span></span>
					</span>GE’s<span>
					</span>wife<span>
					</span>also<span>
					</span>described the events of July 13, 2019.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">I was at home. It was a Saturday. He called me about eleven o'clock and told me he had hurt himself. I got here as fast as I could. In between the time it took me to get to Oakland Park to 84, he called me four times telling me to hurry and get there. By the time I got here, he was laying on the ground.<span>
					</span>. . .<span><span></span>
					</span>I called for the security guard. He picked up<span>
					</span>[GE], put him in the back of my car, and I ran him to Broward General Hospital.<span><span></span>
					</span>. . .<span><span></span>
					</span>I went in through the emergency room. They took him into trauma, and from there they were operating on him till twelve o'clock that night.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">(Tr. 383.)<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">GE’s<span>
					</span>wife<span><span></span>
					</span>was with GE when he was undressed by hospital personnel. She observed bruises across his groin area. GE told her he had been hit by a bar that had come “[t]hrough from the press.” (Tr. 388.)<span><span></span>
					</span>She<span><span></span>
					</span>stated GE was supposed to work at the shipyard until noon on July 13, 2019, but she picked him up between 11:00 and 11:30 a.m. after he called and told her a bar had come “[t]hrough from the press” (Tr. 388) and struck him “across the top of his legs where his groin area is.” (Tr. 387.)<span>
					</span>GE’s<span>
					</span>wife testified that<span>
					</span>in<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>the<span><span></span>
					</span>time it took her to drive to the shipyard,<span><span></span>
					</span>GE “called me four times telling me to hurry and get there.” (Tr. 383.) The few words GE said to his wife over the phone were all he communicated regarding the accident. When<span>
					</span>GE’s<span>
					</span>wife<span><span></span>
					</span>arrived at the shipyard, GE was lying on the ground, unable to move his legs. “[H]e was in so much pain he couldn’t tell me what happened.” (Tr. 387.) At trial,<span>
					</span>she<span>
					</span>was asked if GE was able to elaborate on his accident. “No, not at all. Like I said, he was in so much pain he was pretty much out of it<span>
					</span>by the time I got [there]. That was just something he relayed to me on the phone before I got [there].” (Tr. 387.) When asked if GE talked about the accident during the drive or at the hospital,<span>
					</span>GE’s<span>
					</span>wife<span>
					</span>replied, “He could not. They took him straight into trauma, and that’s the last time I saw him alive.” (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>)<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>GE’s<span>
					</span>wife’s demeanor was straightforward and<span>
					</span>matter of fact<span><span></span>
					</span>as she testified. She did not embellish her account of what GE told her about the accident, despite being asked several times about it. She was candid and forthcoming with her testimony, and she exhibited no signs of evasiveness. The Court credits<span>
					</span>GE’s<span>
					</span>wife’s testimony that GE told her he was using the<span>
					</span>DAKE press<span><span></span>
					</span>when it ejected a bar that struck and injured him.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Both parties<span>
					</span>expended<span>
					</span>considerable time<span><span></span>
					</span>and effort, both at trial and in their post-trial briefs,<span>
					</span>arguing about the cause of GE’s death.<span>
					</span>The Secretary<span>
					</span>contends<span><span></span>
					</span>that, based on<span>
					</span>witness<span>
					</span>testimony,<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>Broward County Medical Examiner’s report (Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>J-2),<span>
					</span>and the security camera<span>
					</span>footage<span>
					</span>(Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>C-6),<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>he<span><span></span>
					</span>established<span><span></span>
					</span>GE was operating the DAKE press<span>
					</span>on July 13, 2019.<span>
					</span>The Secretary asserts that while in operation, the DAKE press unexpectedly ejected<span>
					</span>one of the metal bars used to position<span>
					</span>workpieces, striking GE in the abdomen, and the injury caused by<span>
					</span>this projectile ultimately resulted in GE’s death.<span><span></span>
					</span>Rolly disputes the Secretary’s<span>
					</span>theory, arguing the security camera<span>
					</span>video is inconclusive,<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>there is no evidence GE operated the DAKE press<span>
					</span>on July 13.<span><span></span>
					</span>Rolly questions whether there was an accident<span>
					</span>at all and cites GE’s preexisting health problems<span><span></span>
					</span>as potentially<span><span></span>
					</span>causing<span>
					</span>his death.<span><span></span>
					</span>However, as the<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Commission has<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">long<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">held</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“[d]etermining whether the standard was violated is not dependent on the cause of the accident.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Wrecking Corp.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1703, 1707 n.4 (No. 96-1330, 2001) (consolidated), </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd in relevant part</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 351 F.3d 1254 (D.C. Cir. 2003).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">It is therefore not necessary for the Secretary to demonstrate<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. . .<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the actual cause of the accident to prove the violation</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">[.]</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Ceco Concrete Constr.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">No. 17-0483,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">2021 WL 2311867</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, at<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">*8, n. 4 (OSHRC Feb. 22, 2021).</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>As noted, there is security camera footage of GE alone in the fabrication shop on July 13, 2019, and the DAKE press is not visible in the video image captured by the security camera.<span>
					</span>The only witness<span><span></span>
					</span>who<span>
					</span>testified regarding<span>
					</span>this<span><span></span>
					</span>time<span><span></span>
					</span>period<span><span></span>
					</span>when GE was alone in the fabrication shop<span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>his<span><span></span>
					</span>wife,<span>
					</span>who was<span><span></span>
					</span>then at her house<span><span></span>
					</span>but spoke to GE<span><span></span>
					</span>on the phone about the incident.<span><span></span>
					</span>She<span>
					</span>also<span>
					</span>testified that on<span><span></span>
					</span>two<span>
					</span>separate occasions in the past,<span>
					</span>she<span><span></span>
					</span>had observed GE make decorative turtles using the DAKE press and believed he used the DAKE press to make the other three turtles of which she was aware (Tr. 382-83).<span><span></span>
					</span>She testified<span>
					</span>GE would place the propeller in the DAKE press. “He flattens the ends of it, and that’s how he makes the shape. And then he takes it in the<span>
					</span>back<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>he polishes it and polishes it and polishes it. But to flatten it out, he uses the machine in the back.” (Tr. 382.) When asked for clarification if she meant the DAKE press<span><span></span>
					</span>when referring to “the machine in the back,”<span>
					</span>GE’s<span>
					</span>wife<span><span></span>
					</span>responded, “Yes, I am.” (Tr. 383.)<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Dr. Iouri Boiko is<span>
					</span>an associate medical examiner for the Broward County Medical Examiner’s Office (Tr. 38).<span><span></span>
					</span>He conducted an external examination of GE’s body on July 15, 2019, and<span>
					</span>he signed and issued the report<span><span></span>
					</span>admitted as Exhibit J-2 (Tr.<span>
					</span>45-46).<span><span></span>
					</span>Dr. Boiko listed “Cause of Death” as “Complications of Blunt Force Injury” and “Manner of Death” as “Accident.” (Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>J-2.)<span><span></span>
					</span>Under “Circumstances of Death,” Dr. Boiko wrote:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">A pipe broke loose and struck the decedent in the abdomen at work. The decedent was diagnosed with a duodenal hematoma and traumatic aortic occlusion. Surgical intervention was performed, but the decedent continued to decline despite these efforts and was pronounced dead.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">(Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>J-2.)<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Dr. Boiko<span>
					</span>testified at trial that<span>
					</span>he<span><span></span>
					</span>did not make an independent determination<span>
					</span>of the object that struck GE in the abdomen<span><span></span>
					</span>but relied on “information from our investigators who conduct this.” (Tr. 47.)<span>
					</span>The<span><span></span>
					</span>type of object that struck GE was<span>
					</span>incidental to<span>
					</span>his determination that blunt force injury was the cause of death<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 47).<span><span></span>
					</span>Dr. Boiko testified<span><span></span>
					</span>the duodenal hematoma and traumatic aortic occlusion sustained by<span>
					</span>GE could not have<span>
					</span>been preexisting conditions because a person cannot live with<span>
					</span>an aortic occlusion. “He cannot work.<span><span></span>
					</span>So<span><span></span>
					</span>if he was walking,<span>
					</span>and he was working, he cannot have this condition before trauma.<span>
					</span>This condition [is] caused by blunt force injuries. It’s [a] very serious condition.” (Tr.<span>
					</span>50.)<span><span></span>
					</span>“You cannot survive with such a condition if it was preexisting.” (Tr.<span>
					</span>53.)<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The security camera, located near the ceiling, appears to be mounted on the same wall against which the DAKE press is located.<span>
					</span>Rolly contends,<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>“video evidence is inconclusive,”<span>
					</span>and the Secretary “is unable to establish that<span>
					</span>[GE] operated the [DAKE press] on the day of the incident.” (Resp’t’s Br.<span><span></span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span>4,<span>
					</span>5.) The Court disagrees on both counts.<span><span></span>
					</span>Rolly posits an alternative theory that GE was using a metal pipe to hold the propeller in place as he hammered it. Rolly relies on the deposition testimony of Michael Shea, admitted as Exhibit C-7, to shore up this theory.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">13</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>Shea is an OSHA safety engineer and was assigned to assist CSHO Tiesi with the fatality investigation at issue (Ex. C-7, p. 5).<span>
					</span>However, since Shea did not testify at trial and was never qualified as an expert witness,<span>
					</span>he “may testify to a matter only if evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that<span>
					</span>[he]<span>
					</span>has personal knowledge of the matter.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Fed. R. Evid.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">6</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">02</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span>Shea did not visit Rolly’s shipyard as part of his investigation (Ex. C-7, p. 7). Therefore, s<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ince he<span>
						</span></span>had no first-hand knowledge regarding the incident,<span>
					</span>the Court gives<span>
					</span>no<span>
					</span>weight to his testimony.<span><span></span>
					</span>Rolly’s<span>
					</span>alternative theory<span><span></span>
					</span>also<span>
					</span>relies heavily on<span><span></span>
					</span>use of the word<span><span></span>
					</span>“pipe” instead of “bar”<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>in the medical examiner’s report (Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>J-2) to describe the projectile that struck GE.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">14</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>However, as indicated<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span>, the type of object that struck GE was incidental to Dr. Boiko’s determination that blunt force injury was the cause of death (Tr. 47).<span><span></span>
					</span>When looking frame by frame<span><span></span>
					</span>at Exhibit C-6,<span>
					</span>and the<span>
					</span>individual frames of the video admitted as Exhibits 6a, 6b, and 6c, the object is visible.<span>
					</span>The Court finds<span>
					</span>based on a preponderance of the evidence<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>GE was using the DAKE press to shape the propeller blade on which he was working on<span>
					</span>July 13, 2019, and<span><span></span>
					</span>was struck in the lower abdomen by a metal bar that was ejected from the<span>
					</span>press.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">I</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">II</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">ANALYSIS</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The fundamental objective of the Act is to prevent occupational deaths and serious injuries.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Whirlpool Corp. v. Marshall</span>, 445 U.S. 1, 11 (1980). The Act “establishes a comprehensive<span>
					</span>regulatory scheme designed ‘to assure so far as possible safe and healthful working conditions’ for ‘every working man and woman in the Nation.’”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Martin v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Comm'n (CF&I Steel Corp.)</span>, 499 U.S. 144, 147 (1991) (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">quoting</span><span><span></span>
					</span>29 U.S.C. § 651(b)). “The Act charges the Secretary with responsibility for setting and enforcing workplace health and safety standards.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span>.<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Meanwhile, the</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Commission is assigned to carry out adjudicatory functions under the Act and serves “as a neutral arbiter and determine whether the Secretary's citations should be enforced over employee or union objections.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Cuyahoga Valley Ry. Co. v. United Transp. Union,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>474 U.S. 3, 7 (1985) (per curiam). Thus, Congress vested the Commission with the “adjudicatory powers typically exercised by a court in the agency-review context.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">CF&I Steel Corp</span>., 499 U.S. at 151.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“To implement its statutory purpose, Congress imposed dual obligations on employers. They must first comply with the ‘general duty’ to free the workplace of all recognized hazards.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ComTran Grp., Inc. v. U.S. Dep't of Labor</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 722 F.3d 1304, 1307 (11th Cir. 2013). “They also have a ‘special duty’ to comply with all mandatory health and safety standards.” (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">A covered employer “commits a general duty clause violation when he fails to ‘furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’ ”</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepper Contracting Servs. v. Occupational Safety & Health Admin.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 657 F. App'x 844, 847 (11th Cir. 2016) (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">quoting</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 654(a)(1</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">) )</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">With respect to the latter, Congress provided for the promulgation and enforcement of the mandatory standards through a regulatory scheme that divides responsibilities between two federal agencies.” (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">) “The Secretary establishes these standards through the exercise of rulemaking powers.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">CF & I Steel Corp</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">., 499 U.S. at 147.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 U.S.C. § 665.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Under the law of the<span>
						</span></span>Eleventh<span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Circuit where this case arose,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">15</a></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>t</span>o prove a violation of a general duty clause, “the Secretary must establish that ‘(1) the employer failed to render its<span>
					</span>workplace<span><span></span>
					</span>free of a hazard; (2) the hazard was recognized; ... (3) the hazard caused or was likely to cause death or serious physical harm’ and ‘(4) the hazard [was] preventable.’ ”<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Pepper Contracting</span>,<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">657 F. App'x 844</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 847–48 (omission in original) (citation omitted). On the other hand, a violation of an OSHA standard is established by showing “(1) that the regulation applied; (2) that it was violated; (3) that an employee was exposed to the hazard that was created; and importantly, (4) that the employer ‘knowingly disregarded’ the Act's requirements.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">ComTran Grp., Inc.</span>, 722 F.3d at 1307.<span>
					</span>However, under either the general or special duty clause, a hazard does not itself establish a violation.<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">United States v. Mar-Jac Poultry</span>, Inc., 756 F. App'x 856, 862–63 (11th Cir. 2018).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">A.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Item 1a: Alleged<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">General Duty Clause</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Violation</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary alleges in<span>
					</span>Citation 1 Item 1a<span><span></span>
					</span>Rolly committed a serious violation of<span>
					</span>§ (5)(a)(l)<span><span></span>
					</span>of the Act by exposing<span>
					</span>employees to a<span>
					</span>“struck-by hazard”<span><span></span>
					</span>when operating a DAKE<span>
					</span>70-ton<span>
					</span>hydraulic press<span>
					</span>“that was altered from its original design and intended method of use.”<span>
					</span>(Compl.<span><span></span>
					</span>Ex. A.)<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref16" href="#ftn16">16</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">It is undisputed the DAKE press has been modified since it was manufactured in 1940. Somebody (it is unknown who) altered its original configuration by extending its frame and adding an electric motor</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">with an electronic switch to activate the piston</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref17" href="#ftn17">17</a></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The switch was located approximately shoulder height on the left side of the H-frame of the DAKE press (Tr. 81-82). Rolly’s employees used the DAKE press in both modes.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">However, i</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">t was impossible to use both modes at the same time (T</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">r</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. 82-83).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">T</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he Commission has held that a hazard should be “</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">defined ‘in terms of the physical agents that could injure employees rather than the means of abatement.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’ ”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 2001</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 2009</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 93-0628, 2004)</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Chevron Oil Co.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 1329, 1331, n.6</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(No. 10799, 1983)</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">A</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">lthough<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Item 1</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a alleges the existence of a “struck-by hazard</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>i</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">t<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is silent on what is doing the striking and what is causing the striking to occur. It<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">does not describe the physical agent that could injure employees by striking them</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. Instead, it<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">characterizes the violative<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">conduct in terms of Rolly’s alteration of the DAKE press</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Item 1a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">states</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Rolly could have abated this<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“struck-by hazard”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>making only manufacturer’s approved modifications on the machine.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">However,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“workplace hazard cannot be defined in terms of a particular abatement method.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Otis Elevator Co.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 2204, 2207 (No. 03-1344, 2007).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The user manual shows various safety labels that are to be placed at specified locations on the DAKE press. One label (300168) contains three panels showing hazardous situations, one of which depicts a stick figure of a person, with broken lines intended to track the trajectory of projectiles targeting the figure’s head, torso, and one foot. The accompanying text states, “Guard workpiece to prevent projectiles from reaching operator. Wear eye protection.” (Ex. J-3, p. 3.) Thus, although the manufacturer warns of a struck-by hazard when operating the DAKE press, it does not state that the hazard is created by modifying the press, which is the violative condition alleged in the Item 1a.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>And</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">CSHO<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tiesi<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">admitted<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the modifications to the DAKE press did not contribute to GE’s accident (Tr. 197-98).</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Court concludes the Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">failed to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">define</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in terms of the physical agents that could injure employees</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, and instead, improperly defined it<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in terms of a particular abatement method.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">It may well<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">be that [Rolly] failed to meet its general duty under the Act, but the Secretary neglected to present evidence demonstrating in what manner the company's conduct fell short of the statutory standard.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Nat'l Realty & Const. Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Rev. Comm'n</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 489 F.2d 1257, 1263 (D.C. Cir. 1973).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Here, the Secretary was required to show the modifications made to the press posed a significant risk of harm, which he failed to do since he failed to prove the modifications created a significant risk of ejection of materials.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Thus,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">since t</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he Secretary has not established the modification of the DAKE press created a struck-by hazard</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the Secretary has fail</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">d to carry his bu</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">rden of proving<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">there was a “hazard” within the meaning of the Act</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">and therefore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Item 1a must be vacated</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Even assuming the Secretary<span>
					</span>did<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">prove<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">there was a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">hazard</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>within the meaning of the Act</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, he was<span>
						</span></span>also<span>
					</span>required to<span>
					</span>prove<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“struck-by hazard”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>was<span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>“recognized”<span><span></span>
					</span>hazard, i.e.,<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a condition that is “known to be hazardous.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Georgia Electric Company</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Marshall</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 595 F.2d 309, 321 (5th Cir. 1979) (citation omitted).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref18" href="#ftn18">18</a></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“This element can be established by proving the employer had<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">actual knowledge that a condition is hazardous.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citation omitted).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Rolly<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">argues, and the Court agrees, it<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">did not<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">have<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">actual knowledge<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">that using<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the DAKE press<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">after it had been<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">altered</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could result in a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“struck-by hazard</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">which is evident since there had never been an accident using the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">DAKE<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">press<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(which had been in use at least<span>
						</span></span>since<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the fabrication shop was built in 1986</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">nor<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">had there ever been a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">report that anything was ejected from</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">it</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref19" href="#ftn19">19</a></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Tr. 108-109, 370.)</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court concludes Rolly did not have<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">actual knowledge that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">condition<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">wa</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s hazardous.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">A “recognized hazard” may also “be shown by proving that the condition is generally known to be hazardous in the industry.”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Ed Taylor Const. Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 938 F.2d 1265, 1272 (11th Cir. 1991)</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(citation omitted).<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Thus,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">courts and the Commission have looked to industry standards to determine whether a particular industry recognizes the hazard cited.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n & Marshall</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 607 F.2d 871 (3d Cir. 1979) (safety officer admitted that advisory ANSI standard represented industry consensus);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Betten Processing Corp.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 2 BNA OSHC 1724 (No. 2648, 1975) (holding judge erred in failing to consider ANSI standard as evidence of industry recognition).</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Joint Exhibit 3 is the instruction and operator's manual</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, which “</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">strongly recommends</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that D</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">AKE</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">press<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">users obtain a copy of the current American National Standard Institute (ANSI)<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">B11.2<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">standard, for a more</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">complete understanding of their responsibilities.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">” (Jt. Ex. 3 at 2.)<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">T</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he manufacturer of the DAKE press did not identify any<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“struck-by hazard”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">resulting from the modification of the press</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 202</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">; Jt. Ex. 3</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref20" href="#ftn20">20</a></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">A</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">nd a</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">lthough t</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he ANSII standard lists hazards associated with operation of</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a power press</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">it did<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">not include s</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">truck-by hazards</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">created by<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">modifying the press</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(Ex C-2, p. 110, Annex<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">B(</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">3).)<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Th</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">us,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the Court also concludes the<span>
						</span></span>Secretary has failed to<span>
					</span>prove the<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">industry recognize</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">d a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“struck-by hazard”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">from<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">modifying the press</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Th</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">erefore,</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Court concludes the<span>
						</span></span>Secretary has failed to<span>
					</span>carry his burden of proving<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“struck-by hazard”</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>was a “recognized” hazard, i.e.,<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a condition that is “known to be hazardous</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span>and<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Item 1a</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>must<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">therefore<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">be vacated.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">B.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Item 1b</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">: Alleged Serious Violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">§ 1910.212</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">(a)(1)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The cited standard<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">provides in relevant part that “[o]</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ne</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or more methods of machine guarding shall be provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">” 29 CFR<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">§ 1910.212(a)(1)</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>In<span>
					</span>Item 1b,<span>
					</span>the Secretary alleges<span><span></span>
					</span>Rolly violated the standard when<span>
					</span>“[o]ne<span><span></span>
					</span>or more methods of machine guarding<span>
					</span>was<span><span></span>
					</span>not provided to protect the operator and other employees in the machine area from hazards such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks[.]”<span>
					</span>(Compl.<span><span></span>
					</span>Ex. A.) More specifically, the Secretary<span>
					</span>asserts<span><span></span>
					</span>in Instance<span>
					</span>(a)<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>“an employee was exposed to an amputation and crush-by hazard due to an unguarded nosepiece of a piston assembly for a DAKE<span>
					</span>75 ton<span><span></span>
					</span>hydraulic press” and in Instance<span>
					</span>(b)<span><span></span>
					</span>that “an employee was exposed to being struck-by a metal bar ejected in high velocity from a DAKE 75 ton hydraulic press.” (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>)<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Applicability</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Section 1910.212</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(a)(1) is found in Subpart O (</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Machine and Machine Guarding</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">) of the general industry standards</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Section 1910.212 is titled<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">General requirements<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">for all machines.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">T</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he DAKE press at issue is a machin</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="color:#333333; text-decoration:underline ;background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Instance<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; text-decoration:underline ;background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">(a)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">There is no question that §<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">1910.212(a)(1)</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">applies to the DAKE press</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as it relates to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Instance (a)</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, which<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">describes the hazard</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>presented by the DAKE press<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">as “an amputation and crush-by hazard</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>due to an unguarded nosepiece</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">[.]”<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The nosepiece<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">part of the press that</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>move</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">up and down<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">hydraulically and exerts pressure on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">workpiece</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref21" href="#ftn21">21</a></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">area</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of contact between</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the workpiece<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the nosepiece is the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">point of operation of the press (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">127).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref22" href="#ftn22">22</a></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">concludes<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">cited standard applies to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Instance (a).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="color:#333333; text-decoration:underline ;background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Instance (b)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">As to t</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he applicability of § 1910.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">212(a)(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">to</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Instance (b)</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Secretary alleges an employee</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was “exposed to being struck-by a metal bar ejected in high velocity” from the DAKE press</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Section 1910.212(a)(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">requires the employer to provide machine guarding against<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">hazards<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">A</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">lthough a</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>metal bar ejected at a high velocity<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is certainly hazardous, as this case tragically<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">demonstrates</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for the reasons indicated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">infra</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the Court concludes<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">i</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">not<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">one contemplated by § 1910.212(a)(1).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Eleventh Circuit has not addressed a similar issue. Therefore, the Court looks to other Circuits for<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">persuasive<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">guidance.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Second Circuit<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">addressed a similar issue in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Carlyle Compressor Co.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 683 F.2d 673</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(2d Cir. 1982). In that case</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a machine called a grinder was used<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in one of the steps<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for the production of</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">shaf</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ts used in air conditioner compressors.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">OSHA inspected the wor</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">kplace<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in response to</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>five incidents in which the grinder<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">threw shafts</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, seriously injuring an employee</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in one instance</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Secretary cited the employer for a violation of § 1910.212(a)(1) for failing to guard against flying shafts</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and, in the alternative,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for a violation of the general duty clause.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Second Circuit<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">affirmed the violation of the general duty clause</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but agreed with the employer that § 1910.212(a)(1) was inapplicable to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">cited condition of flying shafts.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The language of that section does not cover the instant hazard; it requires protection, such as barrier guards, against “hazards such as those created by rotating sparks, flying chips and sparks.” The ALJ apparently interpreted “flying chips” to include shafts thrown by the machine.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Secretary argues that the phrase “such as” covers anything flying out of machines. We hold that the language cannot be stretched to that extent. “(W) here specific words follow a general word, the specific words restrict application of the general term to things that are similar to those enumerated.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">General Electric Co. v. OSHRC,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>583 F.2d 61, 65 (2 Cir. 1978).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">683 F.2d<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">675</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Eighth Circuit<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">grappled with a similar<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">iss</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ue in a case</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>where<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">it also found<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the scope of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">§ 1910.212(a)(1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">may</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not be expanded to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">apply to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">objects forcibly ejected from machines.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The employer in that case manufactured air circulating equipment. It used lathes to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">form and mold metal discs</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">workpieces)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">200</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">9</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, a 12-pound rotating metal<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">workpiece broke free from the lathe and stru</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ck the lathe operator in the head, killing him.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHA inspected the workplace and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">subsequently cited the employer for seven violations of § 1910.212(a)(1) for failing to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">install barrier guards on lathes to protect em</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ployees from ejected workpieces.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Eighth Circuit<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">analyzed</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in detail the types of hazards contemplated by<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">§ 1910.212(a)(1),<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">as well as<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">those<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">not found to be within the standard</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’s ambit.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">[T]</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he Secretary's interpretation of section 1910.212(a)(1) strains a commonsense reading of the section. The basic operative language of the section identifies five examples of hazards the barrier guards are meant to protect a lathe operator from: “hazards such as those created by point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, flying chips and sparks.” 29 C.F.R. § 1910.212(a)(1). We note that the inclusion of the words “such as” in the language of the regulation indicates this list is illustrative rather than exhaustive. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Donovan v. Anheuser–Busch, Inc.,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> 666 F.2d 315, 327 (8th Cir.1981). These five hazards create two distinct categories: sources or causes of the hazard (point of operation, ingoing nip points, and rotating parts) and by-products from routine operation of the machinery (flying chips and sparks).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">It follows that section 1910.212(a)(1) only covers the catastrophic failure of a lathe and the ejection of a workpiece if such an event is like one of these two categories. This event is not like the first category because a plain reading of the regulation limits this category to sources of the hazard relating to the worker's point of contact with the machinery and does not encompass the ejection of a spinning workpiece.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. . .<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The guarding devices section 1910.212(a)(1) enumerates—barrier guards, two-hand tripping devices, and electronic safety devices—aim to prevent ingress by the operator into the danger zone while the lathe is running. This supports Loren Cook's limited interpretation of this section. These guarding devices would do little to prevent the hazard for which the Secretary cited Loren Cook: the high-speed ejection of a workpiece nearly 3 feet in diameter and weighing 12 pounds.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">This event also is not like the second category of hazards because a 12–pound ejected workpiece differs greatly both in nature and quality from a by-product hazard created by routine operation of a lathe. The enumerated by-product hazards in the regulation—flying chips and sparks—are incidental to the normal operation of a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">lathe, and</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>differ markedly from the hazard created by the ejection of a 12–pound workpiece from a spinning lathe. Because these hazards differ so significantly, we cannot conclude that a 12–pound ejected workpiece is the same kind of hazard<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">so as to</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be included by the regulation's use of the phrase “such as.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See Donovan,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> 666 F.2d at 327 (explaining that the use of “such as” in regulation indicates illustrative rather than exhaustive list). We thus conclude the Secretary's interpretation does not comport with the language of the regulation itself.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-family:Arial; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Arial; "><br/></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at 940-41.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">While the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">opinions rendered by the Second and Eight</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">h Circuits<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">are</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">binding<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">precedent, the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">m<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">persuasive</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">concludes</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 191</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">0.212(a)(1) does not apply to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">condition of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ejected metal bar<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">cited in In</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">stance<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(b).</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Therefore,<span>
						</span></span>Citation 1,<span>
					</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Item 1</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">b,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Instance (b)</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>must be vacated.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">(2)</span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Whether<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Cited Standard was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">Violat</span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">ed</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>I</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">t is undisputed that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">press’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">nosepiece was not guarded</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>C-1, p. 1)</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Fabrication shop supervisor Peter Campo<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">admitted<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">in his interview statement</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, “</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">t</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he press did not have any type of guard, like a big screen in the fron</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">t, when I used it, and the press has never had a guard, and I have been working at Rolly</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for about 18 years.” (</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>C-4, p.4.)</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In his interview<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">tatement</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, project manager Douwe Schotanus<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">also admitted</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, “</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">t</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">here is no guard on the DAKE press, because the guard is not practical, based on how we use the press and what we use the press for</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.” (</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Ex.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>C-5, p.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">5.)</span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The Secretary contends<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the admissions of Rolly’s supervisory personnel that the DAKE press was never guarded</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>establish<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">that Rolly was in<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">violatio</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">n (noncompliance)</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the cited standard.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Schotanus’s statement</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, however, that a guard “is not practical, based on how we use the press</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,”<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">points to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the blurring of the line between the elements of noncompliance and exposure.</span><span style="color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>The Commission has recognized that the issues of<span>
					</span>noncompliance and exposure in machine guarding cases are not easily delineated:<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">We note that the noncompliance element in machine guarding cases overlaps with, but is not identical to, the exposure element of the Secretary's prima facie case. To establish the exposure element of his prima facie case, the Secretary must prove actual exposure to the violative condition </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">or</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> that access to the violative condition was reasonably predictable.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Aerospace Testing All.,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">No. 16-1167,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">2020<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">WL 5815499, at *6, n. 3 (OSHRC<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Sept. 21, 2020)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. That overlap<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is apparent</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>here, where Rolly acknowledges the DAKE press was not guarded but argues its method of operation of the press did not expose employees to amputation<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">and</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>crushing hazards. Rolly addresses the issue<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">of whether use of the press</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">without</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>guarding<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">for<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the point of operation</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>created reasonably predictable exposure to the cited hazards</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as an exposure element (</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Resp’t’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Br</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>14-18). The Secretary address</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ed</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the issue as an applicability element (</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Compl’t’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Br</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">37-40).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Wayne Farms, LLC,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">No. 17-1174</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 2020 WL 5815506 (OSHRC<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Sept. 22, 2020),<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">although<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the Commission affirmed the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">judge’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">decision vacating a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">citation alleging a violation of § 1910.212(a)(1)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, it<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">concluded<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">it was more accurate to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">analyze the case</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in terms of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Secretary</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’s</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fail</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ure</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to establish the element of noncompliance</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">rather than</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the element of</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>exposure</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on which the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">based her<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">decision.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Compliance with § 1910.212(a)(1) is framed by the fact that it is a performance standard, which means “it states the result required ..., rather than specifying that a particular type of guard must be used.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Aerospace Testing Alliance</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, No. 16-1167, at 3 (OSHRC 2020) (quoting </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Diebold, Inc.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 3 BNA OSHC 1897, 1900 (No. 6767, 1976) (consolidated), </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">rev'd on other grounds</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 585 F.2d 1327 (6th Cir. 1978)). Performance standards “require an employer to identify the hazards peculiar to its own workplace and determine the steps necessary to abate them.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Thomas Indus. Coatings, Inc.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 2283, 2287 (No. 97-1073, 2007). The noncompliance question here, therefore, is whether the Secretary established that the grate covering the hopper was required to protect employees from “hazards such as those created by [the Accufeeder's] point of operation, ingoing nip points, rotating parts, [or] flying chips and sparks.” 29 C.F.R § 1910.212(a)(1).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Wayne Farms</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">2020 WL 5815506 at *2</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">The</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">refore, the</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">analyze</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">s</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">this issue in terms of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Rolly</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">’s alleged<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">noncompliance<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">with<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">§ 1910.212(a)(1)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Here, the noncompliance issue</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is whether the Secretary established<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a guard for the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">nosepiece of the DAKE press was required to protect employees from<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“an amputation and crush-by hazard</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.”</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">To<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">prove exposure to a hazard for<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">element of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">noncompliance, the Secretary must</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>show that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">it<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is reasonably predictable</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">operational necessity or otherwise that employees have been in the zone of danger of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">DAKE press’s nosepiece.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">To make this determination, we consider whether, given “the manner in which the machine functions and how it is operated by the employees,” they are exposed to a hazard. </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Rockwell Int'l Corp.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC 1092, 1097-98 (No. 12470, 1980). In other words, for the Secretary to establish the exposure </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">to a hazard</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> required for noncompliance, he “must show that it is reasonably predictable either </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">by operational necessity or otherwise (including inadvertence)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Aerospace Testing Alliance</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, No. 16-1167, at 4 (OSHRC 2020) (quoting </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal Prods.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1072, 1073-74 (No. 93-1853, 1997) (emphasis added)). Therefore, the occurrence of the operator's injury here does not, by itself, establish that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">[the company]<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">failed to comply with § 1910.212(a)(1). Indeed, noncompliance in this case hinges on whether the operator's actions were reasonably predictable given the machine's normal operation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="background-color:#FFFFFF; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Wayne Farms</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">2020 WL 5815506</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at *</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">3</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">As noted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, the Court found GE was operating the DAKE press when it ejected the metal bar that struck him in the abdomen, fatally injuring him. Actual exposure may be established by evidence of an employee’s injury or death while in the zone of danger of the violative condition.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix Roofing, Inc.,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd without published opinion</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 79 F.3d 1146 (5th Cir. 1996) (fact that an employee fell through a skylight unquestionably established actual exposure to a fall hazard). Here, GE’s injury and death do no establish actual exposure for Item 1b, Instance (a), where the alleged exposure was to amputation and crushing hazards due to an unguarded point of operation, not a struck-by hazard resulting from the ejection of a metal bar.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">As to reasonably predictability, t</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">he Secretary argues</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>it was reasonably predictable</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the hands of<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">DAKE press operators</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could be in the zone of danger of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">press’s point of operation,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">based on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">manner in which</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">y use</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">d</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the machine.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">quotes from</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the testimony of several employees who used the DAKE press.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">quoted</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony, however, falls short of establishing<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">exposure to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">cited hazards.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Metal shop supervisor Campo</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">explained how an employee would use the DAKE press to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">remove<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">bearing</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the most common task<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">performed on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">DAKE press.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>He stated</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the operator stands</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>arm’s length</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">from the press as it operates</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, close enough to<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">switch off the machine if needed, but not closer than necessary to the point of operation</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. “</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">A</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">ny<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">time that you’re operating any<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">machinery in all my years of experience operating machinery, you have to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">at a safe position where you can shut it down in case there is an emergency.” (Tr. 332.)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Campo<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">detailed</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>how<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">an operator would press out a bearing on a windlass.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Campo refers to the nosepiece as<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“the ram.”</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Campo: You would take the object, lay it on the bed<span>
					</span>of the—the machine, make sure that everything is stable, bring down the ram, and continue to press until the bearing comes out.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.: Okay. When you<span>
					</span>say,<span><span></span>
					</span>“bring down the ram,”<span>
					</span>how did you bring it down?</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Campo: You would bring down the—there’s<span>
					</span>a wheel that you would rotate either clockwise or counter-clockwise and then touch the object to make sure it's secured, and then you could -- then you would take the hand lever and give it one or two cranks to make sure everything is tight, and then you would continue from there by -- with the hand crank or the electric.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.: And what reason would you have after you have engaged<span>
					</span>. . . or made it tight to put your hands<span>
					</span>or any part of your body under the piston of the . . . press?</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Campo: There would be no reason to put your hands under that.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.: Would there be any reason that you would have to manipulate the piece at all after you’ve engaged the press?</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Campo: Only if you’ve seen that it wasn’t perfectly aligned, you would stop and start over.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.: Okay. When you say ‘stop,’<span>
					</span>what do you mean?</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Campo: You’d stop<span>
					</span>all forward motion. You’d just stop what you’re doing and then start over. You would do your procedure all over.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">(Tr. 329-30.)<span><span></span>
					</span>When asked how he could tell if the<span>
					</span>workpiece<span>
					</span>was secured as the nosepiece descended, Campo responded, “By looking at it.” (Tr. 334.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary cites<span>
					</span>Campo’s testimony excerpted here as evidence that<span>
					</span>the method Rolly employees used to operate the DAKE press<span><span></span>
					</span>exposed them to amputation and crushing hazards. But nothing in the quoted testimony establishes<span><span></span>
					</span>that Rolly’s method of operation required the operators’ hands to be within the zone of danger of the nosepiece<span><span></span>
					</span>and the<span>
					</span>workpiece, i.e., the point of operation.<span><span></span>
					</span>However, the Secretary<span>
					</span>improperly, and<span>
					</span>completely,<span><span></span>
					</span>excises (twice) Campo’s most direct<span>
					</span>testimony<span>
					</span>regarding the placement of the operator’s hands in relation to the point of operation (“Q.: And what reason would you have after you have engaged . . . or made it tight to put your hands or any part of your body under the piston of the . . . press? Campo: There would be no reason to put your hands under that.” (Tr. 329-30)), when he quotes this section in his post-trial brief (Compl’t’s Br. at<span><span></span>
					</span>13, 39).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Campo stated that after placing the<span>
					</span>workpiece<span>
					</span>on the table, the operator lowers the nosepiece by turning a<span>
					</span>handwheel until the nosepiece<span>
					</span>contacts<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>workpiece.<span><span></span>
					</span>The<span>
					</span>handwheel is mounted above the nosepiece, as seen in the photograph on the first page of Exhibit C-1.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref23" href="#ftn23">23</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>The operator then<span><span></span>
					</span>operates the press, either<span>
					</span>manually<span>
					</span>using the<span>
					</span>handpump<span>
					</span>or<span>
					</span>by switching on the motor.<span><span></span>
					</span>The handpump is mounted above the handwheel.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><a name="ftnref24" href="#ftn24">24</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>The electronic switch<span>
					</span>for the motor is located at shoulder level on the left side of the<span>
					</span>H-frame of the DAKE press (Tr.<span>
					</span>81-82).<span><span></span>
					</span>Campo<span><span></span>
					</span>states<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>if the nosepiece and the<span>
					</span>workpiece<span><span></span>
					</span>are not properly aligned<span><span></span>
					</span>(which the operator detects<span>
					</span>visually), the operator stops the process<span><span></span>
					</span>and starts over.<span>
					</span>At no point does Campo state the operator adjusts, manipulates, aligns, or otherwise contacts the<span>
					</span>workpiece<span><span></span>
					</span>by hand as the<span>
					</span>nosepiece descends or after it contacts the<span>
					</span>workpiece.<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The testimony of the other employees<span>
					</span>quoted<span>
					</span>by the Secretary are similarly lacking in<span>
					</span>probative significance<span>
					</span>with regard to<span><span></span>
					</span>exposure<span><span></span>
					</span>to the point of contact. For the testimony of each witness, the Secretary italicizes certain words<span><span></span>
					</span>and phrases<span><span></span>
					</span>(<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">secured, tight,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">aligned, stay in line,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>improper setup</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">, stabilized, straight</span>),<span><span></span>
					</span>apparently to give the impression the witness is<span>
					</span>describing how he uses his hands to<span>
					</span>align the<span>
					</span>workpiece<span>
					</span>once the nosepiece is lowered.<span><span></span>
					</span>An objective reading of the<span><span></span>
					</span>witness testimony shows, however, that<span><span></span>
					</span>such an inference is unwarranted.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Machinist<span>
					</span>[Redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>described how he used the DAKE press. ([Redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>refers to the metal positioning bars as<span>
					</span>“parallels”<span><span></span>
					</span>and to the nosepiece as the “piston.”)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">[Redacted]: At all times we’d<span>
					</span>be wearing safety glasses<span><span></span>
					</span>or a safety shield, and anytime were using any equipment, our fingers, hands, any part of our body would be away from the<span>
					</span>machine as it was being operated.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.: And<span><span></span>
					</span>in terms of the operation of the press, how were you trained to operate the DAKE press?</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">[Redacted]: On the DAKE press, work in removing certain<span>
					</span>parts, and anytime we would use it to set up, say pressing a bearing out, we would use a setup in which we would put the object on—on the table. We’ve had parallels which we would secure it down, and as you were using the machine, as the machine was working, you would make sure everything<span>
					</span>would stay in place, and again, your fingers and hands would<span>
					</span>stay away from the machine as it was running.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; ">(Tr. 318-19.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.: You testified about aligning the piece with the piston. . . .<span><span></span>
					</span>Can you describe exactly<span>
					</span>how you do that?</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">[Redacted]: Well, you have a circular ring with<span><span></span>
					</span>a piston that comes down, and anytime you’re pressing with the piston, it<span>
					</span>has to<span><span></span>
					</span>be parallel. Anytime that object that you’re pressing on is not in line, it’s not a safe manner.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; ">(Tr.<span>
					</span>322.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.: Once you engage the hydraulics or—or the motor to finish your task, where are you standing?</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">[Redacted]: You are standing in front of the machine<span><span></span>
					</span>approximately two—two feet, three feet back as the machine’s running, but close enough so you can shut the machine off if you<span>
					</span>have to.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.:<span>
					</span>Okay. And—and what would occur that would result in you shutting the machine off.?</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">[Redacted]: That would be improper setup, but that goes back to the<span>
					</span>beginning on your setup with using the press in manual mode.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; ">(Tr. 323.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>General manager Gregory Poulos<span>
					</span>described how the DAKE press operator would<span>
					</span>remove bearings from a strut<span><span></span>
					</span>taken from a boat that could, “depending on what kind<span><span></span>
					</span>of boat, . . . weigh up to 400 pounds.”<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 290.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Poulos: So we’d come in on a forklift, be held on a pallet until the bearing was placed in the DAKE press<span><span></span>
					</span>at 90 degrees to the ram. . . .<span><span></span>
					</span>[T]he<span>
					</span>ram<span><span></span>
					</span>also has a screw adjustment with big square threads on it. So you bring it down real tight<span><span></span>
					</span>to a metal washer. . . .<span><span></span>
					</span>Once that came<span>
					</span>down<span><span></span>
					</span>they could either operate it by hand or in that case the motor would push it out. Most of the time it was pressed with a hand press<span>
					</span>because it’s very slow.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">. . .<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Q.: Once the piece is stabilized on the press, is there any reason to hold it, to place it, or move it around while the press is in motion?</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">Poulos: You can’t move it around. It’s got a mandrel going in through the center.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">(Tr. 290-91.)</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Secretary also<span>
					</span>quoted<span>
					</span>from<span>
					</span>testimony<span>
					</span>provided by<span><span></span>
					</span>machinist<span>
					</span>[Redacted], even though<span>
					</span>[Redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>testified he<span>
					</span>never operated the DAKE press<span><span></span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span>issue and<span><span></span>
					</span>had never observed anyone else operate it<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>238,<span>
					</span>240, 258).<span><span></span>
					</span>The Secretary’s counsel<span>
					</span>questioned<span>
					</span>[Redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>about how he operated<span>
					</span>presses<span>
					</span>when he worked for other employers<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 260-61).<span>
					</span>The Court finds the testimony regarding the use of<span>
					</span>other<span>
					</span>presses, which<span>
					</span>[Redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>had operated 10 years before and<span>
					</span>for which he<span><span></span>
					</span>could not identify the models, is immaterial to the operation of the DAKE press at issue.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CSHO Tiesi<span>
					</span>used a measuring tape during his investigation to measure the height of the DAKE press’s table<span><span></span>
					</span>(Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>C-1, p. 1; Tr.<span>
					</span>122).<span><span></span>
					</span>However, surprisingly, he did not measure the distance from the point of contact<span>
					</span>(between the nosepiece and the table<span><span></span>
					</span>where the workpiece would be located)<span>
					</span>to the handwheel, the handpump, or the electronic switch, where employees<span>
					</span>testified<span><span></span>
					</span>they were required to place their hands.<span><span></span>
					</span>Further, the user<span><span></span>
					</span>manual for the DAKE press does not provide the machine’s dimensions or distances from the various parts (Ex.<span><span></span>
					</span>J-3).<span><span></span>
					</span>Other than stating they stood<span>
					</span>two or three feet from the DAKE press when it was in operation, the employees did not estimate how far their hands were from the point of operation at any given step of the<span>
					</span>procedure.<span>
					</span>CSHO Tiesi did not view the DAKE press in operation<span><span></span>
					</span>and did not time how long<span><span></span>
					</span>it took the nosepiece to descend when motor-operated<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 202, 208).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">As the Commission has noted,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">t</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">here</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is no hard and fast rule for determining exposure in a machine guarding case—rather, exposure must be determined on a case-by-case basis depending on<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">‘</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the manner in which the machine functions and the way it is operated.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "> </span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Dover<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">High Performance Plastics, Inc.,</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>No. 14-1268,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">2020 WL 5880242</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, at *3, n. 5 (OSHRC<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Sept. 25, 2020)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">quoting<span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Jefferson Smurfit Corp.</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1419, 1421 (No. 89-553, 1991)</span><span style="color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">)</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Here,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">manner in which</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the DAKE press functions and</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the way<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Rolly’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">employees operate it<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">is well-established</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the record</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">. After placing the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">workpiece</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">on the press table, operators may<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">manually<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">contact the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">handwheel, the handpump, or the electronic switch, all of which are located above the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">nosepiece.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">When not in contact with<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">one of these<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">devices, the operator stands<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">two or three feet</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">from the machine.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Nothing in the record indicates how close the operator’s hands<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">are to the point of operation at any point in the procedure.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Based on<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the evidence, the Court finds the Secretary has failed to establish<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the DAKE press’s point of operation<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">posed a hazard such that Rolly was required to guard it under § 1910.212(</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">a)(1). The</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">refore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Court</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">concludes Citation 1, Item 1b, Instance (a) must be<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">vacate</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">d</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>based on the Secretary’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">failure to establish Rolly’s noncompliance<span>
						</span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">with the cited standard.</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Accordingly,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">I</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">V. ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">IT IS HEREBY ORDERED THAT</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Citation 1,<span>
					</span>Item<span>
					</span>1a<span>
					</span>and Item 1b<span>
					</span>are<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">VACATED</span>.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">SO</span><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-left:312px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-left:336px; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; margin-left:312px; "> JOHN B. GATTO, Judge </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Dated:</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "> November 22, 2021</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Atlanta, GA</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>For confidentiality purposes, the foreman is referred to by his initials “GE.”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">2 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Secretary of Labor has assigned responsibility for enforcement of the Act to OSHA and has delegated his authority under the Act to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health, who heads OSHA. See Order 8-2020, Delegation of Authority and Assignment of Responsibility to the Assistant Secretary for Occupational Safety and Health, 85 Fed. Reg. 58393 (Sept. 18, 2020), superseding Order No. 1-2012, 77 Fed. Reg. 3912 (Jan. 25, 2012) (Order No. 1-2012 was in effect when the citation was issued). The terms “Secretary” and “OSHA” are used interchangeably herein.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">3 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>A Compliance Safety and Health Officer is a person authorized by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">OSHA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">to conduct inspections</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R. §1903.22(d).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">4 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The parties stipulate the Citation erroneously identifies the DAKE press’s capacity as 75 tons, rather than 70 tons (Tr. 158).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">5 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">The Act contemplates various grades of violations of the statute and its attendant regulations</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">—“</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">willful”; “repeated”; “serious”; and those “determined not to be of a serious nature” (the Commission refers to the latter as “other-than-serious”). 29 U.S.C. § 666.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">A<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">serious</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation exists “if there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result from [the] condition[s].” 29 U.S.C. § 666(k)</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">“The gravamen of a serious violation is the presence of a ‘substantial probability’ that a particular violation could result in death or serious physical harm.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Georgia Elec. Co. v. Marshall</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, 595 F.2d 309, 318 (5th Cir. 1979).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">6 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Commission Rule 30(d) provides that “[s]tatements in a pleading may be adopted by reference in a different part of the same pleading or in another pleading or in any motion. A copy of any written instrument which is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof for all purposes.” 29 C.F.R §2200.30(d). Attached to the complaint<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">and also</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>adopted by reference was the citation, which was “a part thereof for all purposes.”</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
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						</span>Commission Rule<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">71</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>provides that “[t]he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">f</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">ederal Rules of Evidence are applicable</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">” in Commission proceedings</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">29 C.F.R.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">§ 2200.71.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">8 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">All arguments not expressly addressed have nevertheless been considered and rejected. If any finding is</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">in truth a conclusion of law, or if any stated conclusion is in truth a finding of fact, it shall be deemed so.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">9 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The terms</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">fabrication shop</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">and</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">metal shop</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">were used interchangeably by witnesses to refer to the room where the DAKE press is located (Tr. 327).</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">10 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Two metal bars<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">can be seen atop</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>table of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">DAKE press</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in several photographs</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>admitted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">as Exhibit C-1</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(pp. 1-6).</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">11 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was working with GE at Rolly’s shipyard that morning while GE was creating artwork, “making a turtle for somebody,” out of a propeller blade (Tr. 248). GE had made turtle figures “[q]uite a few times” for people and planned to make one for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>next (Tr. 251).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>assisted GE for an hour or two as he heated the propeller blade and then beat it with a hammer to bend it into shape (Tr. 240-41).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not observe GE using the DAKE press (Tr. 242).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>identified the photograph admitted as the first page of Exhibit C-1 as showing the propeller blade that he and EG were working on. The blade is placed on the DAKE press at issue (Tr. 245-46).</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
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						</span>Gregory Poulos worked as the general manager at Rolly for 25 years and identified the machine that GE can be seen facing as the DAKE press (Tr. 304).</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">13 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>On the eve of trial, the Secretary filed a motion seeking leave to admit Shea’s deposition and expert report, which the Court denied since the Secretary made no showing that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Shea</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was unavailable pursuant to Rule 804(a). At trial, Shea’s deposition was nonetheless admitted without<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">objection</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but his report was not.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">However, Shea did not testify at trial, and was never proffered by the Secretary to the Court as an expert and was never qualified by the Court as an expert.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Kaspar Electroplating Corp.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, 16 BNA 1517, 1519 (No. 90–2866, 1993) (</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">citing Harrington Constr. Corp.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, 4 BNA OSHC 1471, 1472 (No. 9809, 1976), the Commission held that opinion testimony by an OSHA compliance officer may be admissible as non-expert testimony if it is “helpful in the resolution of a material issue and is based on his personal knowledge.” However,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">in both cases the</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Commission appl</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">ied</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Rule 701 of the Federal Rule of Evidence</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">as it existed in 1975, which did not include the 2000 amendment adding subsection (c), i.e., if a witness is not testifying as an expert, testimony in the form of an opinion is limited to one that is “not based on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.” Therefore, the Commission’s precedent must be read<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">in pari materia</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the 2000 amendment. Even in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Kaspar</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, the Commission held that “Commission judges should not admit opinion testimony by a compliance officer on a subject about which only an expert may testify, unless the compliance officer has been shown qualified as an expert in that area.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Kaspar Electroplating Corp.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, 16 BNA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">1519.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">As the gatekeeper, it is ultimately the Court’s responsibility to channel testimony that is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">actually expert</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony to Rule 702, even where a timely objection is not made.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g., Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc.,</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>509 U.S. 579, 589 (1993) (finding that judge serves as a “gatekeeper” to “ensure that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">any and all</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant, but reliable”);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, 526 U.S. 137, 149 (1999) (extending the court's gatekeeper function to all expert testimony).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Since Shea did not testify at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">trial, and</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was never proffered to the Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">as an expert<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">or qualified by the Court as an expert, any expert opinions he may have offered in his deposition have not been considered by the Court.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">14 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The origin of the word<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">“pipe,”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">rather than</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“bar,”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">in the medical examiner’s report is unknown. According to GE’s wife, GE was unable to speak by the time they arrived at the hospital. In her testimony, she refers only to a bar striking him and does not use the word<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">pipe</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 387, 388.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">15 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The employer or the Secretary may appeal a final decision and order to the federal court of appeals for the circuit in which the violation allegedly occurred or where the employer has its principal office, and the employer also may appeal to the D.C. Circuit. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 660(a) and (b). Here, the violation occurred in Fort Lauderdale, Florida,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">which</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is also the location of Rolly’s principal place of business</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, both<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">in the Eleventh Circuit.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Compl. 3; Answer ¶ 3.) The Commission has held that where it is highly probable that a case will be appealed to a particular circuit, it generally has applied the precedent of that circuit in deciding the case— even though it may differ from the Commission’s precedent.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Kerns Bros. Tree Serv</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">., 18 BNA OSHC 2064, 2067 (No. 96- 1719, 2000). The Court applies the precedent of the Eleventh Circuit in deciding the case where it is highly probable the case would be appealed.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn16" href="#ftnref16"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">16 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">CSHO</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Tiesi testified that in the phrase “altered from its original design and intended method of use,” “altered” means “the cutting of the frame and then installation, the addition of the electric motor.” (Tr. 159.) “[O]riginal design” means “designed to be used manually with . . . just the horizontal lever, the pump lever.” (Tr. 159.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn17" href="#ftnref17"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">17 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>General manager Poulos stated he had spent time at Rolly’s shipyard since 1974. At that time, the fabrication shop did not exist, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">all of</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Rolly’s machines were located in the main building. Poulos had never seen the DAKE press being used until<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">the fabrication shop was built in 1986</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">, and the DAKE press was placed in it. Poulos did not know where the DAKE press was acquired and did not know who modified it or when the modification occurred (Tr. 296).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn18" href="#ftnref18"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">18 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">The Eleventh Circuit was created when the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Fifth</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Circuit</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>split on October 1, 1981. </span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Fifth</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Circuit</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Court of Appeals Reorganization Act of 1980, P.L. 96-452, 94 Stat. 1995. The Eleventh Circuit has adopted the case law of the former Fifth Circuit handed down as of September 30, 1981, as its governing body of precedent.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Bonner v. City of Prichard</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981). This body of precedent is binding unless and until overruled by the Eleventh Circuit en banc.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "> Further, the decisions of the continuing Fifth Circuit's Administrative Unit B are also binding on the Eleventh Circuit, while Unit A decisions are merely persuasive.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; font-style:italic; ">Dresdner Bank AG v. M/V Olympia Voyager</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">, 446 F.3d 1377 (11th Cir. 2006).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn19" href="#ftnref19"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">19 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Poulos testified that there had been no accident on the hydraulic power press during his 25-year tenure and he was never advised that anything was ejected from the press. (Tr. 295.) Campo testified that no one reported that anything was ever ejected from the press and that there were no accidents involving the press in his 20 years with the Company. (Tr. 326, 331-332.) Shotanus testified there has never been an accident, nor did anyone ever report that anything was ejected from the press. (Tr. 370.) Tiesi also testified that his investigation uncovered no prior injuries on the machine; no evidence of any prior projectile ejected from the press; and no evidence of any point of operation accident. (Tr. 207-209.)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn20" href="#ftnref20"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">20 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">lthough the manufacturer warns<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">in Label 300168<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">the manual of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#000000; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">a struck-by hazard when operating the DAKE press, it does not state that the hazard is created by modifying the press, which is the violative condition alleged in the citation.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn21" href="#ftnref21"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">21 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The nosepiece of the DAKE press can be seen in the first photograph of Exhibit C-1.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn22" href="#ftnref22"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">22 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">Section 1</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">910.211(a)(1)</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>defines “point of operation” as “th</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">at point at which cutting, shaping, boring, or forming is accomplished upon the stock.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:11pt; color:#333333; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn23" href="#ftnref23"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">23 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">user’s manual for the DAKE press<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">reproduces</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a diagram of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">“the workhead assembly</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">,” showing the handwhe</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">el at the top<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">assembly and the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">nosepiece<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">protruding from the bottom</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">Ex.</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>J-3, p.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">3).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn24" href="#ftnref24"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">24 </span></a><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">The handpump</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>can be seen<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">photograph</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the first page of Exhibit C-1. Pages<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">3 and 7<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">of Exhibit J-3<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">reproduce diagrams showing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">the location of the handpump</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:11pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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