Proposed Registration Decision for the New Active 

Ingredient Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 

Date: 
Page 2 of 12

1. Summary 

This document announces that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has completed its 

initial evaluation of the proposed new microbial pesticide active ingredient Bacillus 

amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 (hereafter, B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838) and has 

concluded that it meets the regulatory and safety standards under the Federal Insecticide, 

Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act 

(FFDCA). The Agency is seeking public comment on its proposed decision. 

LidoChem, Inc. has submitted applications to register the new active ingredient, B. 

amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 for use as a manufacturing-use product (MP) and as an end-use 

product (EP) for biological seed treatment that provides early protection against selected 

parasitic nematodes. Varnimo Technical and Varnimo® ST each contain 73.4% active ingredient 

at a minimum of 5 x 1011 cfu/g. Lidochem Inc., has also submitted a petition for an exemption 

from the requirement of a tolerance for B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 on all food and feed 

crops. 

EPA has previously registered other strains of B. amyloliquefaciens (strains D747 and FZB24) 

which were formerly classified as B. subtilis var. amyloliquefaciens (Priest et al., 1987; USEPA, 

2010; USEPA, 2011). 

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a gram-positive non-pathogenic bacterium which is commonly 

found in the air, water, soil, and on plants. B. amyloliquefaciens is used to produce proteolytic 

enzymes for laundry detergents, is used in chicken broiler feed as a probiotic, and produces 

chitinase, protease, and lipases which suppress fungi and nematodes. In addition to the enzymes

phytase, chitinase, lipase and protease, B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 also produces several 

secondary metabolites including antifungal lipoproteins. 

After reviewing submitted and publically available data and information, EPA has concluded 

that there is a reasonable certainty of no harm from residues of this new active ingredient and 

that it will not cause any unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment. 

Therefore, the Agency is proposing to register the microbial pesticide manufacturing-use product 

containing the new active ingredient under FIFRA section 3(c)(5) and establish an exemption 

from the requirement of a tolerance. 

2. Background 

On September 24, 2014, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) received applications 

for registration for the new microbial pesticide active ingredient B. amyloliquefaciens strain 

PTA-4838 from LidoChem, Inc. as well as a petition for an exemption from the requirement of a 

tolerance. 

 
Page 3 of 12

3. Evaluation 

In evaluating a pesticide registration application, the EPA assesses a wide variety of studies and 

information to determine the likelihood of adverse effects (i.e., risk) from exposures associated 

with the proposed use of the product. Risk assessments are developed to evaluate how the 

compound might affect a wide range of non-target organisms, including humans and terrestrial 

and aquatic wildlife (plants and animals). 

Based on these assessments, the EPA evaluates and approves conditions for each pesticide 

product to ensure that permitted uses and safety measures are appropriate to mitigate any 

potential risk. 

The human health and environmental risk assessments supporting this decision can be found in 

the regulatory docket (Docket Number EPA–HQ–OPP–2015–0417). 

3.1 Assessment of Risk to Human Health 

In order to assess a microbial pesticide’s risk to human health, the EPA initially requires a wide 

range of studies, including Tier I acute toxicity/pathogenicity (oral, pulmonary, and injection) 

data, cell culture data, reports of hypersensitivity incidents, acute toxicity (oral, dermal, and 

inhalation) data, and irritation (dermal and eye) data. Tier II and III testing (e.g., subchronic 

toxicity/pathogenicity) is triggered only when there is indication, usually through lower tier 

testing, that a microbial pesticide has unusual toxicological characteristics, such as infectivity or 

being suspected as or known to be a carcinogen. 

3.1.1 Toxicity/Pathogenicity Profile 

Toxicity and Pathogenicity 

B. amyloliquefaciens is a gram-positive non-pathogenic bacterium which is ubiquitous in the 

environment and commonly found in the air, water, soil, and on plants. B. amyloliquefaciens

produces chitinase, protease, and lipases which suppress fungi and nematodes and has been 

reported as having plant growth regulator activity. 

Acute oral, pulmonary, and injection toxicity/pathogenicity testing of B. amyloliquefaciens strain 

PTA-4838 has shown that it is not toxic or pathogenic. As no adverse effects have been observed 

in the available data for B. amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838, the Agency has not identified any 

points of departure for conducting a quantitative risk assessment of B. amyloliquefaciens PTA4838. Consequently, the Agency has conducted a qualitative assessment. 

Related Bacillus subtilis species are known to cause spoilage and have been identified as causing 

foodborne illness outbreaks in rare circumstances. Additionally, certain strains of B. 

amyloliquefaciens that produce the toxin amylosin have been associated with reported infections 

when found, together with other pathogens in indoor dust in water damaged buildings. 
Page 4 of 12

However, no reported foodborne illnesses have been associated with B. amyloliquefaciens or B. 

amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 and the production of amylosin has not been reported with the B. 

amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 strain. Furthermore, as mentioned above, the acute oral, 

pulmonary and injection toxicity pathogenicity studies show no signs of toxicity or pathogenicity 

for this strain. Thus, B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 is not considered a risk for infection. 

Acute Toxicity 

As mentioned above, acute oral, pulmonary, and injection toxicity/pathogenicity testing of 

Varnimo Technical has shown that it is not toxic/pathogenic. These finding support submitted 

waivers for the acute systemic toxicity data requirements for technical grade B. 

amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838. Based on the microbial pesticides toxicology data requirements 

158.2140 (c) and (d) footnote 5, the 870 series acute studies may be waived if the 

toxicity/pathogenicity are acceptable and the added inerts can be shown as not likely to pose any 

significant human health risks which applies in this case. Further the Agency does not anticipate 

a different irritation profile for the technical grade material compared to the end use product 

summarized below since the inert ingredients are most likely to drive irritation potential of 

products containing B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838. Therefore, eye irritation and dermal 

irritation data requirements for the technical grade material have been waived and the Agency 

will rely upon the acute testing for the WSP product for labeling purposes. 

Acute toxicity data for the end use product resulted in Toxicity Category IV for oral toxicity and 

eye irritation and Toxicity Category III for dermal toxicity, inhalation toxicity, and dermal 

irritation. 

3.1.2 Aggregate Exposure 

In examining aggregate exposure, FFDCA section 408 directs EPA to consider available 

information concerning exposures from the pesticide residue in food and all other nonoccupational exposures, including drinking water from ground water or surface water and 

exposure through pesticide use in gardens, lawns, or buildings (residential and other indoor 

uses). 

A. Dietary Exposure 

1. Food Exposure: B. amyloliquefaciens is ubiquitous in the environment, especially in soils and 

agricultural environments, so dietary exposure to background levels of the naturally occurring 

microbe are already occurring. B. amyloliquefaciens are considered GRAS food additives and 

the FDA has estimated that dietary exposure of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens by the U.S. 

population is 200 mg/day. Dietary exposure via crop residues from pesticidal uses will be much 

lower based on maximum application rates. Further, B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4848 has been 

found to be not toxic or pathogenic based on guideline toxicity testing and is not expected to 

cause adverse health effects. 

2. Drinking water exposure: B. amyloliquefaciens is naturally present in soils. Therefore, B. 

amyloliquefaciens may occur in surface water and possibly groundwater. According to the 
Page 5 of 12

World Health Organization, Bacillus species are often detected in drinking water even after 

going through acceptable water treatment processes, mostly because the spores are resistant to 

municipal water treatment measures. Should this microbial pesticide be present, no adverse 

effects are expected from exposure to B. amyloliquefaciens through drinking water since it has 

been found to be not toxic or pathogenic based on guideline toxicity testing and is not expected 

to cause adverse health effects. 

B. Other Non-Occupational Exposure 

No indoor residential, school or daycare uses currently appear on the label. Non-dietary exposure 

as a result of the agricultural uses could occur where children are present, but the health risk is 

expected to be negligible since B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 has been found to be not toxic or 

pathogenic based on guideline toxicity testing, and the fact that B. amyloliquefaciens is 

ubiquitous in the environment and populations have been previously exposed to the microbe over 

time with no reports of infection or other adverse effect. 

3.1.3 Determination of Safety for U.S. Population, Infants and Children 

A. U.S. Population: Although there is likely to be dietary and non-occupational exposure to B. 

amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838, the Agency concludes that there is reasonable certainty that no 

harm will result to the U.S. population, including infants and children, from aggregate exposure 

to residues of B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 because of the lack of any toxicity, infectivity, and 

pathogenicity of this microbe. This includes all anticipated dietary exposures and all other 

exposures for which there is reliable information. 

B. Infants and Children: FFDCA section 408(b)(2)(C) provides that the EPA shall apply an 

additional tenfold (10X) margin of safety for infants and children in the case of threshold effects 

to account for prenatal and postnatal toxicity and the completeness of the database on toxicity 

and exposure, unless the EPA determines based on reliable data that a different margin of safety 

will be safe for infants and children. This additional margin of safety is commonly referred to as 

the Food Quality Protection Act Safety Factor. In applying this provision, the EPA either retains 

the default value of 10X or uses a different additional safety factor when reliable data available 

to the EPA support the choice of a different factor. 

As discussed above, EPA has concluded that B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 is not toxic, 

pathogenic, or infective to mammals, including infants and children. Because there are no 

threshold levels of concern to infants, children, and adults when B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838

is used according to label directions and good agricultural practices, EPA concludes that no 

additional margin of safety is necessary to protect infants and children. 

3.1.4 Cumulative Effects from Substances with a Common Mechanism of Toxicity 

EPA has not determined that B. amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 shares a common 

mechanism of toxicity with any other substances. For information regarding EPA’s efforts to 

determine which chemicals have a common mechanism of toxicity and to evaluate the 
Page 6 of 12

cumulative effects of such chemicals, see EPA’s website at 

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/cumulative. 

3.1.5 Occupational Exposure 

Because of a lack of mammalian toxicity, the risk from occupational exposure is minimal. No 

additional exposure data or changes in the proposed labels to restrict exposure are recommended 

at this time. 

3.2 Assessment of Ecological Risk 

In order to assess a microbial pesticide’s risk to the environment, the EPA initially requires a 

wide range of studies, including Tier I testing done on the following non-target organisms: birds 

(oral and inhalation), mammals, freshwater fish and invertebrates, estuarine/marine fish and 

invertebrates, plants, insects, and honeybees. Higher tier testing (II, III, and IV) generally 

encompasses definitive hazard determinations and longer term greenhouse or field testing and is 

implemented only when unacceptable effects are seen at the Tier I screening level. 

3.2.1 Terrestrial Animals and Plants 

Birds and Mammals 

Birds and mammals may be exposed to applications of B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 primarily 

through ingestion of seeds. The Agency reviewed the available ecotoxicity data and has 

determined that there is no evidence of toxicity to birds or mammals. 

Based on two submitted avian oral studies, B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 is not toxic or 

pathogenic to Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) dosed at 9.46 x 109 cfu/bird/day, with a 

total 5-day dose of 4.73 x 1010 cfu/bird. For seed treatment uses, exposure by direct consumption 

of treated seed is expected to be below the levels tested in the toxicity studies, since a bird would 

need to consume greater than 1000g of seed per day to achieve the same level of exposure as the 

birds in the studies described above. Therefore, based on the proposed application rate and lack 

of adverse effects observed in birds exposed to B. amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 at the 

levels tested, risk to non-target birds resulting from the proposed registration is not expected. 

Some wild mammals may be exposed to B. amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 in treated areas; 

however, adverse effects were not observed in the mammalian studies as described above, which 

were tested at maximum hazard dose levels. Therefore, risk to wild mammals is not expected 

from the proposed registration of B. amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838. 

Nontarget Insects and Honey Bees 

B. amyloliquefaciens is known to produce secondary metabolites and/or enzymes that may 

adversely affect insects, and several recent reports in the literature indicate the potential for use 

of this bacterium or its biosurfactants in insect control (Gadhave and Gange, 2016; Khedher et 

al., 2015; Li et al., 2015; Yun et al. 2013). On the other hand, B. amyloliquefaciens has been 

isolated from the gut of certain insects (see USEPA, 2010). 
Page 7 of 12

Green lacewing (Chrysoperla rufilabris) larvae testing of B. amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 

did not show toxic/pathogenic effects at the maximum hazard dose. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) 

testing of B. amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 indicated that it is not toxic to honey bees at a 

rate determined to be equivalent to approximately 2,000X the maximum application field rate 

based on assumptions oforfoliar application when administered orally (EPA). Adult ladybird 

beetles (Hippodamia convergens) and adult parasitic wasp (Aphidius coleman) toxicity studies 

were also submitted on B. amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838; however the results were 

inconclusive and could not be relied on for use in a quantitative risk assessment due to 

shortcomings in study design and execution. Therefore, risks to non-target insects could not be 

determined for these and related insect species without some uncertainty. 

In order to limit exposures to non-target insects, the registrant has agreed to limit applications to 

seed treatments. No foliar applications will be registered at this time. Exposure to non-target 

insects is expected to be limited to contact with soil directly exposed to treated seed. Within soil, 

exposure is expected to be spatially limited, since B. amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 is 

expected to primarily inhabit plant roots once applied. B. amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 

may persist with formation of endospores; however, it is noted that B. amyloliquefaciens is a 

common inhabitant of soil and non-target insects likely are already exposed at some level to this 

bacterium. Therefore, based on the available data and the limited exposure to non-target insects 

expected from seed treatment applications, adverse effects to honeybees and non-target insects as 

a result of the proposed seed treatment applications of B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 are not 

anticipated. 

 

 Nontarget Plants 

B. amyloliquefaciens grows in association with plants (Alvarez et al., 2011) and is a plant 

growth-promoting bacterium (Chen et al., 2007). B. amyloliquefaciens is not a known plant 

pathogen and adverse effects to non-target plants have not been documented. Therefore, adverse 

effects are not anticipated from the proposed registration of the products containing B. 

amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838. 

3.2.2. Aquatic Animals and Plants 

Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates 

B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 produces a biosurfactant (surfactin), chitinase and other 

secondary metabolites (MRID No. 49474102). Surfactants are reported to be toxic to fish and 

invertebrates (Abel, 1974; Abel and Skidmore, 1975) and chitinase can be toxic to invertebrates 

containing chitin as a structural component. 

B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 was tested on Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) at 1 x 106

cfu/mL and 1 x 107 cfu/mL and had an adverse effect on survival (100% mortality within 15 

days of testing) at 107

 cfu/mL (0% mortality was observed at 1 x 106 cfu/mL). Results also 

showed an adverse effect on growth (weight and length) at both concentrations, with greater 

effects observed at 107

 cfu/mL. While there is some concern with the accuracy of growth 

measurements, adverse effects in this study were dose dependent with relatively low levels of 

effects at the lower concentration (at 106 cfu/mL reductions in growth compared to the control 

ranged from 8% - 17%). Daphnia magna freshwater invertebrate testing of B. amyloliquefaciens 
Page 8 of 12

PTA-4838 indicated no significant effect on mobility (indicator of mortality), but showed a 

potential toxic/pathogenic effect on reproduction at 1 x 105

 cfu/mL. 

An estimated environmental concentration for water following aerial applications proposed with 

foliar uses, accounting for spray drift, was calculated to be 3.8 x 102 cfu/mL, which is 

approximately 1000X below the lowest level at which any effect was observed. Exposure would 

be expected to be much lower with the currently proposed seed treatment uses. 

Since the potential for exposure falls many orders of magnitude below the 105

 cfu/mL from the 

Daphnia study described above, and the 106

 and 107 cfu/mL in the rainbow trout study above, 

adverse effects to aquatic animals in freshwater systems are not expected. 

Marine/Estuarine Fish and Invertebrates 

Grass shrimp (Paleomonetes vulgaris) testing of B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4938 at 

concentrations of 105

 cfu/g diet or 106 cfu/g diet indicated no significant difference in mortality 

and in the weight/length of the shrimp among different test groups under the conditions tested 

and an EC50 greater than 106 cfu/g. 

Inland silverside (Menidia beryllina) testing of B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4938 at concentrations 

of 106 cfu/mL or 107 cfu/mL in the test water demonstrated a mortality rate of 40% at 107

cfu/mL, but no significant mortality at 106

 cfu/mL. Based on mortality observations, the LC50

was determined to be greater than 106 cfu/mL. There was no statistically significant difference in 

the weight or length of the silverside among different test groups when tested at106

 cfu/mL or 

107 cfu/mL. Some uncertainties are associated with the growth measurements, since the study 

indicated unusual results (e.g., fish do not normally shrink in length, suggesting a potential 

measurement error); however, the mortality observations are considered reliable. 

 

Similar to a case with the non-target organisms in freshwater environments, B. amyloliquefaciens 

PTA-4838 exposure is expected to be > 1,000X below the levels at which organisms were 

exposed in the above studies. Exposure in aquatic environments with the proposed seed 

treatment use is expected to be even lower. Therefore, adverse effects to aquatic organisms in 

marine and estuarine environments are not expected. 

3.2.3 Ecological Risk & Federally Listed Threatened and Endangered Species Conclusions 

Based on available information, EPA has determined that no adverse effects are anticipated for 

birds, mammals, fish, aquatic invertebrates, non-target insects, and plants exposed to B. 

amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 as a result of the proposed labeled applications as a seed treatment 

where foliar applications are precluded. Therefore, a “No Effect” determination is made for 

direct and indirect effects to listed species of these taxa and their designated critical habitats 

resulting from the proposed registration of B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838. 

4. Alternatives 

The use of this microbial insecticide could reduce the use of conventional insecticides in 

commercial agriculture and on residential lawns and gardens. 
Page 9 of 12

5. Benefits and Public Comments 

 Biopesticides are pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, 

bacteria, and certain minerals. Microbial pesticides, a class of biopesticides, consist of a 

microorganism (e.g., bacterium, fungus, virus, or protozoan) as the active ingredient and 

Can offer another tool for pest management in areas where pesticide resistance, niche 

markets, environmental concerns, and organic preference limit the use of conventional 

pesticides. 

 Can greatly decrease the use of conventional pesticides while crop yields remain high, 

when used as a component of integrated pest management programs. 

Like other microbial pesticides, B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 aligns with the potential 

benefits above. 

In the Federal Register of July 20, 2015 (80 FR 42802), the EPA announced receipt of the 

application to register a pesticide product containing a new active ingredient for manufacturing 

use. The EPA opened a 30-day public comment period pursuant to the provisions of FIFRA 

section 3(c)(4). Following this publication, the Agency received no public comments. 

Because LidoChem Inc.’s pesticide product applications involve a new active ingredient, as well 

as this active ingredient’s first food uses, the EPA is opening a 15-day public comment period. 

The EPA is taking this action in accordance with a policy, first implemented in October 2009, 

designed to provide a more meaningful opportunity for the public to participate in major 

registration actions. 

6. Proposed Regulatory Decision 

The B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 database is comprised of studies and information that meet 

the data requirements for and support the labeled uses of B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838. In 

considering the assessed risk to human health and the environment, the EPA concludes that B. 

amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 meets the regulatory standard under the Federal Insecticide, 

Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Therefore, the EPA is granting the unconditional 

registration of the B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 pesticide products under FIFRA section 

3(c)(5). 

Additionally, EPA concludes that there is a reasonable certainty that no harm will result to the 

U.S. population, including infants and children, from aggregate exposure to residues of B. 

amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838. The EPA does not expect dietary (food and drinking water) or 

other non-occupational risks from use of this microbial pesticide as an active ingredient in the 

pesticide product. Although exposure to B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 through consumed food 

and drinking water is possible, the EPA anticipates these types of exposures based on supporting 

toxicological information will not result in adverse effects 

 
Page 10 of 12

An exemption from the requirement of a tolerance for B. amyloliquefaciens PTA-4838 will be 

promulgated and one end-use and one manufacturing-use pesticide products will be registered. 

Varnimo® ST is for commercial seed treatment. Varnimo Technical, a manufacturing-use product 

will also be registered. 

The risk assessments supporting this decision can be found in the associated regulatory dockets 

(search for “EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0417” at www.regulations.gov). 

 
Page 11 of 12

7. References 

Abel, P.D. 1974. Toxicity of synthetic detergents to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Journal of 

Fish Biology, 6: 279-298. 

Abel, P.D. and J.F. Skidmore. 1975. Toxic effects of an anionic detergent on the gills of rainbow 

trout. Water Research, 9: 59-65. 

Alvarez, F., M. Castro, A. Principe, G. Borioli, S. Fisher, G. Fischer, G. Mori and E. Jofre. 2011. 

The plant-associated Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains MEP218 and ARP23 capable of 

producing the cyclic lipopipetides iturin or surfactin and fengycin are effective in biocontrol of 

sclerotinia stem rot disease. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 112: 159-174. 

Apetroaie‐Constantin, C., et al. (2009). "Bacillus subtilis and B. mojavensis strains connected to 

food poisoning produce the heat stable toxin amylosin." Journal of applied microbiology 106(6): 

1976-1985. 

Chen, X.H., A. Koumoutsi, R. Scholz, A. Eisenreich, K. Schneider, I. Heinemeyer, B. 

Morgenstern, B. Voss, W.R. Hess, O. Reva, H. Junge, B. Voigt, P. R. Jungblut, J. Vater, R. 

Sussmuth, H. Liesegang, A. Strittmatter, G. Gottschalk and R. Borriss. 2007. Comparative 

analysis of the complete genome sequence of the plant growth-promoting bacterium Bacillus 

amyloliquefaciens FZB42. Nature Biotechnology, Advance Online Publication pages 7-14. 

 

Gandhave, K.R. and A.C. Gange. 2016. Plant-associated Bacillus spp. Alter life-history traits of 

the specialist insect Brevicoryne brassicae L. Agricultural and Forest Entomology. 18:35-42. 

https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bacillus_subtilis 

http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/98fr/042399a.txt 

https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-01-06/pdf/2011-33846.pdf, Federal Register/ Vol. 77, 

No. 4/ Friday, January 6, 2012/ Rules and Regulations 

Khedher, S.B., H. Boukedi, O. Kilani-Feki, I. Chaib, A. Laarif, L. Abdelkefi-Mesrati and S. 

Tounsi. 2015. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AG1 biosurfactant: Putative receptor diversity and 

histopathological effects on Tuta absoluta midgut. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 132: 42-

47. 

Li, H., M.A. Soares, m. S. Torres, M. Bergen and J.F. White. 2015. Endophytic bacterium, 

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, enhances ornamental hosta resistance to disease and insect pests. 

Journal of Plant Interactions, 10: 224-229. 

Logan, N.A. and P. de Vos. 2009. Geneus I. Bacillus. Pp. 21-128 In: P.de Vos, G.M. Garrity, D. 

Jones, N.R. Krieg, W. Ludwig, F.A. Rainey, K.H. Schleifer, and W. Whitman (Eds.) Bergey’s 

Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 3, 2nd Ed. Springer, New York. 
Page 12 of 12

Priest, F., Goodfellow, M., Shute, L., and Berkeley, R. 1987. "Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sp. 

nom., nom. rev." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 37: 69-71. 

http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/37/1/69.full.pdf 

Talboys P.J., Owen D.W., Healey J. R., Withers P.J., and D.L. Jones. 2014. Auxin secretion by 

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42 both stimulates root exudation and limits phosphorus uptake 

in Triticum aestivum. BMC plant biology, 14: 51 

US EPA. 2010. Bacillus subtilis Final Registration Review Decision Case 6012. Docket No. 

EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-1026. Washington, D.C. 

US EPA. 2010. Bacillus subtilis Final Registration Review Decision Case 6012. Docket No. 

EPA-HQ-OPP-2007-1026. 

US EPA. 2011. Memorandum from S. Borges (OPP/BPPD) to S. Cerrelli, Re: Environmental 

risk assessment for the FIFRA Section 3 registration of B. amyloliquefaciens strain D474 (EPA 

File Symbols 70051-RNI and -RNT); Submission No. 879171, Decision No. 437753, DP 

Barcode No. 382915. Dated October 3, 2011. 

US EPA. 2016. Memorandum from M. Djurickovic (OPP/BPPD) to M. Mendelsohn, Re: 

Review of 5 Batch Enumeration, Product Chemistry, Manufacturing Process, Storage Stability, 

Acute Toxicity Studies, and Tolerance Exemption for Varnimo® Technical/ST (EPA Reg. No. 

760644-T) submitted by Lidochem Inc. Draft dated March 4, 2016. 

 

Yun, D.C., S.I. Yang, Y.C. Kim, I.S. Kim and Y.H. Kim. 2013. Identification of surfactin as an 

aphicidal metabolite produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens G1. Journal of Korean Society for 

Applied Biological Chemistry, 56: 751-753.