# SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE ®

6220 CULEBRA ROAD i POST OFFICE DRAWER 28510 i SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS, USA 78228-0510 i (210) 684-5111 i WWW.SWRI.ORG HTTP://ENGINEANDVEHICLE .SWRI.ORG
ENGINE, EMISSIONS, AND VEHICLE RESEARCH DIVISION ISO 9001 CERTIFIED FAX: (210) 522-3950 ISO 14001 Certified

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

HOUSTON, TEXAS i WASHINGTON, DC 

## May 15, 2009

Brian H. West Fuels, Engines, and Emissions Research Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory NTRC Building 2360 Cherahala Boulevard Knoxville, TN 37932

Subject: Monthly Progress Report No. 7 for the Pe riod April 1, through April 30, 2009; for theprogram, "Catalyst Screening and Durability for Intermediate Ethanol Blends," UTBattelle/Oak Ridge National Laborator y Subcontract No. 4000071456, SwRI Project 03.14530.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The objective of this project is to help quantify emissions system durability of E15 and E20 on the US fleet. Specifically, this project will study the effects of ethanol blends on openloop stoichiometry and resulting ca talyst and oxygen sensor temperat ures. This project will also generate valuable data on vehi cle emissions and performance.

Vehicles selected for this st udy will include a wide range of manufacturers across several model years. Some of the vehicles that will be tested include vehi cles that have been identified as having leaner and hotter opera tion on ethanol blends than on gasoline when in wide-open throttle (WOT) open-loop operation. Other vehicles will be tested because of their large numbers in the in-use vehicle fleet. New vehicles with unknow n open-loop fuel control at WOT may also be selected.

In this project, SwRI will age vehicles and emission control systems operating on three levels of ethanol blended fuels (E10, E15, a nd E20) and compare emissions and vehicle performance to similar vehicles operating on the base gasoline (E0). Vehicle service accumulation and emissions testing are to be perf ormed on multiple sets of matched vehicles. For each matched set, vehicles are to be aged a nd emissions tested on the four fuel blends (E0, E10, E15, and E20). Emissions testing will be performed at three adde d service accumulation levels: 0 miles (start of service accumula tion), between 25,000 and 50,000 miles (mid service accumulation level), and at the end of the vehi cle’s full-useful life ( nominally 120,000 miles).

2.0 PROGRESS FOR THE PE RIOD APRIL 1-30, 2009

2.1 Honda Accords

The Honda Accord test vehicles underwen t zero-mile Federal Test Procedure (FTP) emissions testing with project fuels during prev ious reporting periods. Federal Test Procedure emissions data for the Accords run on the E0, E10, E15, and E20 emissions test fuels are

### Brian West Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 15, 2009 Page 2 of 11



## provided in Table 1. As previously reported, Honda Accord ORHA0B replaced vehicle ORHA0 following the observation that A ccord ORHA0 exhibited signifi cantly higher oil consumption than the other three Accords. Zero-mile emissi on test results for replacement vehicle ORHA10B were run during this reporting peri od, and these test results are incl uded in this table (Table 1).

TABLE 1. 2007 HONDA ACCO RD EMISSIONS TESTS Service Accumulation Level: 0 Miles

FTP Composite Emissions, g/mi Test Ref. Vehicle No. Test No. Fuel THC CO NO X Fuel Economy,

mi/gal
1 OR-HA00-1-F-E0-0k-T8 0.031 0.192 0.014 26.2
2 ORHA0 OR-HA00-1-F-E0-0k-T9 E0 0.037 0.257 0.019 26.0
3a OR-HA10-1-F-E0-0k-T8 0.030 0.289 0.016 25.7
4a OR-HA10-1-F-E0-0k-T9 E0 0.030 0.272 0.018 26.3
5a OR-HA10-1-F-E10-0k-T6 0.021 0.172 0.017 26.0
6a ORHA10
Vehicle replaced by ORHA10B OR-HA10-1-F-E10-0k-T7 E10 0.022 0.061 0.016 25.7
3 OR-HA10B-1-F-E0-0k-T1 0.036 0.274 0.018 26.2 4 OR-HA10B-1-F-E0-0k-T4 E0 0.036 0.270 0.021 26.6 5 OR-HA10B-1-F-E10-0k-T2 0.025 0.143 0.020 26.2
6 ORHA10B

OR-HA10B-1-F-E10-0k-T4 E10 0.028 0.175 0.021 26.3
7 OR-HA15-1-F-E0-0k-T2 0.025 0.172 0.014 26.7 8 OR-HA15-1-F-E0-0k-T3 E0 0.025 0.183 0.012 26.8 9 OR-HA15-1-F-E15-0k-T2 0.019 0.130 0.015 26.2
10 ORHA15

OR-HA15-1-F-E15-0k-T3 E15 0.016 0.109 0.014 26.2
11 OR-HA20-1-F-E0-0k-T3 0.027 0.199 0.019 27.2 12 OR-HA20-1-F-E0-0k-T4 E0 0.024 0.173 0.014 27.1 13 OR-HA20-1-F-E20-0k-T5 0.023 0.140 0.023 26.3
14 ORHA20

OR-HA20-1-F-E20-0k-T6 E20 0.021 0.137 0.016 25.7 FTP Composite Emissions, mg/mi Test Ref. Vehicle No. Test No. Fuel Ethanol Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde
1 OR-HA00-1-F-E0-0k-T8 0.1 3.9 1.2
2 ORHA0 OR-HA00-1-F-E0-0k-T9 E0 0.1 4.6 1.9
3a OR-HA10-1-F-E0-0k-T8 0.1 3.6 1.1
4a OR-HA10-1-F-E0-0k-T9 E0 0.1 3.6 1.0 5a OR-HA10-1-F-E10-0k-T6 0.7 3.2 1.9
6a ORHA10
Vehicle replaced by ORHA10B OR-HA10-1-F-E10-0k-T7 E10 1.0 3.2 2.2
3 OR-HA10B-1-F-E0-0k-T1 nd 0.4 0.2 4 OR-HA10B-1-F-E0-0k-T4 E0 nd 0.9 0.2 5 OR-HA10B-1-F-E10-0k-T2 0.9 0.6 0.4
6 ORHA10B

OR-HA10B-1-F-E10-0k-T4 E10 0.6 0.7 0.5
7 OR-HA15-1-F-E0-0k-T2 0.2 0.7 0.2 8 OR-HA15-1-F-E0-0k-T3 E0 0.1 1.0 0.2 9 OR-HA15-1-F-E15-0k-T2 1.0 3.0 2.6
10 ORHA15

OR-HA15-1-F-E15-0k-T3 E15 0.9 3.3 2.6
11 OR-HA20-1-F-E0-0k-T3 0.1 0.7 0.2 12 OR-HA20-1-F-E0-0k-T4 E0 0.1 0.6 0.2 13 OR-HA20-1-F-E20-0k-T5 1.6 3.0 3.1
14 ORHA20

OR-HA20-1-F-E20-0k-T6 E20 1.5 3.0 3.3

### Brian West Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 15, 2009 Page 3 of 11



## Honda Accord vehicles ORHA0, ORHA15, and ORHA20 underwent 50,000-mile Federal Test Procedure (FTP) emi ssions testing with project fuel s during this reporting period. Federal Test Procedure emissions data for th e Accords run on the E0, E15, and E20 emissions test fuels are provided in Table 2.

TABLE 2. 2007 HONDA ACCO RD EMISSIONS TESTS Service Accumulation Level: 50k Miles

FTP Composite Emissions, g/mi Test Ref. Vehicle No. Test No. Fuel THC CO NO X Fuel Economy,

mi/gal 1 OR-HA00-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.044 0.183 0.023 26.6 2 ORHA0 OR-HA00-1-F-E0-50k-T2 E0 0.046 0.176 0.026 26.4
3 4 Data to be available following E0

5 service accumulation 6 ORHA10B

E10

7 OR-HA15-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.026 0.191 0.016 26.4 8 OR-HA15-1-F-E0-50k-T2 E0 0.033 0.185 0.021 26.1 9 OR-HA15-1-F-E15-50k-T1 0.037 0.173 0.022 26.7 10 ORHA15

OR-HA15-1-F-E15-50k-T2 E15 0.028 0.134 0.025 26.0 11 OR-HA20-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.032 0.243 0.020 26.7 12 OR-HA20-1-F-E0-50k-T2 E0 0.028 0.186 0.023 26.6 13 OR-HA20-1-F-E20-50k-T2 0.026 0.124 0.025 26.8 14 ORHA20

OR-HA20-1-F-E20-50k-T3 E20 0.026 0.154 0.023 26.2 FTP Composite Emissions, mg/mi Test Ref. Vehicle No. Test No. Fuel Ethanol Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde 1 OR-HA00-1-F-E0-50k-T1 ur 1.1 0.3 2 ORHA0 OR-HA00-1-F-E0-50k-T2 E0
ur ur ur 3 4 Data to be available following E0

5 service accumulation 6 ORHA10B E10

7 OR-HA15-1-F-E0-50k-T1 nd 0.6 0.2 8 OR-HA15-1-F-E0-50k-T2 E0 0.2 0.8 0.3 9 OR-HA15-1-F-E15-50k-T1 1.6 1.3 0.9 10 ORHA15

OR-HA15-1-F-E15-50k-T2 E15 1.3 1.0 0.8 11 OR-HA20-1-F-E0-50k-T1 0.1 0.7 0.2

12 OR-HA20-1-F-E0-50k-T2 E0 nd 0.7 0.2 13 OR-HA20-1-F-E20-50k-T2 1.7 0.9 0.8 14 ORHA20

OR-HA20-1-F-E20-50k-T3 E20 1.5 0.8 0.8 nd - none detected ur - under review. Raw data being re-examined.

### Brian West Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 15, 2009 Page 4 of 11



## Honda Accord ORHA10B began its service accumulation on the SwRI Mileage Accumulation Dynamometers duri ng this reporting period. Ve hicle ORHA10B emission test results at 50,000 miles are scheduled for J une 2009, following added service accumulation.

Lubricating oil change interval history to date, along with oil c onsumption, short- and long-term fuel trims, and compre ssion and leak down tests, ar e included in Appendix A for the Honda Accord, Chevrolet Silverado, Nissan Altim a, and Ford Taurus vehicle sets. The replacement Honda Accord ORHA10B will receiv e oil changes based on the intervals already defined by the other three Honda Accords.

2.2 Chevrolet Silverados

The Chevrolet Silverado test vehicles continued with their service accumulation this reporting period. Vehicle service accumulation for th is set of vehicles is expected to continue through May.

During the service accumulation this re porting period, an incident occurred where Silverado vehicle ORCS15 experienced a stuc k throttle when the mileage accumulation dynamometer throttle actuator power supply faile d. The truck experienced higher than normal loads. The Oak Ridge and General Motors representatives were notified. SwRI is in the process of enhancing its Mileage Accumulation Dynamo meter (MAD) safeties to ensure that this condition will be detected immediately. This sa fety will include a trigger based on catalytic converter temperature and road load . This safety enhancement will also include a circuit to turn off the fuel and ignition of a test vehicle wh en a MAD shutdown occurs. The GM and Oak Ridge representatives agreed that vehicle ORCS15 should continue mileage accumulation. Implementation of the vehicle safety is expe cted following final approvals by Oak Ridge and GM.

2.3 Nissan Altimas

Southwest Research Institute began vehicle FTP check-out emissions tests with E0 fuel with the Nissan Altima vehicle set during the prev ious reporting period. It was noted that the Altima FTP emissions were very close to th e EPA Bin-5 50,000 mile emission standards. Discussions ensued between Oak Ridge, SwRI, and Nissan, and Nissan recommended that the automatic transmission control units (ATCUs) be re-flashed with software for testing on a two wheel dynamometer. Following approvals fr om Oak Ridge and CRC members, the Altima ATCUs were sent to Nissan Technical Center in Farmington Hills, Michigan for the re-flash. A summary of the Nissan Altima FTP emission tests befo re and after the ATCU re-flash is given in Table 3. It was decided to continue with the Nissan Altim a zero-mile emission emissions testing and WOT testing w ith the re-flashed dynam ometer ATCU calibration.

The Nissan Altimas underwent zero-mile FTP em issions testing with project fuels during this reporting period. Federal Te st Procedure emissions data for the Altimas run on E0, E10, E15, and E20 emissions test fu els are provided in Table 4.

### Brian West Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 15, 2009 Page 5 of 11



### TABLE 3. NISSAN ALTIMA FTP EMISSIONS TEST RESULTS BEFORE AND AFTER AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION CONTROL UNIT RE-FLASH 2008 Nissan Altimas FTP Composite Emissions, g/mi Test Ref. Vehicle No. Vehicle Odometer, mi Test No. Fuel THC NMHC CO NO X Fuel Economy,

mi/gal Standard (50k mi.) Bin 5 -- NMOG 0.075 CO 3.40 NO X 0.050 -- Original ATCU Calibration 1 ORNA0 19,351 OR-NA00-1-C-E0-0k-T1 0.104 0.094 1.604 0.048 25.3 2 ORNA10 19,588 OR-NA10-1-C-E0-0k-T1 0.068 0.061 0.563 0.028 25.9 3 ORNA15 10,004 OR-NA15-1-C-E0-0k-T1 0.061 0.054 0.470 0.032 26.7 4 ORNA20 10,355 OR-NA20-1-C-E0-0k-T1 E0

0.078 0.071 0.845 0.048 25.5 Dynamometer ATCU Calibration 5 ORNA0 19,426 OR-NA00-1-F-E0 -0k-T2 0.073 0.066 0.497 0.032 28.7 6 ORNA10 19,649 OR-NA10-1-F-E0 -0k-T3 0.056 0.053 0.343 0.023 28.1 7 ORNA15 10,051 OR-NA15-1-F-E0 -0k-T1 0.059 0.053 0.392 0.025 28.0 8 ORNA20 10,456 OR-NA20-1-F-E0-0k-T3 E0

0.061 0.057 0.382 0.022 27.8



### TABLE 4. 2008 NISSAN ALTIMA EMISSIONS TESTS Service Accumulation Level: 0 Miles FTP Composite Emissions, g/mi Test Ref. Vehicle No. Test No. Fuel THC CO NO X Fuel Economy,

mi/gal 1 OR-NA00-1-F-E0-0k-T2 0.073 0.497 0.032 28.7 2 ORNA0 OR-NA00-1-F-E0-0k-T4 E0 0.067 0.425 0.029 28.4 3 OR-NA10-1-F-E0-0k-T3 0.056 0.343 0.023 28.1 4 OR-NA10-1-F-E0-0k-T4 E0 0.058 0.404 0.025 28.3 5 OR-NA10-1-F-E10-0k-T1 0.059 0.394 0.023 27.9 6 ORNA10

OR-NA10-1-F-E10-0k-T5 E10 0.060 0.345 0.033 27.5 7 OR-NA15-1-F-E0-0k-T1 0.059 0.392 0.025 28.0 8 OR-NA15-1-F-E0-0k-T3 E0 0.059 0.428 0.031 28.0 9 OR-NA15-1-F-E15-0k-T1 0.042 0.325 0.022 27.5 10 ORNA15

OR-NA15-1-F-E15-0k-T2 E15 0.057 0.429 0.023 28.0 11 OR-NA20-1-F-E0-0k-T3 0.061 0.382 0.022 27.8 12 OR-NA20-1-F-E0-0k-T4 E0 0.065 0.393 0.027 27.7 13 OR-NA20-1-F-E20-0k-T1 0.045 0.307 0.022 27.8 14 ORNA20

OR-NA20-1-F-E20-0k-T2 E20 0.055 0.322 0.029 27.9 FTP Composite Emissions, mg/mi Test Ref. Vehicle No. Test No. Fuel Ethanol Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde 1 OR-NA00-1-F-E0-0k-T2 0.1 0.5 0.3 2 ORNA0 OR-NA00-1-F-E0-0k-T4 E0 nd 0.6 0.2 3 OR-NA10-1-F-E0-0k-T3 nd 0.4 0.2 4 OR-NA10-1-F-E0-0k-T4 E0 nd 0.5 0.2 5 OR-NA10-1-F-E10-0k-T1 1.9 0.4 0.7 6 ORNA10

OR-NA10-1-F-E10-0k-T5 E10 ur ur ur 7 OR-NA15-1-F-E0-0k-T1 nd 0.4 0.2 8 OR-NA15-1-F-E0-0k-T3 E0 nd 0.7 0.2 9 OR-NA15-1-F-E15-0k-T1 ur 0.3 0.8 10 ORNA15

OR-NA15-1-F-E15-0k-T2 E15 2.4 0.3 0.9 11 OR-NA20-1-F-E0-0k-T3 nd 0.4 0.2 12 OR-NA20-1-F-E0-0k-T4 E0 nd 0.4 0.2 13 OR-NA20-1-F-E20-0k-T1 3.2 0.4 1.1 14 ORNA20

OR-NA20-1-F-E20-0k-T2 E20 ur 0.4 1.3 nd - none detected ur - under review. Raw data being r-examined.

### Brian West Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 15, 2009 Page 6 of 11



## The Nissan Altima test vehicles underwen t wide-open-throttle (WOT) performance testing with project fuels E0 a nd E20 during the current reporti ng period. As shown in Figure 1, the 2008 Nissan Altima exhibited fuel enri chment during WOT operation and less fuel enrichment with E20 fuel. Note that there was also fuel-air ratio enrichment during the closed throttle deceleration (als o shown in Figure 1). Lambda was m easured with a wide-range air-fuel ratio sensor installed in the exhaust system up stream of the catalytic converter. Preliminary Nissan Altima WOT test results us ing E0 and E20 fuel blends with all four vehicles will be posted to the project ftp site.



# VEHICLE ORNA20

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 

### Time (s)Lambda

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Speed (mph) Lambda E0 Fuel Lambda E20 Fuel Dyno Speed E0 Dyno Speed E20



### WOT Acceleration Deceleration



## FIGURE 1. 2008 NISSAN ALTI MA WIDE-OPEN-THROTTLE LAMBDA MEASUREMENTS WITH E0 AND E20 FUEL BLENDS

Nissan Altima vehicle ORNA0 began serv ice accumulation using the Standard Road Cycle (SRC) this reporting period. An incident occurred during the se rvice accumulation on this vehicle. The 2008 Nissan Altima vehicles have a continuously variable transmission (CVT) with a manual shift mode selection. On one occasio n, the transmission selector was inadvertently placed in the manual shift mode gate. The vehi cle ran in this mode with higher than normal engine speeds for approximately 14 minutes. Oak Ridge and Nissan representatives were provided exhaust system data and the consensus decision was that the ve hicle was not harmed and to continue mileage accumulation. To prevent this type of incident from occurring again, aluminum plate was installed over the manual shift gate on all four Nissan Altimas so that the transmission selector cannot be placed in manu al shift mode. A photograph of this plate is shown in Figure 2.

### Brian West Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 15, 2009 Page 7 of 11



## FIGURE 2. NISSAN ALTIMA AUTO MATIC TRANSMISSION SHIFT SELECTOR MODIFIED TO PREVENT PLACEMEN T INTO MANUAL SHIFT MODE

Altima ORNA0 continued service accumulation on RE0 durability fuel, and has completed 5,000 miles without further incide nt. Vehicles ORNA10, ORNA15, and ORNA20 will begin service accumulation on durability fuels RE10, RE15, and RE20, respectively, during the next reporting period.

2.4 Ford Taurus’

The Ford Taurus vehicle set began prep aration for emissions testing and service accumulation in the previous reporting period. The 2008 Ford Taurus has a catalytic converter close-coupled to the exhaust manifold and housed in a cast iron container, as shown in Figure 3 (the exhaust manifold heat shie ld has been removed for this photograph). Two exhaust system instrumentation options are being investigated for possible use in this program: an added spacer approach and an instrumented ma nifold approach. Both approach es have their advantages and disadvantages. The exhaust system spacer or the modified exhaust manifold would house the lambda sensor and a catalyst inlet thermocoupl e in the instrumented exhaust system. A photograph of the exhaust system spacer is provi ded in Figure 4. An instrumented exhaust manifold for catalyst inlet temperature, exhaust gas lambda measurement, and catalyst substrate bed temperature is shown in Figure 5. These appr oaches, each with consid eration of the various advantages and disadvantages, are being review ed by Oak Ridge and CRC for acceptance for use on this vehicle set. The Ford Taurus vehicle set is scheduled for zero-mile FTP emissions and WOT performance testing in June, 2009.

### Brian West Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 15, 2009 Page 8 of 11



## FIGURE 3. 2008 FORD TA URUS EXHAUST MANIFOLD AND CLOSE-COUPLED CATALYTIC CONVERTER (Heat Shield Removed)

FIGURE 4. EXHAUST SYSTEM SP ACER FOR LAMBDA AND TEMPERATURE INSTRUMENTATION (External Insulation Added)

### Brian West Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 15, 2009 Page 9 of 11



## FIGURE 5. INSTRUMEN TED EXHAUST MANIFOLD

2.6 Vehicle Procurement

Southwest Research Institute has been give n authorization to purchase four 2007 Dodge Caravan minivans equipped with the 3.3L V-6 e ngine for this project. SwRI will pursue identifying four matching minivans based on th e engine family and other vehicle criteria provided by Oak Ridge.

2.5 Fuels

Blending of the emissions test fuels E0, E10, E15, and E20 for the Ford Taurus and Dodge Caravan vehicle sets was completed during th is reporting period. These fuels have been drummed and have been put in a constant-tempera ture fuel storage building. Analyses of these project fuels are provided in Appendix B.

Two more tanker trucks of Top Tier regular unleaded gasoline were received by SwRI this reporting period. The fuel deliveries were fi rst checked to ensure that the fuel did not contain ethanol. The fuel was then received by SwRI and delivered to the RE0 mileage accumulation fuel storage tank. Analytical evalua tions of the fuel samples from each truck are also provided in Appendix B.

### Brian West Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 15, 2009 Page 10 of 11



## 2.7 Data Format and Archiving

Southwest Research Institute hosted a one-d ay meeting with Oak Ridge and the Battelle Statistics and Information Analys is Group to discuss project data format and data archiving. Project data collection and storage formats we re proposed. Data format and archiving development will continue into the next reporting period.

2.8 Project Review Meeting

Oak Ridge has requested that a technical project review meeting be scheduled for mid June, 2009. SwRI will host the meeting in San An tonio, Texas. Coordinating Research Council project committee members will be notified of th e meeting through CRC, and a meeting date will be selected. The meeting will c over the technical progress of the vehicle sets tested to date, and future program directions will be discussed. Topics to be covered will include the FTP emissions test results, the WOT performance te st data, vehicle service accumulation, and fuel blending activities. Data format and data archiving development for future statistical analysis will also be discussed.

3.0 WORK PLANNED FOR THE NEXT REPORTING PERIOD

The Ford Taurus vehicle set will be in strumented for temperature and lambda measurement following Oak Ridge sele ction of either the added spacer or the modified manifold approach. Federal Test Procedure emissions and WOT performance testing will be scheduled for June, 2009.

The four Chevrolet Silverados will continue service accumulation until each vehicle reaches 50,000 test miles. The Silverados are expect ed to reach this level of service before the end of May. The Nissan Altimas will be put on the Mileage Accumulation Dynamometers when the Silverados are removed.

The Silverado vehicle set will be sche duled for mid-level (50,000 test miles) WOT performance and FTP emissions tests with emi ssions test fuels E0, E10, E15, and E20. The addition of mid-level WOT performance tests wa s requested by the Oak Ridge technical project monitor.

The replacement Honda Accord, vehicl e ORHA10B, will begin vehicle service accumulation on RE10 fuel. Oil change intervals will be matched to the intervals already established on the other Honda Accords. An additional SwRI Mileage Accumulation Dynamometer has been dedicated to Oak Ridge and CRC for this vehicle.

It is anticipated that four 2007 Dodge Carava n test vehicles will be purchased for this project. Vehicle preparations will be gin immediately following their receipt.

A technical project review mee ting date is expected to be determined by CRC. It is anticipated that the meeting will be scheduled for one full day in June and include detailed project technical discussions and SwRI f acility tours of ongoi ng project activities.

### Brian West Oak Ridge National Laboratory May 15, 2009 Page 11 of 11



## 4.0 CONCLUSION

If you have any questions regarding this proj ect report, please contact Marty Heimrich at (210) 522-3022 or by e-mail at mheimrich@swri.org

.
Prepared by: Reviewed by:

Martin J. Heimrich Jeff J. White Manager Director Department of Emissions Research Department of Emissions Research and Development and Development



## /sat

cc: Brent Shoffner, SwRI Kevin Brunner, SwRI

This report shall not be reproduced, ex cept in full, without the written approv al of Southwest Research Institute ®

. Results and discussion given in this report relate only to the test items described in this report.

# APPENDIX A

OIL CHANGE INTERVAL HISTOR Y AND SHORT- AND LONG-TERM FUEL TRIM MEASUREMENTS

AND

COMPRESSION AND LEAK DOWN TEST RESULTS

Vehicle Sets Honda Accord Chevrolet Silverado Nissan Altima Ford Taurus

## A-1 Honda Accord Long Term Fuel Trim

Date Odometer Test Fuel 31,686 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. After Zero Mile Emisions (E20 WOT) 1/20/2009 32,026 340 E20 3.9 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 5.4 Approx. 2,222 miles SRC w/E0 2/5/2009 34,248 2,562 E0 0.7 0.8 Oil Change 1 2/26/2009 38,603 6,917 E0 0.0 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.7 1.5 Oil Change 2 3/9/2009 45,947 14,261 E0 -6.2 -6.2 -6.2 -7.0 -6.2 -7.0 During mileage accumulation audit 3/12/2009 48,609 16,923 E0 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 -1.5 Oil Change 3 3/17/2009 53,291 21,605 E0 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.8 Oil Change 4 3/25/2009 60,516 28,830 E0 1.6 1.6 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.6 Oil Change 5 4/2/2009 68,222 36,536 E0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 Oil Change 6 4/9/2009 75,460 43,774 E0 3.9 4.6 3.9 3.9 2.3 3.9

Date Odometer Test Fuel 32,281 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As-received (Initial) 4/6/2009 32,281 0 As-recd -15.6 -16.4 -15.6 -16.4 -14.8 -16.4 As-received after oil change 4/6/2009 32,281 0 As-recd -12.5 -12.5 -11.7 -12.5 -10.9 -10.9

Date Odometer Test Fuel 31,369 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. After Zero Mile Emisions (E10 FTP-75) 2/16/2009 31,777 408 EO -17.8 -17.1 -17.9 -18.7 -16.4 -20.3

Oil Change 1 3/4/2009 39,220 7,851 E15 -3.9 -4.6 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 Oil Change 2 3/13/2009 47,111 15,742 E15 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Oil Change 3 3/23/2009 55,034 23,665 E15 0.7 1.5 0.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 Oil Change 4 3/1/3109 62,333 30,964 E15 4.7 4.7 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.3 Oil Change 5 4/8/2009 70,039 38,670 E15 7.0 7.0 6.2 7.0 7.0 7.0 Oil Change 6 4/15/2009 77,277 45,908 E15 8.8 10.1 8.5 9.3 8.5 9.3

Date Odometer Test Fuel 34,383 Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. After Zero Mile Emisions (E10 FTP-75) 2/6/2009 34,842 459 E20 2.3 2.3 3.1 3.9 2.3 2.3

Oil Change 1 3/3/2009 41,556 7,173 E20 6.2 7.0 7.0 7.8 7.8 7.8 Oil Change 2 3/11/2009 48,726 14,343 E20 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 5.5 Oil Change 3 3/19/2009 56,199 21,816 E20 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 Oil Change 4 2/27/2009 63,481 29,098 E20 4.7 5.5 5.5 4.7 5.5 4.7 Oil Change 5 4/4/2009 71,187 36,804 E20 6.2 7.0 6.2 6.2 6.2 7.0 Oil Change 6 4/11/2009 78,425 44,042 E20 10.9 11.7 10.1 10.1 10.9 10.9 Idle in Drive Idle in Drive Idle in Park Idle in Park Idle in Drive

ORHA20 Idle in Drive Idle in Park ORHA10B

Idle in Drive

ORHA15

Idle in Drive ORHA0

Idle in Park Idle in Drive Idle in Drive

## A-2 2008 Nissan Altima Long Term fuel Trim

Date Odometer Test Fuel Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As Received 2/10/2009 19,264 As-recd As-recd -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3 -2.3

Date Odometer Test Fuel Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As-Received 2/10/2009 19,518 As-recd As-recd -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4

Date Odometer Test Fuel Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As-Received 2/10/2009 9,935 As-recd As-recd -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -5.4

Date Odometer Test Fuel Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As-Received 2/10/2009 10,296 As-recd As-recd -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5

2008 Ford Taurus Long Term Fuel Trim

Date Odometer Test Fuel Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As Received 2/18/2009 17,231 As-recd As-recd -8.5 -8.5 -9.3 -9.3 -8.5 -8.5

Date Odometer Test Fuel Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As Received 2/18/2009 9,732 As-recd As-recd -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5 -8.5

Date Odometer Test Fuel Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As Received 2/18/2009 17,098 As-recd As-recd -5.4 -5.4 -5.4 -6.2 -5.4 -5.4

Date Odometer Test Fuel Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. As Received 2/18/2009 13,082 As-recd As-recd -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 -3.9 Idle in Drive

Idle in Park ORNA20

Idle in Drive Idle in Drive

ORFT0 Idle in Park

Idle in Drive Idle in Drive

Idle in Drive Idle in Park Idle in Drive ORFT20 Idle in Drive ORFT10

Idle in Drive Idle in Park ORNA15

Idle in Drive ORNA10

Idle in Drive Idle in Drive

Idle in Drive ORNA0

Idle in Drive

Idle in Park Idle in Drive ORFT15 Idle in Park Idle in Park Idle in Park Idle in Drive

## A- 3Chevrolet SilveradoLong Term Fuel Trim27,606Date Odometer TestMilesMin. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.As received 12/17/2008 27,606 0 0 0 0 -3 -3 -3 -3 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0After Emmisions 2/23/2009 27,819 213 1 1 0 0 -4 -4 -4 -4 0 0 0 0Oil Change 1 3/30/2009 39,679 12,073 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3Oil Change 2 4/13/2009 52,669 25,063 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7Oil Change 3 4/27/2009 65,566 37,960 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.7 -0.714,350Date Odometer TestMilesMin. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.As received 12/17/2008 14,319 1 1 -2 -2 0 0 -4 -4 1 1 2 2 0 1 -3 -1After Emissions 2/23/2009 14,635 285 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 0 0 -2 -2Oil Change 1 3/27/2009 26,476 12,126 7.8 7.8 5.4 5.4 8.5 8.5 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 5.4 5.4Oil Change 2 4/9/2009 39,466 25,116 1.6 1.6 0 0 0 0 -0.7 -0.7 1.6 1.6 0 0Oil Change 3 4/22/2009 52,363 38,013 0 0 -0.7 -0.7 3.1 3.1 3.9 3.9 0 0 -0.7 -0.717,152Date Odometer TestMilesMin. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.As received 12/17/2008 17,121 2 2 0 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 3 3 4 4 0 0 -2 -2After Emissions 12/23/2009 17,396 244 10 10 10 10 7 7 6 6 10 10 10 10Oil Change 1 3/31/2009 29,410 12,258 10.1 10.1 12.5 12.5 11.7 11.7 12.5 12.5 11.7 11.7 13.2 13.2Oil Change 2 4/13/2009 42,400 25,248 9.3 10.1 10.1 12.5 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 9.3 12.5 12.517,103Date Odometer TestMilesMin. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.As received 12/17/2008 17,103 -3 -3 -1 -1 -7 -6 -6 -6 2 2 0 0 -4 -4 -3 -3After emissions 2/25/2009 17,348 245 5 7 5 5 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 5Oil Change 1 3/30/2009 29,413 12,310 11.7 11.7 9.4 9.4 11.7 11.7 9.4 9.4 11.7 11.7 9.4 9.4Oil Change 2 4/13/2009 42,403 25,300 11.7 11.7 9.3 9.3 11.7 11.7 9.3 9.3 11.7 11.7 10.9 10.9Oil Change 3 4/27/2009 55,300 38,197 9 9 9 9 12 12 12 12 13 13 12 12ORCS0ORCS10ORCS15ORCS20Left BankRight BankIdle in ParkRight Bank Left BankLeft BankRight BankIdle in DriveLeft BankRight BankTorque Conv StallIdle in DriveRight Bank Right BankLeft BankLeft Bank Left Bank Right Bank Left BankRight BankIdle in DriveIdle in DriveIdle in Park Torque Conv StallIdle in ParkIdle in Drive Torque Conv StallLeft BankLeft Bank Right BankRight BankIdle in Park Torque Conv StallLeft Bank Left BankRight Bank Left BankIdle in DriveRight BankIdle in DriveLeft BankRight BankRight BankRight Bank Right BankLeft Bank Left BankIdle in Drive

## A-4 2007 Honda Accord Oil Consumption

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000

Test MilesTotal Oil Consumption (lbs.)

ORHA0 ORHA10 ORHA15 ORHA20

Chevrolet Silverado Oil Consumption

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 Test MilesTotalOilConsumption(lbs.)

ORCS0 ORCS10 ORCS15 ORCS20

## A- 5Honda AccordCompression and Leak Down ChecksVehicleNumber Date OdometerCylinder1Cylinder2Cylinder3Cylinder4Cylinder5Cylinder6Cylinder7Cylinder8Cylinder1Cylinder2Cylinder3Cylinder4Cylinder5Cylinder6Cylinder7Cylinder8After Zero Mile Emissions ORHA0 1/20/2009 32026 200 205 201 201 4% 4% 4% 4%After Zero Mile Emissions ORHA10B 4/29/2009 32505 180 182 180 180 5% 6% 6% 6%After Zero Mile Emissions ORHA15 2/16/2009 31777 205 205 205 200 4% 6% 4% 4%After Zero Mile Emissions ORHA20 2/6/2009 34842 180 185 180 180 4% 2% 4% 2%After 50K Mile Emissions ORHA0 4/29/2009 81802 183 180 180 183 4% 5% 5% 5%After 50K Mile Emissions ORHA10BAfter 50K Mile Emissions ORHA15After 50K Mile Emissions ORHA20 4/29/2009 84626 175 175 175 175 5% 8% 8% 8%After Zero Mile Emissions ORHA10 2/10/2009 25213 200 210 205 205 6% 6% 7% 6%Chevrolet SilveradoCompression and Leak Down ChecksVehicleNumber Date OdometerCylinder1Cylinder2Cylinder3Cylinder4Cylinder5Cylinder6Cylinder7Cylinder8Cylinder1Cylinder2Cylinder3Cylinder4Cylinder5Cylinder6Cylinder7Cylinder8After Zero Mile Emissions ORCS0 2/25/2009 27819 190 180 195 185 185 195 190 195 5% 4% 4% 5%5666After Zero Mile Emissions ORCS10 2/26/2009 14635 185 190 190 185 195 185 195 190 5% 6% 7% 6%6766After Zero Mile Emissions ORCS15 2/23/2009 17396 200 205 197 202 200 205 195 200 6% 5% 6% 6%6666After Zero Mile Emissions ORCS20 2/25/2009 17348 190 188 190 185 190 195 190 190 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 7% 5%Compression (PSI) Leak Down (%)Compression (PSI) Leak Down (%)

# APPENDIX B

ANALYTICAL EVALUATI ONS OF TEST FUELS

## B-1 E0 E10 E15 E20

GA/GB Code GA-7014 GB-7067 GB-7068 GB-7075

Tank 193/ Drums Tank 192 Tank 191 Tank 193

PPRD 78907 PPRD 79442 PPRD 79441 PPRD 79469 SwRI SwRI SwRI SwRI TEST METHOD UNITS FED Specs MIN MAX Distillation - IBP ASTM D86 °F 75 95 93 5% °F 112 10% °F 120 135 125 20% °F 149 30% °F 174 40% °F 202 50% °F 200 230 221 60% °F 233 70% °F 244 80% °F 265 90% °F 305 325 318 95% °F 333 Distillation - EP °F 415 387 Recovery vol % 98.1 Residue vol % 0.8 Loss vol % 1.1 Gravity ASTM D4052 °API 58.7 61.2 59.1 57.6 57.0 56.70 Density ASTM D4052 kg/l 0.7424 0.7483 0.7505 0.7519 Density @ 15C ASTM D4052 grams/L 742.1 748.0 750.2 751.6 Reid Vapor Pressure ASTM D5191 psi 8.7 9.2 8.97 Oxygen ASTM D4815 wt % < 0.2 Sulfur ASTM D5453 wt% 0.0015 0.0080 0.0003 Phosphorus ASTM D3231 mg/l 0.210 Lead ASTM D3237 g/gal 0.05 <0.001 Composition, aromatics ASTM D1319 vol % 35.0 29.6 Composition, olefins ASTM D1319 vol % 10.0 0.8 Composition, saturates ASTM D1319 vol % 69.6 Oxidation Stability ASTM D525 minutes No Break Research Octane Number ASTM D2699 93.0 97.8 Motor Octane Number ASTM D2700 88.8 Sensitivity 7.5 9.0 EtOH Vol% <0.1 10.02% 15.22% 20.04% Total Oxygen Weight WT% <0.1 3.69% 5.59% 73.40% SwRI Fuel Code Analysis Location Oak Ridge Ford Taurus and Chrysler or Dodge Minivan Emissions Fuels

Test Fuel Code

Sample Source

## B-2 

## RE0 RE0

GA/GB Code 

## GA-6947 GA-6947

Analytical Date 4/22/2009 4/23/2009


### Tanker 6 Tanker 7 PPRD 79468 PPRD 79518 SwRI SwRI TEST METHOD UNITS

Existent Gums, mg/ 100 mL ASTM D381 

### mg/100ml

Unwashed WT First Run 

### mg/100ml 35.0 32.0 Washed WT First Run 

### mg/100ml 0.5 <0.5 Unwashed WT Second Run 

### mg/100ml Washed WT Second Run 

### mg/100ml Distillation - IBP ASTM D86 °F 97 95 

### 5% °F 121 122 

### 10% °F 133 133 

### 20% °F 150 150 

### 30% °F 168 169 

### 40% °F 193 193 

### 50% °F 220 221 

### 60% °F 250 250 

### 70% °F 280 281 

### 80% °F 312 313 

### 90% °F 346 345 

### 95% °F 368 367 

### Distillation - EP °F 410 416 

### Recovery vol % 98 98.2 

### Residue vol % 0.8 0.6 

### Loss vol % 1.2 1.2 DIPE 

### ASTM D5599 Vol% <0.1 <0.1 ETBE Vol% <0.1 <0.1 EtOH Vol% <0.1 <0.1 iBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 iPA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 MeOH Vol% <0.1 <0.1 MTBE Vol% <0.1 <0.1 nBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 nPA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 sBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 TAME Vol% <0.1 <0.1 tBA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 tPA Vol% <0.1 <0.1 Total Oxygen Weight WT% <0.1 <0.1 

### Gravity ASTM D4052 °API 57.3 57.2 

### Density ASTM D4052 kg/l 0.7494 0.7500 

### Density @ 15C ASTM D4052 grams/L 749.1 749.7 

### Sulfur ASTM D5453 ppm 52.3 62.2 

### SwRI Fuel Code Analysis Location 

## Oak Ridge Mileage Accumulation Fuels

Test Fuel Code

Vehicle Fuel Codes

Sample Source