September 04

, 2014

U. S

. Department of Transportation Docket Management System 1200 New Jersey Ave., SE Washington, DC 20590

Re: Exemption Request Section 333 of the FAA Reform Act and Part 11 of the Federal Aviation Regulations

Dear Sir or Madam:

Pursuant to Section 333 of the FAA Moder nization and Reform Act of 2012 (the “ Reform Act”), Steven Zeets, a Professional Land Surveyor (the “Applicant”)

, planned operator of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (“sUAS”)
seeks an exemption from Federal Aviation Regulations (“F ARs”) listed below and discussed in Appendix A. Attached, as Appendix C, is a summary of this request.

The requested exemption would allow the Applicant to sa fely, efficiently, and economically use commercial sUAS in the National Airspace System (NAS), so long as such operations are conducted within and under the conditions outlined herein or as may be established by the FAA as required by Section 333.

As described more fully below

, the requested exemption would authorize the Applicant to perform commercial operations with sUAS that will provide the following benefit s :

1. Commercial use of sUAS to perform aerial acquisit ion and research in support of government entities, agriculture industry, utility companies , local infrastructure, scientific studies, wildlife monitoring, mining, surveying, forestry, and much more. All of which ar e critical to the well-being of the general public. 2. The use of sUAS will decrease co ngestion in the NAS along with re ducing the noise and air pollution generated during traditional m anned aircraft flight operations. 3. Operation of sUAS will substantially reduce the risk to life and property in the air, and on the ground, which is commonly associated with traditional manned aircraft flight operations. 4. Similar to the current manned aircraft flight operatio ns that have been conducted for many decades, sUAS used for similar tasks will not generate any new privacy issues.

Approval of this exemption would thereby enhance safety and fulfill the Secretary of Transportation ’s ( the FAA Administrator's) responsibilities under Section 333(c) of the Reform Act to " establish requirements for the safe operation of such aircraft systems in the national airspace system."

The name and address of the applicant are:

Steven Zeets Ph: 319-521-0054 Email: cczeets@yahoo.com Address: 2690 Copper Drive Marion, Iowa, 52302

The regulations from which the exem ption is requested are as follows:
14 C.F.R. Part 21; 14 C.F.R. 45.23(b); 14 C.F.R. 61.113(a) & (b);
14 C.F.R. 61.133(a); 14 C.F.R. 91.7(a); 14 C.F.R. 91.9(b)(2) & (c);
14 C.F.R. 91.103; 14 C.F.R. 91.109(a);
14 C.F.R. 91.119;14 C.F.R. 91.121; 14 C.F.R. 91.151(a); 14 C.F.R. 91.203(a) & (b);
14 C.F.R. 91.405(a); 14 C.F.R. 91.407(a)(1);
14 C.F.R. 91.409(a)(2);
14 C.F.R. 91.417(a)

Appendix A discusses each rule listed above and expl ains why exemptions pursuant to the proposal set forth in this letter are appropriate, provide an equiva lent level of safety, and are in the public interest.QUALIFICATION FOR APPROVAL UNDER SECTION 333 OF THE REFORM ACT

The proposed operations in this petition for exemption qualify for expedited approval under Section 333 of the Reform Act. Each of the statutory crit eria and other potentially relevant factors are satisfied.

The proposed operations would permit the use of small and relatively inexpensive UAS under controlled conditions in airspace that is: (1) limited; (2) predetermined; (3) controlled as to access, and; (4) would provide an increased level of safety beyond that existing when fixed or rotor wing aircraft are used to accomplish the same purpose.

The sUAS's planned to be operated are ro torcraft and fixed wing aircraft, each weighing 15 lbs. or fewer including payload. They would operate

, under normal conditions

, at a speed of no more than 50 knots

. The principal construction material of the sUAS aircraft would typically be foam and/or plastic

. Operations will be performed by a qualified sUAS Pilot in Command (PIC), as outlined below, to insure that the sUAS will "not create a hazard to users of the nationa l airspace system or the public." Given the small size of the sUAS involved and
th e pre-planned environment within which they will operate, the applicant believes that thes e operations fall squarely within that zone of safety (an equivalent level of safety) in which Congress envisioned that the FAA must, by exemption, allow commercial operations of sUAS to commence immediately. Also, due to the size of the sUAS and the pre-defined, restricted area in which the sUAS will operate, approval of the application presents no national security issue

. Th e operation of sUAS by knowledgeable professi onals will serve to enhance safety

, add to the public benefit, and reduce environmental impact s related to current methods of manned aircraft flight operations

.

These limitations and conditions to whic h the operator, or its employees, acting as sUAS PIC agrees to be bound when conducting commercial operations under an FAA issued exemption:

1. Safety will be the first and foremost consideration in any sUAS operation. 2. The sUAS pilot will have, at a minimum, a th ird class medical cert ificate and completed FAA private ground instruction and passed the FAA private pilot written examination or FAA recognized equivalent. 3. The sUAS pilot will be cons idered Pilot in Command (PIC), whether flying or supervising, and will be resp onsible for safe operation of the flight. 4. Flights will be operated within li ne of sight of the PIC and/or an observer. 5. The sUAS will weigh less than 15 lbs. total. 6. Flights will be operated in Class G airspace whenever possible

. If operation in other airspace is required

, the relevant controlling agency will be notified at least 24 hours prior to the operation and, if required, any necessary permission obtained. 7. Flights will be operated under visibility and cloud clearance requirements equivalent to Visual Flight Rules ( VFR )

. 8. The sUAS will at all times give way to any aircraft carrying persons

. 9. Minimum crew for each operatio n will consist of the sUAS PIC

. An observer will be utilized if the sUAS will be flown beyo nd line of sight of the PIC. The observer and PIC will at all times be able to communicate by voice and/or text. 10. Prior to a sUAS flight

, an area of operation will be established. This area of operation will i nclude a defined lateral and vertical area

, where the sUAS will operate. Safety procedures will be establis hed for persons, property and applicable airspace within the area of operatio n

. 11. The sUAS shall operate from on -site takoff/landing locations dire ctly next to the PIC and/or Observer. 12. Flight planning will include flight completion with at least 20% battery power remaining as measured by the sUAS or appropriate timing

. 13. The sUAS will be equipped with an autopilot system which will be equivalent to or better than a Pixhawk, Mikrokopter, WooKong, Sens efly, or Gatewing system. For example, the sUAS will utilize GPS navigation

, failsafe’s

, return-to-home (RTH), and flight abort safetyfeature s, among other built-in safety features

. 14. A Ground Station will be connected, by radio co mmunication, to the sUAS during the entire flight, which will give the PIC flight informat ion such as GPS Position, Altitude, Battery Remaining, and other telemetry information

. 15. A briefing will be conducted in regard to the planned sUAS operations prior to operation at each new location

. All personnel who w ill be performing duties within the boundaries of the area of operation will be present for this briefin g

. 16. All required permissions and permits will be obtai ned from appropriate stat e
, county or city jurisdictions

, including local law enforcement

, fire

, or other appropriate governmental agencies

. 17. Written

, to include electronic

, and/or oral permission from the relevant property owners will be obtained prior to an operation. 18. The sUAS pilot will be trained i n advance for the safe operation of the sUAS to be operated

. Th i s will include operation of the sUAS both in normal and emergency modes of operation

, and will include familiarization with the operation manual (or sim i lar) if published by the sUAS manufacturer. Training will also include types of maneuvers to be performed and the safe operation in relation to persons, property and applicable airspace

.

It is the applicant ' s belief that the size, weight, speed, operating environment, and operating capabilities provide an " equivalent level of safety " or better when operating a sUAS for the public interest as outlined in Section 333 of the Reform Act

. It is requested that the FAA i ssue

an exemption to permit safe

, legal

, commercial sUAS operation by the applicant as soon as possible.

Respectfully submitted,

Steven Zeets 2690 Copper Drive Marion, Iowa, 52302 319-521-0054Appendix A

EXEMPTION REQUESTS AND EQUIVALENT LEVEL OF SAFETY

The applicant requests an exemption from the following regulations as well as any additional regulations that may technically apply to the operation of sUAS’s :

14 CFR Part 21, Subpart H: Airworthiness Certificates 14 CFR § 91.203(a)(1) Section 91.203(a)(1) requires all civil aircraft to have a certificate of ai rworthiness. Part 21, Subpart H, entitled Airworthiness Certificates, establ ishes the procedural requirements for the
issuance of airworthiness certificates as required by FAR § 91.203(a)(1). Given the size of the aircraft (less than 15 lbs.) and the limited operating area associat ed with its utilization, it is unnecessary to go through the certificate of airworthiness process under Part 21 Subpart H to achieve or exceed current safety levels.

Such an exemption meets the requirements of an equivalent level of safety under Part 11 and Section 333 of the Reform Act. The Federal Aviation Act and Section 333 of the Reform Act both authorize the FAA to exempt aircraft from the require ment for an airworthiness certificate, upon consideration of the size, weight, speed, operational capability, and proximity to airports and populated areas of the sUAS involved.

In this case, an analysis of these criteria demonstrates that the sUAS operated without an airworthiness certificate, under the conditions pr oposed herein, will be at least as safe, or safer,
than a conventional aircraft (fixed wing or rotorcraft) with an airworthiness certificate. The sUAS weighs less than 15 lbs. fully loaded. It will not carry a pilot or passenger, will not carry flammable fuel, and will operate exclusively within an area pre-disclosed and in compliance with conditions set forth herein. Operations under this exemption will be tightly controlled and monitored by both the operator, pursuant to the conditions set forth above, and by local public safety requirements. The FAA will have advance notice of all operations through the filing of NOTAMs. Receipt of the prior permission of the land owner, the size of the aircraft, the lack of flammable fuel, and the fact t hat the aircraft is carried to the location and not flown there all establish the equivalent level of safety. The sUAS provides at least an equivalent, and most likely exceeds, level of safety to that of such operations being conducted with conventional aircraft that would be orders-of-magnitude larger and would be carrying

passengers, cargo, and flammable fuel.

14 CFR. § 45.23 & 91.9(c): Marking of the Aircraft Regulation 45.23 provides: (a) Each operator of an aircraft mu st display on that aircraft marks consisting of the Roman capital letter “N” (denoting United States registration) followed by the registration number of the aircraft. Each suffix letter used in the marks displayed must also be a Roman capital letter. (b) When marks include only the Roman capital letter “N” and the registration
number is displayed on limited, restricted or light-sport category aircraft or experimental or provisionally certificated ai rcraft, the operator must also display on that aircraft near each entrance to the cabin, cockpit, or pilot station, in letters not less than 2 inches nor more than 6 inches high, the words “limited,” “restricted,” “light-sport,” “experimental,” or “provisional,” as applicable.

Regulation 91.9(c) provides: No person may operate a U.S.-registered civil aircraft unless that aircraft is identified in accordance with part 45 of this chapter.The sUAS has no entrance to the cabin, cockpi t, or pilot station on which the markings can
be placed. Given the size of the sUAS, tw o-inch lettering will be impossible. Of fi cial marking systems for sUAS have not yet been established for operations inside the NAS. The applicant is prepared to mark the sUAS with the name of the organization and location or origin and ful fi ll any other request by the FAA to this topic in accordance to § 45.29(f) where the pilot, observer, and others working with the sUAS will see the identification of the sUAS.

The FAA has issued the following exemptions to this regulation; see Exemption Nos. 8738, 10167, 10167A and 10700.

14 CFR § 61.113(a) & (b); 61.133(a): Private P ilot Privileges and Limitations; Pilot in Command; Commercial Pilot Privileges and Limitations. Section 61.113(a) & (b) limit private pilots to non-commercial operations. Unlike a conventional aircraft that carries a pilot, passengers, and cargo, the sUAS in this case is remotely controlled
with no passengers or property of others on board. Se ction 61.133(a) requires an individual with

a commercial pilot’s license to be pilot in command of an aircraft for compensation or hire. The applicant respectfully proposes that operator r equirements should take into account the characteristics of the particular sUAS. Most sUAS autopilot’s have a high degree of pre-programmed control and various built-in technical capabilities that strictly limit the potential for operation outside of the operating conditions set forth in the exemption application. Hands-on experience with the sUAS are a far more effective guarantee of flight safety than a commercial pilot certificate would be, until the FAA Pilot Certificate requirements catch up to the sUAS technology.

The sUAS autopilots have an all-digital software pl atform with advanced features previously
restricted to full size unmanned aircraft. Automated feat ures and advanced fly-safe controls enable safe, reliable operation, as well as advanced netw orking capabilities and system extensibility.

● The system can autonomously fl y a programmed flight path or fly in manual mode

● Flight time and battery minutes are displayed at all times. The system will return home and land automatically if user-configurable limits are reached.

Flight safety is a priority, no matter the operating environment or project. sUAS offer superior safety over manned aircraft by removing the need for people to be onboard in potentially dangerous situations. With multiple built-in safety features, sUAS platforms lead manned operations with respect to safety.

● The sUAS automatically detects potential issues - with configurable automated response behavior such as a return-home-and-land routine

● The sUAS self-calibrate all of their sensors and perform required failsafe pre-flight tests prior to takeoff to check for errors

● The sUAS have the ability to set up visual no-fly zones or create a virtual fence so the sUAS can’t fly horizontally or vertically beyond the pre-planned flight area

● The sUAS have battery minutes and flight time displayed at all times. The system will return home and land automatically if user-configurable limits are reached

● The sUAS auto detect a lost GPS, warns the pilot and initiates an immediate landing.

● Low battery on the sUAS triggers a Non- Fatal Warning alarm to return home, land
and replace the battery

● If sUAS detect a lost-link to the Grou nd Station the vehicl e will perform its pre-defined Non-Fatal Condition Response.

Given these safety features, the applicant proposes that operators of sUAS with these features should not be required to hold a commercial or private pilot certification. Instead,operators should be required to:

● have successfully completed, at a minimu m, FAA private pilot ground instruction and passed the FAA Private Pilot written examination or FAA-recognized equivalents including ICAO issued commercial, private license and ground school; operators will
therefore receive instruction in aeronautic al navigation, meteorology, and aviation regulations prior to conducting commercial sUAS operations.

● have completed a training program for operation of the sUAS, if available.

● have completed 15 hours (or 150 flights) of training on the sUAS and/or simulator before commencing commercial operations.

The applicant notes that the FAA has found that safety factors permitted operation of sUASs by operators with these qualifications in the case of operations pursuant to public COAs
where the mandatory operating conditions specified above are present. See Federal Aviation Administration, Notice N-8900.227 , Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Operational Approval, at 20-21 (July 30, 2013). The FAA has the statutory authority, granted at 49 U.S.C.§44701(f) to waive the pilot requirements for commercial operations.

Given these conditions and restrictions, an equivalent level of safety will be provided by allowing operation of the sUAS without a private pilo t’s certificate or a commercial pilot’s certificate, under the conditions set forth herein.

The risks associated with the operation of the sUAS (given its size, speed, operational capabilities, and lack of combustible fuel ) are so diminished from the level of risk associated with private pilot operations or commercial operations contemplated by Part 61 with conventional aircraft (fixed wing or rotorcraft), that a llowing operations of the sUAS as set forth above meets or exceeds the present level of safety provided under 14 C.F.R. § 61.113(a) & (b) and does not rise to the level of requiring a commercial pilot to operate the aircraft under § 61.133(a).

14 CFR § 91.7(a): Civil aircraft airworthiness. This regulation requires that no person may operate a civil aircraft unless it is in airworthy
condition. Should the exemption be granted allowing commercial operation of sUAS without an airworthiness certificate, no sta ndard will exist for airworthines s of the sUAS. Given the size of the sUAS and the previous COAs issued for similar sUAS, an equivalent level of safety will be achieved by ensuring compliance with the give n sUAS manuals and use of safety checklists prior to each flight.

14 CFR § 91.9(b)(2): Civil Aircraft Flight Manual in the Aircraft. The regulation provides: No person may operate a U.S.-registered civil aircraft

... (2) For which an Airplane or Rotorcraft F light Manual is not required by §21.5 of
this chapter, unless there is available in t he aircraft a current approved airplane

or Rotorcraft Flight Manual, approved manual material, markings, and placards, or any combination thereof.

Given the size of sUAS, they have no ability or place to carry such a flight manual on the aircraft, not only because there is no pilo t on board, but because there is no room or capacity to carry such an item on the aircraft.

The equivalent level of safety will be achiev ed by keeping the flight manual at the ground control point where the pilot flying t he sUAS will have immediate access to it. The FAA has issued to others the following exemptions to this regulation: Exemption Nos. 8607, 8737, 8738, 9299, 9299A, 9565, 9565B, 10167, 10167A, 10602, 32827, and 10700.14 CFR § 91.103: Preflight action This regulation requires each pilot in command to take certain actions before flight to insure the safety of flight. As FAA approved rotorcraft flight manuals will not be provided for the aircraft an exemption will be needed. An equivalent level of safety will be provided by following a comprehensive preflig ht checklist. The PIC will take all actions including reviewing weather, flight battery requirements, landing and takeoff distances and aircraft performance data before initiation of flight.

14 CFR § 91.109(a) & 91.319(a)(1): Flight Instruction These regulations provide that no person may ope rate a civil aircraft (except a manned free balloon) that is being used for flight instruction un less that aircraft has fully functioning dual controls.

The sUAS are remotely piloted aircraft and by design, do not have fully functional dual controls. Flight control is accomplished through the us e of a control box that communicates with the aircraft via radio communications. The flight plan is either manually controlled through pointand-click navigation or preprogrammed as way points into the auto pilot before or during flight and only in unusual circumstances will the p ilot input control functions to alter the pre-programmed flight. Given the size and speed of the sU AS, an equivalent level of safe training can still be performed without dual controls beca use no pilot or passengers are aboard the sUAS, and all persons will be a safe distance away should the sUAS experience any difficulties during flight instruction. The FAA has approved exemptions for flight training without fully functional dual controls for a number of aircraft and for flight instruction in experimental aircraft. See Exemption Nos. 5778K & 9862A.

14 CFR § 91.119: Minimum Safe Altitudes Section 91.119 establishes safe altitudes for oper ation of civil aircraft. Specifically, 91.119(c)
limits aircraft flying over areas other than conges ted areas to an altitude of 500 feet above
the surface, except over open water or sparsely popul ated areas. In those cases, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any per son, vessel, vehicle, or structure.

Because aerial survey, mapping and inspection wo rk must be accomplished at relatively low
altitudes and at altitudes less than 500 feet AGL, an exemption from Section 91.119(c) is
needed.

The equivalent level of safety will be achieved given the size , weight, speed, and material
with which sUAS are built. Also, no flight will be ta ken without the permission of the land

owner or those who control the land. Because of the advance notice to the landowner, all affected individuals will be aware of the flights. Compared to aerial survey operations conducted with aircraft or rotorcraft weighing far more than 15 lbs. and carrying flammable fuel, any risk associated with these operations will be far less than those currently allowed with conventional aircraft operating at or below 500 feet AGL. Indeed, the low-altitude operations of the sUAS will maintain separation between these sUAS operations and the operations of conventional aircraft that must comply with Section 91.119.

14 CFR § 91.121: Altimeter Settings Section 91.121 requires a person operating an aircraft to maintain cruising altitude or flight level by reference to an altimeter that is set to t he elevation of the departur e airport or barometric pressure. Some sUAS have a barometric pressu re sensor, while others only use GPS for
elevation or altitude. When a bar ometric pressure sensor is on th e sUAS, it is typically “zeroed” at the point of take-off; this is right next to t he PIC and not at a departure airport. The altitude reading will be relative to that point and not a known elevation.

The equivalent level of safety will be achieved by the PIC confirming the el evation or altitude ofthe launch site. The altitude of the sUAS will also be displayed via telemetry on the Ground Station and will be constantly monitored by the PIC during the entir e flight operation.

14 CFR § 91.151(a): Fuel Require ments for Flight in VFR Conditions This regulation prohibits an individual from beginning “a flight in an airplane under VFR
conditions unless (considering wind and forecast weat her conditions) there is enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruising speed – (1) During the day, to fly after that for at least 30 minutes; or (2) At night, to fly after that for at least 45 minutes.”

The different sUAS batteries provide a variety of powered flight times. An exemption from § 14 CFR 91.151 is therefore required

.

The applicant believes that an exemption from 14 CFR § 91.151(a) is safe and within the scope of a prior exemption. See Exemption 10673 (allowing Lockheed Martin Corporation to operate without compliance with 91.151(a)). Oper ating the sUAS, without 30 minutes of reserve fuel does not engender the type of risks that Section 91. 151(a) was meant to prevent given the size and speed at which the sUAS operates. The fact that it carries no pilot,

passenger, or cargo also enhances its safety. In the unlikely event that the sUAS should run out of fuel, it would simply land. Given its weight and construction material, the risks are less than contemplated by the current regulation.

The applicant believes that an equivalent level of safety can be achieved by maintaining 20% of

reserve fuel (or battery), which would be more than adequate to return the sUAS to its planned landing zone from anywhere in its operating area.

The FAA has granted similar ex emptions to others, including Exemptions 2689F, 5745, 10673 and 10808.

14 CFR § 91.203 (a) & (b): Carrying Civil Aircraft Certification and Registration This regulation provides as follows:

(a) ... no person may operate a civil aircraft unless it has ... an appropriate
and current airworthiness certificate. (b) No person may operate a civil aircra ft unless the airworthiness certificate required by paragraph (a) of this section or a special flight authorization issued under §91.715 is displayed at the cabin or cockpit entrance so that it is legible to passengers or crew.

The sUAS fully loaded weigh less than 15 lbs. As such, there is no ability or place to carry certification and registration documents or to di splay them on the sUAS. In addition, there is no pilot on board the aircraft.

An equivalent level of safety will be achieved by keeping these documents at the ground
control point where the pilot flying the sUAS will have immediate access to them. The FAA
has issued numerous exemptions to this regulation. A representative sample of other exceptions includes Exemption Nos. 9565, 9665, 9789, 9789A, 9797, 9797A, 9816A, and
10700.

14 CFR § 91.405(a); 407(a)(1); 40 9(a)(2); 417(a): Maintenance Inspections Section 91.405(a) requires that an aircraft operator or owner “s hall have that aircraft inspected as prescribed in subpart E of this part and shall between required inspections, except as provided in paragraph (c) of this section, hav e discrepancies repaired as prescribed in part 43 of this chapter ...” Section 91.407 similarly makes reference to requi rements in Part 43; Section 91.409(a)(2) requires an annual inspecti on for the issuance of an air worthinesscertificate. Section 91.417(a) requires the owner or operator to keep records showing certain maintenance work that has been accomplished by certificated mechanics, under Part 43, or licensed pilots and records of approval of the aircraft for return to service.

The sUAS are nearly maintenance fr ee, they perform automatic pre- fl ight checks and the failure of any check will prevent take-o ff. Checks which cannot be d one by the system will be performed by a quali fi ed person prior to each fl ight and at predefined intervals as part of a
maintenance schedule

.

Pre- fl ight checklist includes: 1.Visual inspection of the airframe 2.Visual inspections of rotor integrity 3.Check charge of all batteries (aerial vehicle, command stat ion, radio repeater station)

An equivalent level of safety will be achieved beca use the sUAS is small in size, will carry no external payload, will operate only in restrict ed predetermined areas and is not a complex mechanical devise. The operator of aUAS will ensu re that it is in working order prior to initiating flight, perform required maintenance, and keep a log of any maintenance that is performed. Moreover, the operator is the person most familiar with the aircraft and is best suited to maintain the aircraft in an airworthy condition and to ensure an equivalent level of safety.

If mechanical issues arise, the UAS can land im mediately due to the pre-determined area of operation. Moreover, the UAS's small size, carrying capacity, and the fa ct that flight operations will only take place in restricted areas for limited perio ds of time, create less risk than the same factors associated with conventional fi xed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft performing the same operation.APPENDIX C

SUMMARY OF SECTION 333 EXEMPTION REQUEST

Steven Zeets, a Professional Land Surveyor, hereby provides pursuant to Part 11 a summary of its exemption application to allow commercial operation of sUAS for aerial acquisition and research in support of government entities, agriculture industry, utility companies, local infrastructure, scientific studies, wildlife monitoring, mining, survey ing, forestry, and much more. All of which are critical to the well-being of the general public. An exemption is requested from the following regulations:

14 C.F.R. Part 21; 14 C.F.R. 45.23(b); 14 C.F.R. 61.113(a) & (b);
14 C.F.R. 61.133(a);
14 C.F.R. 91.7(a); 14 C.F.R. 91.9(b)(2) & (c);
14 C.F.R. 91.103; 14 C.F.R. 91.109(a);
14 C.F.R. 91.119; 14 C.F.R. 91.121; 14 C.F.R. 91.151(a); 14 C.F.R. 91.203(a) & (b);
14 C.F.R. 91.405(a);
14 C.F.R. 91.407(a)(1);
14 C.F.R. 91.409(a)(2);
14 C.F.R. 91.417(a).