1 Office of International and Tribal Affairs

Climate Change Adaptation Implementation Plan

5/23 /2013



## DRAFT

This document has been prepared by the Office of International and Tribal Affairs, within the Environmental Protection Agency, as part of an Agency

- wide effort to address climate change.DELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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2 

## Disclaimer

To the extent this document mentions or discusses statutory or regulatory authority, it does so for informational purposes only. This document does not substitute for those statutes or regulations, and readers should consult the statutes or regulations to learn what they require. Neither this document, nor any part of it, is itself a rule or a regulation. Thus, it cannot change or impose legally binding requirements on EPA, States, the public, or the regulated community. Further, any expressed intention,

su ggestion or recommendation does not impose any legally binding requirements on EPA, States, tribes, the public, or the regulated community. Agency decision makers remain free to exercise their discretion

in choosing to implement the actions described in th is Plan . Such implementation is contingent upon availability of resources and is subject to change.DELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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3 Preface

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is committed to identifying and responding to the challenges that a changing climate poses to hum an health and the environment.

Scientific evidence demonstrates that the climate is changing at an increasingly rapid rate, outside the range to which society has adapted in the past. These changes can pose significant challenges to the EPA’s ability to f ulfill its mission. The EPA must adapt to climate change if it is to continue fulfilling its statutory, regulatory and programmatic requirements. The Agency is therefore anticipating and planning for future changes in climate to ensure it continues to fulf ill its mission of protecting human health and the environment even as the climate changes.

In February 2013, the EPA released its draft Climate Change Adaptation Plan to the public for review and comment. The plan relies on peer

- reviewed scientific info rmation and expert judgment to identify vulnerabilities to EPA’s mission and goals from climate change. The plan also presents 10 priority actions that EPA will take to ensure that its programs, policies, rules, and operations will remain effective under f uture climatic conditions. The priority placed on mainstreaming climate adaptation within EPA complements efforts to encourage and mainstream adaptation planning across the entire federal government.

Following completion of the draft Climate Change Adaptation Plan , each EPA National Environmental Program Office, all 10 Regional Offices, and several National Support Offices developed a Climate Adaptation Implementation Plan to provide more detail on how it will carry out the work called for in the age ncy

- wide plan. Each Implementation Plan articulates how the office will integrate climate adaptation into its planning and work in a manner consistent and compatible with its goals and objectives.

Taken together, the Implementation Plans demonstrate how t he EPA will attain the 10 agency

- wide priorities presented in the Climate Change Adaptation Plan . A central element of all of EPA’s plans is to build and strengthen its adaptive capacity and work with its partners to build capacity in states, tribes, and l ocal communities. EPA will empower its staff and partners by increasing their awareness of ways that climate change may affect their ability to implement effective programs, and by providing them with the necessary data, information, and tools to integrate climate adaptation into their work.

Each Program and Regional Office’s Implementation Plan contains an initial assessment of the implications of climate change for the organization’s goals and objectives. These “program vulnerability assessments” are liv ing documents that will be updated as needed to account for new knowledge, data, and scientific evidence about the impacts of climate change on EPA’s mission. The plan then identifies specific priority actions that the office will take to begin addressing its vulnerabilities and mainstreaming climate change adaptation into its activities. Criteria for the selection of priorities are discussed. An emphasis is placed on protecting the most vulnerable people and places, on supporting the development of adaptiv e capacity in the tribes, and on identifying clear steps for ongoing collaboration with tribal governments.

Because EPA’s Programs and Regions and partners will be learning by experience as they mainstream climate adaptation planning into their activities , it will be essential to evaluate their efforts in order to understand how well different approaches work and how they can be improved. Each ImplementationDELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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4 Plan therefore includes a discussion of how the organization will regularly evaluate the effectiven ess of its adaptation efforts and make adjustments where necessary.

The set of Implementation Plans are a sign of EPA’s leadership and commitment to help build the nation’s adaptive capacity that is so vital to the goal of protecting human health and the environment. Working with its partners, the Agency will help promote a healthy and prosperous nation that is resilient to a changing climate.

Bob Perciasepe Deputy Administrator
September 2013DELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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5 

## I. Background

The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) issued its first Policy Statement on Climate

- Change Adaptation in June 2011 , which recognize d that climate change can pose significant challenges to EPA’s ability to fulfill its mission. Additionally , i t calls for the Agency to anticipate and plan for future changes in climate and incorporate these considerations into its activities. 1

A n Agency

- wide Task Force worked to develop a Climate Change Adaptation Plan, which was released to the public in June 2012. As a follow up, EPA directed each regional and program office to develop an implementation plan providing more detail on how it will carry out the work called for in the Agency

wide plan, recognizing that each Office is best positioned to determine how to integrate climate adaptation into its own activities.

Overview of OITA’s Role The role of the Office of International and Tribal Affairs (OITA) is to advance EPA’s international environmental priorities and lead the Agency’s Tribal Environmental Pr ogram. OITA employs a cross

cutting, multi

- disciplinary approach.

Internationally, OITA works at the national, regional and multilat eral levels to protect human health and the environment and forge p olicy and programmatic engagements . OITA works with other federal agencies to develop negotiating positions and represent the foreign policy interests of the United States.

OITA leads and coordinates the Agency

- wide effort to strengthen public health and environmental protection in In dian country, with a special emphasis on helping tribes administer their own environmental programs.

OITA currently addresses climate change adaptation in several p rogram areas and will conti nue to take the effects of climate change into consideration whe n developing policies and implementing programs

. OITA anticipates requests for assistance to build climate adaptive capacity to increase over time.

Vulnerable Populations Certain parts of the population, such as child ren, the elderly, minorities the poor, persons with underlying medical conditions and disabilities, those with limited access to information, and tribal and indigenous populations, can be especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Also, certain geographic locations and c ommunities are particularly vulnerable, such as those located in low

- lying coastal areas. One of the principles guiding EPA’s efforts to integrate climate adaptation into its programs, policies and rules calls for its adaptation plans to prioritize helping people, places and infrastructure that are most vulnerable to climate impacts, and to be designed and implemented with meaningful involvement from all parts of society.

This Implementation Plan identifies key programmatic vulnerabilities and the priorit y actions that will be taken to address those vulnerabilities over time. As the work called for in this Plan is conducted, special consideration will be given to communities and demographic groups most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The Agen cy will strive to work in partnership with these communities to increase their adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change impacts. These efforts will be informed byDELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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6 experiences with previous extreme weather events (e.g., Hurricane Katrina and Super storm Sandy) and the subsequent recovery efforts.



## I I

. Vulnerability Assessment for OITA

In general, OITA views its programmatic and mission related vulnerabilities as largely arising from the potential climate vulnerabilities of partner organizations.

A. International

– Addresses country, regional and multilateral environmental engagements, typically driven by bilateral cooperation and formal international processes and partnerships.

Approach The international office engages international and regional org anizations and key countries in order to further international environmental priorities. In the context of international environmental policy development, OITA will strive to use the best available data and analys e s, and vetted approaches as important foundational elements. The se foundational elements can be used by stakeholders at the local, national and international levels to inform policy development. The development of virtual networks allows this information and policy guidance to be shared amo ng relevant stakeholders, and facilitates recognition and sharing of best practices.

Examples of Potential Vulnerabilities

• Lack of basic data and information needed to make informed decisions about climate ada ptation, especially for coastal settings and urban settings that anticipate dra matic increases in population in the coming decades.

• While the United States has a seeming array of sophisticated analytical tools for assessing climate vulnerability, this capacity varies significan tly across the globe

.
• The United States has identified the Arctic as a region where the effects of climate change have been and will continue to be felt most acutely, with a high degree of certainty. 2

• Lack of effective networking and information sharing mechanisms in many partnering developing countries, to assess vulnerabilities, development effective action plans, and implement these plans, especially in urban settings.

• Remote, high Arctic areas of developed countries, including Ala ska and northern Canada, also have significant weaknesses in communications infrastructure (e.g., limited or no internet connectivity) and transportation infrastructure that complicate efforts to share information and facilitate climate adaptation.

• Based o n specific climactic circumstances in countries and regions, specific vulnerabilities such as h eat stress, sea level rise, droughts and floods are expected to have significant negative impacts , especially in partner developing countries in Africa and Asia

. 3

B. AIEO

– AIEO leads EPA’s efforts to protect human health and the environment of federally recognized tribes by supporting implementation of federal environmental laws consistent with the federal trust responsibility based upon a government

- to

- government relationship, and EPA’s 1984 Indian Policy.DELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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7 EPA values its unique government

- to

- government relationship with Indian tribes in planning and decision making. This trust responsibility has been established over time and is further expressed in the 1984 EPA P olicy for the Administration of Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations and the 2011 Policy on Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribes . These policies recognize and support the sovereign decision

- making authority of tribal governments.

Supp orting the development of adaptive capacity among tribes is a priority for the EPA. Tribes are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to the integral nature of the environment within their traditional lifeways and culture. There is a strong need to develop adaptation strategies that promote sustainability and reduce the impact of climate change on Indian tribes.

EPA engaged tribes through a formal consultation process in the development of the Agency’s Climate Change Adaptation Plan

. Tribes identified some of the most pressing issues as erosion, temperature change, drought and various changes in access to and quality of water. Tribes recommended a number of tools and strategies to address these issues, including improving access to dat a and information; supporting baseline research to better track the effects of climate change; developing community

- level education and awareness materials; and providing financial and technical support. At the same time, tribes challenged EPA to coordinat e climate change activities among federal agencies so that resources are better leveraged and administrative burdens are reduced.

This Implementation Plan identifies specific steps that will be taken to partner with tribal governments on an ongoing basis to increase their adaptive capacity and address their adaptation

- related priorities. These collaborative efforts will benefit from the expertise provide by our tribal partners and the Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) they possess. TEK is a valuable body of knowledge in assessing the current and future impacts of climate change and has been used by tribes for millennia as a valuable tool to adapt to changing surroundings. Consistent with the principles in the 1984 Indian Policy, TEK is viewed as a com plementary resource that can inform planning and decision

- making.

Approach Developing adaptive capacity among tribes is a p riority of the Agency’s climate change adaptation work. Tribes are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, due to the integral nature of the environment within their traditional lifeways and culture. Due to shrinking federal budgets, there is increased need to develop adaptati on strategies that pr omote sustainability and reduce the impact of climate change on tribes.

Through a tribal consultation process and the development of an EPA Climate Change Adaptation Plan 4

, tribes identified some of the most pressing issues affecting them , including erosion, temperature change, drought and various changes in access to and quality of water. Tribes also recommended a number of tools and strategies for EPA Program and Regional Offices to use in developing climate change impleme ntation plans with them.

Examples of Potential V ulnerabilities

• A lack of capacity among tr ibes to adapt to climate change.

• Limited access to data and information, including training and resources to build adaptive capacity and monitor progress and effectiveness

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8 • A lack of community

- level education and awareness materials to improve the understanding of climate change among tribal member and leaders.

• Limited financial and technical support to adapt to climate change

.
• A lack of administrative capacity to understand and manage all of the information and programs coming to tribal governments from a variety of U.S. Government Agencies

.
• Additionally, tribes have repeatedly noted the lack of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) used in EPA’s decision

- making and policymaking. One approach OITA will support is to incorporate TEK into its Agency environmental projects and work. TEK is a valuable body of knowledge in assessing the current and future impacts of climate change that has been used by tribes as a valuable tool to adapt to changing surroundings. As OITA addresses a variety of planning and decision

- making related to climate change it will incorporate TEK whenever possible.



## I I I

. Priority Actions Criteria

OITA is already addressing climate change adaptation in several international and tribal program areas and will continue to pursue opportunities for integrating the effects of climate change into our existing programs, including responding to climate change adaptation

- related requests from our tribal partners , as resources and skills permit, especially in border regions.

To prioritize climate change adaptation needs, OITA has develop ed criteria unique to our mission to identify potential first steps . These criteria a re based on a thorough examination of the potential vulnerabilities that face OITA and its mission, in the wake of climate change impacts. The highest priority will be given to those actions that meet several of the following criteria:

• Does the action inv olve existing partners?

• Does OITA have the necessary resources to meaningfully and effectively help address its partner vulnerabilities in some manner ?

• Is this action required in order to enable other actions?

• Can the benefits of this action be measured or documented?

• How extreme is the vulnerability, as informed by relevant EPA, IPCC and USGCRP assessment reports?

• Do the climate vulnerabilities affect U.S. border regions?

• Is OITA the most appropriate lead for the intended action within EPA?

When receiving a request for cooperation in the area of climate adaptation, OITA will consider EPA experience and USG experience more broadly, and when appropriate, explore facilitating linkages with other U.S. agencies and relevant NGOs for implementation support.



## IV. Priority Actions

International Priority Actions

• Explore with existing partners, especially along our borders, information needs related to climate literacy, climate vulnerability and climate adaptation options

.
• Work with Durban Adaptation Charter cities and their inte rnational partners as a means of responding to urban and local government information needs and the need to share city and municipal government experiences, knowledge and best practices. Cities are first responders toDELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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9 climate/ weather disasters and are projected to house about 70% of the world’s population by 2050

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• W ork with the Arctic Council and the International Maritime Organization to address the effects of climate change in the Arctic , including threats due to increased e conomic activity and shipping

.
• Work with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) member countries and the US Agency for International Development o n development of information, planning and
assessment too ls and guidelines for asses sing vu lnerabilities to climate change and sharing experiences and best practices.

• Work as a planning committee member on the annual Resilient Cities Congress, the largest international gathering of urban adaptation experts, policymakers and local officials , for the purpose of exchanging experiences and knowledge.

• Play a lead role in the US Government review of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC) climate assessments , which provide analyses of critical data that are made available to all countries.

• Seek to help institute effective information sharing networks among international organization s and governments, especially among urban centers.

Tribal Priority Actions

Provide resources and training that will strengthen the adaptive capacity of AIEO’s tribal partners

• Work with Tribal Program Managers in both Regional and Program Offices of EPA to identify cross

Agency opportunities, and provide coordination support to implement these activities

.
• Support the work of tribal programs in Regional Offices to provide training and capacity building opportunities to tribes

.
• Support the Tribal Science Council’s efforts to integrate the use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) into EPA’s work, including supporting a 2013 workshop to train EPA staff on the value and applicability of TEK. TEK has to date been underutilized and undervalued as an important source of place

- based local information and knowledge critical for deploying successful adaptation measures

• Promote the use of Tribal eco

- A mbassador funding to support projects related to climate change adaptation. This EPA program conducts research in partnership with tribal colleges and universities (TCUs). Professors from TCUs receive funding and technical support from EPA to solve the

env ironmental problems most important to their tribal communities, and are then asked to share their findings with a variety of EPA and tribal audiences.

• Integrate climate change adaptation into funding mechanisms

.
• Under new guidance issued for the Indian General Assistance Program (IGAP) in May 2013, tribes may use funding for climate change adaptation purposes. This has the potential to have an immediate impact on the adaptability of tribal governments, as every tribe receives funding through the IGAP pro gram. AIEO will work through the grants staff at EPA Regional Offices to ensure that tribal partners understand how funding can be used for adaptation.

• Support other EPA grant programs for which tribes are eligible in any effort to elevate the ability to

u se funds for projects related to climate change adaptation

.
• Work across EPA to integrate tribal climate change adaptation issues into the Plan EJ 2014, which provides a roadmap to help EPA integrate environment justice into the Agency’s program, policies and activities.DELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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10 Improve climate literacy within AIEO and with its tribal partners

.
• Establish relationships with a variety of potential tribal partners, including tribal programs in other U.S. Government Agencies, climate

- focused programs at Tribal Col leges and Universities (TCUs) and other Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) dedicated to the a dvancement of climate change adaptation for tribes.

• Host bi

- annual stakeholder meetings on environmental issues, including climate change adaptation. These meeti ngs will bring together a variety of tribal partners to both learn what resources are provided by EPA related to climate change, and also give tribal partners a chance to share their resources and experiences with EPA and other tribal partners.

• Update EPA’ s annual mandatory training, Working Effectively with Tribal Governments , to include information on the vulnerability of tribes to climate change adaptation as needed.



## V. Metrics and Evaluation

The Office of International and Tribal Affairs (OITA) established a Performance Measurement Framework to measure and analyze the results achieved from OITA’s engagement with other countries and organizations to advance protection of human health and the domestic and global environment.. This framework has en abled OITA to describe its contributions to characterizing and addressing environmental risks, improving environmental governance, and promoting environmental cooperation. As par t of this framework OITA identified 26 measures that could be used to measure , track and evaluate its progress and effectiveness in conducting its mission and achieving its goals.

OITA will evaluate the performance and effectiveness of its adaptation implementation strategy using

measures such as the following:

• N umber of partner engagements conducted

• EPA

- based tools Implemented by assisting o rganization

• Progress toward achieving identified policy g oals

• Partnerships, alliances or networks established or e nhanced

T hese and other measures are presently being used effectively to gauge progress and effectiveness in adaptation activities already underway within OITA

. Additionally, with climate change adaptation now eligible as a use for IGAP funds, AIEO will:

• Monitor how tribes apply for and use funding for climate change adaptatio n

• Build these experiences into the program where appropriate

• Use these real world examples to improve our techn ical and financial support for tribes working to adapt to climate changeDELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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11 

## VI. Table of Examples of Potential Climate Vulnerabiliti es That May Affect OITA Programmatic Activities

Priority a 

### Climate Change Impacts b 

### EPA Programmatic Impacts c



### Climate Change Impact d 

### Likelihood of Impact e 

### OITA Program and
Focus Likelihood
OITA Program Will be Affected by Impact f 

### Examples of Risks if Program Were ImpactedPriority 1:Combating Climate Change by LimitingPollutants Coastal areas, especially heavily

populated megadelta regions in South, East and South

- East Asia, will be at greatest risk due to incre ased flooding from the sea and from rivers

Coastal flooding in low

- lying areas is very likely to become a greater risk than at present due to sea

- level rise and more intense coastal storms, unless there is significant adaptation

In new industrializ ed areas
in Asi a air quality
trends will likely ad d to heat
stress and smog L ikely

Very likely

Likely Asia Pacific Rim

- The Pacific Ports Clean Air Collaborative (PPCAC) is a voluntary group of domestic (U.S. West Coast) and international participants (Asia Pacific/Pacific Rim) from ports, industry, and environmental agencies that share expertise, technology, lessons learned to reduce environmental and sustainability impacts of marine goods movement High Sea level rise, an increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events, and rising temperatures could affect critical infrastructure and port and vessel operation, as well as access to goods and shipping routes.

Additional pollutant/greenhou se gas emissions from ports, ocean

- going vessels, and other sources will continue to impact air quality and human health in port cities and in shipping lanesDELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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12 Increase in annual mean rainfall in East Africa

Increase in runoff (and possibly floods) in East Africa

Mean sea level rise will contribute to upward trends in extreme coastal high water levels as well as coastal
erosion in the future Likely

High Confidence

Very likely East Africa

- OITA is working with water utility companies in 10 East Afri can countries, to improve planning for the delivery of water and water services High Climate projections for East Afric a suggest an annual increase in rainfall and runoff
, and more frequent extr eme precipitation events, whi ch could impact
water managemen t

Sea level rise may create issues with salt water intrusion into existing aquifers, calling for different approaches to water resource planning

Annually averaged
Arctic sea

- ice extent is projected to show a reduction of 22%

- 33% by the end of the century

Over the next century there will be significant melting of Arctic glacial ice due to warming resulting in a substantial contribution to sea level rise

For Arctic human communities, it is virtually certain that there will be

n egat ive and positive impacts on infrastructure and traditional lifestyles High confidence

Very high confidence

High confidence Arctic

- OITA and the USG play a leading role in Arctic Council deliberations on toxics and climate pollutants

OITA plays a lead role as well in the Int l.
Maritime Organization ’s (IMO) development of standards and voluntary measures on polar shipping and pollution prevention and mitigation. OITA also contributes to USG engagement in black carbon assessment and mitigation work

(AIEO) works with federally

- recognized tribes on enforcement of environmental laws and standards High With increased

access and economic activity in the Arctic, additional pollutants
may exacerbate climate impact s, making emissions reductions more diffic ult

Such trends will also affect IMO discussions on an emerging Polar Code, as sea lev el rises, sea ice retreats, and
Arctic Ocean transit increases

Projected climate trends in the Arcti c will especially affect native peoples and AIEO’s ability to enforc e standards and laws in a rapidly changing settingDELIBERATIVE DRAFT

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13 Footnotes for Summary Table of Examples of Potential Climate Change Vulnerabilities

a This table summarizes potential vulnerabilities according to the 5 goals or priorities in the EPA Strategic Plan.

b Climate c hange i mpacts/vulnerabilities are based upon the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (see Ref. 3 below)

.

c Programmatic Impacts are based upon EPA best professional judgment at this time.

d Statements on i mpacts are based u pon the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (see Ref. 3 below)

.

e Expressions of confidence and likelihood cited in this table are adopted from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 (see Ref. 3 below) as follows:

Very high confidence

– At least 9 out of 10 chance of occurring Virtually Certain

– >99 % probability

High confidence

– About 8 out of 10 chance of occurring Very likely

– >90 % probability

Medium c onfidence

– About 5 out of 10 chance of occurring Likely

– >66 % probability

Low confidence

– About 2 out of 10 chance of occurring About as likely as not

– 33

- 66% probability

Very low confid ence
– Less than 1 out of 10 chance of occurring Unlikely

– 0

- 33% probability

Very unlikely

– 0

- 10% probability

Exceptionally unlikely

– 0

- 1% probability

f Assessment of possible programmatic impact is based upon OITA’s best professional judgment. High assumes that the program is very likely to be impact ed ; Medium assumes that the program has a moderate chance of be ing affected ; Low assumes that there is a slight chance that the program will be impacted . This assessment is based on best professional judgment within OITA

.


## VII. Conclusion

OITA will, on a five

- year basis, review emerging scientific understanding on climate impacts and vulnerabilities
, OITA programs and Agency practices, as well as its incorpo ration of traditional ecological knowledge , in the interest of maintaining and effective adaptation implementation strategy.

1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Policy Statement on Climate

- Change Adaptation (Washington, DC, June 2, 2011), http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/impacts

- adaptation/adaptation

- statement.pdf

. 2 U.S. Global Change Research Program, Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States , 2009.
3 IPCC, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007 , Cambridge Univ. Press, UK, 2007.
4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Climate Change Adaptation Plan , 2012, http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/pdfs/EPA

- climate

change

- adaptation

- plan

- final

- for

- public

- comment

- 2

- 7

- 13.pdf

. 5 World Bank, Cities and Climate Change: An Urgent Agenda , 2010.