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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION<span>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR,<span>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> v. </span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">84 LUMBER COMPANY</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
									</span>dba 84 LUMBER COMPANY, A LIMITED PARTNERSHIP</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">20</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0876</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Dolores G. Wolfe</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Esq.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Dallas</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Texas</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; margin-left:48px; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">James J. McMullen, Jr., Esq., Laura E. De Santos, Esq., and Clyde Oates Adams, Esq.</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Gordon Rees Scully<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Mansukhani</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">, LLP</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">San Diego</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">, California</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>& Houston, Texas</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For Respondent</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Before: </span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">First<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Judge Patrick B. Augustine – U. S. Administrative Law Judge</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Procedural History</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This proceeding is before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (Commission) under section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">651<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">et seq.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Act). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">84 Lumber Company</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">84 Lumber</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">purveyor of construction<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and building<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">materials, primarily lumber</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 76-79</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">November</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of 20</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an 84 Lumber employee was using a forklift to load bundles of wood onto the bed of a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">semi-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">truck owned and operated by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BLS Trucking</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(BLS), a company<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with which<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent contracted to deliver its customers’ orders to their respective jobsites.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 79-80</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 272-73</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The driver of the truck, a BLS employee, asked the forklift operator to rearrange a particular bundle of wood on the bed of the truck</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s trailer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stipulation 7</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Tr. 228-29</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). As the forklift operator was in the process of fulfilling<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">this request and had the bundle of wood suspended in the air, the BLS driver unexpectedly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ran</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>under the suspended load on the forklift. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 22</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">9</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-3</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0, 252-53</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The bundle thereafter became unstable and fell onto the BLS employee, killing him. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stipulation 4</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As a result of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BLS</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employee’s death, the United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sent Compliance Safety and Health Office (CSHO)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Daniel McGurk</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to conduct an inspection of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">site of the accident</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">313-14</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Following the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inspection, OSHA issued a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Citation) to Respondent alleging<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(m)(2), which prohibits an employer from allowing any person to stand or pass under the elevated portion of any truck, whether loaded or empty. The Citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">propos</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a penalty of $1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3,494</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Citation 6).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Citation was issued on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">September</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>6, 2018. Respondent timely<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">filed a Notice of C</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ontest</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Notice).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wo</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-day trial was held<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">August 2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">21</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Houston, Texas</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Four</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>witnesses testified</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the trial. The Parties submitted post-trial briefs.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:11.5pt; ">Pursuant to Commission Rule 90, after hearing and carefully considering all the evidence and arguments of counsel, the Court issues this Decision and Order as its Finding of Facts and Conclusions of Law.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on what follows, the Court vacates the Citation.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Stipulations</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">agreed to the following stipulations:</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">redacted], the decedent, was an employee of BLS Trucking.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On November 19, 2019, an accident occurred at 22770 NW Lake Drive, Houston, Texas, involving [redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On that date, [redacted] was employed by BLS.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">redacted] suffered a fatality after he walked under a forklift load.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">84 Lumber’s employee,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, was operating the forklift at the time of the incident involving [redacted] on November 19, 2019.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he November 19,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2019</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>incident involving [redacted] occurred at a location that is considered 84 Lumber’s property.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:42px; text-indent:-.476cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">84 Lumber understands<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was attempting to reposition the forklift’s load per<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">redacted]’s request at the time of the Accident.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">8.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">November 19, 2019, the date of the incident, 84 Lumber had a work rule in place at Store<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">949 (the store implicated in this matter) that instructed and communicated to 84 Lumber employees to not let people work under the elevate</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>loads or pass under the elevated loads of forklifts (Work Rule).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">9.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">84 Lumber adequately communicated the Work Rule to its employees at Store 1949.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">10.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">84 Lumber was a “controlling employer” for purposes of liability under the Commission’s multi-employer worksite doctrine.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Tr. 70-71).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Jurisdiction</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Neither party has contested</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and the record supports, Respondent is engaged in a business affecting interstate commerce and is an “employer” within the meaning of section 3 of the Act. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Answer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>¶<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Tr. 8-9; 76-77</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Commission has jurisdiction over this proceeding pursuant to section 10(c) of the Act</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by Respondent filing its Notice</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 8-9</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Joel<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Yandell</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1623, 1628 n.8 (No. 94-3080, 1999).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Factual Background</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Worksite and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent’s<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Work Processes</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent is a purveyor of construction and other building materials<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employs approximately 5,000 people nationwide. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 76-77</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The accident occurred at one of its store</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Store 1949, located at 22770 NW Lake Drive, Houston, Texas. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stipulations ¶¶ 2, 6; Tr. 74</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Store 1949 employs approximately 25 to 30 employees. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 76</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The main activity conducted at Store 1949 is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the sale of lumber to general contractors<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>construction projects. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 76-77</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When an order for lumber is placed at Store 1949, a coordinator creates a “dispatch list” for the order, which contains information about the specific products in the order as well as the date it is to be delivered to a construction site. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 77-78</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). When the delivery date arrives for a given order, the dispatch list is sent to an 84 Lumber employee called a “builder,” who<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">prepares the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">order. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 78-79</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In preparing for an order, the builder assembles the order into different<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bundles or loads of lumber. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 79, 217-18</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Some bundles are prefabricated from the manufacturer, while others<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be collected and assembled by the builder. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 217-18; Ex. C-2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Once an order has been built, it is assigned to a “dispatcher,” another 84 Lumber employee. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 79</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The dispatcher<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is responsible for loading the order</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>onto a truck for delivery. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 153, 211-13, 273-74</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). 84 Lumber does not handle the delivery of its order itself; rather, it contracts this work out to BLS. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 79, 211-213</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 272-73</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). However, the same BLS drivers, approximately seven to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ten</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">generally<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were assigned to work at Store 1949 daily. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 80-81, 272-73</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A typical order is divided into different<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">bundles</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, all of which must be loaded by the dispatcher onto</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>BLS truck</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>via forklift</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 79</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-80, 120, 143-47, 212-13</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 216-19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. C-2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At the time of the accident, BLS’ drivers were instructed to remain at the side of the truck, away from the operating path of the forklift, while the dispatcher was operating the forklift. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 223-24, 277-78, 308; Ex. C-2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Once a bundle<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">loaded<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the dispatcher’s forklift, the dispatcher would<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">approach the BLS truck trailer and lower the bundle down to approximately four inches above the bed of the trailer. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">134-35,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">140</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">146-47,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">221</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 277-78, 297-98, 306; Ex. C-2). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At this point, the dispatcher would put the forklift in “neutral” and activate the safety brake. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 134-35</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 140</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 185</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Following this, either the dispatcher, or the dispatcher with the assistance of the BLS driver, would</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, if necessary,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>place wooden dryers</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>under the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>slightly elevated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>bundle. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 139-40</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 168-69, 185-86, 219-21, 239-44, 277-78, 290-92, 297-98</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 304-05</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he workers placed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the dryers</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>while standing on the ground</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by sliding them under the slightly elevated bundle</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 13</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-43, 185, 188-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">91</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 239-40</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">) </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Because</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the location of the bundle over the bed of the truck trailer, the workers passed behind the stationary forklift to place the dryers on either side of the bundle. </span>(Tr. 139-43, 185, 188-91,<span>
					</span>201-02,<span>
					</span>239-40).<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Thus, a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t no point did the placement of dryers cause either the dispatcher or the BLS driver<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to pass under either the forks of the forklift or the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">slightly elevated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>bundle</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the bed of the truck</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (</span>Tr. 139-43, 185, 188-95, 304-05<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). The dispatcher would then repeat this process for the remaining bundles of the order, distributing the bundles evenly over the bed of the truck. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 273-74</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Accident and Investigation</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The accident leading to the issuance of the Citation occurred on November 19, 2019, at 84 Lumber’s Store 1949. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stipulations ¶¶ 2, 6</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Tr. 81-83, 313</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). On that day, [redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, a driver for BLS,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pulled his truck into the loading<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">area and handed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, a dispatcher for 84 Lumber,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>paperwork regarding the order that was to be loaded onto [redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>semi-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">truck<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trailer.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stipulations ¶ 5;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 212-13, 216</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>started loading the truck bed by loading Bundles A and B</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which had been banded together as one load</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 217; Ex. C-2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>then loaded Bundle</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s A and B</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the passenger side of the truck bed, before loading Bundles C and D,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">together, on top of Bundles A and B. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 225-28; Ex. C-2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">While this was occurring</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, [redacted]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>waiting between the semi-truck and the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>truck’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>trailer.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">9</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (Tr. 223-24, 229; Ex. C-2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had loaded Bundles J and K behind Bundles A and B, [redacted] approached<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on his forklift and asked him if he could move Bundle D to the other side of the truck bed so that the “strap c[</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ould</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">] match up.” (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 229; Ex. C-2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At this point in time, [redacted] was standing in front of the front wheel of the trailer, where the cords attached it to the semi-truck.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">10</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 229; Ex. C-2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>obliged [redacted]’s request and loaded Bundle D onto his forklift.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">11</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 230</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). With Bundle D elevated on the forks of the forklift,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>began backing away from the trailer. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 230</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). When<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had backed up approximately two or three feet away from the trailer, [redacted], “[like] a jackrabbit ... out of nowhere</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ran underneath the forks of the forklift and the elevated Bundle D thereon and told<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to get another “bite” on the load. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 230, 253-54</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>told [redacted] at least three or four times to get out from underneath the elevated bundle. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 231, 249-51</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also honked his horn to warn [redacted] of the danger</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in which</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he had put himself by going underneath the elevated bundle. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 330</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). [redacted], however, did not move from underneath the forklift, but instead kept telling<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to back up the forklift. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 231-32</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did so</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>only because he was concentrated on moving the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">elevated load and abruptly stopping the forklift with the load still elevated could have caused the bundle or the forklift to topple. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">174-78,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">232, 247-48</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). After a matter<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of seconds,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">12</a></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Bundle D fell off the forklift onto [redacted] beneath, killing him. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stipulations ¶¶ 2, 4; Tr. 252</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Following Respondent’s report of [redacted]’s death, OSHA sent CSHO McGurk to investigate. (Tr. 313). CSHO McGurk arrived at Store 1949 the same day, inspected where the accident had occurred, and reviewed various documents produced by Respondent. (Tr. 313-14). </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">C.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Citation</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Following his investigation, CSHO McGurk concluded Respondent had allowed [redacted] to pass under the loaded forklift and thereby<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R § 1910.178(m)(2)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The CSHO’s conclusion was based on his inference that [redacted] and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had had a “conversation” in the process of moving Bundle D and that “it wasn’t a quick situation where [redacted] jumped in. It was more of an ongoing loading process that led to the accident.” (Tr. 315). He found there was an “extended amount of time” where either [redacted] or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could have removed themselves from the dangerous situation that had been created. (Tr. 321). The CSHO</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>belie</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ved</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent did not have a process in place to inspect or enforce its Work Rule prohibiting passing under raised forklifts. (Tr. 315). The CSHO further concluded Respondent’s standard operating procedure regularly placed employees in the position [redacted] was in when the load fell on top of him. (Tr. 320).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on the CSHO’s conclusions, Complainant issued the serious Citation to Respondent.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to the C</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SH</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">O, the following witnesses testified at trial:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Gary Leonard Murray III</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was the general manager for Store 1949 at the time of the accident</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, managing approximately 25 to 30 employees</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 76</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 160</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). He was the highest</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ranking employee at Store 1949 and, along with his co-manager Matt<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Kuzniar</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, was responsible for employee safety. (Tr. 83-84)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">driver of the forklift at the time the bundle fell onto [redacted]. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stipulations ¶ 5;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 205). He had been<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in that position since 2017. (Tr. 205). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Matthew Martindale</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the area manager for BLS’ West Houston location, which covered BLS’ activities at 84 Lumber’s Store 1949. (Tr. 272). He oversaw ten drivers, including [redacted]. (Tr. 272, 302). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Even though</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>he worked on the premises of Store 1949, he did not observe the accident leading to the issuance of the Citation. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">273, 285-86).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:24px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">V.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">
				</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Discussion</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Applicable Law</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">To establish a violation of a safety or health standard promulgated pursuant to section 5(a)(2) of the Act, Complainant must prove: (1) the cited standard applies; (2) the terms of the standard were violated; (3) employees were exposed to or had access to the violative condition; and (4) the employer knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, could have known of the violative condition.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atl. Battery Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 2131, 2138 (No. 90-1747, 1994).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Complainant must establish his case by preponderance of the evidence.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Hartford Roofing Co.</span>, 17 BNA OSHC 1361 (No. 92-3855, 1995).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>“Preponderance of the evidence” has been defined as:<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">The greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily established by the greater number of witnesses testifying to a fact but by evidence that has the most convincing force; superior evidentiary weight that, though not sufficient to free the mind wholly from all reasonable doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and impartial mind to one side of the issue rather than the other.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Preponderance of the Evidence</span>,<span>
					</span>B<span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">LACK’</span><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">S</span><span><span></span>
					</span>L<span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">AW</span><span><span></span>
					</span>D<span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">ICTIONARY</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(10th ed. 2014).</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 1 –<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Alleged Forklift Violation</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Complainant alleged a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(m)(2)<span><span></span>
					</span>as follows:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">29 CFR 1910.178(m)(2): Persons were allowed to stand or pass under the elevated portion of trucks, either loaded or empty.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">On or about November 19,<span>
					</span>2019<span><span></span>
					</span>employees were exposed to struck by hazards while working underneath the elevated portion of the [sic] a load that was being moved with a forklift.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The cited standard provides: “No person shall be allowed to stand or pass under the elevated portion of any truck, whether loaded or empty.”</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#212121; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Respondent has not contested, and the record supports, the cited standard applied to Respondent’s activities involving loading and unloading wood bundles while using a forklift on the date of the accident. The Court finds the cited standard applies. (Tr.<span>
					</span>344);<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(a)(1) (“This section contains safety requirements relating to ... use of fork trucks ...”).</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; color:#212121; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Was Not Violated</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(m)(2)<span><span></span>
					</span>prohibits a person from being “allowed” to stand or pass under the elevated portion of a truck. The regulation does not define the word “allowed”<span><span></span>
					</span>or “allow.” However, as the Commission recently<span>
					</span>held,<span>
					</span>“[Commission]<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_ms-rtethemefontface-1 style_ms-rtethemefontface-1 " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>precedent makes it clear that an undefined term’s meaning can be determined by consulting a contemporaneous dictionary.”</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_Emphasis style_Emphasis " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Roy Rock, LLC</span>, No. 18-0068, 2021 WL 3624785, at *2<span><span></span>
					</span>(O.S.H.R.C.,<span><span></span>
					</span>July 22,<span>
					</span>2021). Dictionaries<span>
					</span>contemporaneous<span><span></span>
					</span>to this regulation<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">13</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>define<span>
					</span>“allow”<span><span></span>
					</span>as<span>
					</span>“to give permission to or for; permit,”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">14</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>“to permit by neglect, oversight, or the like,”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">15</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>and “to permit by way of concession”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref16" href="#ftn16">16</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>or “by neglecting to restrain or prevent.”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref17" href="#ftn17">17</a></span> Thus, the definition of “allow” contemplates either explicit or implicit permission<span><span></span>
					</span>given for certain<span><span></span>
					</span>conduct.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref18" href="#ftn18">18</a></span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Likewise, in Texas where the accident occurred, an employer can be deemed to have authorized an employee’s conduct either explicitly or implicitly. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kennedy v. Am.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nat’l</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ins. Co.</span>, 107<span><span></span>
					</span>S.W.2d 364, 366 (Tex. 1937) (finding<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>an employer can be liable for torts committed by an employee acting within the scope of employment “if the servant's use of the automobile or other vehicle was authorized, either expressly or impliedly.”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mexico’s Indus., Inc. v. Banco Mexico<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Somex</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, S.N.C.</span>, 858 S.W.2d 577,<span>
					</span>583 (Tex. Ct. App. 1993) (finding that, in a principal-agent relationship, “actual authority includes both express and implied authority”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span>Restatement (Third) of Agency § 2.01<span><span></span>
					</span>cmt. b (defining “actual authority” to include “implied authority,” meaning, in relevant part “<span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to act in<span>
						</span></span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a manner in which</span><span style="background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an agent believes the principal wishes the agent to act based on the agent's reasonable interpretation of the principal's manifestation in light of the principal's objectives and other facts known to the agent.”).</span>
				</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Indeed, in<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Clements Paper</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Co.</span>,<span><span></span>
					</span>No. 419,<span>
					</span>1972 WL 4101, at *5<span>
					</span>(O.S.H.R.C.,<span><span></span>
					</span>June 26,<span>
					</span>1972),<span><span></span>
					</span>the Commission interpreted the regulation<span><span></span>
					</span>at issue in this case<span><span></span>
					</span>consistent with these dictionary definitions<span><span></span>
					</span>and agency law concepts<span><span></span>
					</span>as follows:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">It seems apparent that the connotation implied from<span>
					</span>this phrase<span><span></span>
					</span>is that the petitioner [Secretary] must prove that responded<span>
					</span>‘allowed’<span><span></span>
					</span>Sells to pass under the truck. Section 1910.178(m)(2) is not explicit as to what constitutes<span>
					</span>‘allowed’<span><span></span>
					</span>an employee to undertake a certain course of action. It seems axiomatic that the word<span>
					</span>‘allow’<span><span></span>
					</span>implies permission either implicit or explicit, given by the employer. The word permission in turn implies that the employer had knowledge of that act which he has given his permission to the employee to do so.”<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Thus,<span>
					</span>the Court finds<span>
					</span>to prove a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(m)(2),<span>
					</span>Complainant<span>
					</span>must prove Respondent either explicitly or implicitly permitted [redacted] to stand or pass under the forklift. Here,<span>
					</span>Complainant has proven neither.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">i.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Explicit Permission</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.905cm; ">As to explicit permission,<span>
					</span>Complainant has<span>
					</span>stipulated Respondent “<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">W</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ork<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ule in place at Store 1949 (the store implicated in this matter) that instructed and communicated to 84 Lumber employees to not let people work under the elevated loads or pass under the elevated loads of forklifts<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">...<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and “84 Lumber adequately communicated the Work Rule to its employees at Store 1949.” Additionally,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Martindale, [redacted]’s supervisor, acknowledged that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BLS trained</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to never work under a forklift’s forks or a suspended load thereon. (Tr. 302-03</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 305-06</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Further still, both Martindale and Murray both stated this Work Rule was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">common in the industry because of the obvious dangers posed by working under a suspended load on a forklift. (Tr. 148, 160-61, 302-04</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. R-5,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7 (“USE COMMON SENSE [when operating a forklift]: ... ALLOW NO ONE under or near lift mechanism or load.”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.905cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Against the weight of this evidence, Complainant makes no argument in his post-trial brief Respondent had given [redacted] explicit permission to stand under the elevated load on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">forklift. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, the record indicates<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>responded according to the Work Rule by yelling at the deceased to get out from under the elevated load<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and also</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>sounded his horn. These action</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>cannot be inte</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rpreted</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as Respondent providing explicit permission to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">under the elevated load. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, the Court finds Respondent did not give explicit permission</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for [redacted]’s conduct</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:120px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-style:italic; font-style:italic; padding-right:20px;">ii.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Implicit Permission</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.746cm; ">As to implicit permission, while adequate work rules, training, and employee experience can bear on whether<span>
					</span>implicit permission was granted<span><span></span>
					</span>for purposes of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(m)(2),<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref19" href="#ftn19">19</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>Complainant instead focuses on the practice of placing dryers under the elevated loads as evidence Respondent implicitly permitted employees to walk under elevated loads. (Complainant’s<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. 7-8). More<span>
					</span>specifically,<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Complainant<span><span></span>
					</span>argues Respondent allowed employees, including BLS employees, to approach elevated loads on forklifts to place dryers, which “required BLS employees to be in very close proximity or even under elevated loads.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at 7. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.746cm; ">However, the uncontroverted evidence adduced at trial demonstrated: (1) while 84 Lumber employees were loading bundles onto a truck, the policy at the time of the accident was that BLS drivers would wait in front of the bed of the truck, well out of the zone of danger for an active forklift (Tr.<span>
					</span>191-95, 223-24, 229, 277-78, 308);<span>
					</span>(2) dryers were only placed under an elevated load when it had been lowered to approximately 3 or 4 inches above the bed of the truck<span>
					</span>(Tr.<span>
					</span>134-35, 139-140, 146-47, 185-86, 219-221, 239-44, 277-78, 290-92, 297-98, 304-306); and<span>
					</span>(3) employees placed the dryers while standing on either side of the forklift, neither underneath nor on top of the elevated load. (Tr. 139-43, 185, 188-91, 201-02, 239-40). Thus, although Complainant’s argument that “[t]he manual process of placing dryers requires employees to approach elevated loads” is technically true, it fails to account for the fact that<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>loads were elevated only a few inches and were above a truck bed<span><span></span>
					</span>when the employees approached them, such that an employee would be physically unable to “stand or pass” under the loads. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant<span>
					</span>also argues<span>
					</span>Respondent failed<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>require dryers to be banded together when the bundles were being assembled, despite this being feasible, and thus perpetuated the need for employees to “manually place dryers in the [sic] direct proximity of elevated forklift loads.” (Complainant’s<span>
					</span>Br. 8). Again, while this statement is technically true, it ignores the reality of Respondent’s practice, which prohibited employees from approaching the load to place the dryers until it was suspended only a few inches above the bed of a truck. (Tr. 134-35, 139-140, 146-47, 185-86, 219-221, 223-24, 277-78, 290-92, 297-98, 304-06). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Finally,<span>
					</span>Complainant argues Respondent failed to designate a “muster area”<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref20" href="#ftn20">20</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span>for BLS drivers to wait while their trucks were being loaded, thus giving “BLS drivers little choice but to be involved in the loading [of] the trucks, placing dryers, or lingering in the proximately [sic] of the loading process.” (Complainant’s<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. 7). However, the evidence established BLS drivers waited between the front of the semi-truck and the truck’s trailer, well out of the 180-degree radius comprising the “zone of danger” of an active<span><span></span>
					</span>forklift. (Tr. 191-95, 223-24, 229, 277-78, 308). Only after the load on the forklift was above the bed of the truck and the forklift’s brake were activated would the BLS employees approach the trailer to place the dryers. (Tr. 134-35, 140,<span>
					</span>185). Respondent’s practice did not implicitly<span>
					</span>permit<span><span></span>
					</span>BLS employees to pass under a loaded forklift; in fact, it specifically avoided that practice.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Court therefore does not find<span>
					</span>Complainant has proven<span>
					</span>Respondent’s practice of manually placing dryers implicitly permitted its employees to stand or pass under elevated loads<span><span></span>
					</span>on forklifts. Complainant has not proffered any other theory<span>
					</span>for how Respondent implicitly permitted [redacted]’s actions on the date of the accident.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref21" href="#ftn21">21</a></span> Accordingly, the Court finds the standard was not violated.</p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">VI.</span><span><span></span>
				</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Conclusion</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:.635cm; ">Complainant has failed to establish Respondent violated the cited standard, and thus failed to make out an essential element of his case. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atl. Battery Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC at 2138. Accordingly, the Citation<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>vacated. In light of<span><span></span>
					</span>this, the Court need not address the remaining elements of Complainant’s prima facie case.<span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref22" href="#ftn22">22</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, is it ORDERED that<span><span></span>
					</span>Citation 1, Item 1 is VACATED.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">SO<span><span></span>
					</span>ORDERED.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:20pt; font-family:Brush Script MT; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-family:Brush Script MT; font-size:20pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/ Patrick B. Augustine</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span>Patrick B. Augustine</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First<span>
					</span>Judge – OSHRC</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">Date:<span><span></span>
					</span>December 13, 2021</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">Denver, CO</p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; ">
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">1 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>In addition to the seven stipulations laid out in the parties’ post-trial<span><span></span>
					</span>briefs,<span>
					</span>Complainant<span><span></span>
					</span>agreed to two further stipulations at<span>
					</span>trial, represented in paragraphs 8 and 9. (Tr. 269-70). Complainant<span>
					</span>has not set forth any alternative wording to encompass these stipulations. (Complainant’s<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. 3-4).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Because<span>
					</span>Respondent’s wording<span><span></span>
					</span>of these stipulations<span><span></span>
					</span>as laid out in its brief<span><span></span>
					</span>is<span><span></span>
					</span>consistent with the<span>
					</span>trial<span><span></span>
					</span>record, the Court accepts<span><span></span>
					</span>the stipulations<span><span></span>
					</span>in full. (Tr. 269-70;<span>
					</span>Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. 3-4). Respondent further conceded it was a “controlling employer” for purposes of liability under the multi-employer worksite doctrine (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">see<span>
						</span></span>note<span>
					</span>, infra), which stipulation is represented by<span>
					</span>paragraph 10.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">2 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Respondent introduced a good deal of evidence on the issue of employee training and devotes a substantial portion of its post-trial brief to the issue. In light of<span><span></span>
					</span>Stipulations 8 and 9, as well as the fact Complainant has apparently abandoned its theory premised on Respondent’s failure to enforce its Work Rule, the Court does not find significant discussion of this evidence to be warranted. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">PSP<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Monotech</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Indus.</span>, 22 BNA OSHC 1303, 1306 (No. 06-1201, 2008) (discussing employee<span><span></span>
					</span>evidence of<span><span></span>
					</span>training in determining whether a work rule was adequately communicated);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">G</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">ary Concrete Prods, Inc.</span>, 15<span><span></span>
					</span>BNA OSHC 1051,<span><span></span>
					</span>1055-56<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 86-1087, 1991)<span><span></span>
					</span>(discussing<span><span></span>
					</span>evidence of<span><span></span>
					</span>training in determining whether employer had a work rule in place).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">3 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The Fifth Circuit, where this case arose, has adopted<span>
					</span>Complainant’s<span>
					</span>construction of the Act as imposing a duty on an employer at a multi-employer worksite to ensure the safety of non-employees in certain situations. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See Acosta v. Hensel Phelps Constr. Co.</span>, 909 F.3d 723 (5th Cir. 2018);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Kerns Bros. Tree Serv.</span>, 18 BNA OSHC 2064, 2067 (No. 96- 1719, 2000) (“Where it is highly probable that a case will be appealed to a particular circuit, the Commission generally has applied the precedent of that circuit in deciding the case— even though it may differ from the Commission’s precedent.”)<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>More specifically, a<span>
					</span>“controlling employer” of a multi-employer<span>
					</span>worksite i.e., an employer with “general supervisory authority over the worksite, including the power to correct safety and health violations itself or require others to correct them,” has a duty to protect more than its own employees working at the site. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See Hensel Phelps</span>, 909 F.3d at 729.<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>As is relevant here,<span>
					</span>the Fifth Circuit in<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Hensel Phelps</span><span><span></span>
					</span>held:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; ">In a place of employment like a construction worksite, populated by subcontractors, sub-subcontractors, and their employees performing various (and often overlapping) tasks, only the general contractor maintains supervisory authority over—and has access to—the entire space. If a general contractor enjoys the benefits of project supervision, it follows that he should also bear the burdens, by being held to comply—and to direct its subcontractors to comply—with the Act’s safety standards. <span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Hensel Phelps</span>, 909 F.3d at 735.<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">4 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>As described at<span><span></span>
					</span>trial, dryers are<span>
					</span>pieces<span><span></span>
					</span>of wood, typically a half-inch to two inches thick<span><span></span>
					</span>and four feet long, that<span>
					</span>are<span><span></span>
					</span>placed under a bundle of lumber to make it easier to insert the forks of the forklift under the bundle. (Tr. 115-16,<span><span></span>
					</span>140,<span><span></span>
					</span>207-08, 286-87; Ex. C-2). At Store 1949, some bundles would have dryers already attached to the bundle, either<span><span></span>
					</span>from the 84 Lumber builder when the bundle was assembled or else<span>
					</span>“banded”<span><span></span>
					</span>by the manufacturer in a prefabricated bundle.<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 118-19, 130-31,<span>
					</span>133-34,<span>
					</span>216-19, 278-81; Ex. C-2).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">5 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Indeed, given that the bundles were elevated only four inches above the bed of the truck, it is hard to conceive as to how an employee would pass under<span>
					</span>such a<span><span></span>
					</span>bundle.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">6 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The truck [redacted] was driving on the date of the accident was a semi-truck pulling a 45-foot flatbed trailer. (Tr. 276; Ex. C-1).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">7 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>At trial, notations were made on Exhibit<span>
					</span>C-2 signifying the different bundles of wood that comprised the order being loaded onto [redacted]’s truck<span><span></span>
					</span>on the date of the accident.<span><span></span>
					</span>(Tr. 112-15). Because<span><span></span>
					</span>all of<span><span></span>
					</span>the witnesses’ testimonies referred to these notations in describing the events leading to the accident, the Court will likewise refer to the different bundles by the notations made at trial.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">8 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>As depicted in Exhibit C-2, the Bundles marked D, E, F, and G split when they fell off the forklift, but had been banded together as a single bundle at the time<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>was loading the truck. (Tr. 117). The Court refers to these collectively as “Bundle D” to represent the events leading up to the accident.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">9 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>[Redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>stated [redacted] was between the wheelbases of the tractor and the trailer by the “Douglas County” wrapping on the left side of the photograph in Ex. C-2. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See also<span>
						</span></span>Exs. C-3 & 4 (photographs of the semi-truck and trailer post-accident taken from different angles).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">10 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>The Court notes that this was outside of the “danger zone” of the moving forklift, which was anywhere within 180 degrees of an elevated or moving load. (Tr. 191-95).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">11 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Complainant attempted to impeach<span>
					</span>[redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>with deposition testimony seemingly indicating he had not yet loaded Bundle D when [redacted] ran under the forklift. (Tr. 255-57). The Court credits<span>
					</span>[redacted]’s account at trial the Bundle had been loaded onto the forklift by the time [redacted] ran under it. The Court finds the proceeding events, which occurred over a matter of seconds, could not have occurred as they did without the bundle having already been on the forklift at the time [redacted] ran under it. Moreover, the Court was able to observe<span>
					</span>[redacted]’s demeanor at trial and found him to be a forthright and credible witness.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">12 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>[Redacted]<span><span></span>
					</span>was not able to articulate an exact timeframe for the events leading up to the accident,<span>
					</span>instead<span>
					</span>stating it happened “so fast” and “too<span>
					</span>quick” (Tr. 248, 252). However, in response to a clarifying question from the Court, he indicated that by “too quick” he meant “Just seconds. It just happened – [snaps fingers] – like that.” (Tr. 252). The Court credits this account, especially<span>
					</span>in light of<span><span></span>
					</span>the fact<span>
					</span>Complainant<span>
					</span>has failed to offer any<span><span></span>
					</span>alternative view of the facts,<span>
					</span>even when<span><span></span>
					</span>directed<span>
					</span>to do so<span>
					</span>by the Court. (Tr. 342-44).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">13 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(m)(2) was<span><span></span>
					</span>first promulgated in 1972, and the language has not changed since that time. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Compare<span>
						</span></span>Part 1910 – Occupational Safety<span>
					</span>and Health Standards, 37 Fed. Reg. 22,102, 22,257 (Oct. 18, 1972),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">with<span>
						</span></span>29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(m)(2). Thus, the Court has consulted dictionaries contemporaneous with the original promulgation of the standard. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See Roy Rock</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">, LLC</span>,<span>
					</span><span style="color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">2021 WL 3624785</span><span><span></span>
					</span>at *3 (consulting a 1986 dictionary for a regulation promulgated in 1988).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">14 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Allow</span>,<span>
					</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Random House Dictionary of the English Language</span><span><span></span>
					</span>40 (1971) (definition 1).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">15 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(definition 3).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn16" href="#ftnref16"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">16 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Allow</span>,<span>
					</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary</span><span><span></span>
					</span>58 (1971) (definition 4a).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn17" href="#ftnref17"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">17 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(definition 4b).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn18" href="#ftnref18"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">18 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Indeed, in the commentary to the definition of “allow” in the<span>
					</span>Random House<span>
					</span>dictionary<span><span></span>
					</span>consulted by the Court, it is noted that “allow” and its synonyms “let” and “permit”<span><span></span>
					</span>all “imply granting or conceding the right of someone to do something.”<span>
					</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">Random House Dictionary<span>
						</span></span>at<span>
					</span><span style="font-variant:small-caps; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">40.</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn19" href="#ftnref19"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">19 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See Clements Paper Co.</span>, 1972 WL 4101, at *7 (discussing employee’s experience and safety measures instituted by employer in determining there was no implicit permission for the employee to pass under a roll lift). Due to the Stipulations<span><span></span>
					</span>that Respondent had<span><span></span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>Work<span>
					</span>Rule which prohibited employees from passing or walking under elevated loads and the<span>
					</span>Work Rule was adequately communicated to the employees as well as BLS employees having been trained on the same rule, no further discussion is needed as to whether implicit authorization was provided<span><span></span>
					</span>on these bases.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Stipulations<span>
					</span>¶¶<span>
					</span>8,<span><span></span>
					</span>9.<span>
					</span>Finally, no party has questioned the experience of<span>
					</span>[redacted],<span><span></span>
					</span>who had been a forklift driver since 2017,<span><span></span>
					</span>at Respondent’s work location. (Tr. 205).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn20" href="#ftnref20"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">20 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Martindale indicated that, following the accident in this case, BLS drivers must now stand in a designated “muster area” near a fire hydrant and further from the loading area while 84 Lumber employees load<span>
					</span>BLS’<span><span></span>
					</span>trucks. (Tr. 307-09).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn21" href="#ftnref21"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">21 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Despite the Court’s<span>
					</span>order<span><span></span>
					</span>for the parties to do so (Tr. 345-47), Complainant has not briefed the issue of the timing of the events leading to the accident, whether<span>
					</span>[redacted]’s actions during this time could be considered implicit permission of [redacted]’s actions, or whether<span>
					</span>[redacted], as a forklift operator with no supervisory authority over [redacted], could even consent to [redacted]’s actions on behalf of Respondent. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. 20-22 (discussing these issues). The Court therefore considers any reliance on these issues as a basis for a finding of implicit permission to have been abandoned by Complainant. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.</span>,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Castro v. McCord</span>, 259 F.<span>
					</span>App’x<span><span></span>
					</span>664, 665-66 (5th Cir. 2007) (unpublished);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Ryder Transp. Servs.</span>, 24 BNA OSHC 2061, 2063 n.4 (No. 10-0551, 2014);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">Altor, Inc.</span>, 23 BNA OSHC 1458, 1460 n.3 (No. 99-0958, 2011),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span>, 498 F.<span>
					</span>App’x<span><span></span>
					</span>145 (3d Cir. 2012) (unpublished).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn22" href="#ftnref22"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; ">22 </span></a><span><span></span>
					</span>Likewise,<span>
					</span>the Court need not address Respondent’s arguments regarding employer knowledge or the classification of the violation. (Resp’t<span><span></span>
					</span>Br. 23-29).</p>
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