exhibit_4-4.htm




 


EXHIBIT 4.4




NEITHER THIS WARRANT NOR THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE OF THIS WARRANT HAVE BEEN REGISTERED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR QUALIFIED UNDER THE LAWS OF ANY STATE IN RELIANCE UPON AN EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED (THE “SECURITIES ACT”), AND, ACCORDINGLY, MAY NOT BE OFFERED OR SOLD EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OR PURSUANT TO AN AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM, OR IN A TRANSACTION NOT SUBJECT TO, THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT AND IN ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS AS SUPPORTED BY A LEGAL OPINION OF COUNSEL TO THE TRANSFEROR TO SUCH EFFECT, THE SUBSTANCE OF WHICH SHALL BE REASONABLY ACCEPTABLE TO THE COMPANY.  THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE UPON EXERCISE OF THIS WARRANT MAY BE PLEDGED IN CONNECTION WITH A BONA FIDE MARGIN ACCOUNT OR OTHER LOAN OR FINANCING ARRANGEMENT SECURED BY SUCH SECURITIES.


 







 


HYTHIAM, INC.


 


WARRANT


 


Warrant No. 2


Date of Original Issuance: October 19, 2010


 


Hythiam, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company”), hereby certifies that, for value received, Esousa Holdings, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, or its registered assigns (the “Holder”), is entitled to purchase from the Company up to a total of that number of shares of common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”), of the Company (each such share, a “Warrant Share” and all such shares, the “Warrant Shares”) as is determined by dividing $250,000.00 by $0.04 (as adjusted from time to time as provided in Section 9, the “Coverage Value”), at an exercise price equal to $0.04 per share (as adjusted from time to time as provided in Section 9, the “Exercise Price”), at any time and from time to time from and after the date that the Company’s stockholders authorize and approve a reverse stock split or the amendment of the Company’s certificate of incorporation to authorize additional shares of Common Stock and through and including the five-year anniversary of such date (the “Expiration Date”), and subject to the following terms and conditions:


 


1. Definitions.  In addition to the terms defined elsewhere in this Warrant, capitalized terms that are not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Securities Purchase Agreement of even date herewith to which the Company and the original Holder are parties (the “Purchase Agreement”).


 




  





1











  








2. Registration of Warrant.  The Company shall register this Warrant, upon records to be maintained by the Company for that purpose (the “Warrant Register”), in the name of the record Holder hereof from time to time.  The Company may deem and treat the registered Holder of this Warrant as the absolute owner hereof for the purpose of any exercise hereof or any distribution to the Holder, and for all other purposes, absent actual notice to the contrary.


 


3. Registration of Transfers.  The Company shall register the transfer of any portion of this Warrant in the Warrant Register, upon surrender of this Warrant, with the Form of Assignment attached hereto duly completed and signed, to the Company at its address specified herein.  Upon any such registration or transfer, a new Warrant to purchase Common Stock, in substantially the form of this Warrant (any such new Warrant, a “New Warrant”), evidencing the portion of this Warrant so transferred shall be issued to the transferee and a New Warrant evidencing the remaining portion of this Warrant not so transferred, if any, shall be issued to the transferring Holder. The acceptance of the New Warrant by the transferee thereof shall be deemed the acceptance by such transferee of all of the rights and obligations of a holder of a Warrant.


 


4. Exercise and Duration of Warrants.  This Warrant shall be exercisable by the registered Holder at any time and from time to time on or after the date hereof to and including the Expiration Date.  At 5:00 p.m., New York City time on the Expiration Date, the fair market value of that portion of this Warrant not exercised prior thereto shall automatically be deemed exercised pursuant to Cashless Exercise.


 


5. Delivery of Warrant Shares.


 


(a) To effect exercises hereunder, the Holder shall not be required to physically surrender this Warrant unless the aggregate Warrant Shares represented by this Warrant is being exercised.  Upon delivery of the Exercise Notice to the Company at its address for notice set forth herein and upon payment of the Exercise Price multiplied by the number of Warrant Shares that the Holder intends to purchase hereunder, the Company shall promptly issue and deliver to the Holder, a certificate for the Warrant Shares issuable upon such exercise, which, unless otherwise required by the Purchase Agreement or applicable law, shall be free of restrictive legends.  A “Date of Exercise” means the date on which the Holder shall have delivered to Company: (i) the Exercise Notice, appropriately completed and duly signed and (ii) if such Holder is not utilizing the cashless exercise provisions set forth in this Warrant, payment of the Exercise Price for the number of Warrant Shares so indicated by the Holder to be purchased.


 


(b) The Company’s obligations to issue and deliver Warrant Shares in accordance with the terms hereof are absolute and unconditional, irrespective of any action or inaction by the Holder to enforce the same.  Nothing herein shall limit a Holder’s right to pursue any other remedies available to it hereunder, at law or in equity including, without limitation, a decree of specific performance and/or injunctive relief with respect to the Company’s failure to timely deliver certificates representing shares of Common Stock upon exercise of the Warrant  as required pursuant to the terms hereof, and the Company shall pay all of the Holder’s costs, expenses and fees in connection therewith, include attorneys’ fees.


 






  





2











  








6. Charges, Taxes and Expenses.  Issuance and delivery of certificates for shares of Common Stock upon exercise of this Warrant shall be made without charge to the Holder for any issue or transfer tax, withholding tax, transfer agent fee or other incidental tax or expense in respect of the issuance of such certificates, all of which taxes and expenses shall be paid by the Company.  The Holder shall be responsible for its income tax liability that may arise as a result of holding or transferring this Warrant or receiving Warrant Shares upon exercise hereof.


 


7. Replacement of Warrant.  If this Warrant is mutilated, lost, stolen or destroyed, the Company shall issue or cause to be issued in exchange and substitution for and upon cancellation hereof, or in lieu of and substitution for this Warrant, a New Warrant, but only upon receipt of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the Company of such loss, theft or destruction.  All costs associated with the issuance of any New Warrant shall be the sole responsibility of the Company.  If a New Warrant is requested as a result of a mutilation of this Warrant, then the Holder shall deliver such mutilated Warrant to the Company as a condition precedent to the Company’s obligation to issue the New Warrant.


 


8. Reservation of Warrant Shares.  The Company shall comply with the Warrant Share reservation requirements of Section 5.11 of the Purchase Agreement.  The Company covenants that all Warrant Shares shall, upon issuance and the payment of the applicable Exercise Price in accordance with the terms hereof, be duly and validly authorized, issued and fully paid and nonassessable.


 


9. Certain Adjustments.  The Exercise Price and number of Warrant Shares issuable upon exercise of this Warrant are subject to adjustment from time to time as set forth in this Section 9.


 


(a) Stock Dividends and Splits.  If the Company, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (i) pays a stock dividend on its Common Stock or otherwise makes a distribution on any class of capital stock that is payable in shares of Common Stock, (ii) subdivides outstanding shares of Common Stock into a larger number of shares, or (iii) combines outstanding shares of Common Stock into a smaller number of shares, then in each such case the Exercise Price shall be multiplied by a fraction of which the numerator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately before such event and of which the denominator shall be the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding immediately after such event.  Any adjustment made pursuant to clause (i) of this paragraph shall become effective immediately after the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to receive such dividend or distribution, and any adjustment pursuant to clause (ii) or (iii) of this paragraph shall become effective immediately after the effective date of such subdivision or combination. If any event requiring an adjustment under this paragraph occurs during the period that an Exercise Price is calculated hereunder, then the calculation of such Exercise Price shall be adjusted appropriately to reflect such event.


 


(b) Fundamental Transactions.  If, at any time while this Warrant is outstanding, (1) the Company effects any merger or consolidation of the Company with or into another Person, (2) the Company effects any sale of all or substantially all of its assets in one or a series of related transactions, or (3) the Company effects any reclassification of the Common Stock or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which the Common Stock is effectively


 






  





3











  








converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property (in any such case, a “Fundamental Transaction”), then the Holder shall have the right thereafter to receive, upon exercise of this Warrant, the same amount and kind of securities, cash or property as it would have been entitled to receive upon the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction if it had been, immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction, the holder of the number of Warrant Shares then issuable upon exercise in full of this Warrant (the “Alternate Consideration”).  For purposes of any such exercise, the determination of the Exercise Price shall be appropriately adjusted to apply to such Alternate Consideration based on the amount of Alternate Consideration issuable in respect of one share of Common Stock in such Fundamental Transaction, and the Company shall apportion the Exercise Price among the Alternate Consideration in a reasonable manner reflecting the relative value of any different components of the Alternate Consideration.  If holders of Common Stock are given any choice as to the securities, cash or property to be received in a Fundamental Transaction, then the Holder shall be given the same choice as to the Alternate Consideration it receives upon any exercise of this Warrant following such Fundamental Transaction.  The terms of any agreement pursuant to which a Fundamental Transaction is effected shall include terms requiring any such successor or surviving entity to comply with the provisions of this paragraph (b) and insuring that the Warrant (or any such replacement security) will be similarly adjusted upon any subsequent transaction analogous to a Fundamental Transaction.







(c) Certain Diluting Issuances.  (i)  If the Company shall, at any time or from time to time, issue or distribute any shares of Common Stock, or be deemed to have issued any shares of Common Stock as provided herein, including any shares of Common Stock issued through the conversion of any options, rights, or other instruments that results in the issuance or distribution of Common Stock (including all director, officer, employee and similar options),   but other than Excluded Stock (as defined in Section 9(c)(iv) below) (each such event, including any event described in paragraphs (ii)(C) and (ii)(D) below, being herein called a “Common Stock Distribution”), without consideration or for a consideration per share less than the Exercise Price on the date of such Common Stock Distribution or on the first date of the announcement of such Common Stock Distribution, whichever is less (the “New Issuance Price”), then, effective immediately after the open of business on the day following such Common Stock Distribution, the Exercise Price as in effect immediately prior to such Common Stock Distribution shall be reduced to an amount equal to the New Issuance Price.


 


The provisions of subsections (C) or (D) of paragraph (ii) below, shall not operate to adjust in any manner the number of shares of Common Stock subject to purchase upon exercise of this Warrant.  Notwithstanding any other provision, the provisions of this Section 9 shall not result in an increase in the Coverage Value or Exercise Price.


 


(ii) For the purposes of any adjustment of the Exercise Price pursuant to paragraph (i) above, the following provisions shall be applicable:


 



	
(A)  

	
In the case of the issuance, sale or distribution of Common Stock for cash in a public offering or private placement, the consideration received therefor shall be deemed to be the amount received by the Company therefor before deducting therefrom any discounts,







 






  





4











  








commissions or placement fees payable by the Company to any underwriter or placement agent in connection therewith;








	
(B)  

	
In the case of the issuance of Common Stock for a consideration in whole or in part other than cash, the consideration other than cash received by the Company shall be deemed to be the fair market value of such consideration;







 



	
(C)  

	
In the case of the issuance, sale, distribution or granting (whether directly or by assumption in a merger or otherwise) of any rights to subscribe for or to purchase, or any warrants or options for the purchase of, Common Stock or any stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock (such rights, warrants or options being herein called “Options” and such convertible or exchangeable stock or securities being herein called “Convertible Securities”), whether or not such Options or the rights to convert or exchange any such Convertible Securities are immediately exercisable, then, for purposes of paragraph (i) above, the aggregate maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of such Options or upon conversion or exchange of such Convertible Securities and subsequent conversion or exchange thereof shall be deemed to have been issued as of the date of issuance of such Options, Convertible Securities or rights and thereafter shall be deemed to be outstanding; and the Company shall be deemed to have received as consideration the amount equal to the consideration, if any, received by the Company upon the issuance of such Options, Convertible Securities or rights plus the minimum additional consideration, if any, to be received by the Company upon the conversion or exchange of such Convertible Securities or the exercise of Options or rights (such consideration in each case to be determined in the manner provided in Sections 9(c)(ii)(A) and 9(c)(ii)(B));







 



	
(D)  

	
If the purchase price provided for in any Option, the additional consideration, if any, payable upon the conversion or exchange of any Convertible Securities, or the rate at which any Convertible Securities are convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock shall change at any time (other than under or by reason of provisions designed to protect against, and having the effect of protecting against, dilution upon an event which results in a related adjustment pursuant to this Section 9), then, the Exercise Price shall be readjusted (retroactively, if applicable) to the Exercise Price which would then be in effect had the adjustment made upon the issue, sale, distribution or grant of such Options or Convertible Securities been made based upon such changed purchase price, additional consideration or conversion rate, as the case may be;







 






  





5











  









	
(E)  

	
In the case of the issuance, sale, distribution or granting of any Options as part of a unit consisting of Options and Common Stock and/or Convertible Securities, then for purposes of calculating any adjustment pursuant to this Section 9, no value shall be attributed to such Options in allocating the price paid for the unit among the securities comprising such unit;







 



	
(F)  

	
Upon the expiration of any such Options or the termination of any rights, Convertible Securities or exchangeable securities, the applicable Exercise Price shall forthwith be readjusted to such Exercise Price as would have been in effect at the time of such expiration or termination had such Options, rights, Convertible Securities or exchangeable securities, to the extent outstanding immediately prior to such expiration or termination, never been issued;







 



	
(G)  

	
In the case of a Qualified Financing, the Coverage Value and the Exercise Price shall be automatically adjusted to the lowest price per share of Common Stock into which any security is convertible in such Qualified Financing.







 


(iii) Upon the occurrence of any Event of Default under any Note issued pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, Coverage Value and the Exercise Price shall be automatically adjusted to twenty-five percent (25%) of the closing bid price of the Common Stock on the Principal Market (each as defined in the Note) on October 15, 2010.


 


(iv) For purposes of determining whether any adjustment is required pursuant to this Section 9(c), any security of the Company having rights substantially equivalent to the Common Stock as to dividends or upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company shall be treated as if such security were Common Stock.  No further adjustment of the Exercise Price adjusted upon the issuance of any such options, rights, convertible securities or exchangeable securities shall be made as a result of the actual issuance of Common Stock on the exercise of any such rights or Options or any conversion or exchange of any such securities.


 


(v) “Excluded Stock” shall mean (A) shares of Common Stock issued (or issuable upon exercise of rights, options or warrants outstanding from time to time) granted or issued to officers, directors or employees of, or consultants to, the Company pursuant to a stock grant, stock option plan, employee stock purchase plan, restricted stock plan or other similar plan, in each case as approved by the Company’s Board of Directors, (B) shares of Common Stock issued (or issuable upon exercise of rights, options or warrants outstanding from time to time) granted or issued to financial institutions, equipment lessors, brokers or similar persons in connection with commercial credit arrangements, equipment financings, commercial property lease transactions or similar transactions, (C) securities issued in connection with a strategic alliance, acquisition or similar transaction, (D) shares of Common Stock issued (or issuable upon


 






  





6











  








exercise of rights, options or warrants outstanding from time to time) for bona fide services; or (E) shares issued or issuable as a result of any stock split, combination, dividend, distribution, reclassification, exchange or substitution.







(d) Number of Warrant Shares.  Simultaneously with any adjustment to the Exercise Price pursuant to paragraph (a) of this Section, the number of Warrant Shares that may be purchased upon exercise of this Warrant shall be increased or decreased proportionately, so that after such adjustment the aggregate Exercise Price payable hereunder for the adjusted number of Warrant Shares shall be the same as the aggregate Exercise Price in effect immediately prior to such adjustment.


 


(e) Calculations.  All calculations under this Section 9 shall be made to the nearest cent or the nearest 1/100th of a share, as applicable.  The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding at any given time shall not include shares owned or held by or for the account of the Company, and the disposition of any such shares shall be considered an issue or sale of Common Stock.


 


(f) Notice of Corporate Events.  If the Company (i) declares a dividend or any other distribution of cash, securities or other property in respect of its Common Stock, including without limitation any granting of rights or warrants to subscribe for or purchase any capital stock of the Company or any subsidiary, (ii) authorizes or approves, enters into any agreement contemplating or solicits stockholder approval for any Fundamental Transaction or (iii) authorizes the voluntary dissolution, liquidation or winding up of the affairs of the Company, then the Company shall deliver to the Holder a notice describing the material terms and conditions of such transaction, at least 20 calendar days prior to the applicable record or effective date on which a Person would need to hold Common Stock in order to participate in or vote with respect to such transaction, and the Company will take all steps reasonably necessary in order to insure that the Holder is given the practical opportunity to exercise this Warrant prior to such time so as to participate in or vote with respect to such transaction; provided, however, that the failure to deliver such notice or any defect therein shall not affect the validity of the corporate action required to be described in such notice.


 


10. Payment of Exercise Price. The Holder may pay the Exercise Price in one of the following manners:


 


(a) Cash Exercise.  The Holder may deliver immediately available funds; or


 


(b) Cashless Exercise.  The Holder may notify the Company in an Exercise Notice of its election to utilize cashless exercise, in which event the Company shall issue to the Holder the number of Warrant Shares determined as follows:


 


X = Y [(A-B)/A]


 


where:


 


X = the number of Warrant Shares to be issued to the Holder.


 






  





7











  








Y = the number of Warrant Shares with respect to which this Warrant is being exercised.


 


A = the average of the closing prices for the five Trading Days immediately prior to (but not including) the Date of Exercise.


 


B = the Exercise Price.


 


For purposes of Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, it is intended, understood and acknowledged that the Warrant Shares issued in a cashless exercise transaction shall be deemed to have been acquired by the Holder, and the holding period for the Warrant Shares shall be deemed to have commenced, on the date this Warrant was originally issued, subject to any change of law after the date hereof.


 


11. No Fractional Shares.  No fractional shares of Warrant Shares will be issued in connection with any exercise of this Warrant.  In lieu of any fractional shares which would, otherwise be issuable, the Company shall pay cash equal to the product of such fraction multiplied by the closing price of one Warrant Share as reported by the Trading Market on the Date of Exercise.


 


12. Notices.  Any and all notices or other communications or deliveries hereunder (including, without limitation, any Exercise Notice) shall be in writing and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (i) the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section, or via electronic mail, prior to 6:30 p.m. (New York City time) on a Trading Day and an electronic confirmation of delivery is received by the sender, (ii) the next Trading Day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile number specified in this Section on a day that is not a Trading Day or later than 6:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (iii) the Trading Day following the date of mailing, if sent by nationally recognized overnight courier service, or (iv) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is required to be given.


 


13. Warrant Agent.  The Company shall serve as warrant agent under this Warrant.  Upon 30 days' notice to the Holder, the Company may appoint a new warrant agent.  Any corporation into which the Company or any new warrant agent may be merged or any corporation resulting from any consolidation to which the Company or any new warrant agent shall be a party or any corporation to which the Company or any new warrant agent transfers substantially all of its corporate trust or shareholders services business shall be a successor warrant agent under this Warrant without any further act.  Any such successor warrant agent shall promptly cause notice of its succession as warrant agent to be mailed (by first class mail, postage prepaid) to the Holder at the Holder's last address as shown on the Warrant Register.


 


14. Non-Circumvention.  The Company hereby covenants and agrees that the Company will not, by amendment of its Certificate of Incorporation, Bylaws or through any reorganization, transfer of assets, consolidation, merger, scheme of arrangement, dissolution, issue or sale of securities, or any other voluntary action, avoid or seek to avoid the observance or performance of any of the terms of this Warrant, and will at all times in good faith carry out all


 






  





8











  








the provisions of this Warrant and take all action as may be required to protect the rights of the Holder. Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, the Company (i) shall not increase the par value of any shares of Common Stock receivable upon the exercise of this Warrant above the Exercise Price then in effect, (ii) shall take all such actions as may be necessary or appropriate in order that the Company may validly and legally issue fully paid and nonassessable shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of this Warrant, and (iii) shall, so long as any portion of this Warrant is outstanding, take all action necessary to comply with the Warrant share reservation requirements of Section 5.11 of the Purchase Agreement (without regard to any limitations on exercise).







15. Miscellaneous.


 


(a) This Warrant shall be binding on and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and assigns.  Subject to the preceding sentence, nothing in this Warrant shall be construed to give to any Person other than the Company and the Holder any legal or equitable right, remedy or cause of action under this Warrant.  This Warrant may be amended only in writing signed by the Company and the Holder and their successors and assigns.


 


(b) All questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Warrant shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of conflicts of law thereof.


 


(c) The headings herein are for convenience only, do not constitute a part of this Warrant and shall not be deemed to limit or affect any of the provisions hereof.


 


(d) In case any one or more of the provisions of this Warrant shall be invalid or unenforceable in any respect, the validity and enforceability of the remaining terms and provisions of this Warrant shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby and the parties will attempt in good faith to agree upon a valid and enforceable provision which shall be a commercially reasonable substitute therefor, and upon so agreeing, shall incorporate such substitute provision in this Warrant.


 


IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this Warrant to be duly executed by its authorized officer as of the date first indicated above.


 


HYTHIAM, INC.


 








	
By:

	
/s/ PETER DONATO

	  
	  	
Peter Donato

	  
	  	
Chief Financial Officer

	  










 






  





9











  








HYTHIAM, INC.


 


WARRANT ORIGINALLY ISSUED October 19, 2010


 


WARRANT NO. 2


 


EXERCISE NOTICE


 


To Hythiam, Inc.:


 


The undersigned hereby irrevocably elects to purchase  _____________ shares of Common Stock pursuant to the attached Warrant.


 


The Holder intends that payment of the Exercise Price shall be made as:


 


______ a Cash Exercise with respect to _________________ Warrant Shares; and/or







______ a Cashless Exercise with respect to _________________ Warrant Shares.







 


If such Holder is not utilizing the Cashless Exercise provisions set forth in the Warrant, the Holder encloses herewith $________ in cash, certified or official bank check or checks or other immediately available funds, which sum represents the aggregate Exercise Price (as defined in the Warrant) for such Warrant Shares, together with any applicable taxes payable by the undersigned pursuant to the Warrant.


 


The undersigned requests that certificates for the shares of Common Stock issuable upon this exercise be issued in the name of


 


 


PLEASE INSERT SOCIAL SECURITY OR


 


 


TAX IDENTIFICATION NUMBER


 


(Please print name and address)







 


Confirmed:


 



	
 

	
HYTHIAM, INC.


	
 

	
 


	
 

	
By:     ___________________________________

	  
	  	
     Name:


	
 

	
     Title:


 







Date:






  





10











  








HYTHIAM, INC.


WARRANT ORIGINALLY ISSUED OCTOBER 19, 2010


WARRANT NO. 2


 


FORM OF ASSIGNMENT


 


[To be completed and signed only upon transfer of Warrant]


 


FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the undersigned hereby sells, assigns and transfers unto ________________________________ the right represented by the above-captioned Warrant to purchase  ____________ shares of Common Stock to which such Warrant relates and appoints ________________ attorney to transfer said right on the books of the Company with full power of substitution in the premises.


 


Dated:           _______________, ____


 


 


_______________________________________


 


 


(Signature must conform in all respects to name of holder as specified on the face of the Warrant)


 


 


_______________________________________


 


 


Address of Transferee


 


 


_______________________________________


 


 







 


 


_______________________________________


 


In the presence of:


 


 


__________________________