United States of America

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

1120 20th Street, N.W., Ninth Floor 

Washington, DC 20036-3457 

SECRETARY OF LABOR,

Complainant, 

v. OSHRC Docket No. 10-1372 

BRIONES UTILITY COMPANY, 

Respondent. 

ON BRIEFS:

Allison Graham Kramer, Attorney; Heather R. Phillips, Counsel for Appellate Litigation; 

Joseph M. Woodward, Associate Solicitor of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health; 

M. Patricia Smith, Solicitor of Labor; U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC 

 For the Complainant 

Edward L. Pina, Esq.; Edward L. Pina & Associates, PC, San Antonio, TX

 For the Respondent 

DECISION

Before: ATTWOOD, Chairman; and MACDOUGALL, Commissioner.

BY THE COMMISSION:

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration issued Briones Utility Company a 

serious citation alleging a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1) for failing to protect employees 

working in a trench from potential cave-ins. Administrative Law Judge John H. Schumacher 

vacated the citation, finding that the Secretary failed to establish employee exposure. For the 

following reasons, we reverse the judge and affirm the citation.

BACKGROUND

Briones is an excavation contractor that was exposing underground sewer and gas lines at 

a worksite in San Antonio, Texas. An OSHA compliance officer drove past the worksite and 

stopped to inspect when he saw an open trench. The CO photographed a Briones employee 

working in a trench that was 10 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 7 feet deep, with aluminum hydraulic 
2 

shoring installed at one end. A second, uninstalled shore was also at the worksite. The shoring

installed in the trench included two hydraulic cylinders (one above the other) that spanned the 

width of the trench and pressed against vertical rails on either side. Sandwiched between the rails

and trench walls were 4-foot-wide, 8-foot-tall panels. Measured from the center line of the 

hydraulic cylinders, the distance to the closer end of the trench was 2 feet, and the distance to the 

farther end was 8 feet. One of the CO’s photographs shows the employee who was standing in the 

trench, bent over, with the lower part of his body alongside the panel and the upper part of his 

body leaning past the panel toward the far end. 

The cited standard, § 1926.652(a)(1), requires “[e]ach employee in an excavation [to] be 

protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system . . . .” In vacating the citation, the judge 

found: (1) the Secretary failed to establish that the Briones employee observed in the trench was 

exposed to a cave-in hazard; and (2) even if the employee was exposed, it was necessary for the 

employee to be in the trench in order to install the second shore. 

DISCUSSION

To establish a violation of an OSHA standard, the Secretary must prove that: (1) the cited 

standard applies; (2) its terms were violated; (3) employees were exposed to the violative 

condition; and (4) the employer knew or could have known of the violative condition with the 

exercise of reasonable diligence. See Astra Pharm. Prods., Inc., 9 BNA OSHC 2126, 2129 (No. 

78-6247, 1981), aff’d in pertinent part, 681 F.2d 69 (1st Cir. 1982). The only element of the 

Secretary’s prima facie case on review is employee exposure.1

I. Employee Exposure 

Regarding the element of exposure, the CO initially claimed that the protection afforded 

by the trench’s single installed shore ended at the panel’s edge, but later stated that the shore’s 

protection extended past the edge of the panel by about one foot. The Secretary maintains that the 

CO meant that an extended area of protection exists only when two shores have been installed in 

 

1 As the judge found, the trench at Briones’s worksite was an excavation covered by the standard. 

There is also no dispute that only part of the trench was protected by hydraulic shoring. Although 

the judge vacated the citation without reaching the issue of knowledge, the record shows that 

Briones’s owner was at the worksite at the time of the alleged violation, and he testified that the 

company was going to install the second shore, showing his awareness that a portion of the trench 

lacked required shoring. See A.P. O’Horo Co., 14 BNA OSHC 2004, 2007 (No. 85-369, 1991) 

(actual knowledge established through foreman who “observed the trenching process”).
3 

a trench, but the context in which the CO made these statements does not support the Secretary’s 

contention. In fact, the CO testified that “the shoring . . . gives you a good two to three feet of 

protection on either side of that one shore,” and that “as you expand out, there’s nothing there for 

you,” suggesting a circumstance with only one installed shore. (Emphasis added.). We agree with 

the judge that, given this inconsistent and otherwise unsupported testimony, the Secretary has not

established that the Briones employee in the CO’s photograph—depicted as leaning past the edge 

of the panel toward the far end of the trench—was past the edge of the shore’s protection.2

However, the Commission has recognized that exposure may be established by showing 

“that it is reasonably predictable either by operational necessity or otherwise (including 

inadvertence), that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger.” Nuprecon LP, 23 

BNA OSHC 1817, 1819 (No. 08-1307, 2012). We find it was reasonably predictable that the 

employee could have inadvertently strayed into the adjacent, unprotected area of the trench. See 

N. Landing Line Constr. Co., 19 BNA OSHC 1465, 1471 (No. 96-0721, 2001) (exposure 

established where “bracket installation work was so close to . . . energized parts that minimal 

upward movement, inadvertent or otherwise, would have placed some part of [an employee’s] 

body closer than [the OSHA standard’s minimum working distance]”). The employee was

standing on uneven dirt at the very edge of the trench’s protected area, leaning over while using a 

shovel to clear off a pipe located in the unprotected area. Further, his access to the zone of danger

was unobstructed. See Brennan v. OSHRC, 513 F.2d 1032, 1039 (2d Cir. 1975) (employee need 

not be “teetering” on the edge to be “exposed” to the fall hazard). In these circumstances, we find 

the Secretary has established employee exposure.3

 See N. Berry Concrete Corp., 13 BNA OSHC 

2055, 2056 (No. 86-163, 1989) (“[E]mployees walked close enough to the floor opening that they 

could have fallen through.”); compare Delek Ref., Ltd., 25 BNA OSHC 1365, 1374-75 (No. 08-

1386, 2015) (rejecting argument that employee could be in zone of danger of unguarded shaft by 

 

2 Indeed, the CO failed to explain the basis of his opinion on the issue of whether the protection 

afforded by the shoring extended past the panel. See Hurlock Roofing Co., 7 BNA OSHC 1108, 

1111 (No. 76-357, 1979) (declining to credit opinion testimony that was not explained and for 

which no basis was given). Additionally, as the judge noted, the record lacks the shoring 

manufacturer’s tabulated data. 

3 Commissioner MacDougall notes that her conclusion in this regard is limited to the facts before 

the Commission and that she views the holding in this case as a narrow one. In particular, she 

notes that the company placed no visual or physical barrier (such as caution tape, a cone, a 

barricade, or the like) between the protected and unprotected areas of the trench. 
4 

“accidentally trip[ping] and fall[ing],” when testimony did not “show how close employees 

actually came to the equipment, and no evidence was adduced regarding conditions on the floor 

that would make a trip-and-fall reasonably predictable”), appeal docketed, No. 15-60443 (5th Cir. 

June 22, 2015); Buffets, Inc., 21 BNA OSHC 1065, 1067 (No. 03-2097, 2005) (no exposure based 

on “potential slip hazards” where “employees wore slip-resistant shoes and kept the floors swept 

and cleaned”).

II. Necessity

The judge agreed with Briones’s contention that the employee’s presence in the trench was 

“necessary” because in order to install the second shore, Briones had to further excavate the trench, 

which required uncovering the sewer and gas lines. On review, the Secretary contends that: (1) an 

employer cannot avoid complying with OSHA standards by claiming that employee exposure is 

somehow necessary; and (2) even if that were so, this argument is an affirmative defense that

Briones waived by failing to timely raise it below. We need not reach the Secretary’s claim that

this argument is not a valid defense, however, because even if it were, it is an affirmative defense 

for which Briones bears the burden of proof, which it has not satisfied.

4

Such a defense, if valid, is an affirmative defense because proof that employee exposure 

was “necessary” to install safety equipment would defeat the citation even if the Secretary 

established his prima facie case. See Starcraft Co. v. C.J. Heck Co. of Tex., 748 F.2d 982, 990 

n.11 (5th Cir. 1984) (affirmative defense requires defendant to “rely on new matters to extinguish 

the plaintiff’s claim”); U.S. Postal Serv., 24 BNA OSHC 2067, 2068 (No. 08-1547, 2014) 

(affirmative defense “rais[es] arguments or new facts that, if proven, defeat a plaintiff’s claim even 

if the allegations in the complaint are true”). As an affirmative defense, Briones bears the burden 

of proving that its employee needed to be in the trench to install the second shore. The CO’s 

unrebutted testimony in explaining the installation process, however, establishes that the shoring 

Briones used is specifically designed to be installed from outside the trench. 

 

4 As to waiver, both parties elicited testimony at the hearing regarding why the employee was in 

the trench, and the Secretary specifically introduced evidence that the shoring system can be 

installed from outside the trench. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b)(2) (“When an issue not raised by the 

pleadings is tried by the parties’ . . . implied consent, it must be treated in all respects as if raised 

in the pleadings . . . .”); Texland Drilling Corp., 9 BNA OSHC 1023, 1026 n.8 (No. 76-5307, 1980) 

(finding implied consent where the party claiming waiver introduced evidence relevant to the 

unpleaded affirmative defense). Therefore, we reject the Secretary’s claim.
5 

With respect to the company’s contention that the employee “descended into the trench 

briefly to clear dirt off the pipe and most importantly to pick up the chain that was being used to 

lower the second shore into place,” the record lacks any evidence showing that the pipes had to be 

uncovered or cleaned in order to expand the excavation to install the second shore. In fact, 

Briones’s owner testified that the company’s excavator had a “plate in the front” to avoid

“br[eaking] the utility,” which suggests that Briones could use the excavator to deepen the trench

without first uncovering the pipes. In short, contrary to the company’s claim, the record does not

show that it was necessary for the employee to uncover the pipes in order to install the second 

shore. 

As to retrieval of the chain, there is no evidence that the chain was located in the 

unprotected area of the trench—indeed, Briones does not even assert where in the trench the chain 

was located—so there is no evidence that the employee needed to be at the edge of the protected 

area to retrieve it. Nor is there any evidence that Briones could not have used another chain to 

install the second shore. In sum, the record fails to show that it was necessary for Briones’s 

employee to be in the trench at all, let alone that he needed to be at the edge of the first shore so 

as to install the second shore. Therefore, we reject the judge’s necessity finding and affirm the 

citation.

5

III. Characterization and Penalty 

The Secretary characterized the violation as serious. Under the Occupational Safety and 

Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §§ 651-678, a violation is serious “if there is a substantial probability 

that death or serious physical harm could result from” a violative condition. Section 17(k), 29 

U.S.C. § 666(k). The CO testified that the 7-foot-deep trench with inadequate cave-in protection 

created a substantial probability of serious injury, such as “fractures, broken bones, and death.” 

There is no record evidence contradicting this testimony. Accordingly, we affirm the serious 

characterization of the violation. 

Regarding penalty, the Act requires that “due consideration” be given to the employer’s 

size, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and any prior history of violations. 

 

5

 Briones also claims that the judge improperly admitted evidence regarding the classification of 

the trench’s soil, and “coached” the Secretary’s counsel at the hearing in the means by which such 

evidence could be admitted. However, given that soil type is relevant to whether a protective 

system is necessary, see 29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a) & app. D, and Briones does not argue that a 

protective system was unnecessary, these evidentiary objections are moot. 
6 

Section 17(j), 29 U.S.C. § 666(j); Jim Boyd Constr., Inc., No. 11-2559, slip op. at 8 (OSHRC Nov. 

16, 2016); Capform, Inc., 19 BNA OSHC 1374, 1378 (No. 99-0322, 2001), aff’d, 34 F. App’x 152 

(5th Cir. 2002) (unpublished). In determining the $1,225 proposed penalty here, the Secretary 

calculated a gravity-based penalty of $3,500, and then gave Briones a 40-percent reduction for 

size, a 15-percent reduction for good faith because the violation was abated during the inspection, 

and a 10-percent reduction for lack of prior history. 

We find that a $1,000 penalty is appropriate. In reaching this conclusion, Chair Attwood 

relies on all of the circumstances in light of the statutory factors, including the gravity of the 

violation, Briones’s small size, and good faith in instructing employees to remain inside the 

protected area as it also prepared to install the second shore. See Aviation Constructors, Inc., 18 

BNA OSHC 1917, 1920 (No. 96-0593, 1999) (finding good faith for penalty purposes where 

employer “clearly intended that employees be protected by shoring” and “selected a system 

configured for the particular worksite in accordance with one of the options permitted under the 

standard”).

Additionally, regarding the gravity of the violation, Commissioner MacDougall further 

notes that only one employee was exposed for a short duration, the likelihood of serious injury 

was low given that the employee was not physically in the unprotected area of the trench at the 

time of the violation, and even if he were to momentarily transgress into the unprotected area, he 

could return to the protected area with a low likelihood of injury.6

 See Capform, 19 BNA OSHC 

at 1378 (gravity is the primary consideration and is determined by the number of employees 

exposed, the duration of the exposure, the precautions taken against injury, and the likelihood of 

an actual injury). 

 

6 Commissioner MacDougall contrasts the facts here with, for example, an employee in the zone 

of danger posed by an unprotected roof edge or floor opening—in that circumstance, the likelihood 

of injury is greater, making the gravity of the violation higher. 
7 

ORDER

We affirm Citation 1, Item 1 as serious, and assess a penalty of $1,000. 

SO ORDERED.

/s/ 

 Cynthia L. Attwood 

 Chairman

 /s/ 

Dated: December 14, 2016 Heather L. MacDougall

Commissioner
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION

 

 

 OSHRC DOCKET NO. 10-1372

Appearances:

Elizabeth M. Kruse, Esq., Office of the Solicitor, U.S. Department of Labor, Dallas, Texas

 For Complainant

Edward L. Piña, Esq., Edward L. Piña & Associates, P.C., San Antonio, Texas

 For Respondent

Before: Administrative Law Judge John H. Schumacher

SECRETARY OF LABOR, 

 Complainant,

 

 v. 

BRIONES UTILITY COMPANY, 

 Respondent.
2 

DECISION AND ORDER

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

This proceeding is before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (“the 

Commission”) pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 

U.S.C. §651 et seq. (“the Act”). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) 

conducted an inspection of a Briones Utility Company (“Respondent”) worksite in San Antonio, 

Texas on May 12, 2010. As a result of the inspection, OSHA issued a Citation and Notification of 

Penalty (“Citation”) to Respondent alleging two (2) violations of the Act and proposed a total 

penalty of $1750.00.1 Respondent filed a timely notice of contest, bringing this matter before 

the Court. A hearing was held on January 5, 2012 in San Antonio, Texas. Both parties have filed 

post-trial briefs.

JURISDICTION

Based upon the record, I find that Respondent was engaged in a business affecting 

commerce and was an employer within the meaning of sections 3(3) and 3(5) of the Act.2 

Therefore, I conclude that the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission has 

jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter in this case pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Act.3 

 

1

. Only one of the violations is at issue in the present case. On December 9, 2011, the parties filed a Joint Notice of 

Partial Withdrawal of Citation. The Secretary withdrew Citation 1, Item 2. Accordingly, only Citation 1, Item 1 is 

before the Court. 

2

. The Commission has held that construction activity, even a small project, affects interstate commerce. Clarence 

M. Jones, 11 BNA OSHC 1529, 1531 (No. 77-3676, 1983). In this case, evidence was introduced that Respondent 

leased shoring equipment that was produced outside of the state of Texas from a company called National Trench 

Safety. 

3

. Respondent did not dispute that it is an employer under the Act, nor did it dispute that the Commission has 

jurisdiction in this matter. 
3 

DISCUSSION

On May 12, 2010, Compliance Safety and Health Officer (“CSHO”) Raul Carillo drove past 

Respondent’s worksite, which was located near a car lot at the intersection of Perrin Beitel and 

Vespero in San Antonio, Texas. (Tr. 19). As he drove by, the CSHO observed an open trench. (Tr. 

19). Due to the potentially deadly hazards posed by trenches, OSHA has a National Emphasis 

Program regarding trenching and excavations. (Tr. 19). Pursuant to that program, it is OSHA’s 

policy for a compliance officer to conduct an inspection when he observes trenching operations 

taking place. (Tr. 19–20). In this particular case, the CSHO conducted an inspection of 

Respondent’s worksite, which resulted in the Citation at issue in this matter.

Respondent is owned by Alfredo Briones and its primary business is underground utility 

excavation and trenching. (Tr. 19, 22, 133). On the day of the inspection, Respondent was 

excavating a trench to expose a sewer and gas line conflict for San Antonio Sewer and Water 

(“SAWS”) and City Public Service (“CPS”). (Tr. 97, 133, 135–36). In order to uncover the 

conflicting pipes, Respondent had excavated a ten-foot long trench.4 (Tr. 136–37). When the 

CSHO arrived at Respondent’s worksite, he got out of his car and began to take photographs of 

the trench and surrounding conditions. (Tr. 20–21). The pictures reveal that shoring had been 

installed for approximately four feet along the ten-foot long trench. (Tr. 23, 55, C-2, C-7). The 

remaining portion of the trench did not have shoring installed, but Respondent had rented 

additional shores, which were located in close proximity to the trench. (Tr. 21, 146). At the end 

 

4

. The Citation originally indicated that the trench at issue was twenty feet long. (R-1). The CSHO clarified that this 

measurement was inaccurate and that the length of the trench was actually ten feet. (Tr. 27). 
4 

of the trench protected by shoring, Respondent had installed a ladder to access and exit the 

trench. (Tr. 78, C-2). 

At the time of the CSHO’s arrival on the site, Respondent’s employee, Armando Briones, 

was working in the trench.5 (Tr. 103–104, 121). Although there was some disagreement as to 

what Armando was doing in the trench, the weight of the evidence suggests that he was using a 

shovel to uncover the sewer and gas lines.6 (Tr. 121, 124, 149). Even though he was standing 

between the shoring panels in the trench, Armando was observed leaning just outside of the 

panels while using the shovel. (C-7). Once he had taken pictures of the trench, the CSHO 

instructed Armando to get out of the trench, identified himself as a compliance officer for OSHA, 

and proceeded to conduct an opening conference. (Tr. 21). At the conclusion of the opening 

conference, the CSHO took some more pictures, measured the trench, and collected a soil sample 

from the spoil pile. (Tr. 22). The CSHO identified potential violations, including the violation that 

led to the present Citation, and gave Respondent the opportunity to abate those violations during 

the inspection, which Respondent did. (Tr. 23, 147). The CSHO ended the inspection with a 

closing conference and notified Respondent of the potential for the issuance of a citation and 

monetary penalties. (Tr. 23). 

 

5

. Armando Briones is the brother of Respondent’s owner, Alfredo Briones. For the purposes of clarity, the Court 

shall refer to them individually as Armando and Alfredo. 6

. At one point, Armando testified that the CSHO told him to pick up a shovel that was resting on the ground in the 

unshored portion of the trench. (Tr. 109). Later in his testimony, however, he indicated that he was using the shovel 

to uncover the sewer and gas lines. (Tr. 121, 124). This was later confirmed by Alfredo, who stated that Armando 

was “touching the pipe [to] be sure it’s there.” (Tr. 149). The photograph taken by the CSHO appears to support this 

description of Armando’s actions within the trench. C-7). 
5 

THE ALLEGED VIOLATION – 29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1)

Complainant alleges in Citation 1, Item 1 that: 

On or about 5/12/10, at the worksite, employees were exposed to a cave in hazard 

while they worked inside a trench which measured 7 feet deep, 3 feet wide, and 

20 feet long. The company had only one shore and was not adequate to prevent 

a cave in from occurring. 

The cited standard provides:

(a) Protection of employees in excavations. (1) Each employee in an excavation 

shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system designed 

in accordance with paragraph (b) or (c) of this section except when:

(i) Excavations are made entirely in stable rock; or

(ii) Excavations are less than 5 feet (1.52m) in depth and examination 

of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a 

potential cave-in.

FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

To establish a prima facie violation of the Act, the Secretary must prove: (1) the standard 

applies to the cited condition; (2) the terms of the standard were violated; (3) one or more of the 

employees had access to the cited condition; and (4) the employer knew, or with the exercise of 

reasonable diligence could have known, of the violative condition. Ormet Corporation, 14 BNA 

OSHC 2134, 1991 CCH OSHD ¶ 29,254 (No. 85-0531, 1991). 

To establish employer knowledge, an employer does not have to possess knowledge that 

a condition violated the Act, just knowledge that the condition existed. Shaw Construction, Inc., 

6 BNA OSHC 1341, 1978 CCH OSHD ¶ 22,524 (No. 3324, 1978). Further, the Secretary need not 

show that “an employer understood or acknowledged that the physical conditions were actually 
6 

hazardous.” Phoenix Roofing, Inc., 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079–80 (No. 90-2148, 1995), aff’d 

without published opinion, 79 F.3d 1146 (5th Cir. 1996).

A violation is “serious” if there is a substantial probability that death or serious physical 

harm could result from the violative condition. 29 U.S.C. 666(k). Complainant need not show 

that there is a substantial probability that an accident will occur; she need only show that if an 

accident occurred, serious physical harm could result. If the possible injury addressed by the 

regulation is death or serious physical harm, a violation of the regulation is serious. Phelps Dodge 

Corp. v. OSHRC, 725 F.2d 1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 1984); Dec-Tam Corp., 15 BNA OSHC 2072 (No. 88-

0523, 1993).

Applicability of the Standard

There is no dispute that the trench found at Respondent’s worksite is an excavation 

covered by the regulations found in Subpart P. Further, the evidence clearly establishes that the 

exceptions to the standard do not apply. First, although there was some dispute as to whether 

the soil was properly classified as Type B or Type C, the trench was clearly not made in stable 

rock. (Tr. 28, 49). Second, the CSHO measured the trench and found it to be approximately seven 

(7) feet deep. (Tr. 26). Alfredo testified that he also believed that the trench was approximately 

seven feet deep. (Tr. 138). Accordingly, the Court finds that the cited standard applies to the 

condition indicated in Citation 1, Item 1. 

Whether the Terms of the Standard Were Violated
7 

If the exceptions to the standard do not apply, 29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1) requires an 

employer to use an “adequate protective system,” designed in accordance with subsections (b) 

or (c), to protect employees from a cave-in. Whether a particular protective system is considered 

adequate depends on the type of system an employer chooses. If the employer utilizes sloping 

or benching, then the employer refers to subsection (b) to determine the proper design 

parameters. If the employer utilizes shoring or shield systems, then it must refer to subsection 

(c), which provides the design parameters for such systems depending on soil type. There are 

four design criteria options available to employers if they utilize the protections provided in 

subsection (c): (1) OSHA tabulated data; (2) tabulated data from the manufacturer of the 

protective system; (3) tabulated data approved by a professional engineer; or (4) tabulated data 

created by a professional engineer. (Tr. 60–70, C-5). This data includes the minimally acceptable 

measurements for installing shoring, including: (1) the depth of the trench; (2) the vertical 

distance of the shore (measured from the floor to the hydraulic cylinder); and (3) the horizontal 

distance between hydraulic cylinders. (Id.). The determination of which set of data to use is 

contingent upon the type of soil present within the trench. (Tr. 61, C-5). 

Respondent implemented a shoring system that utilized hydraulic cylinders or pistons 

that were oriented vertically and exerted pressure on opposite sides of the trench wall. These 

cylinders were pressed against vertical piece of aluminum, known as a waler. (Tr. 53). The 

walers, in turn, were placed in the center of composite sheets7, known as fin forms, which 

 

7

. The CSHO testified that the sheets were made out of plywood, whereas Alfredo stated that they were made of 

something more substantial. (Tr. 50, 139). The determination of what the fin forms were made of is of no consequence 

to this matter; however, the Court accepts the testimony of Alfredo that the fin forms were made of something more 

substantial than plywood, as he was the individual who rented the shoring equipment. 
8 

measured four feet in width by approximately 8 feet in height. (Tr. 50, 55, C-2, C-7). The cylinders 

are placed in the center of the fin forms and do most of the work of holding up the trench walls; 

however, the fin forms serve to disperse the pressure of the cylinders across a greater area and

prevent sloughing and raveling of the walls. (Tr. 55). At the time of the inspection, only one set 

of cylinders and fin forms were in Respondent’s trench. (Tr. 65). 

Based upon his on-site observations, the CSHO determined that the trench was dug in 

Type B soil, which was also the determination of Respondent. (Tr. 29, 153). He also took a sample 

of the soil from the spoil pile, which was sent in to OSHA’s Technical Center in Salt Lake City, 

Utah. (Tr. 31, 37). The subsequent lab tests revealed that the soil was, in fact, Type C.8 Type C 

soil is the most unstable of the soil types and, therefore, typically requires rather strict design 

parameters in the construction of a shoring or shield system. In fact, with respect to the 

particular shoring system utilized by Respondent, OSHA does not provide tabulated data. 

Accordingly, it was incumbent upon Respondent to utilize the manufacturer’s tabulated data to 

determine the proper measurements for the shoring system used in its trench. (Tr. 67–71). No 

evidence was introduced at trial as to what the manufacturer’s recommendations were. 

Complainant contends that Respondent violated 29 C.F.R. § 1926.652(a)(1) because 

Respondent had not installed an adequate protective system in the cited trench. Respondent 

only had one shore in the ten-foot long trench, which, according to Complainant, left eight feet 

of open, unprotected trench. (Sec’y Brief at p. 9 n. 9). In order to comply with the standard, 

 

8

. The lab report was admitted into evidence over Respondent’s objection on the basis of hearsay. The Court found 

and still holds that the report fell under one of two exceptions to the hearsay rule: FRE 803(6) and 803(8). Further,

the Court finds no issue with the fact that the CSHO used a sampling sheet entitled “Air Sampling Worksheet” because 

the CSHO testified that sheet is routinely used for such samples. 
9 

Complainant argues that Respondent needed to install a second shore such that the hydraulic 

cylinders were spaced approximately four to six feet apart (horizontal distance). Although the 

manufacturer’s data was not introduced into evidence, the CSHO testified that, for Type B soil, 

OSHA requires a horizontal distance of eight feet. (Tr. 63–64, 69). See also 29 C.F.R. 1926.652 

tbl. D. He further testified that he has seen manufacturer’s tabulated data for Type C soil and 

that it typically requires a horizontal distance of approximately four to six feet. (Tr. 67). 

Respondent argues that it did not violate trenching standard because it was still in the 

process of installing additional shoring at the time of the OSHA inspection. The primary thrust of 

Respondent’s argument is that the slope at the unprotected end of the trench prevented the fin 

forms from fitting properly and that additional material needed to be removed before the shoring 

could be installed. Respondent further points out that it had sufficient additional shores 

available on sight and that the second shore was ready to be installed. (Tr. 147, 158). 

It is clear that a portion of the trench was unprotected and, thus, insofar as the standard 

is concerned, a complete “system” of shoring had not yet been installed. That said, the Court 

believes that a work in progress cannot be viewed in the same way as the finished product. If 

work was being conducted in the unprotected end of the trench, then there would clearly be a 

violation, as the worker would not be “protected from cave-ins” as the standard requires. 

However, to the extent that Complainant is arguing that Respondent violated the standard 

because it failed to have a complete shoring system in the trench—which was being prepped for 

the installation of additional shores—regardless of whether any employees were actually 

exposed, the Court refuses to find that a violation occurred. That being said, the Court is mindful 
10 

of the fact that Armando was in the trench at the time of the inspection. Thus, we have a case 

where the elements of violating the terms of the standard and exposure to the hazard/condition 

cannot be resolved independently of one another. See Ormet, 14 BNA OSHC 2134 (listing the 

elements of a prima facie violation of the Act). In order to answer the question of whether 

Respondent’s employees were protected from cave-ins and thus, whether a violation occurred, 

the Court must address Armando’s position in the trench and the effectiveness of the existing 

shoring. 

As noted earlier, Armando was in the trench in order to identify the location of the sewer 

and gas pipes. (Tr. 121, 124, 129). The pictures taken by the CSHO clearly show that Armando 

was standing at the threshold of the existing shoring with his upper torso leaning slightly outside 

of the fin form. (C-7). Complainant contends that Armando’s position exposed, at the very least, 

his upper body to the potential of a trench cave-in because he was outside the protective area of 

the shoring. Further, Complainant argues that Armando was exposed to the condition for at least 

five minutes, which represents the length of time between when the CSHO arrived on site and 

when he asked Armando to exit the trench. (Tr. 59). Respondent argues that Armando was not 

outside the protective area of the shoring, and if he was, it was only for a few seconds while he 

responded to the CSHO’s request that he pick up the shovel.9

According to Complainant, Respondent’s trench was unprotected or “open” for a distance 

of eight feet. (Tr. 65, Sec’y Brief at p. 9). This is based upon the fact that the trench extended 

 

9

. For the reasons previously mentioned, the Court finds that the CSHO did not ask Armando to pick up the shovel. 

The Court agrees that it would not make sense for the CSHO to ask Armando to engage in an activity that could 

potentially expose him to a safety hazard. (Tr. 171). 
11 

eight feet beyond the first, and only, hydraulic cylinder. This point is well-taken because the 

CSHO testified that “one shore itself cannot retain anything outside of it without another support 

system.” (Tr. 76). In other words, the second shore applies pressure to the trench wall at the 

point where the pressure from the first shore ends. The CSHO also testified, however, that “the 

shoring, it gives you a good two to three feet of protection on either side of that one shore, for

that area.” (Tr. 76). Thus, the pressure from the shore in this case was effective at least to the 

extent of the fin forms, which extended two feet on either side of the cylinder. (Tr. 57–58). 

Determining the effective area of the shoring is further complicated by the fact that no 

evidence was introduced as to what the manufacturer’s tabulated data required in terms of the 

horizontal spacing of the cylinders. As stated earlier, OSHA requires a maximum horizontal 

distance of eight feet between cylinders in Type B soil. In other words, OSHA has determined 

that for shores used in trenches dug in Type B soil, the effective area of protection provided by 

shores is approximately four feet in either direction. The soil at Respondent’s worksite, however, 

was determined to be Type C.10 (Tr. 31, 49, C-1). The CSHO’s testimony and common sense 

dictate that the effective area of protection provided by shores in Type C soil would be less. (Tr. 

67). How much less, however, is determined by the manufacturer’s tabulated data, which was 

not introduced into evidence. The CSHO testified that the manufacturer’s tabulated data for 

shoring of the type used by Respondent typically requires a maximum horizontal distance 

between four and six feet. (Tr. 67). This comports with the CSHO’s understanding that the 

 

10. At one point, both Armando and Alfredo testified that the unprotected portion of the wall on Armando’s right side 

in Exhibit C-7 was covered in concrete, which Respondent argues provided additional support. (Tr. 117, 160). The 

CSHO testified that he made no such observation. That being said, even if the Court found that one of the walls was 

concrete, the other wall was still previously disturbed, Type C soil. Because it only takes the collapse of one wall to 

cause injury, this fact plays no part in the Court’s decision. 
12 

shoring “gives you a good two to three feet of protection on either side of that one shore . . . .” 

(Tr. 76). 

Without a more definitive understanding of the protective area of the existing shoring, 

the Court cannot find that Complainant has proven, by a preponderance of the evidence, that 

Armando was outside the protective area of the existing shoring. If the manufacturer’s tabulated 

data required a horizontal spacing of four feet, then the protective area of the shoring would be 

approximately two feet on either side; however, if the data required spacing of six feet, then the 

protective area would be approximately three feet on either side. The photographs submitted 

by Complainant illustrate that Armando was making a point to position his body within the 

existing shoring, which confirms the testimony of Alfredo, who stated that “I never send boys 

because, if no shore, they can no be inside.” (Tr. 154). Based upon the testimony regarding the 

width of the fin forms, and considering the evidence regarding the protective range of the 

shoring, the Court cannot find that Complainant proved that Armando’s position at or near the 

threshold of that protective range exposed him to the potential for a cave-in.11 

Notwithstanding the above, Complainant also seems to argue that Armando’s mere 

presence inside a trench that has incomplete shoring exposed him to the hazard of a potential 

cave-in. This line of argument addresses the question of what constitutes an “adequate 

protective system” pursuant to 29 C.F.R. 1926.652(a)(1). The term “protective system” is defined 

 

11. Furthermore, although the Court is mindful of the fact that a cave-in can happen in a matter of seconds, the Court 

cannot find that the period of exposure (five minutes) suggested by the CSHO is anything more than speculation. 

To be sure, Armando was in the trench during the period of time from when the CSHO arrived until he was asked to 

exit the trench; however, that does not equate to the amount of time he may or may not have been leaning outside 

the protective area of the shoring. Considering that the Court has not found that merely being in a trench without a 

full complement of shores is a violation, the Court cannot say that Armando was “exposed” for any longer than the 

time directly observed by the CSHO. 
13 

as a “method of protecting employees from cave-ins from material that could fall or roll from an 

excavation face or into an excavation . . . . Protective systems include support systems, sloping 

and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that provide the necessary protection.” 

29 C.F.R. 1926.650(b). More specifically, a “shoring system” is defined as “a structure such as 

metal hydraulic, mechanical, or timber shoring system that supports the sides of an excavation 

and is designed to prevent cave-ins.” Id. These definitions can apply with equal force to both an 

individual shore as well as a series of them; the key to any “protective system,” as it were, is that 

it protects employees from a cave-in. The Court finds that the shoring installed by Respondent 

constituted such a system. The fact that the entire trench was not shored does not mean that it 

is a violation to have an individual standing within the protective area of a single shore. See 

General Motors Corp., 12 BNA OSHC 1324 (No. 80-5439, 1985) (“Inasmuch as the employees in 

the north-south leg were either working in a part of the trench that had already been shored or 

were engaged in installing the shoring in that leg, GM did not violate the standard in the northsouth leg.”); see also Adams & Mulberry Corp., 3 BNA OSHC 1077 (No. 2548, 1975) (“[I]f the two 

employees had been working from the braced portion of the trench, we would vacate.”). 

Although the violations in these two cases involved a different version of the present standard, 

the Court finds that the standards address the same hazard and the methods to protect against 

that hazard. See Occupational Safety and Health Standards—Excavations 54 Fed Reg. 45,894, 

45,928 (Oct. 31, 1989). 

It should be pointed out that the General Motors case cited above also stands for the 

proposition that an employer’s failure to “limit employee access to the trench so as to eliminate 

the unnecessary exposure of employees to the unshored walls” constitutes a violation. General 
14 

Motors, 12 BNA OSHC 1324. Those circumstances are arguably present here, where Armando 

was not physically prevented from accessing the unshored portion of the trench. However, there 

are some key distinctions to be made. First, the only way to access and exit the trench in the 

General Motors case involved traveling through an unprotected portion of the trench. Id. In this 

case, however, the ingress/egress point was well within the protection of the existing shoring. 

(C-2). Secondly, although no physical barrier was in place at the end of the existing shoring, it 

seems clear that it was Respondent’s policy that employees do not work in a trench without 

proper protection. (Tr. 154, 158). Based upon the position of Armando’s body in Exhibit C-7, it 

appears as if that policy was followed. (C-7). Finally, even if the Court were to find the slightest 

hint of exposure, it cannot say that such exposure was unnecessary as the Commission 

determined in General Motors, wherein employees were exposed to cave-ins at the 

access/egress point. See General Motors, 12 BNA OSHC 1324 (“[T]he question is whether 

employee presence in the trench is needless.”). Alfredo testified that Armando was uncovering 

the sewer and gas pipes because further excavation was needed to install additional shoring. (Tr. 

149, 166). Thus, the actions of Armando were calculated to facilitate the installation of shoring 

that was readily available and would provide additional protection. 

At bottom, although Complainant showed that Respondent’s employee was leaning just 

beyond the threshold of the fin form, the Court finds that Complainant failed to establish that 

Respondent’s employee was outside of the protective area of the existing shoring system such 

that he was exposed to the hazard of a cave-in. The presence of additional shoring near the 

trench indicates that Respondent was taking appropriate measures to protect its employees from 

the hazard of a trench cave-in, and the testimony of Respondent’s witnesses indicates that 
15 

Respondent stressed the importance of working within existing shoring. Accordingly, the Court 

finds that Complainant has failed to establish, by a preponderance of the evidence, a violation of 

1926.652(a)(1). 

ORDER

Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, it is ORDERED that:

1. Citation 1, Item 1 is VACATED.

 /s/ _____________

John H. Schumacher

 Judge, OSHRC

Date: July 9, 2012

Denver, Colorado