Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

People v. Bustos, 2020 IL App (2d) 170497

Appellate Court 

Caption

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.

LUIS F. BUSTOS, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No. Second District 

No. 2-17-0497

Filed October 29, 2020

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kane County, No. 16-CF-891; the 

Hon. James Hallock, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.

Counsel on

Appeal

James E. Chadd, Thomas A. Lilien, and Christopher McCoy, of State 

Appellate Defender’s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.

Joseph H. McMahon, State’s Attorney, of St. Charles (Patrick Delfino, 

Edward R. Psenicka, and Victoria E. Jozef, of State’s Attorneys 

Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
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Panel JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court, with 

opinion.

Justice Zenoff concurred in the judgment and opinion.

Justice Hudson specially concurred, with opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Following a jury trial, defendant, Luis F. Bustos, was convicted of multiple counts of 

aggravated domestic battery and domestic battery. The trial court merged the convictions into 

a single count of aggravated domestic battery. On appeal, defendant raises five issues: whether 

(1) the trial court erred in admitting unfairly prejudicial and irrelevant evidence, (2) the trial 

court failed to comply with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1, 2012), (3) trial 

counsel was ineffective, (4) cumulative error deprived defendant of a fair trial, and (5) the trial 

court improperly relied on a factor inherent in the offense in imposing its sentence. For the 

following reasons, we affirm.

¶ 2 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 3 On May 27, 2016, defendant had a verbal and physical altercation with Karina Estrada, his 

girlfriend and mother of their daughter, A.B. As a result of that altercation, Karina sustained 

multiple injuries and miscarried a pregnancy. The May 27 alteration was not the first time 

defendant inflicted injuries on Karina. On October 3, 2014, defendant pleaded guilty to 

domestic battery (bodily harm), based upon a November 29, 2012, incident in which he beat 

Karina.

¶ 4 Defendant was initially charged on May 30, 2016, in a five-count complaint alleging that 

he strangled and struck Karina about the head and body. In connection with the criminal 

complaint, the court granted Karina’s petition for an emergency order of protection. On June 

30, 2016, defendant agreed to the entry of a plenary order of protection. On August 16, 2016, 

a Kane County grand jury returned an indictment charging defendant with five separate counts. 

Count I alleged that defendant committed aggravated domestic battery (720 ILCS 5/12-3.3(a5) (West 2016)), a Class 2 felony, by strangling Karina. Count II alleged that defendant 

committed aggravated domestic battery (id. § 12-3.3), another Class 2 felony, based on making 

physical contact of an insulting or provoking nature by strangling Karina. Count III charged 

defendant with aggravated domestic battery (id. § 12-3.3(a)), a Class 2 felony, alleging that 

defendant caused great bodily harm by striking Karina and causing her to miscarry. Count IV 

alleged domestic battery (id. § 12-3.2(a)(1)), a Class 4 felony. Finally, count V charged 

defendant with domestic battery (id. § 12-3.2(a)(2)) for contact of an insulting or provoking 

nature.

¶ 5 Prior to trial, the trial court granted the State’s motion in limine to introduce defendant’s 

2014 domestic battery conviction to establish defendant’s propensity and modus operandi. 725 

ILCS 5/115-7.4(a) (West 2016). The trial court also granted the State’s motion in limine to 

admit a recording of defendant’s telephone call from the Kane County jail, in which he 

discussed the confrontation with Karina. However, the court ordered that four lines of the call’s 

transcript be redacted because they would have disclosed to the jury that the call was made 

from the jail and the court did not want the jury to “find [defendant] guilty just because [the 
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call] was coming from the jail.” The trial court granted defendant’s motion to exclude evidence 

that there was an order of protection issued in conjunction with the case.

¶ 6 The trial commenced on March 6, 2017. Karina, age 24, testified that on May 27, 2016, 

she lived in an apartment in Carpentersville with A.B. (who was five years old at the time of 

trial) and defendant. Karina stated that she met defendant when they were in fifth grade and 

that they dated for nine years.

¶ 7 Karina then described the day of the May 27, 2016, physical altercation. Karina and 

defendant took A.B. to Belvidere so she could play with her cousins on defendant’s side of the 

family. While in Belvidere, Karina and defendant argued over defendant “adding girls on 

Facebook.” They had similar problems in the past that upset Karina. The argument continued 

on the car ride home. Defendant “wasn’t really responding” to Karina because he did not wish 

to argue in front of A.B. At that point, the argument consisted of “all words.” Instead of going 

directly home, they stopped at the home of one of defendant’s friends. While there, defendant 

again “started to add more girls on Facebook,” which upset Karina again. Karina told defendant 

she wanted to leave.

¶ 8 Karina drove back to her apartment, which took only about a minute. During the trip, she 

and defendant continued to argue. When they arrived at Karina’s apartment, Karina told 

defendant that she wanted defendant to leave, telling him to “just get your stuff and get out.” 

Defendant began to exit the car while it was still moving in reverse. Defendant jumped out of 

the way and hit the ground. Karina asked him why he acted like she hit him, but defendant did 

not respond. He “grabbed” A.B. out of the back seat and took her inside the apartment. Karina 

told defendant that she did not want him “to get in the apartment,” but he ignored her.

¶ 9 Once inside the apartment, defendant put A.B. to bed. When Karina came out of the 

bedroom, defendant was lying on the floor in the hallway. Karina told defendant to leave. 

Defendant got up, grabbed Karina by her forearms, and threw her to the “ground.” Karina knew 

what “was coming” once defendant threw her. Defendant, while punching Karina in the face, 

told her, “[D]on’t you ever f*** do that to me again.” Karina tried to punch defendant back, 

but defendant was on top of her and his knee pinned her right forearm to the ground.

¶ 10 After Karina was able to punch defendant, he got off of her. Defendant began to cry, and 

Karina went to her room. Defendant told Karina, “[I]f you really want me out, then take me 

out,” before handing Karina a pocketknife. Karina told defendant that she did not want to fight 

with him anymore. She told him that she just wanted him to leave. Defendant did not leave. 

When defendant again tried to hand the knife to Karina, she “smacked it out of his hand” and 

headed for the bathroom. Defendant prevented Karina from closing the bathroom door and spit 

in her face. Karina told him that she was tired of “always having to fight to get his attention.”

¶ 11 They heard a noise that sounded like A.B. fell off the bed, so they stopped fighting and 

went to check on her. A.B. was fine and still sleeping. Karina told defendant to move out of 

her way. She pushed his arm away. Defendant said, “[D]on’t tell me what I can and cannot do 

with my kid.” Karina responded, “[S]he’s not yours, she’s mine,” because Karina cared for 

A.B. and “never left her side.” At this point, Karina and defendant were whispering so they 

would not awaken A.B. After they left the bedroom, defendant asked, “[S]he’s not mine?” 

Before Karina could respond, defendant began choking her. At the time, her back was against 

the wall as defendant’s hands were around her neck. Defendant squeezed Karina’s neck to the 

point that she was unable to breathe. Karina pushed her hand into defendant’s face. He let go 
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of her neck but pushed her to the floor. Karina’s face was to the floor when defendant got on 

top of her and started punching her again. Defendant climbed off Karina and started crying.

¶ 12 Karina got up off the floor and told defendant that she wanted nothing to do with him 

anymore and that “he needed to leave.” Defendant “got mad” and punched Karina in the 

stomach, putting “his whole body into that punch.” As he punched Karina, defendant said, 

“[Y]ou didn’t want to have my baby, right? You stupid b***, you don’t want to have my 

baby?” Karina knew that something was “not normal.” She could not breathe and began to cry. 

She balled up on the couch. She thought defendant was going to hit her again, but he did not 

because she “started coughing.” Defendant was “even scared” because Karina was coughing 

up “mucus” with bits that were “coming up red.” Although defendant said, “I got to take you 

to the hospital,” Karina had to ultimately beg him to take her there.

¶ 13 On the way to the hospital, defendant kept asking Karina what she was “going to tell them.” 

Karina said that she would tell them “nothing,” just that she “can’t breathe.” Defendant 

remained at Karina’s side the whole time she was at the hospital, except for when she was 

having an ultrasound performed. A pregnancy test had come back positive, but no heartbeat 

was detected during the ultrasound. Karina did not tell the nurse what had happened to her 

because “[h]e was right there.” Karina was very upset about not hearing a heartbeat and just 

wanted to go home. She went home with defendant.

¶ 14 The next day, Saturday, Karina was in pain and “couldn’t really do much.” Defendant cared 

for A.B. while Karina “was just kind of laying down the whole time.” She started bleeding and 

cried. She showed defendant, and “he was like, we just have to hope.”

¶ 15 On Sunday, Karina was still experiencing stomach pains and returned to the hospital. A 

friend had to drive her there because defendant was not at home and had the car. Karina and 

her friend took A.B. with them to the hospital. Before leaving, Karina’s friend commented that 

Karina appeared pale. Karina told her friend that her “contractions” were worse. While Karina 

“called him and texted him all day,” defendant did not return to the apartment, claiming that 

he would come back “soon or not yet.”

¶ 16 At the hospital, a physician told Karina that her “pregnancy count was very low” and that 

she was going to prescribe “some medicine” for her. Karina cried because she “knew what that 

meant *** that there is no more baby.” At that point, a physician asked Karina about what 

really happened to her, and Karina told her of the altercation. Karina spoke to a counselor and 

a police officer while at the hospital. The officer took photographs of Karina’s injuries, which 

were admitted into evidence. The officer asked Karina to come to the Carpentersville police 

station on the following Monday so that more photographs could be taken of her in better 

lighting. Karina complied with that request, and in court she identified the photo taken at the 

police station. The photographs were subsequently published to the jury.

¶ 17 Karina described the injuries that were depicted in the photographs, which included bruises 

on her shoulders from being punched in the back; scratches, abrasions, and bruises on her neck 

from defendant choking her; bruises and abrasions on her arms from being punched and 

kneeled on; redness, bruising, and scratches on the left side of her face; a scratch and thumbnail 

mark on her neck from defendant’s “long nails on that right side”; bruising and abrasions under 

her jawbone; bruising on one of her knees; a bruise on one of her legs; a bruise on the left side 

of her torso from defendant punching her; a black left eye and bruising on the left side of her 

face that extended all the way back underneath her hair; and a cut inside the top of the left ear 
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from being punched. Karina testified that defendant inflicted all the injuries depicted in the 

photographs.

¶ 18 Over defendant’s objection, Karina was allowed to testify about the other acts of domestic 

violence defendant committed against her. On November 29, 2012, Karina and defendant 

argued about “a girl.” Defendant told Karina, “I want to leave you.” He then grabbed the keys 

and headed to the car. Karina grabbed defendant’s “stuff” and threw it, saying, “[T]ake all your 

things with you.” Defendant got out of the car, picked up his belongings, and went back inside. 

Defendant “punched or slapped” Karina. When she tried to call the police, defendant forced 

the phone out of her hand and broke it. Karina then called the police from a family member’s 

phone.

¶ 19 Over defendant’s objection, the trial court then admitted several photographs the police 

took of the injuries defendant inflicted on Karina during the November 29, 2012, incident. A 

photograph of the broken phone was also introduced into evidence. The photographs depicted 

bruises and scratches on Karina’s face, bruising on her left chin and ear, bruising and redness 

on her neck, bruising on her arms, redness and puffing below her left eye, bruising on the back 

of her neck, a cut lip and a scratch on the left side of her face, and bruising on her left shoulder.

¶ 20 Karina reviewed a written statement she gave to the police after the November 29, 2012, 

incident in order to refresh her recollection. She remembered that her argument with defendant 

began when defendant accused Karina of talking “to another male, when in reality he was 

talking to another girl.” Karina testified that she fought back and hit defendant during the 

incident.

¶ 21 The assistant state’s attorney asked Karina, “That Sunday evening when you’re in the 

hospital, do you know where Luis was?” The defense objected as to the relevance of this 

question but was overruled. The trial court stated, “It’s a yes or no, do you know where he 

was.” Karina responded, “I didn’t know until another person came to the hospital. It was 

another one of my friends, and yes, she was the one who told me his location.” The assistant 

state’s attorney asked, “And where was he?” Karina responded, “He was at his friend’s house 

because that was more important.” The assistant state’s attorney then asked, without objection, 

“And Karina, was he at his friend’s house the whole night?” Karina replied, “No. Then he went 

to a strip club.”

¶ 22 On cross-examination, Karina acknowledged that she felt that defendant was disrespecting 

her by adding girls to Facebook. She said that the argument during the May 27, 2016, car ride 

was verbal, not physical. She specified that defendant jumped out of the way when she was 

backing up, but she acknowledged that she might have accidently hit him. After A.B. was in 

bed, Karina said she yelled at defendant to “just get out.” Karina also clarified that the blade 

on the pocketknife was out when defendant gave it to her, with the blade pointed at her. Karina 

acknowledged that she could have poked defendant’s eyes when he was choking her as she 

was trying to fight back.

¶ 23 Karina also acknowledged that, when she was taken to have the ultrasound, defendant did 

not accompany her. She was alone with registered nurse Barbara Massie. Karina told Massie 

that she might be pregnant, although Karina had previously taken a home pregnancy test that 

provided a negative result. Karina said that she told Massie that she felt safe to go home. Karina 

admitted that, although she had not yet had an ultrasound, she knew that she had a miscarriage 

because she had one before. She also specified that she took the home pregnancy test because 

she was “feeling nauseous and stuff.” When she was bleeding on Sunday, she was worried that 
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she was having a miscarriage. When Karina told defendant about the bleeding, he said, “Let’s 

hope everything will be ok.”

¶ 24 Massie testified that she treated Karina on May 28, 2016, at Sherman Hospital. Karina’s 

major complaint was “abdominal pain and flank pain,” meaning the region directly to the side 

and beneath the rib cage. Karina also complained of having a hard time breathing. Massie was 

concerned about the other “marks” on Karina, but it “wasn’t an opportune time to question her 

about the injuries” because she had someone, a male, in the room with her. A pregnancy test 

on Karina came back positive. Massie described Karina as being “quiet, withdrawn, tearful, 

didn’t make any eye contact.” When Massie asked Karina how she got the injuries, Karina 

would not respond. She just said, “I’m okay, it’s okay.” Massie testified that the injuries she 

observed on Karina appeared to be fresh, probably inflicted “within a day.” Although she was 

concerned about Karina’s safety, Massie did not call the police. Since Karina did not admit to 

anything, Massie thought that calling the police might create further problems once Karina was 

discharged.

¶ 25 Physician assistant Imelda Sikowich testified that she treated Karina at Sherman Hospital 

on May 29, 2016, and that Karina complained of abdominal cramping and vaginal bleeding. 

Sikowich reviewed Karina’s medical records from her visit on May 28, 2016, which showed a 

positive pregnancy test and noted some trauma that Karina did not want to talk about. Sikowich 

noticed bruising, which Karina did not want to discuss. The bruises were on both of Karina’s 

arms, on her neck, on one of her flanks, and around her eyes. Eventually, Karina told Sikowich 

that “on Friday *** my boyfriend attacked me.” She said that he had punched her on her face, 

abdomen, and back. Based on the test results on Karina’s hormone levels, together with the 

bleeding and abdominal pain, Sikowich determined that Karina had suffered a miscarriage. 

Sikowich testified that there can be multiple causes of a miscarriage and that abdominal trauma 

is one of them.

¶ 26 Officer David Rowley of the Carpentersville Police Department testified that he spoke to 

Karina at Sherman Hospital on May 29, 2016. Karina expressed concern for her safety. She 

had a large bruise around her eyes, red marks around her neck and shoulder, and a very large 

bruise inside of her right arm. She was forthcoming with information about the incident. Karina 

supplied Rowley with a description of the vehicle defendant would be driving.

¶ 27 Officer Derek Neuman of the Carpentersville Police Department testified that he made 

contact with defendant on May 30, 2016, as defendant was exiting a vehicle. As soon as 

defendant confirmed that he was Luis Bustos, defendant said that “he wanted a lawyer and he 

also said something about coming back from the club.” Officer Neuman did not observe any 

injuries to defendant’s person.

¶ 28 The parties stipulated that defendant made a telephone call on May 30, 2016, and that 

People’s Exhibit No. 25 (in the form of a CD) “is a full and fair recording of that call made by 

the defendant.”1 Portions of the call were in Spanish, and Detective Juan Cisneros of the 

Carpentersville Police Department, who is fluent in English and Spanish, listened to the 

recording. He testified that People’s Exhibit No. 25A was an accurate transcript of the call. 

The portions of the call that were in Spanish were accurately translated into English in the 

1

Pursuant to the trial court’s pretrial order, reference to the call being made from the jail was 

redacted.
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transcript.2 The recording was played for the jury, and a copy of the transcript was given to 

each juror. The trial court instructed the jury that the areas marked in yellow denoted the 

Spanish portions of the call. The trial court also instructed the jurors that, if they perceived a 

conflict between the recording and the transcript, the “recording controls.”

¶ 29 Prior to playing the recording for the jury, the State introduced a certified copy of 

defendant’s conviction of the domestic battery that occurred November 29, 2012. The trial 

court admitted the exhibit over defendant’s objection.

¶ 30 Defendant includes the following portion of the call transcript in his opening brief:

“CALLER [(DEFENDANT)]: Karina hung up on me so earlier I just wanted to talk 

to [A.B.] She was telling me all that other stuff that I ain’t even want to hear. So I 

PERSON 2: [Y]eah bro. 

CALLER: I talked to mom for a little minute and... [(inaudible)] ... I don[’]t know 

what the hell is going on. I guess she, um, Karina, talked with Sandra and she told her 

a different story.

PERSON 2: She did. She said that you were out on Friday night or that you beat 

her up on Friday[.]

CALLER: [U]hmhum[.]

PERSON 2: [Y]eah bro.

CALLER: [Y]ea well.

PERSON 2: I don’t even know what is going on dude because you were with us 

that day on Friday.

CALLER: I know. Well me and her we were together on Friday. We went out.

PERSON 2: [Y]eah.

CALLER: And. But the whole time we were arguing. We went to the house you 

guys and when we were driving all the way back she’s hitting me and hitting me yeah 

I’m just taking it we go somewhere else and we were fine. We leave we’re getting out 

of the car, I’m getting out of the car she hit me with the car[.]

PERSON 2: Ah, she did.

CALLER: [Y]eah, and you know just went inside and she’s still hitting me when I 

supposedly... [(inaudible)] and supposedly[.]

PERSON 2: [Y]ou should of called me. 

CALLER: I—

PERSON 2: [Y]ou should of really called me. I would of gotten someone to pick 

you up.

CALLER: [Y]ah, well, I should of. I should of just left that was my fault I should 

of just left. Me too.

PERSON 2: [Y]eah, I know.

2The transcript contained bracketed portions of dialogue that were translated from Spanish to 

English.
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CALLER: You know and supposedly when I hit her and all that happened it turns 

out she was pregnant and she went to the hospital when I took her to the hospital. And 

I don’t know, I guess she lost the baby or whatnot[.]”

¶ 31 The transcript of the call is eight pages in length and contains additional references to the 

incident that led to defendant’s arrest. Early in the call, defendant was asked, “[A]lright, hey 

what happened?” Defendant said, “[Y]eah I just got over here like two hours ago *** so I don’t 

even know.” Person 2 then told defendant, “Don’t worry bro its gonna pass. See I told you that 

day to stay at the house.” Defendant responded, “I did.” Person 2 again said, “[Y]ou should of 

stayed dude.” Defendant responded, “Yeah, but you know. I should have never went back with 

her in the first place. I should of just stayed.” Defendant then repeated several more times that 

he “should have just stayed.”

¶ 32 Next, there was conversation regarding defendant’s belongings, getting access to 

defendant’s “gmail account,” and “the car.” Then, the exchange quoted by defendant took 

place.

¶ 33 The conversation continued with defendant telling Person 2 that he was not sure whether 

Karina was pregnant and that he did not see any papers so he did not know “if it’s true.” Person 

2 asked defendant, “What if she wants you to get more time.” Defendant responded, “[S]top,” 

so he could finish what he was saying. The conversation continued as follows:

“CALLER [(DEFENDANT)]: [W]hen we went to the hospital, when we were at 

the hospital yesterday, when she went yesterday. When we went the same night 

Saturday morning. You know Friday night, whatever[.]

PERSON 2: [Y]eah.

CALLER: (inaudible) blood sample and they told her there that she was pregnant. 

They did an ultrasound and they told her she was pregnant.

PERSON 2: [A]lright.

CALLER: Right there and then they did not give any papers besides other things 

were [sic] she was hurt but that was all[.]

PERSON 2: [Y]eah.

CALLER: [S]o truthfully I don’t know.”

¶ 34 Defendant and Person 2 then discussed “the car” and phone numbers for various people. 

Defendant gave Person 2 his Gmail and Facebook passwords. Defendant finally told Person 2 

that he would try to “call you guys again tomorrow.”

¶ 35 After the phone call was played for the jury, the transcripts were collected and the State 

rested its case. Defendant’s motion for a directed verdict was denied.

¶ 36 Defendant elected to testify on his own behalf. His testimony regarding the activities on 

May 27, 2016, was largely consistent with Karina’s testimony. Defendant acknowledged that 

Karina complained about him “adding females on [F]acebook” while they were visiting 

relatives at his father’s house in Belvidere. On the drive back from Belvidere to 

Carpentersville, defendant testified that Karina complained about a “lack of trust” between 

them. Defendant testified that he told her “we’ll talk about it later.” Karina was “upset, angry, 

[and] aggressive.” They decided to go to a friend’s house instead of going home. Defendant 

testified that things were “calm” at the friend’s house because they “spoke about our issues 

prior to leaving to [sic] [the] friend’s house.” Karina then became angry again, over “the same 

situation” that they had argued about earlier, so she asked to leave. On the way home, the 
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argument was “verbal.” Defendant said it turned “physical after I got hit with the car.” Karina 

had parked the car and told defendant, “[E]ither you leave or I leave.” Defendant told her that 

he would leave. Defendant said that, as he was “halfway” out the door in the process of getting 

out, Karina put the car in reverse and backed out of the parking space, and the door hit him. 

Defendant testified that he “rolled underneath.” He said that “it hurt” and that he felt a big pain 

in his “upper left chest side on the bottom.” Defendant was on the ground with the car’s lights 

on him. He said he was “shocked” and “scared, I guess, being hit with the car.” After Karina 

pulled back in and parked, defendant got up, removed A.B. from the backseat, and walked 

toward the apartment.

¶ 37 Defendant testified that, after he and Karina tucked A.B. in, he laid down in the hallway 

because he felt pain. Two minutes later, Karina came out of A.B.’s bedroom and kicked him, 

saying, “Why are you still here? Just get out.” Defendant claimed that Karina “repeatedly” 

kicked him in the same area where he was hit by the car. Defendant said that he tried to calm 

Karina down and tried to go to another room, but Karina followed him. He said that he tried to 

avoid the situation. Defendant said that he was afraid for his own safety and felt that Karina 

was going to “hurt” him. He said that Karina “initially” stopped but then pushed him.

¶ 38 Defendant felt that he needed to restrain Karina “because she was starting to throw 

punches.” He grabbed Karina by her upper arms, but she was still trying to punch him. 

Defendant said that he held Karina while she attempted to punch him when they “tripped over 

something” and they both fell forward. They fell on his right side and her left side. Karina was 

“like face front to the ground.” Defendant said that Karina’s back was to the floor and he landed 

on top of her. He said that he got off of her, as she had asked, and they got away from each 

other. Defendant said that Karina scratched his arms bad and “like near my cheek. That’s about 

it.”

¶ 39 Defendant denied punching Karina in the stomach and denied saying, “[Y]ou don’t want 

to be pregnant.” Defendant admitted that, about two weeks before the May 27 incident, Karina 

told him that she had missed her period, so she took a home pregnancy test, which was 

negative. Defendant also denied showing Karina a pocketknife and saying to Karina, “[Y]ou 

have to take me out.” Defendant testified that Karina was not wearing her glasses on May 27 

because A.B. accidently broke them about two months prior.

¶ 40 Defendant said that the fight ended when Karina laid down on the sofa and “said she felt 

pain.” Defendant denied seeing any blood that Karina coughed up. Defendant denied saying 

anything to Karina about “not saying anything about [sic] fight.” Defendant knew that Karina 

had miscarried before.

¶ 41 Defendant testified that when he was arrested by Officer Neuman he had a scratch on the 

left side of his face, scratches on his arms, and slight bruises on the left side of his upper body—

all purportedly caused by Karina on May 27. Defendant said that the police never asked him 

about his injuries but that he told the police he had “injuries too.” The police made no attempt 

to photograph those injuries.

¶ 42 Defendant acknowledged that, as Karina testified, he cried during the fights because of the 

pain “physically and emotionally-wise” of constantly arguing with one another about “trust 

issues.”

¶ 43 Defendant testified that he was arrested at 3 a.m. on May 30. He said that the only physical 

contact he made with Karina was “to restrain her.” Defendant denied choking Karina “at any 

time.”
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¶ 44 On cross-examination, defendant stated that the car was going fast when it hit him. When 

asked, “[S]he gunned the gas in reverse and then hit you?” defendant answered, “Yes.” 

Defendant testified that he was in so much pain afterwards that he could not talk. Despite being 

in pain “he gradually made it to the apartment” while carrying A.B. Despite being in fear of 

Karina, defendant did not call the police once A.B. was in bed. Instead, he “laid down in the 

hallway.” After things calmed down, defendant did not feel the need to go to the hospital, but 

he “decided to take Karina to the hospital.” Defendant told Officer Neuman that he had injuries 

but did not specify where they were because “he didn’t ask.” Defendant denied putting his 

hands on Karina’s neck “at any time,” denied putting his knees on her forearm, and denied 

punching her in the face. Defendant then said that he might have “accidently” touched Karina’s 

neck when they fell but that he could not recall how he might have touched her neck.

¶ 45 On redirect examination, defendant explained that he did not report getting hit by the car 

to the police because “when [he] first got arrested [he] told them [he] wanted a lawyer.” He 

also did not want Karina to be arrested.

¶ 46 On recross-examination, defendant testified that while at the police station he told the 

police that he had injuries. He also stated that Karina hit him in the car on the drive from 

Belvidere to Carpentersville. When asked about his testimony on direct that the physical 

altercation started with her hitting him with the car, he said he “wasn’t asked if on the drive 

back.” Defendant said that his testimony now was that Karina hit him “on the drive from 

Belvidere.”

¶ 47 At the conclusion of defendant’s testimony, the State introduced in rebuttal certified copies 

of defendant’s convictions of attempted home invasion, aggravated fleeing or attempting to 

allude a peace officer, and felony possession of a firearm without a firearm owner’s 

identification (FOID) card. Over defendant’s objection, the trial court admitted both documents 

pursuant to People v. Montgomery, 47 Ill. 2d 510 (1971). The convictions were read into the 

record in the presence of the jury, after which the State rested its rebuttal case.

¶ 48 During closing arguments, defense counsel argued that Karina’s testimony regarding the 

“sequence of events” was not credible. Counsel pointed out that at the hospital, when she was

with Massie, Karina was given “a chance to speak, but she didn’t.” Counsel argued that Karina 

lied to Sikowich about her medical history when she said she had not had any miscarriages in 

the past. Defense counsel argued that, in the recording of the phone call, defendant was telling 

the truth when he said, “[Karina] was still hitting me.” Counsel argued that defendant and 

Karina loved each other but have an “unhealthy way to resolve their conflict.” Counsel argued 

that Karina had a motive to report defendant to the police because she was “angry,” jealous, 

and being disrespected. Counsel argued that defendant might not be the best boyfriend but that 

“in this case [Karina] hit him first. She hit him with the car. In the apartment she did not let 

go.” Counsel argued that defendant was trying to defend himself and calm Karina down.

¶ 49 During rebuttal argument, the State argued that Karina had been consistent in her 

description of events since May 2016. The State pointed out that, during the phone recording, 

Person 2 said that Karina “said that [she and defendant] were out on Friday and that [defendant] 

beat her up on Friday.” The State argued that, while at the hospital the first night, Karina did 

not tell anyone what happened because she could not compose herself and “was afraid.”

¶ 50 On the other hand, the State argued that defendant’s version of events was incredible. The 

State discussed defendant’s prior felony convictions and the court’s instructions, commenting:
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“And, ladies and gentlemen, when we’re talking about the Defendant’s credibility, 

you’re going to get an instruction from the judge that talks about that. You heard those 

two certified convictions I admitted in our rebuttal case, and you get to consider those, 

ladies and gentlemen, when—as to how it impacts his credibility.”

¶ 51 The State argued that, unlike defendant, Karina was not impeached and was “completely 

consistent.” The State urged the jury to reject the defense’s argument that Karina “cooked” up 

this story “over what, a day and a half later, because [she was] mad that he went out with his 

friends.” The State argued that defendant’s story did not explain the injuries depicted in the 

photographs. The State argued that defendant “told us on that phone call” that he hit Karina.

¶ 52 The State told the jury that they would receive an instruction from the judge regarding the 

“prior” in 2012, stating, “You get to consider that for two things: The [d]efendant’s propensity 

to commit acts of domestic violence, and his modus operandi.” The State argued that the 

evidence showed that the violence “escalated. All of a sudden in 2016 he’s not just slapping 

her, he’s punching her, he’s strangling her.”

¶ 53 During final instructions, the trial court gave defendant’s instruction No. 11, based on 

Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 3.13 (approved Oct. 17, 2014) (hereinafter IPI 

Criminal No. 3.13), which stated: “Evidence of a defendant’s previous conviction of an offense 

may be considered by you only as it may affect his believability as a witness and must not be 

considered by you as evidence of his guilt of the offense with which he is charged.”

¶ 54 The trial court also gave the State’s instruction No. 15, based on Illinois Pattern Jury 

Instructions, Criminal, No. 3.14 (approved Oct. 17, 2014) (hereinafter IPI Criminal No. 3.14), 

which stated:

“Evidence has been received that the defendant has been involved in offenses other 

than those charged in the indictment.

This evidence has been received on the issue of defendant’s propensity to commit 

acts of domestic violence and modus operandi and may be considered by you only for 

those limited purposes.

It is for you to determine whether the defendant was involved in those offenses and 

if so, what weight should be given to this evidence on the issue of defendant’s 

propensity to commit acts of domestic violence and modus operandi.”

¶ 55 The trial court also gave the State’s instruction No. 2, based on paragraph seven of Illinois 

Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 1.01 (approved July 18, 2014) (hereinafter IPI 

Criminal No. 1.01), which stated: “Any evidence that was received for a limited purpose should 

not be considered by you for any other purpose.”

¶ 56 The parties agreed with the trial court that the jury should be allowed to see the 2012 

domestic battery plea of guilty form but not the convictions introduced in the State’s case in 

rebuttal.

¶ 57 During deliberations, the jury requested a definition of “great bodily harm.” The parties 

agreed to respond by telling the jury that they had all the instructions and to continue to 

deliberate. The jury convicted defendant of two counts of aggravated domestic battery (counts 

I and II) and two counts of domestic battery (counts IV and V). However, the jury found 

defendant not guilty of aggravated domestic battery (great bodily harm) (count III) based upon 

striking Karina and causing her to miscarry.
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¶ 58 Defendant filed a posttrial motion challenging the trial court’s rulings on the motion

in limine, allowing the admission of defendant’s prior felony convictions for impeachment 

purposes as well as “[d]efendant’s prior conviction of 12 CM 5176, Domestic Battery (Kane 

County) through Complaining Witness, Karina Estrada’s testimony and photos at trial.” 

Defendant challenged the trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of the recording of the 

telephone conversation between defendant and Person 2 and also challenged the trial court’s 

“overruling Defense’s objection” to evidence of defendant’s whereabouts during Karina’s May 

29, 2016, visit to the hospital. The trial court denied defendant’s motion, and the case 

proceeded to sentencing.

¶ 59 Karina testified for the State. She discussed the impact defendant’s crimes had on her and 

A.B. Karina testified that she suffered both physically and psychologically. On crossexamination, Karina explained that what bothers her the most is the impact on her daughter.

¶ 60 Carpentersville police officer Erik Quandee testified that, in April 2009, he investigated a 

shooting involving a minivan that was struck by three bullets. Officer Quandee interviewed 

defendant. Defendant told him that the shooting was “gang related.” Defendant explained that 

he was the shooter. Defendant said that he had the gun for “about a week-and-a-half” prior to 

the shooting. The person he shot at was inside the minivan along with other passengers. The 

shooting occurred outside a grocery store at 10:50 a.m. Over defendant’s objection, the State 

presented expert testimony that defendant is a member of the Latin Kings street gang.

¶ 61 Defendant’s mother and his sister testified in mitigation, stating that defendant is a good 

son and brother. The defense introduced a letter from defendant’s brother showing the love 

and support for defendant from his family.

¶ 62 The State argued that the facts of the case, together with defendant’s history of delinquency 

or criminal activity, justified a sentence of 10 years in prison. The State argued that Karina had 

to live through the trauma of losing a child. The State noted that, in the 2013 gang-related 

attempted home invasion, defendant was armed with a knife. “At the time, his daughter, who 

he was supposedly so concerned about, was a year-and-a-half.” Defendant was on parole for 

that offense when he committed the instant offense. The State argued that none of the statutory 

factors in mitigation applied. With respect to the factor that “defendant’s criminal conduct 

neither caused nor threatened serious physical harm” (730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.1(a)(1) (West 2016)), 

the State argued that defendant caused Karina to miscarry and that Karina testified “about that 

experience.” The State also asked the trial court to consider the photographs of Karina’s 

injuries from both the 2012 and 2016 beatings. The defense objected “because those are 

elements of the crime.” After reviewing the photographs, the trial court overruled the objection.

¶ 63 The defense argued for the imposition of the minimum sentence of three years. Defense 

counsel noted that defendant was a good father to A.B. and that, if he and Karina “are going to 

maintain their relationship, it is better for Mr. Bustos to get counseling, learn his way, and 

support the young mother and the young child.”

¶ 64 Defendant elected to make a statement in allocution. The trial court told defendant that he 

had the right to make a statement but that he did not have to say anything. Defendant 

acknowledged as much and said that he decided on his own to make a statement and that no 

one forced, coerced, or promised him anything “to get up and make this statement.” Defendant 

began by asking “mercy from the court to receive forgiveness from all parties.” Defendant 

asked for forgiveness from his family, “especially Karina and our daughter [A.B.] for actions 

that take me away from my loved ones.” Defendant stated that “I have the guilt of knowing 
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that I made wrong choices by have [sic] confidence to do better. I accept responsibility for my 

actions and I ask for mercy.” Defendant continued, “Instead of thinking through and acting on 

it, I decide to respond for the moment, to see what is at hand and not what I want in the long 

run.” Defendant said that he accepted “responsibility” for his actions and “for all I caused.”

¶ 65 The trial court commented that, upon reviewing the factors in mitigation, it could not say 

that any of them applied. Regarding factors in aggravation, the court found that defendant’s 

conduct “caused or threatened serious harm.” The court noted that defendant was convicted of 

“aggravated domestic battery, alleging that he strangled the victim by intentionally impeding 

the normal breathing of the victim.” The court also noted that it “considered the trial exhibits 

which were admitted at this sentencing hearing over the defendant’s objection.” The court 

found that “the conduct of impeding the breathing of the victim is serious harm.” The court 

found that defendant had a history of prior delinquency and criminal activity. The court also 

considered defendant’s gang membership and involvement in what is “essentially a crime 

industry.” The court found that the necessity to deter others also applied. Id. § 5-5-3.2(a)(7). 

The court also considered the effect the sentence would have on A.B., finding that she “[would] 

not be adversely affected.” The court stated that the State’s recommendation of 10 years was 

not “an unreasonable request.” The court commented that, during the sentencing hearing, 

defendant “indicated on more than one occasion as he made his statement that he is accepting 

responsibility for his conduct, responsibility for his actions. And the Court has considered 

that.” The court found that count II merged into count I. On count I, the court imposed a 

sentence of eight years in the Illinois Department of Corrections followed by four years of 

mandatory supervised release. The State noted that on the remaining counts the maximum is 

six years. The court, with the parties’ agreement, merged the remaining counts into count I, on 

which the sentence was imposed. Defendant’s motion to reconsider the sentence was denied. 

Defendant timely appealed.

¶ 66 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 67 On appeal, defendant makes the following arguments: (1) that testimony about defendant 

being at a strip club while Karina was at the hospital was irrelevant and prejudicial; (2) that 

during jury selection the trial court violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1, 

2012); (3) that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to testimony that defendant 

invoked his right to counsel, failing to object to improper closing arguments by the State, and 

failing to ensure that the jury was properly instructed on the use of defendant’s prior 

convictions; (4) that the cumulative effect of these errors deprived defendant of a fair trial; and 

(5) that the trial court’s consideration of a factor inherent in the offense requires a remand for 

resentencing. We consider each argument in turn.

¶ 68 A. Strip Club Testimony

¶ 69 Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by allowing Karina’s testimony that 

defendant was at a strip club while she was in the hospital on Sunday, May 29, 2016. He argues 

that this evidence was irrelevant and prejudicial. Furthermore, defendant contends that this 

“issue has been preserved for review as defense counsel objected at trial and included this issue 

in a post-trial motion.” The State responds by arguing that this issue has been forfeited because, 

contrary to defendant’s claim, trial counsel did not object to the question that elicited the “strip 
- 14 -

club” response. Further, the State argues that this issue is not reviewable under the plain-error 

rule because the evidence was not closely balanced. We agree with the State on both points.

¶ 70 The testimony at issue occurred during the following exchange between the assistant state’s 

attorney and Karina:

“STATE: That Sunday evening when you’re in the hospital, do you know where 

Luis was?

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Objection.

THE COURT: Overruled.

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Relevance.

THE COURT: It’s a yes or no, do you know where he was.

KARINA: I didn’t know until another person came in the hospital. It was another 

one of my friends, and yes, she was the one that told me his location.

STATE: And where was he?

KARINA: He was at a friend’s house because that was more important.

STATE: And, Karina, was he at his friend’s house that whole night?

KARINA: No. Then he went to a strip club.”

¶ 71 In his reply brief, defendant cites People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007), to 

argue that, even if not preserved, this issue “is reviewable under the closely-balanced prong of 

plain error review because, as argued in Mr. Bustos’ opening brief, the evidence was not 

overwhelming.”

¶ 72 Defendant notes that he objected, on the grounds of relevance, to the question, “That 

Sunday evening when you’re in the hospital, do you know where Luis was?” He argues that 

this objection preserved the issue for review because that question was “closely related” to the 

second and third questions in the exchange. We disagree. First, defendant’s objection was that 

the question was not relevant, not that the prejudicial effect substantially outweighed the 

probative value. A trial court’s decision regarding the admissibility of evidence is within its 

sound discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. People v. 

Becker, 239 Ill. 2d 215, 234 (2010). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s ruling 

is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable or where no reasonable person would agree with the 

position adopted by the trial court. Id. (citing People v. Illgen, 145 Ill. 2d 353, 364 (1991)). 

“ ‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact 

that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than 

it would be without the evidence.” Ill. R. Evid. 401 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011). Evidence is relevant if 

its purpose is to provide context for other evidence. People v. Hanson, 238 Ill. 2d 74, 101 

(2010).

¶ 73 Here, Karina’s knowledge of the defendant’s whereabouts provided context for her 

decision to disclose the true source of her injuries. The State’s theory was that Karina did not 

disclose the source of her injuries when she was first in the hospital because defendant was 

with her, except when she was given the ultrasound, and she was afraid of him. The trial court’s 

ruling was limited to allowing her to answer the question “yes or no.” The trial court did not 

address the relevance of where defendant actually was, and thus it was necessary for defendant 

to continue to object in order to preserve the issue. An “[e]rror may not be predicated upon a 

ruling which admits or excludes evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected, and 

*** a timely objection or motion to strike appears of record, stating the specific ground of 
- 15 -

objection, if the specific ground was not apparent from the context.” Ill. R. Evid. 103(a)(1) 

(eff. Oct. 15, 2015).

¶ 74 Based on defendant’s forfeiture of the issue, we are limited to conducting a plain-error 

analysis. “The plain-error rule bypasses normal forfeiture principles and allows a reviewing 

court to consider unpreserved claims of error in specific circumstances.” People v. Thompson, 

238 Ill. 2d 598, 613 (2010). Reviewing courts apply the plain-error doctrine when:

“(1) a clear or obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced that the 

error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the 

seriousness of the error, or (2) a clear or obvious error occurred and that error is so 

serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity 

of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence.” Piatkowski, 225 

Ill. 2d at 565.

¶ 75 In Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 613-14, our supreme court reaffirmed that the second prong of 

plain-error analysis is limited to structural errors. Defendant argues that the claimed error 

regarding the “strip club” testimony is reviewable under the closely balanced prong of plainerror review. The State argues that defendant did not request plain-error review in his opening 

brief. In his reply brief, defendant points out that our supreme court has made clear that plain 

error may be raised by a defendant for the first time in his or her reply brief. People v. Williams, 

193 Ill. 2d 306, 347-48 (2000).

¶ 76 Under the first prong of plain-error review, the defendant has the burden to show that a 

clear or obvious error occurred and that the evidence was closely balanced. People v. Herron, 

215 Ill. 2d 167, 187 (2005). While the defendant has the burden to show that the evidence is 

closely balanced, he has “no burden to present any evidence or to testify himself at trial.” 

Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 567.

¶ 77 The first step in plain-error review is to determine whether an error occurred. Thompson, 

238 Ill. 2d at 613. Defendant notes that, in denying defendant’s posttrial motion, the trial court 

found that evidence of defendant’s whereabouts during Karina’s second trip to the hospital was 

relevant to show how Karina got to the hospital and who was present during the examination. 

As we have noted, Karina’s knowledge of defendant’s whereabouts provided context for her 

disclosures to the medical personnel and the police; however, we discern no relevance to the 

fact that defendant was at a strip club. As defendant notes in his reply brief, “the State did not 

use this evidence in closing to explain the delay in reporting. Instead, the prosecutor argued to 

the jury that Bustos’ presence at the strip club showed that he did not love his family.” For 

purposes of our review, we conclude that defendant has shown that a clear or obvious error 

occurred.

¶ 78 Next, defendant must show that the evidence was closely balanced, i.e., that “the error 

alone severely threatened to tip the scales of justice.” People v. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 51. 

Evidence has been found to be closely balanced where there are two opposing versions of 

events and there is “no extrinsic evidence *** presented to corroborate or contradict either 

version.” People v. Naylor, 229 Ill. 2d 584, 607 (2008). “In determining whether the evidence 

adduced at trial was close, a reviewing court must evaluate the totality of the evidence and 

conduct a qualitative, commonsense assessment of it within the context of the case.” Sebby, 

2017 IL 119445, ¶ 53. Our “inquiry involves an assessment of the evidence on the elements of 

the charged offense or offenses, along with any evidence regarding the witnesses’ credibility.” 

Id.
- 16 -

¶ 79 There is no issue in this case as to who caused the injuries that Karina suffered during the 

altercation. Since the State’s evidence did not contain any evidence of self-defense, defendant 

had to present some evidence that his use of force was justified in order to be entitled to a selfdefense instruction. Defendant failed to meet that threshold. People v. Cox, 100 Ill. App. 3d 

272, 281 (1981) (a defense of “justifiable use of force” is an affirmative defense); 720 ILCS 

5/7-14 (West 2016). Karina’s testimony was corroborated in virtually every detail. Her account 

of the assault was consistent with the photographs and the testimony of the medical teams that 

treated her. Karina’s injuries are inconsistent with defendant’s testimony that he did not 

strangle or punch Karina. The photographs, simply put, show that she was beaten. The marks 

and bruising on Karina’s neck, including the fingernail gouge mark, could not have resulted 

from the fall defendant described. We note that defendant’s testimony on direct examination 

was that the argument on the way home was “verbal,” whereas in the recorded call defendant 

said, “she’s hitting me,” and then on recross-examination he again said that Karina was hitting 

him in the car on the drive from Belvidere.

¶ 80 During the phone call, Person 2 told defendant that Karina “said that you were out on 

Friday night or that you beat her up on Friday.” Defendant responded by saying, “[U]hmhum.” 

Person 2 said, “[Y]eah bro,” and defendant responded, “[Y]ea well.” While defendant went on 

to describe Karina as the instigator, defendant’s admission that he “beat her up” is strong 

corroborating evidence of Karina’s testimony.

“ ‘When a statement that is incriminating in nature is made in the presence and hearing 

of an accused and such statement is not denied, contradicted, or objected to by him, 

both the statement and the fact of his failure to deny it are admissible in a criminal trial 

as evidence of the defendant’s agreement in its truth.’ ” People v. Colon, 2018 IL App 

(1st) 160120, ¶ 17 (quoting People v. Soto, 342 Ill. App. 3d 1005, 1013 (2003)).

See Ill. R. Evid. 801(a)(2) (eff. Oct. 15, 2015). We disagree with defendant’s argument that 

the trial was a “credibility contest” between him and Karina. Although there were opposing 

versions of events, extrinsic evidence corroborated Karina’s version. That same evidence 

contradicted defendant’s version. The State also presented evidence of the 2012 incident where 

defendant beat up Karina and ultimately pled guilty to domestic battery. Evidence that a 

defendant has been involved in a similar incident is persuasive evidence that “the present 

victim is worthy of belief.” People v. Dabbs, 239 Ill. 2d 277, 293 (2010). On the issue of 

credibility, defendant’s testimony was also impeached with his prior felony convictions. In 

sum, the evidence in this case was anything but closely balanced.

¶ 81 B. Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b)

¶ 82 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. July 1, 2012) was designed to ensure that the 

defendant has a fair and impartial jury that understands and accepts four important 

constitutional principles, first laid out in People v. Zehr, 103 Ill. 2d 472 (1984) (codified in Ill. 

S. Ct. R. 431(b) (eff. May 1, 1997)):

“(1) that the defendant is presumed innocent of the charge(s) against him or her; (2) that 

before a defendant can be convicted the State must prove the defendant guilty beyond 

a reasonable doubt; (3) that the defendant is not required to offer any evidence on his 

or her own behalf; and (4) that if a defendant does not testify it cannot be held against 

him or her.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 431(b) (eff. July 1, 2012).
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Rule 431(b) requires that the trial court “ask each potential juror, individually or in a group, 

whether that juror understands and accepts” each of the principles. Id.

¶ 83 The trial court in the instant case failed to ask each potential juror either individually or 

collectively whether they understood and accepted the Zehr principles. Defendant concedes 

that this error was not preserved but argues that the issue is reviewable under the first prong of 

the plain-error rule. In Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 611, our supreme court held that, in the absence 

of any evidence that the defendant was tried by a biased jury, a trial court’s violation of Rule 

431(b) “does not fall within the very limited category of structural errors and, thus, does not 

require automatic reversal of defendant’s conviction.” As we have found, the evidence in this 

case was not closely balanced. We therefore honor the forfeiture of the issue.

¶ 84 C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶ 85 Defendant argues that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. Defendant cites three 

reasons why counsel’s performance was deficient. First, counsel did not object to evidence that 

defendant invoked his right to counsel when he was arrested, and counsel compounded this 

error by having defendant repeat this fact during his own testimony. Second, counsel did not 

object when, during closing arguments, the State treated as substantive evidence a portion of 

the phone call that defendant claims was admitted merely to provide context to defendant’s 

statements. Third, counsel did not offer a jury instruction that “specified which convictions 

could be used for which purposes.”

¶ 86 To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant must show both 

that counsel’s performance “ ‘fell below an objective standard of reasonableness’ ” and that 

counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense. People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 17 

(2009) (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984)). The defendant “must 

overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s action or inaction was the result of sound trial 

strategy.” People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 341-42 (2007). Matters of trial strategy may not 

form the basis of an ineffective-assistance claim. People v. Patterson, 217 Ill. 2d 407, 442 

(2005). The defendant must “show that counsel’s errors were so serious, and his performance 

so deficient, that he did not function as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed by the sixth amendment.” 

Perry, 224 Ill. 2d at 342. When examining a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the 

issue “is always to be determined from the totality of counsel’s conduct.” People v. Mitchell, 

105 Ill. 2d 1, 15 (1984).

¶ 87 In order to meet his burden under the prejudice prong, the defendant must “prove there is 

a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have 

been different.” Perry, 224 Ill. 2d at 342 (citing People v. Johnson, 218 Ill. 2d 125, 143-44 

(2005)). The prejudice prong requires a showing of actual prejudice, not simply speculation 

that the defendant might have been prejudiced. People v. Bew, 228 Ill. 2d 122, 135 (2008). 

Furthermore, a reasonable probability is defined as a showing sufficient to undermine 

confidence in the outcome, rendering the result unreliable or fundamentally unfair. People v. 

Evans, 209 Ill. 2d 194, 220 (2004). Where, as here, a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel 

is raised for the first time on appeal, our review is de novo. People v. Lofton, 2015 IL App (2d) 

130135, ¶ 24.
- 18 -

¶ 88 1. Invocation of the Right to Counsel

¶ 89 Here, trial counsel did not object to Officer Neuman’s testimony regarding defendant’s 

statement that, when Officer Neuman first encountered defendant, defendant said that “he 

wanted a lawyer.” Defendant argues that counsel “performed deficiently by not objecting to 

this evidence, either immediately or at a sidebar outside the presence of the jury.” “[B]oth the 

right to remain silent and the right to an attorney are guaranteed under Miranda.” People v. 

Lucas, 132 Ill. 2d 399, 432 (1989); see Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). “[T]he 

Illinois evidentiary rule generally prohibits impeachment of a criminal defendant with his 

postarrest silence, regardless of whether it occurred before or after he was given Miranda 

warnings, because under those circumstances, that silence is not considered relevant or 

material.” People v. Quinonez, 2011 IL App (1st) 092333, ¶ 27. As defendant points out, there 

are exceptions to this rule: (1) when the defendant testifies at trial that he made an exculpatory 

statement to the police at the time of his arrest and (2) when he makes a postarrest statement 

that is inconsistent with his exculpatory trial testimony. Neither of these exceptions apply here; 

thus, if counsel had objected, the objection likely would have been sustained and the jury would 

have been instructed to disregard. However, matters of trial strategy may not form the basis of 

a claim of ineffective assistance “unless the strategy was unsound.” (Emphasis in original.) 

People v. Ramey, 152 Ill. 2d 41, 54 (1992). Reviewing courts must be “highly deferential to 

trial counsel on matters of trial strategy, making every effort to evaluate counsel’s performance 

from his perspective at the time, rather than through the lens of hindsight.” Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 

at 344 (citing People v. Madej, 177 Ill. 2d 116, 157 (1997)).

¶ 90 Defendant has not carried his burden of establishing that trial counsel’s failure to object 

was not a matter of trial strategy. An objection and an instruction from the court would have 

drawn more attention to the fact that defendant requested counsel. See Lucas, 132 Ill. 2d at 

431. Also, defendant’s decision to request counsel provided part of his explanation for why he 

did not report to the police that Karina hit him with the car. We also note that the two references 

to defendant’s request for counsel were isolated and were not elicited to raise a guilty inference. 

No mention was made, during closing argument, of defendant’s requests for counsel. People 

v. Leak, 398 Ill. App. 3d 798, 820-21 (2010); Lucas, 132 Ill. 2d at 433. Even if we were to 

conclude that counsel’s failure to object was not the product of sound trial strategy, based on 

these facts and the overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt, defendant has not shown a 

reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different. See Lucas, 132 Ill. 

2d at 433 (testimony that defendant requested an attorney was harmless error).

¶ 91 2. Closing Argument

¶ 92 Defendant argues that trial counsel’s performance was deficient because counsel did not 

object to improper closing arguments by the State. During rebuttal argument, the State argued 

that Karina’s version of events was consistent. The State referenced the recorded telephone 

call. Defendant cites the following passage from the State’s rebuttal argument:

“Well, let’s talk about how many times Karina Estrada has told her story. She told 

it to you yesterday. She told it to Imelda Sikowich. She told Imelda that her boyfriend 

beat her up.

And, ladies and gentlemen, remember that phone call I played for you? Remember 

when the other male talks about what Karina was saying? She said—the caller or the 

other person says—defendant says, Karina told her a different story. And the person on 
- 19 -

the other end of the phone call says she did. She said that you were out on Friday and 

that you beat her up on Friday.

So, ladies and gentlemen, Karina Estrada’s story hasn’t changed from May of 2016. 

It’s the exact same story. There’s no difference here.” (Emphasis added.)

Defendant argues that the State’s use of Person 2’s statement that Karina had said “you were 

out on Friday and that you beat her up on Friday” was improper because what Person 2 said 

was hearsay and was admitted “merely to provide context” for what defendant said. Defendant 

does not provide a citation to the record where any such ruling was made by the trial court. 

During argument on the State’s motion in limine to admit the recording and the transcript, the 

State argued that the entire call should be admitted as an admission. The trial court admitted 

the recording over defendant’s objection but redacted the four lines indicating that the call 

came from the jail. As we have already concluded, Person 2’s statements, which were not 

contradicted or denied by defendant, are defendant’s tacit admissions. Therefore, the State’s 

use of the statements as substantive evidence was proper.

¶ 93 We also note that the State’s remarks about Karina’s consistency were in rebuttal to trial 

counsel’s argument that Karina had a chance to “clarify what those marks were and what is 

happening [when] Nurse Massie asked her what happened. She said I’m fine. I’m okay.” 

Counsel then implied that Karina became angry because defendant was “having fun at a 

friend’s house” while she was in pain and then she decided to tell the police that defendant 

beat her. Because there was nothing improper about the State’s rebuttal argument, defendant 

cannot show deficient performance.

¶ 94 3. Jury Instructions

¶ 95 Defendant argues that trial counsel’s performance was deficient because counsel did not 

submit “specifically-tailored” (modified) versions of IPI Criminal Nos. 3.13 and 3.14. 

Defendant contends that “the jury instructions here did not convey which prior convictions 

could be used for propensity and which could be used for a more limited purpose,” meaning 

impeachment. Citing People v. Stanko, 402 Ill. 558, 561 (1949), defendant argues that the jury 

was given “two conflicting instructions” and that “there is no way to know if the jury followed 

the correct instruction or the erroneous one.” With respect to prejudice, defendant argues, as 

he does throughout his brief, that the “case turned on the credibility contest” between himself 

and Karina and that the “cumulative effect of all of counsel’s errors affected the jury’s 

credibility determination.”

¶ 96 The State responds by arguing that, generally, counsel’s decision whether to request a 

limiting instruction can be viewed as strategic, citing People v. Perez, 2012 IL App (2d) 

100865, ¶ 66. The State points out that the correctness of a jury instruction does not depend 

upon whether counsel can imagine a problematic meaning but whether an ordinary person 

acting as a juror would fail to understand the instruction. Herron, 215 Ill. 2d at 187-88. The 

State also argues that its rebuttal argument clearly conveyed to the jury how to use the prior 

convictions.

¶ 97 The purpose of jury instructions is to convey to the jurors the law that applies to the facts 

so that they can reach a correct conclusion. People v. Hopp, 209 Ill. 2d 1, 8 (2004). Illinois 

Supreme Court Rule 451(a) (eff. Apr. 8, 2013) requires that, “if the court determines the jury 

should be instructed on a subject, and the Illinois Pattern Jury Instruction (IPI), Criminal, 

contains an appliable instruction, then the IPI instruction ‘shall’ be given unless the court 
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determines it does not accurately state the law.” Hopp, 209 Ill. 2d at 7 (citing People v. Novak, 

163 Ill. 2d 93, 116 (1994)). Our task is to determine “whether the instructions, considered 

together, fully and fairly announce the law applicable to the theories of the State and the 

defense.” People v. Mohr, 228 Ill. 2d 53, 65 (2008). “Jury instructions should be construed as 

a whole, rather than read in isolation.” People v. Parker, 223 Ill. 2d 494, 501 (2006).

¶ 98 In determining whether the failure to give a written instruction deprived defendant of a fair 

trial, we “must look to all the circumstances to determine whether defendant received a fair 

trial, ‘including all the instructions to the jury, the arguments of counsel, whether the weight 

of the evidence was overwhelming, and other relevant factors.’ ” People v. Layhew, 139 Ill. 2d 

476, 486 (1990) (quoting Kentucky v. Whorton, 441 U.S. 786, 789 (1979) (per curiam) (failure 

to give written instruction on a burden of proof and presumption of innocence was not 

reversible error)). Failure to request a particular jury instruction “may be grounds for finding 

ineffective assistance of counsel if the instruction was so critical to the defense that its omission 

‘ “den[ied] the right of the accused to a fair trial.” ’ ” People v. Falco, 2014 IL App (1st) 

111797, ¶ 16 (quoting People v. Johnson, 385 Ill. App. 3d 585, 599 (2008), quoting People v. 

Pegram, 124 Ill. 2d 166, 174 (1988)). We review de novo the issue of whether the jury 

instructions accurately conveyed the applicable law. Parker, 223 Ill. 2d at 501.

¶ 99 Defendant relies on People v. Johnson, 2013 IL App (2d) 110535, for his argument that 

trial counsel was ineffective for failing to submit tailored instructions regarding how the jury 

could use defendant’s prior convictions. Defendant’s reliance on Johnson is misplaced. In 

Johnson, the defendant was arrested and charged with misdemeanor domestic battery to the 

woman who owned the home in which he was living. Id. ¶ 5. The day after the battery, the 

victim called the police to retrieve a gun from her home. Id. ¶ 18. The police recovered a gun 

and ammunition from the defendant’s bedroom. Id. The defendant was charged with two 

counts of unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon. Id. ¶ 4. Despite the fact that the domestic 

battery and the weapons charges were not part of the “same comprehensive transaction” so as 

to be susceptible to joinder, the parties agreed to join the three charges for a jury trial. Id. ¶¶ 5, 

47, 50. Prior to trial, the trial court granted the State’s motion to introduce prior uncharged 

incidents of domestic violence “to show defendant’s propensity.” Id. ¶¶ 7, 10. The trial court 

also allowed the State to introduce threats made during the incident for purposes other than 

propensity. Id. ¶ 11.

¶ 100 Prior to trial, the parties stipulated to the defendant’s prior felony conviction as a predicate 

for the weapons charges. Id. ¶ 12. “The State agreed that, if defendant testified, his prior felony 

conviction was inadmissible for impeachment purposes, because it was more than 10 years 

old.” Id. (citing Montgomery, 47 Ill. 2d at 516). Despite the fact that the prior felony was 

inadmissible for impeachment purposes, when the State read the stipulation into the record, 

the trial court advised the jury that “ ‘[t]his information concerning the agreement of these facts 

can be used by you like any other evidence in this case to come to your verdict.’ ” Id. ¶ 29. The 

defendant testified and denied committing domestic battery as well as the prior incidents of 

domestic violence. Id. ¶¶ 30-32. The State’s evidence showed that, besides the defendant, 

another man and the victim’s son had lived in the home and the defendant’s prints were not 

recovered from the gun. Id. ¶¶ 21, 28. The defendant testified that there was no lock on the 

bedroom door and that when he moved in there were items in the room that were not his. Id.

¶¶ 33-34.
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¶ 101 “The trial court instructed the jury that it could consider the evidence of defendant’s 

‘conduct other than those charged in the indictment,’ for purposes of ‘intent, motive, design, 

knowledge, absence of mistake, and propensity.’ ” Id. ¶ 35. On appeal, we agreed with the 

defendant’s argument that his trial counsel was ineffective for agreeing to join the domestic 

battery charge with the charges of unlawful possession by a felon. Id. ¶ 38. The defendant 

argued that the joinder “had the effect of allowing the jury to consider otherwise inadmissible 

other-crimes evidence, which caused him to be prejudiced.” Id. ¶ 42. The defendant argued 

that, on the weapons charges, the jury “should not have considered the two uncharged domestic 

violence incidents or the threats that accompanied those incidents.” Id. We noted that the 

erroneous-jury-instruction issue was a separate matter from the joinder-of-charges issue, but 

we concluded “that the joinder of the charges, coupled with the improper jury instructions, 

mandates new, separate trials with precise jury instructions.” (Emphasis added.) Id. We agreed 

with the defendant that the trial court’s error in giving the jury a defective instruction together 

with the joinder “created a reasonable probability that the jury found defendant guilty of 

unlawful possession of a weapon by a felon after improperly considering the two uncharged 

domestic violence incidents and the threats that accompanied those incidents.” Id. ¶ 58. We 

also said that there was a reasonable probability that the jury improperly considered the 

defendant’s prior felony conviction in the domestic battery case and that it should have been 

limited to considering his status as a felon on the unlawful-possession-of-weapons charges. Id.

¶ 71.

¶ 102 The confluence of errors in Johnson have no resemblance to the facts of this case. There 

was no improper joinder of offenses in this case. Unlike in this case, where extrinsic evidence 

strongly corroborated Karina’s testimony, the evidence in Johnson was close; it was a 

“credibility contest” between the defendant and the victim. Id. ¶ 55. In Johnson, there was no 

extrinsic evidence corroborating the victim’s testimony regarding either the charged offenses 

or the other acts of domestic violence. Id. ¶ 50. In fact, in Johnson, the victim did not report 

the uncharged acts to the police. Id. Here, Karina reported the 2012 incident.

¶ 103 In the instance case, the jury was properly instructed pursuant to IPI Criminal Nos. 1.01, 

3.13, and 3.14. The trial court instructed the jury that “any evidence that was received for a 

limited purpose should not be considered for any other purpose.” See IPI Criminal No. 1.01. 

With respect to the evidence of prior acts of domestic violence, the trial court instructed the 

jury that “[t]his evidence has been received on the issue of defendant’s propensity to commit 

acts of domestic violence and modus operandi and may be considered by you only for those 

limited purposes.” (Emphasis added.) See IPI Criminal No. 3.14.

¶ 104 This instruction also informed the jury that it should determine “whether defendant was 

involved in those offenses and if so, what weight should be given to this evidence on the issue 

of defendant’s propensity to commit acts of domestic violence and modus operandi.” See IPI 

Criminal No. 3.14. Defendant’s instruction, IPI Criminal No. 3.13, was given, which informed 

the jury that defendant’s “previous conviction of an offense may be considered by you only as 

it may affect his believability as a witness and must not be considered by you as evidence of 

his guilt of the offense with which he is charged.”

¶ 105 Defendant’s argument is identical to the argument made by the defendant in People v. 

Banks, 2016 IL App (1st) 131009. The defendant was charged in 2005 with a double murder 

and arson committed in 1990, based on a DNA “cold hit.” Id. ¶¶ 1-2. The murders were 

committed in the course of the rape of a 12-year-old girl. Id. ¶ 1. Prior to trial, the State moved 
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to introduce a 1984 sexual assault as relevant to the defendant’s propensity to commit sexual 

assaults and to motive and intent. Id. ¶ 9. The State was allowed to use a 1990 murder 

conviction “ ‘for the very limited purpose’ ” of impeachment. Id. ¶ 10. Prior to the testimony 

of the sexual assault victim from the 1984 case, the trial court advised the jury that the 

testimony “ ‘will be received on the issue of Defendant’s propensity’ ” and “ ‘only for that 

limited purpose.’ ” Id. ¶ 47. The defendant testified, denying any involvement. Id. ¶ 50. In 

rebuttal, the State entered a certified copy of the defendant’s 1990 murder conviction. Id. ¶ 51. 

The trial court advised the jury that the conviction may be considered “ ‘only as it may affect 

his believability.’ ” Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that “the jury was misinformed as to 

the proper way to use evidence of prior convictions because the jury instructions provided them 

did not draw a distinction between a conviction adduced for impeachment purposes and one 

adduced for propensity purposes.” Id. ¶ 109. The appellate court rejected this argument, noting 

that, during the trial, the trial court instructed the jury, “ ‘Any evidence that was received for a 

limited purpose should not be considered by you for any other purpose.’ ” Id. ¶ 116. As in the 

instant case, the trial court also gave IPI Criminal Nos. 3.13 and 3.14. Id. ¶¶ 117-19. The 

appellate court noted that neither IPI Criminal No. 3.13 nor IPI Criminal No. 3.14 have blanks 

“in which parties or the court can insert the name of the offense in which the defendant was 

involved.” Id. ¶ 119. The appellate court concluded that the jury instructions given accurately 

stated the law and comported with Rule 451(a), which provides that, if Illinois Pattern Jury 

Instructions contain an applicable instruction, then the Illinois Pattern Jury Instruction “shall” 

be given unless the court determines that it does not accurately state the law. Id. ¶ 120 (citing 

People v. Durr, 215 Ill. 2d 283, 301 (2005)). The appellate court also rejected the defendant’s 

argument that trial counsel was ineffective for failure to tender modified other-crimes 

instructions, which identified the previous crimes and purpose for which each was allowed into 

evidence. Id. ¶¶ 122-24. The court held that the defendant was “unable to overcome the 

presumption that the contested conduct was not sound trial strategy, where counsel could have 

reasonably made the sound strategic determination not to focus the jury’s attention on 

defendant’s prior crimes.” Id. ¶ 124 (citing People v. Johnson, 368 Ill. App. 3d 1146, 1161 

(2006)).

¶ 106 While the trial court in Banks followed the preferred method of instructing the jury, both 

at the time the other-crimes evidence was introduced and at the close of the trial, the failure to 

do so “does not mandate reversal.” People v. Heard, 187 Ill. 2d 36, 61 (1999). Here, the State 

correctly stated the proper purposes for which the other offenses were allowed into evidence 

during rebuttal argument.

¶ 107 In his reply brief, defendant argues that the “phrasing of the actual jury instructions” 

suggested that the convictions could be used “for purposes” other than those for which they 

were received. Defendant does not bicker with the State’s argument that the State’s rebuttal 

argument “told the jury how to properly use the prior convictions.” Defendant notes that a 

closing argument is not evidence. While that is true, both the prosecution and the defense are 

permitted to comment on the law as it applies to the evidence in the case. During closing 

argument, the State is barred from misstating the law. People v. Buckley, 282 Ill. App. 3d 81, 

89 (1996). Defendant concedes that the State did not misstate the law. As we have stated, in 

considering whether an instructional error deprived defendant of a fair trial, we consider all the 

circumstances, including closing argument. Layhew, 139 Ill. 2d at 486. Here, the certified copy 

of defendant’s prior domestic battery conviction and Karina’s testimony were admitted during 
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the State’s case-in-chief. The prior felonies were introduced in the State’s rebuttal, 

immediately after defendant’s testimony.

¶ 108 Also, the trial court allowed only a single document showing defendant’s domestic battery 

guilty plea to go back to the jury. Documents establishing defendant’s multiple prior felony 

convictions did not go back to the jury.

¶ 109 Defendant argues that IPI Criminal No. 3.13, as given (“[e]vidence of a defendant’s 

previous conviction of an offense”), was confusing because it suggested that it applied to only 

one prior conviction. We disagree. Criminal juries, applying their common sense, are capable 

of understanding instructions. See Johnson v. Texas, 509 U.S. 350, 368 (1993).

¶ 110 Defendant also argues that the propensity instruction referred to “offenses,” suggesting that 

“more than one prior conviction could be used as propensity evidence,” yet only one prior 

domestic battery conviction was admitted for propensity. Defendant forgets that Karina 

testified that defendant slapped or punched her and that he also took her cell phone from her 

by force and smashed it. Therefore, the instruction was accurate as more than one “offense” 

was committed.

¶ 111 The words “propensity” and “modus operandi” are not foreign to jurors. These words have 

ordinary meanings. In People v. Hancock, 329 Ill. App. 3d 367 (2002), the trial court refused 

to provide the jury with the defendant’s proposed definition of propensity in a sexuallydangerous-person case. Id. at 372. During its closing rebuttal argument, the State argued that 

propensity “ ‘is inclination, tendency toward, urge toward doing something.’ ” Id. at 378. The 

defense argued that the trial court erred in allowing the argument. Id. The Fourth District held 

that the argument was not improper because the State’s definition was consistent with 

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. Id. Like the word “propensity,” the term 

“modus operandi” or “method of working” is not defined in any IPI Criminal pattern jury 

instruction but, as the trial court noted, the other-crimes instruction, IPI Criminal No. 3.14, 

includes these familiar terms. Common sense dictates that the jury understood that this 

instruction applied only to the 2012 domestic violence incident.

¶ 112 We note that the principal case defendant relied on for his argument that the other-crimes 

instruction posed a risk of confusion, Johnson, 2013 IL App (2d) 110535, has been 

distinguished in several appellate court opinions. See People v. Young, 2013 IL App (2d) 

120167, ¶¶ 22-33 (in a drug-possession case, jury instructions that said other offense could be 

considered only for “knowledge and possession” was not plain error where evidence was 

admissible to show “knowledge and intent”); People v. Clark, 2015 IL App (1st) 131678, 

¶¶ 77-80 (trial court error in omitting third paragraph of IPI Criminal No. 3.14 was not plain 

error where “there was no improperly joined charge”); People v. Johnson, 2014 IL App (2d) 

121004, ¶¶ 50, 57-59 (IPI Criminal No. 3.14 instruction that improperly included purposes of 

“lack of mistake, motive, and modus operandi” was harmless error where the error was not 

compounded by improper joinder and the evidence was overwhelming).

¶ 113 Considering the wording of the instructions in totality, together with all the circumstances, 

we hold that defendant has failed to show that trial counsel’s performance was deficient for 

failing to offer tailored jury instructions. Even if we were to find deficient performance, 

defendant could not establish prejudice because the evidence of guilt was overwhelming.
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¶ 114 4. Cumulative Error

¶ 115 Defendant argues that, even if no one error standing alone constitutes reversible error, the 

cumulative effect of multiple errors “may still necessitate a new trial.” In this section of his 

brief, defendant assigns five errors: (1) trial counsel’s failure to object to the strip club 

testimony, (2) the Rule 431(b) violation, (3) the fact that the jury was allowed to hear that 

defendant invoked his right to counsel, (4) the use of Person 2’s statements in the phone call 

as prior consistent statements by Karina, and (5) the fact that the jury instructions did not 

specify which prior convictions could be used for which purposes. In this section, defendant 

assigns a sixth error and contends that, although not prejudicial by itself, the State’s reference 

to the “jail call” during closing argument violated the trial court’s pretrial ruling.

¶ 116 We have already addressed defendant’s assigned errors (1) through (5). With respect to the 

sixth assigned error, the State, during its rebuttal argument, once referred to the phone call 

from “the jail.” The State remarked, “He says in that jail call, ‘When I hit her.’ ” Trial counsel 

did not immediately object, and the State continued, with its argument filling nine more pages 

of transcript. After the State concluded its argument, trial counsel moved for a mistrial. The 

assistant state’s attorney stated that she did not remember referring to the “jail call” but agreed 

that, even if she did, it was not prejudicial and “it’s cured by the instructions.” The trial court 

stated that, “all things considered, at this time I will deny the motion for the mistrial.”

¶ 117 “The decision whether to grant a mistrial is within the broad discretion of the trial court 

based on the particular circumstances of the case and should not be disturbed on review absent 

a clear abuse of discretion.” People v. Jackson, 293 Ill. App. 3d 1009, 1019 (1997). A mistrial 

should be declared only where there is an occurrence of “such character and magnitude as to 

deprive a party of a fair trial and the moving party demonstrates actual prejudice.” Id. at 1018-

19. We note that there is an apparent conflict regarding the proper standard of review for claims 

of improper closing argument. In People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, 121 (2007), the court 

applied the de novo standard of review. In People v. Blue, 189 Ill. 2d 99, 128 (2000), the court 

applied the abuse-of-discretion standard. We need not resolve this conflict in this case, as our 

conclusion would be the same under either standard. The comment was isolated and was just

one reference to where the call came from during the State’s lengthy closing and rebuttal 

arguments, which filled 55 pages of transcript. Moreover, it is apparent in the call that 

defendant had just been arrested, as he asked Person 2 to take care of a number of things for 

him. Because it was reasonable to infer from the content of the call that defendant was being 

detained, defendant cannot demonstrate actual prejudice.

¶ 118 5. Sentencing Error

¶ 119 Defendant argues that, in imposing its sentence, the trial court erred by considering a factor 

inherent in the offense of aggravated domestic battery based on strangulation, the one count 

on which he was sentenced. The trial court commented that, in addition to other factors in 

aggravation that applied, “Defendant’s conduct caused or threatened serious harm.” See 730 

ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a)(1) (West 2016). The court found that “the conduct of impeding the breathing 

of the victim is serious harm.” Defendant correctly points out that this is the definition of 

strangulation as an element of aggravated domestic battery. 720 ILCS 5/12-3.3(a-5) (West 

2016). “Generally,” in sentencing a defendant for an offense, it is improper for the trial court 

to consider a factor necessarily implicit in that offense. People v. Phelps, 211 Ill. 2d 1, 11 

(2004). “Stated differently, a single factor cannot be used both as an element of an offense and 
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as a basis for imposing ‘a harsher sentence than might otherwise have been imposed.’ ” Id. at 

11-12. Dual use of a factor in both the offense and the sentence is “referred to as a ‘double 

enhancement.’ ” Id. at 12.

¶ 120 The State argues that this issue was forfeited because it was not included in the motion to 

reconsider the sentence. Defendant replies that, even if not preserved, the issue can be reviewed 

as plain error or ineffective assistance of counsel. The State is correct that the issue was not 

preserved, as it was included in neither defendant’s motion to reconsider the sentence nor at 

argument on the motion to reconsider the sentence. A contemporaneous objection and a written 

postsentencing motion are required to preserve an argument for appeal. People v. Hillier, 237 

Ill. 2d 539, 544 (2010).

¶ 121 Under either plain-error or ineffective-assistance-of-counsel review, defendant has the 

burden of showing that the trial court’s consideration of an improper factor impacted the 

sentence. Defendant argues that the error can be reviewed under either prong of the plain-error 

rule. To obtain relief under the plain-error rule, defendant must show first that “a clear or 

obvious error” occurred. Id. at 545. “In the sentencing context, a defendant must then show 

either that (1) the evidence at the sentencing hearing was closely balanced, or (2) the error was 

so egregious as to deny the defendant a fair sentencing hearing.” Id. Under either prong, 

defendant has the burden of persuasion.

¶ 122 “In determining whether the trial court based the sentence on proper aggravating and 

mitigating factors, a court of review should consider the record as a whole, rather than focusing 

on a few words or statements by the trial court.” People v. Dowding, 388 Ill. App. 3d 936, 943 

(2009). The Unified Code of Corrections requires the sentencing court to consider trial 

evidence, the presentence report, evidence in aggravation and mitigation, arguments of 

counsel, defendant’s statement on his own behalf, and the impact on the victim. 730 ILCS 5/5-

4-1 (West 2016). The court is not required to recite each factor. People v. McDonald, 322 Ill. 

App. 3d 244, 251 (2001). “[T]here is a strong presumption that the trial court based its 

sentencing determination on proper legal reasoning, and thus we review the trial court’s 

sentencing decision with deference.” Dowding, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 942-43 (citing People v. 

Bowman, 357 Ill. App. 3d 290, 303-04 (2005)). Defendant has the burden to affirmatively 

establish that the trial court based the sentence on improper considerations. People v. Conley, 

118 Ill. App. 3d 122, 133 (1983).

¶ 123 Defendant has not met his burden of showing a “clear or obvious error.” In announcing the 

sentence, the trial court remarked that it had considered the facts of the case, the presentence 

investigation, the relevant factors in aggravation and mitigation, and the matters presented at 

the sentencing hearing. Defendant was eligible for an extended-term sentence of 7 to 14 years, 

based on his prior convictions. The trial court stressed defendant’s prior delinquency and 

criminal activity, which included gang-motivated offenses. The trial court considered the effect 

on Karina as well as any adverse effect on A.B. After reviewing all relevant factors, the trial 

court stated that the State’s recommendation of 10 years “is not unreasonable.” However, the 

trial court found that, “on more than one occasion” during his statement in allocution, 

defendant accepted responsibility for his conduct, and it imposed an eight year sentence. We 

note that defendant agrees with the State’s argument that the trial court could properly consider 

the extent of “the pressure and the manner” in which defendant strangled Karina. See People 

v. Saldivar, 113 Ill. 2d 256, 268-69 (1986). We also note that the indictment treated the 

strangulation and the beating as separate acts. See People v. Crespo, 203 Ill. 2d 335, 345 
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(2001). The parties agreed to merge the counts because, on the Class 4 counts, defendant was 

eligible for a maximum sentence of only six years. It was proper for the trial court to consider 

the nature and extent of injuries other than those that resulted from the strangulation.

¶ 124 The court had also to consider defendant’s extensive criminal history, beginning with being 

adjudicated a delinquent at the age of 13. At the age of 15, he was adjudicated delinquent for 

aggravated assault on a school employee. In 2009, at the age of 16, defendant was again 

adjudicated for attempted murder, armed violence, and unlawful discharge of a weapon in a 

gang-related shooting. In 2012, he committed the first domestic battery of Karina. Also in 

2012, defendant committed an attempted home invasion, unlawful use of weapons, and 

aggravated fleeing and eluding police. In 2013, he was convicted of possession of a firearm 

without a FOID card. Defendant was on mandatory supervised release when he inflicted the 

May 27, 2016, beating on Karina.

¶ 125 The record amply supports the sentence imposed in this case. We reject the defendant’s 

argument that the trial court gave significant weight to the strangulation.

¶ 126 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 127 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the defendant’s conviction and sentence.

¶ 128 Affirmed.

¶ 129 JUSTICE HUDSON, specially concurring:

¶ 130 While I agree with most of the majority’s opinion, I write separately to express my 

disagreement with its analysis of the issue concerning jury instructions. The manner in which 

the trial court instructed the jury concerning other-crimes evidence created a substantial 

probability that such evidence was used by the jury in an impermissible manner. I nevertheless 

am compelled to concur with the majority’s ultimate holding, as I conclude that this error was 

not prejudicial in light of the overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt.

¶ 131 Defendant argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to tender jury instructions that 

distinguished how the various prior convictions and bad acts could be used permissibly. The 

trial court allowed the State to introduce a prior conviction of domestic battery to show 

modus operandi and defendant’s propensity to commit domestic battery. It also allowed the 

State to impeach defendant with convictions of attempted home invasion, aggravated fleeing 

or attempting to elude a peace officer, and possession of a firearm without a FOID card. Two 

jury instructions were given. Defendant tendered and the trial court gave Illinois Pattern Jury 

Instructions, Criminal, No. 3.13 (approved Oct. 17, 2014) (hereinafter IPI Criminal No. 3.13), 

instructing the jury as follows:

“Evidence of a defendant’s previous conviction of an offense may be 

considered by you only as it may affect his believability as a witness and must not 

be considered by you as evidence of his guilt of the offense with which he is 

charged.”

The trial court also gave an instruction based on Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, 

No. 3.14 (approved Oct. 17, 2014), which was tendered by the State:

“Evidence has been received that the defendant has been involved in offenses other 

than those charged in the indictment.
- 27 -

This evidence has been received on the issue of defendant’s propensity to commit 

acts of domestic violence and modus operandi and may be considered by you only for 

those limited purposes.

It is for you to determine whether the defendant was involved in those offenses and 

if so, what weight should be given to this evidence on the issue of commit [sic] acts of 

domestic violence and modus operandi.”

Defendant points out that neither instruction identifies to which of the convictions it applies.

¶ 132 Defendant relies primarily on People v. Johnson, 2013 IL App (2d) 110535. In that case, 

the defendant was jointly tried for the offenses of domestic battery and unlawful possession of 

a weapon by a felon. The State was permitted to introduce evidence of other uncharged 

incidents of domestic battery to show his propensity to commit domestic battery. Id. ¶¶ 7, 10; 

see 725 ILCS 5/115-7.4 (West 2010). The State further introduced an earlier felony conviction 

(the “predicate felony”) to establish one of the elements of unlawful possession of a weapon 

by a felon, via a stipulation. When the stipulation was admitted, the trial court instructed the 

jury that “ ‘[t]his information concerning the agreement of these facts can be used by you like 

any other evidence in this case to come to your verdict.’ ” Johnson, 2013 IL App (2d) 110535, 

¶ 29. Subsequently, “[t]he trial court instructed the jury that it could consider the evidence of 

defendant’s ‘conduct other than those charged in the indictment,’ for purposes of ‘intent, 

motive, design, knowledge, absence of mistake, and propensity.’ ” Id. ¶ 35. As in the present 

case, the instructions did not specify to which prior bad acts they applied.

¶ 133 In Johnson, the defendant argued that trial counsel was ineffective for agreeing to a joint 

trial of the two charges. Id. ¶ 40. The reviewing court determined that this error was 

compounded by the improper manner in which the jury was instructed. Id. ¶ 42. It rejected the 

State’s claim that this was a strategic decision, explaining, “We view no strategic reason for 

counsel’s acquiescence to the joinder, especially in light of counsel’s failure to attempt to 

fashion a limiting instruction on other-crimes evidence.” (Emphasis added.) Id. ¶ 55. The 

Johnson court found this sufficient to support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Id.

¶ 134 The State asserts that Johnson is distinguishable in that it involved two improperly joined 

charges. While it is true that joinder was an issue in Johnson, this is a bit of a red herring. The 

improper joinder in Johnson merely made it possible for the erroneous jury instructions to be 

given. The key point of Johnson is that it was error for counsel to allow the defendant’s felony 

conviction to be considered on the issue of the defendant’s propensity to commit domestic 

violence, and it was also error to allow the jury to consider the uncharged acts of domestic 

violence relative to the unlawful-possession-of-a-weapon charge. Given the instructions in this 

case, as in Johnson, there was a reasonable probability that the jury found defendant guilty of 

domestic violence after considering his three convictions of home invasion (attempt), fleeing 

and eluding, and possession of a firearm without a FOID card on the issue of propensity. 

Similarly, there is a reasonable probability that the jury considered the prior domestic battery 

as it pertained to defendant’s credibility.

¶ 135 The majority cites People v. Banks, 2016 IL App (1st) 131009, in support of its result. 

However, there is a significant difference between what transpired in Banks and the instant 

case. In Banks, the trial court instructed the jury regarding the purpose for which the othercrimes evidence could be used contemporaneously with the admission of the evidence to which 

the instructions applied, respectively. Id. ¶¶ 114-15. This created an association between the 

instructions and the evidence to which they were related. Here, as the State concedes, “the 
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[trial] court did not present limiting instructions at the time the respective evidence was 

admitted.” Hence, Banks provides little guidance here.

¶ 136 The majority notes that the trial court instructed the jury that “any evidence that was 

received for a limited purpose should not be considered for any other purpose.” See Illinois 

Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 1.01 (approved July 18, 2014) (hereinafter IPI 

Criminal No. 1.01). This instruction provides no assurance that other-crimes evidence was not 

misused because the jury was never properly instructed as to how it could use the evidence at 

issue or how such evidence could not be used. For example, the jury was told that it could use

evidence that defendant was involved in other, uncharged offenses on the issue of propensity, 

but it was not told that it could only consider the prior domestic battery in this manner. Thus, 

the jury could have considered the other prior offenses on the issue of propensity and simply 

determined that defendant is a bad person, entirely consistently with the admonition contained 

in IPI Criminal No. 1.01. Moreover, the danger in the inference that the jury was allowed to 

draw here is well recognized: “Such evidence overpersuades the jury, which might convict the 

defendant only because it feels he is a bad person deserving punishment.” People v. Thingvold, 

145 Ill. 2d 441, 452 (1991).

¶ 137 It is true that, in its closing argument, the State did suggest to the jury how the other-crimes 

evidence could be properly used. However, it did not tell the jury what uses for this evidence 

were impermissible. That is, while it properly argued to the jury that the prior domestic battery 

could be considered on the issue of propensity, it did not tell the jury that the other such 

evidence could not be used in this fashion. Where the trial court’s instructions expressly 

allowed for such a use for all other-crimes evidence, the State’s at-best tangential limitation of 

this evidence to its proper purpose provided no more than a weak safeguard that such evidence 

would not be misused. After all, jury instructions come from the judge and not the State (People 

v. Speight, 153 Ill. 2d 365, 374-75 (1992)), which the State emphasized in both purportedly 

curative passages, by telling the jury that it would get the “instruction from the Judge.”

¶ 138 In sum, there exists a substantial probability in this case that the jury used other-crimes 

evidence for improper purposes in arriving at its verdict. Nevertheless, given the overwhelming 

nature of the evidence against defendant, I am compelled to agree with the majority’s 

conclusion that defendant cannot establish that he was prejudiced, as is necessary to prevail on 

a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. See People v. Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d 65, 91 (1997). 

Accordingly, I specially concur.