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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">1120 20th Street, N.W., Ninth Floor</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">Washington, DC 20036-3457</span></p>
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									</span>SECRETARY OF LABOR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">TNT CRANE & RIGGING, INC.,</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:right; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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							<p style="text-align:center; margin-bottom:0cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No. 16-1587</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">ON BRIEFS:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Amy S. Tryon, Senior Attorney; Charles F. James, Counsel for Appellate Litigation; Edmund C. Baird, Associate Solicitor of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health; Kate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">O’Scannlain</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">, Solicitor of Labor; U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, DC</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Pamela D. Williams, Attorney; Travis W. Vance, Esq.; Fisher & Phillips LLP, Charlotte, NC and Houston, TX</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Respondent</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION AND REMAND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Before: SULLIVAN, Chairman; ATTWOOD and LAIHOW, Commissioners.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BY THE COMMISSION:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>TNT Crane & Rigging, Inc. is a crane service provider based in Houston, Texas. After a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>TNT</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employee was electrocuted and suffered serious injuries when the boom of a crane was lowered and the hoist line contacted a power line, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration conducted an inspection and issued TNT a citation alleging two serious violations. Item 1 alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1407(b)(3) for exposing employees to the hazard of electrical shock by failing to use at least one of the measures required to prevent encroachment or contact with the power lines while disassembling the crane. Item 2 alleges a violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1407(d) for placing “[p]art of a crane/derrick, load line, or load (including rigging and lifting accessories) whether partially or fully assembled</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . . closer than the minimum approach distance under Table A (see 1926.1408) to a power line.” </span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Administrative Law Judge Brian A. Duncan vacated both citation items</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on the grounds that the cited provisions did not apply to the work being done by TNT</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the time of the accident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse the judge’s decision and remand the case<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for further proceedings</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">BACKGROUND</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On the day of the accident, two TNT employees,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">spotter/rigger and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crane operator, finished a week-long project involving the installation of new antennas on a communications tower in Georgetown, Texas. The employees used a Grove GMK all-terrain 275-ton mobile crane to perform this work. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">With<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the project complete, the next task was to disassemble the crane for transport. </span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To assist with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the crane’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">disassembly,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">TNT sent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">two additional employees</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a second</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>spotter/rigger<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“SR2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and a driver/rigger</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the site. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">All</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>four employees met to discuss a plan for “breaking the crane down” and loading it onto a semi-truck trailer. The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">agreed-upon<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plan called for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operator to first place the pulley “block” that was connected to the hoist line on the ground near the crane so that it could be removed from the hoist line. To land the pulley block at a location near the crane,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the operator<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would retract the (telescopic) boom, raise the angle of the boom, and then lower the block to the ground. The hoist line’s “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">beckett</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,” a metal connector that attaches the end of the hoist line to the block, would then be detached from the block. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Next, the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>boom</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would be lowered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>so that the “jib extensions”—lattice sections attached<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">steel<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pins<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the end of the boom—would rest on the trailer’s flatbed. While lowering the boom,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SR2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would hold the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">beckett</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the end of the hoist line to keep the line taut as the boom descended. Once the boom was fully lowered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">another crane (referred to as a “helper crane” or “assist crane”) would be used to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>assist in the removal of the pins and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the jib extensions. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crew<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">execute</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">first step of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">removing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the pulley block</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Then<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SR2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>held onto the hoist line as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operator<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lower</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the boom</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>so that the jib extensions could be removed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. While the boom was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">being<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lowered, the hoist line<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">held by SR2<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">contacted a 14,400-volt power line</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, electrocuting him</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SR2<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hospitalized with severe burns and other serious injuries.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; margin-left:72px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DISCUSSION<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The two cited provisions, § 1926.1407(b)(3)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and § 1926.1407(d)</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, are contained in a section of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cranes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Derricks in Construction<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard entitled “Power line safety (up to 350kV) – assembly and disassembly.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The judge agreed with<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">TNT</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">se</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>provisions do not apply to the specific activity its crew was engaged in at the time of the accident—lowering the crane’s boom—because at that point, they had not yet begun to physically disassemble the crane. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We turn first to the issue of whether the meaning of “disassembly” under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>plain. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Plain meaning</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When determining the meaning of a standard, the Commission first look</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to its text and structure. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Superior Masonry Builders, Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 20 BNA OSHC 1182, 1184 (No. 96-1043, 2003);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Unarco</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Commercial Prods</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1499, 1502-03 (No. 89-1555, 1993). “If the meaning of [regulatory] language is ‘sufficiently clear,’ the inquiry ends there.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Beverly Healthcare-Hillview</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1684, 1685 (No. 04-1091, 2006) (consolidated) (citation omitted),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d in relevant part</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 541 F.3d 193 (3d Cir. 2008). But, “in situations in which the meaning of regulatory language is not free from doubt,” the provision is considered ambiguous. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Martin v. OSHRC (CF&I)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 499 U.S. 144, 150-51 (1991) (brackets omitted);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Exelon Generation Co. v. Local<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 676 F.3d 566, 570 (7th Cir. 2012) (“A regulation is ‘ambiguous’ as applied to a particular dispute or circumstance when more than one interpretation is ‘plausible’ and ‘the text alone does not permit a more definitive reading.’ ” (citation omitted)). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary’s interpretation of an ambiguous provision is entitled to deference if it is reasonable. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">CF&I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 499 U.S. at 150-51;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Delek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Refining, Ltd. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 845 F.3d 170, 175 (5th Cir. 2016).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The definition section of the crane standard includes “Assembly/Disassembly” and states as follows:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Assembly/Disassembly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">means the assembly and/or disassembly of equipment covered under this standard. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">With regard to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>tower cranes, “erecting and climbing” replaces the term “assembly,” and “dismantling” replaces the term “disassembly.” Regardless of whether the crane is initially erected to its full height or is climbed in stages, the process of increasing the height of the crane is an erection process.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.1401. The judge viewed this definition as circular because</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, in his view,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>it uses the term “disassembly of equipment” to define the term “disassembly”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">therefore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he found<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>meaning<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the term<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ambiguous.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On review,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Secretary agrees with the judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the term is ambiguous but<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">claims his interpretation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">entitled to deference, while<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">TNT argues that “the plain meaning of ‘disassembly,’ as determined from the [standard’s] definition of the term and the regulatory text, is that disassembly does not begin until the crane is being physically disassembled.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In particular, TNT</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>argues that the reference to the removal of pins in §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.1404(f) and (h) and § 1926.1405 establishes that “disassembly” is limited to the actual removal of the crane’s components.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">disagree with both parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in that we</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">find the meaning of “disassembly” as applied to the facts of this case<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plain</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the work being done at the time of the accident<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to fall within that meaning<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">under the crane standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Contrary to TNT’s claim, the standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">makes no attempt to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>substantively define either “assembly” or “disassembly”—the first line of the definition simply identifies the slash used in the term “Assembly/Disassembly” as meaning “and/or” (“Assembly/Disassembly means the assembly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">and/or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>disassembly of the equipment covered under this standard.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1401 (emphasis added). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Nonetheless,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">examin</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ation of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the text<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">structure of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard make</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>clear<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the meaning of “disassembly” is not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">limited to the time during which crane components are being physically separated. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See FDA v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 529 U.S. 120, 132 (2000) (“[A] reviewing court should not confine itself to examining a particular statutory provision in isolation. The meaning—or ambiguity—of certain words or phrases may only become evident when placed in context.”);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fed’n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of Gov’t Employees, Local 2782 v. Fed. Labor Relations Auth.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 803 F.2d 737, 740 (D.C. Cir. 1986) (“[R]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">egulations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are to be read as a whole with ‘each part or section . . . construed in connection with every other part or section.’ ” (citation omitted));<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Otis Elevator Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC 1081, 1086, 1087 n.10 (No. 09-1278, 2013) (reviewing language of the cited provision “along with the structure and context of the standard” to determine the scope of the standard),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 762 F.3d 116 (D.C. Cir. 2014). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For example, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provision</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cited here under Item 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">expressly applies to a fully assembled crane: “[n]o part of a crane/derrick, load line, or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">load .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . . </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">whether partially or fully assembled</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, is allowed closer than the minimum approach distance under Table<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . . .” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1407(d) (emphasis added). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Under another provision, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">requirement that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">assembly/disassembly supervisor address the hazard posed by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">loss of backward stability is expressly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>limited to when components are being attached or removed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Rather,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>this hazard must be addressed “before swinging the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">upperworks</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, [before] travel,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>when attaching or removing equipment components.” 29 C.F.R.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.1404(h)(11)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the mere fact that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.1404(f) and (h) and § 1926.1405 include requirements regarding the removal of pins does not establish that “disassembly”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is limited to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the actual removal of a crane’s components.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Most of the other assembly/disassembly requirements, unlike § 1926.1405,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">do not even mention pin or component removal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">se requirements<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are phrased broadly and by their nature require actions that must be initiated<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as part of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the assembly/disassembly process<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">before pin or component removal</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>even begins</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.1404(e) (Protecting assembly/disassembly crew members out of operator view); (g) (Capacity limits); (h)(1) (Site and ground bearing conditions); (h)(4) (Verifying assist crane loads); (h)(12) (Wind speed and weather). And as the Secretary points out, § 1926.1407 expressly applies before disassembly work, including pin removal, has begun; paragraph (a) states “[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">b</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">efore</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>assembling or disassembling equipment . . .” the employer must determine whether any part of the crane could come within 20 feet of a power line during the disassembly process. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In fact, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">three options<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">listed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">under §1926.1407 for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">addressing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">power line safety in the assembly/disassembly process<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">all<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">involve actions that must take place before any actual dismantling takes place. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.1407(a)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Option 1 requires deenergizing and grounding the power line); § 1926.1407(b)(1) (Options 2 and 3 require a planning meeting and review of encroachment/electrocution prevention measures). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">four<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provisions in § 1926.1405 are expressly identified as “additional requirements” for the dismantling of two specific components: “booms and jibs.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1405 (“Disassembly—additional requirements for dismantling of booms and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">jibs .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . . .”). As supplemental requirements<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>limited application, these<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provisions<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cannot be construed as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">defin</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the scope of the other assembly/disassembly requirements.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "> See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">F.T.C. v. Sun Oil Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 371 U.S. 505, 515 (1963) (“There is no reason appearing on the face of the statute to assume that Congress intended to invoke by omission in [one provision] the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">same .</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> . . meaning” of a term “which it explicitly provided by inclusion in [another provision]; the reasonable inference is quite the contrary.”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In short, the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">se provisions read<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">whole establish</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>active removal of a crane’s components is not a prerequisite for the cited provisions to apply.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, we find that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the language and structure of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">assembly/disassembly provisions show that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">steps<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">TNT took here were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">part of the disassembly process</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and constitute<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work that falls within the plain meaning of disassembly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:48px; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
				<span style="font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Ambiguity</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Even if the term “disassembly”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were to be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>considered ambiguous,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">we find that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary’s interpretation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the term<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reasonable and therefore must be given</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>deference.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">CF&I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 499 U.S. at 150-51;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Delek</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Refining</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 845 F.3d<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>175. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard’s regulatory history<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">establishes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that OSHA intended the lowering of a crane’s boom to position it for dismantling to be covered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">under</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the cited provisions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as disassembly work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>U.S. Postal Serv.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 21 BNA OSHC 1767, 1779 (No. 04-0316, 2006) (“When the language of a standard fails to provide an unambiguous meaning, we look to the standard’s legislative history.”), citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Oberdorfer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Industr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">. Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 20 BNA OSHC 1321, 1328-29 (No. 97-0469, 2003) (consolidated)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">preamble to the crane standard’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">final rule, OSHA describes the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">precise</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">activity at issue in this case—lowering a boom to position it for dismantling—as an example of when the assembly/disassembly powerline assessment requirement in § 1926.1407(a) is applicable:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For example, when disassembling a crane, the disassembly process takes place in an area that includes the area under and around the boom’s path</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as it is lowered to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">the ground</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(in most, but not all cases, the boom is lowered to the ground<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">for the disassembly process</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).  Under this provision, the employer must assess the proximity that the boom<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">will be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the power line<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">in its path of travel to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(and on) the ground.”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">75 Fed. Reg. 47,90</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 47,945-46 (Aug. 9, 2010) (emphasis added).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">And as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHA explains in the preamble<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the proposed rule</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the negotiated rulemaking committee that developed the draft proposed rule had inadvertently omitted from the draft<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of this provision<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a reference to “disassembly,” and that OSHA added it to the proposed rule because “[t]he employer needs to evaluate power lines with respect to the direction or area of disassembly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">when preparing to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>disassemble the crane.” (Emphasis added). 73 Fed. Reg. 59,71</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 59,750 (Oct. 9, 2008).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA’s discussion of the prohibition against assembly/disassembly below power lines (§</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.1407(c)) in the final rule preamble</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>makes clear why that provision applies to a “fully assembled” crane: “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">both assembly and disassembly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, maneuvering an assembled crane out from under the power lines, or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>maneuvering a crane that is about to be disassembled under them</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, itself poses a high risk of [power line] contact.”  75 Fed. Reg. at 47,949</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Sterilizer Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1476, 1478 (No. 86-1179, 1992) (standard’s preamble can be the “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">‘best and most authoritative statement of the Secretary’s legislative intent’ ” (citation omitted));<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Tops Markets, Inc</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1935, 1936 (No. 94-2527) (relying on LOTO preamble to interpret ambiguous provision),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 132 F.3d 1482 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (unpublished table case</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> This</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>interpretation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">clearly a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reasonable</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>one</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as the greatest risk of encroaching a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">power line occurs when the boom is still extended and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">/or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>being lowered in preparation for removing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the crane’s components, not after the boom is already laying on the ground or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the bed of a helper truck.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In sum, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">find</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the regulatory history supports the Secretary’s interpretation of disassembly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as a process that is not limited to physical dismantling</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Under that interpretation, lowering the boom was part of TNT’s disassembly process because it was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>done</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the dismantling of the jib</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, a task which necessarily required removal of the pins connecting the jib to the boom</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">disagree with the judge that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the following statement from the final rule preamble support</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>his finding that the assembly/disassembly provisions apply only when components are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">actually being</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>added or removed:</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Irrespective of whether the [tower] crane is initially erected to its full height, or is “jumped” in stages, the process of increasing the height of the crane is an assembly/erection process. Sections 1926.1403 through 1926.1406 apply whenever the crane’s height is modified.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">75 Fed. Reg. at 47,936. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA’s statement was in response to a commenter’s question specific to tower cranes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which is not the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">type of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crane at issue here</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—whether, after a tower crane has been erected and used at one height, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sections are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">subsequently add</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the crane to increase its height for use at a higher level, that subsequent “jumping or “climbing” (terms that are specific to tower cranes) is an “assembly” process. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.1401 (definitions of “assembly/disassembly” and of “climbing”); 75 Fed. Reg.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">47,936<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“ ‘</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Jumping’ (or ‘climbing’) refers to the process of adding mast sections to a tower crane to increase its height.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This language</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>neither address</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">es</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or suggest</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as the judge found, that the assembly/disassembly standards only apply when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>structural height<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of any type of crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is modified.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">We also find the judge’s reliance on an unreviewed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">administrative law judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">decision involv</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a citation under section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act, 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">654(a)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to be<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">misplaced</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Leone Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 3 BNA OSHC 1979, 1981 (No. 4090, 1976) (unreviewed administrative law judge decision does not constitute binding precedent for the Commission). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Steel Constructors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, No. 78-3839, 1980 WL 10389</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(OSHRC ALJ, Sept. 8</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1980),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the general duty clause citation alleged that the employer had allowed an employee to disassemble an unsupported boom section of a truck crane. The judge vacated the citation based in part on his finding that the disassembly of the boom section had not yet begun because the equipment necessary for its dismantling had not yet been brought to the worksite and the boom was not yet resting on the ground. 1980 WL 10389 at *4. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Steel Constructors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, however,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">predates the existence of the crane standard at issue here</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>so it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not involve the term “disassembly” within the context of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">even<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an analogous standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the case arose under the general duty clause—as such,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the rulemaking and deference considerations that exist here did not pertain. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he judge’s rationale was specific to the citation: he found that at the time the employee was removing pins from the boom section,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the cited employer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was under no obligation to institute the safety measures referenced in the citation—installing supports for the boom—because at that point the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had not intended<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">removal of the boom’s pins to have begun. Rather, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">employee</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had unforeseeably begun to remove them on his own. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">*</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4-5. Therefore,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Steel Constructors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is inapposite.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">light of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e crane standard’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>regulatory history, we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reject</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>two other arguments<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">raised<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by TNT. First, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">company claims</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that “each witness with knowledge of the crane industry and its operations testified . . . that disassembly of the crane would not begin until the actual removal of the first section of the jib[.]” TNT does not explain the relevance of the testimony of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“witnesses with knowledge of the crane industry and its operations” to this issue,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">specifically that of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>TNT vice</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">president for Health, Safety and Environment Troy Pierce, TNT’s expert witness Matt Gardiner</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and the driver/rigger<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">who was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sent to the worksite to assist with disassembly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> To the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">extent TNT is arguing that the testimony of these witnesses collectively establishes that the word “disassembly” as commonly used in the construction industry does not include lowering a boom for disassembly, and that this is relevant to the meaning of “disassembly”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard,</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">we<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">find</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">claim</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lacks merit</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The testimony<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of these witnesses<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is contradicted by the CO’s interview statements of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">two employees who worked on both the completed project and the disassembly plan: the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crane operator, who has 22 years of experience (“[w]e were done and began to disassemble the crane”), and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">spotter</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">/rigger<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“[w]e started<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">disassembl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">] the crane”).</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Second, TNT argues that the Secretary’s interpretation of disassembly would cause “considerable confusion” in the crane industry because it is “based upon the purpose of the action taken and not on the nature of the action itself.” TNT offers no<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">explanation for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">why an employer would not know if it is lowering a boom as part of a construction operation or for disassembly of the crane—indeed,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there is no dispute here that TNT’s work at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>site had been completed and a crane disassembly plan developed and agreed to by the crew, two of whom were sent to the site by the company solely to assist with disassembling the crane. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As such</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">all of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employees were aware that the boom was being lowered pursuant to the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ir</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>plan for disassembl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the crane</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1.5; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For these reasons</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, we conclude that the Secretary’s interpretation of § 1926.1407 accords with the plain meaning of the standard and, even if the standard is ambiguous in this regard, the Secretary’s interpretation is reasonable and entitled to deference. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See CF&I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 499 U.S. at 15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0-51</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, w</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reverse the judge, find that the cited provisions are applicable here, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">remand this case for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">further proceedings</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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						</span>ORDERED.</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-left:192px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> v. </span></p>
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							<p><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">TNT CRANE & RIGGING, INC.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, </span></p>
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							<p style="margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p> </p>
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				<p><span><span></span>
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				<p>
					<span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">DOCKET NO.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>16-1587</span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span> </p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:-48px; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Christopher Lopez-Loftis, Esq. U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor, Dallas, Texas</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; margin-right:-48px; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-right:-48px; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-right:-48px; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Collin G. Warren, Esq., Travis W. Vance, Esq., Fisher & Phillips, LLP, Houston, Texas<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-right:-48px; "><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">For Respondent</span></p>
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				<p> </p>
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				<p><span style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">Before: Administrative Law Judge Brian A. Duncan</span></p>
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				<p> </p>
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				<p> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Procedural History</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">On May 15, 2016, Respondent’s employees were installing new antennas on a communications tower using a 275-ton mobile crane in Georgetown, Texas. An employee was on the ground holding the end of the crane’s hoist line, while the crane operator was lowering the boom, when it contacted a nearby electric line. The employee was seriously injured by the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">electric</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">al</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>shock</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and hospitalized. Four days later, on May 19, 2016, OSHA assigned Compliance Safety and Health Officer (CSHO) Darren Beck to begin an investigation of the incident. (Tr. 59). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">As a result of his investigation, OSHA issued a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to Respondent alleging two violations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 651<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">et seq</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (“the Act”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA alleged a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. §1926.1407(b)(3) for failing to prevent the encroachment of power lines during crane disassembly; and a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. §1926.1407(d) for failing to maintain minimum approach distances from power lines during disassembly, with total proposed penalties of $24,942.00. Respondent timely contested the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, which brought the matter</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>before the United States Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (“Commission”) pursuant to Section 10(c)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the Act.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">A trial was conducted in Houston, Texas on December 20–21, 2017. Seven witnesses testified at trial: (1) CSHO Darren Beck; (2) Freddie Ray, a driver and rigger for Respondent; (3) Jeff Benson, a crane operator and former employee of Respondent; (4) Troy Pierce, Respondent’s Vice President of Health Safety and Environment; (5) Matt Gardiner, Respondent’s designated crane expert; (6) Jamie Arnold, Respondent’s Branch Manager of the Marshall, Texas yard; and (7) Jeff Bonner, one of Respondent’s safety managers. Both parties timely submitted post-trial briefs for the Court’s consideration.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Jurisdiction & Stipulations</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The parties stipulated the Commission has jurisdiction over this proceeding pursuant to Section 10(c) of the Act. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">18</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The parties also stipulated that,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at all times</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>relevant to this proceeding, Respondent was an employer engaged in a business and industry affecting interstate<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">commerce within the meaning of Sections 3(3) an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">d 3(5) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">652(5). (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">18–19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Slingluff</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 425 F.3d 861 (10th Cir. 2005).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Factual Background</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">On<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">May 15, 2016, Respondent’s employees Jeff Benson and Mark Ryan were completing a week-long project to install new antennas on top of a communications<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">tower in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Georgetown, Texas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 58, 313, 529). Mr. Benson, Respondent’s Crane Operator, was operating a Grove GMK 5275 all-terrain 275-ton mobile crane to perform the work. (Tr. 320;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Exs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. C-16, C-17). About</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">9:00 a.m. that day</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employees [Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Freddie Ray, who<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">were detailed from<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s San Antonio office</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, arrived at the worksite to assist in disassembling the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">mobile<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">crane</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>once the job was completed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 202–203, 254). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Once finished, the crew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>needed to dismantle the crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">and re-load it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>back on the semi-truck trailer used to transport it. (Tr. 96</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 254). Before starting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that process, the crew conducted a job safety analysis (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">JSA) and discussed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a plan for lowering and disassembling the boom of the cr</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ane, including the need to avoid</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the nearby power lines. (Tr. 203–206; Ex. R-4). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Though<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ray expressed reservation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>about the plan,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Benson informed them he had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">assembled the crane in the exact location where he proposed disassembling the crane, and the plan included a buffer zone of 20 feet from the power line.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 214).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>On this<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">particular crane</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>model, the operator’s cabin sits on a turntable on the truck, which allows it to rotate left and right. (Tr. 207, 320). Affixed to the turntable is a telescoping boom,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">which extends and retracts by way of a hydraulic cylinder. (Tr. 207; Ex. C-17). According to Mr. Ray, the boom remains permanently affixed to the crane. (Tr. 207). There was also a jib on the crane, which consisted of extension sections that attach to the end of the boom for more reach. (Tr. 208; Ex. C-16). In contrast to the boom, the jib is not permanently affixed to the crane. Instead, the jib sections are connected by a series of pins during the assembly process, and then removed during the disassembly process. (Tr. 207; Ex. C-16). The jib pins are substantial pieces of steel bar which are inserted and removed with a hammer. (Tr. 207). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">disassembly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">plan<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">called for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Benson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">first<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">reposition the crane near the semi-truck trailer; then<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">lower the boom while</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>[Redacted], the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">spotter</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">removed the block from the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">beckett</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">on the end<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the hoist line. (Tr. 88). The block is the end mechanism on a crane, where rigging is attached to pick up whatever items the crane is lifting. (Tr. 199, 328;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Exs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. C-16 (TNT 102), C-17 (DOL 187). The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">beckett</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is a metal connection device at the end of the hoist line, where the block is connected. (Tr. 209, 328). Then, while [Redacted] physically he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ld the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">beckett</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to keep the hoist line</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>taught</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, it was to be retracted onto the coil</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">9</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">209,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">211</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 315</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">From operators to the expert, all of Respondent’s witnesses<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">simply lowering the boom and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">disconnecting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the block</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are normal operations that can</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>occur multiple times over the course of a single day. (Tr. 224, 264, 536).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">After the block was rem</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">oved and the hoist line retracted, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">plan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was to further lower</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the boom</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, use a separate helper crane to begin taking off sections of the jib, and place them on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the trailer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">227, 262, 315, 486-487, 553; Ex. R-4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Disassembly of this crane is a progressive process, which involves raising/lowering the boom after each successive section of the jib had been removed and set on the trailer. (Tr. 207–208). This description of the process was echoed by Matthew Gardiner, Respondent’s expert. (Tr. 538–539). Mr. Gardiner, Mr. Pierce, and Mr. Ray testified at trial that the actual removal of the first section of jib is when crane “disassembly”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">actually begins</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 207-208, 467, 540-541). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">However, despite this disassembly plan, the crew never progressed past the removal of the block and the beginning of the retraction of the hoist line. Neither the boom or jib was ever laid onto the trailer, no sections of jib were removed, and no jib section pins were knocked out. (Tr. 261-262). A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">operator was lowering the boom</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and retracting the hoist line</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, it contacted a nearby power line, sending 14,000 volts of electricity through the hoist line to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 108, 211–</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">12</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). Mr. Ray, who was in the cab of the semi-truck awaiting instructions from Mr. Ryan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, quickly ran over to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s location. (Tr. 211-212). After emergency responders arrived and had the original crew move the crane and other equipment for access purposes, the entire crew was sent home. (Tr. 268). Respondent had a different crew come to the site a day later to disassemble the crane and remove it from the property. (Tr. 381).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">[Redacted] experienced a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">severe electric</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">al</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>shock</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">serious injuries</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and hospitalization</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 213, 379–80). The crane operator was not injured. Respondent reported the accident and employee hospitalization to OSHA within 24 hours, which prompted the investigation. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">By the time CSHO Beck arrived at the worksite, the equipment and parties involved in the incident were no longer there. (Tr. 57). He also testified that he was unable to enter the locked<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">property. (Tr. 138). Therefore, instead of performing an inspection at the location of the accident, CSHO Beck traveled to Respondent’s Houston, TX office, to interview witnesses; and to Respondent’s Marshall, TX yard, where the crane was being stored. (Tr. 57). The Court notes that this was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Beck’s first crane accident inspection. (Tr. 54</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">When CSHO Beck spoke with members of the crew, they apparently used phrases like “began to disassemble” and “started breaking down the crane,” which led him to conclude they were engaged in crane disassembly at the time of the accident. (Tr. 88-94). CSHO Benson’s conclusions were wholly reliant upon witness interviews. He did not actually know whether the crane was fully assembled, partially disassembled, or completely disassembled at the time of the accident. (Tr. 133). When asked during the trial how he knew the crew was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">actually disassembling</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the crane at the time of the accident, CSHO Beck testified that “...whenever you start getting close to power lines, that’s when the disassembly starts to occur. If they weren’t disassembling the crane, then what else were they doing?” (Tr. 153). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The facts presented at trial, however, clearly established that disassembly of the crane was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">about</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">begin, but</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>had not actually started. To reiterate, n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">either th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">e boom or jib had been set on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the trailer,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the crane boom and jib were still suspended and under tension,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">no</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ne</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of the sections of jib had been</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>removed, and no</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ne of the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pins<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">connecting each jib section had been knocked out. The crane was fully intact and operational, except for the removal of the block at the end of the hoist line. (Tr. 264).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">In additional to interview statements, CSHO Beck took photos of a not-to-scale model of the worksite prepared by Mr. Ray and a member of Respondent’s safety<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">team, and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>took<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">photographs of the crane as it set in the Marshall, TX yard. (Tr. 95, 243-44; Ex. C-21). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">None of the photographs entered into the record<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">accurately<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">reflect the condition, configuration, or position of the crane at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the time of the accident. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Ex</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. C-16, C-17).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Based on his investigation, CSHO Beck concluded that Respondent failed to comply with two regulatory requirements for crane disassembly, and OSHA issued the two violations at issue in this case. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Discussion</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a violation of an OSHA standard, Complainant must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that: (1) the cited standard applied to the facts; (2) the employer failed to comply with the terms of the cited standard; (3) employees were exposed or had access to the hazard covered by the standard, and (4) the employer had actual or constructive knowledge of the violative condition (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">i.e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, the employer knew, or with the exercise of reasonable diligence could have known). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atlantic Battery Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">16 BNA OSHC 2131 (No. 90-1747, 1994). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The first (and primary) issue here is whether the regulation cited in both alleged violations, 29 C.F.R. §1926.1407, applied to the work being performed by Respondent’s crew at the time of the accident. Even CSHO Beck acknowledged during the trial that if Respondent’s crew was not engaged in “disassembly,” then the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>issued to Respondent were improper. (Tr. 134). The regulation cited here falls under the category of “Cranes and Derricks in Construction” and is entitled “Power line safety (up to 350 kV)—assembly and disassembly.” 29 C.F.R. §1926.1407<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">et seq.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant argues<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the process of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">crane “disassembly” began in this case when the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">block<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at the end of the hoist line<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">was removed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, and the boom began to be lowered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compl’t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Br.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">11</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">According to Complainant, once the crew discussed the disassembly plan, then took their first physical steps toward accomplishing that plan, their actions were covered by the disassembly regulations. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Respon</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">dent argues in opposition, that “disassembly” is not defined in the regulations, and that the simple act of lowering the boom and removing the block at the end of the hoist line is a common practice during normal operation of this and other cranes. (Tr. 264, 466). For a Court to conclude that lowering the boom and removing/changing a block, constitutes crane disassembly would have far-reaching implications in the crane industry, and is contrary to the regulations. Respondent does not dispute that the crane was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">about to be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>disassembled at the time of the accident, but that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">actual</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>disassembly had not yet begun when the accident occurred.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Plain Language of “Assembly/Disassembly”</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">To determine a standard’s meaning, “the Commission must first look to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its text and structure.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Seward Ship’s Drydock, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 2303 (No. 09-1901, 2018) (citations omitted). If the language of the standard is unambiguous, then the plain meaning shall govern, irrespective of what definition the Secretary may propose.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">According to the definition section of Subpart CC—Cranes and Derricks in Construction, “Assembly/Disassembly” means:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">the assembly and/or disassembly of equipment covered under this standard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">With regard to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>tower cranes, “erecting and climbing” replaces the term “assembly” and “dismantling” replaces the term disassembly.” Regardless of whether the crane is initially erected to its full height or is climbed in stages, the process of increasing the height of the crane is an erection process.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. §1926.1401. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The first sentence in the definition is circular, and provides no clarification, because it uses the term “disassembly of equipment” to define the term “disassembly.” Even CSHO Beck agreed that “disassembly” is not clearly defined in the regulation. (Tr. 174). The next two sentences, however, provide some texture to its meaning. Specifically, the assembly process for tower cranes (not the type used here), involves “the process of increasing the height of the crane.” Conversely, logic dictates that decreasing the height of the crane would constitute disassembly. Unfortunately,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">with regard to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the mobile crane used in this case, the definition does not explain how assembly/disassembly would differ from normal crane operation, during which the boom is raised and lowered repeatedly. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Notwithstanding the vagueness of the term “assembly/disassembly” in the standard, OSHA created, in promulgating the regulations, an intentional dividing line between assembly/disassembly and normal crane operation. There are four other subsections of subpart CC that address the assembly/disassembly process. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">§§1926.1403–.1406. The one standard specifically applicable to disassembly—§1926.1405—seems to further clarify that dividing line. In each subsection of §1926.1405, employers are admonished that “none of the pins” on various sections of the crane boom or pendants can be removed without adequate support or while the components are under tension.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§1926.1405(a)–(d). The previous section, after discussing the prerequisites for supervision and procedures, also highlights the removal of pins as part of the disassembly process.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§1926.1404(f). The language contained in §1926.1405 seems to support Respondent’s argument that crane disassembly does not begin until the first connective pin is removed.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Regulatory History and Prior Interpretations</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Because the plain language of the term “disassembly” is ambiguous in the cited standard, the Court will typically defer to Complainant’s interpretation so long as it is reasonable.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Martin v. OSHRC (CF&I Steel)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 499 U.S. 144, 151 (1991) (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ehlert v. United States</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 402 U.S. 99, 105 (1971)). In other words, so long as the Court determines the interpretation “sensibly conforms to the purpose and wording of the regulation”, while also taking into account “whether the Secretary has consistently applied the interpretation embodied in the citation”, “the adequacy of notice to regulated parties”, and “the quality of the Secretary’s elaboration of pertinent policy considerations”, then Complainant’s interpretation will be upheld.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Seward Ships Drydock, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">CF&I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">). Complainant’s interpretation in this case, however, does not hold up to such scrutiny.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">According to the Commission, if “a standard is susceptible to different interpretations, the Commission will consider statements made in the preamble to the standard as the most authoritative guide to the standard’s meaning.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Safeway Store No. 914</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>OSHC 1504, 1511 (No. 91-373, 1993) (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Am. Sterilizer Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1476, 1478 (No. 86-1179, 1992)). The preamble to the final rule, as well as other interpretive documents issued by Complainant, provide additional clarification regarding the issue of when assembly/disassembly operations begin and serve to further undermine Complainant’s position that removal of the block and lowering of the boom constituted disassembly.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">At the beginning of the preamble’s discussion of the assembly/disassembly standards found at §1926.1403–.1406, the Secretary notes:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Irrespective of whether the crane is initially ere</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">cted to its full height, or is ‘jumped’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in stages,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">he process of increasing the height of the crane is an assembly/erection process.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Sections 1926.1403 through 1926.1406 apply whenever the crane’s height is modified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. To ensure that this intent is reflected in the standard, OSHA has added a sentence to the definition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of “assembly/disassembly” in §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">1926.1401 to this effect.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">75 Fed. Reg. at 47936.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Thus, as discussed earlier, the assembly/disassembly standards apply whenever the structural height of the crane is modified. This is further clarified in the preamble’s discussion of §1926.1405, which addresses the removal of pendant, boom, and jib pins and the hazards associated therewith.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 47944. Specifically, the preamble notes that the standard applies whether a crane is being disassembled or whether the length of the boom/jib is being modified.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> The language focuses on the addition or removal of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">structural<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">components, i.e., pins, and provides a strong indication that mere removal of the block and lowering of the boom is insufficient for application of the cited standards. Merely extending or retracting the boom, would not constitute<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">such a structural change.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Indeed, Complainant’s own<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compliance Directive</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>indicates</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">mobile<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">truck crane with a fully assembled boom, which only needs to be unfolded and pinned, does not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">even go through the assembly/disassembly process covered by the cited regulations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. R-34, p. 20 “Equipment Set-up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">...if the equipment operator merely unfolds and pins the boom of a fully assembled truck crane, it would be inappropriate to apply [assembly/disassembly] requirements.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Case Law</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Both parties cite to a single case on crane disassembly, albeit with different interpretations. Though it is not a Commission<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">decision, and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was issued prior to the promulgation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">of these crane regulations, the Court finds it relevant and persuasive. In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Steel Constructors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, an ALJ was presented with an issue<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">similar to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the one at bar: whether, at the time of a crane accident, the employer was disassembling the crane.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Steel Constructors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 8 BNA OSHC 2146 (No. 78-3839, 1980) (ALJ Bobrick). In that case, the jib of a crane had been removed, and preparations were being made to dismantle the boom.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The boom was suspended 5-6 feet above the ground in a horizontal position.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "> Meanwhile, the motor was shut down and the controls were locked out to allow the crew to gather the necessary tools for dismantling the boom. Around that time, one employee unexpectedly began knocking out connection pins, which caused the boom to collapse.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The employer was cited under the general duty clause for failing to securely block or support the boom during dismantling operations. The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Steel Constructors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ALJ ultimately concluded that the employer was not engaged in crane disassembly at the relevant time. In vacating the citation, the ALJ was persuaded by the fact that the crane controls were locked out; that it was in an elevated, suspended position; that preparations were still being made for the eventual dismantling of the boom; and because it was the regular practice of Respondent to dismantle the boom while it was resting securely on the ground.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; background-color:#FFFF00; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Although certain facts are distinguishable, the Court agrees with Respondent’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">interpretation and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">application of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Steel Constructors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">. The record establishes that Respondent, in the present case, was merely in the process of setting up and positioning its equipment to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">begin</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the process of disassembling the crane. Respondent, in the present case, had not gone nearly so far down the road towards disassembly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Steel Constructors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">employer</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, which had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">already<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">removed the jib from the boom. Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, in the present case, simply had not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">begun to alter the structure of the crane.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">Conclusion</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">The</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Court finds Complainant failed to establish the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">first<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">prima facie</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>element required to provide each of the alleged violations:<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">applicability of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">cited<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">standard. Complainant’s interpretation of the standard,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">at least<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">as expressed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">in this case through the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">, unreasonably<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">attempts to expand the scope of 29 C.F.R. §1926.1407;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">is inconsistent with the preamble and language of the crane disassembly regulation; and is inconsistent with Complainant’s own interpretive guidance. Since Complainant failed to establish that the cited regulation applied to the work being performed, the Court declines to address the other claims and defenses argued by the parties in their post-trial briefs.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">Order</span></p>
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						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">ions of Law, it is ORDERED</span></p>
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				<span style="padding-right:20px;">1.</span>Citation 1, Item<span><span></span>
				</span>1<span><span></span>
				</span>is VACATED; and</p>
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				<span style="padding-right:20px;">2.</span>Citation 1, Item 2 is VACATED.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Date:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>September 14, 2018</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">
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					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Judge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Brian A. Duncan</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">Denver, Colorado</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; ">U.S.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission</span></p>
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					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
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					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The standards covering assembly and disassembly of cranes and derricks are found at 29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.1403 through 1926.1407. Under paragraph (3) of § 1926.1407(b)—titled “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Preventing encroachment/electrocution</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”—the employer must implement one of five listed measures and is required to select a “measure . . . from th[e] list [that is] effective in preventing encroachment.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1407(b)(3). The five measures are: (1) use of a dedicated spotter who is in continuous contact with the equipment operator (with four listed requirements for the spotter); (2) a proximity alarm set to give the operator sufficient warning to prevent encroachment; (3) a device that automatically warns the operator when to stop movement, such as a range control warning device, that is set to give the operator sufficient warning to prevent encroachment; (4) a device that automatically limits range of movement, set to prevent encroachment; and (5) an elevated warning line, barricade, or line of signs, in view of the operator, equipped with flags or similar high-visibility markings. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.1407(b)(3)(i)-(v). </span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Section 1926.1407(d) states:<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Assembly/disassembly inside Table A clearance prohibited.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> No part of a crane/derrick, load line, or load (including rigging and lifting accessories), whether partially or fully assembled, is allowed closer than the minimum approach distance under Table A (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.1408) to a power line unless the employer has confirmed that the utility owner/operator has deenergized and (at the worksite) visibly grounded the power line.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The definition goes on to specify substitute terms applicable to tower cranes (“erecting” and “climbing” for assembly and “dismantling” for disassembly), none of which are relevant here because the crane at issue was not a tower crane. 29 C.F.R. § 1926.1401.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>As this example is directly applicable to the instant case, TNT’s claim that it lacked notice of the Secretary’s interpretation lacks merit. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phelps Dodge Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 1441, 1444 (No. 80-3203, 1983) (“Inasmuch as the language of the standard is susceptible of different meanings, the preamble is the best and most authoritative statement of the Secretary’s legislative intent.”),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 725 F.2d 1237 (9th Cir. 1984). The company’s argument is further undercut by the fact that the power line provisions applicable to crane<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">operation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are similar to the cited assembly/disassembly provisions. Specifically, for the provision at issue under Item 1 (requiring the employer to implement one of the listed additional encroachment/electrocution prevention measures), the equipment operations provision also requires implementing one of a list of additional measures, most of which are the same as in the assembly/disassembly provision. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.1408(b)(4). As to the provision at issue under Item 2 (partially or fully assembled crane must not breach the Table A minimum approach distance if closer than 20 feet to power line), the equipment operations provision also states that no part of a crane, load line or load may breach the Table A minimum approach distance when working closer than 20 feet to power line. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.1408(a)(2).</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"></a><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5 </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The judge also relied on a statement in OSHA’s Compliance Directive, Cranes and Derricks in Construction Standard (CPL 02-01-057, Oct. 17, 2014), explaining that the provisions of §§ 1926.1403-1406 do not apply to equipment set-up and providing an example where “if the equipment operator merely unfolds and pins the boom of a fully assembled truck crane, it would be inappropriate to apply the [assembly/disassembly] requirements.” There is no dispute that equipment set-up was not at issue here, so this example is irrelevant.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Pierce and Gardiner testified that disassembly begins when pins are being removed. Although the driver/rigger’s testimony suggests that he also considered disassembly to begin with pin removal, he stated in his signed interview statement that on the day of the accident, “we started breaking down the crane.”</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; line-height:1; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At the hearing, the judge overruled the Secretary’s objection to Gardiner being qualified as an expert “to the extent [TNT is] proffering testimony about industry standards [that] are not applicable to this proceeding;” the judge qualified Gardiner “as an expert . . . on the subject matters of crane operation, crane disassembly, and compliance with OSHA crane standards and ASME standards dealing with cranes.” We find that it was error to qualify Gardiner as an expert with respect to “compliance with OSHA crane standards.” </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Goodman v. Harris Cty.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>571 F.3d 388, 399 (5th Cir. 2009)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“[A]n expert may never render conclusions of law.”), citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Snap-Drape, Inc. v. Comm’r,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 98 F.3d 194, 198 (5th Cir. 1996);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Erickson Air-Crane, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, No. 07-0645, 2012 WL 762001, at *3 n.7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(OSHRC, Mar. 2, 2012) (finding judge properly excluded expert testimony consisting of legal opinion). Similarly,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the extent TNT is claiming that the driver/rigger and Pierce opined that the cited provisions do not apply to lowering the boom for disassembly, and that their opinions in this regard are relevant to this issue, its argument is rejected. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The testimony TNT relies on is also contradicted and outweighed by the fact that the negotiated rulemaking committee (“C-DAC”) tasked with developing the crane standard was comprised of industry stakeholders, including construction crane users, owners, manufacturers, and operators (including two representatives of the International Union of Operating Engineers), all of whom had many years of relevant experience. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>75 Fed. Reg. at 47,907-09. C-DAC, whose composition was designed to be representative of the construction crane industry,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>75 Fed. Reg. at 47,909, chose to include a “fully assembled” crane in § 1926.1407(d) and the backward stability requirement (which is applicable even before any component is removed) in § 1926.1404(h)(11), and submitted no comments objecting to OSHA’s statement in the proposed rule preamble that the assembly/disassembly power line assessment requirement would apply to lowering the boom for disassembly. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>75 Fed. Reg. at 47,945-46.</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">8 </span></a>. Because the voltage of the power line was<span>
					</span>14,400 volts, the required minimum distance was 10 feet per Table A of<span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. §1926.1408. Respondent’s employees testified that they aimed for a larger buffer area. (Tr.<span>
					</span>259). </p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_DefaultParagraphFont style_DefaultParagraphFont style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; font-size:10pt; ">9 </span></a>. Mr. Ray testified that removing the block<span><span></span>
					</span>was an unnecessary step in the process that actually increased the likelihood of an accident. The<span>
					</span>block in question weighed nearly 500 pounds, which would have maintained adequate tension on the hoist line while it was retracted, eliminating the need for [Redacted] to hold the line. (Tr. 231–233). </p>
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