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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="color:#00B050; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">Some personal identifiers have been redacted for privacy purposes.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">United States of America</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION<span>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t,</span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> v. </span></p>
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							<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">JAKE’S FIREWORKS</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, INC.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span></p>
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								</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">15-0260</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Justin H. Whitten, Esq. & Megan J. McGinnis, Esq., Department of Labor, Office of Solicitor, Kansas City, Missouri</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">For Complainant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-left:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Michael E. Baker, Esq. & Eric Clawson, Esq., Jake’s Fireworks, Inc., Pittsburg, Kansas</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">F</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">or Respondent</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Be</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">fore: Administrativ</span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">e Law Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11pt; ">Peggy S. Ball</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">I.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Procedural History</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>This proceeding is before the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (“the Commission”)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pursuant to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ection 10(c) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">659(c) (“the Act”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">August 12, 2014</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, two of Respondent’s employees were unloading old firewo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rks from storage<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">container</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s located at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">689 South 69 Highway, Pittsburg, Kansas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent’s former base of operations</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The site was being cleaned up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in order to prepare for a new tenant. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">166–67</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). While the employees were unloading the last storage<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">container</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, a fire broke out inside the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">container</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">124</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Both employees were badly burned, and, unfortunately, one of them<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">passed away<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a result of his injuries</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant received<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">notice of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">incident</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and dispatched Compliance Safety and Health Officer (“CSHO”) Ryan Hodge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the next day<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to conduct an inspection of Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 196–97). When he arrived at Respondent’s current base of operations, CSHO Hodge learned that the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms and the Kansas State Fire Marshall’s office<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had already been to the site of the accident and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were concluding a meeting with Respondent’s management. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">200–201</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). After that meeting, CSHO Hodge opened an inspection of Respondent, which included traveling to the location of the fire and conducting interviews. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">201–204</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Based on</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>CSHO Hodge’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">findings</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant issued</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation and Notification of Pena</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">lty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(“Citation”)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to Respond</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alleging</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nine</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>serious</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and one other-than-serious violation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the Act,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">total<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">proposed penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of $</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">55,000</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.00</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>timely conte</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sted the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On February 9, 2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Complainant filed a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Motion to Amend Complaint</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which sought to amend Citation 1, Items 1 through 5 to a single violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.109(b)(1). The following changes were also sought: (1)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the renumbering of Citation 1, Items 6, 8, and 9; (2) the withdrawal of Citation 1, Item 7; (3) amendment of the violation description in Citation 1, Item 8 (to be renamed as Citation 1, Item 3); and (4) adjustment of the total proposed penalty to $24,000.00. Respondent did not object to the filing, nor did it file a response to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Motion to Amend</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Accordingly, the Court granted the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Motion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Subsequently, Respondent filed an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Answer to the Second Amended Complaint</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>on March 5, 2016. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trial took place on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">May 3–4, 2016</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Kansas City, Kansas</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">following witnesses testified: (1) Kansas State Fire Marshall Michael Tippie; (2) CSHO Ryan Hodge; (3)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, an employee of Respondent; and (4) Scott Moutz, Respondent’s Production Manager</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Both parties timely submitted post-trial briefs</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">II.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Jurisdiction</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he parties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">submitted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a Joint Stipulation Statement</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which was read into the record</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 17–20</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tipulation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">state that Respondent is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an employer engaged in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>business affecting commerce within the meaning of section 3(5) of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission has jurisdiction<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of this proceeding<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pursuant to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Section 10(c) of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 17–19;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. J-1). </span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">III.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Factual Background</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent imports bulk consumer fireworks from China</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to its storage facility located at 1500 East 27</span><span style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Terrace, Pittsburg, Kansas, which Respondent also refers to as the Superior Building</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 155</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–56</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). According to its production supervisor,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Jason Moutz,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">after receiving the bulk fireworks, Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stores them in its warehouse facility. (Tr. 156). The fireworks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">packages<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are ultimately broken down and re-packaged into kits by Respondent’s production unit. (Tr. 156). For example, Moutz discussed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">how a specified number of artillery shells (a type of firework) are combined with launch tubes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in individual packages, which are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">further packaged</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>into cardboard shippers and sent to Respondent’s customers.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 154</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–55</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Before Respondent moved to its current location at the Superior Building, Respondent owned and operated out of a facility located at 689 South 69 Highway, also in Pittsburg, Kansas. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">158). The old facility is located approximately two miles from the Superior Building</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and it takes about 10 minutes to travel in between each location. (Tr. 158). The Highway 69 facility<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>comprised of two warehouse buildings and several hundred storage containers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 159–60; Ex. C-20 at 3).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When the Highway 69 facility was in operation, the warehouse was stocked with fireworks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">brought in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from the storage containers,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">customer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">orders for fireworks would be pulled from the warehouse.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 159–60). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">However, since Fall 2012, the Highway 69 facility had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">been vacant, except for the storage containers, which were used for storing old cardboard boxes and fireworks that were no longer sold. (Tr. 156–57).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to Moutz, “It basically was kind of an out-of-sight, out-of-mind thing. We was cleaning it, you know, but we hadn’t been there in 15 months. Stuff had got left there.” (Tr. 163).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Approximately 12 to 15 months after Respondent moved to the Superior Building, a new tenant was slated to take over at the Highway 69 facility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which required a clean-up</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 166–67). Respondent selected Scott Moutz to supervise the clean-up, who, in turn, selected<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to empty the storage containers, which contained cardboard, debris, and damaged and/or old fireworks. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">122–23,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">166). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moutz referred to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as his right-hand man and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">further relayed that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not require significant supervision.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 154). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moutz said he looked inside the bunker at issue<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">before<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>began work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and claims only to have seen a partial pallet of fireworks and some cardboard; though he admits that he would not characterize what he did as an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 167–68). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>clocked in at the Superior Building around 8:00 a.m. on August 12, 2014.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">119</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were directed by Moutz to unload “bunkers”</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">1</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the Highway 69 facility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">just<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as they had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">done</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">during<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the previous two or three days. (Tr. 121–22). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>drove to the Highw</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ay 69 facility in a forklift accompanied by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>company vehicle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">123–24</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was wearing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a tank top, shorts, and tennis shoes</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, while<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was wearing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a t-shirt, jeans, and steel-toed boots</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">2</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">127</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After they arrived</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>around 9:00 a.m.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>began to unload bunkers using the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">forklift.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 126).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would take turns</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operating the forklift, lifting</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pallets of cardboard, shippers, and fireworks</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>while<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>other</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>would steady the load from the side. (Tr. 127–28</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 132</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). This process continued until their lunchbreak, and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">resumed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>until approximately 2:35 p.m., when<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fire broke out</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as they were emptying the last bunker</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">125, 167</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">According to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, he was steadying a load of Excalibur 6-inch artillery shells while<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was attempting to pick up the load with the forklift.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 128). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>recalled the inside of this particular bunker contained five pallets of Excalibur shells, with each pallet containing 24–32 packages<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">shell package</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n additional</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pallet of either Treasures</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(another firework)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or shippers, though he could not remember which. (Tr. 128–129). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the bunker</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exposed metal plates and nails. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">131; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The fireworks</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>inside</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were also in poor condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>said many of the Excalibur shells were “rotting out and gun-powdered away, mildew” and that he observed “quite a bit” of gunpowder spilled on the floor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 139, 149).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were in the process of picking up a pallet,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>noticed a spark</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>underneath the forklift</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; after that he could not recall any details. (Tr. 132). Moutz, who was stationed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at the back dock,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified that he heard the report of a Saturn missile, which is a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n aerial, exploding firework</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">178</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At that point, he took off running towards the bunker, which was roughly 100 yards away. (Tr. 178). When he arrived,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>came running out of the bunker on fire, followed shortly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">after by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 179). Two other employees who were on site ran to get help. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>suffered<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">severe</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>bur</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ns as a result of the fire,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>died<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as a result of his injuries</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Fire Investigator Michael Tippie of the Kansas State Fire Marshall’s office was called to the scene by the Crawford County Sherriff’s Office on the day of the fire. (Tr. 44). When he arrived, Crawford County law enforcement and the fire department were on scene. (Tr. 45). As he walked the scene of the incident, Fire Investigator Tippie saw the forklift at the south end of the bunker. (Tr. 45). Just outside the bunker, Fire Investigator Tippie saw cardboard scattered around the area, some of which was burned, some of which was not</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and some of which indicated that the contents were, in fact, 1.4G Consumer Fireworks</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">3</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 46; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19 at 10–11</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). He also observed fireworks on the ground in various states of damage: some were undamaged and some were consumed but for the launch tube and binder clay. (Tr. 46; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19 at14–15; Ex. 21</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A lot of fireworks had become impacted in the space between the fork and the mast of the forklift and more were found underneath the forklift when it was removed from the bunker, which had<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">melted<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">down almost completely to the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>steel ribs. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">46, 50; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19 at 15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Prior to the forklift being removed, Fire Investigator Tippie observed that the left fork of the truck was positioned directly over the previously mentioned steel plate and exposed nail. (Tr. 70).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to reviewing the location of the actual fire, Fire Investigator Tippie also reviewed the state of other bunkers on the property</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, as well as the loading dock area</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 61).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Many of the bunkers were unswept and littered with debris, some had fireworks randomly on the ground, and one bunker in particular had a large pile of undamaged fireworks pushed up into the corner. (Tr. 61</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">–62; Ex. C-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 17, 18). The loading dock also had fireworks “here and there” on the ground, some of which were heavily damaged from being driven over by a vehicle. (Tr. 61).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Although Fire Investigator Tippie did not do a chemical analysis of the powder that he found on the floor of the exemplar containers and on the ground, he concluded the material was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">pyrotechnic based on the MSDS sheet generated by Respondent, which did not provide specific chemical composition. (Tr. 94, 100, Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In response to cross-examination about the contents of the subject container prior to the accident, Fire Investigator Tippie pointed to the 1.4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">G</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>product that he found underneath the right front tire of the forklift, which was exposed when the forklift was removed from the container after the fire occurred. (Tr. 95).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms also came to the worksite. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">200</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). As noted above, the ATF agents performed a close-out meeting with Respondent and even issued a report. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-23</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). After providing CSHO Hodge with their business cards, however, ATF did not again participate in any inspection or subsequent regulatory action. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">201</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The day after the fire, CSHO Hodge performed an inspection and conducted interviews. As a result of his inspection, CSHO Hodge recommended that citations be issued to Respondent for multiple violations of the Act. On<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">January 20, 2015</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, OSHA issued a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, which was subsequently amended as described above. The Court shall address each violation and the parties’ respective positions below.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">IV.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Discussion</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Applicable Law</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:6px; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">To establish a violation of an OSHA standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>pursuant to</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Section</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>5(a)(2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of the Act</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">must<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">prove</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: (1) the standard applies to the facts; (2) the employer failed to comply with the terms of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard; (3) employees<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were exposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the hazard covered by the standard, and (4) the employer had actual or constructive knowledge of the violation (i.e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employer knew</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>with the exercise of reasonable diligence</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>could have known of the violative condition).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Atlantic Battery Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#010101; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16 BNA OSHC 2131, 2138 (No. 90-1747, 1994).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:6px; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant has the burden of establishing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>each element by a preponderance of the evidence.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Hartford Roofing Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1361 (No. 92-3855, 1995). “Preponderance of the evidence” has been defined as:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:53.733px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The greater weight of the evidence, not necessarily established by the greater number of witnesses testifying to a fact<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">but by evidence that has the most convincing force</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#212121; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; superior evidentiary weight that, though not sufficient to free the mind wholly from all reasonable doubt, is still sufficient to incline a fair and impartial mind to one side of the issue rather than the other. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Black’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s Law Dictionary, “Preponderance of the Evidence” (10th ed. 2014)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">B.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a serious violation of the Act in Citation 1, Item 1 as follows:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 1910.109(b)(1): Explosives or blasting agents were stored, handled, and/or transported when such storage, handling, or transporting of such explosives or blasting agents constituted an undue hazard to life:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On or about 8/12/2014, at the workplace located at 689 S. Highway 69, Pittsburg, KS: Employees engaged in material handling activities in and near<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">container</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>155 were exposed to fire and struck-by hazards in that the storage and handling of these explosives constituted an undue hazard to life.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Second Amended Complaint</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 3.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The cited standard provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No person shall store, handle, or transport explosives or blasting agents when such storage, handling, and transportation of explosives or blasting agents constitutes an undue hazard to life.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.109(b)(1). </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The scope and application paragraph of section 1910.109 states:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This section applies to the manufacture, keeping, having</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, storage, sale, transportation, and use of explosives, blasting agents, and pyrotechnics. The section does not apply to the sale and use (public display) of pyrotechnics, commonly known as fireworks, nor the use of explosives in the form prescribed by the official U.S. Pharmacopeia. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.109(k). An “explosive” is defined as “any chemical compound, mixture, or device, the primary or common purpose of which is to function by explosion, i.e., with substantially instantaneous release of gas and heat . . . . The term “explosives” shall include all material which is classified as Class A, Class B, and Class C explosives by the U.S. Department of Transportation.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1910.109(a)(3).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The U.S. Department of Transportation no longer uses the A, B, and C classification systems; instead<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it uses</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a system of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">classification codes and compatibility groups</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">49 C.F.R. §§ 173.50(b), 173.52 (defining Class 1 explosives and further categorizing the classification codes and compatibility groups)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The r</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">egulations found at 49 C.F.R. Chapter I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are incorporated by reference into the Act’s definition of “explosive”.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.109(a)(3) (citing 49 CFR<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">chapter I</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). As such, revisions to the DOT standard are applicable to such definitions under the Act.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Under the DOT’s previous classification system,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s fireworks would</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be characterized as Class C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>explosives</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 20</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The current DOT regulations now classify the same consumer fireworks as 1.4G explosives and are further identified by the subcategory UN0336.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">49 C.F.R. § 173.53; (R-7 at 4)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Respondent admits that it imports, stores, and distributes 1.4G, UN0336 consumer fireworks, but that it does not manufacture</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the fireworks themselves or mix the chemicals contained therein.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Respondent’s Proposed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citing Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">20, 171).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As stipulated</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>by the parties, and as shown through the evidence introduced at trial,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent keeps and stores explosives</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as stated in the scope and application paragraph of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.109.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 20). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This applies with equal force to both the Superior and Highway 69 locations. Although the Highway 69 location was no longer Respondent’s active headquarters, Respondent nonetheless owned the site and directed its employees to perform clean-up of old<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fireworks stored there.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">4</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">120</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Complainant made out a prima facie case<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the standard applies</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, however,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>argues the standard does not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">apply because it is unconstitutionally vague. Respondent premises its argument on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">three</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>bases. First, Respondent cites to an unreviewed ALJ decision in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Culberson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Well Service</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">12</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1535</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Docket No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">85-0139</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1985</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for the proposition that the term “when” as used in 1910.109(b)(1) is unconstitutionally vague</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Second, Respondent claims<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the standard, as a whole,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is vague because it is not clear what facts Complainant must prove to establish a violation of the standard.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Third, Respondent argues, insofar as the cited standard is a performance standard, Complainant failed to cite to or reference any particular industry safety standard, such as NFPA 1124</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and is therefore vague as applied</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court rejects Respondent’s arguments for the following reasons.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A statute which is so vague that men of common intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application violates due process.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Brennan v. Occupational Safety and Health Review Comm’n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 505 F.2d 869, 872 (10th Cir</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 1974) (citing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Connally v. General Construction Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 269 U.S. 385,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>391 (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">))</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> There is a difference, however, between the due process concerns in the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">context of a criminal statute</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and those in a case such as this, which involves “a regulation promulgated pursuant to remedial civil legislation.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Accordingly, the determination as to whether a particular standard is unconst</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">itutionally vague must be done<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in light of the conduct to which it is applied.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See U.S. v. National Dairy Products Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 372 U.S. 29 (1962)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“The test for determining the vagueness of a standard is ‘the external and objective test’ of whether ‘a reasonable person responsible for the safety of employees, after considering<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the standard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . . and the factual situation, would be able to apply the language of the standard to the situation in order to identify the hazard and eliminate it.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Brown & Root, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 9 BNA OSHC 1833 (No. 76-190, 1981)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pratt & Whitney Aircraft</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2 BNA OSHC 1713, 1715 (No. 510, 1975)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>There are<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">three</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>problems with Respondent’s reliance on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Culberson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. First,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Culberson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is an unreviewed ALJ decision, which means that it only carries the precedential value of persuasion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Leone Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 3 BNA OSHC 1979, 1981</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 4090, 1976)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Thus, whether that decision has stood for 30-plus years is of no consequence. Second,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the ALJ in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Culberson<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not defer to the Secretary’s reasonable interpretation of the standard. The ALJ’s basis for doing so was two-fold</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: (1) the interpretation of the standard was a matter of first impression, and (2) the standard was not drafted by OSHA, but by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">5</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Irrespective of whether OSHA drafted the standard or whether its interpretation was a matter of first impression, the ALJ did not properly assess whether the Secretary’s interpretation was reasonable in the first instance, instead concluding that the standard was susceptible to competing interpretations and therefore unconstitutionally vague. The Supreme Court held that an agency’s interpretation of its own standards is entitled to deference so long as it is reasonable. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Martin v. OSHRC (CF&I Steel)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 499 U.S. 144 (1991). In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the face of competing, reasonable interpretations, that which is proposed by the Secretary takes precedence.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 158 (“[A]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>reviewing court may not prefer the reasonable interpretations of the Commission to the reasonable interpretations of the Secretary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>. . . .”). The ALJ in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Culberson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>basically stopped the analysis once he found an ambiguity but failed to ascertain whether the Secretary’s interpretation of that ambiguity warranted deference.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">More importantly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, this Court is not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">convinced that the term “when”, as used in the standard,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is ambiguous</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.109(b)(1) (“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">No person shall store, handle, or transport explosives or blasting agents<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">when</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>such storage, handling, and transportation of explosives or blasting agents constitutes an undue hazard to life.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”) (emphasis added). In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Culberson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Secretary proposed that the term “when” meant “in such a manner that”, which, coincidentally, is the same interpretation proposed herein.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Arcadian Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1345, 1350 (No. 93-3270, 1995)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">holding that consistency of interpretation is one factor bearing on reasonableness of Secretary’s interpretation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The ALJ, ho</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wever, perceived the ambiguity to be insurmountable,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which, as discussed above, was</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>likely<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">attributable</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the fact that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was an issue of first impression. While such may have had an impact on the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">adequacy of notice to the employer, this Court does not perceive the same interpretive issue.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See CF&I Steel</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 499 U.S. 158.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The standard, as written, uses the term “when” to indicate the conditions under which certain activities shall not take place; namely, if the listed activities present an undue hazard to life. Thus, the context of the standard<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">indicates the term “when” is being used in a conditional, not temporal, sense. In other words, the standard could just as easily be written in the following terms: “No person shall store, handle, or transport explosives or blasting agents [if] such storage, handling, and transportation of explosives or blasting agents constitutes an undue hazard to life.” Read in this way, the Court finds that the term “when” is not ambiguous. Further, such a plain reading implies the interpretation that the Secretary proffered in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Culberson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and continues to advocate for</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in the case at bar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">if, based on conditions or on method, storage, handling, or transportation is unduly hazardous to human life, then it shall not be done.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Based on the foregoing, the Court rejects the rationale of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Culberson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>court.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>In addition to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its reliance on<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Culberson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent claims the standard, as a whole, is vague because it is not clear what facts Complainant must prove to establish a violation of the standard.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court disagrees.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>“It is a basic proposition that ‘statutes and regulations which purport to govern conduct must give an adequate warning of what they command or forbid.’”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Construction Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201 (No. 87-2059, 1993) (quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Diebold, Inc. v. Marshall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 585 F.2d 1327, 1335 (6th Cir. 1978)). Absolute precision of language, however, is not required; “[r]ather, such a standard will be upheld if it is ‘drafted with as much exactitude as possible in light of the myriad conceivable situation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which could arise and which could be capable of causing injury.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(quoting<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Ryder Truck Lines, Inc. v. Brennan</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 497 F.2d 230, 233 (5th Cir. 1974)). Thus, as noted above, a broad, performance-based standard “must be interpreted in light of the conduct to which it is being applied, and external, objective criteria, including the knowledge and perceptions of a reasonable person, may be used to give meaning to such a regulation in a particular situation.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Accordingly, “the level of understanding in the affected industry bears o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n whether a broadly-worded</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>standard gives fair notice of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>its</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>requirements.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">R & R Builders, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1383, 1387 (No. 88-282, 1991</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(“[G]eneralized standards . . . are not vague and unenforceable if ‘a reasonable person,’ examining the generalized standard in light of a particular set of circumstances, can determine what is required, or if the particular employer was actually aware of the existence of a hazard and of a means by which to abate it. An employer can reasonably be expected to conform a safety program to any known duties.”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>A prime example of a similar</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>broad</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">worded standard is the personal protective equipment (PPE) standard found at 29 C.F.R. § 1910.132</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(a), which provides: “Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment . . . shall be provided, used, and maintained<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. . .<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">whenever</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>it is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or environment</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, chemical hazards, radiological hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in a manner capable of causing injury or impairment . . . .” 29 C.F.R. § 1910.132(a). (emphasis added). Much like the cited standard, the PPE standard is phrased as a conditional requirement: if certain hazards are present, adequate protective equipment shall be worn.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>There is no indication of what conditions should prompt the wearing of PPE, nor is there an indication of what PPE is proper in a given situation; rather, compliance with the standard is premised on context and standard practice within the industry.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Cape & Vineyard Div. of New Bedford Gas and Edison Light Co. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 512 F.2d 1148, 1152 (1st Cir. 1975). In fact, the scope of the PPE standard is much broader in that it is applicable across all industries</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and applies to the prevention of any injury or impairment to “any part of the body”. 29 C.F.R. § 1910.132(a).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard, on the other hand,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is limited to the storage, handling, and transport of explosives</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>insofar as such activity is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">unduly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazardous to human life</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, thus<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">curtailing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>potential</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>scope of its application.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent contends the cited standard does not state what Complainant must prove in order to show that the standard was violated and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>further argues</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the specific allegations levied at trial</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and discussed through</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">out</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>discovery</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>are not sufficient to overcome the prejudice Respondent claims to have suffered by virtue of an insufficiently pleaded violation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rejects these arguments for the reasons discussed below.</span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s regards the pleading requirements, it should be noted that “administrative pleadings, especially citations, should be construed liberally and amended easily.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gold Kist, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 7 BNA OSHC 1855 (No. 76-2049, 1979) (citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nat’l Realty & Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 489 F.2d 1257 (D.C. Cir. 1973)). In that respect, the determination of whether fair notice has been given to the cited employer can be discerned by considering “the pleading, hearing, and decisional<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stages of the case since the purpose of the particularity requirement may then be fulfilled.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citations omitted). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gold Kist</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Commission overruled the ALJ’s decision to vacate a citation on fair notice grounds.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> In particular, the Commission found the ALJ failed to consider<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">factors<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">external</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the citation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(citing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gannett Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 4 BNA OSHC 1383 (No. 6352, 1976)).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Those factors included an examination of the pleadings, motions, and discovery inquiries.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> That examination revealed a key admission by the respondent, as well as an indication from the Secretary that its citation was premised on an industry safety code.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Ultimately, the Commission determined that the respondent was not prejudiced in its ability to choose whether to contest<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in its efforts to defend itself.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Throughout this litigation, Complainant has identified NFPA<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1124<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as the reference point for Respondent’s duties under 29 C.F.R. § 109(b)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref7" href="#ftn7">6</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>During his deposition, CSHO Hodge stated that he referred to the NFPA 1124 standards in assessing the violation. (Ex. R-4 at 12–14). During that same deposition, the parties also discussed OSHA Directive 02-01-053, entitled “Compliance Policy for Manufacture, Storage, Sale, Handling, Use, and Display of Pyrotechnics”. (Ex. C-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">12</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). That directive, amongst other things, indicates that NFPA 1124 is one amongst many sources that a CSHO may consult when determining industry practice and addressing potential hazards. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Furthermore, in his response to Respondent’s requests for production, Complainant also noted that NFPA 1124 can serve as a source for “documenting the industry practice and addressing the hazards associated with storage of consumer fireworks.” (Ex. R-5 at 4). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Although the Citation is not a model of clarity, it nonetheless apprised Respondent that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its employees were exposed to hazards related to explosions (fire and struck-by hazards) and that this was related to the manner in which they stored, handled, and transported consumer fireworks.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Further, during discovery, and CSHO Hodge’s deposition in particular, the nature of those hazards was discussed extensively. Specifically, he noted:</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[T]he container was not under the control and authority of a person who was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">competent to have knowledge of what the contents of the container was and the condition of the contents. Also, that there was no housekeeping, regular housekeeping in the container to insure [sic] that such things such as rodents and raccoons did not get into the container and damage the contents of the container. There was no labeling on the container to identify that it contained fireworks or to keep fire away. That there was debris within 25 feet of the container and when I say debris, I mean like old tires and un-manicured grass, dried grass, things like that, that if a fire occurred the fire could then spread.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. R-4 at 15</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. CSHO Hodge also discussed the state of the fireworks found in various containers, including crushed fireworks with the inner contents exposed, firework debris and other combustible materials swept into a corner, and the use of a forklift capable of producing sparks. (Ex. R-4 at 21–22). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Each of the identified hazards has its referent in NFPA 1124.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref8" href="#ftn8">7</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. C-11). </span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As noted above, a standard will not be held to be vague and unenforceable if a reasonable person, familiar with the industry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>can determine what is required or if the employer was actually aware of both the existence of a hazard and of a means by which to abate it.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee R & R Builders, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1387</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At its core, the cited standard requires the proper storage, handling, and transportation of explosive materials. 29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910.109(b)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. According<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to Fire Investigator Tippie and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Hodge, NFPA 1124<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provides<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">industry standards and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">practices for identifying and abating hazardous conditions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">87, 290</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex. C-11).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In its<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nswers to Complainant’s requests for production, Respondent admitted that it relies on, amongst other things, NFPA 1124. (Ex. C-17 at 004).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In fact, Respondent’s self-generated MSDS for 1.4G fireworks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">discusses precautions and hazards that are directly related to, and likely stem from, the NFPA 1124 housekeeping standards, including: keeping shipping cartons cool and dry, carefully pick</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>up and plac</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>spilled items in cardboard cartons, and sweeping up exposed chemical composition with a natural fiber (read: non-sparking) brush. (Ex. C-10).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Further, Moutz also testified about Respondent’s extensive housekeeping program at the Superior facility, which had apparently fallen by the wayside at the Highway 69 facility.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 165).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Accordingly, the Court finds not only that a reasonably prudent employer in Respondent’s position would understand that the condition of the storage containers and their contents, in addition to the manner in which cleaning operations were carried out, were hazardous, but that Respondent itself was actually aware of what was required in order to prevent hazards from coming to fruition.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See J.A. Jones</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201 (finding employer had actual notice of standard’s requirements to the extent it already had a program for correcting hazards of the same type as that alleged by Secretary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Trinity Indus., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 1481, 1485 n.8 (No. 88-2691, 1992) (holding an employer’s voluntary safety efforts may be considered in conjunction with other evidence to demonstrate that the employer had notice of its obligations under a broadly worded standard). Thus, the Court finds the standard applies.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Terms of the Standard Were Violated</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At bottom, this is a housekeeping violation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s “out of sight, out of mind” attitude towards the Highway 69 facility goes a long way towards explaining the conditions that existed there.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 163). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Amongst other things, Respondent stored damaged, 1.4G consumer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fireworks</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the contents of those fireworks were exposed and spilled on t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he floor of multiple containers;</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref9" href="#ftn9">8</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>firewor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ks were found wet and mildewed; grass and brush had grown in close proximity to the storage containers; combustible trash was found both inside and outside of the containers; and the containers themselves had cracks and holes, which permitted animals and moisture to enter. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">106, 139, 254–55</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-19, C-20, C-21</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who was intimately familiar with the conditions at the Highway 69 site, testified that he saw “quite a bit” of loose firework powder on the floor. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">148–49</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Fire Investigator Tippie observed poor housekeeping conditions throughout the complex, including fireworks that appeared to have been driven over and crushed fireworks underneath and compacted within the fork and mast of the forklift. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">56</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). According to CSHO Hodge and Fire Investigator Tippie, all of these conditions contributed to a fire and explosion hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which presented an undue hazard to life.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref10" href="#ftn10">9</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">79–80, 105–07</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The Court agrees. Accordingly, the Court finds that Respondent violated the standard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent’s Employees Were Exposed to the Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>worked in and around the aforementioned storage containers on the day of the accident and for several days before.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The photographs of Fire<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Investigator Tippie<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">illustrate hazardous conditions, such as those described above, existed throughout the Highway 69 worksite. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-19, C-20, C-21</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Irrespective of the specific cause of the accident in this case, the Court finds violative conditions existed throughout the Highway 69 worksite due to Respondent’s hands-off, “out-of-sight, out-of-mind” approach</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to it.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">American Wrecking Corp.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1703, 1707 n.4 (No. 96-1330, 2001) (consolidated) (“Determining whether the standard was violated is not dependent on the cause of the accident.”),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd in part, rev'd in part</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 351 F.3d 1254 (D.C. Cir. 2003)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(reversing willful characterization)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> As a result,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and Moutz were exposed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to fire and explosion hazards posed by the poor housekeeping conditions at the Highway 69 worksite. </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">4.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent Had Knowledge of the Conditions</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>“To establish knowledge, the Secretary must prove that the employer knew or, with the exercise of reasonable diligence, should have known of the conditions constituting the violation.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Central Florida Equip. Rentals, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 25 BNA OSHC 2147 (No. 08-1656, 2016).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> To satisfy this burden, Complainant must show “knowledge of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">conditions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that form the basis of the alleged violation; not whether the employer had knowledge that the conditions constituted a hazard.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When a corporate employer entrusts to a supervisory employee its duty to assure employee compliance with safety standards, it is reasonable to charge t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he employer with the supervisor’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s knowledge</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[,]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>actual or constructive</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[,]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of noncomplying conduct of a subordinate.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm'n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 623 F.2d 155, 158 (10th Cir. 1980)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent’s production supervisor, Moutz, was present at the Highway 69 worksite on the day of the accident. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">163–64</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). He testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">they had not been to the Highway 69 facility in at least 15 months since they moved to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Superior facility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr. 163). He also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">testified that he<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">specifically<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">observed the conditions described above</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—including the condition of the bunker at issue—</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and as represented in the photographs found in Exhibit C-19. (Tr. 163; Ex. C-19 at 6). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moutz noted that the Highway 69 facility “was never like that” when they were operating at that location. (Tr. 163). Thus, not only were violative conditions present at the facility, but Respondent’s production supervisor was aware that the conditions existed. Accordingly, the Court finds that Respondent had actual knowledge of the conditions through the knowledge of Moutz. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Further, the Court also finds that Respondent had constructive knowledge of the conditions at the Highway 69 worksite. Notwithstanding the move to the Superior facility, Respondent nonetheless continued to store old fireworks at the Highway 69 worksite. As compared to the extensive program of clean-up at the Superior facility, Moutz noted that such a program no longer existed at the Highway 69 facility<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">because “there was no one there</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, at least not on a regular basis.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Tr. 165). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In light of Respondent’s knowledge of the contents of the containers, their location, and the length of time it had been since any housekeeping had occurred at the Highway 69 worksite, the Court finds that a reasonable employer, in Respondent’s position, should have been aware of these conditions and taken steps to abate them.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">5.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Violation Was Serious</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A v</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">iolation is “serious” if there wa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s a substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">result</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from the violative condition. 29 U.S.C. §</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">666(k). Compla</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inant need not show that there wa</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s a substantial p</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">robability that an accident would</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">actually occur;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he need only show that if an accident o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ccurred, serious physical harm c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ould result. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phelps Dodge Corp. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 725 F.2d 1237, 1240 (9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Cir. 1984)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If the possible<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">injury addressed by a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">regulation is death or serious physical harm, a violation of the regulation is serious.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">osser Construction</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 1044 (No. 08-0631, 2010);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dec-Tam Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 15 BNA OSHC 2072</span><span style="font-size:12pt; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 88-0523, 1993).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court has already found that Respondent’s employees were exposed to fire and explosion hazards at the Highway 69 worksite.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section IV.B.3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Likely injuries resulting from exposure to fire and/or explosion include burns of various degrees, struck-by injuries, and the possibility of death. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">249, 256–57</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In addition, the standard itself is couched in terms of conditions that are “unduly hazardous to human life”. 29 C.F.R. § 1910.109(b)(1). Accordingly, the Court finds that the violation was serious.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, Ci</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is AFFIRMED as alleged by Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">C.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 2</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant alleged a serious violation of the Act in Citation 1, Item 2 as follows:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 1910.132(d)(1): The employer did not assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE):<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On or about 8/12/2014, at the workplace at 689 S. Highway 69, Pittsburg KS: Employees engaged in material handling activities in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">container</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>155 were exposed to fire and struck-by hazards in that a job hazard analysis had not been performed in order to determine what PPE was needed while loading and unloading fireworks.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty at 11;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Second Amended Complaint<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 3.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The employer shall assess the workplace to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to be present, which necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.132(d)(1).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The terms of the standard indicate that “the employer<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">shall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>assess the workplace”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to make determinations regarding the appropriate use of PPE. 29 C.F.R. § 1910.132(d)(1). It is not conditional; it applies generally to all employers whose employees are potentially exposed to hazards. Thus, the standard applies.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Terms of the Standard Were Violated</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court also finds the terms of the standard were violated. The standard requires five things: (1) the performance of an assessment; (2) selection of appropriate PPE; (3) requiring its use; (4) communication of selection decision; (5) ensuring proper fit of PPE.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent contends that it performed the foregoing assessment and that Complainant “offered no proof that a hazard that presented and [sic] undue risk to life was not properly assessed.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Resp’t Br.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 16. The Court disagrees.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>First, Complainant is not required to prove that a hazard presented an “undue risk to life” in making a PPE assessment; rather, it<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is only required to determine if hazards are present that necessitate PPE. In that respect, Complainant identified a number of hazards to which Respondent’s employees were exposed, including fire and explosion hazards and struck-by hazards resulting from material handling.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">208</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Second, there</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>absolutely no evidence to corroborate Respondent’s claim that it performed a hazard assessment. Complainant’s own supervisor, Moutz, testified he “didn’t even think of” performing a worksite assessment to determine whether PPE was required. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">186</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Similarly, CSHO Hodge testified that he spoke to Respondent’s Human Resource Director, Jim Ramsey, who told him that Respondent had not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">performed a hazard assessment. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">237–38</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). In addition, Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not have any documentation indicating that an assessment had been performed.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref11" href="#ftn11">10</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that the terms of the cited standard were violated.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent’s Employees Were Exposed to the Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the same reasons expressed above in Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">IV.B.3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court finds that Respondent’s employees were exposed to a hazard necessitating the use of PPE.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">4.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent Had Knowledge of the Conditions</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The obligation to perform a hazard assessment belongs to Respondent’s management team. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.132(d)(1) (“[T]he employer shall . . . .”). According to two different members of Respondent’s management team, Moutz and Ramsey, Respondent had not performed a PPE assessment.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, the Court finds that Respondent had knowledge of the violation.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">5.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Violation Was Serious</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CSHO Hodge identified multiple hazards at the Highway 69 worksite, including fire, explosion, and struck-by hazards, none of which were identified or assessed through a workplace hazard assessment, nor were they addressed through the selection and use of PPE. CSHO Hodge testified that exposure to any of these hazards could result in serious injuries, including<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">crushing injuries</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, burns, and even death. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">206–208</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Accordingly, the Court finds that the violation was serious.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, Citation 1, Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is AFFIRMED as alleged by Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">D.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 3</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a serious violation of the Act in Citation 1, Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as follows:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 1910.157(g)(1): An educational program was not provided for all employees to familiarize them with the general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On or about 8/12/2014, at the workplace at 689 S. Highway 69, Pittsburg KS: Employees engaged in fire extinguishing activities were exposed to fire hazards in that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an educational program to familiarize employees with the general principles of the use of fire extinguishers had not been developed and implemented</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty at 13;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Second Amended Complaint<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 3.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The cited standard provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers for employee use in the workplace, the employer shall also provide an educational program to familiarize employees with the general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.157(g)(1).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>According to the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Scope and application</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>paragraph of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.157: </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The requirements of this section apply to the placement, use, maintenance, and testing of portable fire extinguishers provided for the use of employees. . . . Where extinguishers are provided but are not intended for employee use<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">and</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the employer has an emergency action plan and a fire prevention plan that meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.38 and 29 CFR 1910.39 respectively, then only the requirements of paragraphs (e) and (f) of this section apply.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.157(a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(emphasis added)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. There is no dispute Respondent provided portable fire extinguishers at the Highway 69 worksite. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">181, 184–85</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent claims, however, that its employees were instructed not to fight fires and to evacuate the premises in the event of one. That, however, only covers one part of the exception described above. In addition to the fire extinguishers not being intended for employee use, Respondent must also have an emergency action plan and a fire protection plan that comply with §§ 1910.38 and 1910.39. Respondent failed to establish those elements.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee C.J. Hughes Constr. Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1753, 1756 (No. 93-3177, 1996) (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A party seeking the benefit of an<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exception</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to a legal<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">requirement has the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">burden</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">proof</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to show that it qualifies for the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exception</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Therefore the Court finds the standard applies.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Terms of the Standard Were Violated</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court also finds the terms of the standard were violated. In its brief and at trial, Respondent admitted that it does not have a formal fire extinguisher program in place. This was illustrated by Moutz’s testimony. He testified first that Respondent did not have a program that he knew of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, but that “we all use them, but there’s no official training, but you pull the pin and pul [sic] the trigger. I mean, that’s about all there is to a fire extinguisher.” (Tr. 186). Ramsey also admitted to CSHO Hodge that Respondent did not provide the required educational training. (Tr. 242–43). The Court finds that the terms of the standard were violated.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent’s Employees Were Exposed to the Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>According to Moutz, employees have used fire extinguishers in the past at</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fireworks shoots. (Tr. 186). In addition, Ramsey told CSHO Hodge that he believed one of the fire extinguishers at the Highway 69 site was used on the day of the incident because it was not fully charged. (Tr. 241). As noted above, Respondent’s employees were exposed to fire and explosion hazards due to the conditions at the Highway 69 worksite. The Court accepts CSHO Hodge’s testimony that attempting to put out a fire with an employer-provided extinguisher without having proper training exposes employees to potential<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fire</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>hazards.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>In that respect, the Court finds Respondent’s employees were exposed to the hazard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">4.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent Had Knowledge of the Conditions</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Both Moutz and Ramsey, members of Respondent’s management team, were aware of the lack of any fire extinguisher education training. As members of management, Moutz’s and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ramsey’s knowledge is imputable to Respondent.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section IV.B.4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Accordingly, Respondent had actual knowledge of the violation. Respondent does not dispute this fact.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">5.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Violation Was Serious</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CSHO Hodge testified that, counter to the assertions of Moutz, operation of a fire extinguisher is not just a pull-and-shoot operation. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">241–42</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). He stated the primary hazard stemming from this type of violation is the possibility of an untrained employee failing to extinguish an incipient fire, only to be overcome by the flames and/or smoke inhalation. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">242</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). As previously noted, exposure to either of these hazards could cause serious injury, up to and including death. Accordingly, the Court finds the violation is serious.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, Citation 1, Item 3 is AFFIRMED as alleged by Complainant.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">E.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 4</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:96px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:28.8px; text-indent:.508cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant alleged a serious violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Act in Citation 1, Item 4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as follows:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 1910.178(c)(2)(vii): Power-operated industrial trucks designated as DY, EE, or EX were not used in atmospheres in which combustible dust i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>not normally in suspension in the air by normal operation of equipment or apparatus but where deposits or accumulations of such dust could be ignited by arcs or sparks originating in the truck.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On or about 8/12/2014, at the workplace at 689 S. Highway 69, Pittsburg KS: Employees engaged in material handling activities using a LP forklift inside<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">container</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>155 were exposed to fire hazards in that the forklift was not designated as safe for operations when combustible dust may be present.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty at 14;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Second Amended Complaint<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 3.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The cited standard provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Only approved power-operated industrial trucks designated as DY, EE, or EX shall be used in atmospheres in which combustible dust will not normally be in suspension in the air or will not be likely to be thrown into suspension by the normal<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operation</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of equipment or apparatus in quantities sufficient to produce explosive or ignitable mixtures but where deposits or accumulations of such dust may be ignited by arcs or sparks originating in the truck.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(c)(2)(vii). </span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>According to 1910.178(a)(1), “This section contains safety requirements relating to fire protection, design, maintenance, and use of fork trucks . . . and other specialized industrial trucks powered by electric motors or internal combustion engines.” 29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(a)(1). Thus, at the most general level, the standards found under section 1910.178 apply. With respect to the cited subsection, 1910.178(c)(2)(vii), its requirements are only applicable if certain conditions are met: (1) deposits or accumulations of combustible dust; and (2) such accumulations or deposits may be ignited by arcs or sparks originating in the truck.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s primary contention is that neither CSHO Hodge nor Fire Investigator Tippie collected a sample of the purported combustible dust to determine the contents through laboratory testing. In particular, Respondent claims CSHO Hodge did not follow any of the requirements of the directive governing combustible dust inspection procedures. (Ex. C-13). The Court<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">finds such testing was unnecessary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant correctly notes t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hat the Act does not define “combustible dust” and, therefore, relies on the definition provided in OSHA’s Compliance Directive, CPL 03-00-008,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: “A combustible particulate solid that presents a fire or deflagration hazard when suspended in air or some other oxidizing medium over a range of concentrations, regardless of particle size or shape.” (Ex. C-13</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 10</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref12" href="#ftn12">11</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> A “combustible particulate solid” is further defined as “any combustible solid material composed of distinct particles or pieces, regardless of size, shape, or chemical composition.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The directive also indicates testing requirements for combustible dust.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref13" href="#ftn13">12</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(Ex. C-13).<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Complainant does not dispute that it did not take samples of the spilled firework material from inside of the trailers; however, he claims such testing was not necessary because fireworks are a commonly known combustible substance.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Compl’t Br.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at 23. While the Court does not entirely agree with that argument, there is nonetheless sufficient evidence to establish the combustibility of the spilled contents of the fireworks in the container at issue, as well as other storage containers at the Highway 69 worksite. As noted above, Respondent’s own<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">MSDS sheet, which is generally applicable to all 1.4G fireworks at its facility, indicates<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the contents of the 1.4G consumer fireworks are “a solid mixture of oxidizer and fuel that will burn if ignited.” (Ex. C-10). In other words, this is not a question or whether the spilled contents of the broken fireworks will combust under the proper conditions as in the case of the other dusts identified in CPL 03-00-008; rather, the fuel contained within the fireworks is already combined with an oxidizing medium to cause an explosion</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>upon ignition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. C-10;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">19 at 18–19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(showing fireworks packages indicating<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“WARNING – SHOOTS FLAMING BALLS – CAREFULLY READ OTHER WARNING ON BACK PANEL”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The distinction is important—the sources for the types of dust in the Combustible Dust CPL are not, in and of themselves, volatile.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. C-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">13 at 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). However, the source of the dust<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">identified in the storage containers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is unquestionably so—the fireworks identified by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Moutz were intended to ignite, achieve flight, flash, and explode, all through the process of combustion. (Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C-19 at 9–11</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In addition to the foregoing,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, who had observed the condition of the bunker at issue prior to the fire and had years of experience working around fireworks, testified he saw<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">broken-open fireworks with their contents spilled onto the floor of the bunker. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">143–44</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Fire Investigator Tippie, who has years of experience working with explosives and has specific experience related to pyrotechnics</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">testified that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>observed broken-open fireworks with the</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ir</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">contents spilled onto the floor. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">62</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Given the contents of the fireworks, combined with the observations of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Fire Investigator Tippie,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the Court finds that it is reasonable to infer that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">combustible dust was present at Respondent’s worksite.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref14" href="#ftn14">13</a></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Thus, the standard applies.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Terms of the Standard Were Violated</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The Court also finds the terms of the standard were violated. First, as discussed above, the storage container at issue, as well as other storage containers</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the Highway 69 worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, contained deposits or accumulations of combustible dust.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">IV.B.2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Second, though Respondent argues that the testimony regarding the actual ignition source of the fire in this case was not explicitly identified as “originating in the truck”; the specific cause of this accident is irrelevant to the question of whether the standard was violated. The cited standard states, “Only approved power-operated trucks designated as DY, EE, or EX shall be used . . . where deposits or accumulations of [combustible] dust may be ignited by arcs or sparks originating in the truck.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> 29 C.F.R. § 1910.178(c)(2)(vii). In other words, if there are deposits or accumulations of combustible dust that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">may</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>be ignited by arcs or sparks originating in the truck,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">only</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>DY, EE, or EX trucks can be used. The presumption regarding trucks not certified as DY, EE, or EX is already built into the standard—they produce sparks that could ignite combustible dust.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">i</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">d.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1910.178(b) (DY units “do not have any electrical equipment”;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">EE units “the electric motors and all other electrical equipment are completely enclosed”; and EX units have “electrical fittings and equipment . . . designed, constructed and assembled [to be]<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">used in certain atmospheres containing flammable vapors or dusts”). Respondent’s employees were using a liquid propane (LP) designated forklift</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">174,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">246). According to CSHO Hodge, an LP forklift is not intrinsically safe or rated for the conditions found at the Highway 69 worksite because it can “produce a spark or excessive heat, which would then be the source of ignition . . . .” (Tr 249). This comports with 1910.178, which characterizes an LP unit as “similar to the G unit except that liquefied petroleum gas is used for fuel instead of gasoline.” 29 C.F.R. §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1910</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.178(b)(10). G units are “gasoline powered units<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">having minimum acceptable safeguards against inherent fire hazards</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1910.178(b)(8) (emphasis added). Because<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the forklift Respondent was using was not<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">appropriate for the conditions, the Court finds the terms of the standard were violated.</span><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><a name="ftnref15" href="#ftn15">14</a></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent’s Employees Were Exposed to the Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>were utilizing a liquid propane forklift in storage containers that contained accumulations of combustible, pyrotechnic material. As noted previously in this opinion, this exposed them to fire, explosion, and struck-by hazards.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">IV.B.3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Thus, the Court finds that Respondent’s employees were exposed to the hazard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">4.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent Had Knowledge of the Conditions</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testified and Moutz confirmed that Respondent’s employees used LP forklifts. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">133, 174</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 249–250</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Moutz told CSHO Hodge that Respondent had not considered using a different type of forklift, and the evidence shows that no serious hazard evaluation was performed.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 250). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moutz also testified he observed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>using the LP forklift to unload fireworks and material from the storage containers on the day of the accident. (Tr.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">167–68</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Further, as discussed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">repeatedly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">above, the Court has already found Respondent<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was at least constructively aware of the conditions</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at the Highway 69 worksite</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">IV.B.4</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">5.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Violation Was Serious</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the same reasons expressed above with respect to Citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court finds the violation was serious.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">IV.B.5</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The Court hereby incorporates those findings herein. Accordingly, Citation 1, Item 4 is AFFIRMED as a serious violation of the Act.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-left:96px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">F.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 2, Item 1</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:28.8px; text-indent:.508cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alleged</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">other-than-</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the Act in Citation 2, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as follows</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 CFR 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">10.1200(e)(1): The employer did not develop, implement, and/or maintain at the workplace a written hazard communication program which describes how the criteria specified in 29 CFR 1910.1200(f), (g), and (h) will be met:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The employer has not developed a written hazard communication program.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation and Notification of Penalty at 15;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Second Amended Complaint<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The cited standard provides:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Employers shall develop, implement, and maintain at each workplace, a written hazard communication program which at least describes how the criteria specified in paragraphs (f), (g), and (h) of this section for labels and other forms of warning, safety data sheets, and employee information and training will be met . . . .<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 19</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">10.1200(e)(1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Standard Applies</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This section “requires chemical manufacturers or importers to classify the hazards of chemicals which they produce or import . . . .” 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1200(b)(1). As such, “This section applies to any chemical which is known to be present in the workplace in such a manner that employees may be exposed under normal conditions of use or in a foreseeable emergency.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1910.1200(b)(2). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A “foreseeable emergency” is defined as “any potential occurrence such as, but not limited to, equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment which could result in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the workplace.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1910.1200(c).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Respondent contends the fireworks it imports and distributes are “articles”, which are excepted from the requirements of 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1200.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§§ 1910.1200</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(6)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(v).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Articles are defined as:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[A] manufactured item other than a fluid or particle</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">: (i) which is formed to a specific shape or design during manufacture; (ii) which has end use function(s) dependent in whole or in part upon its shape or design during end use; and (iii) which under normal conditions of use does not release more than very small quantities,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, minute or trace amounts of a hazardous chemical (as determined under paragraph (d) of this section), and does not pose a physical hazard or health risk to employees.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1910.1200(c). The Court finds Respondent cannot establish that it is entitled to the benefit of this exception.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>The first two elements of the definition of an article are easily established—fireworks are formed to a particular shape during manufacture</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>which facilitates the end use. The third element contains two parts: (1) under normal condition</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of use, the article does not release more than very small quantities of hazardous chemicals; and (2) the article does not pose a physical hazard or health risk.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>According to this section, a “physical hazard” is defined as “a chemical that is classified as posing one of the following hazardous effects: explosive; flammable (gases, aerosols, liquids, or solids); oxidizer (liquid, solid, or gas); self-reactive; pyrophoric (liquid or solid); self-heating; organic peroxide; corrosive to metal; gas under pressure; or in contact with water emits flammable gas.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> The same definition directs readers to review Appendix B to the standard, which is entitled “Physical Hazard Criteria”.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Appendix B to § 1910.1200 (defining and classifying explosives). </span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s principal problem in attempting to prove the exception is that the purported articles pose a physical hazard. First, the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">parties agree</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the fireworks at the Highway 69 worksite are considered 1.4G explosives by the DOT.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Tr. 20</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Second, § 1910.1200(c) defines an explosive chemical as a ph</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ysical hazard. According to m</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">andatory Appendix B, an explosive chemical is “a solid or liquid chemical which is in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Pyrotechnic chemicals are included even when they do not evolve gases.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at Appendix B</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, Sec. B.1.1.1. (also describing items which contain explosive chemicals). In view of that definition, the appendix indicates that the class of explosives</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">comprises:<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; margin-right:48px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(a) explosive chemicals; (b) explosive items, except devices containing explosive chemicals in such quantity or of such a character that their inadvertent or accidental ignition or initiation shall not cause any effect external to the device either by projection, fire, smoke, heat, or loud noise; and (c)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">chemicals and items not included under (a) and (b) above which are manufactured with the view to producing a practical explosive or pyrotechnic effect.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at Appendix B, Sec. B.1.1.2. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The only exceptions to this class are items that, although they contain explosive chemicals, will not cause any effect external to the item when ignited.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> This is consistent with the definition of an article provided at 29 C.F.R. § 1910.1200(c), which includes manufactured items that do not release more than very small quantities of hazardous chemical under normal conditions of use.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1910.1200(c)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The fireworks in the bunkers identified</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“artillery shells” or were otherwise characterized as capable of flight, flashes, or explosions,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>do not fall within that limited exception. Accordingly, the Court finds<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the fireworks identified in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent’s</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>bunkers as capable of such effects<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">are not “articles” under the terms of the Hazard Communication Standard.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Without the benefit of the exception, t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court finds that the standard applies</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to Respondent’s workplace</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. According to the scope and application paragraph, this section applies<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">any chemical which is known to be present in the workplace in such a manner that employees may be exposed under normal conditions of use or in a foreseeable emergency.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1910.1200(b)(2). A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t the very least</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the facts of this case illustrate that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Respondent’</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s employees were exposed to a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“foreseeable emergency”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in that there was potential for “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipment which could result in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the workplace.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1910.1200(c).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> Further,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s MSDS</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">described</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>procedures for the clean-up of spilled items or exposed chemical composition,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which illustrates<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exposure under normal c</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">onditions of use. (Ex. C-10). The state of the containers described by<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[redacted]</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and Fire Investigator Tippie do not suggest “minute or trace amounts” of a hazardous chemical</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>such that the effects of its inadvertent or accidental ignition would be confined to the item/device/article.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1910.1200(c),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Appendix</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>B, Sec. B.1.1.2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">The Terms of the Standard Were Violated</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>CSHO Hodge asked Respondent’s HR Manager, Ramsey, if Respondent had a hazard communication program and whether he could have a copy. (Tr.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">260</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ramsey said that they did not have a hazard communication program. (Tr. 260). Subsequent requests for any sort of documentation were also unavailing. (Tr. 262). Because Respondent did not have a hazard communication program, the terms of the standard were violated.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent’s Employees Were Exposed to the Hazard</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For the same reasons expressed in Section<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">IV.B.3</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, the Court finds Respondent’s employees were exposed to the hazard</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:139.2px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; padding-right:20px;">4.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Respondent Had<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Knowledge of the Conditions</span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.422cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As previously noted, Respondent’s HR Manager told CSHO Hodge that they did not have a hazard communication program, and subsequent requests for documents illustrating such<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a program went unfulfilled.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Indeed, Respondent’s entire defense to this citation is that it relied on the standard’s definition of “article” as the reason for not implementing such a plan.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">R-8 at 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">indicating Respondent’s belief that its consumer fireworks are articles</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). Thus, Respondent had knowledge of the conditions requiring the implementation of a hazard communication plan. It is the empl</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">o</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">yer’s responsibility in the first instance to have compliant plans and procedures in place. The failure to have a plan at all—as opposed to having the opportunity to observe non-compliant behavior—can only be known by the employer. Accordingly, the Court finds Respondent had knowledge of the conditions requiring a hazard communication plan and that it did not possess a plan to address those conditions.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">V.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Penalty</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.508cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Under the Act, an employer who commits a “serious” violation may be assessed a civil penalty of up to $7,000 for each such violation. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 666</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In determining the appropriate penalty for affirmed violations, section 17(j) of the Act requires the Commission to give due consideration to four criteria: (1) the size of the employer’s business, (2) the gravity of the violation, (3) the good faith of the employer, and (4) the employer’s prior history of violations. 29 U.S.C. § 666(j). Gravity is the primary consideration and is determined by the number of employees exposed, the duration of the exposure, the precautions taken against injury, and the likelihood of an actual injury.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15 BNA OSHC 2201, 2214 (No. 87-2059, 1993). It is well established that the Commission and its judges conduct<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">de novo<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">penalty determinations and have full discretion to assess penalties based on the facts of each case and the applicable statutory criteria.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">E.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Allied Structural Steel Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2 BNA OSHC 1457, 1458 (No. 1681, 1975);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Valdak Corp</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1135, 1138 (No. 93-0239, 1995),<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 73 F.3d 1466 (8th Cir. 1995).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA recommended a total penalty amount of $24,000.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant did not recommend<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a penalty adjustment for size of employer because Respondent employed more than 250 employees.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 26</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>did not consider Respondent’s levels of attempted good faith compliance or precautions to prevent injury<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sufficient<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to warrant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">significant<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">penalty reduction.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:.508cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court gives deference to the Secretary’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">assessments</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In so doing t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Court notes the presence of a significant amount of highly explosive material at the worksite, which was designated by Respondent fo</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">r the storage of such materials</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Explosion or conflagration were<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">all too<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">likely to result from an</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">y misstep,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the prob</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">able injuries resulting from such an event carried<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a high likelihood of severity or death. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Therefore the gravity assessment is high. The Court reduces the penalties assessed slightly, as noted below, based upon a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">somewhat larger assessment of Respondent’s good faith efforts to prevent injury</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>th</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an was assigned by OSHA</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:center; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The foregoing Decision constitutes the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law in accordance with Rule 52(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact and Conclus</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ions of Law, it is ORDERED that:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>AFFIRMED as serious, and a penalty of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">000</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.00</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>is ASSESSED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 2 is AFFIRMED as serious, and a penalty of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,000.00</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>is ASSESSED.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 3 is AFFIRMED as serious, and a penalty of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$3,000.00</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>is ASSESSED.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">4.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 4 is AFFIRMED as serious, and a penalty of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$4,000.00</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>is ASSESSED.</span></p>
			<p style="margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:-.635cm; widows:2; orphans:2; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-size:12pt; padding-right:20px;">5.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 2, Item 1 is AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>as other-than-serious</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">no</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>penalty is ASSESSED.<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SO ORDERED</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Judge<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Peggy S. Ball</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Date:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> April 24, 2017</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Denver, Colorado</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"></a> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1 </span></a>. The term “bunker” refers to the storage containers located at the Highway 69 facility.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2 </span></a>. Their supervisor,<span>
					</span>Moutz,<span><span></span>
					</span>also<span>
					</span>testified that he has been wearing T-shirts and shorts to unload fireworks for years. (Tr. 186).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a>. He later testified<span>
					</span>that at least some of<span><span></span>
					</span>the material had been pulled from the container by the fire department. (Tr. 50).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">4 </span></a>. Irrespective of whether the Highway 69 site was part of Respondent’s day-to-day operations, the determining factor for application of the cited standard is whether Respondent kept, had, or stored fireworks at the location. That factor is clearly satisfied.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">5 </span></a>. The ALJ noted that the standard was “derived from” the NFPA standard and questions whether deference is due the Secretary or the NFPA, but never resolves the question.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Culberson Well Service, Inc.</span>, 12 BNA OSHC 1535.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn7" href="#ftnref7"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">6 </span></a>. At trial and during CSHO Hodge’s deposition, there appeared to be some confusion regarding the import of NFPA 1124 and its applicability to 29 C.F.R. § 1910.109(b)(1). Respondent contends that Complainant repeatedly denied that NFPA 1124 was the governing standard under the Act; however, Complainant merely reiterated that the governing standard is 29 C.F.R. § 1910.109(b)(1) and that NFPA 1124 merely serves as one source for industry practice and hazard identification. (Ex. R-5 at 4, 10). This dispute appears to be, in significant part, semantic.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn8" href="#ftnref8"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">7 </span></a>. For example, the most directly applicable provision in NFPA 1124 is section 6.12, which addresses housekeeping. (Ex. C-11 at 29). This provision prohibits the presence of loose black powder and exposed pyrotechnic composition; requires that storage containers be kept clean, dry, and free of rubbish; prohibits the use of tools with spark-producing metal parts; and requires that brush, dried vegetation, and other combustibles be kept at least 25 feet away from the perimeter. (<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span>).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn9" href="#ftnref9"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">8 </span></a>. Respondent attempted to discredit Fire Investigator Tippie’s conclusions regarding the presence of spilled black powder and/or pyrotechnic material on the floor of the storage containers by asking whether he or any of the other witnesses actually performed testing of the powder to determine its chemical content.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Although no testing was performed, the Court finds Fire Investigator Tippie’s conclusion to be supported by the evidence: (1)<span>
					</span>[redacted], who is familiar with fireworks, testified that he observed powder on the floor of the subject trailer prior to entering; (2) there were fireworks that were broken open near the powder; and (3) according to Respondent’s self-generated MSDS, the 1.4G Consumer Fireworks “Contains pyrotechnic composition—a solid mixture of oxidizer and fuel that will burn if ignited.” (Ex. C-10). <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Okland Constr. Co.</span>, 3 BNA OSHC 2023 (No. 3395, 1976) (holding judge properly upheld violation based on inferences drawn from circumstantial evidence).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn10" href="#ftnref10"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">9 </span></a>. The fact that an accident actually occurred lends further credence to this conclusion. Though Respondent correctly argues that the fact of the accident is not sufficient proof of a violation, it nonetheless is a factor to consider.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Ralston Purina Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>7<span>
					</span>BNA OSHC<span><span></span>
					</span>1302 (No. 76-2551, 1979)<span><span></span>
					</span>(“Although evidence concerning the occurrence of and circumstances surrounding an accident is not necessary for the Secretary to establish a prima facie case, and certainly such evidence is not necessarily conclusive in finding a violation, the occurrence of and circumstances surrounding an accident may be probative evidence of a violation.”).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn11" href="#ftnref11"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">10 </span></a>. Contrary to the arguments of Respondent, though 1910.132(d)(1) does not require documentation of the assessment, 1910.132(d)(2) does.<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. § 1910.132(d)(2) (requiring verification of hazard assessment through written certification). The lack of such certification is not sufficient evidence in and of itself to prove a violation; however, it is strong evidence that such an evaluation did not occur.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn12" href="#ftnref12"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">11 </span></a>. <span><span></span>
					</span>These definitions track the NFPA standard for combustible dust as well. (Ex. R-2, NFPA 654).</p>
			</div>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn13" href="#ftnref13"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">12 </span></a>. It should be noted that an addendum to CPL 03-00-008<span><span></span>
					</span>indicates that “this directive is not intended for inspections of explosives and pyrotechnics manufacturing facilities covered by the Process Safety management (PSM) standard . . . . (Ex. C-13 at 4). Although Respondent does not engage in pyrotechnic manufacturing, such an exception clarifies that pyrotechnic and/or explosive materials are not characterized in the same way as other combustible dusts, e.g., cotton, wood, metal, or carbonaceous materials.<span>
					</span></p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn14" href="#ftnref14"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">13 </span></a>. NFPA 1124 also defines “consumer fireworks” as “small fireworks devices containing restricted amounts of pyrotechnic composition designed primarily to produce visible or audible effects<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">by combustion</span>.”<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Ex. C-11 at 12).</p>
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				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="text-align:justify; ">
					<a name="ftn15" href="#ftnref15"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">14 </span></a>. This may not be the case under normal operations at the Superior facility, but the state of the fireworks and the containers at the Highway 69 facility were such that additional precautions were warranted.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
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