* Pursuant to 5th Cir. R. 47.5, the court has determined that

this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except

under the limited circumstances set forth in 5th Cir. R. 47.5.4.

1 We review the Tax Court’s factual findings for clear error

and examine conclusions of law de novo. Dunn v. Comm’r of Internal

Revenue, 301 F.3d 339, 348 (5th Cir. 2002). 

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

 _______________________________

No. 02-60062

(Summary Calendar)

 _______________________________

FABIAN VAKSMAN,

Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,

 Respondent-Appellee.

 _________________________________________________

Appeal from the United States Tax Court

(4741-00)

 _________________________________________________

November 21, 2002

Before DAVIS, WIENER and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

WIENER, Circuit Judge*:

Petitioner-Appellant Fabian Vaksman appeals the decision of

the United States Tax Court determining a deficiency in his federal

income tax for 1997 in the amount of $2,108. For essentially the

same reasons as are set forth in the Tax Court’s ruling, we

affirm.1
2 26 U.S.C. § 274(d)(4). 

2

Vaksman appeals the Tax Court’s determinations regarding the

deductions he claimed for (1) depreciation of his automobile; (2)

cellular telephone expenses; (3) educational expenses; and (4)

business use of his home. He also challenges specified IRS policies

and procedures and alleges several constitutional violations. We

briefly address each of Vaksman’s claims. 

1. Automobile Depreciation

Vaksman asserts that he drove his automobile 15,000 miles in

1997, of which 79.10 percent, or 11,865 miles were for business. On

this basis, he computed a $1,325 depreciation deduction. He did

not, however, submit any records to substantiate the business use

of his vehicle, or to distinguish business use from personal use.

Passenger automobiles are “listed property” subject to the

strict substantiation requirements of § 274(d) of the Internal

Revenue Code (“I.R.C.”). Under I.R.C. § 274(d), “[n]o deduction or

credit shall be allowed . . . with respect to any listed property

. . . unless the taxpayer substantiates by adequate records or

sufficient evidence corroborating the taxpayer’s own statement” (1)

the amount of the expense; (2) the time and place of the use of the

property; and (3) the “business purpose of the expense.”2 As

Vaksman has provided none of the required documentation, but relies

solely on his own uncorroborated estimate, the Tax Court properly

disallowed the deduction. 
3 26 U.S.C. § 162(a). 

3

2. Cellular Telephone Expenses

Vaksman claimed a deduction of $715 for cellular telephone

expenses. Cellular telephones are also “listed property” subject to

the substantiation requirements of I.R.C. § 274. As with his

automobile, Vaksman failed to submit any documentation to establish

the business use of his cellular telephone, the amount he paid for

the service, or even the identity of the telephone company. The Tax

Court properly disallowed the deduction.

3. Educational Expenses

Vaksman claimed a deduction of $1,550 for “continuing

education.” On appeal, he argues that his tuition payments to the

University of Houston for “dissertation hours” in the history

department were “used as a business expense” and were necessary to

generate business as a Russian translator.

As a threshold matter, we again note that Vaksman has failed

to submit documentation in support of the claimed deduction. Even

if the deduction were adequately documented, however, Vaksman’s

tuition payments to the university would not be deductible as

business expenses under these circumstances. The I.R.C. authorizes

deductions for business expenses that are “ordinary and

necessary.”3 An expense is “ordinary and necessary” if it is

“appropriate, helpful, and of a common or frequent occurrence in
4 Tulia Feedlot, Inc. v. United States, 513 F.2d 800, 804 (5th

Cir. 1975). 

5 Hymel v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 794 F.2d 939, 940 (5th

Cir. 1986). 

6 82 T.C.M. (CCH) 19, R. 17, at 11. 

4

the type of business carried on by the taxpayer.”4 The expense

“must be directly related to the taxpayer’s business.”5 

Vaksman has failed to establish that his pursuit of a doctoral

degree in history “relates to” his translating business. Although

Vaksman contends that a university affiliation was necessary to

generate translation business, he produced no evidence; and the

record on appeal reflects no evidence to support this contention.

Neither we, the Tax Court, nor the Commissioner has questioned the

fact that Vaksman is engaged in the business of Russian

translating; nevertheless, he has failed to prove a “nexus” between

this business and the study of United States history. Although

association with a local university, and access to computers and

other university resources, may marginally benefit any businessman,

we agree with the Tax Court’s conclusion that “[t]he ‘ordinary and

necessary’ requirement . . . is not so elastic a concept as to

countenance a marginal relationship between an expense and a

taxpayer’s trade or business.”6

4. Business Use of Home

Vaksman claimed a home office deduction of $5,280 based on his
7 26 U.S.C. § 280A(a). 

8 Id. § 280A(c)(A). 

5

estimate that, in 1997, he used 80 percent of the 900 available

square feet in his apartment (720 square feet) for his translating

business. The Commissioner reduced the deduction to $1,588,

allocating 25 percent of Vaksman’s $6,350 rent to business use. 

As a general rule, “the use of a dwelling unit which is used

by the taxpayer during the taxable year as a residence” is not

deductible.7 This rule does not apply, however, to the portion of

a residence “which is exclusively used on a regular basis . . . as

the principal place of business for any trade or business of the

taxpayer.”8 

Vaksman failed to demonstrate that he used 80 percent of his

residence exclusively and on a regular basis for his translating

business. As the Tax Court explained, Vaksman’s claim in this

regard is belied by his own admission that he worked only seven

days in 1997. Moreover, Vaksman’s inclusion of his bathroom and

bedroom in his estimate of “business use” is misplaced; although he

may have used these areas on occasion for a business purpose, any

business use of these areas was not exclusive. We conclude that the

Tax Court properly disallowed the $5,280 deduction in favor of a

more reasonable——and, we might add, generous——$1,588 home office

deduction. 
9 Pasternak v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 990 F.2d 893, 898

(6th Cir. 1993). 

10 Portillo v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 932 F.2d 1128, 1133

(5th Cir. 1991). 

6

5. Remaining Claims

Vaksman’s remaining arguments are entirely without merit. He

dedicates the bulk of his argument on appeal to perceived

unfairness in the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) procedures

leading to his notice of deficiency. In particular, Vaksman objects

to the ability of an IRS supervisor to “overrule” or modify the

conclusions of an auditor and repeatedly alleges “bad faith” on the

part of the IRS for failing to comply with his discovery requests.

Vaksman also asserts sweeping First Amendment and constitutional

issues and seeks an award of costs and attorney fees. 

Courts do not “look behind the notice of deficiency to

determine or examine the evidence used, or the propriety of the

Commissioner’s motives in making the deficiency determinations.”9

The law is well-settled that the government’s determination of

deficiency is presumed to be correct; this “presumption of

correctness generally prohibits a court from looking behind the

Commissioner’s determination even though it may be based on hearsay

or other evidence inadmissible at trial.”10 For this reason, we,

like the Tax Court, will not revisit or second-guess the methods of

the IRS.
11 Corrigan v. United States, 27 F.3d 436, 438 (9th Cir. 1994)

(“A pro se litigant does not pay or incur attorney fees. Thus,

attorney fees are not available to pro se litigants under I.R.C. §

7430). 

12 26 U.S.C. § 7430(c)(4)(i)(I).

13 Id. § 7430(c)(4)(i)(II). 

7

Vaksman’s First Amendment claim is grounded in his complaint

that the IRS sent an agent to his home to investigate his

transmission of a poem to an IRS Group Manager. Assuming, without

concluding, that the Tax Court had jurisdiction to consider this

claim and that we have appellate jurisdiction to review it, we hold

that Vaksman’s First Amendment claim is wholly without merit and

not worthy of further discussion. 

Finally, Vaksman’s claim for costs and attorney fees is

equally without merit and borders on frivolousness. As a pro se

litigant, he is not entitled to attorney fees because, quite

simply, he did not actually “pay” or “incur” attorney fees.11 In

addition, Vaksman was not the “prevailing party” as defined in

I.R.C. § 7430(c)(4). Vaksman neither “substantially prevailed with

respect to the amount in controversy”12——the deficiency was reduced

only from $2,217 in the original notice, to $2,108 in the Tax

Court’s decision——nor “substantially prevailed with respect to the

most significant issues.”13

We recognize that Vaksman has serious misgivings about the

manner in which federal income taxes are collected in the United
8

States. It is obvious, and unfortunate, that he feels that he has

been unfairly and illegally “targeted” by the IRS. Nevertheless,

our careful review of the record, the parties’ briefs, and the

applicable law convinces us that, as a matter of law, all Vaksman’s

claims in the Tax Court, and his contentions on appeal, are

baseless. Finally, we caution Vaksman against further prosecution

of these claims, lest he incur sanctions for protracting litigation

that is legally frivolous. 

Conclusion

For essentially the same reasons set forth by the Tax Court,

its disposition of this action is, in all respects, 

AFFIRMED.