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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,

3 Plaintiff-Appellee,

4 v. NO. 33,723

5 JAMES SIMPSON,

6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TAOS COUNTY

8 Jeff Foster McElroy, District Judge

9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General

10 Santa Fe, NM

11 Adam Greenwood, Assistant Attorney General

12 Albuquerque, NM 

13 for Appellee

14 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender

15 Tania Shahani, Assistant Appellate Defender

16 Santa Fe, NM 

17 for Appellant

18 MEMORANDUM OPINION

19 VANZI, Judge.
2

1 {1} A grand jury indicted Defendant James Simpson for operating a motor vehicle

2 with a blood or breath alcohol concentration (BAC) of eight one-hundredths (.08) or

3 more, and intentionally damaging a police car owned by the Town of Taos, New

4 Mexico. Defendant was consequently charged with one count of driving while

5 intoxicated (DWI), contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-102(C)(1) (2010), and one

6 count of criminal damage to property (over $1000), contrary to NMSA 1978, Section

7 30-15-1 (1963). Defendant moved to vacate the latter charge on the ground that it

8 “ar[ose] from the same single course of conduct addressed in” the DWI charge,

9 violating his right to be free from double jeopardy. (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

10 The district court denied that motion, and Defendant ultimately accepted a conditional

11 plea, reserving his right to file this appeal. We affirm.

12 BACKGROUND

13 {2} There was no trial below, and the record is mostly devoid of any factual

14 background, but a few details were elicited at the plea hearing. Had the case gone to

15 trial, Officer Austin Barnes of the Taos Police Department would have testified that

16 Defendant crashed into his patrol car after “fail[ing] to yield,” causing over $1000 in

17 damages. Officer Victor Flores of the New Mexico State Police would have testified

18 that Defendant then submitted to a blood alcohol test and was determined to be

19 driving while intoxicated. The parties agreed in separate hearings that the evidence
3

1 was sufficient for a reasonable jury to convict Defendant of both DWI and criminal

2 damage to property. 

3 {3} Prior to pleading guilty, Defendant cited several of our felony murder

4 precedents and argued to the district court that DWI was being used by the State as a

5 “predicate” to the charge of criminal damage to property. According to Defendant, the

6 State could not prove an element of criminal damage to property (the intent element)

7 without also proving DWI; one crime was thus subsumed by the other; and Defendant

8 was therefore facing two convictions for a single course of conduct. He now raises

9 those same contentions on appeal. Our review is de novo. State v. Bernal, 2006-

10 NMSC-050, ¶ 6, 140 N.M. 644, 146 P.3d 289.

11 DISCUSSION

12 {4} The constitution protects against both successive prosecutions and multiple

13 punishments for the same offense. Swafford v. State, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 6, 112 N.M.

14 3, 810 P.2d 1223. There are two types of multiple punishment cases: unit-of15 prosecution cases, in which an individual is convicted of multiple violations of the

16 same criminal statute, and double-description cases, in which a single act results in

17 multiple convictions under different statutes. Id. ¶¶ 8-9. Defendant’s argument

18 involving the separate crimes of DWI and criminal damage to property raises double19 description concerns.
4

1 {5} Our courts apply a two-part inquiry to double-description claims. State v.

2 Gutierrez, 2011-NMSC-024, ¶ 51, 150 N.M. 232, 258 P.3d 1024. First, we analyze

3 the factual question “whether the conduct underlying the offenses is unitary, i.e.,

4 whether the same conduct violates both statutes,” and if so, we consider the legal

5 question “whether the [L]egislature intended to create separately punishable offenses.”

6 Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “If it reasonably can be said that

7 the conduct is unitary, then [we] must move to the second part of the inquiry.

8 Otherwise, if the conduct is separate and distinct, [the] inquiry is at an end.” Swafford,

9 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 28.

10 Unitary Conduct

11 {6} Defendant argues that the conduct of DWI and criminal damage to property in

12 this case was both factually unitary and “unitary by definition.” The latter argument

13 relies on a narrow doctrine—sometimes referred to as “unitary conduct as a matter of

14 law”—that arose in the context of felony murder, where a jury necessarily resolves the

15 fact-based unitary conduct question when it decides that a killing occurred during the

16 commission of the underlying felony. See State v. Frazier, 2007-NMSC-032, ¶¶ 21-23,

17 142 N.M. 120, 164 P.3d 1; State v. Sotelo, 2013-NMCA-028, ¶ 19, 296 P.3d 1232.

18 However, despite making the argument as a matter of law, Defendant somewhat

19 paradoxically contends that the conduct is unitary by definition “under the facts of his
5

1 case” because the State could not prove the requisite intent for criminal damage to

2 property without proving DWI. 

3 {7} We note at the outset that there is an inherent difficulty in resolving

4 Defendant’s arguments without the benefit of a trial below. In conducting our unitary

5 conduct analysis, we are tasked with considering such factual questions “as whether

6 the acts were close in time and space, their similarity, the sequence in which they

7 occurred, whether other events intervened, and the defendant’s goals for and mental

8 state during each act.” State v. Melendrez, 2014-NMCA-062, ¶ 8, 326 P.3d 1126

9 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted), cert. denied, 2014-NMCERT-006, 328

10 P.3d 1188. The ultimate question is whether “the jury reasonably could have inferred

11 independent factual bases for the charged offenses.” State v. Franco, 2005-NMSC12 013, ¶ 7, 137 N.M. 447, 112 P.3d 1104 (internal quotation marks and citation

13 omitted); State v. Sanchez, 1996-NMCA-089, ¶ 8, 122 N.M. 280, 923 P.2d 1165

14 (“[U]nitary conduct is fact specific; it requires meticulous review of the factual

15 scenario and can rarely be determined on just the face of the indictment.”); Swafford,

16 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 27 (“The conduct question depends to a large degree on the

17 elements of the charged offenses and the facts presented at trial.”). 

18 {8} Since Defendant pleaded guilty, we have no trial record to look to evaluate his

19 contention that “[t]he State’s legal theory in this case was that the criminal damage to

20 property arose out of [Defendant’s] decision to drive drunk.” (Emphasis omitted.)
6

1 That contention was contested when Defendant moved below to vacate on double

2 jeopardy grounds, and it is still contested on appeal. It is certainly not established on

3 the face of the indictment, which does not even mention Defendant’s intoxication with

4 respect to the criminal damage to property charge. And no details were provided at the

5 plea hearing regarding Defendant’s intent or the immediate circumstances surrounding

6 Defendant’s collision with the police car, other than that he “failed to yield.” 

7 {9} Under these circumstances, we could summarily affirm because, after a guilty

8 plea, “[w]e place the burden on the defendant, the party raising the double jeopardy

9 challenge, to provide a sufficient record for the court to determine unitary conduct and

10 complete the remainder of the double jeopardy analysis.” Sanchez, 1996-NMCA-089,

11 ¶ 11; see also State v. Wood, 1994-NMCA-060, ¶ 19, 117 N.M. 682, 875 P.2d 1113

12 (holding that there must be a factual basis in the record to support a double jeopardy

13 claim); cf. State v. Clark, 1989-NMSC-010, ¶ 9, 108 N.M. 288, 772 P.2d 322 (stating

14 that the initial burden is on the defendant when challenging a plea agreement). 

15 {10} Nonetheless, since we ultimately conclude that Defendant’s argument

16 unquestionably fails the legal prong of the double jeopardy analysis, i.e., the

17 Legislature intended to create separately punishable offenses, we will assume without

18 deciding that Defendant’s conduct was unitary.

19 Legislative Intent
7

1 {11} Having assumed unitary conduct, we must determine whether the Legislature

2 intended Sections 66-8-102(C)(1) and 30-15-1 to provide for separate punishment. See

3 State v. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶ 11, 279 P.3d 747. “Determinations of legislative

4 intent, like double jeopardy, present issues of law that are reviewed de novo, with the

5 ultimate goal of such review to be facilitating and promoting the [L]egislature’s

6 accomplishment of its purpose.” State v. Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 29, 306 P.3d

7 426 (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted). Since the statutes

8 themselves do not expressly provide for multiple punishments, we begin by applying

9 the rule of statutory construction from Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299

10 (1932), to determine whether each provision requires proof of a fact that the other

11 does not. Swick, 2012-NMSC-018, ¶¶ 11-12. If so, “it may be inferred that the

12 Legislature intended to authorize separate punishments under each statute.” Id. ¶ 13.

13 But “this is only an inference that leads to an examination of other indicia of

14 legislative intent.” Id.

15 {12} Needless to say, the elements of the two offenses have virtually no overlap. To

16 convict Defendant of DWI as charged, the State would have had to prove that

17 Defendant drove a vehicle in New Mexico with a BAC of .08 or higher. See § 66-8-

18 102(C)(1). To convict Defendant of criminal damage to property (over $1000), the

19 State would have had to prove that Defendant intentionally damaged the property of

20 another without consent and that the amount of damage was more than $1000. See §
8

1 30-15-1. DWI can be committed whether or not any property damage results; and

2 criminal damage to property can be committed when the perpetrator is completely

3 sober. As such, one offense does not subsume the other, and the Blockburger test

4 lends no support to Defendant’s argument.

5 {13} When two statutes survive Blockburger, we look to “the language, history, and

6 subject of the statutes, and we must identify the particular evil sought to be addressed

7 by each offense.” Montoya, 2013-NMSC-020, ¶ 32 (internal quotation marks and

8 citation omitted). “[T]he social evils proscribed by different statutes must be construed

9 narrowly[.]” Swafford, 1991-NMSC-043, ¶ 32.

10 {14} Since 1941, the Legislature has repeatedly addressed the evils of intoxicated

11 driving by augmenting DWI penalties, adding provisions for court-ordered drug and

12 alcohol screening, treatment, and rehabilitation, and decreasing the BAC at which a

13 driver is presumed intoxicated. State v. Hernandez, 2001-NMCA-057, ¶ 21, 130 N.M.

14 698, 30 P.3d 387. The entire statutory scheme makes no reference to property damage.

15 See § 66-8-102. Penalties are aggravated only for repeat offenses, an increased BAC,

16 bodily injury to a human being, or the refusal to submit to chemical testing. Section

17 66-8-102(D). Construed narrowly, “[t]he ultimate purpose of the DWI laws is to

18 protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public by stopping people from driving

19 under the influence of drugs and alcohol.” State v. Valdez, 2013-NMCA-016, ¶ 9, 293

20 P.3d 909 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 
9

1 {15} In contrast, the offense of criminal damage to property expressly protects

2 against the intentional damage of property—real or personal. See § 30-15-1. The

3 offense is aggravated based on the monetary value of the property damage. Id. Thus,

4 the two offenses are unambiguously designed to address distinct social

5 ills—intoxicated driving on the one hand, and intentional damage to property on the

6 other—and they may be punished separately, even when committed during the course

7 of a single act.

8 CONCLUSION

9 {16} Defendant’s conviction for criminal damage to property (over $1000) is

10 affirmed.

11 {17} IT IS SO ORDERED.

12 __________________________________

13 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge

14 WE CONCUR:

15 _________________________________

16 JAMES J. WECHSLER, Judge
10

1 _________________________________

2 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge