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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">
					</span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "> 1120 20th Street, N.W., Ninth Floor</span></p>
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				<p style="widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "> Washington, DC 20036-3457</span></p>
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				<p> </p>
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							<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:3.467px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">SECRETARY OF LABOR,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:8.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Complainant,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">v.</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:3.467px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">OSHRC DOCKET No.<span>
									</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">6</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1321</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:7.667px; margin-bottom:0px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">LM SANDERSON CON</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">STRUCTION</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, INC.,</span></p>
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							<p style="margin-top:8.667px; margin-bottom:0px; text-indent:2.819cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p>Appearances:<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Attorney Molly J. Theobald</p>
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				<p>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>U.S. Department of Labor,<span>
					</span>Office of the Solicitor</p>
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				<p>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>New York, New York</p>
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				<p style="text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the<span>
					</span>Complainant</p>
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				<p style="text-align:justify; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Mr. David Sanderson</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:1px; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; ">Vice-President, LM Sanderson Construction, Inc.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:1px; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Webster, New York</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:1px; ">
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>For the Respondent</p>
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				<p> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:1px; ">Before:<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>William S. Coleman</p>
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				<p>
					<span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span>Administrative Law Judge</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION AND<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Respondent,<span>
					</span>LM Sanderson Construction, Inc.,<span><span></span>
					</span>(LMS)<span><span></span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>a construction company whose business includes<span>
					</span>framing buildings and other related activities.<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Stip.<span><span></span>
					</span>No. 2). In the spring of 2016,<span>
					</span>LMS<span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>working<span><span></span>
					</span>on a<span>
					</span>residential<span>
					</span>construction project<span><span></span>
					</span>in Rochester, New York,<span>
					</span>known as Ivy Bridge Townhomes.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(Stip.<span>
					</span>No.<span>
					</span>2;<span><span></span>
					</span>T.<span>
					</span>129). </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">On<span>
					</span>the morning of<span>
					</span>April 7, 2016,<span><span></span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>Compliance Safety and Health Officer<span>
					</span>(CO) assigned to the<span>
					</span>Rochester area office<span><span></span>
					</span>of the<span>
					</span>Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)<span>
					</span>drove past the<span>
					</span>Ivy Bridge Townhomes construction site<span><span></span>
					</span>while<span>
					</span>on his way to another worksite, when<span>
					</span>he<span><span></span>
					</span>observed what he<span>
					</span>suspected to be a<span><span></span>
					</span>violation of fall<span>
					</span>protection standards. The CO<span>
					</span>stopped<span>
					</span>his car, took<span>
					</span>some photographs from the roadside,<span><span></span>
					</span>and then<span>
					</span>sought his supervisor’s<span>
					</span>permission to open an investigation. He received<span>
					</span>the requested<span>
					</span>permission later that same day<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>formally commenced<span>
					</span>an<span><span></span>
					</span>investigation<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>afternoon.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>That<span><span></span>
					</span>investigation<span><span></span>
					</span>resulted in<span>
					</span>OSHA issuing<span><span></span>
					</span>a two-item serious citation to<span>
					</span>LMS<span><span></span>
					</span>on<span>
					</span>July 6, 2016,<span>
					</span>with a<span>
					</span>proposed<span><span></span>
					</span>penalty of $2,800 for each<span>
					</span>citation<span>
					</span>item, for a total proposed penalty of $5,600. </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">LMS timely contested the citation and proposed penalties, and the Executive Secretary of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission (Commission) docketed the matter on August 17, 2016. The Commission’s Chief Judge thereafter designated the matter for disposition under the Commission’s rule for “Simplified Proceedings,” 29 C.F.R. pt. 2200, subpt. M, and assigned the matter to the undersigned Commission Judge for hearing and decision.</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Citation item 1<span>
					</span>alleged a violation of the construction industry<span>
					</span>fall<span>
					</span>protection standard at 29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(b)(1), which<span>
					</span>requires<span><span></span>
					</span>that “[e]ach employee on a walking/working surface ... with an unprotected side or edge which is 6 feet ... or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems, safety net systems,<span>
					</span>or<span>
					</span>personal fall arrest systems.” Item 1 alleged that LMS had violated this standard on April 7, 2016 in that “an employee<span>
					</span>was unloading roof sheathing from an articulating boom of a Caterpillar Telehandler --<span>
					</span>20 feet above ground level; with unprotected sides, and were not using fall protection.”</p>
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				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Prior to the hearing, the Secretary filed a written motion to amend item 1. LMS<span>
					</span>did not object<span><span></span>
					</span>to the motion, and the motion was granted.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref1" href="#ftn1">1</a></span> (T.<span>
					</span>10-11). </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">As amended, item 1 alleged two instances<span>
					</span>(instances “a” and “b”)<span>
					</span>of a violation of § 1926.501(b)(1), with instance “a” being the originally described alleged violative condition<span><span></span>
					</span>quoted<span><span></span>
					</span>above. As to<span><span></span>
					</span>instance “a,” the Secretary<span>
					</span>pleaded in the alternative that if<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(b)(1)<span><span></span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>not<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>applicable<span><span></span>
					</span>standard,<span>
					</span>then<span>
					</span>either<span>
					</span>one of<span><span></span>
					</span>two other standards was. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See<span>
						</span></span>Commission Rule 30(e) (allowing for alternative pleading), 29 C.F.R. § 2200.30(e). Those two alternatively cited standards<span>
					</span>are contained<span>
					</span>in<span>
					</span>29 C.F.R.<span>
					</span>Part<span><span></span>
					</span>1926, subpart L,<span><span></span>
					</span>“Scaffolds.”<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The<span>
					</span>first alternative cited standard was<span>
					</span>§ 1926.451(g)(1), which provides that<span>
					</span>“[e]ach employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet<span>
					</span>...<span><span></span>
					</span>above a lower level<span><span></span>
					</span>shall be protected from falling to that lower level” by certain means described within that section. The<span>
					</span>other alternative cited standard<span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>§ 1926.453(b)(2)(v), which pertains to aerial lifts used to elevate personnel.<span>
					</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">In his post-hearing brief, the Secretary<span>
					</span>took the<span>
					</span>position<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>the standard<span>
					</span>applicable to<span>
					</span>instance “a” was<span>
					</span>§ 1926.451(g)(1)<span><span></span>
					</span>of the scaffolds standard. (Secretary’s Post-Hearing Brief, p. 2). Accordingly,<span>
					</span>instance “a” will be adjudicated<span>
					</span>only as an alleged violation of<span>
					</span>§ 1926.451(g)(1).</p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Instance “b” of amended<span>
					</span>item 1 alleged another<span><span></span>
					</span>violation of the<span>
					</span>fall<span>
					</span>protection<span>
					</span>standard at<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(b)(1),<span><span></span>
					</span>in that<span><span></span>
					</span>on April 7, 2016<span><span></span>
					</span>“an employee was working without fall protection on surface below the partially constructed roof that was unprotected and 20 feet above ground level.”</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Citation item 2<span>
					</span>alleged a violation of<span><span></span>
					</span>the fall protection standard at<span><span></span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(b)(11), which<span>
					</span>requires<span><span></span>
					</span>that “[e]ach employee on a steep roof with unprotected sides and edges 6 feet .... or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems with toeboards, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.” The Secretary alleged in item 2 that LMS violated this standard at the Ivy Bridge Townhomes construction site on April 7, 2016, in that “employees were installing roof sheathing on surfaces 20 feet above ground level; with unprotected sides, and were not using fall protection.”</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The undersigned conducted an evidentiary hearing in<span>
					</span>Rochester, New York on December 15, 2016. The<span>
					</span>Secretary filed his post-hearing brief, to which LMS thereafter filed a brief in response. Post-hearing briefing was completed<span><span></span>
					</span>on<span>
					</span>May 16, 2017, when the Secretary filed a statement that he would not file a brief<span><span></span>
					</span>in reply.</p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The<span>
					</span>salient<span>
					</span>issues<span>
					</span>for decision<span>
					</span>are: </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did the Secretary<span>
				</span>prove by a preponderance of the evidence<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>LMS<span>
				</span>violated the scaffolds<span><span></span>
				</span>standard at § 1926.451(g)(1) when<span>
				</span>employees were<span>
				</span>atop a<span>
				</span>stack of roof sheathing material that was supported on the elevated fork of a telehandler? (Item 1, instance “a”).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did LMS prove by a preponderance of the evidence that compliance with the scaffolds<span><span></span>
				</span>standard at § 1926.451(g)(1) was infeasible? (Item 1, instance “a”).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="page-break-before:page; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Would LMS be prejudiced by the Commission<span><span></span>
				</span>Judge<span><span></span>
				</span>ordering<span>
				</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">sua sponte</span>,<span><span></span>
				</span>after post-hearing briefing was completed, that citation<span>
				</span>item 1, instance “b,” and<span>
				</span>citation<span>
				</span>item 2,<span>
				</span>be amended to change the standards<span>
				</span>that<span>
				</span>the Secretary alleged were applicable [respectively, subparagraphs (1) and (11) of § 1926.501(b)] to<span>
				</span>the fall protection standard for residential construction [subparagraph (13) of § 1926.501(b)]?</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did the Secretary prove by a preponderance of the evidence that LMS<span>
				</span>violated the<span>
				</span>residential<span>
				</span>construction fall protection standard at § 1926.501(b)(13)<span><span></span>
				</span>when its foreman<span><span></span>
				</span>was working without fall protection while standing on the top plate of an exterior wall while<span>
				</span>adjusting<span>
				</span>roof trusses? (Item 1, instance “b”).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did LMS prove by a preponderance of the evidence that<span>
				</span>the foreman’s<span><span></span>
				</span>violation of the fall protection standard alleged in item 1, instance “b”,<span>
				</span>constituted<span>
				</span>unpreventable<span>
				</span>employee misconduct? (Item 1, instance “b”).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:16px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:16px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did the Secretary prove by a preponderance of the evidence that<span><span></span>
				</span>LMS violated the<span>
				</span>residential<span>
				</span>construction fall protection standard at § 1926.501(b)(13)<span><span></span>
				</span>when<span>
				</span>employees installed<span><span></span>
				</span>roof<span><span></span>
				</span>sheathing<span>
				</span>without<span>
				</span>using any conventional<span>
				</span>fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>system? (Item 2).</p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:144px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-right:96px; margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="font-family:Symbol; padding-right:20px;">·</span>Did LMS demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that it<span>
				</span>met the exception<span>
				</span>contained<span>
				</span>in<span>
				</span>§ 1926.501(b)(13)<span>
				</span>for utilizing<span>
				</span>certain<span>
				</span>conventional<span>
				</span>fall protection<span><span></span>
				</span>systems<span><span></span>
				</span>in residential construction<span>
				</span>by demonstrating<span><span></span>
				</span>both<span><span></span>
				</span>(1) the use of such<span>
				</span>conventional<span>
				</span>fall protection<span>
				</span>systems was infeasible, and (2) that it had developed<span>
				</span>and implemented<span>
				</span>a fall protection plan that complied with the provisions of § 1926.502(k)?<span>
				</span>(Item 2).</p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:6.667px; margin-bottom:6.667px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">For the reasons described below, the three alleged violations are affirmed, and a<span>
					</span>penalty of $2,800<span><span></span>
					</span>is assessed<span><span></span>
					</span>for each<span><span></span>
					</span>citation item, for a total penalty of $5,600.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="page-break-before:page; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">F</span><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">indings of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">F</span><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">act</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The following facts were proven by at least a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">preponderance of the evidence:</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">1.</span>The<span>
				</span>Respondent, LM Sanderson Construction, Inc. (LMS) is a<span>
				</span>construction company<span><span></span>
				</span>based in Webster, New York,<span>
				</span>whose business includes<span>
				</span>framing<span>
				</span>buildings<span>
				</span>and<span>
				</span>other<span>
				</span>related construction activities. (Stip. No. 2). The number of workers that<span>
				</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employs<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">is variable</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>but<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">generally employs fewer than ten workers</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>at any given time</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T. 65;<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. Nos. 3 & 4).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">2.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Beginning in February 2016, LMS</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">began working on a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">residential<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">construction<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">project</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in Rochester, New York, known as<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ivy Bridge Townhomes</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (T.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">129). </span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">3.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On April 7, 2016, the LMS personnel at the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ivy Bridge Townhomes<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">construction site included the foreman</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Timothy Lenz</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and three workers<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">who Lenz supervised. Lenz’s supervisory responsibilities</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>included overs</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ight of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safe work practices</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Stip. No. 8; T. 128</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-30). The vice-president of LMS, David Sanderson, was also present<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at the construction site that day</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and he<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">personally<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">participat</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>in<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">some</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>construction activities</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When Sanderson was present</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, both he and Lenz<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were involved in supervising the other<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">three<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (Stip. 8</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; T. 128</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">4.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">building</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>under construction on which<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS employees were working<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on April 7, 2016<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was a two-story<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">structure</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that was intended</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>to be used as a home or dwelling</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 57-58). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The building was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">being constructed using traditional wood frame construction materials and methods</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">5.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the morning of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">April 7, 2016,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees were</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">completing the installation of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trusse</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>on the building</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>B</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">y the afternoon</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>they had<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">beg</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">u</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">n to<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sheath the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>with 4-ft x 8-ft plywood sheets to create a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that would have a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">slope</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>greater than 4 in 12 (vertical to horizontal)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Stip</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>No</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7 &<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">9; T. 53-55</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 117</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eave<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was not protected by a wall or guardrail system</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The eave</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was about<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">18 to<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">20 feet<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">above</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>ground level</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and about eight feet<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">above</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>the interior floor of the second story</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. No. 10</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; T.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">41, 131</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">6.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The first floor of the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">building</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was wider than the second floor</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">—it<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">project</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>outward</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">about</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>six to eight fee</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exterior wall<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>the second story and had a flat roof that had been fully sheathed. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 76, 90).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
				</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e edge of this flat roof was not protected by a wall or guardrail system, and was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">least eight feet<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">below<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof eave</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at least ten feet above</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>ground level. (Stip. No. 10; T.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">131</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">7.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The photographs at Exhibits C-13, C-14 and C-18 depict the b</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">uilding’s first floor project</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>out</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>from the second floor’s exterior wall</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. T</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2x4</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that are depicted rising vertically<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from the first floor<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">flat<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof are set flush against the second floor exterior wall</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">not</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">set on the outside edge of the first floor roof<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as the CO had mistakenl</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">y recalled in his testimony</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">79-80</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 93</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Citation Item 1,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">I</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">nstance “</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">a</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">”</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">8.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS employees placed a stack of 4-ft x 8-ft plywood roof sheathing material on the fork of a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Caterpillar-brand rough terrain forklift truck known as a “telehandler,” and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">elevated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>the sheathing materials<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the roof<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by means of the telehandler’s extensible boom on which the fork was attached. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The fork<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was elevated about one to two feet above<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the eave of the roof and was positioned in a manner so that about half the stack of plywood was suspended directly over the second floor roof, and the other half was suspended directly over the flat roof of the first floor projection. (Ex. C-6). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The stack of plywood was about four feet high</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, so<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the top of the stack was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>about</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">four feet higher than the telehandler’s fork, about<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">12 feet higher than the flat roof of the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">first floor<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">projection, and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">about</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">22 to<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">24 feet higher than ground level</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
				</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">stack of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plywood had been elevated to that<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">position</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at different times two<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS employees stepped from the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">building on</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the stack to<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">transfer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">individual</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plywood sheets<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">onto</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>the building</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and to cut plywood</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
				</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Only one<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">worker<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">atop</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>the stack at any given time—one of those<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">worker</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s was the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">foreman Lenz and the other<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was a worker who Lenz was responsible for supervising</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Neither<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lenz nor the other<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">worker</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>was protected from falling<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">while atop the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">elevated stack by either a personal fall arrest system or guardrail system</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">9.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The elevated stack of plywood<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on which Lenz and the other employee were working as depicted<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in the photographs at Exhibits C-6, C-7, C-8, C-10, C-13, C-14, C-18, and C-19, constituted a work surface that was elevated above lower levels</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. This work surface<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">constituted a “platform” as defined in<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.450</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>(defining "platform" as "a work surface elevated</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>above lower l</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">evels”),<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">so that the makeshift platform and the telehandler<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">constituted a “scaffold” as<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">defined in § </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.450(b) (defining “scaffold” as “any temporary elevated platform ... and its supporting structure ... used for supporting employees or materials or both”).<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">10.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The photograph at Exhibit C-6 accurately depicts foreman Lenz kneeling on the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">makeshift elevated platform<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">without any fall protection. (T. 104-105, 116-117).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">11.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The photographs at Exhibits C-7, C-8, C-10, C-13, C-14, C-18, and C-19, accurately depict the other LMS worker in various postures (crouching, stooping, standing) while positioned on the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">makeshift elevated platform</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Those photographs also accurately depict<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">vice-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">president<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sanderson standing on or near the top plate</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>of the second floor exterior wall</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, within arm’s reach o</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">f the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">makeshift<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">elevated<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">platform</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. Sanderson was<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">supervising workers and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was intending to act as a safety monitor for the worker on the stack of plywood a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s well as for LMS<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">workers<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the roof<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">installing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>sheathing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">who were also not<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">using</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>any<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conventional</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>fall protection system. (Stip. No. 11; T. 116-18, 141-142).</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">12.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If either of the employees who had been<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">atop</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">makeshift<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">elevated platform had fallen</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>there is a substantial<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">probability that<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employee would have sustained<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious physical harm<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or even death. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 60-64).</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">13.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">I</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t was no</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">t necessary for<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lenz</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>or the other worker to have been<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">atop</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>the stack of plywood<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as depicted</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>in the photographs at Exhibits C-6, C-7, C-8, C-10, C-13, C-14, C-18, and C-19, in order<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for LMS<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">transfer the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plywood<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from the telehandler<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the roof</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to cut the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plywood. (T. 104-107).</span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; line-height:1; text-align:center; margin-left:0cm; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Citation Item 1, Instance “b”</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">14.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On the morning of April 7</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 2016, before the workers had begun to install the plywood sheathing material to the roof frame, the foreman Timothy Lenz<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">moving roof trusses while<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standing<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or near the top plate of the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exterior wall of the building in between two</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>roof</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">trusse</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. No. 7;<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">89-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">90).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> His position at that</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>time is accurately depicted in the photographs set forth in Exhibits C-2, C-3, C-4 and C-5. The<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">top plate of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exterior wall<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">constituted an</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>unprotected edge</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and was<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">about<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(a)<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">twenty feet above ground level</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eight feet above the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">flat roof</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>of the first-floor projection, and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(c)<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eight feet above the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">next lower level in the building’s<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">interior. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Stip. No. 10;<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">55,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">90</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 131</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lenz was not protected from falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (T. 42-43, 54</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 132</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">15.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If Lenz had fallen,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there is a substantial<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">probability that serious physical harm could<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">have<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">result</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 60-64).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
				</span></p>
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				<span style="padding-right:20px;">16.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The vice-president of LMS, Dave Sanderson,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>was at the construction site at the time</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>that Lenz<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standing on the top plate of the exterior wall without fall protection, but<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sanderson</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>did not see<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or know</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>that Lenz was in th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>position</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sanderson<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">learn that<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lenz had been<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in that position</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">until later that day,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">when<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lenz<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">told Sanderson that he</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had seen<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">someone</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>(the CO) taking photo</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">graph</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s of him</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">while<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he had been in<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that position</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (T.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">100,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">132).</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">17.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>standard procedure for setting roof trusses</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for work</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ers to do so while</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>standing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>on a ladder. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lenz<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was aware of this standard procedure and he consciously did not follow it while engaged in the activity<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">depicted in the photographs at Exhibits C-2, C-3, C-4 and C-5</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (T. 90</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 133</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">18.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS disciplined Lenz for standing on the top<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">plate</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>of the wall without<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">using<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">any fall protection. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The written record of this discipline indicated that the discipline imposed was a “verbal warning” and that<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">it</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>was a “First Notice.” (Ex. R-6).<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At the time<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Lenz</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>receiv</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>this discipline,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>ha</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>been employed by LMS<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for about<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">six</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>years</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">been</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">supervisor for about three to four years</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>(T.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">99,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">128).<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>LMS had never before<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">disciplined Lenz for<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">failing to use fall protection</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. (T. 100</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 134</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">
				</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Except for this discipline of Lenz, there was no</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>evidence<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of any other instance of LMS disciplining an employee for<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violati</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ng</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety rule.</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">19.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">written<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Company Safety Plan</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>in place on April 7, 2016,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that include</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a section titled “Installing and Spreading Roof Trusses</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Ex. R-1, p. 4). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">This section provide</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“on a site-specific basis</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” LMS would “develop a plan for the protection of workers from falls in regard to the installation of roof trusses,” and that “[a]ll employees involved in this job-specific task will be instructed to ut</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ilize 10</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">0</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">% fall protection CONTROLS utilizing PFAS</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[personal fall arrest system] to solid anchorage point with possibly the exception of receiving and spreading the roof trusses.”<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>(</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS did not<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">follow this section of the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ompany<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">S</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">afety<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">P</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lan in that it did not<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">establish a site-specific plan for the Ivy Bridge Townhomes construction site for the protection of workers installing roof trusses.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>(T.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">143</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">20.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The “Installing and Spreading Roof Trusses” section of the Company Safety Plan</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">further<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provided that “[a]fter careful consideration [LMS] has assessed that it would cause a greater hazard to personnel to utilize conventional fall protection during the spreading of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof trusses</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,” so that while spreading roof trus</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ses “an</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>employee may be exposed to a short duration fall hazard that cannot be addressed through the use of PFAS and/or the setting of the scaffold.” (Ex. R-1, p. 4). This section goes on to describe measures to be taken to minimize the duration of exposure to a fall hazard du</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ring truss spreading activities, an</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">d includes the provision that “[l]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">adders will be used to secure and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">brace trusses when possible.” (Ex. R-1, p. 5). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>not raise the affirmative defense of “greater hazard” to the violation alleged in<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">instance “b” of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">item 1. (T.<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16, 31</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">).</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Citation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Item 2</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">21.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The photographs<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at Exhibits C-6, C-7, C-8, C-10, C-13, C-14, C-18, and C-19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>accurately depict LMS workers installing the plywood roof sheathing material to the roof trusses</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>at the Ivy Bridge Townhomes construction site on April 7, 2016</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. The LMS workers<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">shown in the photographs<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">installing the roof sheathing were not protected by</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>conventional fall protection system (i.e.,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>guardrail system, safety net system, or</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>personal fall arrest system</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Those photographs also accurately depict<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">vice</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">president</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>Sanderson standing on or near the top plate</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>of the second floor exterior wall</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, also</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>without<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">using<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">any conve</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ntional fall protection system</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sanderson was<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">supervising workers and<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was intending to<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serv</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">e</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>as<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety monitor for the workers who were sheathing the roof</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, none of whom</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">w</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>using</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>any conventional fall protection system. (Stip. No. 12; T. 116-18, 141-142).<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">22.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS’s written Company Safety P</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lan</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in effect on April 7, 2016,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">has a section titled “Installing Roof Sheathing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">”<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>provides as follows (Ex. R-1, p. 7):<span>
					</span></span></p>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; margin-right:96px; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">There are serious fall hazards associated with the installation of roof sheathing and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">[</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LM</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">S]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>will</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">eliminate the potential hazards associated with this task through the use of lines of</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">demarcation, PFAS and solid anchorage points as described in the fall protection controls</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">aspect of the written plan.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Retractable lifeline stands may also be utilized by workers installing</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof sheathing.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">All fall protection controls will be established under the guidance of the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">competent person, along with safety rails around perimeter.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">LMS was not emp</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">loying any of the fall protection systems described in this section of the Company Safety Plan during the roof sheathing activities depict</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">ed in the photographs at</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Exhibits C-6, C-7, C-8, C</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">-10, C-13, C-14, C-18, and C-19.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">LMS did intend to install roof anchors and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">to begin to</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>us</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">e</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>personal fall arrest system</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">it had onsite</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, but only after<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">having first partial</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">ly</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">sheathed the roof</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">[T. 138, 150-51]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">)</span></p>
			</div>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">23.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">If any<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employee</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>installing roof sheathing<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">without fall protection<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">had fallen,<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">there is a substantial<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">probability that<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employee would have sustained<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious physical harm<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or even death. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 60-64).</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">24.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The evidence is insufficient to establish</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>that it was<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">technologically<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">impossible<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to use a conventional fall protection system (i.e., guardrail system, safety net system, or personal fall arrest system)<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to perform the roof sheathing activities<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">depicted in the photographs at Exhibits C-6, C-7, C-8, C-10, C-13, C-14, C-18, and C-19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "> (T. 135-140).</span></p>
			<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_ListParagraph style_ListParagraph " style="margin-left:72px; text-indent:-.635cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; margin-left:0cm; text-indent:1.27cm; margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:2; text-align:justify; ">
				<span style="padding-right:20px;">25.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">LMS did not<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">develop or<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">implement a fall protection plan<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for the roof sheathing activities depicted in the photographs at Exhibits C-6, C-7, C-8, C-10, C-13, C-14, C-18, and C-19 that</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">:</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(a)<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was developed specifically for the Ivy Bridge Townhomes construction site</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(b)<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">documented the reasons why the use of conven</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">tional fall protection systems we</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">re infeasible</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(c)<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">included a discussion of other measures that would be taken to reduce or eliminate the fall hazard for workers w</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">ho could not</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>be provided with protection from the conventional fall protection systems;</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>or</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>(d) identified each location where conventional fall protection methods<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">could<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">not be used</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>classified those locations<span>
					</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">as controlled access zones</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
					</span>and identified employees authorized to work in such controlled access zones. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(T. 142-144; Ex. R-1). </span></p>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; text-decoration:underline ;">Discussion</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Commission<span>
					</span>obtained<span><span></span>
					</span>jurisdiction<span>
					</span>of this<span><span></span>
					</span>matter<span>
					</span>under section 10(c) of the<span>
					</span>Occupational Safety and Health<span>
					</span>Act<span><span></span>
					</span>(Act)<span><span></span>
					</span>upon<span>
					</span>LMS’s timely contest of the citation and proposed penalties.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>29 U.S.C.<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">§</span><span><span></span>
					</span>659(c). At all relevant times,<span><span></span>
					</span>LMS<span><span></span>
					</span>was<span><span></span>
					</span>an employer covered by the Act because it met the Act’s definition of<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">“employer</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">9 U.S.C.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">§</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "> </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">652(5).</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">To prove a violation of an OSHA standard, the Secretary must<span>
					</span>establish<span><span></span>
					</span>that (1) the cited standard applies, (2) there was a failure to comply with the cited standard, (3) employees had access to the violative condition, and (4) the employer knew or could have known of the condition with the exercise of reasonable diligence.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Astra Pharma</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Prod</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">s</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">.</span>, 9 BNA OSHC 2126, 2129 (No. 78-6247, 1981)<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d in relevant part</span>, 681 F.2d 691 (D.C. Cir. 1980).<span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">Citation Item 1</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">, instance<span>
						</span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">“</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">a</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">”</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">—</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">(workers<span>
						</span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">atop</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">elevated stack of plywood)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; page-break-before:page; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Although<span>
					</span>the Secretary<span>
					</span>pleaded<span><span></span>
					</span>three alternative safety<span>
					</span>standards<span><span></span>
					</span>as applicable to instance “a” of item 1,<span>
					</span>in his post-hearing brief the Secretary<span><span></span>
					</span>settled<span><span></span>
					</span>on<span><span></span>
					</span>§ 1926.451(g)(1)<span>
					</span>as being the applicable standard<span><span></span>
					</span>among the three. Section<span>
					</span>1926.451(g)(1)<span><span></span>
					</span>requires<span>
					</span>that “[e]ach employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet<span>
					</span>...<span><span></span>
					</span>above a lower level<span><span></span>
					</span>shall be protected from falling to that lower level” by certain means described within that section. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Applicability of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">§ 1926.451(g)(1)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Section 1926.45l(g)(l)<span><span></span>
					</span>is included in<span>
					</span>the construction industry standards at<span>
					</span>subpart L,<span>
					</span>“Scaffolds.”<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Subpart L<span><span></span>
					</span>applies to "all scaffolds used in workplaces covered by” the construction industry standards codified in 29 C.F.R. Part 1926.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>29 C.F.R § 1926.450(a).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The term “scaffold”<span><span></span>
					</span>is<span><span></span>
					</span>defined as<span>
					</span>"any temporary elevated platform (supported or suspended) and its supporting structure (including points of<span><span></span>
					</span>anchorage), used for supporting<span><span></span>
					</span>employees or materials or both."<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. § 1926.450(b).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>The preamble to subpart L<span>
					</span>shows that the<span>
					</span>Secretary<span><span></span>
					</span>intended<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>allow<span>
					</span>equipment such as rough terrain forklifts<span>
					</span>(like<span>
					</span>the telehandler involved here)<span><span></span>
					</span>to be used to support scaffold platforms,<span><span></span>
					</span>and that<span>
					</span>if so used the platforms “must comply with the applicable requirements of § 1926.451 for capacity, construction, access, use,<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">fall protection</span>.”<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Safety Standards for Scaffolds Used in the Construction Industry, 61 Fed. Reg. 46026, 46044 (August 30, 1996)<span><span></span>
					</span>(to be codified at 29 C.F.R. pt. 1926)<span><span></span>
					</span>(emphasis supplied). This<span>
					</span>stated<span>
					</span>intent is<span>
					</span>manifest<span><span></span>
					</span>in<span>
					</span>provisions of subpart L<span><span></span>
					</span>that<span><span></span>
					</span>impose specific requirements on<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>design and use of forklifts and “similar pieces of equipment” when used to support scaffold platforms. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">, e.g.,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>§§ 1926.451(c)(2)(iv) & (v).<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref2" href="#ftn2">2</a></span> The meaning of<span>
					</span>subpart L<span><span></span>
					</span>is plain—some of its provisions unambiguously<span>
					</span>apply<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>elevated<span>
					</span>platforms supported by forklifts and other similar<span>
					</span>equipment,<span><span></span>
					</span>such as<span><span></span>
					</span>telehandlers. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Exelon Generating Corp.</span>, 21 BNA OSHC 1087, 1090 (No.<span><span></span>
					</span>00-1198, 2005) (upholding unambiguous reading of cited standard that was consistent with structure of whole standard and its<span><span></span>
					</span>preamble);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">accord</span>,<span>
					</span>OSHA Interpretation letter dated November 27, 2001,<span>
					</span>“Applicable Standards to Lifting Personnel on a Platform Supported by a Rough-Terrain Forklift;”<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Salco Constr., Inc.</span>,<span>
					</span>No. 05-1145, 2006 WL<span>
					</span>1719697, at * 11-12<span>
					</span>(O.S.H.R.C.A.L.J., Apr. 24,<span>
					</span>2006) (concluding that<span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>personnel platform<span>
					</span>that had<span>
					</span>guardrails on three sides<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span><span></span>
					</span>was elevated on the fork of a<span>
					</span>telehandler<span>
					</span>constituted a “scaffold”<span><span></span>
					</span>as defined in subpart L). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Because<span>
					</span>the LMS<span>
					</span>employees<span>
					</span>were<span>
					</span>working<span><span></span>
					</span>from a scaffold<span><span></span>
					</span>platform, the general fall protection standard<span>
					</span>that was originally<span><span></span>
					</span>cited does<span><span></span>
					</span>not apply.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span>29 C.F.R. § l926.500(a)(2)(i) (specifying that the<span>
					</span>general fall protection standards<span>
					</span>for construction workplaces set forth in subpart M of Part 1926<span>
					</span>do not<span>
					</span>apply<span><span></span>
					</span>to scaffolds, but rather that<span><span></span>
					</span>fall protection requirements<span>
					</span>for employees working on scaffolds<span>
					</span>are<span>
					</span>provided by<span><span></span>
					</span>the scaffold<span>
					</span>standard at<span>
					</span>subpart<span><span></span>
					</span>L);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span><span></span>
					</span>OSHA Directive STD 03-11-002, “Compliance Guidance for Residential Construction” published December 16, 2010,<span><span></span>
					</span>at page 2<span><span></span>
					</span>(noting “that fall protection requirements for residential construction work performed on scaffolds<span><span></span>
					</span>...<span><span></span>
					</span>are in Subpart L<span><span></span>
					</span>...<span><span></span>
					</span>not 29 CFR 1926.501(b)(13)”).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Compliance with § 1926.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">451</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">(</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">g</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">)(1)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Section 1926.451(g)(1) requires<span>
					</span>that “[e]ach employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet<span>
					</span>...<span><span></span>
					</span>above a lower level<span><span></span>
					</span>shall be protected from falling to that lower level” by certain<span>
					</span>prescribed<span>
					</span>means<span>
					</span>depending on the type of scaffold involved.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>For the makeshift scaffold platform involved here,<span><span></span>
					</span>subparagraph (vii) of § 1926.451(g)(1)<span>
					</span>specifies the types of fall protection that would meet the standard,<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>requires<span><span></span>
					</span>that each worker on the platform “be protected by the use of personal fall arrest systems or guardrail systems<span><span></span>
					</span>meeting the requirements of [§ 1926.451(g)(4)].” § 1926.451(g)(1)(vii).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The work surface of the makeshift scaffold platform was more than 10 feet<span>
					</span>higher than<span><span></span>
					</span>all<span><span></span>
					</span>three levels to which a worker<span>
					</span>who was<span>
					</span>atop the platform could fall—the<span>
					</span>ground<span><span></span>
					</span>level, the flat rooftop of the first floor projection, and the interior second floor of the building under construction. Neither of the<span>
					</span>workers on the platform as depicted in the photographs at Exhibits<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>C-6, C-7, C-8, C-10, C-13, C-14, C-18, and C-19<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">was protected by the use of personal fall arrest system or guardrail systems. LMS did not comply with the standard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Employee<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Exposure,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">and</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Employe</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">r Knowledg</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">e</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Foreman Lenz and one other LMS employee<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">were exposed to the violative condition</span><span><span></span>
					</span>as<span><span></span>
					</span>depicted in the photographs at<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Exhibits C-6, C-7, C-8, C-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">10, C-13, C-14, C-18, and C-19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, and this evidence establishes the “employee access” element of the Secretary’s burden of proof</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">The vice-president of LMS, Dave Sanderson, was standing within arm</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">’</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">s reach of the platform wh</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">en each of the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>employees w</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">as</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>atop the platform</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">. His</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>actual knowledge of the violative condition is imputable to LMS</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, and establishes the “employer knowledge” element of the Secretary’s burden of proof</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The Secretary has met his burden to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that<span>
					</span>LMS<span><span></span>
					</span>violated § 1926.451(g)(1) in the manner alleged in<span><span></span>
					</span>instance “a” of<span>
					</span>item 1.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Infeasibility<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Defense to Violation of § 1926.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">451</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">(</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">g</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">)(1)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">LMS<span>
					</span>interposed the affirmative defense of infeasibility to<span>
					</span>citation item<span><span></span>
					</span>1, instance “a.”<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>An employer who raises the affirmative defense of infeasibility has the burden to prove that “(1) literal compliance with the requirements of the standard was infeasible<span>
					</span>under the circumstances and (2)<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">either</span><span><span></span>
					</span>an alternative method of protection was used<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">or</span><span><span></span>
					</span>no alternative means of protection was feasible.” <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">State Sheet Metal Co.</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 1155, 1160 (No. 90-1620, 1993)<span><span></span>
					</span>(consolidated) (emphasis in original).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">LMS’s<span>
					</span>foreman, who was one of the two LMS employees exposed to the hazardous condition, acknowledged in his testimony that it had not been necessary for<span>
					</span>anyone<span><span></span>
					</span>to step onto the makeshift<span>
					</span>elevated<span>
					</span>platform<span><span></span>
					</span>on the telehandler. (T. 104-107). The foreman’s forthright<span><span></span>
					</span>testimony<span>
					</span>on this point<span><span></span>
					</span>was reliable and credible, and it<span>
					</span>vitiates the<span>
					</span>claim that it was<span>
					</span>impossible<span><span></span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>perform required work without violating<span><span></span>
					</span>§ 1926.451(g)(1). LMS has failed to establish the affirmative defense of infeasibility as to<span>
					</span>instance “a” of<span>
					</span>item 1.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Classification of Violation</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of § 1926.451(g)(1)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Act provides that a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>violation is “serious” if “there is substantial probability that death or serious physical harm could result.” </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">29 U.S.C. § 666(k). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">[Section 666(k)]</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>does not mean that the occurrence of an accident must be a substantially probable result of the violative condition but, rather, that a serious injury is the likely result should an accident occur.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Pete Miller, Inc.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">19 BNA OSHC 1257, 1258 (No. 99-0947, 2000). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">If either of the workers had fallen from the makeshift platform onto any of the three levels below it (the ground level, the flat rooftop of the first floor projection</span>, or the interior floor for the second story)<span>
					</span>serious injury,<span><span></span>
					</span>and possibly even a fatal injury, could result. (T. 61). The violation<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>correctly<span><span></span>
					</span>classified<span>
					</span>as “serious.”<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="page-break-before:page; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">Citation Item<span>
						</span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">1, instance “b”</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span><span></span>
						</span>–<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">Foreman Lenz standing on top plate</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span><span></span>
						</span>of wall</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Instance “b” of citation item 1 alleges that LMS<span><span></span>
					</span>violated<span><span></span>
					</span>§<span>
					</span>1926.501(b)(1)<span>
					</span>when<span><span></span>
					</span>“an employee was working without fall protection on surface below the partially constructed roof that was unprotected and 20 feet above ground level.” At the outset<span><span></span>
					</span>of the hearing, the parties expressed their<span><span></span>
					</span>common understanding that instance “b”<span><span></span>
					</span>pertained to<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>foreman, Lenz,<span><span></span>
					</span>having been<span>
					</span>standing on the top plate of the wall<span>
					</span>without fall protection<span>
					</span>while adjusting roof trusses, as<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>depicted in the photographs at Exhibits<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">C-2, C-3, C-4 and C-5</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">. The parties also expressed their common understanding that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">as to th</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">e<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">violation</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>alleged in instance “b”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">LMS was interposing the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct. (T. 16-17).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Applicability of § 1926.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">501</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The cited standard is contained in § 1926.501, which by its terms “sets forth requirements for employers to provide fall protection systems.” § 1926.501(a)(1). The<span>
					</span>Secretary<span>
					</span>cited subparagraph (b)(1) of § 1926.501<span>
					</span>to be applicable standard. That subparagraph<span>
					</span>provides: </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:.635cm; margin-right:96px; ">(b)(1)<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Unprotected sides and edges.</span> Each employee on a walking/working surface (horizontal and vertical surface)<span>
					</span>with an unprotected side or edge which is 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above a lower level shall be protected from falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:.635cm; margin-right:96px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">While paragraph (b) of<span>
					</span>§<span><span></span>
					</span>1926.501<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">does</span><span><span></span>
					</span>indeed<span>
					</span>apply<span><span></span>
					</span>to the alleged violative<span>
					</span>condition,<span>
					</span>its<span>
					</span>subparagraph<span>
					</span>(1)<span><span></span>
					</span>does not. Rather, because the Ivy Bridge Townhomes construction site involved residential construction, subparagraph (13) of<span>
					</span>paragraph<span>
					</span>(b)<span>
					</span>applies. Subparagraph<span>
					</span>(b)(13)<span><span></span>
					</span>is applicable to<span>
					</span>“residential construction,” and<span>
					</span>provides as follows:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:.635cm; margin-right:96px; ">(13)<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Residential construction.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Each employee engaged in residential construction activities 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected by guardrail systems, safety net system, or personal fall arrest system unless another provision in paragraph (b) of this section provides for an alternative fall protection measure.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Exception: When the employer can<span><span></span>
					</span>demonstrate that it is infeasible or<span><span></span>
					</span>creates a greater hazard to use these<span><span></span>
					</span>systems, the employer shall develop and<span><span></span>
					</span>implement a fall protection plan which<span><span></span>
					</span>meets the requirements of paragraph (k)<span><span></span>
					</span>of<span><span></span>
					</span>§ 1926.502.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:.635cm; margin-right:96px; "><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; font-weight:bold; ">Note:</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>There is a presumption that it is</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">feasible and will not create a greater hazard</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">to implement at least one of the above-listed</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">fall protection systems.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">Accordingly, the</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">employer has the burden of establishing that</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">it is appropriate to implement a fall</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">protection plan which complies with</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">§</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "> </span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">1926.502(k) for a particular workplace</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">situation, in lieu of implementing any of</span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:11.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:11.5pt; ">those systems.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:96px; text-indent:.635cm; margin-right:96px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Subparagraph (b)(13)<span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>specifically<span>
					</span>promulgated<span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>address the “unique work conditions” involved in residential construction work<span><span></span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>be the standard<span>
					</span>that applies to<span>
					</span>that<span>
					</span>unique<span>
					</span>work<span><span></span>
					</span>environment.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Safety Standards for Fall Protection in the Construction Industry, 59 Fed. Reg. 40672, 40695 (Aug.<span><span></span>
					</span>9, 1994);<span>
					</span>OSHA Directive STD 03-11-002,<span>
					</span>“Compliance Guidance for Residential Construction,” published Dec.<span><span></span>
					</span>16, 2010,<span><span></span>
					</span>at page 14 (stating that<span>
					</span>“a citation for violating 1926.501(b)(13)<span><span></span>
					</span>should be issued” for an employer<span><span></span>
					</span>that is<span>
					</span>engaged in residential construction<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>that “does not provide guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, or other fall protection allowed under 1926.501(b)”).<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The purpose of the<span>
					</span>conditional clause<span>
					</span>in subparagraph (13)<span><span></span>
					</span>(“unless another<span>
					</span>provision in paragraph (b) of this section provides for an alternative fall protection measure”)<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>not for<span>
					</span>any such<span>
					</span>alternative measure to supplant subparagraph (13) as the applicable standard<span><span></span>
					</span>for the residential construction environment. Rather,<span>
					</span>the implementation of<span>
					</span>any<span>
					</span>such alternative measure in<span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>residential construction<span>
					</span>worksite would<span>
					</span>establish<span>
					</span>compliance<span>
					</span>with subparagraph (13). <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Safety Standards for Fall Protection in the Construction Industry,<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span>, 59 Fed. Reg. at 40693 (noting that<span><span></span>
					</span>as to compliance with subparagraph (b)(13),<span><span></span>
					</span>“if<span>
					</span>another provision in paragraph (b) allows an alternative fall protection measure, such as covers over holes, those alternatives measures are also acceptable and do not need to be documented in a fall protection plan in order to be used”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">see also</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>OSHA Instruction STD 3.1,<span>
					</span>“Interim Fall Protection Compliance Guidelines for Residential Construction<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">,</span>”<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>issued<span>
					</span>December 8, 1995<span><span></span>
					</span>(providing that “[f]ailure to provide fall protection in accordance with any part of this directive shall be cited as a violation of 1926.501(b)(13)”),<span>
					</span>superseded by OSHA Instruction STD 03-00-001,<span>
					</span>“Plain Language Revision of OSHA Instruction STD 3.1,”<span><span></span>
					</span>dated June<span>
					</span>18, 1999,<span>
					</span>which<span>
					</span>in turn<span>
					</span>was cancelled by OSHA Directive STD 03-11-002,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span>.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">For purposes of determining the applicability of<span>
					</span>subparagraph (13) of § 1926.501(b), the Secretary interprets the<span><span></span>
					</span>term<span><span></span>
					</span>“residential construction” “as covering construction work that satisfies the following two elements: (1) the end-use of the structure being built must be as a<span>
					</span>home, i.e., a dwelling; and (2)<span><span></span>
					</span>the structure being built must be constructed using traditional wood frame construction materials and methods.”<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>OSHA Directive STD 03-11-002,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span>, at page 11. The Ivy Bridge Townhomes<span><span></span>
					</span>construction site plainly meets this definition of the term “residential construction,” and<span>
					</span>thus the applicable standard is<span><span></span>
					</span>subparagraph (13) of § 1926.501(b),<span>
					</span>and<span>
					</span>not subparagraph (1) as<span>
					</span>originally<span>
					</span>alleged<span><span></span>
					</span>in the citation.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Because the Secretary did not cite<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(b)(13) as the applicable standard,<span>
					</span>either<span>
					</span>the violation as alleged must be vacated because the standard<span>
					</span>that was cited<span>
					</span>is not applicable<span><span></span>
					</span>to the alleged violative condition, or<span>
					</span>the alleged violation<span>
					</span>must be amended<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">sua sponte</span><span><span></span>
					</span>by the Commission to allege the standard<span><span></span>
					</span>that is applicable.<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">“The Commission has recognized that amendments, including those made<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">sua sponte</span>, are routinely permissible where they merely add an alternative legal theory, but do not alter the essential factual allegations contained in the citation.”<span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Avcon, Inc.</span>, 23<span>
					</span>BNA<span>
					</span>OSHC<span><span></span>
					</span>1440, 1451<span><span></span>
					</span>(No.<span>
					</span>98-0755, 2011)<span><span></span>
					</span>(consolidated), quoting<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">N.Y. State Elec. & Gas Corp.</span>, 17 BNA OSHC 1129, 1132<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 91-2897, 1995) (internal quotes<span>
					</span>omitted). Such a<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">sua sponte</span><span><span></span>
					</span>amendment is<span>
					</span>not<span>
					</span>appropriate<span>
					</span>if<span><span></span>
					</span>the respondent would be prejudiced thereby. “In determining whether a party has been prejudiced, the Commission looks ‘at whether the party had a fair opportunity to defend and whether it could have offered any additional evidence if the case was retried.<span style="letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; ">’”</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id.<span>
						</span></span>at 1451-52<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>quoting<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Nuprecon LP</span>, 22 BNA OSHC 1937,<span>
					</span>1939<span><span></span>
					</span>(No. 08-1037, 2009).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">Amending<span><span></span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>alleged violation described in instance “b” of<span><span></span>
					</span>item 1 to allege a violation of<span>
					</span>subparagraph (13) of<span>
					</span>§ 1926.501(b)<span><span></span>
					</span>rather than subparagraph<span>
					</span>(1)<span><span></span>
					</span>would not prejudice LMS.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Id.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>(reflecting the<span>
					</span>Commission’s<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">sua sponte</span><span><span></span>
					</span>amendment of a citation<span>
					</span>to allege the applicable standard to be subparagraph<span><span></span>
					</span>(2)(i) of §<span><span></span>
					</span>1926.501(b),<span><span></span>
					</span>rather than the<span>
					</span>originally<span>
					</span>cited subparagraph (1)<span>
					</span>of 1926.501(b)).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>LMS had a fair opportunity to defend the allegation that it lacked fall protection required by § 1926.501(b). LMS<span>
					</span>does not<span>
					</span>dispute that<span>
					</span>Lenz was not utilizing<span>
					</span>any fall protection<span><span></span>
					</span>system, and<span>
					</span>it<span>
					</span>seeks to avoid responsibility for the violation by<span>
					</span>establishing<span>
					</span>the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct. Instance “b” of item 1 is therefore ordered amended<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">sua sponte</span><span><span></span>
					</span>to allege a violation of § 1926.501(b)(13).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Violation</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">§ 1926.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">501</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">(</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">b</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">)(1</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">3</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The<span>
					</span>Findings of<span>
					</span>Fact<span>
					</span>at<span>
					</span>¶¶<span><span></span>
					</span>4–6<span><span></span>
					</span>&<span><span></span>
					</span>14<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span><span></span>
					</span>establish that<span>
					</span>while<span><span></span>
					</span>foreman Lenz<span><span></span>
					</span>was positioned<span><span></span>
					</span>on the top plate<span><span></span>
					</span>of the wall<span><span></span>
					</span>to adjust roof trusses<span><span></span>
					</span>(as depicted in the photographs at Exhibits<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">C-2, C-3, C-4 and C-5),</span><span><span></span>
					</span>he was engaged in residential construction and was exposed to a fall of more than six feet above lower levels without utilizing any fall protection system<span>
					</span>prescribed by<span>
					</span>§ 1926.502(b)(13). Lenz was a supervisor and his<span>
					</span>awareness of his own violative conduct<span>
					</span>is sufficient for the Secretary to meet his burden<span>
					</span>to<span><span></span>
					</span>prove<span><span></span>
					</span>that LMS had knowledge of the violative condition,<span><span></span>
					</span>without having to demonstrate any inadequacy or defect in<span><span></span>
					</span>LMS’s safety program.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref3" href="#ftn3">3</a></span>
					<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Dover<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Elevator</span>, 16 BNA OSHC<span>
					</span>1281, 1286 (No. 91-862, 1993). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Affi</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">rmative Defense of Unpreventable</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Employe</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">e</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Misconduct<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">to Citation Item 1, instance “b”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">To establish the affirmative defense of unpreventable employee misconduct,<span>
					</span>LMS<span>
					</span>must show that it “(1) established work rules designed to prevent the violative conditions from occurring; (2) adequately communicated those rules to its employees; (3) took steps to discover violations of those rules; and (4) effectively enforced the rules when violations were discovered.”<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Manganas Painting Co.</span>, 21 BNA OSHC<span><span></span>
					</span>1964,<span><span></span>
					</span>1997<span><span></span>
					</span>(No.<span><span></span>
					</span>94-0588, 2007).<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>An<span><span></span>
					</span>employer’s burden<span>
					</span>to establish this defense<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>“more rigorous”<span><span></span>
					</span>where, as here, a<span><span></span>
					</span>violation<span>
					</span>involves<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>misconduct<span>
					</span>of<span><span></span>
					</span>a supervisor, since a<span>
					</span>supervisor’s duties include “protect[ing] the safety of employees under his supervision” and the supervisor’s misconduct is “strong evidence that the employer’s safety program is lax.”<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Stark</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Excavating, Inc.</span>, 24 BNA OSHC 2218, 2220 (No. 09-0004, 2014) (consolidated)<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>811 F.3d 922 (7th<span><span></span>
					</span>Cir. 2016), quoting<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">CBI Servs., Inc.</span>, 19 BNA OSHC 1591, 1603 (No. 95-0489, 2001),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d per curiam</span>, 53 F. App’x 122 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (unpublished).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">Here, LMS<span><span></span>
					</span>had an established work rule designed to prevent the violative condition—the Company Safety Plan required “100% fall protection CONTROLS<span>
					</span>utilizing”<span><span></span>
					</span>personal fall arrest systems (PFAS)<span><span></span>
					</span>during installation of roof trusses, subject to exception.<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref4" href="#ftn4">4</a></span> LMS adequately communicated this rule to its employees, as<span>
					</span>demonstrated by<span>
					</span>Lenz’s<span>
					</span>knowledge<span>
					</span>of that rule. LMS also took steps to discover violations of that rule by having a supervisor on<span>
					</span>construction<span>
					</span>sites<span><span></span>
					</span>whose responsibilities included<span><span></span>
					</span>assuring employee compliance with<span><span></span>
					</span>company safety rules. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">The evidence is insufficient to establish the fourth enumerated element of the defense, however—that LMS effectively enforced the rule when<span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>violation was discovered. The photographs that show Lenz in violation of § 1926.501(b)(13) at Exhibits C-1 and C-3<span><span></span>
					</span>also<span>
					</span>depict<span><span></span>
					</span>another LMS<span><span></span>
					</span>employee<span><span></span>
					</span>standing on the center chord of one of the roof trusses about 10 to 15 feet away from Lenz. Lenz and the other employee were plainly visible to each other, and the other employee<span><span></span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>violating the same work rule that Lenz was violating in his plain view. (T. 96-98). Unlike Lenz, however, that employee was not disciplined for violating the work rule. (T. 100).<span>
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">The<span>
					</span>only evidence<span>
					</span>presented<span><span></span>
					</span>describing<span><span></span>
					</span>LMS’s<span>
					</span>disciplinary policy<span>
					</span>is the following broad policy statement<span>
					</span>contained<span>
					</span>in the Company Safety Plan: “Management will take disciplinary action against an employee who willfully and repeatedly violates workplace safety rules.” (Ex. R-1, p. 1). There was no evidence that LMS had<span>
					</span>developed or had<span>
					</span>implemented any formal disciplinary program or procedure. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Cf.</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Thomas Indus</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Coatings, Inc.</span>, 23 BNA OSHC 2082, 2088-89 (No. 06-1542, 2012)<span><span></span>
					</span>(noting instances of employee discipline<span>
					</span>that were<span>
					</span>meted out<span>
					</span>prior to OSHA inspection<span>
					</span>pursuant to<span>
					</span>a<span><span></span>
					</span>disciplinary program). The<span>
					</span>only evidence of any LMS employee having<span>
					</span>ever<span>
					</span>been disciplined<span><span></span>
					</span>for failure to comply with<span>
					</span>any safety rule<span>
					</span>was the reprimand that Lenz received for the conduct described in instance “b”—and this<span><span></span>
					</span>was the only<span>
					</span>time<span><span></span>
					</span>over Lenz’s six years’ employment that<span>
					</span>LMS had disciplined<span>
					</span>him<span><span></span>
					</span>for<span>
					</span>not utilizing required fall protection. This<span><span></span>
					</span>evidence of a<span>
					</span>single instance of<span>
					</span>either pre- or<span>
					</span>post-inspection discipline<span>
					</span>does not suffice to<span>
					</span>establish that LMS had been effectively enforcing its work rules<span><span></span>
					</span>prior to the inspection.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See Jersey Steel Erectors</span>, 16 BNA OSHC 1162, 1165 n.3<span>
					</span>(No. 90-1307, 1993)<span><span></span>
					</span>(finding the<span>
					</span>employer’s<span>
					</span>discipline of<span>
					</span>a<span>
					</span>foreman<span>
					</span>after<span>
					</span>the foreman’s violative conduct<span><span></span>
					</span>was<span>
					</span>identified<span>
					</span>during<span>
					</span>an<span>
					</span>OSHA inspection<span><span></span>
					</span>did not<span><span></span>
					</span>reflect<span>
					</span>the existence of<span>
					</span>a “coherent and integrated policy designed to increase employee compliance with” company<span><span></span>
					</span>work rules),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span><span></span>
					</span>19 F.3d 643 (3d Cir.<span><span></span>
					</span>1994)<span>
					</span>(unpublished).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">LMS has failed to carry its burden to establish the<span>
					</span>defense of<span><span></span>
					</span>unpreventable employee misconduct.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; page-break-before:page; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "></span> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Classification of Violation</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Citation Item 1, Instance “b”</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Lenz was exposed to a fall of about eight feet to the interior of the building, eight feet to the flat roof of the first floor projection, and potentially<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">about<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">18 to 20</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">feet to the ground level. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Lenz’s testimony that he was “very comfortable” working without fall protection and that he did not consider working without fall protection to have been a “serious” or “deadly” infraction</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was seemingly<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">based<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">on his confidence in his skills and his belief that he was not at serious risk of actually falling. (T. 93-94). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">As noted previously, it is not the probability of an accident occurring that renders a violation “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">serious” or not,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>but rather whether “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">a serious injury is the likely result should an accident occur.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Pete Miller, Inc.,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>The violation<span>
					</span>described in instance “b” of citation item 1<span>
					</span>is<span>
					</span>correctly<span><span></span>
					</span>classified as “serious.”<span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Finding of Fact ¶</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>15</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">Citation Item 2 –<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:16px; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">Workers Installing Roof Sheathing</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Citation i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">tem 2<span>
						</span></span>alleged that LMS violated § 1926.501(b)(11) when<span><span></span>
					</span>LMS employees were installing roof sheathing without using fall protection on surfaces with unprotected sides, 20 feet above ground level. Section 1926.501(b)(11) is captioned “Steep roofs” and requires that “[e]ach employee on a steep roof with unprotected sides and edges 6 feet .... or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems with toeboards, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.” At the outset of the hearing, the parties expressed their common understanding that<span>
					</span>LMS was asserting the affirmative defense of infeasibility<span>
					</span>to<span>
					</span>this alleged violation. (T. 31).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">For the same reasons<span>
					</span>that were<span>
					</span>described<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span><span></span>
					</span>in connection with instance “b” of item 1, the applicable standard is subparagraph (13) of § 1926.501(b),<span>
					</span>and not<span>
					</span>the<span>
					</span>originally cited<span>
					</span>subparagraph (11).<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref5" href="#ftn5">5</a></span> And also for the same reasons described<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span><span></span>
					</span>in connection with instance “b” of item 1,<span>
					</span>citation item 2 is amended<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">sua sponte</span><span><span></span>
					</span>to allege<span>
					</span>that subparagraph (13) of § 1926.501(b) is the<span>
					</span>standard<span><span></span>
					</span>that is applicable to the alleged violative condition. Similarly,<span><span></span>
					</span>LMS will not be prejudiced by the<span><span></span>
					</span>amendment because<span>
					</span>it<span><span></span>
					</span>had a<span>
					</span>fair opportunity to defend and could<span>
					</span>not have<span>
					</span>offered any additional evidence<span>
					</span>pertinent to the alleged violation<span>
					</span>if the case were<span><span></span>
					</span>retried.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">The Findings<span><span></span>
					</span>of Fact<span><span></span>
					</span>at<span><span></span>
					</span>¶¶<span>
					</span>4–5 &<span>
					</span>21<span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span><span></span>
					</span>establish<span>
					</span>the elements of the<span>
					</span>Secretary’s burden<span>
					</span>of proof that<span>
					</span>LMS violated § 1926.501(b)(13) in the manner alleged in item 2. LMS seeks to avoid responsibility for the violation by<span>
					</span>establishing the affirmative defense of infeasibility.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">The infeasibility defense<span>
					</span>is<span><span></span>
					</span>expressly<span>
					</span>integrated into<span><span></span>
					</span>subparagraph (b)(13). Subpart M defines the<span><span></span>
					</span>term “infeasible”<span>
					</span>as follows:<span>
					</span>“<span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Infeasible</span><span><span></span>
					</span>means that it is impossible to perform the construction work using a conventional fall protection system<span><span></span>
					</span>(i.e., guardrail system, safety net system,<span><span></span>
					</span>or personal fall arrest system) or that it is technologically impossible to use any one of these systems to provide fall protection.”<span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; "><a name="ftnref6" href="#ftn6">6</a></span><span><span></span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>§ 1926.500(b). The preamble to subpart M indicates that this definition was informed by case law involving the infeasibility defense. “Safety Standards for Fall Protection in the Construction Industry,”<span><span></span>
					</span>59 Fed. Reg. 40672, 40678 (August 9, 1994) (stating that the<span>
					</span>definition of the term<span>
					</span>“infeasible” “has evolved from litigation involving contested citations where employers have asserted that compliance with an OSHA requirement was ‘infeasible’ or ‘impossible’”). </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">As set forth in Finding of Fact ¶<span>
					</span>24,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span>, LMS did not carry its burden to demonstrate that use of conventional fall protection systems was<span>
					</span>technologically<span>
					</span>impossible<span><span></span>
					</span>for the workers who were installing sheathing as depicted<span>
					</span>in<span>
					</span>the photographs at Exhibits<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">C-6, C-7, C-8, C-10, C-13, C-14, C-18, and C-19. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Nevertheless,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">even<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">if</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">the scant</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and conclusory</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>testimony</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that the use of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">conventional fall protection system</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">s was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">not technologically possible</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">was accepted at face value<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">(T. 135-140)</span>,<span>
					</span>the infeasibility defense fails. </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">Under § 1926.501(b)(13), once an employer establishes that utilizing conventional fall protection<span><span></span>
					</span>systems<span><span></span>
					</span>is infeasible for any aspect of residential construction,<span>
					</span>the standard<span>
					</span>allows an employer to<span>
					</span>perform the construction work<span>
					</span>without using a conventional<span>
					</span>fall protection<span>
					</span>system, but only if the<span>
					</span>employer<span>
					</span>has<span>
					</span>“develop[ed]<span><span></span>
					</span>and implement[ed]<span><span></span>
					</span>a fall protection plan which meets the requirements of paragraph (k) of § 1926.502.” Paragraph (k) of § 1926.502 provides as follows:</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.483cm; margin-right:53.733px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(k)<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Fall protection plan.</span><span><span></span>
					</span>This option is available only to employees engaged in leading edge work, precast concrete erection work, or residential construction work (See § 1926.501(b)(2),<span>
					</span>(b)(12), and (b)(13)) who can demonstrate that it is infeasible or it creates a greater hazard to use conventional fall protection equipment. The fall protection plan must conform to the following provisions.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(1) The fall protection plan shall be prepared by a qualified person and developed specifically for the site where the leading edge work, precast concrete work, or residential construction work is being performed and the plan must be maintained up to date.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(2) Any changes to the fall protection plan shall be approved by a qualified person.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(3) A copy of the fall protection plan with all approved changes shall be maintained at the job site.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(4) The implementation of the fall protection plan shall be under the supervision of a competent person;</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(5) The fall protection plan shall document the reasons why the use of conventional fall protection systems (guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, or safety nets systems) are infeasible or why their use would create a greater hazard.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(6) The fall protection plan shall include a written discussion of other measures that will be taken to reduce or eliminate the fall hazard for workers who cannot be provided with protection from the conventional fall protection systems. For example, the employer shall discuss the<span>
					</span>extent to which scaffolds, ladders, or vehicle mounted work platforms can be used to provide a safer working surface and thereby reduce the hazard of falling.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(7) The fall protection plan shall identify each location where conventional fall protection methods cannot be used. These locations shall then be classified as controlled access zones and the employer must comply with the criteria in paragraph (g) of this section.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(8) Where no other alternative measure has been implemented, the<span><span></span>
					</span>employer shall implement a safety<span><span></span>
					</span>monitoring system in conformance with<span><span></span>
					</span>§ 1926.502(h).</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(9) The fall protection plan must<span><span></span>
					</span>include a statement which provides the<span><span></span>
					</span>name or other method of identification<span><span></span>
					</span>for each employee who is designated to<span><span></span>
					</span>work in controlled access zones.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>No other employees may enter controlled<span><span></span>
					</span>access zones.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; ">(10) In the event an employee falls, or<span><span></span>
					</span>some<span><span></span>
					</span>other related, serious incident<span><span></span>
					</span>occurs, (e.g., a near miss) the employer<span><span></span>
					</span>shall investigate the circumstances of the fall or other incident to determine if the fall protection plan needs to be changed (e.g. new practices, procedures, or training) and shall implement those changes to prevent similar types of falls or incidents.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:2.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; margin-left:48px; text-indent:.476cm; margin-right:54px; widows:2; orphans:2; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">As described in Finding of Fact ¶<span><span></span>
					</span>25,<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">supra</span>,<span>
					</span>LMS did not have a fall protection plan in place that met the requirements of subparagraphs (1), (3), (5), (6), (7) or (9) of § 1926.502(k). LMS thus failed to meet the second prong of the<span>
					</span>exception<span>
					</span>set forth in § 1926.501(b)(13) to the general mandate that conventional fall protection systems must be used in residential construction.<span>
					</span><span><span></span>
					</span>Because LMS<span><span></span>
					</span>failed to take<span><span></span>
					</span>the measures required by § 1926.501(b)(13) to mitigate the<span>
					</span>fall hazard to which employees were exposed while not using conventional fall protection systems,<span><span></span>
					</span>LMS’s defense of infeasibility as to citation item 2 fails.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; ">The violation described in citation item 2 is appropriately classified as a serious violation for the same reasons that the other two violations constitute serious violations.</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:12px; text-align:center; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">Penalty Assessment</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">The permissible range of penalties for a serious violation<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">that was<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">in effect when the proposed penalty was assessed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>from no penalty to $7,000. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">29 U.S.C. § 666(b)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">; T 62)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Commission and its judges conduct<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">de novo</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty determinations and have discretion to assess penalties based on the facts of each case and the applicable statutory criteria. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Valdak Corp</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 1135, 1138 (No. 93-0239, 1995)<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 73 F.3d 1466 (8th Cir. 1996);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Allied Structural Steel</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 2 BNA OSHC 1457, 1458 (No. 1681, 1975). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Section 17(j) of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 666(j), requires that in assessing penalties, the Commission give “due consideration” to four criteria: the size of the employer’s business, the gravity of the violation, the employer’s good faith, and its prior history of violations. </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Specialists of the S</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 14 BNA OSHC 1910</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 1910</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 89-2241, 1990). </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">“</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Gravity</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is the primary consideration among these four statutory criteria, and is determined by “such matters as the number of employees exposed, the duration of the exposure, the precautions taken against injury, and the likelihood that any injury would result.” </span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">J.A. Jones Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">15 BNA OSHC 220</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 2214 (No. 87-2059, 1993). </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary seeks<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">a penalty of $</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">800</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.00</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">each</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>citation item</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, for a total proposed penalty of $</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">5</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">60</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">0.00.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "> The Secretary determined that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">a resulting injury from each of the violative conditions would have been of “higher” severity</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">that the probability of an injury resulting from each of the violations was</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“greater”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">(as opposed to “lesser”)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">The Secretary accorded a 60% reduction in penalty for LMS’s small size</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, and accorded no reductions for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">good faith or prior history</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(T. 63-68).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">LMS asserts that the violations should not be regarded as<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">having been “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">high gravity</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">on the argument that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">none of the employees were exposed to a fall to ground level. Rather, LMS argues that no employee could have fallen<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">further than<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">floor of the second story on the inside of the building, or the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">flat roof of the first floor projection. LMS believes<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">that any fall<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">towards the exterior of the building<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">would have been arrested by the flat roof of the first floor projection. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">This argument is rejected. First, a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>landing after an unintended fall is like</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">ly</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to be an awkward landing, and a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">n awkward landing from an eight</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">-</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">foot fall<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">is likely to<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">result</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in serious injury and possibly</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>even<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">a<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">fatal injury</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Second, the edge of the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">first floor’s<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">flat roof was unprotected, and nothing would have<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">prevented</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>an employee who had fallen and landed on t</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">hat</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>flat roof from falling<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">further<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">from that level to the ground level and sustaining a second impact in the fall. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">For these reasons, a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">ll three violations were reasonably classified to have been high gravity violations.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">record<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">supports<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">the substantial<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">reduction of the penalty to account for<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">LMS’s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>relatively small size</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, a</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">nd</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">such a substantial reduction<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">was provided in the penalties<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">originally<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">proposed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">(T. 65-66).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">While there was no evidence that LMS had been previously cited for violations of safety or health standards,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">considering that the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Company Safety Plan allowed for exceptions to the</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>use of fall protection</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">would</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>have</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">result</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">ed</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">violat</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">ions of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">applicable fall protection standard</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, no</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">reduction</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">s</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>in order<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">on account of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">LMS’s compliance history. </span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">As for</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>adjust</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">ing the penalty<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">for “</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">good faith,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>this entails assessing an employer’s health and safety program, its commitment to job safety and health, its cooperation with OSHA, and its efforts to minimize any harm from the violation.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Monroe Drywall Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 24 BNA OSHC 1209, 1211 (No. 12-0379, 2013);<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Nacirema</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Operating Co.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, 1 BNA OSHC<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1001,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>1002</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>(No. 4, 1972)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">T</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">he inadequacies in LMS’s safety program that existed<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">at the time of the violations</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>weigh<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">heavily<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">against any reduction for good faith</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">While<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">LMS’s post-inspection expenditures and measures taken to improve its safety program are appropriate and commendable (Exs. R-3, R-4, R-5, R-7, R-8, R-9 and R-10; T.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">119–127)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, they do not bear on whether LMS<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">had made<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">good faith efforts to comply with applicable standards</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>and minimize harm from the violations at the time they occurred</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Considering these factors, a penalty of $2,800.00 for each violation for a total penalty of $5,600.00 is appropriate<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:8px; text-align:center; "><span style="font-weight:bold; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-weight:bold; ">ORDER</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">The foregoing decision constitutes the findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(a).<span>
					</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">If any finding is in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">actuality</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a conclusion of law or any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">legal<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">conclusion stated is in<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">actuality</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>a finding of fact, it shall be deemed so,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">any<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">label</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>to the contrary</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>notwithstanding</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Based upon the foregoing findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is ORDERED that</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">1.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Citation 1, i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">tem 1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, instance “a”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>for a serious violation of 29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">§</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "> </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">26</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">451</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">g</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">)(1)</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Citation 1, i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">tem 1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, instance “b”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>is amended to allege a violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">29 C.F.R. §</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "> </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">26</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">501(b)(13), and as amended the violation §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">26</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">501(b)(13) is</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">3.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">Citation 1, i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">tem<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">2, is amended to allege a violation of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">29 C.F.R.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">§</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "> </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">26</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">501(b)(13), and as amended the violation of §<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">19</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">26</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">501(b)(13) is</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">4. </span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">A penalty of $2,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">800</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">00 is ASSESSED for citation 1, i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">tem 1</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">, instances “a” and “b”</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; widows:2; orphans:2; "><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">5.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; "><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">A penalty of $2,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">800</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">.</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">00 is ASSESSED for citation 1, i</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman; ">tem 2.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:2; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; ">S</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; ">O</span><span style="color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span>ORDERED.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:192px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:192px; "><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;">/s/</span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span><span style="text-decoration:underline ;font-family:Times New Roman; text-decoration:underline ;"><span style="mso-tab-count:1">  </span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:192px; ">WILLIAM S. COLEMAN</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-left:192px; ">Administrative Law<span>
					</span>Judge</p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:8px; margin-bottom:0px; ">DATED: September 11, 2017</p>
			</div>
			<hr/>"
      <div>
				<p>
					<a name="ftn-1" href="#ftnref-1"></a> </p>
			</div>
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				<p>
					<a name="ftn0" href="#ftnref0"></a> </p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn1" href="#ftnref1"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">1 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Because this matter has been designated for disposition under the Commission’s procedure for “simplified proceedings,” no complaint or answer has been filed. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>29 C.F.R. § 2200.205(a) (providing that “the complaint and answer requirements are suspended” in simplified proceedings). The original citation thus served as the functional equivalent of the Secretary’s complaint, so the motion to amend served to amend the original citation items. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Pursuant to a scheduling order, LMS filed a statement of affirmative defenses<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">dated October 21, 2016. After the Secretary’s amendment to the citation was granted, LMS’s affirmative defenses to the amended citation items were further described at the outset of the hearing. (T. 16, 31).<span>
						</span></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn2" href="#ftnref2"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">2 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">There was no evidence that the telehandler here met the requirements of § 1926.451(c)(2)(iv) or (v), but whether LMS complied with those standards was not put in issue by the Secretary.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn3" href="#ftnref3"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; ">3 </span></a><span style="position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span>Imputing Lenz’s knowledge of his own misconduct to LMS is consistent with Commission precedent and the precedent of the two circuit courts of appeal to which judicial review may be sought here pursuant to 29 U.S.C. § 660(a) (i.e., either the D.C. Circuit or the Second Circuit). <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span><span></span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">N. Y.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>State Elec. & Gas Corp.</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>v. Sec’y of Labor</span>, 88 F.3d 98, 107<span><span></span>
					</span>(2d Cir. 1996)<span><span></span>
					</span>(discussing the analytic framework that some circuit courts of appeal apply on the “employer knowledge” element of the Secretary’s burden of proof where the alleged violative conduct is that of a supervisor). Imputation of Lenz’s knowledge of his own misconduct to LMS would be appropriate even if the analytic framework adopted by some other circuit courts of appeal were operative here. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.,</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">W.G. Yates & Sons Constr. Co., Inc. v. Occupational Safety & Health Review Comm’n,<span>
						</span></span>459 F.3d 604, 609<span><span></span>
					</span>n. 8<span>
					</span>(5th Cir.<span><span></span>
					</span>2006)<span><span></span>
					</span>(holding that where a supervisor has failed to comply with a safety standard, “employer knowledge must be established, not vicariously through the violator’s knowledge, but by either the employer’s actual knowledge, or by its constructive knowledge based on the fact that the employer could, under the circumstances of the case, foresee the unsafe conduct of the supervisor [that is, with evidence of lax safety standards]”);<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">accord</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Comtran Grp., Inc. v. Department of Labor,</span><span><span></span>
					</span>722 F.3d 1304<span><span></span>
					</span>(11th<span><span></span>
					</span>Cir. 2013). Here, as discussed<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">infra</span><span><span></span>
					</span>in connection with the defense of unpreventable employee misconduct, on the record as a whole, the Secretary would have met his burden to establish employer knowledge of the supervisory misconduct by virtue of LMS having maintained an inadequate safety program. <span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Cf. Spirit Aerosystems, Inc.</span>, 25 BNA OSHC 1093, 1095 (No. 10-1697, 2014)<span><span></span>
					</span>(deciding<span><span></span>
					</span>that “[u]nless<span><span></span>
					</span>...<span><span></span>
					</span>evidence clearly preponderates against complainant, the Judge must either deny [a<span>
					</span>FRCP<span>
					</span>Rule 52] motion or defer disposition until the conclusion of respondent’s case”)<span>
					</span>(citing<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">Morgan & Culpepper, Inc.</span>, 5 BNA OSHC 1123, 1124-25 (No. 9850, 1977),<span>
					</span><span style="font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-style:italic; ">aff’d in relevant part</span>, 676 F.2d 1065 (5th Cir. 1982)).</p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn4" href="#ftnref4"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">4 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Company Safety Plan established a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>blanket exception<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">to the use of PFAS during the<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">spreading of roof trusses</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>based upon a predetermination that use of PFAS during that operation would create a greater hazard under all circumstances</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>F</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">indings of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">F</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">act ¶¶ 19–20</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">). </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">The standard at § 1926.501(b)(13) allows an employer to make a site-specific determination that a certain activity would create a greater hazard, but it does not allow an employer to predetermine that the use of conventional fall protection would create a greater hazard for a certain activity in all residential construction environments. </span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>§ 1926.502(k) (providing that where use of conventional fall protection systems in residential construction is infeasible or would create a greater hazard, the employer must create a fall protection plan “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">developed specifically for the site where</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>the ...<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>residential construction work</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">is being performed and the plan must be</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">maintained up to date</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> Nevertheless, since LMS is not claiming the benefit of this exception to providing conventional fall protection that is otherwise required by § 1926.501(b)(13), this deficiency in the Company Safety Plan does not bear directly on the adequacy of LMS’s general work rule calling for 100% use of PFAS during installation of roof trusses.<span>
						</span></span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn5" href="#ftnref5"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">5 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>The parties stipulated that the roof in question was a “steep roof” as defined in subpart M</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>at §1926.500(b)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">. (Stip. No.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">). If LMS had been utilizing<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">a</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>fall protection system that had been</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>compliant with subparagraph (11) of § 1926.501(b), LMS would have been deemed to have been com</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">pliant with § 1926.501(b)(13).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Safety Standards for Fall Protection in the Construction Industry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 59 Fed. Reg. at 40693 (noting that</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>as to compliance with subparagraph (b)(13),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“if another provision in paragraph (b) allows an alternative fall protection measure, such as covers over holes, those alternatives measures are also acceptable and do not need to be documented in a fall protection plan in order to be used”).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="margin-top:4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; ">
					<a name="ftn6" href="#ftnref6"><span class="style_FootnoteReference style_FootnoteReference " style="font-size:12pt; position:relative;font-size:0.58em; bottom: 1ex;font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">6 </span></a><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Absent from this</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>defin</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">ition of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span>“infeasible” is<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">the concept of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“economic infeasibility</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cf.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dun-Par Eng</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">ineered</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span>Form Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">, 12 BNA OSHC 1962, 1986-87 (No. 82-928, 1986) (recognizing economic factors in rejecting infeasibility defense because employer had not shown that the costs were unreasonable in light of the protection afforded and had not shown what effect the added costs would have on its contract or on its business as a whole).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> The preamble to subpart M<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">expressly states that<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“infeasibility”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">of compliance<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">within subpart M does not encompass<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">claims of<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">“economic infeasibility.”<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">Safety Standards for Fall Protection in the Construction Industry</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">supra</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">,<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">59 Fed. Reg.<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">at<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">406</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">85 (stating that OSHA “does not consider ‘economic infeasibility’ to be a basis for failing to provide conventional fall protection for employees ... performing residential construction work,” and that OSHA “has consistently maintained, and the record for this rulemaking shows, that the industry can either absorb the costs of compliance with revised subpart M or pass those costs along to its customers”).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">
					</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p class="style_Normal style_Normal style_FootnoteText style_FootnoteText " style="line-height:normal; text-align:justify; text-indent:1.27cm; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">In any event, LMS’s position here appears to be that providing fall protection was technologically impossible, not that compliance may have been technologically possible, but nonetheless economically infeasible.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; "> But even if LMS had intended to assert “economic infeasibility” of compliance, and assuming that such a defense is cognizable against a violation of § 1926.501(b)(13), LMS failed to present sufficient evidence to prove that defense under<span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dun-Par</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-size:10pt; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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