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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:278.2px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:149.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH REVIEW COMMISSION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">______________________________________</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Secretary of Labor,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Complainant,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:6.472cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">SIMPLIFIED PROCEEDING</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">v.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:8.449cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHRC Docket No. 18-1913</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:90.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction Co.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:4.101cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Inspection No.: 1354241</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:90.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">______________________________________</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Appearances:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For the Secretary:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:1.058cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Oscar L. Hampton III, Esq., Regional Solicitor</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Brian A. Broecker, Esq.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">U.S. Department of Labor</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Office of the Solicitor</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">200 Constitution Ave., N.W., Room S-4004</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">For Respondent:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Paul E. Chambers</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">President</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction Corp.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">100 Hillcrest Road</span></p>
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						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Before:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Honorable Dennis L. Phillips</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:1.058cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Administrative Law Judge</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.497cm; margin-left:302.067px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; letter-spacing:.012cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">DECISION AND ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:396.267px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:328.467px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">I.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">BACKGROUND</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On October 17, 2018, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:20.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspected a Chambers Construction Co. (Chambers Construction or Respondent), worksite at</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">701 North Point Drive in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Worksite), after OSHA Compliance</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:419.8px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">1</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Safety and Health Officer (CSHO) Walter Visage, who was driving on the West End</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Bridge, saw two individuals working on the roof of a commercial office building, the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cardello Building, without any apparent fall protection. He saw that the two individuals on</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the roof, later identified as Messrs. Ford and McCabe, were not adequately protected from</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">falling off the edge of the roof, and, in accordance with OSHA’s regional enforcement</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">policy, initiated an inspection of the Worksite. (Stip. ¶ 5; Tr. 34-37, 50; Ex. 2, at 2, Exs. 5,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7). CSHO Visage testified:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Q. And from your inspection were you able to determine if Mr. McCabe or Mr. Ford</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were using any form of fall protection?</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A. No. I did not see any form of fall protection that would have met at least</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">minimum federal safety requirements. The roof and parapet walls were not tall</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">enough to serve as guardrails. They weren’t wearing harnesses....</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 50).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">During his inspection, CSHO Visage learned that the two individuals on the roof were</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees of Chambers Construction and had been tasked with applying a coating material</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the surface of the roof to patch leaks. He also confirmed that the two employees were not</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">using any form of fall protection while working on the roof. Although parapet walls</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">surrounded the perimeter of the work area, CSHO Visage measured the walls in several</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">locations and found that, in each instance, the wall was not tall enough to protect employees</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from falls. CSHO Visage also learned that one of the employees, Mr. Ford, had not received</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">any training on how to recognize and minimize exposure to fall hazards.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:41.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">1</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">CSHO Visage is an OSHA safety specialist with about 19 years of experience. He has conducted over one</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:5.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">hundred roof inspections. (Tr. 33-34).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.466cm; margin-left:384.8px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 2 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On October 30, 2018, the Secretary of Labor (Secretary) issued Chambers</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction a citation and notification of penalty that contained two citation items. Item 1</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">alleged that Chambers Construction committed a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. §</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.501(b)(10) by permitting two employees to perform roofing work on a low-slope roof</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with unprotected sides and edges more than six feet above a lower level without using a fall</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">protection system. Item 2 alleged that Chambers Construction committed a serious violation</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.503(a)(1) by failing to train one of those employees on how to recognize</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and minimize exposure to fall hazards. OSHA proposed a penalty of $2,772 for each</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violation, for a total penalty of $5,544.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.977cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The case was placed on the simplified proceedings calendar, and the parties submitted</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">evidence and witness testimony on June 27, 2019, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Both parties</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">filed post-hearing briefs. The evidence adduced at the hearing established that Chambers</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction committed the alleged violations, and that the proposed penalties for those</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violations are appropriate. Chambers Construction effectively admitted that it violated the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cited standards but argues that it should not receive a penalty for its conduct because it</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">believed that the parapet walls around the perimeter of the roof would be enough to protect</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">its employees from falls. Respondent argues that it: 1) would not have had any problem</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">with the citation had it been written up as a warning and 2) is ridiculous to identify this as a</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">severe situation. (Tr. 111-13). Additionally, Chambers Construction contends that OSHA’s</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection was invalid, presumably under the Fourth Amendment, because CSHO Visage</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">lacked sufficient grounds to stop driving his car and initiate an inspection of the Worksite.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As explained below, Respondent’s arguments lack merit. Chambers Construction</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">may not disregard the requirements of OSHA’s standards and rely instead on its own</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">judgement regarding when fall protection is necessary to protect its employees. The penalties</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:2.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:384.8px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 3 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that OSHA has proposed are appropriate and properly calculated based on the factors</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">articulated in section 17(j) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), 29 U.S.C. §</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">666(j).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Additionally, OSHA’s inspection of the Worksite was properly conducted. Chambers</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction had no reasonable expectation of privacy when its employees worked in</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violation of OSHA’s standards in the public’s plain view, and CSHO Visage properly</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">initiated an inspection based on his observation of that violative conduct. Chambers</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction also lacks standing to assert that OSHA’s inspection violated the Fourth</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Amendment because OSHA conducted its inspection with the consent of the property</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">manager and part-owner of the building. (Tr. 25-26). Additionally, Chambers</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction’s argument fails because Chambers Construction itself consented to the OSHA</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection by not raising any objection to the inspection while it was being conducted. (Tr.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">48-49). The citation items are affirmed, and the proposed penalty assessed.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:20.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:325.733px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">II. JURISDICTION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.497cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:1.046cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent filed a timely Notice of Contest. The Court finds that, as of the date of</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.267px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the alleged violations, it was an employer engaged in business affecting commerce within the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.526cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">meaning of section 3(5) of the OSH Act. (</span><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12.5pt; ">Stipulations (Stip.) ¶ 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">; Tr. 102-03)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.111cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based upon</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:20.133px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the record, the Court finds that at all relevant times Respondent was engaged in a business</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">affecting commerce and was an employer within the meaning of sections 3(3) and 3(5) of the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSH Act. The Court concludes that the Commission has jurisdiction over the parties and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:573.067px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">2</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">subject matter in this case, and Respondent is covered under the OSH Act.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:40.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">2</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">See Clarence M. Jones</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">, 11 BNA OSHC 1529, 1531 (No. 77-3676, 1983) (even small construction projects that</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:5.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">involve only local purchases affect interstate commerce);</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">Slingluff v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">, 425 F.3d 861, 866-67 (10th Cir.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.402cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">2005) (the economic activity of construction affects interstate commerce). Chambers Construction was a</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.464cm; margin-left:384.8px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 4 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:315.8px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">III. OSHA CITATION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 1</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">alleges a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10) and proposes a</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$2,772 penalty. The Secretary claims that Respondent violated the cited standard because:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Each employee engaged in roofing activities on low-slope roofs, with</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 M) or more above lower levels</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was not protected from falling by guardrail systems, safety net systems,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">personal fall arrest systems, or a combination of warning line system and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">guardrail system, warning line system and safety net system, or warning</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">line system and personal fall arrest system, or warning line system and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety monitoring system, or on roofs 50-feet (15.25 m) or less in width,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by the use of a safety monitoring system alone:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.203cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Job site, 701 North Point Drive, Pittsburgh, PA: On or about</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:167.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">October 17, 2018, during roofing work the employer did not ensure</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:167.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that appropriate fall protection systems/devices were in use where</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:167.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees were exposed to fall hazards of up to approximately 50</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:167.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">feet or greater.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">Citation 1, Item 2</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">alleges a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.503(a)(1) and proposes a</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">$2,772 penalty. The Secretary claims that Respondent violated the cited standard because:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The employer did not provide a training program for each employee who</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would be exposed to fall hazards that enabled the employee to recognize</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the hazards of falling and that trained each employee in the procedures</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to be followed in order to minimize these hazards:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a) Job site, 701 North Point Drive, Pittsburgh, PA: On or about October 17, 2018,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">during roofing work the employer did not ensure that appropriate fall protection</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training was provided for an employee who was exposed to a fall hazard of up to</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">approximately 50 feet or greater.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:2.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:2.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; letter-spacing:5.907cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">IV.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.545cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">STIPULATIONS</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:15.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The parties agreed to the following stipulated facts prior to the hearing (Tr. 16-20):</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:20.133px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.845cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent is a corporation organized under Pennsylvania law.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:12.467px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">covered employer under the OSH Act. 29 U.S.C. § 652(5) (defining “employer” as a “person engaged in a</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">business affecting commerce who has employees”).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:2.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.466cm; margin-left:384.8px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 5 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.847cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Paul Chambers is, and at all relevant times was, the president of Respondent.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.847cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent was hired to apply coating to the roof of the building located at</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:192px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">701 North Point Drive to patch leaks.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.847cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The area of the roof on which Respondent’s employees worked was</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:192px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">approximately four-to-five stories above the lower level.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.845cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Two Respondent employees performed the roofing work on October 17, 2018:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:192px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ed McCabe and Maltese Ford.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">6.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.845cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ed McCabe was the supervisor of Maltese Ford.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.845cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent did not instruct Mr. McCabe or Mr. Ford to use a fall protection</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:192px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">system (such as a guardrail system, a safety net system, personal fall arrest</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:192px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">systems, a warning line system, or a combination thereof) while working on</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:192px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the roof on October 17, 2018, because Respondent did not believe it was</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:.8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:192px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">required.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Joint Pre-hearing Statement, at 5-6; Tr. 15-20).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:309.867px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">V. RELEVANT FACTS</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:17.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction is a construction contractor that works on commercial and</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">industrial jobs in the Pittsburgh area. (Tr. 102-03). The company performs a variety of</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:17.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work, including roofing work. (Tr. 102). Paul Chambers is the company’s president, and his</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wife, Nancy Defazio-Chambers, owns the company. (Stip. ¶ 2; Tr. 99). On behalf of</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:17.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction, Mr. Chambers contracted with Richard Cardello, the property</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">manager and part-owner of the Cardello Building located at the Worksite, to perform</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">construction work at the Cardello Building. (Tr. 25-26, 102). Chambers Construction</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">originally contracted to perform work inside of the building, e.g. working on drywall, ceilings</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and doors. (Tr. 102-03). While Chambers Construction was working inside the building, Mr.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:17.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers agreed, at Mr. Cardello’s request, that some of Respondent’s employees would</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">also apply coating to the surface of the roof to patch leaks. (Stip. ⁋ 3; Tr. 26, 30, 103-04).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:28.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:384.8px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 6 -</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">On the morning of October 17, 2018, at about 9:45 a.m., CSHO Visage saw two</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">individuals working on the roof of the Cardello Building. (Tr. 34-35, 37; Ex. 2, at 4, Ex. 5 at</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:549.4px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">3</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“C”). The two individuals were later identified as Messrs. Ed McCabe and Maltese Ford,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">both of whom were employees of Chambers Construction. (Stip. ⁋ 5; Tr. 39-40, 56, 115;</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Exs. 8-9). When CSHO Visage observed the work from the West End Bridge, he had an</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">elevated view and was at a height that was almost even with the roof of the Cardello</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Building. (Tr. 35, 93; Ex. 5 at “B”). CSHO Visage also observed Messrs. McCabe’s and</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ford’s work from the parking lot and street adjacent to the Cardello Building. (Tr. 40-43; Ex.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">5).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:23.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:119.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on his observations from these locations, CSHO Visage suspected that Messrs.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">McCabe and Ford were not using any form of fall protection while working on the roof. (Tr.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">35-36, 42, 44, 94-95; Exs. 12 [Ford]), 13 [McCabe]. CSHO Visage did not see any harnesses</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or warning lines being used, nor did it appear that one of the employees was acting as a</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:17.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:276.267px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">4</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety monitor for the other. (Tr. 35-39, 42, 94-96). Although parapet walls surrounded the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">perimeter of the work area, the walls appeared to be too short to protect the employees from</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">falls. (Tr. 35, 43, 93-96). CSHO Visage testified that, because he could see the top of an</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employee’s waist, he suspected that the parapet walls were not tall enough to protect the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees. (Tr. 73, 77, 95-96). Based on his observations, CSHO Visage initiated an OSHA</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:44.467px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">3</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">Mr. McCabe worked for companies associated with Mr. Chambers for about 27 years. (Tr. 114).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.385cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">4</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">CSHO Visage testified:</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:5.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">Q And you have no reason to believe that – do you have reason to doubt the fact that Mr. McCabe was</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.402cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">the safety monitor for him and Mr. Maltese?</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">A Sir, when I entered onto the roof, he [McCabe] was engaged in work. He can’t possibly be a safety</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:143.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">monitor under minimal federal safety requirements.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">(Tr. 79-80). The Court agrees with CSHO McCabe and finds that Mr. McCabe was not acting as the safety</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">monitor for himself and/or Mr. Ford when CSHO Visage entered onto the roof. Mr. McCabe was atop the roof</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">using a long handle brush performing work applying roofing compound beyond that of a safety monitor and he</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.402cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">cannot be his own safety monitor when performing that work. (Tr. 47-58, 80-81, 105, 115-16; Ex. 16).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.464cm; margin-left:384.8px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 7 -</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:94.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:508.267px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">5</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection, as required by OSHA’s regional enforcement policy, to determine whether the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees were protected from falls. (Tr. 44-45; Ex. 3, at 1).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">When CSHO Visage arrived at the Cardello Building, he asked to meet with the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">person in charge, and was directed to Mr. Cardello. (Tr. 45). CSHO Visage told Mr.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:17.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cardello that he had seen individuals working on the roof without any apparent fall</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">protection and asked for permission to inspect the work area. (Tr. 31-32, 43-45). Mr.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cardello agreed and personally escorted CSHO Visage to the Cardello Building’s roof</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:17.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">without objection. (Tr. 27, 46). Mr. Cardello was “cooperative and polite throughout” the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA inspection. (Tr. 46).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:17.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:144px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Once on the roof, CSHO Visage focused his inspection on the area where he had seen</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Messrs. McCabe and Ford working, which was the southeast corner of the roof. Mr. McCabe</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">was still on the roof working without any fall protection. Ford was not on the roof initially</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">when CSHO Visage came atop the roof. Mr. Ford came back up to a roof that was different</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from where Mr. McCabe was working. (Tr. 38-42, 46-48, 51-52, 79-81; Exs. 5, at “C”, 8-9,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">12, 15-16 [showing McCabe on roof], 18, at “A” [McCabe], 19). The area of the roof on</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which Chambers Construction’s employees worked was essentially flat, although the surface</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the roof tapered slightly upwards as it reached the parapet wall. (Tr. 29-30, 50, 57).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Visage took several measurements of the parapet walls in the work area. (Tr. 46-47;</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ex. 6). CSHO Visage measured the parapet wall near the door at the entrance to the roof and</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">found that it was 30 inches high. (Tr. 50-51; Ex. 6). He also measured the parapet wall on</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:35.8px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">5</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">OSHA Region III has an emphasis program on fall hazards that requires CSHOs to conduct an inspection at all</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:6.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">“sites where fall protection for employees on walking/working surfaces 6' or more above a lower level is not</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">apparent.” OSHA Directive No. 2019-03 (CPL 04), Regional Emphasis Program for Fall Hazards in the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">Construction Industry, p. 4 (October 1, 2018), available at:</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/enforcement/directives/1901_CPL_04-01.pdf. (Tr. 44-45).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.467px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.464cm; margin-left:384.8px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 8 -</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the north side of the work area, a few feet from what appeared to be freshly applied coating</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the interior side of the wall and found that the wall was 22 inches high. (Tr. 50-51, 54-55,</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">85; Ex. 2, at 3, Exs. 6, 17). Additionally, CSHO Visage measured the parapet wall on the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">east side of the work area, adjacent to where he had seen Mr. McCabe working, and found</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:263.333px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">6</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that it was 36 inches high. (Tr. 42, 50-59, 119; Ex. 2, at 5, Exs. 15-16, 19, at “A”). CSHO</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Visage also measured the parapet wall on the south side of the work area, near where a can of</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">coating and a brush had been set and found that the wall was 33 inches high. (Tr. 42, 51, 54-</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">59; Ex. 2, at 5, Exs. 6, 20 at “A”).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Visage’s inspection confirmed that Chambers Construction’s employees were</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">not using any form of fall protection while working on the roof. (Tr. 50, 118). Mr.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers did not instruct his employees to use a fall protection system during their work on</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the roof. (Stip. ⁋ 7; Tr. 49, 64, 104-05, 110; Ex. 6). Mr. McCabe did not use fall protection,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">nor as his supervisor did he instruct Mr. Ford to use fall protection. (Stip. ¶¶ 6-7; Tr. 118).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction did not measure the height of the parapet walls in the work area</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">before beginning the roofing work, but assumed that the walls alone would sufficiently</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">protect its employees from falls. (Stip. ¶ 7; Tr. 49, 64, 104-05, 110, 118; Ex. 6).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Visage also learned from his inspection that Chambers Construction had not</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provided Mr. Ford, who had only worked for the company for a month or so, with any fall</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:635.467px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">7</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard training before he was assigned to work on the roof of the Cardello Building. (Tr.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">63-65, 106-07, 118). When CSHO Visage requested copies of the company’s training</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">records, Chambers Construction did not have any to disclose. Mr. Chambers told CSHO</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:32.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">6</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">CSHO Visage testified that “36 inches is not tall enough to meet the minimum safety standards.” (Tr. 74).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.385cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">7</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">It was CSHO Visage’s understanding that October 17, 2018 was the first time Mr. Ford worked atop a roof.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:5.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">(Tr. 63-64). At the time of the OSHA inspection, Mr. Ford had worked for Respondent for “[a] month or two</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.402cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">months.” (Tr. 105-06).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.464cm; margin-left:384.8px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 9 -</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Visage during the OSHA inspection that he had “lost or misplaced his S&H records.” (Tr.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">63-66, 106-07; Ex. 3, at 5).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At no point during the inspection did Chambers Construction object to CSHO</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Visage’s inspection or presence on the roof. (Tr. 48-49). When CSHO Visage spoke with</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Chambers on the telephone during the inspection, Mr. Chambers told CSHO Visage that</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:621.4px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">8</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the violations were “his fault” and that he had “[n]o arguments here w/ [with] us.” (Tr. 48-</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">49; Ex. 6). Mr. Chambers arrived at the Worksite about 20 to 30 minutes after speaking with</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Visage by telephone. (Tr. 48; Ex. 6)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">At the hearing, Mr. Chambers confirmed that he did not measure the parapet walls at</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Worksite, and that he did not instruct his employees to use any fall protection on the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:126.4px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">9</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof. (Stip. ¶ 7; Tr. 48-49, 104-10; Ex. 2, at 3, Ex. 6). He also confirmed that he did not</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">give Mr. Ford any fall hazard training or training materials prior to instructing him to work</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the roof. (Tr. 106-07).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:20.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">After the OSHA inspection, Messrs. McCabe and Ford watched training videos and</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:276.467px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">10</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">obtained and used harnesses</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.305cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and ropes to complete their work atop the roof of the Cardello</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:155.667px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">11</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Building.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.406cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 116; Resp’t Post Hr’g Br.).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:44.267px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">8</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">CSHO Visage testified that Mr. Chambers told him that he [Chambers] had “[n]o arguments with them [the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:5.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">violations observed by OSHA]. (Tr. 49).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.252cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">9</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">CSHO Visage’s inspection notes indicate Mr. Chambers told him during their telephone conversation that</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:5.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">Chambers Construction “didn’t msre (sic) [measure][the parapet walls].” (Tr. 48-49, 104; Ex. 6).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.256cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">10</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">Respondent owned the necessary safety harnesses and equipment to do the job. (Tr. 120).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.385cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">11</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">In its closing argument at the hearing, Respondent seemed to raise for the first time a “Greater Hazard”</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:5.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">defense to Citation 1, Item 1, when it argued that there was “more possibility of creating a hazard by ropes than</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">there were – then there was of somebody falling off the roof.” Any such defense was not timely asserted, was</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.402cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">abandoned and lacks merit. Respondent did not include a greater hazard defense in the parties’ Joint Pre-</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">Hearing Statement.</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.093cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">Field & Assoc., Inc</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">., 19 BNA OSHC 1379 (97-1585, 2001). The defense was not</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">discussed in Respondent’s post hearing brief and the Court finds it has been abandoned.</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.093cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">L & L Painting Co.,</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">23</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">BNA OSHC 1986, 1989 n.5 (No. 05-0055, 2012) (item not addressed in post-hearing briefs deemed</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">abandoned). There is also insufficient evidence to prove that compliance with 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10)</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">would create a greater hazard than noncompliance.</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.093cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">See Dole v. Williams Enters., Inc</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">., 876 F.2d 186, 1988</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.402cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">(D.C.Cir. 1989).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.464cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 10 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:96.133px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "></span><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; letter-spacing:6.512cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">VI. DISCUSSION</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.968cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary must prove an OSHA violation by showing, through a preponderance</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the evidence, that: (1) the cited standard applies; (2) the employer failed to comply with</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the terms of the cited standard; (3) employees had access to the violative condition; and (4)</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employer either knew or could have known with the exercise of reasonable diligence of</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the violative condition.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Sw. Bell Tele. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 19 BNA OSHC 1097, 1098 (No. 98-1748, 2000)</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:249.533px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">th</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 277 F.3d 1374 (5 Cir. 2001). The Secretary has proven all those requirements.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.333px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Additionally, Chambers Construction’s claim that CSHO Visage lacked sufficient</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">grounds to initiate the inspection is found to be without merit. Chambers Construction had</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">no reasonable expectation of privacy while working on the roof of the Cardello Building</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">because the work was conducted in the public’s plain view. Moreover, Chambers</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction lacks standing to claim that its Fourth Amendment rights were violated because</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the property manager and part-owner of the building consented to OSHA’s inspection.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally, Chambers Construction also consented to the inspection when it raised no objection</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the inspection while it was taking place. (Tr. 48-49).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:17.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.557cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#2e74b5; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#2e74b5; letter-spacing:.947cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.799cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The OSH Act and the cited standards applied to Chambers Construction.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:12.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:585.4px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">12</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction was a covered employer under the OSH Act,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.309cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and OSHA’s</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">construction industry standards apply to the work that Chambers Construction performed on</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Cardello Building’s roof. Chambers Construction is a construction contractor, and on</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">October 17, 2018, two of its employees were repairing the roof of the Cardello Building by</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">applying a coating material to its surface. (Stips. ⁋⁋ 3, 5; Tr. 26, 30, 103-04; Sec’y Post Hr’g</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Br. 8-9). Roof repair is a construction activity to which OSHA’s construction industry</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:29.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">12</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.004cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 652(5) (defining “employer” as a “person engaged in a business affecting commerce who has</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:5.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">employees”).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.466cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 11 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standards apply. 29 C.F.R. § 1926.10(a) (standards in Part 1926 apply to “construction,</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">alteration, and/or repair” work); § 1910.12(a) (defining “construction work” to include “work</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">for construction, alteration, and/or repair”); § 1926.32(g) (same);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also Daniel Crowe Roof</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Repair</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23 BNA OSHC 2001, 2009 (No. 10-2090, 2011) (ALJ) (finding that roof repair</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">qualifies as construction work under § 1926.32(g)).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.557cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#2e74b5; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#2e74b5; letter-spacing:1.058cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">B</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.808cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Chambers Construction violated the cited standards.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:15px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.515cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#1f4d78; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12pt; ">1.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.219cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Chambers Construction violated 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10) (Citation 1, Item 1).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:20.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.977cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction violated 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10) by allowing two</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees to engage in roofing work on a low-slope roof with unprotected sides and edges</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">more than six feet above ground level without any fall protection. The cited standard</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provides:</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:192px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Roofing work on Low-slope roofs. Except as otherwise</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each employee</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">engaged in roofing activities on low-slope roofs, with</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, or a</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">combination of warning line system and guardrail system,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">warning line system and safety net system, or warning line</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">system and personal fall arrest system, or warning line system</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and safety monitoring system. Or, on roofs 50-feet (15.25 m)</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or less in width (see Appendix A to subpart M of this part), the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">use of a safety monitoring system alone [i.e. without the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">warning line system] is permitted.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:1.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">There is no dispute that Chambers Construction’s employees did not use fall</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">protection while applying coating to the roof of the Cardello Building. Mr. McCabe</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">confirmed at the hearing that he and Mr. Ford did not use any fall protection while working</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">on the roof. (Stip. ¶ 7; Tr. 118; Sec’y Post Hr’g Br. 9-12). Mr. Chambers also admitted that</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:35.467px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 12 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he did not instruct his employees to use any fall protection on the roof because he believed</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the parapet walls alone would be enough to protect them from falls. (Stip. ⁋ 7; Tr. 49,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">105, 110; Ex. 6). This testimony is consistent with CSHO Visage’s determination from his</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection that Messrs. McCabe or Ford were not using “any form of fall protection” on the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof. (Tr. 50).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court finds Chambers Construction was required to use fall protection under 29</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10). By its terms, the standard requires the use of a fall protection</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">system whenever an employee is: (1) engaged in roofing activities, (2) on a lowslope roof,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(3) with unprotected sides and edges, and (4) six feet or more above a lower level. All four</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of those conditions apply to the work that Chambers Construction performed on October 17,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2018, on the roof of the Cardello Building.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">First, Chambers Construction stipulated that two of its employees performed “roofing</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work” at the Cardello Building. (Stip. ⁋ 5). OSHA’s construction industry fall protection</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard defines “[r]oofing work” as including the “application ... of roofing materials and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:343.333px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">13</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">equipment.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.500(b).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.415cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Here, Messrs. McCabe and Ford were patching</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">leaks on the roof of the Cardello Building by applying a coating material to the surface of the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof. (Stip. ⁋ 3; Tr. 26, 30, 103-04). Doing so is an “application ... of [a] roofing material[]”</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that is intended to repair the waterproofing function of the roof.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kirtley Roofing & Sheet</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Metal, LLC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">25 BNA OSHC 2250, 2254 (No. 15-0613, 2015) (ALJ) (finding employees</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">applying sealant to a roof were engaged in “roofing work” under § 1926.501(b)(10));</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Tire Star, Inc.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">23 BNA OSHC 1091, 1096 (No. 09-0324, 2009) (ALJ) (affirming violation of</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:42.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">13</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">The full definition of reads: “</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">Roofing work</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.004cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">means the hoisting, storage, application, and removal of roofing</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:6.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, and vapor barrier work, but not including the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">construction of the roof deck.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.500(b).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 13 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">§ 1926.501(b)(10) where employee patched a roof without fall protection);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Bergelectric</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Corp. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 925 F.3d 1167, 1171 (9th Cir. 2019) (explaining that, to constitute</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roofing work under § 1926.500(b), “the materials and equipment must be connected to the act</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of roofing”). Chambers Construction’s employees were performing “roofing work” as</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">defined by OSHA’s fall protection standard.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.467px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Second, the roof of the Cardello Building is a “low-slope roof.” Section 1926.500(b)</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">defines a “low-slope roof” as “a roof having a slope less than or equal to 4 in 12 (vertical to</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">horizontal),” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.500(b),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">i.e.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, less than four inches of vertical rise for every 12</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inches in length. Mr. Chambers argued that the roof was a “flat roof” that had “nowhere near</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an inch of fall.” (Tr. 17). The photographs show that the roof of the building had little to no</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">visible slope. (Ex. 15). Other testimony at the hearing confirmed that the roof on which</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction worked was essentially flat. (Tr. 29-30, 50).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:132.267px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Third, the area of the roof where Chambers Construction’s employees worked had</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“unprotected sides and edges.” Section 1926.500(b)(2) defines “unprotected sides and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">edges” as “any side or edge (except at entrances to points of access) of a walking/working</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">surface, e.g., ... [a] roof. . .where there is no wall or guardrail system at least 39 inches (1.0</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:345.6px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">14</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">m) high.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.500(b)(2).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.42cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Here, the area of the roof on which Chambers</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction’s employees worked had parapet walls around the perimeter, but CSHO Visage</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">took several measurements of the walls in the work area, and, in each instance, found that the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wall was less than 39 inches high. (Tr. 95; Ex. 6). First, CSHO Visage measured the parapet</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wall near the door to the roof and found that it was 30 inches high. (Tr. 51; Ex. 6). He also</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:42.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">14</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">The full definition of reads: “</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">Unprotected sides and edges</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:-.002cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">means any side or edge (except at entrances to</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">points of access) of a walking/working surface, e.g., floor, roof, ramp, or runway where there is no wall or</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">guardrail system at least 39 inches (1.0 m) high.” 29 C.F.R. § 1926.500(b)(2). (Tr. 95).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.473cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 14 -</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">measured the parapet wall to the north of the work area, near an area of the wall that had</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">freshly applied coating on it, and found that the wall was 22 inches high. (Tr. 51-55, 85; Ex.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2 at 8, Exs. 6, 17 at “A”). Additionally, CSHO Visage measured the parapet wall to the east</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the work area, adjacent to where he had observed Mr. McCabe working, and found that the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">wall was 36 inches high. (Tr. 42, 51; Ex. 2, at 4, Exs. 6, 19 at “A”). CSHO Visage also</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">measured the wall to the south of the work area, near where a brush and a can of coating</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">material had been left by the wall and found that the wall was 33 inches high. (Tr. 42, 51,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">57-58; Ex. 2, at 5, Exs. 6, 20 at “A”). All of the parapet walls that surrounded the area in</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">which Messrs. McCabe and Ford were working were too short to render the sides and edges</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the roof “protected” under the OSHA’s fall protection standard.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Fourth, Chambers Construction stipulated that the area of the roof on which Messrs.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">McCabe and Ford worked was approximately four-to-five stories above lower levels. (Stip. ⁋</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">4; Ex. 11 (photograph of the south side of the building)). Accordingly, 29 C.F.R. §</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.501(b)(10) required Chambers Construction to ensure that its employees used at least</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">one of the forms of fall protection listed in the standard while working on the roof of the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cardello Building. It did not do so, and thus violated the standard.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:17.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.557cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#2e74b5; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#2e74b5; letter-spacing:.995cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">2.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.439cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Chambers Construction violated 29 C.F.R. § 1926.503(a)(1) (Citation 1, Item 2).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.977cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction violated 29 C.F.R. § 1926.503(a)(1) by failing to give Mr.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ford any training on the recognition and minimization of fall hazards before he worked on</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the roof of the Cardello Building. The cited standard provides:</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.467px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:192px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; letter-spacing:.009cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The employer shall provide a training program for each</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employee who might be exposed to fall hazards. The program</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; letter-spacing:.004cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">shall enable each employee to recognize the hazards of falling</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and shall train each employee in the procedures to be followed</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:192.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in order to minimize these hazards.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.482cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:15.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 15 -</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 C.F.R. § 1926.503(a)(1). To comply with this standard, employers must provide</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">potentially exposed employees with a fall hazard training program that “provide[s] the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">instructions that a reasonably prudent employer would have given in the same</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">circumstances.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N & N Contractors, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2121, 2126 (No. No. 96-0606,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2000),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 255 F.3d 122 (4th Cir. 2001) (citations omitted). Such instructions must be</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“specific enough to advise employees of the hazards associated with their work and the ways</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to avoid them,” and modeled on the applicable OSHA requirements.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.106cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">El Paso Crane and</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Rigging Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 16 BNA OSHC 1419, 1425 nn. 6 & 7 (No. 90-1106, 1993). An employer can</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">rebut an “allegation of a training violation by showing that it has provided the type of</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training at issue,” at which point “the burden shifts to the Secretary to show some deficiency</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">in the training provided.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.108cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">N & N Contractors</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC at 2126.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Here, Mr. Ford was exposed to a fall hazard when he worked on the roof of the</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cardello Building. Chambers Construction needed to train him on the recognition and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">minimization of fall hazards before he began the day’s work. Mr. Chambers admitted that he</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not provide any fall hazard training to Mr. Ford before Mr. Ford worked on the roof of</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the Cardello Building. (Tr. 65, 106-07; Ex. 2 at p. 7).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.106cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Daniel Crowe Roof Repair</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 23</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC at 2015</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(finding a § 1926.503(a) violation found where company’s proprietor</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">admitted that he did not provide fall hazard training to workers). Mr. Chambers also could</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">not produce any documentation indicating that Chambers Construction had trained its</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees on recognizing and minimizing fall hazards. (Tr. 64-66, 106-07; Ex. 2, at 8, Ex.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3, at 5).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.106cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See William Trahant, Jr., Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 1957, 1966</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(No. 15-0489,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2017) (ALJ) (finding § 1926.503(a)(1) violated where company’s owner did not have any</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">documentation indicating that workers had received fall hazard training);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Granite Enters.,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 26 BNA OSHC 1408, 1415 (No. 15-1231, 2016) (ALJ) (noting employer violated §</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:3.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 16 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.503(a)(1) where it did not ensure that its employees used fall protection and did not</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">produce any “evidence or documentation indicating that it had trained its employees”).</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. McCabe confirmed at the hearing that he did not give Mr. Ford any fall hazard</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training, although he stated that he instructed Mr. Ford to “stay away from the edge” of the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof. (Tr. 64-65, 118). Mr. McCabe’s vague warning to Mr. Ford does not satisfy Chambers</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction’s obligation to provide a fall hazard training program to Mr. Ford, as the</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">instruction was neither specific enough to advise Mr. Ford on how to avoid exposure to fall</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazards on the roof, nor did it educate him on how to comply with OSHA’s fall protection</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">standard during the work.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g., Anderson Excavating and Wrecking Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1890, 1892 (No. 92-3684, 1997) (confirming ALJ’s finding that employer violated OSHA</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">training standards by relying on supervisory employees’ “vague advice” and “cursory</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">instructions” to subordinates, such as warning them to “stay away from the edges” of an</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:356.133px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">th</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">elevated surface)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">131 F.3d 1254 (8 Cir. 1997). Because he had not received fall</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard training, Mr. Ford may not have known that he was both exposed to a fall hazard and</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">operating in violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10) while working on the roof of the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cardello Building without fall protection.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Bob Anderson Builders, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, No. 01-0708,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2002 WL 538936, at *9</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(O.S.H.R.C.A.L.J., Apr. 3, 2002) (finding a violation of §</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.503(a)(1) where the employer’s only relevant instruction to an employee was to “be</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">careful” and “stay above the slide guards,” and noting that the lack of fall hazard training left</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employee with no way to “recognize[] the deficient fall protection that had been</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provided” or “realize[] that more was required under OSHA safety regulations”). In view of</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the above, the Court finds that Chambers Construction violated 29 C.F.R. § 1926.503(a)(1).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Sec’y Post Hr’g Br. 12-14).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:40.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 17 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:94.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.557cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#2e74b5; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#2e74b5; letter-spacing:1.044cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">C</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.723cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Chambers Construction’s employees were exposed to the violative conditions.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.467px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.977cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary has also established employee exposure to the conditions that violated</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the standards. The Secretary may establish that one or more employees were exposed to a</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violative condition “either by showing actual exposure or that access to the hazard was</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reasonably predictable.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.109cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix Roofing Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1076, 1079 (No. 90-2148,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:277.4px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">th</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1995)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 79 F.3d 1146 (5 Cir. 1996). The Secretary establishes employee access to a</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard where it is “reasonably predictable either by operational necessity or otherwise</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(including inadvertence), that employees have been, are, or will be in the zone of danger.”</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Kaspar Wire Works Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2178, 2195 (No. 902775, 2000),</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff'd</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 268 F.3d</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1123 (D.C. Cir. 2001). The zone of danger for a particular standard is “determined by the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hazard presented by the violative condition, and is normally that area surrounding the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violative condition that presents the danger to employees which the standard is intended to</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">prevent.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">RGM Constr. Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1229, 1234 (No. 91-2107, 1995);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see also</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Fabricated Metal Prods. Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 1072, 1074 n.7 (No. 93-1853, 1997) (zone of</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">danger is “relative to the wording of the standard and the nature of the hazard at issue”).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">In this case, compliance with 29 C.F.R. §§ 1926.501(b)(10) and 1926.503(a)(1) is</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">designed to prevent fall hazards. For the fall hazard posed by a roof with unprotected sides</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and edges, the zone of danger is the entire elevated surface.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.106cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Safety Standards for Fall</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Protection in the Construction Industry, 59 Fed. Reg. 40672, 40682 (August 9, 1994) (to be</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">codified at 29 C.F.R. Part 1926) (explanation in preamble to final rule promulgating the fall</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">protection standard that there is no “‘safe’ distance from an unprotected side or edge that</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would render fall protection unnecessary”); U.S. Dep’t of Labor, Ltr. of Interpretation, Fall</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Protection Requirements Applicable During the Construction of Retaining Walls, 2014 WL</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:35.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 18 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">8664210, at *2 (May 20, 2014) (confirming that OSHA “continue[s] to believe that distance</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">alone is ineffective to protect workers from unprotected sides or edges”). Both Messrs.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">McCabe and Ford indisputably worked on the roof of the Cardello Building without fall</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">protection. (Tr. 38-50, 118;</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Exs. 8, 9, 15). Mr. Ford performed that work without receiving</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">any training on the recognition and minimization of fall hazards. Tr. 65, 106-07, 118; Ex. 2,</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at 7. Accordingly, both employees were exposed to the fall hazard posed by the roof’s</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">unprotected sides and edges.</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The evidence establishes that Messrs. McCabe and Ford performed work within a few</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">feet of the roof’s unprotected sides and edges. Photographs that CSHO Visage took from the</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">West End Bridge and the street and parking lot adjacent to the Cardello Building show Mr.</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; letter-spacing:.002cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Ford working in close proximity to the parapet walls in the southeast corner of the roof. (Tr.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">38-39, 42-43, 70-71; Exs. 7-9, 12). Additional photographs show Mr. McCabe working within</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; letter-spacing:.004cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">a few feet of the parapet wall on the east side of the work area. (Tr. 51-53; Exs. 13, 15-16).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. McCabe also confirmed at the hearing that he worked only two or three feet from the edge</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the roof. (Tr. 118-19).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Additionally, the materials and equipment that CSHO Visage observed on or near the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">parapet walls during the inspection further prove that Messrs. McCabe and Ford worked in</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:464.933px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">15</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">close proximity to the roof’s unprotected sides and edges.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.415cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Visage observed that the</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">parapet wall to the north of the work area had fresh coating applied to it. (Tr. 54-55; Ex. 17,</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">at “B”). He also saw that a roller and a brush, and a can of coating had been left near the</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">parapet wall to the south of the work area. (Tr. 54-58; Ex. 20). Mr. McCabe set a battery</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">charger on top of the parapet wall to the south of the work area, and when Mr. McCabe</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:28.133px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">15</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">CSHO Visage measured the height of one of the nearby walls at 22 inches. (Tr. 54-55, 85-86; Ex. 17, at</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:5.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">“A”).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.466cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 19 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">retrieved it during the inspection, he came within an arm’s reach of the edge. (Tr. 54, 59-60,</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">119; Ex. 2, at 6 [Photo ID No. 5892], Exs. 20-21).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The evidence establishes that both Messrs. McCabe and Ford worked within a few</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">feet of the roof’s unprotected sides and edges, which is closer than employees in numerous</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">other cases who were found to be exposed to fall hazards during their work.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.109cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix Roofing Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC at 1079 (employees that stored materials twelve feet</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from an unguarded skylight were exposed to a fall hazard);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Cornell & Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 5 BNA OSHC</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1736, 1738 (No. 8721, 1977) (employees standing ten feet away from unguarded elevator</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">shaft during a coffee break were within the zone of danger);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Brennan v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Dic-</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Underhill</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">), 513 F.2d 1032, 1039 (2d Cir. 1975) (employees who were ten feet and fifteen feet</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from unguarded edge were exposed to violative condition). The Secretary has established</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that Chambers Construction’s employees were actually exposed to the fall hazard created by</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the violative conditions. (Sec’y Post Hr’g Br. 14-17).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.557cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.947cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">D</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.796cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Chambers Construction had actual knowledge of the violative conditions.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.977cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Secretary has established that Chambers Construction had actual knowledge of</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the violative conditions. The Secretary establishes the knowledge element by showing that</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employer knew or should have known of the physical conditions that constituted the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violation. The Secretary need not show that the employer was aware that the conditions</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">were, in fact, hazardous.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.109cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Phoenix Roofing Inc.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">17 BNA OSHC at 1079-80. Here, Chambers</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction knew that its employees were working on the roof without a fall protection</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">system, and that Mr. Ford had not received any fall hazard training prior to working on the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roof. Mr. Chambers admitted that he did not instruct his employees to use any fall protection</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">while working on the roof. (Stip. ⁋ 7; Tr. 105, 110; Ex. 6). He also confirmed that he did not</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:34.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 20 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provide any fall hazard training to Mr. Ford. (Tr. 65, 106-07). Mr. Chambers admitted that</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Ford worked “under the direction of Mr. McCabe at all times.” Mr. McCabe was the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">superintendent on the job atop the Cardello Building on October 17, 2018. (Tr. 108-09, 115-</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">16). Mr. McCabe, whose knowledge as a supervisory employee is imputed to Chambers</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction, admitted that neither he nor Mr. Ford used any fall protection while patching</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:207.467px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">16</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">leaks on the roof.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.418cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Stip. ¶¶ 6-7; Tr. 118). Mr. McCabe also confirmed that he did not</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">provide fall hazard training to Mr. Ford. (Tr. 119). The Secretary has established that</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction knew that its employees were working on the roof without a fall</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:17.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:634.333px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">17</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">protection system, and that it did not provide Mr. Ford with any fall hazard training.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Sec’y Post Hr’g Br. 17-18).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:1.087cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">E</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.769cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The Secretary’s inspection did not violate the Fourth Amendment.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:14.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction argues that CSHO Visage lacked sufficient grounds to stop</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">his vehicle and initiate an inspection because, based on his observations from the West End</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Bridge and the street and parking lot adjacent to the building, he did not “know for a fact”</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that the parapet walls were too short to protect Chambers Construction’s employees from</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">falls. (Tr. 71-72, 128-29; Resp’t Post H’rg Br.). To the extent that Chambers Construction is</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">arguing that OSHA’s inspection violated its Fourth Amendment rights, the argument is</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">meritless. Chambers Construction had no reasonable expectation of privacy while its</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">employees were patching leaks on the Cardello Building’s roof, as the employees were</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:26.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">16</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">See A.E. Staley Mfg. Co. v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">, 295 F.3d 1341, 1347-48 (D.C. Cir. 2002).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.385cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">17</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">Both Messrs. Chambers and McCabe also had constructive knowledge of the condition that violated 29 C.F.R.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:6.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">§ 1926.501(b)(10), as they both assumed that the parapet walls would provide sufficient protection against falls,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">but neither of them measured the walls to verify that they were tall enough to render a fall protection system</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">unnecessary. (Stip. ⁋ 7; Tr. 49, 64, 104-05, 118). Messrs. Chambers and McCabe also failed to exercise</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">reasonable diligence to inspect the area and take appropriate protective measures.</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.09cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.004cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; ">N & N Contractors,</span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">18</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">BNA OSHC at 2122-23 (“Reasonable diligence ... requires an employer to inspect the work area, anticipate</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">hazards to which employees may be exposed, and take measures to prevent the occurrence of violations.”).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 21 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">working in the public’s plain view. Additionally, Chambers Construction lacks standing to</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">raise a Fourth Amendment claim because the property manager and part-owner of the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">building, Mr. Cardello, voluntarily consented to CSHO Visage’s inspection of the roof.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Moreover, Chambers Construction itself consented to the inspection because it did not raise</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">any objection to the inspection while it was occurring. (Tr. 48-49).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.977cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">As an initial matter, it is not clear that the exclusionary rule applies in OSHA</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">enforcement proceedings in the Third Circuit, where this case arose. In</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Sanders Lead Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 15</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC 1640, 1650 (No. 87-260, 1992), the Commission acknowledged prior decisions</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that applied the rule “in appropriate circumstances.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Third Circuit, however, left the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">issue open in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pennsylvania Steel Co. and Machine Foundry v. Sec’y of Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 831 F.2d 1211,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1217-18 & n.9 (3d Cir. 1987), with one judge specifically stating that the exclusionary rule</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">should not apply in the OSHA context.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Fifth and Sixth Circuits have applied the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exclusionary rule to actions for the assessment of penalties, but not to actions for the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">abatement of hazardous conditions.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Lakeland Enters. of Rhinelander, Inc. v. Chao</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 402</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">F.3d 739, 743-45 (7th Cir. 2005) (discussing cases). Here, the Secretary seeks both penalties</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and corrective action (with respect to the training violation, Citation 1, Item 2).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.071cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">T</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">he Supreme</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Court emphasized in</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole v. Scott</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 524 U.S. 357,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">363 (1998), t</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hat it has “repeatedly</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">declined to extend the exclusionary rule to proceedings</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">other than criminal trials.” The Court has also acknowledged that the exclusionary rule is a</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“judicially created remedy of this Court’s own making,” which “exacts a heavy toll on both</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the judicial system and society at large.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Davis v. United States</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 564 U.S. 229, 237-38 (2011)</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(internal citation omitted).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Even if the exclusionary rule did apply in this case, there is no Fourth Amendment</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violation here. An employer operating in a commercial space can only assert a Fourth</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 22 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Amendment claim if it has a reasonable expectation of privacy.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">L.R. Willson and Sons, Inc.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 134 F.3d 1235, 1238 (4th Cir. 1998) (citation omitted). “Where an area is</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">outdoors and open to public view, there is no expectation of privacy, and the area is therefore</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">not subject to the Fourth Amendment under the ‘open fields’ doctrine.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.106cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gem Indus., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">BNA OSHC 1184, 1186</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(No. 93-1122, 1995). An employer has no reasonable expectation of</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">privacy for work performed in a location that is “exposed to public view” and “readily</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">observable to others.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Marshall v. W. Waterproofing Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 560 F.2d 947, 950 (8th Cir. 1977);</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">see, e.g.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">L.R. Willson</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 134 F.3d at 1238 (employer had no reasonable expectation of privacy</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">while working at a construction site that could be observed from the rooftop of a neighboring</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">hotel);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Gem Indus.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC at 1186-87</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(employer had no reasonable expectation of</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">privacy where compliance officer observed violative conditions from a parking lot adjacent</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to the worksite);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Reg’l Scaffolding & Hoisting Co</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">., 17 BNA OSHC 2067, 2069 (No. 93-577,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1997) (employer had no reasonable expectation of privacy while working on the exterior of a</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">city building). Here, as CSHO Visage’s testimony and photographs taken from publicly</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">accessible locations demonstrate, Chambers Construction performed its roofing work (and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violated OSHA’s standards) in plain view of anyone who cared to look. (Tr. 35-37, 40-45,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">94-95; Exs. 8-9, 12-13). Chambers Construction had no reasonable expectation that its</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">roofing work (and violative conduct) would be kept private.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.977cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Additionally, Chambers Construction’s argument fails because it has no standing to</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">assert a Fourth Amendment claim where the building’s property manager and part-owner</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">consented to the inspection. OSHA may conduct an inspection where “a person who</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">exercises control over [the] premises ... consent[s] to a search,” such as “a third party who</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">possessed common authority over or other sufficient relationship to the premises or effects</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">sought to be inspected.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.108cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">W. Waterproofing,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">560 F.2d at 950</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(citing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">United States v. Matlock</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:3.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 23 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">415 U.S. 164, 171 (1974)). Individuals with such control and authority include property</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">owners and their agents.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.109cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g., W. Waterproofing,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">560 F.2d at 950</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(voluntary consent for</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection given by building manager who provided compliance officers with access to the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">work area);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.002cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Stephenson Enters., Inc. v. Marshall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 578 F.2d 1021, 1024 (5th Cir. 1978) (plant</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">manager gave consent and accompanied compliance officer on the inspection tour).</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:19.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Here, when CSHO Visage arrived at the Cardello Building, he asked to meet with the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">person in charge and was directed to Mr. Cardello, who is the property manager and part-</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">owner of the building, and the individual who hired Chambers Construction to patch leaks on</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the roof. (Tr. 25-26, 45). CSHO Visage believed that the south wall “was not tall enough to</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serve as fall protection, because you could see the top of the man’s belt” from the ground</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">level of the Cardello Building. (Tr. 93-96). CSHO Visage presented his credentials,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">explained that he saw individuals working on the roof without any apparent fall protection</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:457.867px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">18</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">system in use, and sought permission to inspect the roof.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.415cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Visage had a well-founded</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">suspicion, probable cause, and a good faith belief to stop at the Cardello Building and initiate</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an OSHA inspection pertaining to employees working atop the building’s roof without any</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:189.867px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">19</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">fall protection.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.413cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">CSHO Visage was not engaged in a “fishing expedition” as argued by</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:175.133px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">20</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Respondent.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.409cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(Tr. 27, 31-32, 43-44, 46, 71-73, 76-77, 82-83, 94-95; Ex. 3, at 2; Resp’t Post</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:25.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.275cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">18</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">CSHO Visage testified that he did not work under a quota system and did not have to do a certain number of</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:5.533px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">OSHA inspections each year. (Tr. 83-84).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.256cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">19</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">CSHO Visage stated: “In my experience and in my practice when we can see that something visually to us</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:5.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">looks waistline or lower or belt line or lower, we believe it’s not 39 inches, and when we go on site we validate</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">that. That’s normal practice.” (Tr. 72-73).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.256cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; ">20</span><span style="font-size:6pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.035cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:6pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">CSHO Visage testified:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:5.733px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">Q So why did you – if you didn’t know it was 39 inches or the parapet wasn’t 39 inches, the why did you go on</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.402cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">a fishing expedition?</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">... [material omitted]</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:95.933px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">A I don’t believe this is a fishing expedition, sir. I do a lot of these same inspections, and, again, if I can see</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">the top of somebody’s waistline I don’t remember a time when it ever met federal safety requirements for a wall</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">height. So I felt that I had a good faith reason and probable cause to go in and examine this. Now, if it turned</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.007cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">out they were of adequate height, we would have bowed out and apologized about it and left the property. In</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.402cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; letter-spacing:.005cm; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">this case, we validated what our belief was. This is normal practice.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.464cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 24 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Hr’g Br.). OSHA’s Safety Narrative’s Opening Conference Notes state: “[c]redentials were</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">shown, purpose of visit was discussed and general inspection protocols were covered.” (Ex.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">3, at 2). Mr. Cardello agreed and personally escorted CSHO Visage to the roof. (Tr. 27).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Mr. Cardello was “polite and cooperative throughout” the inspection. (Tr. 46). CSHO</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Visage received voluntary and freely given consent from an individual with control and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">authority over the worksite. Consequently, Chambers Construction thus lacks standing to</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">raise Fourth Amendment claims with regard to the OSHA inspection.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.106cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Bloomfield Mech.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Contracting, Inc. v. OSHRC</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 519 F.2d 1257, 1263 (3d Cir. 1975) (construction contractor</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">performing work at an apartment building had no standing to raise a Fourth Amendment</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">claim because “any expectation of privacy at the ... site was that of the owner” of the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">building);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">W. Waterproofing</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 560 F.2d at 950-51</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(because consent for inspection was given</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">by building manager, construction contractor lacked standing to raise Fourth Amendment</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">claims).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Finally, Chambers Construction’s argument also fails because it did not raise any</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">objection during the inspection, and thereby gave its implicit consent. It is well-settled that if</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">an employer does not object to an OSHA inspection or demand a warrant at the scene of an</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection, the employer has impliedly consented to the inspection and waived any Fourth</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Amendment objections.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g., Lakeland Enters.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 402 F.3d at 745 (where employees</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">cooperated in the inspection, affirming that “any Fourth Amendment objection was waived</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">because [employer] did not object to [OSHA’s] inspection and request a warrant at the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">scene”);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.002cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Stephenson Enters.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 578 F.2d at 1023-24 (consent implied where the employer’s</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">representative voiced no objection throughout the walk-around inspection during which</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:43.467px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:288px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.6px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.404cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:9.5pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:9.5pt; ">(Tr. 77-78, 94-95).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.466cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 25 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violations were plain to see);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Lake Butler Apparel Co. v. Sec’y of</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Labor</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 519 F.2d 84, 88 (5th</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Cir. 1975) (noting consent implied where president of plant accompanied OSHA officer on</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">inspection of plant and raised no objections). Here, neither Messrs. Chambers nor McCabe</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">raised any objections during CSHO Visage’s inspection. (Tr. 48-49). In his closing</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">argument, Mr. Chambers admitted that “Chambers Construction consented to inspection,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">because we weren’t in the process of trying to be uncooperative.” (Tr. 128). Chambers</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Construction’s Fourth Amendment arguments fail. (</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Sec’y Post Hr’g Br. 20-24).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.526cm; margin-left:221.733px; "><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12.5pt; font-weight:bold; ">VII.</span><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.206cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12.5pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">CHARACTERIZATION AND PENALTIES</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">A.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.212cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The Secretary properly classified Citation 1, Items 1 and 2 as serious.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16.133px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.977cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA properly characterized Chambers Construction’s violations of 29 C.F.R. §§</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.667px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1926.501(b)(10) and 1926.503(a)(1) as “serious” within the meaning of section 17(k) of the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSH Act.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.106cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">29 U.S.C. § 666(k) (violation is serious if “there is a substantial probability</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that death or serious physical harm could result” from exposure to a hazardous condition).</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Under section 17(k), “substantial probability” refers to the probability of death or serious</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">injury occurring as a result of an accident or incident, not to the probability of that accident</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">or incident occurring.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.106cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Sec’y of Labor v. Trinity Indus., Inc.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">504 F.3d 397, 401 (3d Cir.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2007). Here, Chambers Construction’s employees were exposed to falls from a roof that was</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">four-to-five stories above the lower level, and if an employee were to fall from that height, it</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">would likely result in death or a serious injury. (Tr. 60-62).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.212cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See, e.g.,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Merchant’s Masonry,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 17 BNA OSHC 1005, 1007 (No. 92-424, 1994) (fall from 18 feet would likely result in</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious injuries or death). (Sec’y Post Hr’g Br. 18). The violations are affirmed as serious.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.267px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.557cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#2e74b5; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12.5pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#2e74b5; letter-spacing:.91cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:12.5pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">B</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.887cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">The Court assesses the proposed penalties.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:15.267px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.977cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court assesses the total proposed penalty of $5,544 ($2,772 for each violation).</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Section 17(j) of the OSH Act directs the Commission to assess penalties “</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">giving due</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:4.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 26 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">consideration to the appropriateness of the penalty with respect to the size of the business of</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the employer being charged, the gravity of the violation, the good faith of the employer, and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">the history of previous violations.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">” 29 U.S.C. § 666(j). Gravity is usually the “principal</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">factor.”</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.21cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Nacirema Operating Co.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#1b1b1b; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 1 BNA OSHC 1001, 1003 (No. 4, 1972).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.66cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA considered both violations to be of “moderate” gravity. OSHA reached this</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">conclusion based on its finding that the “severity” of the violations was high, because a fall</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">from the roof would likely result in death, but the probability of an accident occurring was</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">“lesser,” due to the presence of the parapet walls around the perimeter of the work area. (Tr.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">60-62).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.106cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Conie Constr., Inc. v. Reich</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 73 F.3d 382, 385 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (“gravity may be</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">based on both the severity of any possible injury and the probability of an accident”)</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(citations omitted);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Merchant’s Masonry,</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">17 BNA OSHC at 1007 (“Although the likelihood</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of a fall may not have been high, there was substantial likelihood that there would be a</span></p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">serious injury in the event of a fall from a height of 18 feet. On balance, then, we consider</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">this violation to be of moderate gravity.”). OSHA also applied a 70% reduction to the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">penalty amount to account for the small size of Chambers Construction, which, for this</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95.667px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">particular roofing job, had only two employees. (Tr. 62-63; Ex. 2, at 1, 7).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">OSHA determined that a good faith penalty reduction was not appropriate because</span></p>
			</div>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Chambers Construction made no attempt to assess the fall hazard posed by the roof,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">permitted a newly-hired employee to work on the roof without any fall hazard training, and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">did not have any training records or written safety programs. (Tr. 63-67, 106-07; Ex. 2, at 1,</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">7, Ex. 3, at 5). Mr. Chambers confirmed that he had no training records to disclose. (Tr.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">106-07).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.106cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.004cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">Monroe Drywall Constr., Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC 1209, 1211 (No. 12-0379, 2013)</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(explaining that “the Commission focuses on a number of factors relating to the employer’s</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">actions, including the employer’s safety and health program and its commitment to assuring</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:.133px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 27 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
			</div>
			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">safe and healthful working conditions, in determining whether an employer’s overall efforts</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">to comply with the OSH Act and minimize any harm from the violations merit a penalty</span></p>
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			<div>
				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">reduction” for good faith) (citations omitted). Chambers Construction admits that it</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">instructed an inexperienced and untrained employee, Mr. Ford, to perform roofing work</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">without any fall protection simply because there were parapet walls around the perimeter, the</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">height of which Chambers Construction did not measure. (Tr. 49, 64-65, 104-06, 118). The</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Court agrees with the Secretary that such a cavalier attitude toward employee safety does not</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">evince good faith. (Sec’y Post H’rg Br., at 20).</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See Monroe Drywall</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 24 BNA OSHC at</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1211</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(insufficient safety program, training, and instructions negate a claim for a good faith</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">penalty reduction);</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">MEI Holdings, Inc.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 18 BNA OSHC 2025, 2028 (No. 96-740, 2000)</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">(failure to train inexperienced employees demonstrates an employer’s lack of good faith)</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:16.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.325cm; margin-left:243.333px; "><span style="font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:8pt; ">th</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.191cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">aff’d</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, 247 F.3d 347 (11 Cir. 2001).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:143px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The evidence shows that OSHA calculated the proposed penalties based on a proper</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">consideration of the factors in section 17(j) of the OSH Act. (Sec’y Post Hr’g Br. 18-20).</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Court has done the same and assesses penalties totaling $5,544 for the two serious</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:95px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">violations.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:184.933px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">VIII. FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.467px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:1.058cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">All findings of fact and conclusions of law relevant and necessary to a determination</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">of the contested issues have been made above.</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.104cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; ">See</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-style:italic; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a). All proposed</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96.6px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">findings of fact and conclusions of law inconsistent with this decision are denied.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:33.867px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.474cm; margin-left:380.933px; "><span style="font-size:11pt; font-family:Calibri; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Calibri; font-size:11pt; ">- 28 -</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="line-height:.002cm; "> </p>
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				<p style="margin-top:95.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:352.467px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">IX. ORDER</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:19.333px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Based on these findings of fact and conclusions of law, it is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ORDERED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">that:</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:26.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">1)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.176cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 1, alleging a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.501(b)(10) is</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:120px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and a penalty of $2,772 is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ASSESSED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">, and</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">2)</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.176cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Citation 1, Item 2, alleging a serious violation of 29 C.F.R. § 1926.503(a)(1) is</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:120px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">AFFIRMED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">and a penalty of $2,772 is</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:normal; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">ASSESSED</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:18.4px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; font-weight:bold; ">SO ORDERED.</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:10.2px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:8.933px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.647cm; margin-left:384px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">___</span><span style="font-size:15.5pt; font-style:italic; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:15.5pt; font-style:italic; ">/s/</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">_____________________</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:1.267px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:384px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">The Honorable Dennis L. Phillips</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:384px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">U.S. OSHRC Judge</span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "></span></p>
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				<p style="margin-top:10.067px; margin-bottom:0px; line-height:.485cm; margin-left:96px; "><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Date:</span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; letter-spacing:.252cm; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; "><span><span></span>
						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">_November 1, 2019_</span></p>
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						</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; color:#000000; font-family:Times New Roman; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt; ">Washington, D.C.</span></p>
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